UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)



☒	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, ~~2018~~2019



☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number 001-34221

The Providence Service Corporation

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)



Delaware		86-0845127
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)



~~700 Canal~~ 1275 Peachtree Street, ~~Third~~Sixth Floor ~~Stamford, Connecticut~~Atlanta, Georgia		~~06902~~30309
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

~~(203) 307-2800~~(404) 888-5800

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically ~~and posted on its corporate Web site, if any,~~ every Interactive Data File required to be submitted ~~and posted~~ pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit ~~and post~~ such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth ~~company"~~company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.



Large accelerated filer ☐☒	Accelerated filer ☒☐

Non-accelerated filer ☐ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)	Smaller reporting company ☐

Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:



Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share	PRSC	The NASDAQ Global Select Market

As of May ~~7, 2018,~~6, 2019, there were outstanding ~~13,023,928~~12,894,795 shares (excluding treasury shares of ~~4,719,113)~~4,973,716) of the registrant’s Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share.

TABLE OF CONTENTS



		Page

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.	Financial Statements	4

	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets – March 31, ~~2018~~2019 (unaudited) and December 31, ~~2017~~2018	4

	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of ~~Income~~Operations – Three months ended March 31, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017~~2018	5

	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income – Three months ended March 31, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017~~2018	6

	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity – Three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018	7

	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows – Three months ended March 31, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017~~2018	78

	Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements – March 31, ~~2018~~2019	810

Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	2524

Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	3431

Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	3531

PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	3632

Item 1A.	Risk Factors	3632

Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	36

~~Item 3.~~	~~Defaults Upon Senior Securities~~	37

~~Item 4.~~	~~Mine Safety Disclosures~~	37

~~Item 5.~~	~~Other Information~~	3732

Item 6.	Exhibits	3834

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

The Providence Service Corporation

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in thousands except share and per share data)


	March 31, 2018			December 31, 2017			March 31, 2019			December 31, 2018
	(Unaudited)						(Unaudited)
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	86,229		$	95,310		$	42,418		$	5,678
Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $5,784 in 2018 and $5,762 in 2017	173,176			158,926
Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $1,951 in 2019 and $1,854 in 2018							150,353			147,756
Other receivables	4,542			5,759			4,751			4,846
Prepaid expenses and other	52,646			35,243			36,063			44,167
Restricted cash	1,597			1,091			1,868			1,482
Current assets of discontinued operations							4,561			7,051
Total current assets	318,190			296,329			240,014			210,980
Operating lease right-of-use assets							21,076			—
Property and equipment, net	50,447			50,377			21,809			22,965
Goodwill	122,540			121,668			135,216			135,216
Intangible assets, net	42,962			43,939			24,587			26,146
Equity investments	166,276			169,912			159,546			161,503
Other assets	11,206			12,028			9,099			9,949
Restricted cash, less current portion	4,267			5,205			2,041			2,886
Deferred tax asset	4,355			4,632
Total assets	$	720,243		$	704,090		$	613,388		$	569,645
Liabilities, redeemable convertible preferred stock and stockholders' equity
Liabilities, redeemable convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ equity
Current liabilities:
Current portion of operating lease liabilities							$	7,763		$	—
Current portion of long-term obligations	$	1,712		$	2,400		650			718
Accounts payable	19,009			15,404			5,307			8,828
Accrued expenses	105,258			103,838			38,424			39,191
Accrued transportation costs	100,270			83,588			111,529			84,889
Deferred revenue	28,745			17,381			253			562
Reinsurance and related liability reserves	4,802			4,319			5,922			5,438
Current liabilities of discontinued operations							1,621			3,257
Total current liabilities	259,796			226,930			171,469			142,883
Long-term obligations, less current portion	644			584
Long-term debt, less current portion							276			353
Operating lease liabilities, less current portion							14,603			—
Other long-term liabilities	20,499			21,386			12,472			14,970
Deferred tax liabilities	40,704			41,627			22,240			23,049
Total liabilities	321,643			290,527			221,060			181,255
Commitments and contingencies (Note 13)
Redeemable convertible preferred stock
Convertible preferred stock, net: Authorized 10,000,000 shares; $0.001 par value; 803,200 and 803,200 issued and outstanding; 5.5%/8.5% dividend rate	77,546			77,546
Stockholders' equity
Common stock: Authorized 40,000,000 shares; $0.001 par value; 17,710,006 and 17,473,598 issued and outstanding (including treasury shares)	18			17
Convertible preferred stock, net: Authorized 10,000,000 shares; $0.001 par value; 801,606 issued and outstanding; 5.5%/8.5% dividend rate							77,392			77,392
Stockholders’ equity
Common stock: Authorized 40,000,000 shares; $0.001 par value; 17,867,747 and 17,784,769, respectively, issued and outstanding (including treasury shares)							18			18
Additional paid-in capital	323,966			313,955			339,404			334,744
Retained earnings	214,869			204,818			186,622			187,127
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax	(23,879		)	(25,805		)
Treasury shares, at cost, 4,712,937 and 4,126,132 shares	(191,970		)	(154,803		)
Total Providence stockholders' equity	323,004			338,182
Noncontrolling interest	(1,950		)	(2,165		)
Total stockholders' equity	321,054			336,017
Total liabilities, redeemable convertible preferred stock and stockholders' equity	$	720,243		$	704,090
Treasury shares, at cost, 4,973,552 and 4,970,093 shares, respectively							(211,108		)	(210,891		)
Total stockholders’ equity							314,936			310,998
Total liabilities, redeemable convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ equity							$	613,388		$	569,645

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

The Providence Service Corporation

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations

(in thousands except share and per share data)



	Three months ended March 31,
	2019			2018
Service revenue, net	$	367,815		$	336,696

Operating expenses:
Service expense	340,498			303,115
General and administrative expense	19,401			17,898
Depreciation and amortization	4,475			3,580
Total operating expenses	364,374			324,593

Operating income	3,441			12,103

Other expenses (income):
Interest expense, net	303			326
Other income	(66		)	—
Equity in net loss of investee	1,656			2,344
Income from continuing operations before income taxes	1,548			9,433
Provision for income taxes	234			2,010
Income from continuing operations, net of tax	1,314			7,423
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax	(732		)	(1,697		)
Net income	582			5,726
Net income from discontinued operations attributable to non-controlling interest	—			(296		)
Net income attributable to Providence	$	582		$	5,430

Net (loss) income available to common stockholders (Note 11)	$	(535	)	$	3,497

Basic earnings (loss) per common share:
Continuing operations	$	0.02		$	0.42
Discontinued operations	(0.06		)	(0.15		)
Basic earnings (loss) per common share	$	(0.04	)	$	0.27

Diluted earnings (loss) per common share:
Continuing operations	$	0.02		$	0.42
Discontinued operations	(0.06		)	(0.15		)
Diluted earnings (loss) per common share	$	(0.04	)	$	0.27

Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding:
Basic	12,899,714			13,105,965
Diluted	12,953,328			13,199,440

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

The Providence Service Corporation

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of ~~Income~~

~~(in thousands except share and per share data)~~

Three months ended March 31,
2018 2017
Service revenue, net $ 406,046
$ 399,494

Operating expenses:
Service expense 371,235
369,410
General and administrative expense 18,413
17,027
Depreciation and amortization 6,798
6,269
Total operating expenses 396,446
392,706

Operating income 9,600
6,788

Other expenses:
Interest expense, net 326
352
Equity in net (gain) loss of investees 2,321
2,060
Loss (gain) on foreign currency transactions (623 ) (62 )
Income from continuing operations before income taxes 7,576
4,438
Provision for income taxes 1,842
2,523
Income from continuing operations, net of tax 5,734
1,915
Discontinued operations, net of tax (8 ) (5,866 )
Net income (loss) 5,726
(3,951 )
Net loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests (296 ) (374 )
Net income (loss) attributable to Providence $ 5,430
$ (4,325 )

Net income (loss) available to common stockholders (Note 11) $ 3,762
$ (5,473 )

Basic earnings (loss) per common share:
Continuing operations $ 0.29
$ 0.03
Discontinued operations —
(0.43 )
Basic earnings (loss) per common share $ 0.29
$ (0.40 )

Diluted earnings (loss) per common share:
Continuing operations $ 0.29
$ 0.03
Discontinued operations —
(0.43 )
Diluted earnings (loss) per common share $ 0.29
$ (0.40 )

Weighted-average number of common shares outstanding:
Basic 13,105,965
13,704,272
Diluted 13,199,440
13,768,524

~~See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements~~

~~The Providence Service Corporation~~

~~Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of~~ Comprehensive Income

(in thousands)

Three months ended March 31,
2018 2017
Net income (loss) $ 5,726
$ (3,951 )
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest (296 ) (374 )
Net income (loss) attributable to Providence 5,430
(4,325 )
Other comprehensive income:
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax 1,926
1,201
Other comprehensive income: 1,926
1,201
Comprehensive income (loss) 7,652
(2,750 )
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest (215 ) (351 )
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to Providence $ 7,437
$ (3,101 )



	Three months ended March 31,
	2019		2018
Net income	$	582	$	5,726
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest	—		(296		)
Net income attributable to Providence	582		5,430
Other comprehensive income:
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax	—		1,926
Other comprehensive income	—		1,926
Comprehensive income	582		7,652
Comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interest	—		(215		)
Comprehensive income attributable to Providence	$	582	$	7,437

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

The Providence Service Corporation

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of ~~Cash Flows~~Stockholders’ Equity

(in ~~thousands)~~thousands except share data)

Three months ended March 31,
2018 2017
Operating activities
Net (loss) income $ 5,726
$ (3,951 )
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation 4,728
4,306
Amortization 2,070
1,963
Provision for doubtful accounts 16
198
Stock-based compensation 933
1,466
Deferred income taxes (447 ) (2,795 )
Amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discount 166
175
Equity in net loss of investees 2,321
2,060
Other non-cash charges (credits) (611 ) (61 )
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable (12,414 ) 1,063
Prepaid expenses and other (3,232 ) (1,906 )
Reinsurance and related liability reserve (820 ) (1,404 )
Accounts payable and accrued expenses 2,250
12,339
Accrued transportation costs 16,683
18,599
Deferred revenue 7,660
2,007
Other long-term liabilities 589
2,139
Net cash provided by operating activities 25,618
36,198
Investing activities
Purchase of property and equipment (4,987 ) (5,738 )
Net increase from short-term investments —
(3 )
Loan to joint venture —
(566 )
Net cash used in investing activities (4,987 ) (6,307 )
Financing activities
Preferred stock dividends (1,089 ) (1,090 )
Repurchase of common stock, for treasury (37,167 ) (18,753 )
Proceeds from common stock issued pursuant to stock option exercise 9,301
99
Capital lease payments and other (1,304 ) (670 )
Net cash used in financing activities (30,259 ) (20,414 )
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash 115
548
Net change in cash and cash equivalents (9,513 ) 10,025
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period 101,606
86,392
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period $ 92,093
$ 96,417

Supplemental cash flow information:
Cash paid for interest $ 221
$ 254
Cash paid for income taxes $ 463
$ 454
Purchase of equipment through capital lease obligation $ 677
$ —



	Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
									Accumulated Other
	Common Stock			Additional Paid-In		Retained			Comprehensive Loss, Net of		Treasury Stock				Non- Controlling
	Shares	Amount		Capital		Earnings			Tax		Shares	Amount			Interest		Total
Balance at December 31, 2018	17,784,769	$	18	$	334,744	$	187,127		$	—	4,970,093	$	(210,891	)	$	—	$	310,998
Stock-based compensation	—	—		2,103		—			—		—	—			—		2,103
Exercise of employee stock options	57,022	—		2,557		—			—		—	—			—		2,557
Restricted stock issued	25,357	—		—		—			—		3,459	(217		)	—		(217		)
Shares issued for bonus settlement and director stipends	599	—		—		—			—		—	—			—		—
Convertible preferred stock dividends ⁽¹⁾	—	—		—		(1,087		)	—		—	—			—		(1,087		)
Net income attributable to Providence	—	—		—		582			—		—	—			—		582
Balance at March 31, 2019	17,867,747	$	18	$	339,404	$	186,622		$	—	4,973,552	$	(211,108	)	$	—	$	314,936



	Three Months Ended March 31, 2018
									Accumulated Other
	Common Stock			Additional Paid-In		Retained			Comprehensive Loss, Net of			Treasury Stock				Non- Controlling
	Shares	Amount		Capital		Earnings			Tax			Shares	Amount			Interest			Total
Balance at December 31, 2017	17,473,598	$	17	$	313,955	$	204,818		$	(25,805	)	4,126,132	$	(154,803	)	$	(2,165	)	$	336,017
Stock-based compensation	—	—		993		—			—			—	—			—			993
Exercise of employee stock options	212,789	1		8,819		—			—			—	—			—			8,820
Restricted stock issued	20,904	—		—		—			—			3,778	(237		)	—			(237		)
Shares issued for bonus settlement and director stipends	2,715	—		150		—			—			—	—			—			150
Stock repurchase plan	—	—		—		—			—			583,027	(36,930		)	—			(36,930		)
Convertible preferred stock dividends ⁽¹⁾	—	—		—		(1,089		)	—			—	—			—			(1,089		)
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax	—	—		—		—			1,926			—	—			(81		)	1,845
Non-controlling interest	—	—		—		—			—			—	—			296			296
Other	—	—		49		—			—			—	—			—			49
Net income attributable to Providence	—	—		—		5,430			—			—	—			—			5,430
Cumulative effect adjustment from change in accounting principle, net of tax	—	—		—		5,710			—			—	—			—			5,710
Balance at March 31, 2018	17,710,006	$	18	$	323,966	$	214,869		$	(23,879	)	4,712,937	$	(191,970	)	$	(1,950	)	$	321,054

⁽¹⁾ Cash dividends on redeemable convertible preferred stock of $1.36 per share were distributed to convertible preferred stockholders.

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

The Providence Service Corporation

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands)



	Three months ended March 31,
	2019			2018
Operating activities
Net income	$	582		$	5,726
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation	2,916			4,728
Amortization	1,559			2,070
Provision for doubtful accounts	87			16
Stock-based compensation	2,103			933
Deferred income taxes	(768		)	(447		)
Amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discount	101			166
Equity in net loss of investee	1,656			2,321
Other non-cash charges (credits)	—			(611		)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	1,631			(12,414		)
Prepaid expenses and other	3,526			(3,232		)
Income tax receivable on sale of business	5,103			—
Reinsurance and related liability reserve	(1,311		)	(820		)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses	(5,624		)	2,250
Accrued transportation costs	26,640			16,683
Deferred revenue	(361		)	7,660
Operating lease and other long-term liabilities	991			589
Net cash provided by operating activities	38,831			25,618
Investing activities
Purchase of property and equipment	(1,682		)	(4,987		)
Net cash used in investing activities	(1,682		)	(4,987		)
Financing activities
Preferred stock dividends	(1,087		)	(1,089		)
Repurchase of common stock, for treasury	(217		)	(37,167		)
Proceeds from common stock issued pursuant to stock option exercise	2,557			9,301
Capital lease payments and other	(145		)	(1,304		)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	1,108			(30,259		)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash	—			115
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	38,257			(9,513		)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period	12,367			101,606
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	50,624		$	92,093

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

The Providence Service Corporation

Supplemental Cash Flow Information

(in thousands)



	Three Months Ended March 31,
Supplemental cash flow information	2019		2018
Cash paid for interest	$	654	$	221
Cash paid for income taxes	$	104	$	463
Purchase of equipment through capital lease obligation	$	—	$	677

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements

The Providence Service Corporation

Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

March 31, ~~2018~~2019

(in thousands except years, share and per share data)

1. Organization and Basis of Presentation

Description of Business

The Providence Service Corporation (“we”, the “Company” or “Providence”) ~~owns subsidiaries and investments primarily engaged in~~is the provision of healthcare services in the United States and workforce development services internationally. The subsidiaries and other investments in which the Company holds interests comprise the following segments:

~~Non-Emergency Transportation Services (“NET Services”) – Nationwide~~largest manager of non-emergency medical transportation (“NET”) programs for state governments and managed care ~~organizations.~~

~~Workforce Development~~organizations (“MCOs”) in the United States (“U.S.”). The Company’s NET Services ~~(“WD Services”) – Global provider of employment preparation~~segment operates under the brands LogistiCare and ~~placement services, legal offender rehabilitation services, youth community service programs and certain health related services to eligible participants of government sponsored programs.~~

~~Matrix Investment – Minority interest~~Circulation. Additionally, the Company owns a minority investment in CCHN Group Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries (“Matrix”),. Matrix is a nationwide provider of ~~in-home care optimization~~home and ~~management solutions,~~mobile-based healthcare services for health plans in the U.S., including comprehensive health assessments (“CHAs”), ~~to members~~quality gap closure visits, “level of ~~managed~~service” needs assessments, and post-acute and chronic care ~~organizations, accounted for as an equity method investment. On February 16, 2018, Matrix acquired HealthFair, expanding its service offerings to include~~management, providing such services through a network of community-based clinicians and a fleet of mobile health ~~assessments,~~clinics with advanced ~~diagnostic testing, and additional care optimization services.~~diagnostics capabilities.

In addition to its segments’ operations, the Corporate and Other segment includes the Company’s activities at its corporate office that include executive, accounting, finance, internal audit, tax, legal, public reporting, certain strategic and corporate development functions and the results of the Company’s captive insurance company. On April 11,During 2018, the Company announced an organizational consolidation plan ("Organizational Consolidation") to integrate substantially all activities and functions performed at the corporate holding company level into its ~~wholly-owned subsidiary, LogistiCare.~~NET Services segment. As the Organizational Consolidation was substantially complete beginning January 1, 2019, our former Corporate and Other segment was combined with the NET Services segment. See Note ~~17,~~8, ~~Subsequent Events,~~Restructuring and Related Reorganization Costs, and Note 16, Segments, for further information.

Basis of Presentation

The Company follows accounting standards set by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”). The FASB establishes accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”). Rules and interpretive releases of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) under authority of federal securities laws are also sources of authoritative GAAP for SEC registrants. References to GAAP issued by the FASB in these footnotes are to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”), which serves as the single source of authoritative non-SEC accounting and applicable reporting standards to be applied byfor non-governmental entities. All amounts are presented in ~~United States (“~~U.S.”) dollars, unless otherwise noted.

The Company’s ~~unaudited~~ condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP for interim financial information, and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and disclosures required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments considered necessary for the fair presentation of the results of the interim periods have been included.

The Company has made estimates relating to the reporting of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses and certain disclosures ~~to prepare~~in the preparation of these ~~unaudited~~ condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, ~~2018~~2019 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the fiscal year ending December 31, ~~2018.~~2019. Management has evaluated events and transactions that occurred after the balance sheet date and through the date these ~~unaudited~~ condensed consolidated financial statements were filed with the SEC and considered the effect of such events in the preparation of these ~~unaudited~~ condensed consolidated financial statements.

The condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, ~~2017~~2018 has been derived from ~~the~~ audited financial statements at that date but does not include all the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. The ~~unaudited~~ condensed consolidated financial statements contained herein should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2017.~~2018.

The Company ~~holds investments that are accounted~~accounts for its investment in Matrix using the equity method. The Company does not control the decision-making process or business management practices of ~~these affiliates.~~Matrix. While the Company has access to certain information and performs certain procedures to review the reasonableness of information, the Company relies on the management of ~~these affiliates~~Matrix to provide accurate financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. The Company receives audit reports relating to such financial information from ~~the affiliates’~~Matrix’s independent auditors on an annual basis. The Company is not aware of any errors in or possible misstatements of the financial information provided by ~~its equity affiliates~~Matrix that would have a material effect on the Company’s ~~condensed~~ consolidated financial statements. See Note 5, Equity Investments, for further information.

Reclassifications

~~We have~~During the three months ended March 31, 2019, in conjunction with the change in the Company’s organizational structure as described in Note 16, Segments, we reclassified certain ~~amounts relating to~~costs between “General and administrative expense” and “Service expense” on our ~~prior period results to conform to our current period presentation. See Note 2,~~ accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations as summarized below:



	Three months ended March 31, 2018
	As Previously Reported⁽¹⁾		Reclassifications			As Reported
Service expense	$	310,701	$	(7,586	)	$	303,115
General and administrative expense	10,312		7,586			17,898

⁽¹⁾~~Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements~~, Adjusted for ~~additional information on reclassifications.~~discontinued operations, as described in note 15.

2. Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements

The Company adopted the following accounting pronouncements during the three months ended March 31, ~~2018:~~

In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU 2014-09”). ASU 2014-09 introduced FASB Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606 (“ASC 606”), which replaced historical revenue recognition guidance and is intended to improve and converge with international standards the financial reporting requirements for revenue from contracts with customers. The core principle of ASC 606 is that an entity should recognize revenue for the transfer of goods or services equal to the amount that it expects to be entitled to receive for those goods or services. ASC 606 also requires additional disclosures about the nature, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments and changes in judgments. ASU 2014-09 allows for adoption either on a full retrospective basis to each prior reporting period presented or on a modified retrospective basis with the cumulative effect of initially applying the new guidance recognized at the date of initial application. The Company adopted ASU 2014-09 effective January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective transition method for contracts that were not completed as of January 1, 2018.

The Company recognized the cumulative effect of initially applying the new revenue standard as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings. Upon adoption of ASU 2014-09, the cumulative effect of the changes made to the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet as of January 1, 2018 were as follows:

Balance at December 31, 2017 Adjustments due to ASU 2014-09 Balance at January 1, 2018
Assets
   Prepaid expenses and other $ 35,243
$ 11,182
$ 46,425

Liabilities
   Accrued expenses 103,838
2,330
106,168
   Deferred revenue 17,381
3,112
20,493
   Deferred tax liability 41,627
30
41,657

Equity
   Retained earnings, net of tax 204,818
5,710
210,528

The impact of applying the new revenue recognition guidance on the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of income and balance sheet as of, and for the three months ended, March 31, 2018 was as follows:

Three months ended March 31, 2018
Statement of Income As Reported Pro forma as if the previous accounting guidance was in effect
Service revenue, net $ 406,046
$ 415,348
Service expense 371,235
377,086
Operating income 9,600
13,052
Income from continuing operations before taxes 7,576
11,028
Net income attributable to Providence 5,430
8,099
Diluted earnings per share 0.29
0.46

March 31, 2018
Balance Sheet As Reported Pro forma as if the previous accounting guidance was in effect
Prepaid expenses and other $ 52,646
$ 41,177
Accrued expenses 105,258
103,325
Deferred revenue 28,745
21,603
Deferred tax liabilities 40,704
41,356
Retained earnings, net of tax 214,869
211,823

~~The comparative information has not been restated and continues to be reported under the accounting standards in effect for those periods. See further information in Note 3,~~ ~~Revenue Recognition~~.

~~In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15,~~ ~~Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments~~ (“ASU 2016-15”). ASU 2016-15 provides guidance for eight targeted changes with respect to how cash receipts and cash payments are classified in the statements of cash flows, with the objective of reducing diversity in practice. ASU 2016-15 is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted ASU 2016-15 on January 1, 2018. The adoption did not have a significant impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

~~In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18,~~ ~~Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash~~ (“ASU 2016-18”). ASU 2016-18 requires that a statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. ASU 2016-18 is effective for public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period; however, any adjustments must be reflected as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. ASU 2016-18 must be adopted retrospectively. The Company adopted ASU 2016-18 on January 1, 2018. As a result of the adoption of ASU 2016-18, the Company recast its condensed consolidated statement of cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2017. The recast resulted in an increase in cash used in investing activities of $595. See additional information in Note 4, ~~Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash.~~

~~In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09,~~ ~~Compensation–Stock Compensation (Topic 718):Scope of Modification Accounting~~ (“ASU 2017-09”). ASU 2017-09 provides guidance about which changes to the terms of a share-based payment award should be accounted for as a modification. A change to an award should be accounted for as a modification unless the fair value of the modified award is the same as the original award, the vesting conditions do not change, and the classification as an equity or liability instrument does not change. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted. The Company adopted ASU 2017-09 on January 1, 2018. The adoption of ASU 2017-09 did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

~~Updates to the recent accounting pronouncements as disclosed in the Company's Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 are as follows:~~2019:

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“ASU 2016-02”). ASU 2016-02 introduced FASB Accounting Standards Codification Topic 842 (“ASC 842”), which ~~will replace~~replaced ASC 840, Leases. ~~Under ASC~~In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842 ~~lessees will be required~~(Leases) (“ASU 2018-10”), which provides narrow amendments to ~~recognize~~clarify how to apply certain aspects of the ~~following for all leases (with~~new lease standard. Additionally, in July 2018, the ~~exception of short-term leases) at the commencement date:~~FASB issued ASU No. 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements (“ASU 2018-11”). ASU 2018-11 provides a ~~lease liability, which is a lessee’s obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease, measured on a discounted basis;~~new transition method and a ~~right-of-use asset, which is an asset that represents the lessee’s right to use, or control the use~~practical expedient for separating components of a ~~specified asset for the lease term.~~ leasing contract.

ASU 2016-02 is effective for publicly held entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early application is permitted. Lessees must apply a modified retrospective transition approach for leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the financial statements. The modified retrospective approach does not require transition accounting for leases that expired before the earliest comparative period presented. Lessees may not apply a full retrospective transition approach. The Company has not entered into significant lease agreements in which it is the lessor; however, the Company does have lease agreements in which it is the lessee. Under ASC 842, lessees are required to recognize a lease liability and right-of-use (“ROU”) asset for all leases (with the exception of short-term leases) at the lease commencement date. Effective January 1, 2019, the Company adopted this guidance, applied the modified retrospective transition method and elected the transition option to use the effective date as the date of initial application. The Company recognized the cumulative effect of the transition adjustment on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of the effective date and did not provide any new lease disclosures for periods before the effective date. With respect to the practical expedients, the Company elected the package of transitional-related practical expedients and the practical expedient not to separate lease and non-lease components. At January 1, 2019, the Company recorded $23,165 and $24,491 of additional ROU leased assets and liabilities, respectively, on its condensed consolidated balance sheet. The adoption did not have a material impact on the statement of operations. See Note 9, Leases, for further information.

In August 2018, the SEC adopted the final rule under SEC Release No. 33-10532, Disclosure Update and Simplification, amending certain disclosure requirements that were redundant, duplicative, overlapping, outdated or superseded. In addition, the amendments expanded the disclosure requirements on the analysis of stockholders’ equity for interim financial statements. Under the amendments, an analysis of changes in each caption of stockholders’ equity presented in the balance sheet must be provided in a note or separate statement. The analysis should present a reconciliation of the beginning balance to the ending balance of each period for which a statement of comprehensive income is required to be filed. The Company adopted this new rule in the quarter ended March 31, 2019 by including the condensed consolidated statements of stockholders’ equity.

Recent accounting pronouncements that the Company has yet to adopt are as follows:

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) (“ASU 2016-13”). The amendments in ASU 2016-13 will supersede or clarify much of the existing guidance for reporting credit losses for assets held at amortized cost basis and available for sale debt securities. The amendments in ASU 2016-13 affect loans, debt securities, trade receivables, net investments in leases, off balance sheet credit exposures, reinsurance receivables, and any other financial assets not excluded from the scope that have the contractual right to receive cash. ASU 2016-13 is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company is ~~assessing~~currently evaluating the impact of ~~applying ASC 842 to~~ASU 2016-13 on its ~~lease agreements. It has assembled a cross-functional project team and is in~~consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, the ~~process of developing an adoption plan and assessing the impacts of applying ASC 842~~FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework-Changes to the ~~Company’s financial statements, information systems~~Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement (“ASU 2018-13”). ASU 2018-13 removes certain disclosures, modifies certain disclosures and ~~internal controls.~~added additional disclosures. The ~~assessment~~standard is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. ASU 2018-13 requires certain disclosures

to be applied on a retrospective basis and others on a prospective basis. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of ~~applying~~ ASU ~~2016-02 is ongoing and, therefore, the Company has not yet determined whether the impacts will be material to the Company’s~~2018-13 on its consolidated financial statements.

~~There were no other significant updates~~In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software: Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement that is a Service Contract (“ASU 2018-15”). ASU 2018-15 will align the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software. The standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the ~~new accounting guidance not yet adopted by the Company as disclosed in~~impact of ASU 2018-15 on its ~~Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.~~consolidated financial statements.

3. Revenue Recognition

Under ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue as it transfers control of promised services to its customers. The Company generates all of its revenue from contracts with customers. The amount of revenue recognized reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for these services. The Company satisfies substantially all of its performance obligations and recognizes revenue over time instead of at points in time.

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following table summarizes disaggregated revenue from contracts with customers ~~for the three months ended March 31, 2018~~ by contract type for NET Services:


			Three months ended March 31, 2019		Three months ended March 31, 2018
State Medicaid agency contracts	$	177,289	$	176,968	$	177,289
Managed care organization contracts	159,407		190,847		159,407
Total NET Services revenue, net	$	336,696
Total Service revenue, net			$	367,815	$	336,696

Capitated contracts	$	284,402	$	304,596	$	284,402
Non-capitated contracts	52,294		63,219		52,294
Total NET Services revenue, net	$	336,696
Total Service revenue, net			$	367,815	$	336,696

~~The following table summarizes disaggregated revenue from contracts with customers for the three months ended March 31, 2018 by revenue category for WD Services:~~

Employment preparation and placement services $ 42,023
Legal offender rehabilitation services 23,212
Other 4,115
Total WD Services revenue, net $ 69,350

~~The following table summarizes disaggregated revenue from contracts with customers for the three months ended March 31, 2018 by geographic region:~~

United
States United
Kingdom Other
Foreign Total
NET Services $ 336,696
$ —
$ —
$ 336,696
WD Services 4,412
40,086
24,852
69,350
Total $ 341,108
$ 40,086
$ 24,852
$ 406,046

~~NET Services Revenue~~

NET Services provides non-emergency transportation services pursuant to contractual commitments over defined service delivery periods. For most contracts, NET Services arranges for transportation of members through its network of independent transportation providers, whereby it remits payment to the transportation providers. However, for certain contracts, NET Services only provides administrative management services to support the customers’ efforts to serve its clients, and the amount of revenue recognized is based upon the management fee earned.

These contracts typically include single performance obligations under which NET Services stands ready to deliver management, fulfillment and record-keeping related to non-emergency transportation services. Transportation management services include, but are not limited to, fraud, waste, and abuse and utilization review programs as well as compliance controls. NET Services’ performance obligations consist of a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and which are transferred to the customer in the same manner. In most cases, NET Services is the principal in its arrangements because it controls the services before transferring those services to the customer.

NET Services primarily uses the ‘as invoiced’ practical expedient to recognize revenue because it typically has the right to consideration from customers in an amount that corresponds directly with the value of its performance to date. This is consistent with NET Services’ historical revenue recognition policy. NET Services recognizes revenue for some of its contracts that include variable consideration using a time-elapsed measure when the fees earned relate directly to services performed in the period. Because most contracts include termination for convenience clauses with required notice periods of less than one year, most NET Services contracts are deemed to be short-term in nature.

Some of NET Services’ contracts include provisions whereby it must provide certain levels of service or face potential penalties or be required to refund fees paid by the customer. For those contracts, NET Services’ records a provision to reduce revenue to reflect the amount to which it expects it will ultimately be entitled.

The only financial impact of adopting ASU 2014-09 at NET Services was that it determined it is the agent under one of its contracts, whereas it previously considered itself the principal in the arrangement. Consequently, NET Services now recognizes revenue under the specific contract on a net basis, which resulted in $3,937 less revenue and service expense being recorded during the three months ended March 31, 2018.

During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, NET Services recognized $2,572 and $6,392, respectively, from performance obligations satisfied in previous periods ~~due to the resolution of contractual adjustments agreed with the customer.~~

~~WD Services Revenue~~

WD Services provides workforce development and offender rehabilitation services, which include employment preparation and placement, as well as apprenticeship and training, youth community service programs and certain health related services to clients on behalf of governmental and private entities pursuant to contractual commitments over defined service delivery periods. While the specific terms vary by contract, WD Services often receives four types of revenue streams under contracts with government entities: referral/attachment fees, job placement/job outcome fees, sustainment fees and incentive fees (collectively, “outcome fees”).

Most of WD Services’ contracts include a single promise to stand ready to deliver pre-defined services. WD Services concluded its performance obligations comprise a series of distinct monthly services that are substantially the same and which are transferred to the customer in the same manner. Accordingly, the monthly promise to stand ready is accounted for as a single performance obligation. Substantially all of WD Services’ contracts include variable consideration, whereby it earns revenues if certain contractually-defined outcomes occur in the future. As the related performance obligations are satisfied, WD Services recognizes revenue for those outcomes in proportion to the amount of the related fees it estimates have been earned. The amount of revenue is based upon WD Services’ estimate of the final amount of outcome fees to be earned. WD Services evaluates probability

generally using the expected value method because the likelihood it will be entitled to variable fees is binary in nature. These estimates consider i) contractual rates, ii) assumed success rates and iii) assumed participant life on program. Generally, each of these estimates is based upon historical results, although for new contracts, other factors may be considered. At each reporting period, WD Services updates its estimate of variable consideration based on actual results or other relevant information and records an adjustment to revenue based upon services performed to date. For some of WD Services’ contracts, it recognizes revenue as it invoices customers because the amount to which it is entitled to invoice approximates the fair value of the services transferred.

WD Services constrains its estimates of variable consideration by reducing those estimates to amounts it believes with sufficient confidence will not later result in a significant reversal of revenue. When determining if variable consideration should be constrained, management considers whether there are factors outside WD Services’ control that could result in a significant reversal of revenue. In making these assessments, WD Services considers the likelihood and magnitude of a potential reversal of revenue.

~~For some of WD Services’ contracts, WD Services accrues for potential penalties it could incur~~ as a result of ~~audits by~~contractual adjustments to which the ~~customer. These penalties are estimated based on expectations from historical results.~~customer agreed.

Related Balance Sheet Accounts

~~Under~~The following table provides information about accounts receivable, net:



	March 31, 2019			December 31, 2018
Accounts receivable	$	96,736		$	101,340
NET Services’ reconciliation contract receivable	55,568			48,270
Allowance for doubtful accounts	(1,951		)	(1,854		)
	$	150,353		$	147,756

The following table provides information about other accounts included on the new standard, for certain contracts in which WD Services receives up-front fees or fixed monthly fees, WD Services may recognize revenue later than it had historically if it determines revenue should be recognized over a different period, which may include a longer period of time than under historical guidance. WD Services may recognize revenues for outcome fees earlier than it had historically. Historically, WD Services recognized those revenues upon final resolution of the outcome, at which point the outcome may be invoiced. Thus, the new standard results in a greater degree of estimation for outcome-based fees.accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets:



	March 31, 2019		December 31, 2018
Accrued contract payments, included in “accrued expenses”	$	10,439	$	9,756
Deferred revenue, current	253		562
Deferred revenue, long-term, included in “other long-term liabilities”	912		963

During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, ~~WD Services recognized $1,056 from performance obligations satisfied in previous periods, based upon final resolution~~$339 and $3,013 of ~~amounts with the customer.~~

~~Related Balance Sheet Accounts~~

~~Accounts receivable, net~~ - The Company records accounts receivable amounts at the contractual amount, less an allowance for doubtful accounts. The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts at an amount it estimates to be sufficient to cover the risk that an account will not be collected. The Company regularly evaluates its accounts receivable, especially receivables that are past due, and reassesses its allowance for doubtful accounts based on identified customer collection issues. In circumstances where the Company is aware of a customer’s inability to meet its financial obligation, the Company records a specific allowance for doubtful accounts to reduce its net recognized receivable to an amount the Company reasonably expects to collect. The Company also provides a general allowance, based upon historical experience. Under certain contracts of NET Services, final payment is based on a reconciliation of actual utilization and cost, and the final reconciliation may require a considerable period of time. In addition, certain government entities which WD Services serves remit payment substantially beyond the payment terms. For example, under WD Services’ employability contract in Saudi Arabia, certain receivable balances are past due. The Company monitors these amounts due to the aging of receivables, but generally believes the balances are collectible. However, factors within those government entities could change and there can be no assurance that such changes would not result in an inability to collect the receivables.

~~The following table provides information about accounts receivable, net as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017:~~

March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017
Accounts receivable $ 132,125
$ 122,634
Allowance for doubtful accounts (5,784 ) (5,762 )
NET Services' reconciliation contract receivable 46,835
42,054
$ 173,176
$ 158,926

~~Contract assets -~~ Primarily reflects estimated revenue expected to be billed, as the Company does not have the unconditional right to invoice these amounts. We receive payments from customers based on the terms established in our contracts. The balance of ~~$8,739~~ ~~is included in Prepaid expenses and other in the condensed consolidated balance sheet at March 31, 2018.~~

~~NET Services accrued contract payments~~ - Includes liabilities related to certain contracts of NET Services for which final payment is based on a reconciliation of actual utilization and cost, and the final reconciliation may require a considerable period of time. The balance is included in Accrued liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheet. The balance at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 totaled $18,845 and $17,487, respectively.

~~Deferred Revenue~~ ~~- Includes funds received for certain services in advance of services being rendered. The balance at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 totaled $28,745 and $17,381, respectively. The increase in the~~ deferred revenue balance from December 31, 2017 to March 31, 2018 is primarily driven by cash payments received or due in advance of satisfying our performance obligations, including the impact of the adoption of the revenue recognition standard, as revenue under the WD Services youth services contract is now fully deferred until the courses are offered in the summer and fall, offset by $5,368 of revenues recognized that were included in the deferred revenue balance as of December 31, ~~2017.~~

~~Costs to Obtain~~2018 and ~~Fulfill a Contract~~2017, respectively, was recognized.

The Company capitalizes costs incurred to fulfill its contracts that i) relate directly to the contract ii) are expected to generate resources that will be used to satisfy the Company’s performance obligation under the contract and iii) are expected to be recovered through revenue generated under the contract. Contract fulfillment costs are expensed to service expense as the Company satisfies its performance obligations. These costs, which are classified in "Prepaid expenses and other" on the condensed consolidated balance sheets, principally relate to costs deferred for work performed by sub-contractors under WD Services’ contracts that will be used in satisfying future performance obligations. These deferred costs totaled $8,059 and $2,543 at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

~~Practical Expedients, Exemptions and Other Matters~~

~~We do not incur significant sales commissions expenses. Any amounts are expensed as incurred. These costs are recorded within service expense in the condensed consolidated statements of income.~~

The Company generally expects the period of time from when it transfers a promised service to a customer and when the customer pays for the service to be one year or less, and thus we do not have a significant financing component for our contracts with customers.

We do not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less; (ii) contracts for which we recognize revenue at the amount to which we have the right to invoice for services performed or (iii) contracts for which the variable consideration is allocated entirely to a wholly unsatisfied performance obligation or to a wholly unsatisfied promise to transfer a distinct good or service that forms part of a single performance obligation, and the terms of the variable consideration relate specifically to our efforts to transfer the distinct service or to a specific outcome from transferring the distinct service.

4. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the condensed consolidated balance sheets to the amounts shown in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows:


	March 31, 2018		March 31, 2017		March 31, 2019		March 31, 2018
Cash and cash equivalents	$	86,229	$	82,882	$	42,418	$	86,229
Restricted cash, current	1,597		2,624		1,868		1,597
Current assets of discontinued operations					4,297		—
Restricted cash, less current portion	4,267		10,911		2,041		4,267
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	92,093	$	96,417	$	50,624	$	92,093

Restricted cash primarily relates to amounts held in trusts for reinsurance claims losses under the Company’s ~~Captive~~captive insurance operation for historical workers’ compensation, general and professional liability and auto liability reinsurance programs, as well as amounts restricted for withdrawal under our self-insured medical and benefits plans. Current assets of discontinued operations principally reflect the cash position of WD Services operations in Saudi Arabia, which was not sold as part of the WD Services sale. Such cash will be used to fund the shut-down costs of this operation as needed. See Note 15, Discontinued Operations, for further information on the WD Services sale.

5. Equity Investment

~~Matrix~~

As of both March 31, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, the Company owned a 43.6% ~~and 46.6% noncontrolling~~non-controlling interest in ~~Matrix, respectively. The Company's ownership decreased as a result of the rollover of certain equity interests in HealthFair, which Matrix acquired on February 16, 2018.~~Matrix. Pursuant to a ~~Shareholder’s Agreement,~~shareholder’s agreement, affiliates of Frazier Healthcare Partners hold rights necessary to control the fundamental operations of Matrix. The Company accounts for this investment in Matrix under the equity

method of accounting ~~and~~with the Company’s share of Matrix’s income or losses ~~are~~ recorded as “Equity in net ~~(gain)~~ loss of ~~investees”~~investee” in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of ~~income.~~operations.

The carrying amount of the assets included in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance ~~sheet~~sheets and the maximum loss exposure related to the Company’s interest in Matrix as of March 31, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017~~2018 totaled ~~$166,031~~$159,546 and ~~$169,699,~~$161,503, respectively.

Summary financial information for Matrix on a standalone basis is as follows:


	March 31, 2018		December 31, 2017		March 31, 2019		December 31, 2018
Current assets	$	54,901	$	37,563	$	61,283	$	61,565
Long-term assets	745,136		597,613		712,353		719,450
Current liabilities	28,365		27,718		25,006		27,619
Long-term liabilities	376,141		240,513		372,225		373,159


	Three months ended March 31, 2018			Three months ended March 31, 2017			Three months ended March 31, 2019			Three months ended March 31, 2018
Revenue	$	67,429		$	55,855		$	66,983		$	67,429
Operating (loss) income	(789		)	1,008
Operating income (loss)							555			(789		)
Net loss	(8,518		)	(1,857		)	(4,486		)	(8,518		)

Included in Matrix’s standalone net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2018 are depreciation and amortization of $9,052, interest expense of $10,343, including $6,009 related to the amortization of deferred financing costs primarily resulting from the refinancing of Matrix debt facility, equity compensation of $737, management fees paid to certain of Matrix’s shareholders of $3,057, merger and acquisition related diligence costs of $2,169 primarily related to the first quarter acquisition of HealthFair, and an income tax benefit of $2,614. Included in Matrix’s standalone net loss for the three months ended March 31, 2017 were transaction bonuses and other transaction related costs of $2,994, equity compensation of $643, depreciation and amortization of $8,033, interest expense of $3,607 and an income tax benefit of $742.

6. Prepaid Expenses and Other

Prepaid expenses and other were comprised of the following:

March 31,
2018 December 31,
2017
Prepaid income taxes $ 885
$ 1,106
Escrow funds 10,000
10,000
Contract asset 8,739
—
Prepaid insurance 1,224
2,121
Prepaid taxes and licenses 3,258
906
Note receivable 3,130
3,224
Prepaid rent 1,933
2,268
Deposits held for leased premises and bonds 3,012
2,849
Costs to fulfill a contract 8,059
2,543
Other 12,406
10,226
Total prepaid expenses and other $ 52,646
$ 35,243



	March 31, 2019		December 31, 2018
Prepaid income taxes	$	28,507	$	35,207
Prepaid insurance	627		1,308
Prepaid rent	—		828
Other prepaid expenses	6,929		6,824
Total prepaid expenses and other	$	36,063	$	44,167

Escrow funds represent amounts related to indemnification claims from the sale of the Human Services segment, which was completed on November 1, 2015. The Company has accrued $15,000 as a contingent liability for the settlement of indemnification claims, which is included in “Accrued expenses” in the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017. The escrow funds will be used to satisfy a portion of this settlement. See Note 13, ~~Commitments and Contingencies, for further information. “Contract asset” and “Costs to fulfill a contract” in the table above relate to the adoption of ASC 606, as described in Note 3,~~ ~~Revenue Recognition~~.

7. Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses consisted of the following:


	March 31, 2018		December 31, 2017		March 31, 2019		December 31, 2018
Accrued compensation	$	24,574	$	33,653	$	12,034	$	11,050
NET Services accrued contract payments	18,845		17,487		10,439		9,756
Accrued settlement	15,000		15,000
Accrued cash settled stock-based compensation					4,717		3,719
Income taxes payable	5,423		3,723		478		—
Other	41,416		33,975
Other accrued expenses					10,756		14,666
Total accrued expenses	$	105,258	$	103,838	$	38,424	$	39,191

8. Restructuring and Related Reorganization Costs

~~WD Services has two active redundancy programs at~~On April 11, 2018, the Company announced the Organizational Consolidation to transfer all job responsibilities previously performed by employees of the holding company to LogistiCare, and to close the current corporate offices in Stamford, Connecticut and Tucson, Arizona. The Company adopted an employee retention plan designed to retain the holding company level employees during the transition. The employee retention plan became effective on April 9, 2018 and covers the holding company level employees and provides for certain payments and benefits to be provided to the employees if they remain employed with the Company through a retention date established for each individual, subject to a fully executed retention letter. Management expects the Organizational Consolidation to be fully complete by the end of the second quarter of 2019.

As of March 31, ~~2018. During~~2019, the ~~year ended December 31, 2017, WD Services had four redundancy programs. Of these four redundancy plans, two redundancy plans were approved~~Company estimates that it will incur aggregate pre-tax restructuring charges of approximately $12,400 through June 30, 2019 in ~~2015: a plan~~connection with the Organizational Consolidation discussed above. These charges include approximately $7,200 related to ~~the termination of employees delivering services under an offender rehabilitation program (“Offender Rehabilitation Program”), which has been completed,~~retention and ~~a plan~~personnel costs, $2,100 related to the termination of employees delivering services under the Company’s employability and skills training programs and certain other employees in the United Kingdom (“UK Restructuring Program”). In addition, a redundancy planstock-based compensation, $600 related to depreciation and $2,500 related to other costs, including lease termination and recruiting costs. The Company’s estimate is subject to change, as it is based upon assumptions for the ~~termination~~sublease of ~~employees~~office space in Stamford, Connecticut and Tucson, Arizona, as ~~part~~well as other factors.

A total of ~~a value enhancement project ("Ingeus Futures Program") to better align~~$2,011 in restructuring and related costs ~~at Ingeus with revenue and to improve overall operating performance~~ was ~~approved in 2016 and began a second phase~~incurred during the three months ended March 31, 2018. Further, a redundancy program to align costs with revenue for offender rehabilitation services (“Delivery First Program”) was approved in the fourth quarter of 2017. The Company recorded severance and2019 related ~~charges of $1,360 and $553 during the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, relating~~ to the ~~termination benefits for employee groups~~Organizational Consolidation. These costs include $1,393 of retention and ~~specifically identified employees impacted by these plans. The severance charges incurred~~personnel costs, $191 of stock-based compensation expense, $144 of depreciation and $283 of other costs, primarily related to recruiting and legal costs. These costs are recorded as ~~“Service~~“General and administrative expense” and “Depreciation and amortization” in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of ~~income.~~operations.

A total of $10,808 in restructuring and related costs was incurred on a cumulative basis through March 31, 2019 related to the Organizational Consolidation. These costs include $6,491 of retention and personnel costs, $1,922 of stock-based compensation expense, $580 of depreciation and $1,815 of other costs, primarily related to recruiting and legal costs. These costs are recorded as “General and administrative expense” and “Depreciation and amortization” in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations.

The summary of the liability for restructuring and related reorganization costs is as follows:



	January 1, 2019		Costs Incurred		Cash Payments			March 31, 2019

Retention and personnel liability	$	1,956	$	1,393	$	(689	)	$	2,660
Other liability	398		210		(171		)	437
Total	$	2,354	$	1,603	$	(860	)	$	3,097



	January 1, 2018		Costs Incurred		Cash Payments			December 31, 2018

Retention and personnel liability	$	—	$	5,098	$	(3,142	)	$	1,956
Other liability	—		1,532		(1,134		)	398
Total	$	—	$	6,630	$	(4,276	)	$	2,354

The ~~initial estimate~~total restructuring liability at March 31, 2019 includes $3,069 classified as “Accrued expenses” and $28 classified as “Accounts payable” in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The total restructuring liability at December 31, 2018 includes $2,124 classified as “Accrued expenses” and $230 classified as “Accounts payable” in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

9. Leases

Effective January 1, 2019, as described more fully in Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements, the Company adopted ASC 842 and recognized lease obligations and associated ROU assets for its existing non-cancelable operating leases. The Company has non-cancelable operating leases primarily associated with office space, related office equipment and other facilities.

The leases expire in various years and generally provide for renewal options. In the normal course of ~~severance~~business, management expects that these leases will be renewed or replaced by leases on other properties.

Certain operating leases provide for increases in future minimum annual rental payments based on defined increases in the Consumer Price Index, subject to certain minimum increases. Several of these lease agreements contain provisions for periods in which rent payments are reduced. The total amount of rental payments due over the lease term is recorded as rent expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.

A summary of all lease classifications in our condensed consolidated balance sheet is as follows:



Leases	Classification	March 31, 2019
Assets
Operating lease assets	Operating lease ROU assets	$	21,076
Finance lease assets	Property and equipment, net ⁽¹⁾	1,126
Total leased assets		$	22,202

Liabilities
Current:
Operating	Current portion of operating lease liabilities	$	7,763
Finance	Current portion of long-term obligations	650
Long-term:
Operating	Operating lease liabilities, less current portion	14,603
Finance	Long-term obligations, less current portion	276
Total lease liabilities		$	23,292

⁽¹⁾Finance leased assets are recorded net of accumulated amortization of $768.

As of March 31, 2019, maturities of lease liabilities are as follows:



	Operating Leases			Finance Leases			Total
Remainder of 2019	$	8,092		$	632		$	8,724
2020	7,840			322			8,162
2021	5,088			46			5,134
2022	3,861			—			3,861
2023	1,820			—			1,820
Thereafter	1,614			—			1,614
Total lease payments	$	28,315		$	1,000		$	29,315
Less: amounts representing interest	(5,949		)	(74		)	(6,023		)
Present value of minimum lease payments	22,366			926			23,292
Less: current portion	(7,763		)	(650		)	(8,413		)
Long-term portion	$	14,603		$	276		$	14,879

As of December 31, 2018, maturities of lease liabilities are as follows:



	Operating Leases		Finance Leases		Total
2019	$	8,825	$	718	$	9,543
2020	6,452		308		6,760
2021	4,594		45		4,639
2022	3,801		—		3,801
2023	1,767		—		1,767
Thereafter	1,600		—		1,600
Total lease payments	$	27,039	$	1,071	$	28,110

Lease terms and related charges for the plans was based upon the employee groups impacted, average salary and benefits, and redundancy benefits pursuant to the existing policies. Additional charges above the initial estimates were incurred for the redundancy plans duringdiscount rates are as follows:



	March 31, 2019
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years):
Operating lease costs	3.6
Finance lease cost	1.7
Weighted-average discount rate:
Operating lease costs	5.3	%
Finance lease cost	3.3	%

For the three months ended March 31, ~~2018~~2019, our operating lease costs were $2,580 and ~~2017 related to the actualization~~are included in "General and administrative expense” on our accompanying condensed consolidated statements of ~~termination benefits for specifically identified employees impacted under these plans,~~operations. A summary of other lease information is as well as an increase in the number of individuals impacted by these plans. The final identification of the employees impacted by each program is subject to customary consultation procedures. In addition, additional phases of value enhancement projects may be undertaken in the future, if costs and revenue are not aligned.

~~Summary of Severance and Related Charges~~

January 1,
2018
Costs
Incurred
Cash Payments
Foreign Exchange
Rate Adjustments
March 31, 2018

Ingeus Futures Program $ 482
$ 1,380
$ (1,172 ) $ (10 ) $ 680
Delivery First Program 1,287
(20 ) (795 ) 44
516
Total $ 1,769
$ 1,360
$ (1,967 ) $ 34
$ 1,196

January 1,
2017
Costs
Incurred
Cash Payments
Foreign Exchange
Rate Adjustments
March 31, 2017

Ingeus Futures Program $ 2,486
$ 553
$ (152 ) $ 29
$ 2,916
Offender Rehabilitation Program 1,380
—
(1,120 ) 9
269
UK Restructuring Program 50
—
—
1
51
Total $ 3,916
$ 553
$ (1,272 ) $ 39
$ 3,236

follows:

The total of accrued severance and related costs of $1,196 is reflected in “Accrued expenses” in the condensed consolidated balance sheet at March 31, 2018. The amount accrued as of March 31, 2018 is expected to be settled principally by the end of 2018. Additionally, in conjunction with the second phase of the Ingeus Futures Program, the Company incurred $257 of expense during the three months ended March 31, 2018 primarily related to property and equipment costs.

~~9. Stockholders’ Equity~~

The following table reflects changes in common stock, additional paid-in capital, retained earnings, accumulated other comprehensive loss, treasury stock and noncontrolling interest for the three months ended March 31, 2018:

Common Stock Additional Paid-In Capital Retained Earnings Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Treasury Stock Non-controlling Interest Total
Shares Amount Shares Amount
Balance at December 31, 2017 17,473,598
$ 17
$ 313,955
$ 204,818
$ (25,805 ) 4,126,132
$ (154,803 ) $ (2,165 ) $ 336,017
Stock-based compensation —
—
993
—
—
—
—
—
993
Exercise of employee stock options 212,789
1
8,819
—
—
—
—
—
8,820
Restricted stock issued 20,904
—
—
—
—
3,778
(237 ) —
(237 )
Performance restricted stock issued —
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Shares issued for bonus settlement and director stipend 2,715

150

—
—
—
—
150
Stock repurchase plan —
—
—
—
—
583,027
(36,930 ) —
(36,930 )
Conversion of convertible preferred stock to common stock —
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax —
—
—
—
1,926
—
—
(81 ) 1,845
Reclassification of translation loss realized upon sale of equity investment —
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Convertible preferred stock dividends —
—
—
(1,089 ) —
—
—
—
(1,089 )
Noncontrolling interests —
—
—
—
—
—
—
296
296
Other —
—
49
—
—
—
—
—
49
Net income attributable to Providence —
—
—
5,430
—
—
—
—
5,430
Cumulative effect adjustment from change in accounting principle —
—
—
5,710
—
—
—
—
5,710
Balance at March 31, 2018 17,710,006
$ 18
$ 323,966
$ 214,869
$ (23,879 ) 4,712,937
$ (191,970 ) $ (1,950 ) $ 321,054

~~Share Repurchases~~

On March 29, 2018, the Board of Directors ("Board") authorized an increase in the amount available for stock repurchases under the Company’s existing stock repurchase program by $77,794, and extended the existing stock repurchase program through June 30, 2019 (as amended and extended, the “Stock Repurchase Program”). After giving effect to the increase in the authorized repurchase amount, as of March 31, 2018, approximately $100,000 remains for additional repurchases by the Company under the Stock Repurchase Program, excluding commission payments. The share repurchases may be made from time-to-time through a combination of open market repurchases (including Rule 10b5-1 plans), privately negotiated transactions, accelerated share repurchase transactions and other derivative transactions. The timing, number and amount of any shares repurchased will be determined by the Company’s officers at their discretion, and as permitted by securities laws, covenants under existing bank agreements and other legal requirements, and will be based on a number of factors, including an evaluation of general market and economic conditions and the trading price of the common stock. The Stock Repurchase Program may be suspended or discontinued at any time without prior notice.



	Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
Financing cash flow from finance leases	$	145

Operating cash flows from operating leases	2,360
Amortization of operating leased ROU assets to the operating lease liability	2,332

Leased assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities	—
Leased ROU assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	243

10. Stock-Based Compensation and Similar Arrangements

The Company provides stock-based compensation to employees and non-employee directors under the Company’s 2006 Long-Term Incentive Plan (“2006 Plan”). Typical awards issued under this plan include stock option awards, restricted stock awards (“RSAs”) and performance based restricted stock units (“PRSUs”).

The following table reflects the amount of stock-based compensation for continuing operations, for share settled awards, recorded in each financial statement line item for the three months ended March 31, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017:~~2018:


	Three months ended March 31,				Three months ended March 31,
	2018		2017		2019		2018
Service expense	$	56	$	124
General and administrative expense	877		1,342		$	2,103	$	927
Equity in net loss of investees	60		27
Equity in net loss of investee					—		60
Total stock-based compensation	$	993	$	1,493	$	2,103	$	987

At March 31, ~~2018,~~2019, the Company had ~~380,989~~809,396 stock options outstanding with a weighted-average exercise price of ~~$52.52.~~$62.14. The Company also had ~~61,557~~59,101 shares of unvested RSAs outstanding at March 31, ~~2018~~2019 with a weighted-average grant date fair value, as modified, of ~~$51.21~~$62.28.

Awards Granted to the Interim Chief Executive Officer

On February 1, 2019, the Company entered into an agreement for a base salary and ~~4,684 vested PRSUs outstanding that were issued~~the eligibility of a cash bonus with R. Carter Pate for his continued employment as the Company’s Interim CEO through December 31, 2019. In addition, the agreement granted Mr. Pate an award of 23,317 shares of restricted stock (the “Restricted Shares”), representing a value of $1,500 based on the closing price per share of the Company’s stock on the grant date. The Restricted Shares will vest if Mr. Pate remains employed with the Company through December 31, 2019. If the Company terminates Mr. Pate’s employment during 2019 because his services are no longer required, the Restricted Shares will vest and Mr. Pate will be entitled to the remaining unpaid portion of his 2019 base salary and payment of the 2019 bonus in ~~April 2018.~~an amount based on actual achievement of the performance measures. If a change in control of the Company occurs during 2019, the Restricted Shares will vest and Mr. Pate will be entitled to the remaining unpaid portion of his 2019 base salary and payment of the 2019 bonus at the target level.

Cash-Settled Awards

The Company also grants stock equivalent unit awards (“SEUs”) and stock option equivalent units that are ~~cash settled~~cash-settled awards and are not included as part of the 2006 Plan. During the three months ended March 31, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017, respectively,~~March 31, 2018, the Company recorded ~~$1,832~~$1,189 and ~~$667~~$1,832 of stock-based compensation expense for ~~cash settled awards.~~cash-settled awards, respectively. The expense for ~~cash settled~~cash-settled awards is included as “General and administrative expense” in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of ~~income.~~operations. As the instruments are accounted for as liability awards, the expense recorded for the three months ended March 31, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017~~2018 is almost entirely attributable to the Company’s ~~increase~~change in stock price from the previous reporting period. The liability for unexercised ~~cash settled~~cash-settled share-based payment awards of ~~$5,533~~$4,717 and ~~$3,938~~$3,719 at March 31, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, respectively, ~~are~~is reflected in “Accrued expenses” in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. At March 31, ~~2018,~~2019, the Company had ~~5,202~~4,234 SEUs and 200,000 stock option equivalent units outstanding.

~~The~~Long-Term Incentive Plans

In connection with the acquisition of Circulation during 2018, the Company ~~also provides cash settled long-term~~established a management incentive ~~plans for executive management and~~plan (“MIP”) that is intended to motivate key employees of ~~its operating segments. For~~Circulation. During the three months ended March 31, ~~2018~~2019, the MIP was amended to remove the previously included performance requirements and ~~2017, expenses~~to provide for a total fixed payment of ~~$57 and $590, respectively, are included as “Service expense” in~~$12,000 to the ~~condensed consolidated~~group of MIP participants. The payout date is within 30 days following the finalization of the Company’s audited financial statements ~~of income related to an ongoing long-term incentive plan~~ for ~~NET Services. At March 31, 2018 and~~the fiscal year ending December 31, ~~2017,~~2021 and the ~~liability for this plan of $1,143 and $2,657, respectively, is reflected in “Accrued expenses” and “Other long-term liabilities” in the condensed consolidated balance sheet.~~

The Board approved the LogistiCare 2017 Senior Executive LTI Plan (the “LogistiCare LTIP”) for executive management and key employees of NET Services during the three months ended March 31, 2018. The LogistiCare LTIP pays in cash, however up to 50% of the award may be paid in unrestricted stock if the recipient elects this option prior to the award payment date. The LogistiCare LTIP rewards participants based on certain measures of free cash flow and EBITDA results adjusted as specified in the plan document. The awards have a performance period of January 1, 2017 through December 31, 2019, with a payout ~~date within two and a half months of the performance period end date. Payout~~ is subject to the participant remaining employed by the Company ~~on the payment date. The maximum amount that can be earned~~ through ~~the LogistiCare LTIP is $7,000.~~December 31, 2021, except for certain termination scenarios. As of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, ~~46.5% of~~ the ~~awards have been issued under~~Company has accrued $1,846 and $1,441, respectively, related to the ~~LogistiCare LTIP.~~MIP and reflected in “Other long-term liabilities” in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

11. Earnings Per Share

The following table details the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share:


	Three months ended March 31,						Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017			2019			2018
Numerator:
Net income attributable to Providence	$	5,430		$	(4,325	)	$	582		$	5,430
Less dividends on convertible preferred stock	(1,089		)	(1,090		)	(1,087		)	(1,089		)
Less income allocated to participating securities	(579		)	(58		)	(30		)	(844		)
Net income (loss) available to common stockholders	$	3,762		$	(5,473	)	$	(535	)	$	3,497

Continuing operations	$	3,770		$	394		$	197		$	5,490
Discontinued operations	(8		)	(5,867		)	(732		)	(1,993		)
	$	3,762		$	(5,473	)
Net (loss) income available to common stockholders							$	(535	)	$	3,497

Denominator:
Denominator for basic earnings per share -- weighted-average shares	13,105,965			13,704,272			12,899,714			13,105,965
Effect of dilutive securities:
Common stock options	88,791			58,313			53,614			88,791
Performance-based restricted stock units	4,684			5,939			—			4,684
Denominator for diluted earnings per share -- adjusted weighted-average shares assumed conversion	13,199,440			13,768,524			12,953,328			13,199,440

Basic earnings (loss) per share:
Continuing operations	$	0.29		$	0.03		$	0.02		$	0.42
Discontinued operations	—			(0.43		)	(0.06		)	(0.15		)
	$	0.29		$	(0.40	)
Basic earnings (loss) per share							$	(0.04	)	$	0.27
Diluted earnings (loss) per share:
Continuing operations	$	0.29		$	0.03		$	0.02		$	0.42
Discontinued operations	—			(0.43		)	(0.06		)	(0.15		)
	$	0.29		$	(0.40	)
Diluted earnings (loss) per share							$	(0.04	)	$	0.27

Income allocated to participating securities is calculated by allocating a portion of net income attributable to Providence, less dividends on convertible stock, to the convertible preferred stockholders on a pro-rata, as converted basis; however, the convertible preferred stockholders are not allocated losses.

The following weighted average shares were not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share as the effect of their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive:


	Three months ended March 31,		Three months ended March 31,
	2018	2017	2019	2018
Stock options to purchase common stock	12,142	165,371	559,829	12,142
Convertible preferred stock	803,200	803,398	801,606	803,200

12. Income Taxes

The Company’s effective tax rate from continuing operations for the three months ended March 31, ~~2018 and 2017~~2019 was ~~24.3% and 56.8%, respectively. The~~15.1%. This effective tax rate ~~for the three months ended March 31, 2018 exceeded~~was lower than the U.S. federal

statutory rate of ~~21%~~21.0% primarily due to ~~foreign net operating losses for which the future income tax benefit currently cannot be recognized, state income taxes and certain non-deductible expenses, partially offset by~~ the favorable impact of stock option deductions. The effective tax rate from continuing operations for the three months ended March 31, ~~2017 exceeded~~2018 was 21.3%, which approximated the U.S. federal statutory rate of ~~35% primarily due~~21.0%.

As discussed in Note 15, Discontinued Operations, the Company transferred its operations in Saudi Arabia to ~~foreign net operating losses (including equity investment losses) for which~~its contractual counterparties on January 1, 2019. In connection with the ~~future~~dissolution of its Saudi Arabia legal entity, the Company is protesting withholding tax and income tax ~~benefit currently cannot be recognized, losses in foreign jurisdictions with tax rates lower than~~assessments for the ~~U.S. rate, state income taxes and certain non-deductible expenses.~~

On December 22, 2017, the U.S. bill commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“Tax Reform Act”) was enacted which institutes fundamental changes to the taxation of multinational corporations. As a result of the Tax Reform Act, the U.S. corporate income tax rate was reduced to 21% and the Company revalued its ending net deferred tax liabilities as of December 31,years 2012 through 2017. The Company ~~recognized~~does not believe this will have a ~~provisional tax benefit~~material adverse effect on its financial condition or results of $19,397 in its consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2017. The final impact of the Tax Reform Act may differ from these provisional amounts, possibly materially, due to, among other things, issuance of additional regulatory guidance, changes in interpretations and assumptions the Company has made, and actions the Company may take as a result of the Tax Reform Act. There have been no changes to the Company's provisional tax benefit recognized in 2017. The Company expects the financial reporting impact of the Tax Reform Act will be completed in the fourth quarter of 2018.discontinued operations.

13. Commitments and Contingencies

Legal proceedings

On June 15, 2015, a putative stockholder class action derivative complaint was filed in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (the “Court”), captioned Haverhill Retirement System v. Kerley et al., C.A. No. 11149-VCL (“Haverhill Litigation”).

On September 28, 2017, the Court approved a proposed settlement agreement among the parties that provides for a settlement amount of $10,000 less plaintiff’s legal fees and expenses (the “Settlement Amount”), with 75% of the Settlement Amount to be paid to the Company and 25% of the Settlement Amount to be paid to holders of the Company’s common stock other than certain excluded parties. In November 2017, the Company received a payment of $5,363 from the Settlement Amount.

~~For further information regarding this legal proceeding please see Note 18,~~ ~~Commitments and Contingencies, in the audited consolidated financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.~~

In the ordinary course of business, the Company is a party to various lawsuits. Management does not expect these lawsuits to have a material impact on the liquidity, results of operations, or financial condition of ~~Providence.~~the Company.

~~Indemnifications related~~On January 21, 2019, the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio unsealed a qui tam complaint, filed in December 2015, against Mobile Care Group, Inc., Mobile Care Group of Ohio, LLC, Mobile Care EMS & Transport, Inc. and LogistiCare Solutions, LLC (“LogistiCare”) by Brandee White, Laura Cunningham, and Jeffery Wisier (the “Relators”) alleging violations of the federal False Claims Act by presenting claims for payment to ~~Haverhill Litigation~~government healthcare programs knowing that the prerequisites for such claims to be paid had not been met. The Relators seek to recover damages, fees and costs under the federal False Claims Act including treble damages, civil penalties and attorneys’ fees. In addition, the Relators seek reinstatement to their jobs with the Mobile Care entities. None of the Relators was employed by LogistiCare. Prior to January 21, 2019, LogistiCare had no knowledge of the complaint. The federal government has declined to intervene against LogistiCare. The Company filed a motion to dismiss the Complaint on April 22, 2019, and believes that the case will not have material adverse effect on its business, financial condition or results of operations.

~~The~~On March 1, 2019, Meher Patel filed suit against the Company ~~has indemnified~~in the Superior Court of the State of California, Tuolumne County, on behalf of herself and as a class action on behalf of others similarly situated, asserting violations under the California Labor Code relating to the alleged failure by LogistiCare to comply with certain ~~third parties in connection to a rights offering on February 5, 2015~~applicable state wage and related employment requirements, as well as ~~in connection~~claims of breach of contract and breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. The plaintiff seeks to recover an unspecified amount of damages and penalties, as well as certification as a class action. No amounts have been accrued for any potential losses under this matter, as management cannot reasonably predict the ~~Company’s acquisition~~outcome of ~~CCHN Group Holdings, Inc. (operating under~~ the ~~tradename Matrix,~~litigation or any potential losses. The Company intends to defend the litigation vigorously and ~~formerly included in our Health Assessment Services segment) in October 2014 and related financing commitments. For further information regarding these indemnifications, please see Note 18,~~ ~~Commitments and Contingencies, in~~believes that the ~~audited consolidated~~case will not have a material adverse effect on its business, financial ~~statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.~~condition or results of operations.

The Company recorded $132 of such indemnified legal expenses related to the Haverhill Litigation during the three months ended March 31, 2017 which is included in “General and administrative expense” in the condensed consolidated statements of income. Of this amount, $115 was indemnified legal expenses of related parties. Other legal expenses of the Company related to the Haverhill Litigation are covered under the Company’s insurance policies, subject to applicable deductibles and customary review of the expenses by the carrier. The Company recognized related expense of $11 for the three months ended March 31, 2017. While the carrier typically remits payment directly to the respective law firm, the Company accrues for the cost and records a corresponding receivable for the amount to be paid by the carrier. The Company has recognized an insurance receivable of $145 and $941 in “Other receivables” in the condensed consolidated balance sheets at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, with a corresponding liability amount recorded to “Accrued expenses”.

~~Other~~ Indemnifications

The Company ~~has~~ provided certain standard indemnifications in connection with the sale of the Human Services segment to Molina Healthcare Inc. (“Molina”) effective November 1, 2015. Certain representations made by the Company in the

related Membership Interest Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”), including tax representations, survive until the expiration of applicable statutes of ~~limitation, and healthcare representations survive until the third anniversary of the closing date.~~

limitation. Molina and the Company ~~have~~ entered into a settlement agreement regarding ~~a settlement of an~~ indemnification ~~claim~~claims by Molina with respect to Rodriguez v. Providence Community Corrections (the “Rodriguez Litigation”), a complaint filed in the District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee, Nashville Division, ~~(the “Rodriguez Court”)~~ against Providence Community Corrections, Inc. (“PCC”),

an entity sold under the Purchase ~~Agreement, and other matters. As of March 31, 2018, the accrual is $15,000 with respect to an estimate of loss for potential indemnification claims.~~Agreement. The Company expects to recover a portion of the settlement through insurance coverage, although this cannot be assured. The parties to the Rodriguez Litigation submitted a proposed settlement to the Rodriguez Court for approval pursuant to which PCC would pay the plaintiffs approximately $14,000. On January 2, 2018, the Rodriguez Court granted preliminary approval of the proposed settlement and authorized notice to class members.

Litigation is inherently uncertain and the actual losses incurred in the event that the related legal proceedings were to result in unfavorable outcomes could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business and financial performance.

The Company has provided certain standard indemnifications in connection with its Matrix stock subscription transaction whereby Mercury Fortuna Buyer, LLC (“Subscriber”), Providence and Matrix entered into a stock subscription agreement (the “Subscription Agreement”), dated August 28, 2016. The representations and warranties made by the Company in the Subscription Agreement ended January 19, 2018; however, certain fundamental representations survive through the 36th month following the closing date. The covenants and agreements of the parties to be performed prior to the closing ended January 19, 2018, and all other covenants and agreements survive until the expiration of the applicable statute of limitations in the event of a breach, or for such lesser periods specified therein. The Company is not aware of any indemnification liabilities with respect to Matrix that require accrual at March 31, ~~2018.~~

~~Other Contingencies~~

On January 25, 2018, the UK Ministry of Justice (the “MOJ”) released a report on reoffending statistics for certain offenders who entered probation services during the period October 2015 to March 2016. The report provides statistics for all providers of probation services, including our subsidiary RRP, which is in our WD Services segment. This information is the second data set that is utilized to determine performance payments under the various providers’ transforming rehabilitation contracts with the MOJ, as the actual rates of recidivism are compared to benchmark rates established by the MOJ. Performance payments and penalties are linked to two separate measures of recidivism - the binary measure and the frequency measure. The binary measure defines the percentage of offenders within a cohort, formed quarterly, who reoffend in the following 12 months. The frequency measure defines the average number of offenses committed by reoffenders within the same 12-month measurement period. The performance for the frequency measure for most providers has been below the benchmarks established by the MOJ. As a result, RRP could be required to make payments to the MOJ and the amounts of such payments could be material. The amount of potential payments to the MOJ, if any, under RRP’s contracts with the MOJ cannot be estimated at this time, as the MOJ is reviewing the data to understand the underlying reasons for the increase in certain rates of recidivism and other factors that could impact the contractual measure.

~~Loss Reserves for Certain Reinsurance Programs~~

The Company historically reinsured a substantial portion of its automobile, general and professional liability and workers’ compensation costs under reinsurance programs through the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Social Services Providers Captive Insurance Company (“SPCIC”), a licensed captive insurance company domiciled in the State of Arizona. As of May 16, 2017, SPCIC did not renew the expiring reinsurance policies. SPCIC continues to resolve claims under the historical policy years.

The Company utilizes a report prepared by an independent actuary to estimate the gross expected losses related to historical automobile, general and professional and workers’ compensation liability reinsurance policies, including the estimated losses in excess of SPCIC’s insurance limits, which would be reimbursed to SPCIC to the extent such losses were incurred. As of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company had reserves of $6,261 and $6,699, respectively, for the automobile, general and professional liability and workers’ compensation reinsurance policies, net of expected receivables for losses in excess of SPCIC’s historical insurance limits. The gross reserve as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 of $11,630 and $12,448, respectively, is classified as “Reinsurance liability reserves” and “Other long-term liabilities” in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The estimated amount to be reimbursed to SPCIC as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 was $5,369 and $5,749, respectively, and is classified as “Other receivables” and “Other assets” in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

~~Deferred Compensation Plan~~2019.

The Company has ~~one deferred compensation plan~~provided certain standard indemnifications in connection with the sale of substantially all of its WD Services segment to Advanced Personnel Management Global Pty Ltd of Australia (“APM”), which closed on December 21, 2018. The non-title warranties made by the Company in the related Share Purchase Agreement survive for ~~highly compensated employees~~18 months following the closing date, and the title-related warranties and tax warranties survive five years from the closing date. The Company is not aware of ~~NET~~any indemnification liabilities with respect to the former WD Services segment that require accrual at March 31, 2019.

On May 9, 2018, the Company entered into a registration indemnification agreement with Coliseum Capital Partners, L.P., Coliseum Capital Partners II, L.P., Blackwell Partners, LLC - Series A and Coliseum Capital Co-Invest, L.P. (collectively, the “Coliseum Stockholders”), who as of March 31, ~~2018. The deferred compensation plan is unfunded, and benefits are paid from the general assets~~2019 collectively held approximately 9.5% of the ~~Company. The total~~Company’s outstanding common stock and approximately 95.6% of ~~participant deferrals,~~the Company’s outstanding Preferred Stock, pursuant to which ~~is reflected in “Other long-term liabilities” in~~ the ~~condensed consolidated balance sheets, was $1,920~~Company has agreed to indemnify the Coliseum Stockholders, and ~~$1,806 at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.~~the Coliseum Stockholders have agreed to indemnify the Company, against certain matters relating to the registration of the selling stockholders’ securities for resale under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”).

14. Transactions with Related Parties

~~The Company incurred legal expenses under an indemnification agreement with the Standby Purchasers as further discussed in Note 13,~~ ~~Commitments and Contingencies~~. Convertible preferred stock dividends earned by the ~~Standby Purchasers~~Coliseum Stockholders during the three months ended March 31, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017~~2018 totaled $1,039 ~~and $1,039, respectively.~~

~~During the three months ended March 31, 2017, the Company made a $566 loan to Mission Providence. The loan was repaid during the three months ended September 30, 2017.~~in both periods.

15. Discontinued Operations

On December 21, 2018, the Company completed the sale of substantially all of the operating subsidiaries of its WD Services segment to APM and APM UK Holdings Limited, an affiliate of APM, except for the segment’s employment services operations in Saudi Arabia. The Company’s contractual counterparties in Saudi Arabia, including an entity owned by the Saudi Arabian government, assumed these operations beginning January 1, 2019.

On June 11, 2018, the Company entered into a Share Purchase Agreement to sell the shares of Ingeus France, its WD Services operation in France, for a de minimis amount. The sale was effective on July 17, 2018.

On November 1, 2015, the Company completed the sale of ~~the~~its Human Services segment. During the three months ended March 31, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017,~~2018, the Company recorded additional expenses related to the Human Services segment, principally related to previously disclosed legal ~~proceedings as described in Note 13,~~ ~~Commitments and Contingencies, related to an indemnified legal matter.~~proceedings.

Results of Operations

The following tables summarize the results of operations classified as discontinued operations, net of tax, for the ~~Company's Human~~three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018:



	Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
	Human Services Segment			WD Services Segment			Total Discontinued Operations
Operating expenses:
General and administrative expense	$	145		$	708		$	853
Total operating expenses	145			708			853
Operating loss	(145		)	(708		)	(853		)

Loss from discontinued operations before income taxes	(145		)	(708		)	(853		)
Benefit for income taxes	36			85			121
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax	$	(109	)	$	(623	)	$	(732	)



	Three Months Ended March 31, 2018
	Human Services Segment			WD Services Segment			Total Discontinued Operations
Service revenue, net	$	—		$	69,350		$	69,350

Operating expenses:
Service expense	—			60,534			60,534
General and administrative expense	11			8,101			8,112
Depreciation and amortization	—			3,218			3,218
Total operating expenses	11			71,853			71,864
Operating loss	(11		)	(2,503		)	(2,514		)

Other income:
Gain on foreign currency transactions	—			(623		)	(623		)
Equity in net gain of investee	—			(23		)	(23		)
Loss from discontinued operations before income taxes	(11		)	(1,857		)	(1,868		)
Benefit for income taxes	3			168			171
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax	$	(8	)	$	(1,689	)	$	(1,697	)

Assets and liabilities

The following table summarizes the carrying amounts of the major classes of assets and liabilities of discontinued operations in the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018. Amounts represent the accounts of WD Services ~~segment~~operations in Saudi Arabia, which were not sold as part of the WD Services sale.



	March 31,		December 31,
	2019		2018
Cash and cash equivalents	$	4,297	$	2,321
Accounts receivable, net of allowance of $3,460 in 2019 and 2018	—		4,316
Prepaid expenses and other	264		414
Current assets of discontinued operations	$	4,561	$	7,051

Accounts payable	$	166	$	486
Accrued expenses	1,455		2,771
Current liabilities of discontinued operations	$	1,621	$	3,257

Cash Flow Information

The following table presents cash flow information of the discontinued operations for the three months ended March 31, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017:~~2018:

Three months ended March 31,
2018 2017

Operating expenses:
General and administrative expense $ 11
$ 9,406
Total operating expenses 11
9,406
Loss from discontinued operations before income taxes (11 ) (9,406 )
Income tax benefit 3
3,540
Discontinued operations, net of tax $ (8 ) $ (5,866 )



	Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
	WD Services Segment

Cash flows from discontinued operating activities:
Deferred income taxes	$	(68	)

General and administrative expense for the three months ended March 31, 2018 includes legal expenses of $11. General and administrative expense for the three months ended March 31, 2017 includes an accrual of $9,000 for an estimated settlement of indemnified claims related to the sale of the Human Services segment, as well as related legal expenses of $406. See Note 13, ~~Commitments and Contingencies, for additional information.~~



	Three Months Ended March 31, 2018
	WD Services Segment

Cash flows from discontinued operating activities:
Depreciation	$	1,876
Amortization	1,340
Stock-based compensation	6
Deferred income taxes	(335		)

Cash flows from discontinued investing activities:
Purchase of property and equipment	$	2,361

16. Segments

~~The Company owns subsidiaries and investments primarily engaged in~~During the ~~provision of healthcare services in the United States and workforce development services internationally. The subsidiaries and other investments in which~~three months ended March 31, 2019, the Company ~~holds interests comprise~~substantially completed its Organizational Consolidation changing from a holding company that previously owned a portfolio of companies to an operating company structure that provides NET services and has an investment in Matrix. As a result, beginning January 1, 2019, the ~~following segments:~~Company’s chief operating decision maker reviews financial performance and allocates resources based on two segments as follows:

NET Services ~~– Nationwide~~- which operates primarily under the brands LogistiCare and Circulation, is the largest manager of NET programs for state governments and ~~managed care organizations.~~

~~WD Services – Global provider of employment preparation~~MCOs in the U.S and ~~placement services, legal offender rehabilitation services, youth community service programs and certain health related services to eligible participants of government sponsored programs.~~

Matrix Investment – Minority interest in Matrix, a nationwide provider of in-home care optimization and management solutions, including CHAs, to members of managed care organizations, accounted for as an equity method investment. On February 16, 2018, Matrix acquired HealthFair, expanding its service offerings to include mobile health assessments, advanced diagnostic testing, and additional care optimization services.

~~In addition to its segments’ operations, the Corporate and Other segment~~ includes the Company’s activities ~~at its corporate office that include~~for executive, accounting, finance, internal audit, tax, legal, ~~public reporting,~~ certain strategic and ~~corporate~~ development functions and the ~~results of the~~ Company’s captive insurance company.

Matrix Investment - which consists of a minority investment in Matrix, a nationwide provider of home and mobile-based healthcare services for health plans in the U.S., including CHAs, quality gap closure visits, “level of service” needs assessments, and post-acute and chronic care management, providing such services through a network of community-based clinicians, and a fleet of mobile health clinics with advanced diagnostics capabilities.

We have reclassified prior period segment amounts to conform to the current presentation, which are summarized as follows:



	Three months ended March 31, 2018
	As Previously Reported⁽¹⁾			Segment Reclassification			Other Reclassification (Note 1)		As Reported
General and administrative
NET Services	$	2,449		$	7,863		$	7,586	$	17,898
Corporate and Other	7,863			(7,863		)	—		—
Depreciation and amortization
NET Services	3,494			86			—		3,580
Corporate and Other	86			(86		)	—		—
Operating income (loss)
NET Services	20,052			(7,949		)	—		12,103
Corporate and Other	(7,949		)	7,949			—		—

⁽¹⁾ Adjusted for discontinued operations, as described in note 15.

The following tables set forth certain financial information from continuing operations attributable to the Company’s business ~~segments for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017:~~segments:


	Three months ended March 31, 2018														Three months ended March 31, 2019
	NET Services		WD Services			Matrix Investment			Corporate and Other			Total			NET Services		Matrix Investment			Total
Service revenue, net	$	336,696	$	69,350		$	—		$	—		$	406,046		$	367,815	$	—		$	367,815
Service expense	310,701		60,534			—			—			371,235			340,498		—			340,498
General and administrative expense	2,937		7,613			—			7,863			18,413			19,401		—			19,401
Depreciation and amortization	3,494		3,218			—			86			6,798			4,475		—			4,475
Operating income (loss)	$	19,564	$	(2,015	)	$	—		$	(7,949	)	$	9,600
Operating income															$	3,441	$	—		$	3,441

Equity in net gain (loss) of investee	$	—	$	23		$	(2,344	)	$	—		$	(2,321	)
Equity in net loss of investee															$	—	$	(1,656	)	$	(1,656	)

															March 31, 2019
Total assets (continuing operations)															$	449,281	$	159,546		$	608,827

Three months ended March 31, 2017
NET Services WD Services
Matrix
Investment

Corporate and
Other
Total
Service revenue, net $ 324,034
$ 75,460
$ —
$ —
$ 399,494
Service expense 306,192
63,203
—
15
369,410
General and administrative expense 2,891
7,044
—
7,092
17,027
Depreciation and amortization 3,151
3,040
—
78
6,269
Operating income (loss) $ 11,800
$ 2,173
$ —
$ (7,185 ) $ 6,788

Equity in net gain (loss) of investee $ —
$ (1,400 ) $ (660 ) $ —
$ (2,060 )

~~Geographic Information~~

Domestic service revenue, net, totaled 84.0% and 82.0% of service revenue, net for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Foreign service revenue, net, totaled 16.0% and 18.0% of service revenue, net for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

~~At March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, $91,216, or 22.9%, and $99,071, or 20.8%, respectively, of the Company’s net assets were located in countries outside of the U.S.~~

~~17. Subsequent Events~~

On April 11, 2018, the Company announced an organizational consolidation plan to integrate substantially all activities and functions performed at the corporate holding company level into its wholly-owned subsidiary, LogistiCare. As part of the organizational consolidation process, the Company’s Stamford, CT headquarters and Tucson, AZ satellite office will be closed. The Company adopted an employee retention plan designed to incentivize current holding company level employees to remain employed with the Company during the transition. The retention plan became effective on April 9, 2018 and covers the holding company level employees and provides for certain payments and benefits to be provided to the employees if they remain employed with the Company through a retention date established for each individual, subject to a fully executed retention letter.

In connection with the consolidation plan, the Company also entered into an agreement with R. Carter Pate for his continued employment as the Company’s Interim CEO through June 30, 2019. The agreement additionally provides for a grant of unvested options to purchase up to 394,000 shares of the Company's Common Stock, at a price of $71.67 per share, which was the closing price of the Company’s Common Stock on the grant date. The options are subject to vesting as follows: (i) 50% of the options will become vested if Mr. Pate remains employed by the Company through June 30, 2019, (ii) 25% of the options will become vested on March 31, 2019 if the Company has achieved its budget for its 2018 fiscal year, subject to certain adjustments, and Mr. Pate is then employed, and (iii) 25% of the options will become vested on March 31, 2019 subject to Mr. Pate’s achievement of other performance metrics if Mr. Pate is then employed. Once vested, the options will remain exercisable until April 8, 2021, unless terminated earlier due to a termination of Mr. Pate’s employment for “cause”. In recognition of certain holding company employees’ essential contributions to the success of the Company, and to encourage further alignment with the Company’s long-term interests through the ownership of equity, Mr. Pate voluntarily set aside 98,500 of the options granted to him, representing 25% of his total award. The Compensation Committee of the Board expects to grant to these employees at a later date, based upon their performance throughout the organizational consolidation process, restricted stock awards equivalent in value to the options voluntarily set aside by Mr. Pate.

Also in connection with the consolidation plan, on April 9, 2018, William Severance received an option to purchase 13,710 shares of Common Stock at a price of $71.67 per share, which was the closing price of the Company’s Common Stock on the grant date. The options will become fully exercisable on May 10, 2019, subject to Mr. Severance’s continued employment with the Company, and if not exercised will expire on December 31, 2020.



	Three months ended March 31, 2018
	NET Services		Matrix Investment			Total
Service revenue, net	$	336,696	$	—		$	336,696
Service expense	303,115		—			303,115
General and administrative expense	17,898		—			17,898
Depreciation and amortization	3,580		—			3,580
Operating income	$	12,103	$	—		$	12,103

Equity in net loss of investee	$	—	$	(2,344	)	$	(2,344	)

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our ~~unaudited~~ condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes for the three months ended March 31, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017,~~2018, as well as our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes and management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations included in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2017.~~2018. For purposes of “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” references to Q1 ~~2018~~2019 and Q1 ~~2017~~2018 mean the three months ended March 31, ~~2018~~2019 and the three months ended March 31, ~~2017,~~2018, respectively.

Overview of our business

~~Providence owns subsidiaries~~We own a subsidiary and ~~investments~~an investment primarily engaged in the provision of healthcare services in the United ~~States~~States. The Company’s NET Services segment, whichprimarily operates under the brands LogistiCare and ~~workforce development services internationally. The subsidiaries and other investments in which~~Circulation is the ~~Company holds interests comprise the following segments:~~

~~Workforce Development Services~~organizations (“~~WD Services”~~MCOs”) – Global provider of employment preparation and placement services, legal offender rehabilitation services, youth community service programs and certain health related services to eligible participants of government sponsored programs.

~~Matrix Investment – Minority interest~~ in ~~CCHN Group Holdings, Inc. and its subsidiaries~~the United States (“~~Matrix”~~U.S.”), a nationwide provider of in-home care optimization and management solutions, including comprehensive health assessments (“CHAs”), to members of managed care organizations, accounted for as an equity method investment. On February 16, 2018, Matrix acquired HealthFair, expanding its service offerings to include mobile health assessments, advanced diagnostic testing, and additional care optimization services.

. In addition, ~~to its segments’ operations,~~ the ~~Corporate and Other~~NET Services segment now includes the Company’s activities ~~at its corporate office that include~~related to executive, accounting, finance, internal audit, tax, legal, ~~public reporting,~~ certain strategic and corporate development functions and the results of the Company’s captive insurance company. ~~We are currently in~~During 2018, the ~~process of~~Company announced an ~~organizational consolidation~~Organizational Consolidation plan (“Organizational Consolidation”) to integrate substantially all activities and functions performed at the corporate holding company level into ~~LogistiCare. This strategic process is expected~~its wholly-owned subsidiary, LogistiCare Solutions LLC ("LogistiCare"). Effective January 1, 2019, the consolidation was substantially complete. LogistiCare will retain its name and continue to ~~take approximately 12 months~~be headquartered in Atlanta, GA, and the Company will continue to ~~complete, over which time implementation costs will negatively impact earnings.~~be named The Providence Service Corporation and be listed on NASDAQ under the ticker symbol “PRSC”. See Note 8, Restructuring and Related Reorganization Costs, and Note 16, Segments, in our condensed consolidated financial statementsfor further information on the Organizational Consolidation.

Our Matrix Investment segment consists of a minority investment in Matrix, a nationwide provider of home and mobile-based healthcare services for health plans in the United States, including comprehensive health assessments, quality gap closure visits, “level of service” needs assessments, and post-acute and chronic care management, providing such services through a network of community-based clinicians and a fleet of mobile health clinics with advanced diagnostics capabilities.

Business Outlook and Trends

Our performance is affected by a number of trends that drive the demand for our services. In particular, the markets in which we operate are exposed to various trends such as healthcare industry and demographic ~~dynamics in the U.S. and international government outsourcing and employment~~ dynamics. Over the long term, we believe there are numerous factors that could affect growth within the industries in which we operate, including:

an aging population, which will increase demand for healthcare ~~services;~~services and transportation;

a movement towards value-based versus fee for service care and budget pressure on governments, both of which may increase the use of private corporations to provide necessary and innovative services;

increasing demand for in-home care provision, driven by cost pressures on traditional reimbursement models and technological advances enabling remote engagement;

technological advancements, which may be utilized by us to improve service and lower costs, but also by others which may increase industry competitiveness;

changes in UK government policy driven by opposition to the government’s outsourcing of the services provided by WD Services to private companies, which opposition may increase in light of recent events in the UK, including the liquidation of the UK government contractor Carillion plc;

~~the results of the referendum on the UK’s exit from the European Union~~ and ~~related political and economic uncertainty in the UK; and~~

proposals by the President of the United States and Congress to change the Medicaid program, including considering converting the Medicaid program to a block grant format or capping the federal contribution to state Medicaid programs to a fixed amount per beneficiary, and ~~CMS’s~~the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services’ grant of waivers to states relative to the parameters of their Medicaid programs. Enactment of adverse legislation, regulation or agency guidance, or litigation challenges to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, state Medicaid programs, or other governmental programs may reduce the eligibility or demand for our services, our ability to conduct some or all of our business and/or reimbursement rates for services performed within our segments.

In April 2018, the Company's Board of Directors (the "Board") approved an organizational consolidation plan to integrate substantially all activities and functions previously performed at the corporate holding company level into LogistiCare to create an organizational structure with strategic, operational and cultural alignment, which will be led by a single executive leadership team. We believe this organizational consolidation will drive shareholder value by sharpening our focus on the significant growth opportunities available to our core asset, LogistiCare. We have been increasingly allocating growth capital and strategic resources to LogistiCare, and this organizational consolidation reflects our view that the highest returning opportunities will continue to reside within LogistiCare, where we have been actively investing in numerous organic growth and margin enhancement initiatives. We also anticipate that future merger and acquisition efforts will be focused on opportunities that are adjacent, complementary and synergistic to LogistiCare. Ultimately, the consolidation of Providence under a unified, streamlined organizational structure is a natural evolution that will ensure more effective management and alignment with our multiple value enhancement strategies. In furtherance of our efforts to create this more streamlined organizational structure and allow us to more effectively deploy capital and focus strategic resources towards the significant growth opportunities available to LogistiCare, we are also exploring strategic alternatives in regards to our WD Services segment, which may involve a sale of the segment. We can provide no assurance we will be successful in entering into or completing a transaction, or that such transaction will be on satisfactory terms and conditions.

Critical accounting estimates and policies

As ~~of March 31, 2018, as~~ discussed in Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies and Recent Accounting Pronouncements, and Note 3,9, ~~Revenue Recognition~~Leases, ofin our condensed consolidated financial statements, as of January 1, 2019, the Company adopted ~~the~~a new standard on ~~revenue recognition.~~leases. Other than this standard, there have been no significant changes in our critical accounting policies to our condensed consolidated financial statements. For further discussion of our critical accounting policies, see management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations contained in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2017.~~2018.

Results of operations

Segment reporting. Our operations are organized and reviewed by management along our segment lines. We operate in ~~two~~one principal business ~~segments:~~segment, NET ~~Services and WD~~ Services. Our investment in Matrix is also a reportable segment referred to as the “Matrix Investment”. Segment results are based on how our chief operating decision maker manages our business, makes operating decisions and evaluates operating performance. The operating results of ~~the two~~our principal business ~~segments~~segment include revenue and expenses incurred by the segment, as well as, ~~an allocation of direct expenses incurred by our~~effective January 1, 2019, the Company’s activities that include executive, accounting, finance, internal audit, tax, legal, certain strategic and corporate ~~segment on behalf of the business segment, which primarily relate to insurance and stock-based compensation allocations. Indirect expenses, including unallocated corporate~~development functions and ~~expenses, such as executive, finance, accounting, human resources, information technology and legal, as well as~~ the results of ~~our~~the Company’s captive insurance ~~company (the “Captive”) and elimination entries recorded~~company. See Note 16, Segments, in ~~consolidation are reflected~~our condensed consolidated financial statements for further information on our change in ~~“Corporate and Other”.~~segments during the three months ended March 31, 2019.

~~Effective November 1, 2015, we~~Discontinued operations. During prior years, the Company completed the following transactions, which resulted in the presentation of the related operations as Discontinued Operations.

On December 21, 2018, the Company completed the sale of ~~our~~substantially all of the operating subsidiaries of its WD Services segment to Advanced Personnel Management Global Pty Ltd of Australia (“APM”) and APM UK Holdings Limited, an affiliate of APM, except for the segment’s employment services operations in Saudi Arabia. The Company’s contractual counterparties in Saudi Arabia, including an entity owned by the Saudi Arabian government, assumed these operations beginning January 1, 2019. Additionally, on June 11, 2018, the Company entered into a Share Purchase Agreement to sell Ingeus France for a de minimis amount. The sale was effective on July 17, 2018.

On November 1, 2015, the Company completed the sale of its Human Services segment. ~~Subsequent~~In addition to the results through the sale ~~of our Human Services segment, we have incurred~~date, the Company has recorded additional expenses ~~in certain periods~~ related to ~~the settlement of indemnification claims and~~legal proceedings associated with an indemnified legal ~~costs, which are recorded to “Discontinued operations, net of tax”.~~matter.

Q1 ~~2018~~2019 compared to Q1 ~~2017~~2018

Consolidated Results. The following table sets forth results of operations and the percentage of consolidated total revenues represented by items in our ~~unaudited~~ condensed consolidated statements of ~~income~~operations for Q1 ~~2018~~2019 and Q1 ~~2017~~2018 (in thousands):

Three months ended March 31,
2018 2017
$
Percentage
of Revenue
$
Percentage
of Revenue
Service revenue, net 406,046
100.0 % 399,494
100.0 %

Operating expenses:
Service expense 371,235
91.4 % 369,410
92.5 %
General and administrative expense 18,413
4.5 % 17,027
4.3 %
Depreciation and amortization 6,798
1.7 % 6,269
1.6 %
Total operating expenses 396,446
97.6 % 392,706
98.3 %

Operating income 9,600
2.4 % 6,788
1.7 %

Non-operating expense:
Interest expense, net 326
0.1 % 352
0.1 %
Equity in net (gain) loss of investees 2,321
0.6 % 2,060
0.5 %
Loss (gain) on foreign currency transactions (623 ) (0.2 )% (62 ) — %
Income from continuing operations before income taxes 7,576
1.9 % 4,438
1.1 %
Provision for income taxes 1,842
0.5 % 2,523
0.6 %
Income from continuing operations, net of tax 5,734
1.4 % 1,915
0.5 %
Discontinued operations, net of tax (8 ) — % (5,866 ) (1.5 )%
Net income (loss) 5,726
1.4 % (3,951 ) (1.0 )%
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest (296 ) (0.1 )% (374 ) (0.1 )%
Net income (loss) attributable to Providence 5,430
1.3 % (4,325 ) (1.1 )%

~~Service revenue, net.~~ Consolidated service revenue, net for Q1 2018 increased $6.6 million, or 1.6%, compared to Q1 2017. Revenue for Q1 2018 compared to Q1 2017 included an increase in revenue attributable to NET Services of $12.7 million and a decrease in revenue attributable to WD Services of $6.1 million. Excluding the favorable effects of changes in currency exchange rates, consolidated service revenue on an as reported basis was relatively consistent for Q1 2018 compared to Q1 2017, although the results for Q1 2018 reflect the negative impact of the adoption of FASB Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606 (“ASC 606”). The Company began recognizing revenue under ASC 606 effective January 1, 2018. As a result of applying ASC 606, NET Services recorded $3.9 million less revenue in Q1 2018 than would have been recorded under our historical revenue recognition policy due to one contract now being accounted for as net versus gross. Additionally, WD Services recorded $5.4 million less of revenue in Q1 2018 than would have been recognized under the previous accounting standard.

~~Total operating expenses.~~ Consolidated operating expenses for Q1 2018 increased $3.7 million, or 1.0%, compared to Q1 2017. Operating expenses for Q1 2018 compared to Q1 2017 included an increase in expenses attributable to NET Services of $4.9 million and an increase in expenses attributable to Corporate and Other of $0.8 million. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in operating expenses attributable to WD Services of $1.9 million. The impact of adopting ASC 606 effective January 1, 2018 was $3.9 million less in operating expenses recorded by NET Services, as one contract is now being recorded on a net versus gross basis, and $1.9 million less in operating expenses recorded by WD Services, as these costs were deferred in relation to the deferral of revenue.

~~Operating income.~~ Consolidated operating income for Q1 2018 increased $2.8 million, or 41.4%, compared to Q1 2017. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase in operating income in Q1 2018 as compared to Q1 2017 at NET Services of $7.8 million. This increase in operating income was partially offset by a decrease in WD Services operating income of $4.2

million and an increase in Corporate and Other operating loss of $0.8 million. The impact of adopting ASC 606 on operating income in Q1 2018 was zero for NET Services and negative $3.5 million for WD Services.

~~Interest expense, net.~~ ~~Consolidated interest expense, net for Q1 2018 and Q1 2017 remained relatively consistent.~~

~~Equity in net (gain) loss of investees.~~ Equity in net (gain) loss of investees primarily relates to our investments in Matrix in both periods and Mission Providence in Q1 2017. Our investment in Mission Providence, which was part of our WD Services segment, was sold effective September 29, 2017. Our equity in net loss of investees for Q1 2018 of $2.3 million primarily related to our equity in net loss for Matrix. Included in Matrix’s Q1 2018 standalone results are depreciation and amortization of $9.1 million, interest expense of $10.3 million, including $6.0 million related to the amortization of deferred financing costs primarily resulting from the refinancing of Matrix debt facility, equity compensation of $0.7 million, management fees paid to certain of Matrix’s shareholders of $3.1 million and merger and acquisition related diligence costs of $2.2 million primarily related to the first quarter acquisition of HealthFair, and an income tax benefit of $2.6 million. Our equity in net loss of investees related to WD Services and Matrix totaled $1.4 million and $0.7 million, respectively, for Q1 2017. Included in Matrix’s standalone Q1 2017 results were transaction bonuses and other transaction related costs of $3.0 million, equity compensation of $0.6 million, depreciation and amortization of $8.0 million, interest expense of $3.6 million and an income tax benefit of $0.7 million.

~~Loss (gain) on foreign currency transactions.~~ ~~The foreign currency gain of $0.6 million and $0.1 million for Q1 2018 and Q1 2017, respectively, were primarily due to translation adjustments of our foreign subsidiaries in the WD Services segment.~~

~~Provision for income taxes.~~ Our effective tax rate from continuing operations for Q1 2018 and Q1 2017 was 24.3% and 56.8%, respectively. The Q1 2018 effective tax rate exceeded the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21% due to foreign net operating losses for which the future income tax benefit currently cannot be recognized, state income taxes and certain non-deductible expenses, partially offset by the favorable impact of stock option deductions. The effective tax rate exceeded the U.S. federal statutory rate of 35% for Q1 2017 primarily due to foreign net operating losses (including equity investment losses) for which the future income tax benefit currently cannot be recognized, losses in foreign jurisdictions with tax rates lower than the U.S. federal statutory rate of 35%, state income taxes, and certain non-deductible expenses.

~~Discontinued operations, net of tax.~~ Discontinued operations, net of tax, includes the activity related to our former Human Services segment. For Q1 2018, discontinued operations, net of tax for our Human Services segment was break-even, as we did not incur significant expense for the ongoing indemnified legal matter. For Q1 2017, discontinued operations, net of tax for our Human Services segment was a loss of $5.9 million. See Note 15, ~~Discontinued Operations,~~ ~~to our condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information.~~

~~Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests.~~ Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests primarily relates to a minority interest held by a third-party operating partner in our company servicing the offender rehabilitation contract in our WD Services segment.

~~Segment Results.~~ ~~The following analysis includes discussion of each of our segments.~~

~~NET Services~~

~~NET Services segment financial results are as follows for Q1 2018 and Q1 2017 (in thousands):~~


	Three Months Ended March 31,						Three months ended March 31,
	2018			2017			2019				2018
	$	Percentage of Revenue		$	Percentage of Revenue		$		Percentage of Revenue		$		Percentage of Revenue
Service revenue, net	336,696	100.0	%	324,034	100.0	%	367,815		100.0	%	336,696		100.0	%

Operating expenses:
Service expense	310,701	92.3	%	306,192	94.5	%	340,498		92.6	%	303,115		90.0	%
General and administrative expense	2,937	0.9	%	2,891	0.9	%	19,401		5.3	%	17,898		5.3	%
Depreciation and amortization	3,494	1.0	%	3,151	1.0	%	4,475		1.2	%	3,580		1.1	%
Total operating expenses							364,374		99.1	%	324,593		96.4	%

Operating income	19,564	5.8	%	11,800	3.6	%	3,441		0.9	%	12,103		3.6	%

Other expenses (income):
Interest expense, net							303		0.1	%	326		0.1	%
Other income							(66	)	—	%	—		—	%
Equity in net loss of investee							1,656		0.5	%	2,344		0.7	%
Income from continuing operations before income taxes							1,548		0.4	%	9,433		2.8	%
Provision for income taxes							234		0.1	%	2,010		0.6	%
Income from continuing operations, net of tax							1,314		0.4	%	7,423		2.2	%
Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax							(732	)	(0.2	)%	(1,697	)	(0.5	)%
Net income							582		0.2	%	5,726		1.7	%
Net income from discontinued operations attributable to non-controlling interest							—		—	%	(296	)	(0.1	)%
Net income attributable to Providence							582		0.2	%	5,430		1.6	%

Service revenue, net. Service revenue, net for NET Services for Q1 ~~2018~~2019 increased ~~$12.7~~$31.1 million, or ~~3.9%~~9.2%, compared to Q1 ~~2017.~~2018. The increase in Q1 2019 was primarily related to ~~the impact of~~a new ~~contracts, including managed care organization (“MCO”)~~

state contract in West Virginia and new MCO contracts in ~~Indiana~~Minnesota and ~~New York~~Illinois, higher utilization across multiple not at-risk and ~~new state~~reconciliation contracts ~~in Texas,~~and the addition of Circulation, which contributed ~~$24.7~~$9.4 million of ~~revenue for Q1 2018, as well as net increased revenue from existing contracts of $15.7 million due to the net impact of membership and rate changes.~~revenue. These increases were partially offset by the impact of contracts we no longer serve, including a state ~~contracts~~contract in ~~New York~~Rhode Island and ~~Connecticut,~~ certain MCO contracts in Florida, as well as decreased membership in Virginia, which resulted in a decrease in revenue of $23.8 million. In addition, the adoption of ASC 606 resulted in a decrease in revenue of $3.9 million in Q1 2018 as compared to revenue under the previous accounting standard, as one contract is now accounted for on a net basis. Louisiana.

Service expense, net. Service expense for our NET Services segment included the following for Q1 ~~2018~~2019 and Q1 ~~2017~~2018 (in thousands):


	Three Months Ended March 31,						Three Months Ended March 31,
	2018			2017			2019			2018
	$	Percentage of Revenue		$	Percentage of Revenue		$	Percentage of Revenue		$	Percentage of Revenue
Purchased services	253,063	75.2	%	252,457	77.9	%	288,689	78.5	%	253,063	75.2	%
Payroll and related costs	45,195	13.4	%	42,383	13.1	%	41,132	11.2	%	38,511	11.4	%
Other operating expenses	12,393	3.7	%	11,194	3.5	%	10,677	2.9	%	11,541	3.4	%
Stock-based compensation	50	—	%	158	—	%
Total service expense	310,701	92.3	%	306,192	94.5	%	340,498	92.6	%	303,115	90.0	%

Service expense for Q1 ~~2018~~2019 increased ~~$4.5~~$37.4 million, or ~~1.5%~~12.3%, compared to Q1 ~~2017~~2018 due primarily to higher purchased ~~services,~~transportation costs and operational payroll and related costs. Transportation costs ~~and other operating costs.~~

~~Purchased services as a percentage of revenue decreased from 77.9% in Q1 2017 to 75.2% in Q1 2018 primarily attributable to lower transportation costs on a per trip basis in certain geographies~~increased as a result of ~~our value enhancement initiatives aimed at better aligning the rates we pay to our transportation provider partners with local market conditions and the fees paid to us by our customers.~~

higher utilization across multiple contracts. Payroll and related costs, as a percentage of revenue, ~~increased~~decreased slightly from ~~13.1% in Q1 2017 to 13.4%~~11.4% in Q1 2018 ~~due~~ to ~~increased corporate staffing, incentive compensation and increased health insurance expenses. Other operating expenses increased for~~11.2% in Q1 ~~2018 as compared to Q1 2017 primarily attributable to increased software and hardware maintenance costs associated with new technology initiatives.~~2019.

General and administrative expense. General and administrative expense increased from $17.9 million in Q1 2018 ~~remained constant~~to $19.4 million in Q1 2019. The increase was due primarily to Organizational Consolidation costs and related overlap in headcount, as ~~a percentage~~well as additional costs associated with our recent acquisition of ~~revenue, at 0.9%, as compared to~~Circulation for Q1 ~~2017.~~2019.

Depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization increased ~~$0.3~~$0.9 million primarily due to the addition of long-lived assets relating to information technology projects. As a percentage of revenue, depreciation and amortization remained relatively constant ~~at 1.0% for Q1 2017 and Q1 2018.~~

~~WD Services~~

~~WD Services segment financial results are as follows~~ for Q1 2018 and Q1 ~~2017 (in thousands):~~

Three Months Ended March 31,
2018 2017
$
Percentage of
Revenue
$
Percentage of
Revenue
Service revenue, net 69,350
100.0 % 75,460
100.0 %

Service expense 60,534
87.3 % 63,203
83.8 %
General and administrative expense 7,613
11.0 % 7,044
9.3 %
Depreciation and amortization 3,218
4.6 % 3,040
4.0 %
Operating income (loss) (2,015 ) -2.9 % 2,173
2.9 %

~~Service revenue, net.~~ Service revenue, net for Q1 2018 decreased $6.1 million, or 8.1%, compared to Q1 2017. Excluding the favorable effects of changes in currency exchange rates, service revenue decreased 16.7% in Q1 2018 compared to Q1 2017. The decrease was primarily related to the ongoing wind-down of the segment’s legacy UK employability program, the impact of contractual adjustments under the offender rehabilitation program, as Q1 2018 included $1.1 million of revenue related to a contractual adjustment whereas Q1 2017 included the impact of $5.2 million of revenue related to the finalization of a contractual adjustment for the contract year ended March 31, 2017, as well as the impact of the adoption of the new revenue standard, which resulted in $5.4 million less revenue in Q1 2018 than would have been recognized under the previous accounting standard. The decrease was partially offset by increased revenue under the segment’s health programs as well as the segments operations in the U.S. and certain other international operations.2019.

~~Service expense.~~Interest expense, net. ~~Service~~Consolidated interest expense, net for ~~our WD Services segment included the following for~~each of Q1 2019 and Q1 2018 ~~and Q1 2017 (in thousands):~~

Three Months Ended March 31,
2018 2017
$
Percentage of
Revenue
$
Percentage of
Revenue
Payroll and related costs 45,674
65.9 % 44,971
59.6 %
Purchased services 7,005
10.1 % 8,789
11.6 %
Other operating expenses 7,849
11.3 % 9,429
12.5 %
Stock-based compensation 6
— % 14
— %
Total service expense 60,534
87.3 % 63,203
83.8 %

~~Service expense in Q1 2018 decreased $2.7~~was $0.3 million ~~or 4.2%, compared to Q1 2017. Payroll and related costs increased primarily~~ as a result of ~~increased restructuring~~credit facility administration costs. Payroll and related costs include $1.4 million and $0.6 million in Q1 2018 and Q1 2017, respectively, of termination benefits related to redundancy plans. Purchased services decreased in Q1 2018 compared to Q1 2017 primarily as a result of the ongoing wind-down of the legacy UK employability program, which resulted in a decline in the use of outsourced services. Additionally, the adoption of ASC 606 resulted in WD Services recording $1.9 million less service expense in Q1 2018 than would have been recognized under our historical revenue recognition policy, as these costs were deferred in relation to the deferral of revenue.

~~General and administrative expense.~~ General and administrative expense in Q1 2018 increased $0.6 million compared to Q1 2017 due primarily due to increased rent related to various facilities as well as property wind-down costs of $0.3 million associated with the legacy UK employability program.

~~Depreciation and amortization.~~Equity in net loss of investee. ~~Depreciation~~Our equity in net loss of investee for Q1 2019 of $1.7 million was due to our equity in net loss for Matrix. Included in Matrix’s Q1 2019 standalone results are depreciation and amortization of $11.2 million, interest expense of $6.4 million, equity compensation of $0.7 million, management fees paid to certain of Matrix’s shareholders of $0.7 million, integration costs of $1.5 million, and an income tax benefit of $1.4 million. For Q1 2018, our equity in net loss of investee of $2.3 million was due to our equity in net loss for Matrix. Included in Matrix’s standalone Q1 2018 results were equity compensation of $0.7 million, management fees paid to certain of Matrix’s shareholders of $3.1 million, depreciation and amortization of $9.1 million, interest expense of $10.3 million, merger and acquisition costs of $2.2 million related to the first quarter acquisition of HealthFair, integration costs of $0.7 million and an income tax benefit of $2.6 million.

Provision for income taxes. The Company’s effective tax rate from continuing operations for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018 was 15.1% and 21.3%, respectively. The effective tax rate for Q1 ~~2018 increased $0.2 million compared to Q1 2017,~~2019 was less than the combined U.S. federal statutory rate of 21.0% primarily due to the ~~depreciation~~favorable impact of ~~additional leasehold improvements.~~stock option deductions. The effective tax rate for Q1 2018 approximated the U.S. federal statutory rate of 21.0%.

~~Corporate and Other~~

~~Corporate and Other~~Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax. Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax, includes the ~~headcount~~activity related to our former WD Services and ~~professional service costs incurred at the holding company level, at the Captive, and elimination entries~~Human Services segments. See Note 15, Discontinued Operations, to ~~account~~our condensed consolidated financial statements for ~~inter-segment transactions. Corporate and Other financial results are as follows for Q1 2018 and Q1 2017 (in thousands):~~

Three Months Ended March 31,
2018 2017
$ $
Service expense —
15
General and administrative expense 7,863
7,092
Depreciation and amortization 86
78
Operating loss (7,949 ) (7,185 )

~~Operating loss.~~ Corporate and Other operating loss in Q1 2018 increased by $0.8 million, or 10.6%, as compared to Q1 2017. This increase was primarily due to an increase in cash settled stock-based compensation expense of $1.1 million, primarily as a result of a more significant increase in the Company’s stock price in Q1 2018 as compared to Q1 2017, as well as $0.4 millionadditional information.

For Q1 2019, the loss from discontinued operations, net of ~~costs incurred in Q1 2018~~tax, for ~~professional fees~~our former WD Services segment was $0.6 million. The loss includes administrative costs related to the ~~Company's organizational consolidation. These increases~~wind-down of the WD Services entity in Saudi Arabia. The operations in Saudi Arabia, including personnel, leased facilities and certain assets necessary to provide the employment services, were transferred to a third party as of January 1, 2019, and thus the Company is no longer providing services in Saudi Arabia. For Q1 2019, the loss from discontinued operations, net of tax, for our former Human Services segment was $0.1 million.

For Q1 2018, the loss on discontinued operations, net of tax, for our former WD Services segment was $1.7 million. Included in this loss was an operating loss of $2.5 million, partially offset by a ~~decrease~~gain on foreign currency transactions of $0.6 million.

Net income from discontinued operations attributable to non-controlling interests. For Q1 2018, net income from discontinued operations attributable to non-controlling interests primarily related to a minority interest held by a third-party operating partner in ~~stock settled share-based compensation expense of $0.5 million from Q1 2017 to Q1 2018.~~our company servicing the offender rehabilitation contract within our historical WD Services segment.

Seasonality

~~Our~~While revenue is generally fixed, primarily as a result of the capitated nature of the majority of our contracts, service expense varies based on the utilization of our services. The quarterly operating ~~results~~income and ~~operating~~ cash flows of NET Services normally fluctuate as a result of seasonal variations in the business, principally due ~~in part~~ to ~~seasonal factors, uneven~~lower transportation demand ~~for services~~during the winter season and ~~the timing of new contracts, which impact the amount of revenues earned and expenses incurred. NET Services experiences fluctuations in~~higher demand during the summer and winter seasons. Due to higher demand in the summer months, lower demand during the winter months, and a primarily fixed revenue stream based on a per-member, per-month payment structure, NET Services normally experiences lower operating margins during the summer season and higher operating margins during the winter. WD Services is impacted by both the timing of commencement and expiration of major contracts. Under many of WD Services’ contracts, we may invest significant sums of money in personnel, leased office space, purchased or developed technology, and other costs, and generally would incur these costs prior to commencing services and receiving payments. This can result in significant variability in financial performance and cash flows between quarters and for comparative periods. It is expected that future contracts may be structured in a similar fashion. However, the Company does not expect a large variability in financial performance upon the commencement of WD Services’ newly secured Work and Health Programme contracts as the upfront implementation investments needed for these contracts are expected to be significantly less than those associated with other large contract commencements undertaken in the past, such as the offender rehabilitation program in 2016. In addition, under the majority of WD Services’ contracts, the Company relies on its customers, which include government agencies, to provide referrals, for which the Company can provide services and earn revenue. The timing and magnitude of referrals can fluctuate significantly, leading to volatility in revenue.season.

Liquidity and capital resources

Short-term capital requirements consist primarily of recurring operating expenses, ~~and~~ new contract start-up costs ~~including workforce restructuring costs.~~and costs associated with our Organizational Consolidation and other strategic initiatives. We expect to meet ~~any~~our cash requirements through available cash on hand, cash generated from ~~our operating segments,~~NET Services, and borrowing capacity under our Credit Facility (as defined below).

~~Cash flow from operating activities was our primary source of cash during Q1 2018.~~ Our balance of cash and cash equivalents was ~~$86.2~~$42.4 million and ~~$95.3~~$5.7 million at March 31, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017, respectively, including $30.9 million and $40.1 million held in foreign countries,~~2018, respectively. Such cash held in foreign countries is generally used to fund foreign operations, although it may also be used to repay intercompany indebtedness existing between Providence and its foreign subsidiaries.

We had restricted cash of ~~$5.9~~$3.9 million and ~~$6.3~~$4.4 million at March 31, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, respectively, primarily related to contractual obligations and activities of our captive insurance subsidiary. Given expiring policies under our captive insurance subsidiary were not renewed upon expiration in May 2017, we expect our restricted cash balances to decline over time. These restricted cash amounts are not included in our balance of cash and cash equivalents in the condensed consolidated balance sheets, although they are included in the cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash balance on the ~~statement~~accompanying condensed consolidated statements of cash ~~flows, as a result of the adoption of Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-18,~~ ~~Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash,~~ ~~as of January 1, 2018.~~flows. At both March 31, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, we had no amounts outstanding under our Credit Facility.

We may, from time to time, access capital markets to raise equity or debt financing for various business reasons, including acquisitions. We may also raise debt financing to fund future repurchases of our common stock. The timing, term, size, and pricing of any such financing will depend on investor interest and market conditions, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain any such financing. The Credit Facility expires on August 2, 2018. On March 29, 2018, the Company’s Board of Directors amended our ongoing stock repurchase program to add an additional $77.8 million of capacity and extend the expiration date of the program from December 31, 2018 to June 30, 2019. As of May 7, 2018, and inclusive of this $77.8 million increase, the Company has approximately $99.5 million of share repurchase availability. During the three months ended March 31, 2018, the Company repurchased 583,027 shares for $36.9 million. During the period from April 1, 2018 to May 7, 2018, the Company repurchased 6,088 shares for $0.5 million.

The cash flow statement for all periods presented includes both continuing and discontinued operations. Discontinued operations ~~for Q1 2018 and Q1 2017~~ include the activity of our historical WD Services and Human Services ~~segment.~~segments. The loss from discontinued operations ~~was negligible for Q1 2018 and~~ totaled ~~$5.9~~$0.7 million for Q1 ~~2017. For~~2019 and $1.7 million for Q1 2017, the loss from discontinued operations primarily related to the accrual of a contingent liability of $9.0 million related to the future settlement of indemnification claims associated with our former Human Services segment, partially offset by a related tax benefit. The settlement amount is expected to be paid later in 2018.

~~YTD 2018~~Q1 2019 cash flows compared to ~~YTD 2017~~Q1 2018

Operating activities. Cash provided by operating activities was ~~$25.6~~$38.8 million for Q1 ~~2018, a decrease~~2019, an increase of ~~$10.6~~$13.2 million as compared with Q1 ~~2017.~~2018. Q1 ~~2018~~2019 and Q1 ~~2017~~2018 cash flow from operations ~~was~~were driven by net income of ~~$5.7~~$0.6 million and ~~net loss of $4.0~~$5.7 million, respectively, non-cash adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities of ~~$9.2~~$7.7 million and ~~$7.3~~$9.2 million, respectively, and changes in working capital of ~~$10.7~~positive $30.6 million and ~~$32.8~~$10.7 million, respectively. The change in working capital iswas primarily driven by the following:

Accounts receivable generated a cash ~~outflow~~inflow for Q1 ~~2018~~2019 of ~~$12.4~~$1.6 million as compared to an ~~inflow~~outflow of ~~$1.1~~$12.4 million for Q1 ~~2017.~~2018. The increase in cash ~~outflow~~inflow of ~~$13.5~~$14.0 million ~~is partially~~was primarily attributable ~~to NET Services due~~ to the timing of collections ~~partially offset by the impact~~from a limited number of ~~changes in accounts receivable for WD Services.~~payers.

Prepaid expense and other generated a cash ~~outflow~~inflow for Q1 ~~2018~~2019 of ~~$3.2~~$3.5 million as compared to an outflow of ~~$1.9~~$3.2 million for Q1 ~~2017.~~2018. The increase in cash ~~outflow~~inflow of ~~$1.3~~$6.8 million is ~~partially attributable~~due primarily to ~~the adoption of ASC 606 as of January 1, 2018. This resulted in recording inflows for contract assets of $1.0 million in~~our discontinued WD Services segment whereby our Q1 ~~2018 and~~2019 cash flows do not include cash outflows for WD Services' contract assets and costs to fulfill ~~contracts~~contracts.

Income tax receivable on sale of ~~$1.5~~business generated a cash inflow of $5.1 million related to U.S. tax payments made previously in 2018 which were refunded in Q1 ~~2018 related to revenue which is deferred~~2019 as a result of ~~March 31, 2018, but which would have been recognized under~~ the ~~previous accounting standard. Additionally, outflows related to prepaid taxes and licenses for~~loss from sale of our WD Services ~~were $2.4 million in Q1 2018 as compared to cash inflows in Q1 2017 of $0.8 million.~~segment.

Accounts payable and accrued expenses generated a cash outflow for Q1 2019 of $5.6 million as compared to an inflow of $2.3 million infor Q1 ~~2018, as compared to a cash inflow of $12.3 million in Q1 2017.~~2018. The ~~decrease~~increase in cash ~~inflow~~outflow of ~~$10.1~~$7.9 million ~~between Q1 2017 and Q1 2018~~ is due primarily to the ~~increase in the accrued settlement related to our former Human Services segment~~timing of $9.0 million during Q1 2017 as well as the impact of NET Services accrued contract payments of $3.8 million. These changes were partially offset by increased cash inflows related to income taxes payable for Q1 2018 compared to Q1 2017.vendor payments.

Accrued transportation costs of NET Services generated a cash inflow of ~~$16.7~~$26.6 million in Q1 ~~2018,~~2019, as compared to a cash inflow of ~~$18.6~~$16.7 million in Q1 ~~2017.~~2018. The ~~decrease~~increase in cash inflow of ~~$1.9~~$10.0 million is due primarily to the timing of payments.

Deferred revenue generated a cash ~~inflow~~outflow of $~~7.7~~0.4 million in Q1 ~~2018,~~2019, as compared to a cash inflow of ~~$2.0~~$7.7 million in Q1 ~~2017.~~2018. The increase in cash ~~inflow~~outflow of ~~$5.7~~$8.0 million is due primarily to our discontinued WD Services. Approximately $3.9 million of the increase is attributable to change in deferred revenue as a result of the adoption of ASC 606. Other increases in deferred revenue are a result of the timing ofServices segment whereby our Q1 2019 cash flows do not include cash inflows for WD Services' cash payments received ~~under certain WD Services’~~on contracts in advance of services being performed.

Investing activities. Net cash used in investing activities of ~~$5.0~~$1.7 million in Q1 ~~2018~~2019 decreased by ~~$1.3~~$3.3 million as compared to Q1 ~~2017.~~2018. The decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease in the purchase of property and equipment. Q1 2018 included purchases of property and equipment of ~~$0.8~~$2.4 million ~~as well as a $0.6 million loan to Mission Providence made in Q1 2017.~~by our discontinued operations.

Financing activities. Net cash ~~used in~~provided by financing activities of ~~$30.3~~$1.1 million in Q1 ~~2018~~2019 increased ~~$9.8~~$31.4 million as compared to Q1 ~~2017.~~2018. During Q1 2018, we repurchased ~~$18.4~~$37.2 million ~~more~~ of our common stock ~~than~~compared to $0.2 million in Q1 ~~2017. Partially offsetting this increase~~2019.

Additionally, as a partial offset, in ~~cash outflows was an increase in~~Q1 2018, proceeds from common stock issued pursuant to stock option exercises ~~of $9.2 million.~~was $6.7 million more than in Q1 2019.

Obligations and commitments

Credit Facility. We are party to the amended and restated credit and guaranty agreement, dated as of August 2, 2013 (as amended, the “Credit Agreement”), with Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, swing line lender and letter of credit issuer, and the other lenders party thereto. The Credit Agreement provides us with a $200.0 million revolving credit facility (the “Credit Facility”), including a sub-facility of $25.0 million for letters of credit. As of March 31, ~~2018,~~2019, we had no borrowings and ~~seven~~ten letters of credit in the amount of ~~$10.3~~$12.1 million outstanding. At March 31, ~~2018,~~2019, our available credit under the ~~revolving credit facility~~Credit Facility was ~~$189.7~~$187.9 million.

Under the Credit Agreement, the Company has an option to request an increase in the amount of the revolving credit facility or in a term loan facility from time to time (on substantially the same terms as apply to the existing facility) in an aggregate amount of up to $75.0 million with either additional commitments from lenders under the Credit Agreement at such time or new commitments from financial institutions acceptable to the administrative agent in its reasonable discretion, so long as no default or event of default exists at the time of any such increase. The Company may not be able to access additional funds under this increase option as no lender is obligated to participate in any such increase under the Credit Facility. The Credit ~~Facility matures on~~Agreement has a maturity date of August 2, ~~2018.~~2019. The Company is actively reviewing its options to extend or replace the Credit Facility. We may from time to time incur additional indebtedness, obtain additional financing or refinance existing indebtedness subject to market conditions and our financial condition.

We may prepay any outstanding principal under the Credit Facility in whole or in part, at any time without premium or penalty, subject to reimbursement of the lenders’ breakage and redeployment costs in connection with prepayments of London Interbank Offered Rate, or LIBOR, loans. The unutilized portion of the commitments under the Credit Facility may be irrevocably reduced or terminated by us at any time without penalty.

Interest on the outstanding principal amount of ~~the~~any loans accrues, at ~~the Company’s~~our election, at a per annum rate equal to LIBOR, plus an applicable margin or the base rate ~~as defined in the agreement~~ plus an applicable margin. The applicable margin ranges from 2.25% to 3.25% in the case of LIBOR loans and 1.25% to 2.25% in the case of the base rate loans, in each case, based on ~~the Company’s~~our consolidated leverage ratio as defined in the Credit Agreement. Interest on ~~the~~any loans is payable quarterly in arrears. In addition, ~~the Company is~~we are obligated to pay a quarterly commitment fee based on a percentage of the unused portion of each lender’s commitment under the Credit Facility and quarterly letter of credit fees based on a percentage of the maximum amount available to be drawn under each outstanding letter of credit. The commitment fee and letter of credit fee range from 0.25% to 0.50% and 2.25% to 3.25%, respectively, in each case, based on ~~the Company’s~~our consolidated leverage ratio.

The ~~Company’s~~Credit Facility also requires us (subject to certain exceptions as set forth in the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement) to prepay the outstanding loans in an aggregate amount equal to 100% of the net cash proceeds received from certain asset dispositions, debt issuances, insurance and casualty awards and other extraordinary receipts.

Our obligations under the Credit Facility are guaranteed by all of ~~the Company’s~~our present and future domestic subsidiaries, excluding certain domestic subsidiaries, ~~which include the Company’s~~such as, our insurance ~~captives. The Company’s~~captive. Our obligations under, and each guarantor’s obligations under its guaranty of, the Credit Facility are secured by a first priority lien on substantially all of ~~the Company’s~~our respective assets, other than our equity investment in Matrix, including a pledge of 100% of the issued and outstanding stock of ~~the Company’s~~our domestic subsidiaries, excluding ~~the Company’s~~our insurance ~~captives, and 65% of the issued and outstanding stock of the Company’s first tier foreign subsidiaries.~~captive.

The Credit Agreement contains customary affirmative and negative covenants and events of default. The negative covenants include restrictions on ~~the Company’s~~our ability to, among other things, incur additional indebtedness, create liens, make investments, give guarantees, pay dividends, repurchase shares, sell assets, and merge and consolidate. ~~The Company is~~We are subject to financial covenants, including consolidated net leverage and consolidated interest coverage covenants. The ~~Company was~~Company’s consolidated net leverage ratio may not be greater than 3.00:1.00 as of the end of any fiscal quarter and the Company’s consolidated interest coverage ratio may not be less than 3.00:1.00 as of the end of any fiscal quarter. We were in compliance with all covenants as of March 31, ~~2018.~~2019.

Preferred Stock. Following (i) the completion of a rights offering in February 2015, under which certain holders of our Common Stock exercised subscription rights to purchase Preferred Stock, and (ii) the purchase of Preferred Stock by ~~certain of~~ Coliseum Capital Partners, L.P., Coliseum Capital Partners II, L.P., Blackwell Partners, LLC - Series A and Coliseum Capital Co-Invest, L.P. ~~and Blackwell Partners, LLC~~ (collectively, the ~~“Standby Purchasers”~~“Coliseum Stockholders”), pursuant to the Standby Purchase Agreement between the ~~Standby Purchasers~~Coliseum Stockholders and the Company, the Company issued 805,000 shares of Preferred Stock, of which ~~803,200~~801,606 shares are outstanding as of March 31, ~~2018.~~2019. For further information regarding these transactions, see Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial

Condition and Results of Operations – Liquidity and capital resources – Obligations and commitments – Rights Offering” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2017.~~2018. We may pay a noncumulative cash dividend on each share of Preferred Stock, when, as and if declared by a committee of our Board of Directors (“Board”), at the rate of 5.5% per annum on the liquidation preference then in effect. On or before the third business day immediately preceding each fiscal quarter, we determine our intention whether or not to pay a cash dividend with respect to that ensuing quarter and give notice of our intention to each holder of Preferred Stock as soon as practicable thereafter.

In the event we do not declare and pay a cash dividend, the liquidation preference will be increased to an amount equal to the liquidation preference in effect at the start of the applicable dividend period, plus an amount equal to such then applicable liquidation preference multiplied by 8.5% per annum, computed on the basis of a 365-day year and the actual number of days elapsed from the start of the applicable dividend period to the applicable date of determination.

Cash dividends are payable quarterly in arrears on January 1, April 1, July 1 and October 1 of each year, and, if declared, will begin to accrue on the first day of the applicable dividend period. ~~Paid in kind~~Paid-in-kind (“PIK”) dividends, if applicable, will accrue and be cumulative on the same schedule as set forth above for cash dividends and will also be compounded at the applicable annual rate on each applicable subsequent dividend date. PIK dividends are paid upon the occurrence of a liquidation event, conversion or redemption in accordance with the terms of the Preferred Stock. Cash dividends were declared for the three months ended March 31, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017 and~~2018 totaled $1.1 ~~million.~~million in each period.

Reinsurance and Self-Funded Insurance Programs

Reinsurance

We historically reinsured a substantial portion of our automobile, general and professional liability and workers’ compensation costs under reinsurance programs through our wholly-owned captive insurance subsidiary, Social Services Providers Captive Insurance Company, or SPCIC. As of May 16, 2017, SPCIC did not renew the expiring reinsurance policies. SPCIC will continue to resolve claims under the historical policy years.

At March 31, ~~2018,~~2019, the cumulative reserve for expected losses since inception of these historical automobile, general and professional liability and workers’ compensation reinsurance programs was ~~$1.1~~$0.3 million, $0.6 million and ~~$4.6~~$2.6 million, respectively. Based on an independent actuarial report, our expected losses related to workers’ compensation, automobile and

general and professional liability in excess of our liability under our associated historical reinsurance programs at March 31, ~~2018~~2019 was ~~$5.4~~$3.5 million. We recorded a corresponding receivable from third-party insurers and liability at March 31, ~~2018~~2019 for these expected losses, which would be paid by third-party insurers to the extent losses are incurred.

Further, ~~SPCIC~~we had restricted cash of ~~$5.8~~$3.9 million and ~~$6.3~~$4.4 million at March 31, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, respectively, which was restricted to secure the reinsured claims losses ~~of SPCIC~~ under the historical automobile, general and professional liability and workers’ compensation reinsurance programs.

Health Insurance

We offer our ~~NET Services’, certain WD Services’ and corporate~~ employees an option to participate in a self-funded health insurance program. The liability for the self-funded health plan of ~~$1.7~~$1.3 million and $2.2 million as of March 31, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, respectively, was recorded in “Reinsurance ~~liability~~ and related ~~reserve”~~liability reserves” in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

There have been no material changes to the Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements discussion previously disclosed in our audited consolidated financial statements contained in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2017.~~2018 other than the adoption ASC 842, effective January 1, 2019, whereby the Company recorded $23,165 and$24,491 of additional leased assets and liabilities, respectively, on its condensed consolidated balance sheet. The adoption did not have a material impact on the statement of operations. See Note 9, Leases, for further information.

Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains certain statements that may be deemed “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), including statements related to the Company’s strategies or expectations about revenues, liabilities, results of operations, cash flows, ability to fund operations, profitability, ability to meet financial covenants,

contracts or market opportunities. The Company may also make forward-looking statements in other reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), in materials delivered to stockholders and in press releases. In addition, the Company’s representatives may from time to time make oral forward-looking statements. In certain cases, you may identify forward looking-statements by words such as “may”, “will”, “should”, “could”, “expect”, “plan”, “project”, “intend”, “anticipate”, “believe”, “seek”, “estimate”, “predict”, “potential”, “target”, “forecast”, “likely”, the negative of such terms or comparable terminology. In addition, statements that are not historical statements of fact should also be considered forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are based on the Company’s current expectations, assumptions, estimates and projections about its business and industry, and involve risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual events to be materially different from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, the risks disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2017~~2018 and our other filings with the SEC.

You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date the statement was made. The Company is under no obligation to (and expressly disclaims any such obligation to) update any of the information in any forward-looking statement if such forward-looking statement later turns out to be inaccurate, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

~~Foreign currency~~We have exposure to interest rate risk mainly related to our Credit Facility, which has variable interest rates that may increase. We did not have any amounts outstanding on our Credit Facility at March 31, 2019.

As of March 31, 2018, we conducted business in eleven countries outside the U.S. As a result, our cash flows and earnings are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. We do not currently hedge against the possible impact of currency fluctuations. During Q1 2018 we generated $72.0 million of our net operating revenues from operations outside the U.S.

A 10% adverse change in the foreign currency exchange rate from British Pounds to U.S. dollars would have a $4.0 million negative impact on consolidated revenue and a negligible impact on net income. A 10% adverse change in other foreign currency exchange rates would not have a significant impact on our financial results.

~~We assess the significance of foreign currency risk on a periodic basis and may implement strategies to manage such risk as we deem appropriate.~~

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

(a) Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures

The Company, under the supervision and with the participation of its management (including its principal executive officer and principal financial officer), evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Exchange Act as of March 31, ~~2018.~~2019. Based upon this evaluation, the Company’s principal executive and financial officers have concluded that such disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that (i) information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and (ii) information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its principal executive and financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

(b) Changes in internal control over financial reporting

The principal executive and financial officers also conducted an evaluation of whether any changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting occurred during the quarter ended March 31, ~~2018~~2019 that have materially affected or which are reasonably likely to materially affect such control. Except as set forth below, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting identified in ~~management's~~management’s evaluation pursuant to Rules 13a-15(d) of the Exchange Act during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financing reporting.

During the first quarter of 2019, the Company implemented new internal controls and processes related to its adoption of ASC ~~606 and the automation of its financial statement consolidation process.~~842.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. The design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. The Company conducts periodic evaluations of its internal controls to enhance, where necessary, its procedures and controls.

PART II—OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

From time-to-time, we may become involved in legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business. We cannot predict with certainty the potential for or outcome of any future litigation. Regardless of the outcome of any particular litigation and the merits of any particular claim, litigation can have a material adverse impact on our company due to, among other reasons, any injunctive relief granted which could inhibit our ability to operate our business, amounts paid as damages or in settlement of any such matter, diversion of management resources and defense costs. ~~For information~~

On January 21, 2019, the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio unsealed a qui tam complaint, filed in December 2015, against Mobile Care Group, Inc., Mobile Care Group of Ohio, LLC, Mobile Care EMS & Transport, Inc. and LogistiCare Solutions, LLC (“LogistiCare”) by Brandee White, Laura Cunningham, and Jeffery Wisier (the “Relators”) alleging violations of the federal False Claims Act by presenting claims for payment to government healthcare programs knowing that the prerequisites for such claims to be paid had not been met. The Relators seek to recover damages, fees and costs under the federal False Claims Act including treble damages, civil penalties and attorneys’ fees. In addition, the Relators seek reinstatement to their jobs with the Mobile Care entities. None of the Relators was employed by LogistiCare. Prior to January 21, 2019, LogistiCare had no knowledge of the complaint. The federal government has declined to intervene against LogistiCare. The Company intends to defend the litigation vigorously and believes that the case will not have a material adverse effect on its business, financial condition or results of operations.

On March 1, 2019, Meher Patel filed suit against the Company in the Superior Court of the State of California, Tuolumne County, on behalf of herself and as a class action on behalf of others similarly situated, asserting violations under the California Labor Code relating to ~~legal proceedings, see Note 13,~~ ~~Commitments~~the alleged failure by LogistiCare to comply with certain applicable state wage and ~~Contingencies,~~ ~~in our condensed consolidated~~related employment requirements, as well as claims of breach of contract and breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. The plaintiff seeks to recover an unspecified amount of damages and penalties, as well as certification as a class action. No amounts have been accrued for any potential losses under this matter, as management cannot reasonably predict the outcome of the litigation or any potential losses. The Company intends to defend the litigation vigorously and believes that the case will not have a material adverse effect on its business, financial ~~statements contained in Part I, Item 1~~condition or results of ~~this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.~~operations.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

There have been no material changes from the risk factors disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2017.~~2018.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The following table provides information with respect to common stock repurchased by us during the three months ended March 31, ~~2018:~~2019:


Period	Total Number of Shares of Common Stock Purchased (1)	Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares of Common Stock Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Program	Maximum Dollar Value of Shares of Common Stock that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Program (2)		Total Number of Shares of Common Stock Purchased (1)	Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares (or Units) of Common Stock Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Program	Maximum Dollar Value of Shares (or Units) that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Program (000’s) (2)
Month 1:
January 1, 2018
January 1, 2019
to
January 31, 2018	297,981	$	62.62	295,762	$	40,607
January 31, 2019							2,861	$	60.02	—	$	81,177

Month 2:
February 1, 2018
February 1, 2019
to
February 28, 2018	203,918	$	63.73	203,356	$	27,648
February 28, 2019							598	$	64.08	—	$	81,177

Month 3:
March 1, 2018
March 1, 2019
to
March 31, 2018	84,906	$	64.90	83,909	$	100,000
March 31, 2019							—	$	—	—	$	81,177

Total	586,805			583,027			3,459			—

______________


(1)	Includes shares repurchased from employees in connection with the settlement of income tax and related benefit withholding obligations arising from vesting of restricted stock grants.

(2)

On October 26, 2016, our Board authorized a ~~new~~ repurchase program, under which the Company may repurchase up to $100.0 million in aggregate value of the Company’s Common Stock during the twelve-month period following October 26, 2016. On November 2, 2017, our Board approved the extension of the Company’s prior stock repurchase program, authorizing the Company to engage in a repurchase program to repurchase up to $69.6 million (the amount remaining from the $100.0 million repurchase amount authorized in 2016) in aggregate value of our Common Stock through December 31, 2018. Subsequently, on March 29, 2018, our Board authorized an increase in the amount available for stock repurchases under the Company’s existing stock repurchase program by $77.8 million, and extended the existing stock repurchase program through June 30, 2019.

2016. On November 2, 2017, our Board approved the extension of the Company’s prior stock repurchase program, authorizing the Company to engage in a repurchase program to repurchase up to $69.6 million (the amount remaining from the $100.0 million repurchase amount authorized in 2016) in aggregate value of our Common Stock through December 31, 2018. Subsequently, on March 29, 2018, our Board authorized an increase in the amount available for stock repurchases under the Company’s existing stock repurchase program by $77.8 million, and extended the existing stock repurchase program through June 30, 2019.

After giving effect to the increase in the authorized repurchase amount, as of March 31, ~~2018,~~2019, approximately ~~$100.0~~$81.2 million remains for additional repurchases by the Company under the stock repurchase program, excluding commission payments. A total of ~~1,534,105~~1.8 million shares have been repurchased since the Board originally approved the repurchase program on October 26, 2016. The share repurchases may be made from time-to-time through a combination of open market repurchases (including Rule 10b5-1 plans), privately negotiated transactions, accelerated share repurchase transactions and other derivative transactions.

~~Dividends~~

We have not paid any cash dividends on our Common Stock and currently do not expect to pay dividends on our Common Stock. In addition, our ability to pay dividends on our Common Stock is limited by the terms of our Credit Agreement and our Preferred Stock. The payment of future cash dividends, if any, will be reviewed periodically by the Board and will depend upon, among other things, our financial condition, funds from operations, the level of our capital and development expenditures, any restrictions imposed by present or future debt or equity instruments, and changes in federal tax policies, if any.

~~Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.~~

~~None.~~

~~Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.~~

~~Not applicable.~~

~~Item 5. Other Information.~~

Item 6. Exhibits.

EXHIBIT INDEX



Exhibit Number		Description

~~10.1~~10.1+*		~~Second Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company~~Employment Agreement, ~~of Mercury Parent, LLC,~~dated December 28, 2017, by and between ~~Prometheus Holdco, LLC~~The Providence Service Corporation, and Mercury Fortuna Buyer, LLC, dated February 16, 2018 (Incorporated by reference from an exhibit to the registrant’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 filed with the SEC on March 9, 2018).Laurence Orton.

10.2+*		~~Form of Stock Option Agreement (Incorporated by reference from an exhibit to the registrant’s annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 filed with the SEC on March 9, 2018).~~

~~10.3+~~		~~Option~~Employment Agreement, dated ~~April 9, 2018,~~January 14, 2019, by and between ~~The Providence Service Corporation~~LogistiCare Solutions LLC and ~~R. Carter Pate (Incorporated by reference from an exhibit to the registrant’s current report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on April 11, 2018).~~

~~10.4+~~		~~The Providence Service Corporation Employee Retention Plan (Incorporated by reference from an exhibit to the registrant’s current report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on April 11, 2018).~~

~~10.5+~~		Amendment No. 1 to the Option Agreement, dated May 1, 2018, between The Providence Service Corporation and R. Carter Pate (Incorporated by reference from an exhibit to the registrant's Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on May 9, 2018).

~~10.6~~		Registration Indemnification Agreement, dated May 9, 2018, between The Providence Service Corporation, Coliseum Capital Partners, L.P., Coliseum Capital Partners II, L.P., Coliseum Capital Co-Invest, L.P. and Blackwell Partners, LLC (Incorporated by reference from an exhibit to the registrant’s Registration Statement on Form S-1 filed with the SEC on May 9, 2018).Suzanne Smith.

31.1*		Certification pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14 and 15d-14 of the Chief Executive Officer.

31.2*		Certification pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14 and 15d-14 of the Chief Financial Officer.

32.1*		Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, of the Chief Executive Officer.

32.2*		Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, of the Chief Financial Officer.

101. INS		XBRL Instance Document

101.SCH		XBRL Schema Document

101.CAL		XBRL Calculation Linkbase Document

101.LAB		XBRL Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE		XBRL Presentation Linkbase Document

101.DEF		XBRL Definition Linkbase Document



+	Management contract of compensatory plan or arrangement.
*	Filed herewith.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.



	THE PROVIDENCE SERVICE CORPORATION

Date: May ~~10, 2018~~9, 2019	By:	/s/ R. Carter Pate
		R. Carter Pate Interim Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)

Date: May ~~10, 2018~~9, 2019	By:	/s/ ~~William Severance~~Kevin Dotts
		~~William Severance~~Kevin Dotts ~~Interim~~ Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial Officer)

3935



	Balance at December 31, 2017		Adjustments due to ASU 2014-09		Balance at January 1, 2018
Assets
Prepaid expenses and other	$	35,243	$	11,182	$	46,425

Liabilities
Accrued expenses	103,838		2,330		106,168
Deferred revenue	17,381		3,112		20,493
Deferred tax liability	41,627		30		41,657

Equity
Retained earnings, net of tax	204,818		5,710		210,528



	Three months ended March 31, 2018
Statement of Income	As Reported		Pro forma as if the previous accounting guidance was in effect
Service revenue, net	$	406,046	$	415,348
Service expense	371,235		377,086
Operating income	9,600		13,052
Income from continuing operations before taxes	7,576		11,028
Net income attributable to Providence	5,430		8,099
Diluted earnings per share	0.29		0.46

	March 31, 2018
Balance Sheet	As Reported		Pro forma as if the previous accounting guidance was in effect
Prepaid expenses and other	$	52,646	$	41,177
Accrued expenses	105,258		103,325
Deferred revenue	28,745		21,603
Deferred tax liabilities	40,704		41,356
Retained earnings, net of tax	214,869		211,823



Employment preparation and placement services	$	42,023
Legal offender rehabilitation services	23,212
Other	4,115
Total WD Services revenue, net	$	69,350



	United States		United Kingdom		Other Foreign		Total
NET Services	$	336,696	$	—	$	—	$	336,696
WD Services	4,412		40,086		24,852		69,350
Total	$	341,108	$	40,086	$	24,852	$	406,046



	January 1, 2017		Costs Incurred		Cash Payments			Foreign Exchange Rate Adjustments		March 31, 2017

Ingeus Futures Program	$	2,486	$	553	$	(152	)	$	29	$	2,916
Offender Rehabilitation Program	1,380		—		(1,120		)	9		269
UK Restructuring Program	50		—		—			1		51
Total	$	3,916	$	553	$	(1,272	)	$	39	$	3,236



	Three months ended March 31, 2017
	NET Services		WD Services			Matrix Investment			Corporate and Other			Total
Service revenue, net	$	324,034	$	75,460		$	—		$	—		$	399,494
Service expense	306,192		63,203			—			15			369,410
General and administrative expense	2,891		7,044			—			7,092			17,027
Depreciation and amortization	3,151		3,040			—			78			6,269
Operating income (loss)	$	11,800	$	2,173		$	—		$	(7,185	)	$	6,788

Equity in net gain (loss) of investee	$	—	$	(1,400	)	$	(660	)	$	—		$	(2,060	)