UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549 
__________________________
FORM 10-Q 
__________________________
(Mark One)
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31,September 30, 2023

or
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from     to
Commission file number 001-33493

GREENLIGHT CAPITAL RE, LTD.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Cayman IslandsN/A
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)(I.R.S. employer identification no.)
65 Market Street
Suite 1207, Jasmine Court
P.O. Box 31110
Camana Bay
Grand Cayman
Cayman IslandsKY1-1205
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip code)

(345) 943-4573(205) 291-3440
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Not Applicable
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report) 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Ordinary SharesGLRENasdaq Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. 
Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). 
Yes ☒ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one)
Large accelerated filer ☐         Accelerated filer ☒          Non-accelerated filer ☐          Smaller reporting company ☐          Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act) 
Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.
Class A Ordinary Shares, $0.10 par value29,007,963
Class B Ordinary Shares, $0.10 par value6,254,71535,337,407
(Class)Outstanding at May 5,October 27, 2023



GREENLIGHT CAPITAL RE, LTD.
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
  Page
 Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31,September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (unaudited)
 Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023 and 2022 (unaudited)
 Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023 and 2022 (unaudited)
 Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the threenine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023 and 2022 (unaudited)
 Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)


 
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PART I — FINANCIAL INFORMATION

NOTE OF FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. (“Greenlight Capital Re,” “Company,” “us,” “we,” or “our”) contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended , and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). All statements, other than statements of historical facts included in this report, including statements regarding estimates, projections, statements relating to our business plans, objectives, and expected operating results, and the assumptions upon which those statements are based, are “forward-looking statements”. We intend these forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements in the United States (“U.S.”) federal securities laws. These forward-looking statements generally are identified by the words “believe,” “project,” “predict,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “may,” “should,” “will,” “would,” “will be,” “will continue,” “will likely result,” and similar expressions. Forward-looking statements are not historical facts, and are based on current expectations, estimates and projections, and various assumptions, many of which, are inherently uncertain and beyond management’s control. Accordingly, actual results may differ materially from the forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause our actual results and financial condition to differ materially from those indicated in the forward-looking statements include, among others, the following:

Our results of operations fluctuate from period to period and may not be indicative of our long-term prospects.
The impact of general economic, capital and credit market conditions, including banking sector instability, financial market illiquidity and fluctuations in interest rates, equity securities’ prices and/or foreign currency exchange rates.
A downgrade or withdrawal of our A.M. Best ratings would materially and adversely affect our ability to implement our business strategy.
Any suspension or revocation of any of our licenses would materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our investment performance depends in part on the performance of Solasglas Investments, LP (“SILP”) and may suffer as a result of adverse financial market developments or other factors that impact SILP’s liquidity, which could materially and adversely affect our investment results, financial condition and results of operations.
The carry values of our investments made under our Greenlight Re Innovations pillar, which focuses on developing a range of risk products via strategic partnerships and other methods to access fee income, a stream of underwriting business, and investment upside potential (“Innovations”), may differ significantly from those that would be used if we carried these investments at fair value.
Our level of debt may have an adverse impact on our liquidity, restrict our current and future operations, particularly our ability to respond to business opportunities, and increase our vulnerability to adverse economic and industry conditions.
Greenlight Capital Re, Greenlight Reinsurance Ltd. (“Greenlight Re”), and/or Greenlight Reinsurance Ireland, Designated Activity Company (“GRIL”) may be subject to United States federal income taxation.
The other matters set forth in the section entitled “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors” contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, as filed with the SEC on March 8, 2023 (“2022 Form 10-K”).
We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether due to new information, future events, or otherwise. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements, which speak only to the dates they were made.

We intend to communicate certain events that we believe may have a material adverse impact on our operations or financial position, including property and casualty catastrophic events and material losses in our investment portfolio, in a timely manner through a public announcement. Other than as required by the Exchange Act, we do not intend to make public announcements regarding reinsurance or investment events that we do not believe, based on management’s estimates and current information, will have a material adverse impact on our operations or financial position.










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Item 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 
GREENLIGHT CAPITAL RE, LTD.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(UNAUDITED) 
March 31,September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022
(expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except per share and share amounts)
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022 September 30, 2023December 31, 2022
AssetsAssets  Assets  
InvestmentsInvestments Investments 
Investment in related party investment fundInvestment in related party investment fund$196,060 $178,197 Investment in related party investment fund$228,991 $178,197 
Other investmentsOther investments71,162 70,279 Other investments67,648 70,279 
Total investmentsTotal investments267,222 248,476 Total investments296,639 248,476 
Cash and cash equivalentsCash and cash equivalents40,024 38,238 Cash and cash equivalents41,302 38,238 
Restricted cash and cash equivalentsRestricted cash and cash equivalents626,236 668,310 Restricted cash and cash equivalents622,624 668,310 
Reinsurance balances receivable (net of allowance for expected credit losses of 2023: $356 and 2022: $356)581,641 505,555 
Loss and loss adjustment expenses recoverable (net of allowance for expected credit losses of 2023: $62 and 2022: $62)16,927 13,239 
Reinsurance balances receivable (net of allowance for expected credit losses of 2023: $801 and 2022: $356)Reinsurance balances receivable (net of allowance for expected credit losses of 2023: $801 and 2022: $356)640,391 505,555 
Loss and loss adjustment expenses recoverable (net of allowance for expected credit losses of 2023: $117 and 2022: $62)Loss and loss adjustment expenses recoverable (net of allowance for expected credit losses of 2023: $117 and 2022: $62)28,191 13,239 
Deferred acquisition costsDeferred acquisition costs84,555 82,391 Deferred acquisition costs85,102 82,391 
Unearned premiums cededUnearned premiums ceded20,783 18,153 Unearned premiums ceded18,700 18,153 
Other assetsOther assets7,128 6,019 Other assets6,680 6,019 
Total assetsTotal assets$1,644,516 $1,580,381 Total assets$1,739,629 $1,580,381 
Liabilities and equityLiabilities and equity Liabilities and equity 
LiabilitiesLiabilities Liabilities 
Loss and loss adjustment expense reservesLoss and loss adjustment expense reserves$595,799 $555,468 Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves$658,234 $555,468 
Unearned premium reservesUnearned premium reserves337,889 307,820 Unearned premium reserves340,582 307,820 
Reinsurance balances payableReinsurance balances payable109,249 105,135 Reinsurance balances payable69,882 105,135 
Funds withheldFunds withheld21,846 21,907 Funds withheld13,406 21,907 
Other liabilitiesOther liabilities7,311 6,397 Other liabilities6,781 6,397 
Convertible senior notes payable62,381 80,534 
DebtDebt74,879 80,534 
Total liabilitiesTotal liabilities1,134,475 1,077,261 Total liabilities1,163,764 1,077,261 
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 11)Commitments and Contingencies (Note 11)Commitments and Contingencies (Note 11)
Shareholders' equityShareholders' equity Shareholders' equity 
Preferred share capital (par value $0.10; authorized, 50,000,000; none issued)Preferred share capital (par value $0.10; authorized, 50,000,000; none issued)— — Preferred share capital (par value $0.10; authorized, 50,000,000; none issued)— — 
Ordinary share capital (Class A: par value $0.10; authorized, 100,000,000; issued and outstanding, 29,007,963 (2022: 28,569,346): Class B: par value $0.10; authorized, 25,000,000; issued and outstanding, 6,254,715 (2022: 6,254,715))3,526 3,482 
Ordinary share capital (par value $0.10; authorized, 125,000,000; issued and outstanding, 35,337,407 (2022: Class A: par value $0.10; authorized, 100,000,000; issued and outstanding, 28,569,346: Class B: 2022: par value $0.10; authorized, 25,000,000; issued and outstanding, 6,254,715)Ordinary share capital (par value $0.10; authorized, 125,000,000; issued and outstanding, 35,337,407 (2022: Class A: par value $0.10; authorized, 100,000,000; issued and outstanding, 28,569,346: Class B: 2022: par value $0.10; authorized, 25,000,000; issued and outstanding, 6,254,715)3,534 3,482 
Additional paid-in capitalAdditional paid-in capital479,429 478,439 Additional paid-in capital481,908 478,439 
Retained earningsRetained earnings27,086 21,199 Retained earnings90,423 21,199 
Total shareholders' equityTotal shareholders' equity510,041 503,120 Total shareholders' equity575,865 503,120 
Total liabilities and equityTotal liabilities and equity$1,644,516 $1,580,381 Total liabilities and equity$1,739,629 $1,580,381 
 





  The accompanying Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are an
integral part of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
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GREENLIGHT CAPITAL RE, LTD.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(UNAUDITED) 
For the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023 and 2022
(expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except per share and share amounts)
Three months ended March 31Three months ended September 30Nine months ended September 30
20232022 2023202220232022
RevenuesRevenues Revenues 
Gross premiums writtenGross premiums written$186,455 $145,886 Gross premiums written$183,074 $155,146 $524,472 $435,812 
Gross premiums cededGross premiums ceded(11,212)(6,009)Gross premiums ceded(14,789)(8,801)(35,740)(21,973)
Net premiums writtenNet premiums written175,243 139,877 Net premiums written168,285 146,345 488,732 413,839 
Change in net unearned premium reservesChange in net unearned premium reserves(32,594)(13,952)Change in net unearned premium reserves(5,175)(24,397)(43,030)(55,747)
Net premiums earnedNet premiums earned142,649 125,925 Net premiums earned163,110 121,948 445,702 358,092 
Income (loss) from investment in related party investment fund (net of related party expenses - Note 3)Income (loss) from investment in related party investment fund (net of related party expenses - Note 3)(3,138)4,077 Income (loss) from investment in related party investment fund (net of related party expenses - Note 3)(1,853)8,521 27,791 24,474 
Net investment income (loss)Net investment income (loss)8,378 3,660 Net investment income (loss)6,958 3,038 24,705 11,978 
Other income (expense), netOther income (expense), net7,097 (633)Other income (expense), net(1,293)(6,784)13,399 (13,374)
Total revenuesTotal revenues154,986 133,029 Total revenues166,922 126,723 511,597 381,170 
ExpensesExpensesExpenses
Net loss and loss adjustment expenses incurredNet loss and loss adjustment expenses incurred96,725 97,407 Net loss and loss adjustment expenses incurred96,843 94,559 284,072 252,789 
Acquisition costsAcquisition costs41,476 32,945 Acquisition costs46,933 36,821 126,702 106,101 
General and administrative expensesGeneral and administrative expenses9,936 7,232 General and administrative expenses7,905 7,389 27,866 22,727 
Deposit interest expenseDeposit interest expense132 34 Deposit interest expense278 6,148 645 6,373 
Interest expenseInterest expense776 1,154 Interest expense1,457 1,091 2,977 3,411 
Total expensesTotal expenses149,045 138,772 Total expenses153,416 146,008 442,262 391,401 
Income (loss) before income taxIncome (loss) before income tax5,941 (5,743)Income (loss) before income tax13,506 (19,285)69,335 (10,231)
Income tax (expense) benefitIncome tax (expense) benefit(54)16 Income tax (expense) benefit(29)816 (111)823 
Net income (loss)Net income (loss)$5,887 $(5,727)Net income (loss)$13,477 $(18,469)$69,224 $(9,408)
Earnings (loss) per share (Class A and Class B) (Note 2)
Earnings (loss) per share (Note 2)Earnings (loss) per share (Note 2)
BasicBasic$0.17 $(0.17)Basic$0.40 $(0.56)$2.03 $(0.28)
DilutedDiluted$0.17 $(0.17)Diluted$0.39 $(0.56)$1.99 $(0.28)
Weighted average number of ordinary shares used in the determination of earnings and loss per share (Note 2)Weighted average number of ordinary shares used in the determination of earnings and loss per share (Note 2)Weighted average number of ordinary shares used in the determination of earnings and loss per share (Note 2)
BasicBasic34,059,185 32,926,227 Basic34,070,818 33,127,384 34,067,012 33,119,814 
DilutedDiluted38,231,607 32,926,227 Diluted34,801,864 33,127,384 34,703,973 33,119,814 
 










 
The accompanying Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are an
integral part of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.  
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GREENLIGHT CAPITAL RE, LTD.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(UNAUDITED)
 For the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023 and 2022
(expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars)

Three months ended March 31Three months ended September 30Nine months ended September 30
202320222023202220232022
Ordinary share capitalOrdinary share capitalOrdinary share capital
Balance - beginning of periodBalance - beginning of period$3,482 $3,384 Balance - beginning of period$3,527 $3,472 $3,482 $3,384 
Issue of Class A ordinary shares, net of forfeitures44 88 
Issue of ordinary shares, net of forfeitures (Note 8)Issue of ordinary shares, net of forfeitures (Note 8)11 52 99 
Repurchase of ordinary shares (Note 8)Repurchase of ordinary shares (Note 8)— (1)— (1)
Balance - end of periodBalance - end of period3,526 3,472 Balance - end of period3,534 3,482 3,534 3,482 
Additional paid-in capitalAdditional paid-in capitalAdditional paid-in capital
Balance - beginning of periodBalance - beginning of period478,439 481,784 Balance - beginning of period480,648 475,903 478,439 481,784 
Cumulative effect of adoption of accounting guidance for convertible debt at January 1, 2022Cumulative effect of adoption of accounting guidance for convertible debt at January 1, 2022— (7,896)Cumulative effect of adoption of accounting guidance for convertible debt at January 1, 2022— — — (7,896)
Repurchase of ordinary shares (Note 8)Repurchase of ordinary shares (Note 8)— (34)— (34)
Share-based compensation expenseShare-based compensation expense990 917 Share-based compensation expense1,260 1,152 3,469 3,167 
Balance - end of periodBalance - end of period479,429 474,805 Balance - end of period481,908 477,021 481,908 477,021 
Retained earnings (deficit)Retained earnings (deficit)Retained earnings (deficit)
Balance - beginning of periodBalance - beginning of period21,199 (9,505)Balance - beginning of period76,946 4,918 21,199 (9,505)
Cumulative effect of adoption of accounting guidance for convertible debt at January 1, 2022Cumulative effect of adoption of accounting guidance for convertible debt at January 1, 2022— 5,362 Cumulative effect of adoption of accounting guidance for convertible debt at January 1, 2022— — — 5,362 
Net income (loss)Net income (loss)5,887 (5,727)Net income (loss)13,477 (18,469)69,224 (9,408)
Balance - end of periodBalance - end of period27,086 (9,870)Balance - end of period90,423 (13,551)90,423 (13,551)
Total shareholders' equityTotal shareholders' equity$510,041 $468,407 Total shareholders' equity$575,865 $466,952 $575,865 $466,952 






















The accompanying Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are an
integral part of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. 

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GREENLIGHT CAPITAL RE, LTD.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(UNAUDITED)
For the threenine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023 and 2022
(expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars) 
Three months ended March 31Nine months ended September 30
20232022 20232022
Cash flows from operating activitiesCash flows from operating activities Cash flows from operating activities 
Net income (loss)Net income (loss)$5,887 $(5,727)Net income (loss)$69,224 $(9,408)
Adjustments to reconcile net income or loss to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:Adjustments to reconcile net income or loss to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:Adjustments to reconcile net income or loss to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Loss (income) from investments in related party investment fund Loss (income) from investments in related party investment fund3,138 (4,077) Loss (income) from investments in related party investment fund(27,791)(24,474)
Net realized gain on repurchase of convertible senior notes payable Net realized gain on repurchase of convertible senior notes payable(265)—  Net realized gain on repurchase of convertible senior notes payable(265)(149)
Net change in unrealized gains and losses on investments(550)(3,899)
Net change in unrealized gains and losses on investments and derivatives Net change in unrealized gains and losses on investments and derivatives1,359 (9,237)
Net realized (gains) losses on investments Net realized (gains) losses on investments800 —  Net realized (gains) losses on investments800 — 
Foreign exchange (gains) losses Foreign exchange (gains) losses(4,931)38  Foreign exchange (gains) losses(7,635)10,364 
Current expected credit losses recognized on reinsurance assets Current expected credit losses recognized on reinsurance assets500 — 
Share-based compensation expense Share-based compensation expense1,034 1,005  Share-based compensation expense3,521 3,266 
Amortization and interest expense, net of change in accruals(803)(845)
Accretion of debt offering costs and change in interest accruals Accretion of debt offering costs and change in interest accruals(98)(612)
Net change in: Net change in: Net change in:
Accrued interest receivable Accrued interest receivable(58)—  Accrued interest receivable(123)— 
Reinsurance balances receivable Reinsurance balances receivable(72,203)(36,280) Reinsurance balances receivable(135,796)(97,651)
Loss and loss adjustment expenses recoverable Loss and loss adjustment expenses recoverable(3,688)(269) Loss and loss adjustment expenses recoverable(15,007)496 
Deferred acquisition costs Deferred acquisition costs(3,782)(3,352) Deferred acquisition costs(6,127)(15,810)
Unearned premiums ceded Unearned premiums ceded(2,630)(4,836) Unearned premiums ceded(547)(13,617)
Other assets, excluding depreciation Other assets, excluding depreciation(1,109) Other assets, excluding depreciation(546)(540)
Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves37,709 25,131  Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves103,678 36,394 
Unearned premium reserves Unearned premium reserves35,225 18,546  Unearned premium reserves43,593 70,589 
Reinsurance balances payable Reinsurance balances payable4,114 4,468  Reinsurance balances payable(35,253)17,548 
Funds withheld Funds withheld(61)137  Funds withheld(8,501)7,654 
Other liabilities Other liabilities914 (1,661) Other liabilities384 (2,237)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activitiesNet cash provided by (used in) operating activities(1,259)(11,618)Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities(14,630)(27,424)
Cash flows from investing activitiesCash flows from investing activitiesCash flows from investing activities
Proceeds from redemptions from related party investment fundProceeds from redemptions from related party investment fund26,000 46,658 Proceeds from redemptions from related party investment fund73,997 77,993 
Contributions to related party investment fundContributions to related party investment fund(47,001)(10,000)Contributions to related party investment fund(97,000)(65,127)
Purchases of investmentsPurchases of investments(1,075)(3,402)Purchases of investments(5,545)(8,627)
Proceeds from maturity of term depositProceeds from maturity of term deposit6,000 — 
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activitiesNet cash provided by (used in) investing activities(22,076)33,256 Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities(22,548)4,239 
Cash flows from financing activitiesCash flows from financing activitiesCash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from term loans, net of expensesProceeds from term loans, net of expenses74,053 — 
Repayment of convertible senior notes payableRepayment of convertible senior notes payable(62,147)— 
Repurchases of convertible senior notes payableRepurchases of convertible senior notes payable(17,085)— Repurchases of convertible senior notes payable(17,198)(6,384)
Repurchase of Class A ordinary sharesRepurchase of Class A ordinary shares— (35)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activitiesNet cash provided by (used in) financing activities(17,085)— Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities(5,292)(6,419)
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cashEffect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash132 — Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash(152)(322)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cashNet increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash(40,288)21,638 Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash(42,622)(29,926)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of the periodCash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of the period706,548 711,101 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of the period706,548 711,101 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of the periodCash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of the period$666,260 $732,739 Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of the period$663,926 $681,175 
Supplementary informationSupplementary information Supplementary information 
Interest paid in cashInterest paid in cash$1,578 $2,000 Interest paid in cash$3,336 $4,023 
Income tax paid in cashIncome tax paid in cash$21 $— Income tax paid in cash$56 $— 

The accompanying Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are an
integral part of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. 
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GREENLIGHT CAPITAL RE, LTD.
NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(UNAUDITED)
March 31,September 30, 2023
  
1. ORGANIZATION AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION
 
Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. (“GLRE” and, together with its wholly-owned subsidiaries, the “Company”) was incorporated as an exempted company under the Companies Law of the Cayman Islands on July 13, 2004. The Company’s wholly-owned subsidiaries are described below:

Greenlight Reinsurance, Ltd. (“Greenlight Re”), domiciled in the Cayman Islands, is a Class D insurer license issued in accordance with the terms of The Insurance Act, 2010 (as amended) and underlying regulations thereto (the “Act”) and is subject to regulation by the Cayman Islands Monetary Authority. Greenlight Re commenced underwriting in April 2006.

Greenlight Reinsurance Ireland, Designated Activity Company (“GRIL”), domiciled in Ireland since 2010, is authorized as a non-life reinsurance undertaking in accordance with the provisions of the European Union (Insurance and Reinsurance) Regulations 2015. GRIL provides multi-line property and casualty reinsurance capacity to the European broker market and provides GLRE with an additional platform to serve clients located in Europe and North America.

Greenlight Re Marketing (UK) Limited, domiciled in the United Kingdom (“U.K.”) since 2020, is a U.K. company formed to expand GLRE’s presence in the Lloyd’s of London market (“Lloyd’s”).

Greenlight Re Corporate Member Ltd., domiciled in the U.K. since 2014, is a corporate member that became a wholly-owned subsidiary of GLRE in 2023 and provides underwriting capacity for various Lloyd’s syndicates, including Syndicate 3456.

Verdant Holding Company, Ltd., domiciled in the United States since 2008, is an investment holding company.
 
Additionally, through Greenlight Innovation Syndicate 3456 (“Syndicate 3456”), Greenlight Re provides a (re)insurance platform to its growing portfolio of insurtech partnerships. Domiciled in the U.K. since 2022, Syndicate 3456 is authorized to underwrite under the Lloyd’s syndicate-in-a-box model.

The Class A ordinary shares of GLRE are listed on Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “GLRE.”

These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information, and with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission’s (“SEC”) instructions to Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements included in the Company’s Annual Report on2022 Form 10-K, for the year ended December 31, 2022, as filed with the SEC on March 8, 2023. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include GLRE and its wholly-owned subsidiaries and all significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated on consolidation.

In the opinion of management, these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation of the Company’s financial position and results of operations as at the end of and for the periods presented. The results of operations for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results for a full year.


2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
 
There have been no material changes to the Company’s significant accounting policies as described in its Annual Report on2022 Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022.10-K.
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Use of Estimates
 
The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the period. Actual results could differ from these estimates. The significant estimates reflected in the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, loss and loss adjustment expense reserves, premiums written, earned, and receivable, variability underlying risk transfer assessments, allowances for credit losses, share-based compensation, valuation allowances associated with deferred tax assets and investment impairments.

Cash, Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash, and Restricted Cash Equivalents
 
The Company maintains cash and cash equivalent balances to collateralize regulatory trusts and letters of credit issued to cedents (see Note 11). The following table reconciles the cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported within the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets to the total presented in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of cash flows:

March 31, 2023December 31, 2022September 30, 2023December 31, 2022
($ in thousands) ($ in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalentsCash and cash equivalents$40,024 $38,238 Cash and cash equivalents$41,302 $38,238 
Restricted cash and cash equivalentsRestricted cash and cash equivalents626,236 668,310 Restricted cash and cash equivalents622,624 668,310 
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash presented in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows$666,260 $706,548 
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash presented in the condensed consolidated statements of unaudited cash flowsTotal cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash presented in the condensed consolidated statements of unaudited cash flows$663,926 $706,548 

Funds Held by Cedents

The caption “Reinsurance balances receivable” in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets includes financial assets held by cedents. At March 31,September 30, 2023, funds held by cedents were $367.8$422.4 million (December 31, 2022: $337.4 million). Such amounts include premiums withheld by Lloyd’s syndicates and funds contributed by the Company to Lloyd's as security for members’ underwriting activities. The Lloyd’s syndicates invest a portion of the premiums withheld in investment funds and fixed-maturity securities. The Company records its share of income (or expense) from these assets, in its unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations under the caption “Other income (expense)” as reported by the syndicates on a quarterly lag basis due to the timing of the availability of these quarterly financial reports.

Deposit Assets and Liabilities
 
At March 31,September 30, 2023, deposit assets and liabilities were $3.1$3.0 million and $8.8$5.2 million, respectively (December 31, 2022: $3.1 million and $10.7 million, respectively). For the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023 and 2022, the interest income (expense) on deposit-accounted contracts were as follows:
 Three months ended March 31
 20232022
($ in thousands)
Deposit interest income$— $— 
Deposit interest expense$(132)$(34)
Deposit interest income (expense), net$(132)$(34)

 Three months ended September 30Nine months ended September 30
 2023202220232022
($ in thousands)($ in thousands)
Deposit interest income$— $— $— $— 
Deposit interest expense$(278)$(6,148)$(645)$(6,373)
Deposit interest income (expense), net$(278)$(6,148)$(645)$(6,373)

Foreign Exchange

For the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023, $4.9$(2.0) million and $7.6 million (three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2022: $(1.1)$(5.0) million and $(10.4) million), respectively, of foreign exchange gains (losses) were included in the Company’s net income in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.operations under the caption of “Other income (expense), net”. 


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Earnings (Loss) Per Share
 
The following table reconciles net income (loss) and weighted average shares used in computing basic and diluted net income (loss) per share for the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023 and 2022 (expressed in thousands of U.S. dollars, except per share and share amounts):
Three months ended March 31 Three months ended September 30Nine months ended September 30
20232022 2023202220232022
Numerator for earnings per shareNumerator for earnings per shareNumerator for earnings per share
Net income (loss) - basicNet income (loss) - basic$5,887 $(5,727)Net income (loss) - basic$13,477 $(18,469)$69,224 $(9,408)
Add: interest on convertible notes776 — 
Less: gain on debt repurchases(265)— 
Net income (loss) - dilutedNet income (loss) - diluted$6,398 $(5,727)Net income (loss) - diluted$13,477 $(18,469)$69,224 $(9,408)
Denominator for earnings per shareDenominator for earnings per shareDenominator for earnings per share
Weighted average shares outstanding - basicWeighted average shares outstanding - basic34,059,185 32,926,227 Weighted average shares outstanding - basic34,070,818 33,127,384 34,067,012 33,119,814 
Effect of dilutive employee and director share-based awardsEffect of dilutive employee and director share-based awards341,263 — Effect of dilutive employee and director share-based awards731,046 — 636,961 — 
Shares potentially issuable in connection with convertible notes3,831,159 — 
Weighted average shares outstanding - dilutedWeighted average shares outstanding - diluted38,231,607 32,926,227 Weighted average shares outstanding - diluted34,801,864 33,127,384 34,703,973 33,119,814 
Anti-dilutive stock options outstandingAnti-dilutive stock options outstanding690,337 735,627 Anti-dilutive stock options outstanding652,140 690,337 652,140 690,337 
Participating securities excluded from calculation of loss per share Participating securities excluded from calculation of loss per share — 815,847 Participating securities excluded from calculation of loss per share — 848,841 — 848,841 
Shares potentially issuable in connection with convertible notes excluded from calculation of diluted loss per shareShares potentially issuable in connection with convertible notes excluded from calculation of diluted loss per share— 5,818,182 Shares potentially issuable in connection with convertible notes excluded from calculation of diluted loss per share— 5,686,747 — 5,773,889 
Earnings (loss) per Class A and Class B ordinary share:
Earnings (loss) per share:Earnings (loss) per share:
BasicBasic$0.17 $(0.17)Basic$0.40 $(0.56)$2.03 $(0.28)
DilutedDiluted$0.17 $(0.17)Diluted$0.39 $(0.56)$1.99 $(0.28)

Due to the net loss attributable to common shareholders recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2022, the share-based awards and convertible notes were anti-dilutive.

3. INVESTMENT IN RELATED PARTY INVESTMENT FUND

The Company has entered into the Second Amended and Restated Exempted Limited Partnership Agreement (the “SILP LPA”) of Solasglas Investments, LP (“SILP”), with DME Advisors II, LLC (“DME II”), as General Partner, Greenlight Re, and GRIL, (together, the “GLRE Limited Partners”). SILP has entered into a SILP investment advisory agreement (“IAA”) with DME Advisors. LP (“DME Advisors”), pursuant to which DME Advisors is the investment manager for SILP. DME II and DME Advisors are related to the Company, and each is an affiliate of David Einhorn, Chairman of the Company’s Board of Directors (the “Chairman”).

At March 31,September 30, 2023, the SILP LPA included the following proviso: “The Investment Portfolio of each Partner will not exceed the product of (a) such Partner’s surplus (Greenlight Re Surplus or GRIL Surplus, as the case may be) multiplied by (b) the Investment Cap (60%), and the General Partner will designate any portion of a Partner’s Investment Portfolio as Designated Securities to effectuate such limit.”

The Company has concluded that SILP qualifies as a variable interest entity (“VIE”) under U.S. GAAP. In assessing its interest in SILP, the Company noted the following:

DME II serves as SILP’s general partner and has the power to appoint the investment manager. The Company does not have the power to appoint, change or replace the investment manager or the general partner except “for cause.” Neither of the GLRE Limited Partners can participate in the investment decisions of SILP as long as SILP adheres to the investment guidelines provided within the SILP LPA. For these reasons, the GLRE Limited Partners are not considered to have substantive participating rights or kick-out rights.

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DME II holds an interest in excess of 10% of SILP’s net assets, which the Company considers to represent an obligation to absorb losses and a right to receive benefits of SILP that are significant to SILP.

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Consequently, the Company has concluded that DME II’s interests, not the Company’s, meet both the “power” and “benefits” criteria associated with VIE accounting guidance. Therefore DME II is SILP’s primary beneficiary. The Company presents its investment in SILP in its unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets in the caption “Investment in related party investment fund.”

The Company’s maximum exposure to loss relating to SILP is limited to the net asset value of the GLRE Limited Partners’ investment in SILP. At March 31,September 30, 2023, the net asset value of the GLRE Limited Partners’ investment in SILP was $196.1$229.0 million (December 31, 2022: $178.2 million), representing 71.6%70.3% (December 31, 2022: 69.3%) of SILP’s total net assets. DME II held the remaining 28.4%29.7% (December 31, 2022: 30.7%) of SILP’s total net assets. The investment in SILP is recorded at the GLRE Limited Partners’ share of the net asset value of SILP as reported by SILP’s third-party administrator. The GLRE Limited Partners can redeem their assets from SILP for operational purposes by providing 3 business days’ notice to DME II. At March 31,September 30, 2023, the majority of SILP’s long investments were composed of cash and publicly traded equity securities, which could be readily liquidated to meet the GLRE Limited Partners’ redemption requests.

The Company’s share of the change in the net asset value of SILP for the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023 was $(3.1)$(1.9) million and $27.8 million, respectively (three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2022: $4.1 million)$8.5 million and $24.5 million, respectively), and shown in the caption “Income (loss) from investment in related party investment fund” in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations.

The summarized financial statements of SILP are presented below.

Summarized Statement of Assets and Liabilities of Solasglas Investments, LP

March 31, 2023December 31, 2022September 30, 2023December 31, 2022
($ in thousands)($ in thousands)
AssetsAssetsAssets
Investments, at fair valueInvestments, at fair value$370,568 $304,806 Investments, at fair value$423,807 $304,806 
Derivative contracts, at fair valueDerivative contracts, at fair value15,095 17,547 Derivative contracts, at fair value25,128 17,547 
Due from brokersDue from brokers42,257 109,169 Due from brokers59,298 109,169 
Cash and cash equivalentsCash and cash equivalents— — 
Interest and dividends receivableInterest and dividends receivable527 Interest and dividends receivable130 527 
Total assetsTotal assets427,928 432,049 Total assets508,363 432,049 
Liabilities and partners’ capitalLiabilities and partners’ capitalLiabilities and partners’ capital
LiabilitiesLiabilitiesLiabilities
Investments sold short, at fair valueInvestments sold short, at fair value(132,658)(159,382)Investments sold short, at fair value(154,504)(159,382)
Derivative contracts, at fair valueDerivative contracts, at fair value(14,737)(12,443)Derivative contracts, at fair value(5,232)(12,443)
Capital withdrawals payableCapital withdrawals payable(670)(75)Capital withdrawals payable(170)(75)
Due to brokersDue to brokers(5,299)(2,050)Due to brokers(21,347)(2,050)
Interest and dividends payableInterest and dividends payable(418)(760)Interest and dividends payable(1,008)(760)
Other liabilitiesOther liabilities(184)(159)Other liabilities(429)(159)
Total liabilitiesTotal liabilities(153,966)(174,869)Total liabilities(182,690)(174,869)
Net AssetsNet Assets$273,962 $257,180 Net Assets$325,673 $257,180 
GLRE Limited Partners’ share of Net AssetsGLRE Limited Partners’ share of Net Assets$196,060 $178,197 GLRE Limited Partners’ share of Net Assets$228,991 $178,197 


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Summarized Statement of Operations of Solasglas Investments, LP
Three months ended March 31Three months ended September 30Nine months ended September 30
202320222023202220232022
($ in thousands)($ in thousands)
Investment incomeInvestment incomeInvestment income
Dividend income (net of withholding taxes)Dividend income (net of withholding taxes)$627 $320 Dividend income (net of withholding taxes)$273 $305 $1,624 $928 
Interest incomeInterest income1,816 49 Interest income2,523 693 6,415 1,028 
Total Investment incomeTotal Investment income2,443 369 Total Investment income2,796 998 8,039 1,956 
ExpensesExpensesExpenses
Management feeManagement fee(1,068)(891)Management fee(1,238)(901)(3,469)(2,686)
InterestInterest(1,428)(256)Interest(2,380)(464)(5,387)(1,199)
DividendsDividends(419)(382)Dividends(659)(356)(1,871)(938)
Professional fees and otherProfessional fees and other(282)(264)Professional fees and other(507)(262)(1,396)(756)
Total expensesTotal expenses(3,197)(1,793)Total expenses(4,784)(1,983)(12,123)(5,579)
Net investment income (loss)Net investment income (loss)(754)(1,424)Net investment income (loss)(1,988)(985)(4,084)(3,623)
Realized and change in unrealized gains (losses)Realized and change in unrealized gains (losses)Realized and change in unrealized gains (losses)
Net realized gain (loss)Net realized gain (loss)(1,760)24,148 Net realized gain (loss)460 7,221 (2,145)58,196 
Net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation)Net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation)(1,033)(16,792)Net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation)(1,191)6,464 52,601 (17,027)
Net gain (loss) on investment transactionsNet gain (loss) on investment transactions(2,793)7,356 Net gain (loss) on investment transactions(731)13,685 50,456 41,169 
Net income (loss)Net income (loss)$(3,547)$5,932 Net income (loss)$(2,719)$12,700 $46,372 $37,546 
GLRE Limited Partners’ share of net income (loss) (1)
GLRE Limited Partners’ share of net income (loss) (1)
$(3,138)$4,077 
GLRE Limited Partners’ share of net income (loss) (1)
$(1,853)$8,521 $27,791 $24,474 

(1) Net income (loss) is net of management fees and performance allocation presented below:

Three months ended March 31Three months ended September 30Nine months ended September 30
202320222023202220232022
($ in thousands)($ in thousands)
Management feesManagement fees$1,068 $891 Management fees$1,238 $901 $3,469 $2,686 
Performance allocationPerformance allocation— 453 Performance allocation(206)$947 3,088 2,719 
TotalTotal$1,068 $1,344 Total$1,032 $1,848 $6,557 $5,405 

See Note 10 for further details on related party management fees and performance allocation.

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4. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS 
 
Private investments and unlisted equity securities without readily determinable fair values

At March 31,September 30, 2023, the Company included the following private investments and unlisted securities without readily determinable fair values in the caption “Other investments”:
CostUnrealized
gains
Unrealized
losses
Accrued interestFair value / carrying value
 ($ in thousands)
Private investments and unlisted equities$22,488 $42,461 $(2,265)$— $62,684 
Debt and convertible debt securities2,420 — — 58 2,478 
Certificates of deposit6,000 — — — 6,000 
Total other investments$30,908 $42,461 $(2,265)$58 $71,162 

The accrued interest on certificates of deposit was included in other assets at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
CostUnrealized
gains
Unrealized
losses
Accrued interestFair value / carrying value
 ($ in thousands)
Private investments and unlisted equities$26,702 $42,942 $(4,795)$— $64,849 
Debt and convertible debt securities2,676 — — 123 2,799 
Total other investments$29,378 $42,942 $(4,795)$123 $67,648 

At December 31, 2022, the Company included the following private investments and unlisted securities without readily determinable fair values in the caption “Other investments”:
CostUnrealized
gains
Unrealized
losses
Fair value / carrying value
 ($ in thousands)
Private investments and unlisted equities$22,787 $42,461 $(2,815)$62,433 
Debt and convertible debt securities1,846 — — 1,846 
Certificates of deposit6,000 — — 6,000 
Total other investments$30,633 $42,461 $(2,815)$70,279 

The following table presents the carrying values of the private investments and unlisted equity securities carried under the measurement alternative at March 31,September 30, 2023 and 2022, and the related adjustments recorded during the periods then ended.
Three months ended March 31Nine months ended September 30
2023202220232022
($ in thousands)($ in thousands)
Carrying value (1)
Carrying value (1)
$62,684 $54,312 
Carrying value (1)
$64,849 $61,081 
Upward carrying value changes (2)
Upward carrying value changes (2)
$— $3,827 
Upward carrying value changes (2)
$506 $11,260 
Downward carrying value changes and impairment (3)
Downward carrying value changes and impairment (3)
$(250)$— 
Downward carrying value changes and impairment (3)
$(2,780)$(1,676)

(1) The period-end carrying values reflect cumulative purchases and sales in addition to upward and downward carrying value changes.
(2) The cumulative upward carrying value changes from inception to March 31,September 30, 2023, totaled $42.9$43.4 million.
(3) The cumulative downward carrying value changes and impairments from inception to March 31,September 30, 2023, totaled $3.3$5.9 million.

During three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023, the Company realized a loss of $nil and $0.8 million, respectively, (three and nine months ended March 31,2022:September 30, 2022: $nil), and a corresponding reversal of unrealized loss relating to an investment which was previously fully impaired at December 31, 2022, resulting in no impact to the Company’s net income (loss) for the quarter.nine months ended September 30, 2023.

Fair Value Hierarchy

The fair value of a financial instrument is the amount that would be received in an asset sale or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between unaffiliated market participants. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are categorized based on the extent to which the inputs are observable in the market. The categorization of financial instruments within the valuation hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The hierarchy is prioritized into three levels (with Level 3 being the lowest) defined as follows:

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Level 1: Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the entity has the ability to access.
Level 2: Observable inputs other than prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated with observable market data.
Level 3: Unobservable inputs supported by little or no market activity and significant to the fair value of the assets and liabilities. The term “unobservable inputs” includes certain pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, and similar techniques.

Assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis

At March 31,September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company held $53.6$53.7 million and $53.6 million, respectively, of private investments and unlisted equities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. The Company classifies these assets as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. The following table summarizes the periods between the most recent fair value measurement dates and March 31,September 30, 2023, for the private and unlisted equities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis:

Less than 6 months6 to 12 monthsOver 1 yearTotal
($ in thousands)
Fair values measured on a nonrecurring basis$599 $24,451 $28,503 $53,553 
Less than 6 months6 to 12 monthsOver 1 yearTotal
($ in thousands)
Fair values measured on a nonrecurring basis$18,552 $602 $34,567 $53,721 

At March 31,September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company held $9.1$11.1 million and $8.9 million, respectively, of private investments and unlisted equities measured at cost.

Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis

At March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022,Derivative financial instruments

The Company uses interest rate swaps in connection with its risk management activities to hedge 50% of the Company did not carry any other investmentsinterest rate risk relating to the outstanding Term Loans (see Note 7). The interest rate swaps are carried at fair value with an assignedand are determined using a market approach valuation technique based on significant observable market inputs from third-party pricing vendors. Accordingly, the interest rates swaps are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy. These derivative instruments are not designated as accounting hedges under U.S. GAAP.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recognized unrealized gain for the above derivatives of $0.1 million, which are included in other assets in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, in interest expense in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations, and in net change in unrealized gains and losses on investments and derivatives in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

Investment in Related Party Investment Fund

The Company’s investment in the related party investment fund is measured at fair value using the net asset value practical expedient.Therefore, this investment is not classified within the fair value hierarchy. (See Note 3 for further details on the related party investment fund.)

During the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, there were no transfers between Level 2 and Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

Financial Instruments Disclosed, But Not Carried, at Fair Value

The caption “Convertible senior notes payable” represents financial instruments that the Company carries at amortized cost. The fair value of the convertible senior notes payable is estimated based on the bid price observed in an inactive market for the identical instrument (Level 2 input) (see Note 7).

The carrying value of debt and convertible debt securities within “Other Investments” (see “Private investments and unlisted equity securities without readily determinable fair values” above) and certificates of deposit with original maturities of one year or less approximates their fair values. The Company classifies these assets as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy.

The Term Loans (see Note 7) represent financial instruments that the Company carries at amortized cost. At September 30, 2023, the carrying values of the Term Loans approximate their fair values.


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5. LOSS AND LOSS ADJUSTMENT EXPENSE RESERVES

At March 31,September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, loss and loss adjustment expense reserves were composed of the following:
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022
 ($ in thousands)
Case reserves$195,957 $184,756 
IBNR399,842 370,712 
Total$595,799 $555,468 
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September 30, 2023December 31, 2022
 ($ in thousands)
Case reserves$190,121 $184,756 
IBNR468,113 370,712 
Total$658,234 $555,468 

A summary of changes in outstanding loss and loss adjustment expense reserves for all lines of business consolidated for the threenine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023 and 2022 is as follows: 
ConsolidatedConsolidated20232022Consolidated20232022
($ in thousands) ($ in thousands)
Gross balance at January 1Gross balance at January 1$555,468 $524,010 Gross balance at January 1$555,468 $524,010 
Less: Losses recoverableLess: Losses recoverable(13,239)(11,100)Less: Losses recoverable(13,239)(11,100)
Net balance at January 1Net balance at January 1542,229 512,910 Net balance at January 1542,229 512,910 
Incurred losses related to:Incurred losses related to:  Incurred losses related to:  
Current yearCurrent year84,687 95,082 Current year273,570 251,231 
Prior yearsPrior years12,038 2,325 Prior years10,502 1,558 
Total incurredTotal incurred96,725 97,407 Total incurred284,072 252,789 
Paid losses related to:Paid losses related to:  Paid losses related to:  
Current yearCurrent year(5,546)(9,903)Current year(41,026)(54,866)
Prior yearsPrior years(57,158)(59,901)Prior years(154,374)(160,094)
Total paidTotal paid(62,704)(69,804)Total paid(195,400)(214,960)
Foreign currency revaluationForeign currency revaluation2,622 (2,741)Foreign currency revaluation(858)(20,516)
Net balance at March 31578,872 537,772 
Net balance at September 30Net balance at September 30630,043 530,223 
Add: Losses recoverableAdd: Losses recoverable16,927 11,369 Add: Losses recoverable28,191 10,604 
Gross balance at March 31$595,799 $549,141 
Gross balance at September 30Gross balance at September 30$658,234 $540,827 

Estimates for Significant Catastrophe Events

At March 31,September 30, 2023, the Company’s net reserves for losses and loss expenses includedinclude estimated amounts for several catastrophe and weather-related events.events (“CAT loss”). The magnitude and complexityvolume of losses arising from certain of these events is inherently increase the level of uncertaintyuncertain and, accordingly, the level of management judgement involved in arriving at estimated net reserves for losses and loss expenses. Consequently,consequently, actual losses for these events may ultimately differ, potentially materially, from current management estimates.

During the threenine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023, the Company recognized catastrophe and weather-related losses,CAT loss, net of reinsurance, of $6.2$29.5 million related tofor current year CAT loss events, driven by the Turkey earthquake, theCyclone Gabrielle in New Zealand, Cyclone Gabrielle and the U.S. convectivesevere storms, that occurred duringMexican state-owned oil platform fire, and satellite losses. For the current quarter, coupled with $4.1 million of CAT losses relating to the 2022 Winter Storm Elliott for total CAT losses of $10.3 million (threenine months ended March 31, 2022: $17.9 million).September 30, 2022, the Company recognized CAT loss of $39.1 million driven by $13.6 million from the Russian-Ukrainian conflict and $19.5 million from hurricane Ian.

Prior Year Reserve Development

For the threenine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023, the estimate of net losses incurred relating to prior accident years increased by $12.0$10.5 million, primarily due to the following:

$4.131.3 million adverse loss development primarily due to reserve strengthening on legacy motor (predominantly 2021 underwriting year), homeowners (primarily deterioration relating to the 2022 Winter Storm Elliott as noted above;in December 2022), and workers’ compensation (2021 and prior underwriting years) contracts, coupled with a final claim settlement on a professional liability contract (2008 underwriting year).
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$9.8The adverse loss development was partially offset by $20.8 million of additional attritional losses driven mainly by $7.8 million on casualty contracts (mostly 2019favorable loss development from various prior years’ property catastrophe events and 2021better than expected loss emergence for marine and energy (predominantly 2020 and 2022 underwriting years), group medical (2022 and prior underwriting years) and $1.9 million on propertycyber contracts (mostly 2020 and(predominantly 2021 underwriting years)year).

These increases were partially offset by $1.9 million of loss reserve reduction on other lines of business (mostly 2021 and 2022 underwriting years).

For the threenine months ended March 31,September 30, 2022, the estimate of net losses incurred relating to prior accident years increased by $2.3$1.6 million, primarily due to the following:

$16.3 million reserve strengthening on motor and health business (2021-2021 underwriting years); a multi-line quota share program (2015, 2016-2019 underwriting years); marine and energy contracts (2020 underwriting year); and a cyber contract (2020 underwriting year).

Offsetting the above adverse loss development, the Company had favorable loss experience driven mostly by mortgage business (2018 underwriting year), excess of loss workers’ compensation contract (2020 underwriting year) as well as favorable CAT loss development relating to small catastrophe events (mainly 2020 and 2021 underwriting years) and COVID-19 (2020 underwriting year) based on a health contract and additional lossesupdated claims reporting received from the COVID-19 pandemic.cedents.


6. RETROCESSION
 
For the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023, the Company’s earned ceded premiums were $8.6$15.3 million and $35.2 million, respectively (three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2022: $1.2 million)$4.4 million and $8.4 million, respectively). For the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023, loss and loss adjustment expenses recovered and changes in losses recoverable were $6.2$9.1 million and $24.8 million, respectively (three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2022: $0.7 million)$2.5 million and $2.5 million, respectively).
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Retrocession contracts do not relieve the Company from its obligations to its cedents. Failure of retrocessionaires to honor their obligations could result in losses to the Company. At March 31,September 30, 2023, the Company’s loss reserves recoverable consisted of (i) $12.5$20.2 million (December 31, 2022: $9.5 million) recoverable from unrated retrocessionaires, of which $12.2$14.7 million (December 31, 2022: $9.2 million) were secured by cash, letters of credit and collateral held in trust accounts for the benefit of the Company and (ii) $4.5$8.1 million (December 31, 2022: $3.8 million) recoverable from retrocessionaires rated A- or above by A.M. Best.

The Company regularly evaluates its net credit exposure to assess the ability of the retrocessionaires to honor their respective obligations. At March 31,September 30, 2023, the Company had recorded anCompany’s allowance for expected credit losses of $62 thousandwas $0.1 million (December 31, 2022: $62 thousand)$0.1 million).

7. SENIOR CONVERTIBLE NOTESDEBT

The following table summarizes the Company’s debt.
September 30, 2023December 31, 2022
($ in thousands)
Term loans$75,000 $— 
Senior convertible notes— 79,610 
Total principal amount$75,000 $79,610 
Accrued interest payable700 1,331 
Less: deferred finance costs(821)(407)
Total debt$74,879 $80,534 









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Term Loans

On June 16, 2023, the Company entered into a Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with a group of banks (the “Banks”), for which CIBC Bank USA is acting as administrative agent (the “Administrative Agent”). The Credit Agreement provides, subject to certain customary conditions, for a delayed draw term loan facility (the “Facility”), in an aggregate amount of $75.0 million. Outstanding loans (“Term Loans”) under the Facility will (i) amortize in equal quarterly installments in an aggregate annual amount equal to 5.0% of the outstanding loans and (ii) accrue interest at a rate equal to an adjusted Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus 3.5% per annum. The Company posted $10.0 million of collateral as security for the Facility. The Facility matures on August 1, 2026.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company borrowed $75.0 million from the Facility, of which $63.4 million was used to repay all of the outstanding Convertible Senior Notes (see below), with the remaining proceeds for general corporate purposes. On August 31, 2023, the Company hedged 50% of the floating interest rate on the Term Loans (see Note 4). The interest rate on the outstanding Terms Loans was 8.9% at September 30, 2023.

The Company was in compliance with all covenants relating to the Facility at September 30, 2023.

Senior Convertible Notes

On August 7, 2018, the Company issued $100.0 million of senior unsecured convertible notes (the “Notes”“Convertible Notes”), which mature onwith a maturity date of August 1, 2023. The Convertible Notes bear interest at 4.0%, payable semiannually on February 1 and August 1 of each year beginning February 1, 2019. The conversion price was $17.19 per ordinary share of the Company.

Noteholders have the option, under certain conditions, to redeem the Notes prior to maturity. At March 31, 2023, the Company’s share price was lower than the conversion price of $17.19 per share. If a holder redeems the Notes,As noted above, the Company shall havefully repaid the option to settleremaining outstanding Convertible Notes on August 1, 2023, from the conversion obligation in cash, ordinary sharesproceeds of the Company, or a combination thereof pursuant to the terms of the indenture governing the Notes.
The Company’s effective borrowing rate for non-convertible debt at the time of issuance of the Notes was estimated to be 6.0%. The Company incurred issuance costs in connection with the issuance of the Notes. At March 31, 2023, the unamortized portion of these costs was $0.2 million (December 31, 2022: $0.4 million), which the Company expects to amortize through the maturity date.

new Term Loans.
During the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023 the Company repurchased and canceled $17.5$nil and $17.2 million of the Convertible Notes, respectively, resulting in realized gains of $nil and $0.3 million, respectively, which is included in Other“Other income (expense), net,net”, in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. The carrying valueAs noted above, the Company fully repaid the remaining outstanding Convertible Notes on August 1, 2023, from the proceeds of the Notes outstanding at March 31, 2023, including accrued interestnew Term Loans.
Financing Costs
The Company incurred $0.9 million of $0.4 million, was $62.4 million (December 31, 2022: $80.5 million). At March 31, 2023,issuance costs relating to the Company estimatedCredit Agreement, which are deferred and amortized through the fair valuematurity of the Notes (excluding accrued interest) to be $60.3 million (December 31, 2022: $77.1 million) (see Note 4 Financial Instruments).Facility. The remaining unamortized deferred finance costs are reported separately in the above table.

For the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023, the Company recognized interest expense of $0.8$1.6 million and $3.1 million, respectively (three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2022: $1.2 million),$1.1 million and $3.4 million, respectively) for the above total debt, which included the interest coupon, and the amortization of issuance costs.

The Company wascosts and the change in compliance with all covenants relating tofair value of the Notes at March 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022. At March 31, 2023, the Company had a remaining obligation for interest and principal payments of $63.4 million.

rate swap (see Note 4).


8. SHARE CAPITAL

The following table is a summary of the Company’s ordinary shares issued and outstanding:
Three months ended March 31Three months ended March 31Nine months ended September 30Nine months ended September 30
20232022 20232022
Class AClass BClass AClass BOrdinaryClass AClass BClass AClass B
Balance – beginning of periodBalance – beginning of period28,569,346 6,254,715 27,589,731 6,254,715 Balance – beginning of period— 28,569,346 6,254,715 27,589,731 6,254,715 
Issue of ordinary shares, net of forfeitures438,617 — 876,785 — 
Repurchase of ordinary shares— — — — 
Issue of shares, net of forfeituresIssue of shares, net of forfeitures65,394 447,952 — 984,548 — 
Repurchase of sharesRepurchase of shares— — — (4,933)— 
Re-designate Class B to Class A sharesRe-designate Class B to Class A shares— 6,254,715 (6,254,715)— — 
Reclassify Class A to Ordinary sharesReclassify Class A to Ordinary shares35,272,013 (35,272,013)— — — 
Balance – end of periodBalance – end of period29,007,963 6,254,715 28,466,516 6,254,715 Balance – end of period35,337,407 — — 28,569,346 6,254,715 

Under the $25.0 million share repurchase plan approved by the Board, expiring on June 30, 2023, the Company repurchased no Class A ordinary shares during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022. All Class A ordinary shares repurchased are canceled immediately upon repurchase. On May 2, 2023, the Board of Directors re-approved the share
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On May 2, 2023, the Board of Directors re-approved the share repurchase plan effective from July 1, 2023 until June 30, 2024, authorizing the Company to repurchase up to $25.0 million of Class A ordinaryOrdinary shares or securities convertible into Class A ordinaryOrdinary shares in the open market, through privately negotiated transactions or Rule 10b5-1 stock trading plans. Any shares repurchased are canceled immediately upon repurchase.

UnderOn July 25, 2023, at the Company’s stock incentive plan (see Note 9),Annual General Meeting the numbershareholders approved the re-designation of Class B ordinary shares as Class A ordinary shares, authorized for issuance is 8.0 million shares. At March 31, 2023, 1,387,727 (December 31, 2022: 2,011,426)and then reclassified Class A ordinary shares remained available for future issuance underas “Ordinary shares,” resulting in the Company’s stock incentive plan. The Compensation Committeeelimination of the Board of Directors administers the stock incentive plan. dual-class share structure.

9. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
 
Employee and Director Restricted Shares

The following table summarizes the activity for unvested outstanding restricted share awards during the threenine months ended March 31, 2023:September 30, 2023 and 2022:

Performance Restricted SharesService Restricted SharesPerformance Restricted SharesService Restricted Shares
Number of
non-vested
restricted
 shares
Weighted
 average
grant date
fair value
Number of
non-vested
restricted
 shares
Weighted
 average
grant date
fair value
Number of
non-vested
restricted
 shares
Weighted
 average
grant date
fair value
Number of
non-vested
restricted
 shares
Weighted
 average
grant date
fair value
Balance at December 31, 2021Balance at December 31, 2021193,149 $10.10 753,407 $8.68 Balance at December 31, 2021193,149 $10.10 753,407 $8.68 
GrantedGranted601,213 6.82 248,659 6.82 Granted601,213 6.82 356,422 7.02 
VestedVested— — (122,233)10.84 Vested— — (197,002)10.06 
ForfeitedForfeited— — (8,476)7.67 Forfeited— — (8,476)7.67 
Balance at March 31, 2022794,362 $7.62 871,357 $7.86 
Balance at September 30, 2022Balance at September 30, 2022794,362 $7.62 904,351 $7.73 
Balance at December 31, 2022Balance at December 31, 2022794,362 $7.62 832,896 $7.76 Balance at December 31, 2022794,362 $7.62 832,896 $7.76 
GrantedGranted357,766 9.85 152,001 9.85 Granted357,766 9.85 242,957 10.22 
VestedVested— — (256,243)6.75 Vested— — (364,006)6.96 
ForfeitedForfeited(99,428)9.62 (49,417)8.64 Forfeited(109,105)9.37 (55,967)8.43 
Balance at March 31, 20231,052,700 $8.19 679,237 $8.54 
Balance at September 30, 2023Balance at September 30, 20231,043,023 $8.20 655,880 $9.05 

On July 25, 2023, at the Company’s Annual General Meeting the shareholders approved the Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. 2023 Omnibus Incentive Plan, or the 2023 Incentive Plan. The 2023 Incentive Plan replaces the Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. Amended and Restated 2004 Stock Incentive Plan, or the 2004 Stock Incentive Plan, and its subsequent amendments. As a result, the 2004 Stock Incentive Plan share reserve was transferred to the 2023 Incentive Plan and any forfeitures under the 2004 Stock Incentive Plan will become available for grant under the 2023 Incentive Plan. Further, the shareholders approved to increase the maximum number of ordinary shares for which awards may be granted by 2 million ordinary shares. At September 30, 2023, 3,296,771 (December 31, 2022: 2,011,426) Ordinary shares remained available for future issuance under the Company’s 2023 Incentive Plan. The Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors administers the stock incentive plan.

For the threenine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023, the Company issued 587,462 (threegranted 535,329 (nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2022: 849,872) Class A ordinaryrestricted shares to employees pursuant to the Company’s stock incentive plan. The restricted shares granted to employees in 2023 and 2022 include (i) restricted shares with both performance and service-based vesting conditions (“Performance RSs”) and (ii) restricted shares with only service-based vesting conditions (“Service RSs”). The Service RSs vest evenly each year on January 1, subject to the grantee’s continued service with the Company. If performance goals are achieved, the Performance RSs will cliff vest at the end of a three-year performance period within a range of 25% and 100% of the awarded Performance RSs, with a target of 50%. During the vesting period, the holder of the Service RSs and Performance RSs retains voting rights but is entitled to any dividends declared by the Company only upon vesting.

For the threenine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023, the total fair valueCompany granted 65,394 (nine months ended September 30, 2022: 107,763) restricted Ordinary shares to non-employees directors as part of their remuneration for services to the Company. These restricted shares vested was $1.7 million (three months ended March 31, 2022: $1.3 million).

contain similar restrictions to those issued to employees. They will vest on the earlier of (i) the first anniversary of the date of the share issuance and (ii) the Company’s next annual general meeting, subject to the grantee’s
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continued service with the Company. During the vesting period, non-employee directors holding these restricted shares retain voting rights and are entitled to any dividends declared by the Company only upon vesting.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the total fair value of restricted shares vested was $2.5 million (nine months ended September 30, 2022: $2.0 million).

Employee Restricted Stock Units

The following table summarizes the activity for unvested outstanding restricted stock units (“RSUs”) during the threenine months ended March 31, 2023:September 30, 2023 and 2022:
Performance Restricted Stock UnitsService Restricted Stock UnitsPerformance Restricted Stock UnitsService Restricted Stock Units
Number of
non-vested
RSUs
Weighted
 average
grant date
fair value
Number of
non-vested
RSUs
Weighted
 average
grant date
fair value
Number of
non-vested
RSUs
Weighted
 average
grant date
fair value
Number of
non-vested
RSUs
Weighted
 average
grant date
fair value
Balance at December 31, 2021Balance at December 31, 2021— $— 154,134 $8.59 
GrantedGranted105,008 6.82 54,207 6.82 
VestedVested— — (35,389)10.84 
ForfeitedForfeited— — — — 
Balance at September 30, 2022Balance at September 30, 2022105,008 6.82 172,952 7.58 
Balance at December 31, 2022Balance at December 31, 2022105,008 $6.82 172,952 $7.58 Balance at December 31, 2022105,008 $6.82 172,952 $7.58 
GrantedGranted71,121 9.85 42,811 9.85 Granted71,121 9.85 42,811 9.85 
VestedVested— — (77,695)6.74 Vested— — (77,695)6.74 
ForfeitedForfeited— — (1,788)7.82 Forfeited— — (1,788)7.82 
Balance at March 31, 2023176,129 $8.04 136,280 $8.76 
Balance at September 30, 2023Balance at September 30, 2023176,129 $8.04 136,280 $8.76 

For the threenine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023, the Company granted 113,932 (three(nine months ended March 31,2022:September 30, 2022: 159,215) RSUs to employees pursuant to the Company’s stock incentive plan. The RSUs include (i) RSUs with both performance and service-based vesting conditions (“Performance RSUs”) and (ii) RSUs with only service-based vesting conditions (“Service RSUs”). The Service RSUs vest evenly each year on January 1, subject to the grantee’s continued service with the Company. If performance goals are achieved, the Performance RSUs will cliff vest at the end of a three-year performance period within a range of 25% and 100% of the awarded Performance RSUs, with a target of 50%. Prior to 2022, the RSUs issued to employees cliff vested three years after the date of issuance, subject to the grantee’s continued service with the Company.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company issued 77,695 ordinary shares for the vested RSUs.

Stock Compensation Expense

For the threenine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023 and 2022, the combined stock compensation expense (net of forfeitures) which was included in the caption “General and administrative expenses” in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations was $1.0$3.5 million and $1.0$3.3 million, respectively.

10. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS 
 
Investment Advisory Agreement
 
Each of DME, DME II, and DME Advisors is an affiliate of the Chairman and, therefore, is a related party to the Company.

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The Company has entered into the SILP LPA (as described in Note 3 of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements). DME II receives a performance allocation equal to (with capitalized terms having the meaning provided under the SILP LPA) (a) 10% of the portion of the Positive Performance Change for each limited partner’s capital account that is less than or equal to the positive balance in such limited partner’s Carryforward Account, plus (b) 20% of the portion of the Positive Performance Change for each limited partner’s capital account that exceeds the positive balance in such limited partner’s Carryforward Account. The Carryforward Account for Greenlight Re and GRIL includes the amount of investment losses to be recouped, including any loss generated on the assets invested in SILP, subject to adjustments for redemptions. The loss carry-forward provision in the SILP LPA allows DME II to earn a reduced performance allocation of 10% of profits in years subsequent to any year in which SILP has incurred a loss until all losses are recouped, and an additional amount equal to 150% of the loss is earned.

In accordance with the SILP LPA, DME Advisors constructs a levered investment portfolio as agreed by the Company (the “Investment Portfolio”, as defined in the SILP LPA). On September 1, 2018, SILP entered into the IAA with DME Advisors, which entitles DME Advisors to a monthly management fee equal to 0.125% (1.5% on an annual basis) of each limited partner’s Investment Portfolio. The IAA has an initial term ending on August 31, 2023, subject to an automatic extension for successive three-year terms.

For a detailed breakdown of management fees and performance compensation for the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023 and 2022 refer to(see Note 3 of the condensed consolidated financial statements.3).
 
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Pursuant to the SILP LPA and the IAA, the Company has agreed to indemnify DME, DME II, and DME Advisors for any expense, loss, liability, or damage arising out of any claim asserted or threatened in connection with DME Advisors serving as the Company’s or SILP’s investment advisor. The Company will reimburse DME, DME II, and DME Advisors for reasonable costs and expenses of investigating and defending such claims, provided such claims were not caused due to gross negligence, breach of contract, or misrepresentation by DME, DME II, or DME Advisors. The Company incurred no indemnification amounts during the periods presented.

Green Brick Partners, Inc.

David Einhorn also serves as the Chairman of the Board of Directors of Green Brick Partners, Inc. (“GRBK”), a publicly-traded company. At March 31,September 30, 2023, SILP, along with certain affiliates of DME Advisors, collectively owned 37.9%29.1% of the issued and outstanding common shares of GRBK. Under applicable securities laws, DME Advisors may sometimes be limited in its ability to trade GRBK shares held in SILP. At March 31,September 30, 2023, SILP held 2.7 million shares of GRBK.

Service Agreement
 
The Company has entered into a service agreement with DME Advisors, pursuant to which DME Advisors provides certain investor relations services to the Company for compensation of five thousand dollars per month (plus expenses). The agreement automatically renews annually until terminated by either the Company or DME Advisors for any reason with 30 days prior written notice to the other party. 

Collateral Assets Investment Management Agreement

Effective January 1, 2019, the Company (and its subsidiaries) entered into a collateral assets investment management agreement (the “CMA”) with DME Advisors, pursuant to which DME Advisors manages certain assets of the Company that are not subject to the SILP LPA and are held by the Company to provide collateral required by the cedents in the form of trust accounts and letters of credit. In accordance with the CMA, DME Advisors receives no fees and is required to comply with the collateral investment guidelines. The CMA can be terminated by any of the parties upon 30 days’ prior written notice to the other parties.

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11. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES 
 
Letters of Credit and Trusts
 
At March 31,September 30, 2023, the Company had the following committed letter of credit facility:
Maximum Facility LimitTermination DateNotice period required for termination
 ($ in thousands)  
Citibank Europe plc$275,000 August 20, 20232024120 days before the termination date

There was no amendment to the above credit facility since December 31, 2022.

In addition, the Company has a $14.0 million uncommitted letter of credit facility with Citibank Europe plc.

At March 31,September 30, 2023, an aggregate amount of $282.3$268.2 million (December 31, 2022: $203.9 million) in letters of credit was issued under both the committed and uncommitted credit facilities. At March 31,September 30, 2023, the Company had pledged total cash and cash equivalents with a fair value in the aggregate of $283.1$269.0 million (December 31, 2022: $204.7 million) as collateral against the letters of credit issued and included in the caption “Restricted cash and cash equivalents” in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company was in compliance with all the covenants of these facilities at March 31,September 30, 2023.

The Company has also established regulatory trust arrangements for certain cedents. At March 31,September 30, 2023, collateral of $343.2$342.0 million (December 31, 2022: $463.7 million) was provided to cedents in the form of regulatory trust accounts and included in the caption “Restricted cash and cash equivalents” in the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets.

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Litigation

From time to time, in the ordinary course of business, the Company may be involved in formal and informal dispute resolution procedures, which may include arbitration or litigation. The outcomes of these procedures determine the rights and obligations under the Company’s reinsurance contracts and other contractual agreements. In some disputes, the Company may seek to enforce its rights under an agreement or collect funds owed. In other matters, the Company may resist attempts by others to collect funds or enforce alleged rights. While the Company cannot predict the outcome of legal disputes with certainty, the Company does not believe that any existing dispute, when finally resolved, will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, financial condition, or operating results.

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12. SEGMENT REPORTING
 
The Company has one operating segment, Property & Casualty (Re)insurance.

The following tables provide a breakdown of the Company’s gross premiums written by line and class of business, and by geographic area of risks insured for the periods indicated:


Gross Premiums Written by Line of Business
 Three months ended March 31  Three months ended September 30Nine months ended September 30
202320222023202220232022
 ($ in thousands)  ($ in thousands)($ in thousands)
PropertyPropertyProperty
CommercialCommercial$14,598 7.8 %$3,986 2.7 %Commercial$16,105 8.8 %$2,146 1.4 %$45,236 8.6 %$8,648 2.0 %
MotorMotor232 0.1 1,446 1.0 Motor122 0.1 206 0.1 706 0.1 768 0.2 
PersonalPersonal15,542 8.3 13,103 9.0 Personal16,713 9.1 17,669 11.4 48,718 9.3 49,425 11.3 
Total PropertyTotal Property30,372 16.2 18,535 12.7 Total Property32,940 18.0 20,021 12.9 94,660 18.0 58,841 13.5 
CasualtyCasualtyCasualty
General LiabilityGeneral Liability19,516 10.5 10,005 6.9 General Liability31,325 17.1 13,798 8.9 79,401 15.1 40,523 9.3 
Motor LiabilityMotor Liability5,599 3.0 5,109 3.5 Motor Liability2,917 1.6 565 0.4 11,223 2.1 4,061 0.9 
Professional LiabilityProfessional Liability3,647 2.0 141 0.1 Professional Liability3,206 1.8 242 0.2 9,478 1.8 496 0.1 
Workers' CompensationWorkers' Compensation3,159 1.7 9,920 6.8 Workers' Compensation4,484 2.4 7,216 4.6 11,542 2.2 25,504 5.9 
Multi-lineMulti-line63,283 33.9 53,094 36.4 Multi-line67,032 36.6 69,419 44.7 172,916 33.0 177,647 40.8 
Total CasualtyTotal Casualty95,204 51.1 78,269 53.7 Total Casualty108,964 59.5 91,240 58.8 284,560 54.2 248,231 57.0 
OtherOtherOther
Accident & HealthAccident & Health2,476 1.3 1,894 1.3 Accident & Health1,695 0.9 5,879 3.8 6,184 1.2 10,377 2.4 
FinancialFinancial22,538 12.1 21,036 14.4 Financial17,059 9.3 20,065 12.9 48,406 9.2 56,481 12.9 
MarineMarine8,568 4.6 8,399 5.7 Marine3,973 2.2 4,675 3.0 23,967 4.6 18,425 4.2 
Other SpecialtyOther Specialty27,297 14.7 17,753 12.2 Other Specialty18,443 10.1 13,266 8.6 66,695 12.8 43,457 10.0 
Total OtherTotal Other60,879 32.7 49,082 33.6 Total Other41,170 22.5 43,885 28.3 145,252 27.8 128,740 29.5 
$186,455 100.0 %$145,886 100.0 %$183,074 100.0 %$155,146 100.0 %$524,472 100.0 %$435,812 100.0 %

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Gross Premiums Written by Geographic Area of Risks Insured
Three months ended March 31 Three months ended September 30Nine months ended September 30
202320222023202220232022
($ in thousands) ($ in thousands)($ in thousands)
U.S. and CaribbeanU.S. and Caribbean$69,852 37.5 %$76,037 52.1 %U.S. and Caribbean$77,274 42.2 %$72,105 46.5 %$206,714 39.4 %$224,324 51.5 %
Worldwide (1)
Worldwide (1)
106,262 57.0 66,271 45.4 
Worldwide (1)
88,037 48.1 79,512 51.3 269,430 51.4 196,197 45.0 
Europe(2)Europe(2)3,427 1.8 2,874 2.0 Europe(2)1,868 1.0 (1,797)(1.2)8,936 1.7 2,962 0.7 
AsiaAsia6,914 3.7 704 0.5 Asia15,895 8.7 5,326 3.4 39,392 7.5 12,329 2.8 
$186,455 100.0 %$145,886 100.0 %$183,074 100.0 %$155,146 100.0 %$524,472 100.0 %$435,812 100.0 %
(1) “Worldwide” is composed of contracts that reinsure risks in more than one geographic area and may include risks in the U.S. 

(2)
The negative balance represents the reversal of premiums due to premium adjustments, termination of contracts, or premium returned upon novation or commutation of contracts.

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Item 2.    MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
 
References to “we,” “us,” “our,” “our company,”  or “the Company” refer to Greenlight Capital Re, Ltd. (“GLRE”) and its wholly-owned subsidiaries unless the context dictates otherwise. See Item 1, Note 1 of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for list of our wholly-owned subsidiaries. References to our “ordinary shares” refer collectively to our Ordinary, Class A ordinary sharesOrdinary, and Class B ordinaryOrdinary shares.
 
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes, which appear in our Annual Report on2022 Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.10-K.

The following is a discussion and analysis of our results of operations for the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023 and 2022 and financial condition at March 31,September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
  
Special Note About Forward-Looking Statements
Certain statements in Management’s Discussion and Analysis, other than purely historical information, including estimates, projections, statements relating to our business plans, objectives, and expected operating results, and the assumptions upon which those statements are based, are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended , and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These forward-looking statements generally are identified by the words “believe,” “project,” “predict,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “may,” “should,” “will,” “would,” “will be,” “will continue,” “will likely result,” and similar expressions. Forward-looking statements are based on current expectations and assumptions that are subject to risks and uncertainties, which may cause actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause our actual results and financial condition to differ materially from those indicated in the forward-looking statements include, among others, the following:
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Our results of operations fluctuate from period to period and may not be indicative of our long-term prospects.
The impact of general economic, capital and credit market conditions, including banking sector instability, financial market illiquidity and fluctuations in interest rates, equity securities’ prices and/or foreign currency exchange rates.
A downgrade or withdrawal of our A.M. Best ratings would materially and adversely affect our ability to implement our business strategy.
Any suspension or revocation of any of our licenses would materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Our investment performance depends in part on the performance of SILP and may suffer as a result of adverse financial market developments or other factors that impact SILP’s liquidity, which could materially and adversely affect our investment results, financial condition and results of operations.
The carry values of our Innovations investments may differ significantly from those that would be used if we carried these investments at fair value.
Our level of debt may have an adverse impact on our liquidity, restrict our current and future operations, particularly our ability to respond to business opportunities, and increase our vulnerability to adverse economic and industry conditions.
Greenlight Capital Re, Greenlight Re and/or GRIL may be subject to United States federal income taxation.
The other matters set forth in the section entitled “Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors” contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, as filed with the SEC on March 8, 2023.
We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether due to new information, future events, or otherwise. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements, which speak only to the dates they were made.

We intend to communicate certain events that we believe may have a material adverse impact on our operations or financial position, including property and casualty catastrophic events and material losses in our investment portfolio, in a timely manner through a public announcement. Other than as required by the Exchange Act, we do not intend to make public announcements regarding reinsurance or investment events that we do not believe, based on management’s estimates and current information, will have a material adverse impact on our operations or financial position.OVERVIEW

GeneralBusiness Overview

We are a global specialty property and casualty (re)insurer headquartered in the Cayman Islands, with an underwriting and investment strategy that we believe differentiates us from most of our competitors. Our goal is to build long-term shareholder value by providing risk management solutions to the insurance, reinsurance, and other risk marketplaces. We focus on delivering risk solutions to clients and brokers who value our expertise, analytics, and customer service offerings.
 
We aim to complement our underwriting activities with a non-traditional investment approach designed to achieve higher rates of return over the long term than reinsurance companies that exclusively employ more traditional investment strategies. Our investment portfolio is managed according to a value-oriented philosophy, in which our investment advisor takes long positions in perceived undervalued securities and short positions in perceived overvalued securities.

Through Greenlight Re Innovations (“Innovations”), we support technology innovators in the (re)insurance market by providing investment capital, risk capacity, and access to a broad insurance network.

Because we seek to capitalize on favorable market conditions and opportunities, period-to-period comparisons of our underwriting results may not be meaningful. Also, our historical investment results are not necessarily indicative of future performance. Due to the nature of our reinsurance and investment strategies, our operating results will likely fluctuate from period to period.

The Company’s reinsurance subsidiaries hold an A.M. Best Financial Strength Rating of A- (Excellent) with a stable outlook.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements contain certain amounts that are inherently subjective and have required management to make assumptions and best estimates to determine reported values. If certain factors, including those described in “Part II. Item 1A. Risk Factors” included in our Annual Reportoutlook, which was re-affirmed by A.M. Best on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, as filed with the SEC on March 8, 2023, cause actual events or results to differ materially from our underlying assumptions or estimates. In that case, there could be a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity. The most significant estimates relate to: premium revenues and risk transfer, loss and loss adjustment expense reserves, investment impairments, allowances for credit losses, and share-based compensation.

We believe that the critical accounting estimates discussion in “Part II. Item 7. — Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results on Operations” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 continues to describe the significant estimates and judgments included in the preparation of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

At March 31, 2023, there were no recently issued accounting pronouncements that we have not yet adopted that we expect could have a material impact on our results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity.

Segments
We have one operating segment, Property & Casualty (Re)insurance, and we analyze our business based on the following categories:
Property
Casualty
Other

Property business covers personal lines, commercial lines exposures and automobile physical damage. Property business includes both catastrophe and non-catastrophe coverage.

Casualty business covers general liability, motor liability, professional liability, and workers’ compensation exposures. The Company’s multi-line business includes the Funds at Lloyd’s business. As our Lloyd’s syndicate contracts incorporate property (including incidental catastrophe), casualty, and other exposures, we categorize them as multi-line (and therefore casualty) business. However, these contracts are composed of primarily short-tailed risks.

Other business covers accident and health, financial (including transactional liability, mortgage insurance, surety, and trade credit), marine, energy, as well as other specialty business such as aviation, crop, cyber, political, and terrorism exposures.September 29, 2023.

Outlook and Trends

We operate in a business where we expect volatility in our underwriting results. Duringresult. In 2023, we have witnessed one of the costliest on record for U.S. severe storms, which contributed to our CAT losses during the first half of the year. In the third quarter we incurred additional CAT losses from a Mexican state-owned oil platform fire and two satellite loss events. Accordingly, our CAT incurred losses were $13.1 million and $29.5 million, net of reinsurance, for the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023, we incurred losses from catastrophe and weather-related events (herein referred as “CAT” losses) of $10.3 million from Cyclone Gabrielle, the Turkey earthquake, the U.S. convective storms in 2023, and Winter Storm Elliott in December 2022. As noted below, these loss trends have led to improved pricing at the January 1st and April 1st renewal seasons.respectively.

The ongoing Russian-Ukrainian conflict has resulted in continued financial and economic sanctions imposed by the U.S., United Kingdom, European Union, and other countries, which have caused significant disruption in the global economy and have increased economic and geopolitical uncertainty. If this conflict is prolonged, we and other reinsurers may incur additional losses in future periods.

While there are signs thatthe global inflationary pressures may be abating, thishave abated from their recent highs, we believe inflation continues to be a significant concern towithin the (re)insurance industry, as it can add uncertainty to the cost of claims, particularly for classes of business with long payout tails. As a result, it creates pricing challenges for new business and valuation challenges in claims reserves. We continue to manage these concerns and risks in multiple ways:

Our underwriting strategy focuses on relatively short-tailed business, which is inherently less exposed to inflation than long-tailed lines. We estimate the payout duration of our existing reserves at less than three years.
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We incorporate inflation assumptions in all our pricing and reassess these assumptions frequently.
We are minimizing our exposure to classes that are experiencing severe supply-chain-driven inflation.

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The rising interest rate environment has had a mixed impact on our financial results. Our term loan is partially exposed to fluctuations in the SOFR interest rate. While in 2022 we experienced losses driven by fixed-income securities held by the Lloyd’s syndicates in which we participate, we have seen a reversal of this in 2023 as maturing fixed-income securities are reinvested at higher yields. In addition, the higher interest rates have improved the yield on our restricted cash and cash equivalents. To the extent interest rates continue to increase, we expect to see these trends continue. The SILP portfolio is positioned to also benefit from rising interest rates and an inflationary environment.

The combination of the recent significant loss events, continued social inflation, and rising interest rates led to a significant reduction in the amount of reinsurance capital available for deployment, which in turn has led to attractive market conditions that we consider more favorable than any we have experienced in more than a decade. Thefor 2023. We expect these conditions to continue into the 2024 January 1 renewal season saw widespread pricing improvements inrenewals. We are also encouraged by the aviation, war and terror, and marine classes and even higher increases in property catastrophe rates. These short-tailed specialty and property catastrophe classes represent a significant portiongrowth of our 2023 business plan. For the three months ended March 31, 2023, we grew our property line by 63.9% over the same quarter in 2022 to $30.4 million (representing 16.3% of total gross premiums written). Elsewhere in ourinnovations portfolio average percentage rate improvements were in the single digits.

Additionally, weand continue to be encouraged byfind innovative ways to foster our Innovations unit, whose central objective is to enhance our underwriting return and risk profile by establishing a range of strategic partnerships. Our Innovations-related premiums, including premiums written by Syndicate 3456, grew by 57.2% for three months ended March 31, 2023 over the same quarter in 2022, and accounted for approximately 14.9%insurtech partnerships as part of our net premiums written for the three months ended March 31, 2023. We see the potential for continued growth from Innovations-derived underwriting opportunities in 2023.long term strategy.

Key Financial Measures and Non-GAAP Measures

Management uses certain key financial measures, some of which are not prescribed under U.S. GAAP rules and standards (“non-GAAP financial measures”), to evaluate our financial performance, financial position, and the change in shareholder value. Generally, a non-GAAP financial measure, as defined in SEC Regulation G, is a numerical measure of a company’s historical or future financial performance, financial position, or cash flows that either excludes or includes amounts that are not normally excluded or included in the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented under U.S. GAAP. We believe that these measures, which may be calculated or defined differently by other companies, provide consistent and comparable metrics of our business performance to help shareholders understand performance trends and facilitate a more thorough understanding of the Company’s business. Non-GAAP financial measures should not be viewed as substitutes for those determined under U.S. GAAP.

The non-GAAP financial measures used in this report are:
Basic book value per share and fully diluted book value per share; and
Net underwriting income (loss)

These non-GAAP financial measures are described below.

Basic Book Value Per Share and Fully Diluted Book Value Per Share

We believe that long-term growth in fully diluted book value per share is the most relevant measure of our financial performance because it provides management and investors a yardstick to monitor the shareholder value generated. Fully diluted book value per share may also help our investors, shareholders, and other interested parties form a basis of comparison with other companies within the property and casualty reinsurance industry. Basic book value per share and fully diluted book value per share should not be viewed as substitutes for the comparable U.S. GAAP measures.

We calculate basic book value per share as (a) ending shareholders' equity, divided by (b) aggregate of Class A and Class B ordinary shares issued and outstanding, including all unvested service-based restricted shares, and the earned portion of performance-based restricted shares granted after December 31, 2021. We exclude shares potentially issuable in connection with convertible notes if the conversion price exceeds the share price. We repaid all outstanding convertible notes on August 1, 2023 without issuing any shares.

Fully diluted book value per share represents basic book value per share combined with any dilutive impact of in-the-money stock options, unvested service-based RSUs, and the earned portion of unvested performance-based RSUs granted. Fully diluted book value per share also includes the dilutive effect, if any, of ordinary shares expected to be issued upon settlement of the convertible notes.

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Our primary financial goal is to increase fully diluted book value per share over the long term. We use fully diluted book value per share as a financial measure in our annual incentive compensation.

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The following table presents a reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measures basic and fully diluted book value per share to the most comparable U.S. GAAP measure:
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022September 30, 2022June 30, 2022March 31, 2022September 30, 2023June 30, 2023March 31, 2023December 31, 2022September 30, 2022
  ($ in thousands, except per share and share amounts)   ($ in thousands, except per share and share amounts)
Numerator for basic and fully diluted book value per share:Numerator for basic and fully diluted book value per share: Numerator for basic and fully diluted book value per share: 
Total equity (U.S. GAAP) (numerator for basic and fully diluted book value per share)Total equity (U.S. GAAP) (numerator for basic and fully diluted book value per share)$510,041 $503,120 $466,952 $484,293 $468,407 Total equity (U.S. GAAP) (numerator for basic and fully diluted book value per share)$575,865 $561,121 $510,041 $503,120 $466,952 
Denominator for basic and fully diluted book value per share: (1)
Denominator for basic and fully diluted book value per share: (1)
Denominator for basic and fully diluted book value per share: (1)
Ordinary shares issued and outstanding as presented in the Company’s consolidated balance sheetsOrdinary shares issued and outstanding as presented in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets35,262,67834,824,06134,824,06134,721,23134,721,231Ordinary shares issued and outstanding as presented in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets35,337,40735,272,01335,262,67834,824,06134,824,061
Less: Unearned performance-based restricted shares granted after December 31, 2021Less: Unearned performance-based restricted shares granted after December 31, 2021(851,828)(516,489)(539,161)(560,927)(581,593)Less: Unearned performance-based restricted shares granted after December 31, 2021(785,003)(820,156)(851,828)(516,489)(539,161)
Denominator for basic book value per shareDenominator for basic book value per share34,410,85034,307,57234,284,90034,160,30434,139,638Denominator for basic book value per share34,552,40434,451,85734,410,85034,307,57234,284,900
Add: In-the-money stock options, service-based RSUs granted, and earned performance-based RSUs grantedAdd: In-the-money stock options, service-based RSUs granted, and earned performance-based RSUs granted157,431187,750183,790179,988176,379Add: In-the-money stock options, service-based RSUs granted, and earned performance-based RSUs granted171,150164,116157,431187,750183,790
Denominator for fully diluted book value per shareDenominator for fully diluted book value per share34,568,28134,495,32234,468,69034,340,29234,316,017Denominator for fully diluted book value per share34,723,55434,615,97334,568,28134,495,32234,468,690
Basic book value per shareBasic book value per share$14.82 $14.66 $13.62 $14.18 $13.72 Basic book value per share$16.67 $16.29 $14.82 $14.66 $13.62 
Increase (decrease) in basic book value per share ($)Increase (decrease) in basic book value per share ($)$0.16 $1.04 $(0.56)$0.46 $(0.33)Increase (decrease) in basic book value per share ($)$0.38 $1.47 $0.16 $1.04 $(0.56)
Increase (decrease) in basic book value per share (%)Increase (decrease) in basic book value per share (%)1.1 %7.6 %(3.9)%3.4 %(2.3)%Increase (decrease) in basic book value per share (%)2.3 %9.9 %1.1 %7.6 %(3.9)%
Fully diluted book value per shareFully diluted book value per share$14.75 $14.59 $13.55 $14.10 $13.65 Fully diluted book value per share$16.58 $16.21 $14.75 $14.59 $13.55 
Increase (decrease) in fully diluted book value per share ($)Increase (decrease) in fully diluted book value per share ($)$0.16 $1.04 $(0.55)$0.45 $(0.34)Increase (decrease) in fully diluted book value per share ($)$0.37 $1.46 $0.16 $1.04 $(0.55)
Increase (decrease) in fully diluted book value per share (%)Increase (decrease) in fully diluted book value per share (%)1.1 %7.7 %(3.9)%3.3 %(2.4)%Increase (decrease) in fully diluted book value per share (%)2.3 %9.9 %1.1 %7.7 %(3.9)%

(1) For periods prior to January 1, 2022, all unvested restricted shares are included in the “basic” and “fully diluted” denominators. Restricted shares with performance-based vesting conditions granted after December 31, 2021, are included in the “basic” and “fully diluted” denominators to the extent that the Company has recognized the corresponding share-based compensation expense. At March 31,September 30, 2023, the aggregate number of unearned restricted shares with performance conditions not included in the “basic” and “fully diluted” denominators was 947,492 (June 30, 2023: 982,645, March 31, 2023: 1,014,317, (DecemberDecember 31, 2022: 709,638, September 30, 2022: 732,310, June 30, 2022: 754,076, March 31, 2022: 774,742)732,310).


Net Underwriting Income (Loss)

One way that we evaluate the Company’s underwriting performance is by measuring net underwriting income (loss). We do not use premiums written as a measure of performance. Net underwriting income (loss) is a performance measure used by management to evaluate the fundamentals underlying the Company’s underwriting operations. We believe that the use of net underwriting income (loss) enables investors and other users of the Company’s financial information to analyze our performance in a manner similar to how management analyzes performance. Management also believes this measure follows industry practice and allows the users of financial information to compare the Company’s performance with that of our industry peer group.

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Net underwriting income (loss) is considered a non-GAAP financial measure because it excludes items used to calculate net income before taxes under U.S. GAAP. We calculate net underwriting income (loss) as net premiums earned plus other income relating to reinsurance and deposit-accounted contracts, less deposit interest expense, less net loss and loss adjustment expenses, acquisition costs, underwriting expenses, and underwriting expenses.deposit interest expense. The measure excludes, on a recurring basis: (1) investment income (loss); (2) other income (expense) not related to underwriting, including foreign
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exchange gains or losses, and Lloyd’s interest income and expense, and adjustments to the allowance for expected credit losses;expense; (3) corporate general and administrative expenses; and (4) interest expense. We exclude total investment income or loss, foreign exchange gains or losses, and Lloyd’s interest income or expense and expected credit losses as we believe these items are influenced by market conditions and other factors unrelated to underwriting decisions. Additionally, we exclude corporate and interest expenses because these costs are generally fixed and not incremental to or directly related to our underwriting operations. We believe all of these amounts are largely independent of our underwriting process, and including them could hinder the analysis of trends in our underwriting operations. Net underwriting income (loss) should not be viewed as a substitute for U.S. GAAP net income before income taxes.

The reconciliations of net underwriting income (loss) to income (loss) before income taxes (the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure) on a consolidated basis are shown below:

Three months ended March 31Three months ended September 30Nine months ended September 30
202320222023202220232022
($ in thousands)($ in thousands)
Income (loss) before income taxIncome (loss) before income tax$5,941 $(5,743)Income (loss) before income tax$13,506 $(19,285)$69,335 $(10,231)
Add (subtract):Add (subtract):Add (subtract):
Total investment (income) lossTotal investment (income) loss(5,240)(7,737)Total investment (income) loss(5,105)(11,559)(52,496)(36,452)
Other non-underwriting (income) expenseOther non-underwriting (income) expense(7,097)633 Other non-underwriting (income) expense1,293 6,784 (13,399)13,374 
Corporate expensesCorporate expenses5,997 4,011 Corporate expenses3,266 4,104 13,820 12,693 
Interest expenseInterest expense776 1,154 Interest expense1,457 1,091 2,977 3,411 
Net underwriting income (loss)Net underwriting income (loss)$377 $(7,682)Net underwriting income (loss)$14,417 $(18,865)$20,237 $(17,205)


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Results of OperationsCONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The table below summarizes our operating results for the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023 and 2022:
Three months ended March 31Three months ended September 30Nine months ended September 30
202320222023202220232022
(in thousands, except percentages)(in thousands, except percentages)
Underwriting revenueUnderwriting revenueUnderwriting revenue
Gross premiums writtenGross premiums written$186,455 $145,886 Gross premiums written$183,074 $155,146 $524,472 $435,812 
Gross premiums cededGross premiums ceded(11,212)(6,009)Gross premiums ceded(14,789)(8,801)(35,740)(21,973)
Net premiums writtenNet premiums written175,243 139,877 Net premiums written168,285 146,345 488,732 413,839 
Change in net unearned premium reservesChange in net unearned premium reserves(32,594)(13,952)Change in net unearned premium reserves(5,175)(24,397)(43,030)(55,747)
Net premiums earnedNet premiums earned$142,649 $125,925 Net premiums earned$163,110 $121,948 $445,702 $358,092 
Underwriting related expensesUnderwriting related expensesUnderwriting related expenses
Net loss and loss adjustment expenses incurredNet loss and loss adjustment expenses incurredNet loss and loss adjustment expenses incurred
Current yearCurrent year$84,687 $95,082 Current year$100,143 $92,444 $273,570 $251,231 
Prior year *Prior year *12,038 2,325 Prior year *(3,300)2,116 10,502 1,558 
Net loss and loss adjustment expenses incurredNet loss and loss adjustment expenses incurred96,725 97,407 Net loss and loss adjustment expenses incurred96,843 94,559 284,072 252,789 
Acquisition costsAcquisition costs41,476 32,945 Acquisition costs46,933 36,821 126,702 106,101 
Underwriting expensesUnderwriting expenses3,939 3,221 Underwriting expenses4,639 3,285 14,046 10,034 
Deposit accounting and other reinsurance expense (income)132 34 
Deposit interest expenseDeposit interest expense278 6,148 645 6,373 
Net underwriting income (loss) 1
Net underwriting income (loss) 1
$377 $(7,682)
Net underwriting income (loss) 1
$14,417 $(18,865)$20,237 $(17,205)
Income (loss) from investment in related party investment fundIncome (loss) from investment in related party investment fund$(3,138)$4,077 Income (loss) from investment in related party investment fund$(1,853)$8,521 $27,791 $24,474 
Net investment income (loss)Net investment income (loss)8,378 3,660 Net investment income (loss)6,958 3,038 24,705 11,978 
Total investment income (loss)Total investment income (loss)$5,240 $7,737 Total investment income (loss)$5,105 $11,559 $52,496 $36,452 
Net underwriting and investment income (loss)Net underwriting and investment income (loss)$5,617 $55 Net underwriting and investment income (loss)$19,522 $(7,306)$72,733 $19,247 
Corporate expensesCorporate expenses$5,997 $4,011 Corporate expenses$3,266 $4,104 $13,820 $12,693 
Other (income) expense, netOther (income) expense, net(7,097)633 Other (income) expense, net1,293 6,784 (13,399)13,374 
Interest expenseInterest expense776 1,154 Interest expense1,457 1,091 2,977 3,411 
Income tax expense (benefit)Income tax expense (benefit)54 (16)Income tax expense (benefit)29 (816)111 (823)
Net income (loss)Net income (loss)$5,887 $(5,727)Net income (loss)$13,477 $(18,469)$69,224 $(9,408)
Earnings (loss) per share (Class A and Class B) (Note 2)
Earnings (loss) per share:Earnings (loss) per share:
BasicBasic$0.17 $(0.17)Basic$0.40 $(0.56)$2.03 $(0.28)
DilutedDiluted$0.17 $(0.17)Diluted$0.39 $(0.56)$1.99 $(0.28)
Underwriting ratiosUnderwriting ratiosUnderwriting ratios
Loss ratio - current yearLoss ratio - current year59.4 %75.6 %Loss ratio - current year61.4 %75.8 %61.4 %70.2 %
Loss ratio - prior yearLoss ratio - prior year8.4 %1.8 %Loss ratio - prior year(2.0)%1.7 %2.4 %0.4 %
Loss ratioLoss ratio67.8 %77.4 %Loss ratio59.4 %77.5 %63.8 %70.6 %
Acquisition cost ratioAcquisition cost ratio29.1 %26.2 %Acquisition cost ratio28.8 %30.2 %28.4 %29.6 %
Composite ratioComposite ratio96.9 %103.6 %Composite ratio88.2 %107.7 %92.2 %100.2 %
Underwriting expense ratioUnderwriting expense ratio2.9 %2.6 %Underwriting expense ratio3.0 %7.7 %3.3 %4.6 %
Combined ratioCombined ratio99.8 %106.2 %Combined ratio91.2 %115.4 %95.5 %104.8 %

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* The net financial impacts associated with changes in the estimate of losses incurred in prior years, which incorporate earned reinstatement premiums assumed and ceded, and adjustments to assumed and ceded acquisition costs, and deposit interest expense, were a lossan income of $12.0$1.8 million and a loss of $2.6$2.9 million for the three months ended March 31,September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and a loss of $12.2 million and $9.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

1 Net underwriting income (loss) is a non-GAAP financial measure. See “ Key Financial Measures and Non-GAAP Measures” above for discussion and reconciliation of non-GAAP financial measures.


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Overview

Three months ended March 31,September 30, 2023 and 2022

For the three months ended March 31,September 30, 2023, the fully diluted book value per share increased by $0.16$0.37 per share, or 1.1%2.3%, to $14.75$16.58 per share from $14.59$16.21 per share at December 31, 2022.June 30, 2023. For the three months ended March 31,September 30, 2023, basic book value per share increased by $0.16$0.38 per share, or 1.1%2.3%, to $14.82$16.67 per share from $14.66$16.29 per share at December 31, 2022.June 30, 2023.

For the three months ended March 31,September 30, 2023, our net income was $5.9$13.5 million, compared to a net loss of $5.7$18.5 million reported for the equivalent 2022 period.

The developments that most significantly affected our financial performance during the three months ended March 31,September 30, 2023, compared to the equivalent 2022 period, are summarized below:

Underwriting: TheOur underwriting income for the three months ended March 31,September 30, 2023 was $0.4 million. This underwriting income$14.4 million, which included $7.9CAT losses of $13.1 million during the third quarter of net prior year attritional2023, driven by the Mexican state-owned oil platform fire and two satellite loss events. We reported favorable loss development coupled with $10.3of $3.3 million of total catastrophe losses from the Turkey earthquake, New Zealand Cyclone Gabrielle,driven primarily by property, marine and the U.S. convective storms that occurred during the current quarter, as well as $4.1 million of losses resulting from Winter Storm Elliott that occurred in late December 2022.energy business, partially offset by adverse development relating to motor, workers’ compensation, and professional liability business. By comparison, the equivalent period in 2022 reported an underwriting loss of $7.7$18.9 million, which included $1.5$25.9 million of net prior year attritional loss development, coupled with CAT losses, of $13.6primarily related to $19.5 million from the Russian-Ukrainian warHurricane Ian and $2.8$3.2 million from Tennessee wildfires.Typhoons Nanmadol and Hinnamnor. Additionally, the underwriting loss in the comparable period in 2022 included $6.1 million of interest expense relating to deposit-accounted contracts that did not meet the risk transfer condition for reinsurance accounting under U.S. GAAP.

Our combined ratio was 99.8%91.2% for the three months ended March 31,September 30, 2023 compared to 106.2%115.4% during the equivalent 2022 period. The lower CAT losses quarter over quarter contributed favorably to the combined ratio for the three months ended March 31, 2023. The improved underwriting performance was partially offset by higher adverse attritional loss development from prior years, which added 5.6 percentage points tosignificant improvement in our combined ratio for the three months ended March 31, 2023, comparedwas driven mainly by 18.1 points improvement in loss ratio mainly due to 0.6 percentagelower CAT events, coupled with 4.7 points for same perioddecrease in 2022.underwriting expense ratio driven by lower interest expense relating to deposit-accounted contracts.

Investments: Our total investment income for the three months ended March 31,September 30, 2023 was $5.2$5.1 million, compared to total investment income of $7.7$11.6 million reported for the same period in 2022. Our investment in SILP reported a loss of $3.1$1.9 million during the three months ended March 31,September 30, 2023, compared to a gain of $4.1$8.5 million during the equivalent period in 2022. Other investment income from our InnovationsInnovation investments and interest earned from our restricted cash and cash equivalents and Funds at Lloyd’s (“FAL”) cash positions totaled $8.4$7.0 million and $3.7$3.0 million during the three months ended March 31,September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in other investment income was driven primarily by increase in short-term yields inas a result of the last twelve months.U.S. central bank hiking its benchmark borrowing rate from 5.00% to 5.25% during the quarter.
Other (income) expense: For the three months ended March 31,September 30, 2023, we earnedincurred other incomeexpense of $7.1$1.3 million, compared to incurring other expense of $0.6$6.8 million for the same quarter in 2022. The favorable change was driven primarily by:
$4.93.0 million of lower foreign exchange gains during the current quarter, compared to $1.1 million of foreign exchange loss in the same quarter in 2022,losses, due mainly to the strengtheninga lesser weakening of the pound sterlingU.S. dollar against the U.S. dollar;pound sterling; and
our share of Lloyd’s syndicates’ investment income on Funds at Lloyd’sFAL business, which is generally conducted on a funds withheld basis. The Lloyd’s syndicates invest a portion of these funds in fixed-maturity securities and investment funds. We record our share of the investment income and mark-to-market adjustments of these fixed maturity securities when the syndicates report them to us, generally one quarter in arrears.


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Underwriting results

We analyzeNine months ended September 30, 2023, and 2022

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, fully diluted book value per share increased by $1.99, or 13.6%, to $16.58 per share from $14.59 per share at December 31, 2022. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, basic book value per share increased by $2.01, or 13.7%, to $16.67 per share from $14.66 per share at December 31, 2022.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, our business basednet income was $69.2 million, compared to net loss of $9.4 million reported for the equivalent 2022 period.

The developments that most significantly affected our financial performance during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the equivalent 2022 period, are summarized below:

Underwriting: Our underwriting income for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was $20.2 million, which was negatively impacted by $29.5 million of total CAT losses in 2023 including the Turkey earthquake, Cyclone Gabrielle in New Zealand, the U.S. severe storms, the Mexican state-owned oil platform fire, and the two satellite losses. Additionally, we incurred $10.5 million of adverse loss development on prior years’ contracts. By comparison, our underwriting loss for the equivalent period in 2022 was $17.2 million, which was negatively impacted by $42.3 million of CAT losses including $13.6 million related to the Russian-Ukrainian conflict and $25.4 million related to Hurricane Ian, Typhoon Nanmadol and Hinnamnor, and Tennessee wildfires. Additionally, we incurred $1.6 million of adverse loss development on prior year’s contracts during the nine months ended September 30, 2022.

Our combined ratio was 95.5% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to 104.8% for the same period in 2022. This favorable change was primarily due to our loss ratio improving by 6.8 points due to lower CAT losses, net of 2.0 points increase from prior year adverse loss development compared to 2022. Additionally, our underwriting expense ratio improved by 1.3 points for the same reason noted above for the quarter.

Investments: Our total investment income for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, was $52.5 million, compared to $36.5 million earned during the equivalent 2022 period. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, our investment in SILP reported a gain of $27.8 million, compared to a gain of $24.5 million during the equivalent period in 2022. Other investment income totaled $24.7 million and $12.0 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, and 2022, respectively. The increase in other investment income was driven primarily by increase in short-term yields as previously noted.
Other income (expense): For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, other income was $13.4 million compared to other expense of $13.4 million. The favorable change was driven primarily by the same reasons explained above for the quarter, including $18.0 million favorable foreign exchange movement.

Underwriting Results by Segment

There was no change to our operating segment since December 31, 2022.
The following provides a further discussion of our underwriting results for our Property & Casualty (Re)insurance operating segment for the three categories: “property,” “casualty,” and “other.”nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022.
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Gross Premiums Written
 
Details of gross premiums written are provided in the following table: 
Three months ended March 31 Three months ended September 30Nine months ended September 30
20232022 2023202220232022
($ in thousands)($ in thousands)($ in thousands)
PropertyProperty$30,372 16.3 %$18,535 12.7 %Property$32,940 18.0 %$20,021 12.9 %$94,660 18.0 %$58,841 13.5 %
CasualtyCasualty95,204 51.1 78,269 53.7 Casualty108,964 59.5 91,240 58.8 284,560 54.3 248,231 57.0 
OtherOther60,879 32.7 49,082 33.6 Other41,170 22.5 43,885 28.3 145,252 27.7 128,740 29.5 
TotalTotal$186,455 100.0 %$145,886 100.0 %Total$183,074 100.0 %$155,146 100.0 %$524,472 100.0 %$435,812 100.0 %

As a result of our underwriting philosophy, the total premiums we write and the mix of premiums between property, casualty, and other business, may vary significantly from period to period depending on the market opportunities we identify.

For the three months ended March 31,September 30, 2023, our gross premiums written increased by $40.6$27.9 million, or 27.8%18.0%, compared to the equivalent 2022 period. The following table provides a further analysis of this overall increase:
Gross Premiums Written
Three months ended September 30, 2023
Increase (decrease)
($ in millions)
% changeExplanation
Property$12.964.5%
The increase was driven from growth in our Commercial class, mainly due to new quota share treaties bound in mid-2022 and new insurance contracts via Syndicate 3456 in 2023. This resulted in a change in business mix for Property, with Commercial and Personal accounting for 49% and 51%, respectively, of total Property compared to 11% and 88%, respectively, for the same quarter in 2022.

Casualty$17.719.4%
The increase was driven mainly from growth in General Liability from new contracts and premiums written from quota share treaties bound in 2022. This growth was partially offset by a reduction in the Workers’ Compensation class, where we have significantly reduced appetite for quota share treaties beginning in 2022, coupled with a marginal premium decrease in the Multi-line class.

As a result, the business mix within our Casualty line of business has changed significantly with General Liability and Multi-line classes accounting for 29% and 62% of total Casualty, respectively, compared to 15% and 76% in same period in 2022.
Other$(2.7)(6.2)%The decrease was driven mainly by our decision to non-renew certain Accident & Health programs, coupled with lower premium written for our Financial class. The reduction in Financial premium was predominantly due to lower merger and acquisition activity in 2023 impacting premium from transactional liability programs and lower mortgage origination volumes in 2023 due to surging mortgage rates. This was partially offset by premium growth in the Other Specialty class, driven by favorable pricing and new contracts.
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Gross Premiums Written
Three months ended March 31, 2023
Increase (decrease)
($ in millions)
% changeExplanation
Property$11.863.9%The increase was driven mainly from growth in our commercial lines and to a lesser extent personal lines of business, mainly due to favorable pricing and new contracts. This was partially offset by our continued exit strategy from motor business with only a negligible amount written during the current quarter.
Casualty$16.921.6%The increase was due primarily to favorable pricing and new contracts bound during 2023 relating to general liability and multi-line business. This was partially offset by our continued tactical strategy to lower our exposure to workers’ compensation business.
Other$11.824.0%The increase was driven mainly by new contracts within our “other specialty” lines of business, primarily in aviation and cyber risk lines.

Our Innovations-related contracts contributed $9.5For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, our gross premiums written increased by $88.7 million, or 20.3%, compared to the overall net increaseequivalent 2022 period. The changes in gross premiums written for the threenine months ended March 31, 2023.September 30, 2023, were attributable to the following:
Gross Premiums Written
Nine months ended September 30, 2023
Increase (decrease)
($ in millions)
% changeExplanation
Property$35.860.9%
Same explanation as for the three months ended September 30, 2023.

Casualty$36.314.6%Same explanation as for the three months ended September 30, 2023.
Other$16.512.8%
The increase was driven mainly by new contracts within our Marine class and Other Specialty class, primarily in aviation and cyber risk. This was partially offset by a reduction in Accident & Health and Financial classes for the same reasons as noted above. The decrease was also due partially to $4.4 million premium estimate reduction recorded earlier in 2023 relating to a transactional liability program bound in 2022 within our Financial class.

As a result, the change in business mix was follows: Other Specialty, Financial, and Marine represented 46%, 33%, and 17%, respectively, compared to 34%, 44%, and 14%, respectively, for the same period in 2022.

Premiums Ceded
 
For the three months ended March 31,September 30, 2023, premiums ceded were $11.2$14.8 million, or 6.0%8.1% of gross premiums written, compared to $6.0$8.8 million, or 4.1%5.7% of gross premiums written, for the threesame quarter in 2022. The increase was primarily due to an increase in quota share retrocessions for Property and Casualty, driven by growth from inward premiums.

For the nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023, premiums ceded were $35.7 million, or 6.8% of gross premiums written, compared to $22.0 million, or 5.0% of gross premiums written for the period in 2022. The increase was driven mainly by rate increase and purchasemostly for the same reason noted above, in addition to an aviation quota share retrocession coverage purchased during the second quarter of 2023 as well as an additional $10.0 million excess of loss coverage purchased during the first quarter of 2023 to reducemanage our exposure to marine and energy, coupled with an increase in quota share retrocessions for property lines due to growth from inward premiums.
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Net Premiums Written

Details of net premiums written are provided in the following table: 
Three months ended March 31 Three months ended September 30Nine months ended September 30
20232022 2023202220232022
($ in thousands)($ in thousands)($ in thousands)
PropertyProperty$26,005 14.8 %$16,435 11.7 %Property$24,771 14.7 %$15,486 10.6 %$77,397 15.8 %$48,517 11.7 %
CasualtyCasualty95,276 54.4 78,269 56.0 Casualty103,542 61.5 88,002 60.1 275,578 56.4 242,369 58.6 
OtherOther53,962 30.8 45,173 32.3 Other39,972 23.8 42,857 29.3 135,757 27.8 122,953 29.7 
TotalTotal$175,243 100.0 %$139,877 100.0 %Total$168,285 100.0 %$146,345 100.0 %$488,732 100.0 %$413,839 100.0 %

For the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023 net premiums written increased by $35.4$21.9 million, or 25.3%15.0%, and by $74.9 million or 18.1%, respectively, compared to the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2022. The movement in net premiums written resulted from the changes in gross premiums written and ceded during the periods.
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Net Premiums Earned
 
Details of net premiums earned are provided in the following table: 
Three months ended March 31 Three months ended September 30Nine months ended September 30
202320222023202220232022
($ in thousands)($ in thousands)($ in thousands)
PropertyProperty$18,743 13.1 %$14,490 11.5 %Property$24,362 14.9 %$10,951 9.0 %$63,854 14.3 %$37,577 10.5 %
CasualtyCasualty84,115 59.0 81,228 64.5 Casualty93,514 57.3 76,511 62.7 259,075 58.1 225,322 62.9 
OtherOther39,791 27.9 30,207 24.0 Other45,234 27.8 34,486 28.3 122,773 27.6 95,193 26.6 
TotalTotal$142,649 100.0 %$125,925 100.0 %Total$163,110 100.0 %$121,948 100.0 %$445,702 100.0 %$358,092 100.0 %

Net premiums earned for the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023, increased by $16.7$41.2 million or 13.3%33.8%, and $87.6 million or 24.5%, respectively, compared to the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2022. The change in net premiums earned is primarily a function of the amount and timing of net premiums written during the current and prior periods, coupled by the mix of business written in the form of excess of loss versus quota share reinsuranceproportional contracts.

Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses Incurred, Net
 
For the threenine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023 and 2022, the components of the loss ratio were as follows:
Three months ended March 31Three months ended September 30Nine months ended September 30
20232022Increase / (decrease) in loss ratio points 20232022Increase / (decrease) in loss ratio points20232022Increase / (decrease) in loss ratio points
Current accident year loss ratioCurrent accident year loss ratio59.4 %75.5 %(16.1)Current accident year loss ratio61.4 %75.8 %(14.4)61.4 %70.2 %(8.8)
Prior year reserve development ratioPrior year reserve development ratio8.4 %1.8 %6.6 Prior year reserve development ratio(2.0)%1.7 %(3.7)2.4 %0.4 %2.0 
Loss ratioLoss ratio67.8 %77.4 %(9.5)Loss ratio59.4 %77.5 %(18.1)63.8 %70.6 %(6.8)

Current accident year loss ratio decreased to 59.4%improved by 14.4 points for the three months ended March 31,September 30, 2023, from 75.5% forcompared to the three months ended March 31, 2022. Adjusting for the impact ofsame quarter in 2022 mainly due to lower CAT losses (including Ukrainian-Russian conflict), the currentin 2023.
Current accident year loss ratio decreased to 55.1%improved by 8.8 points for the threenine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023, from 62.5% for the three months ended March 31, 2022. This positive change was principally due to the impact of favorable pricing over loss trends in our lines of business.
Prior year reserve development ratio deteriorated by 6.6 points in the current quarter compared to the first quartersame period in 2022 primarily due to 5.2 points in lower CAT losses, coupled with favorable pricing and change in business mix in 2023.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, we had prior year favorable loss development of 2.0% and adverse loss development of 2.4%, respectively, compared to prior year adverse loss development of 1.7% and 0.4%, respectively, for the same periods in 2022. Refer to Note 5 to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for further details on prior year developments.
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Details of net losses incurred by line of business are provided in the following table:

Three months ended March 31 Three months ended September 30Nine months ended September 30
20232022 2023202220232022
($ in thousands)($ in thousands)($ in thousands)
PropertyProperty$17,530 $9,713 Property$13,182 13.6 %$13,157 13.9 %$52,114 18.4 %$28,641 11.3 %
CasualtyCasualty61,038 55,373 Casualty63,044 65.1 60,901 64.4 173,690 61.1 159,918 63.3 
OtherOther18,157 32,321 Other20,617 21.3 20,501 21.7 58,268 20.5 64,230 25.4 
TotalTotal$96,725 $97,407 Total$96,843 100.0 %$94,559 100.0 %$284,072 100.0 %$252,789 100.0 %


The below table summarizes the loss ratios by line of business:
Three months ended March 31
 20232022Increase / (decrease) in loss ratio points
Property93.5 %67.0 %26.5 
Casualty72.6 68.2 4.4 
Other45.6 107.0 (61.4)
Total67.8 %77.4 %(9.6)

Three months ended September 30Nine months ended September 30
 20232022Increase / (decrease) in loss ratio points20232022Increase / (decrease) in loss ratio points
Property54.1 %120.1 %(66.0)81.6 %76.2 %5.4 
Casualty67.4 79.6 (12.2)67.0 71.0 (4.0)
Other45.6 59.4 (13.8)47.5 67.5 (20.0)
Total59.4 %77.5 %(18.1)63.8 %70.6 %(6.8)
The changes in net losses incurred for the three months ended March 31,September 30, 2023, as compared to the equivalent 2022 period, were attributable to the following:
Net Losses Incurred
Three months ended March 31, 2023
Increase (decrease)
($ in millions)
Increase / (decrease) in loss ratio points 
Property$7.826.5
The increase in incurred losses from property is primarily driven by the 29.4% increase in net premiums earned, coupled with CAT losses.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we incurred $7.9 million of CAT losses relating to the Turkey earthquake, New Zealand Cyclone Gabrielle, and the U.S. convective storms in 2023, including $4.1 million relating to Winter Storm Elliott in December 2022. For the same quarter in 2022, we incurred $2.8 million of CAT losses related to the Tennessee wildfires.
Casualty$5.74.4
The increase in losses incurred and loss ratio points was primarily due to adverse loss development on our professional liability, motor and workers’ compensation exposures.

Other$(14.2)(61.4)
Despite the 31.7% increase in net premiums earned from other specialty lines of business, the decrease in incurred losses and loss ratio points was mainly driven by favorable pricing and lower CAT events, coupled by higher volume of adverse attritional loss development in the comparative period.

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, we incurred $1.4 million of adverse loss development mainly relating to the Ukraine-Russia conflict. During the same quarter in 2022, we incurred $9.5 million losses related to the Ukraine-Russia conflict.



Net Losses Incurred
Three months ended September 30, 2023
Increase (decrease)
($ in millions)
Increase / (decrease) in loss ratio points 
Property$0.0(66.0)
Despite the 122.5% increase in net premiums earned, there was virtually no change in our net losses incurred for Property primarily due to an increase in net premium earned from excess of loss contracts at lower loss ratios compared to proportional treaties, coupled with favorable loss development on prior year contracts.

The improvement in loss ratio is primarily due to lower CAT losses. In 2022, we incurred significant CAT losses from Hurricane Ian and Typhoons Nanmadol and Hinnamnor. Excluding the impact of prior year favorable loss development, our attritional loss ratio for Property was lower in the third quarter of 2023 compared to same period in 2022 due to improved pricing.
Casualty$2.1(12.2)
The increase in losses incurred was primarily driven by the 22.2% increase in net premiums earned and business mix.

The improvement in loss ratio points was predominantly from our Multi-line class which improved by 21.5% due to CAT losses from Hurricane Ian in 2022. This was partially offset by an increase in prior year attritional loss development relating to legacy motor, workers’ compensation and professional liability programs.
Other$0.1(13.8)The losses incurred included CAT losses from Mexican state-owned oil platform fire and two satellite losses as well as losses from higher volume of premiums earned during the third quarter of 2023 compared to 2022. This increase was offset by favorable changes in prior year development and the change in business mix in Other.
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Russian-Ukrainian Conflict
The changes in net losses incurred and loss ratios during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, were attributable to the following:
Net Losses Incurred
Nine months ended September 30, 2023
Increase (decrease)
($ in millions)
Increase / (decrease) in loss ratio pointsExplanation
Property$23.55.4
The increase in losses incurred is primarily due to 69.9% increase in net premiums earned, and to a lesser degree due to current year CAT losses and prior years’ loss development.

The increase in loss ratio points was primarily due to the comparative period loss ratio included 18.8 percentage points of favorable loss development, compared to 1.8 percentage points in 2023.

In 2023, the unprecedented U.S. severe storms losses and other CAT events contributed 28.8 loss ratio points to the Property loss ratio. During the comparable period in 2022, CAT losses from Hurricane Ian, Typhoons Nanmadol and Hinnamnor, and Tennessee wildfires contributed 31.8 percentage points to the Property loss ratio.

Adjusting for the impact of prior years’ loss development and CAT losses, the current period attritional Property loss ratio improved by 8.6 percentage points in 2023, compared to the same period in 2022, mainly due to improved pricing in 2023 and a higher volume of excess-of-loss treaties compared to proportional treaties.

Casualty$13.8(4.0)
The increase in losses incurred was primarily driven by the 15.0% increase in net premiums earned, coupled with an increase of $16.5 million in prior year loss development predominantly driven by attritional losses on the same classes as previously noted for the quarter.

The above increase was offset by the lower current year attritional loss ratio for Casualty mainly due to the change in business mix. As previously noted, we significantly grew General Liability and Multi-line classes at much lower loss ratios than the Workers’ Compensation class.

Other$(6.0)(20.0)
Despite the 29.0% increase in net premiums earned driven from growth in our Marine and Other Specialty classes, the additional losses incurred on this new business was offset by prior year favorable loss development and lower CAT losses. In 2022, the losses relating to the Russian-Ukrainian conflict contributed 14.3 points to the loss ratio.


Our loss and loss adjustment expenses from the Russian-Ukrainian conflict relate primarily
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Return to marine, energy, political violence, and terrorism (“MEPVT”) policies and whole account contracts, which are included mostly in the “Other” linetable of business. As of March 31, 2023, we had recorded $14.3 million incurred losses related to this CAT event (December 31, 2022: $13.6 million). We purchased excess of loss reinsurance to reduce our net exposure relating to MEPVT exposures. As of March 31, 2023, we have not recorded any reinsurance recoveries, as the estimated losses had not impacted the excess layers. However, we may generate recoveries under the retroceded contracts if we recognize significant further MEPVT losses from the Russian-Ukrainian conflict.contents

Acquisition Costs, Net

For the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023, our total acquisition cost increased by 25.9%27.5% to $41.5$46.9 million, and by 19.4% to $126.7 million, respectively, compared to the same quarterperiods in 2022, mainly due to growth in net premiums earned.earned offset partially by lower commissions from excess of loss contracts compared to proportional treaties. The acquisition cost ratios by line of business were as follows:
Three months ended March 31 Three months ended September 30Nine months ended September 30
20232022Increase / (decrease) in acquisition cost ratio points 20232022Increase / (decrease) in acquisition cost ratio points20232022Increase / (decrease) in acquisition cost ratio points
PropertyProperty19.0 %23.1 %(4.1)Property17.7 %19.0 %(1.3)%18.5 %22.6 %(4.1)%
CasualtyCasualty30.4 26.2 4.2 Casualty31.9 31.6 0.3 31.0 28.6 2.4 
OtherOther31.0 27.6 3.4 Other28.2 30.6 (2.4)28.2 34.8 (6.6)
TotalTotal29.1 %26.2 %2.9 Total28.8 %30.2 %(1.4)%28.4 %29.6 %(1.2)%

The changes in the acquisition cost ratios for the three months ended March 31,September 30, 2023, compared to the equivalent period in 2022, were attributable to the following:
Change in Acquisition Cost Ratios
Three months ended March 31,September 30, 2023
 Increase / (decrease) in acquisition cost ratio pointsExplanation
Property(4.1)(1.3)%The decrease was due primarily to the higher proportion of excess of loss contracts which have a lower ceding commission rate than proportional treaties. Based on net premiums earned for Property, excess of loss contracts accounted for 14% compared to 12% for the same quarter in 2022.
Casualty0.3The marginal increase was due mainly to changes in our business mix, particularly with an increase in earned premiums from General Liability and Multi-Line (including FAL) classes, which both have a higher ceding commission than the Workers’ Compensation business.
Other(2.4)The decrease was driven primarily by change in our business mix, coupled with a higher proportion of excess of loss contracts written duringthan proportional treaties. Based on net premiums earned for Other, excess of loss contracts accounted for 31% compared to 25% for the currentsame quarter which incorporate lower commissions than quota share contracts.in 2022.

The changes in the acquisition cost ratios during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, compared to the equivalent period in 2022, were attributable to the following:
Change in Acquisition Cost Ratios
Nine months ended September 30, 2023
Increase / (decrease) in acquisition cost ratio pointsExplanation
Property(4.1)%Same trends as noted for the three months ended September 30, 2023. Based on net premium earned for Property, excess of loss contracts accounted for 14% compared to 8% for the same period in 2022.
Casualty4.22.4The increase was due primarily to changes in our business mix, particularly withSame trends as noted for the 29% increase in earned premium from FAL business, which has a higher ceding commission than other lines within this business.three months ended September 30, 2023.
Other3.4(6.6)The increase was driven by business mix and higher profit commission within our financial business due to favorable underwriting performance, coupled with growth in quota share contracts within our other specialty business, which has higher acquisition cost ratio than
Same trends as noted for the three months ended September 30, 2023. Based on net premium earned for Other, excess of loss reinsurance treaties.contracts accounted for 31% compared to 25% for the same period in 2022.


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Ratio Analysis
 
The following table provides our underwriting ratios by line of business:business for the respective periods: 


Three months ended March 31Three months ended March 31Three months ended September 30Three months ended September 30
2023202220232022
PropertyCasualtyOtherTotalPropertyCasualtyOtherTotalPropertyCasualtyOtherTotalPropertyCasualtyOtherTotal
Loss ratioLoss ratio93.5 %72.6 %45.6 %67.8 %67.0 %68.2 %107.0 %77.4 %Loss ratio54.1 %67.4 %45.6 %59.4 %120.1 %79.6 %59.4 %77.5 %
Acquisition cost ratioAcquisition cost ratio19.0 30.4 31.0 29.1 23.1 26.2 27.6 26.2 Acquisition cost ratio17.7 31.9 28.2 28.8 19.0 31.6 30.6 30.2 
Composite ratioComposite ratio112.5 %103.0 %76.6 %96.9 %90.1 %94.4 %134.6 %103.6 %Composite ratio71.8 %99.3 %73.8 %88.2 %139.1 %111.2 %90.0 %107.7 %
Underwriting expense ratioUnderwriting expense ratio2.9 2.6 Underwriting expense ratio3.0 7.7 
Combined ratioCombined ratio99.8 %106.2 %Combined ratio91.2 %115.4 %

Nine months ended September 30Nine months ended September 30
20232022
PropertyCasualtyOtherTotalPropertyCasualtyOtherTotal
Loss ratio81.6 %67.0 %47.5 %63.8 %76.2 %71.0 %67.5 %70.6 %
Acquisition cost ratio18.5 31.0 28.2 28.4 22.6 28.6 34.8 29.6 
Composite ratio100.1 %98.0 %75.7 %92.2 %98.8 %99.6 %102.3 %100.2 %
Underwriting expense ratio3.3 4.6 
Combined ratio95.5 %104.8 %

The higherlower underwriting expense ratio for the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023, compared to the same period in 2022, was driven mainly by 5.0 and 1.7 points, respectively, relating to interest expense on deposit-accounted contracts based on revised expectations of ultimate cash flows in the comparable prior period in 2022.

Excluding the impact of the interest expense on deposit-accounted contracts, our underwriting expenses increased for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, over the comparable periods in 2022 primarily due mainly to the additional personnel costs (including an increase in accrued incentive compensation costs), professional fees, and outsourcingoutsourced services. Further, for the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we incurred $0.7 million of credit losses relating to certain reinsurance balances receivable and loss recoverable compared to nil in the same period in 2022.

General and Administrative Expenses

Details of general and administrative expenses are provided in the following table:table for the respective periods: 
Three months ended March 31Three months ended September 30Nine months ended September 30
202320222023202220232022
($ in thousands)($ in thousands)($ in thousands)
Underwriting expensesUnderwriting expenses$3,939 $3,221 Underwriting expenses$4,639 $3,285 $14,046 $10,034 
Corporate expensesCorporate expenses5,997 4,011 Corporate expenses3,266 4,104 13,820 12,693 
General and administrative expensesGeneral and administrative expenses$9,936 $7,232 General and administrative expenses$7,905 $7,389 $27,866 $22,727 
For the three months ended March 31,September 30, 2023, general and administrative (“G&A”) expenses increased by $2.7$0.5 million, or 37.4%7.0%, compared to the equivalent 2022 period. In additionperiod primarily due to underwriting expenses as previously noted above. Corporate expenses decreased by $0.8 million or 20.4% compared to same period in 2022 mainly due to lower D&O insurance and legal fees. G&A expenses included $1.3 million and $1.2 million, of costs related to share-based compensation granted to employees and directors for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The reversal of share-based compensation relating to forfeited stock awards was insignificant for both periods.

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For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, G&A expenses increased by $5.1 million, or 22.6%, compared to the equivalent 2022 period, predominantly due to the 40.0% increase in underwriting expenses as previously noted above, our corporatenoted. Corporate expenses increased by 8.9% driven mainly due toby the increase in personnel costs, including severance relating to thecosts for our former CFO and higheran increase in accrued incentive compensation costs in light of the Company’s performance in 2023. The incentive compensation cost for the comparative period in 2022 was nil due to the losses suffered in the period. The increase in corporate expenses was partially offset by lower D&O insurance and legal professional fees as a result of outsourced legal services while we sought a replacement General Counsel.

For the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, general and administrativefees. G&A expenses included $1.0$3.5 million (net of $0.3 million forfeiture credit) and $1.0$3.3 million (net of insignificant forfeiture credit), for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, of costs related to share-based compensation granted to employees and directors.

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Total Investment Income (Loss)
 
Total investment income (loss) incorporates (i) changes in the net asset value of our investment in SILP managed by DME Advisors, (ii) interest income earned on the restricted cash and cash equivalents pledged as collateral to our clients, and (iii) gains (or losses) and interest on our portfolio of strategic and Innovations investments. We expect our total investment income, including any change in the net asset value of our investment in SILP, to fluctuate from period to period.

A summary of our total investment income (loss) is as follows:follows for the respective periods::
Three months ended March 31Three months ended September 30Nine months ended September 30
20232022 2023202220232022
($ in thousands) ($ in thousands)
Interest and dividend income, net of withholding taxes$8,646 $22 
Change in unrealized gains and losses550 3,899 
Interest and dividend income, net of withholding taxes and other expensesInterest and dividend income, net of withholding taxes and other expenses9,513 2,741 27,004 2,908 
Change in unrealized gains and losses relating to Innovations-related investeesChange in unrealized gains and losses relating to Innovations-related investees(2,530)54 (1,474)9,237 
Investment-related foreign exchange gains (losses)Investment-related foreign exchange gains (losses)— (38)Investment-related foreign exchange gains (losses)(25)243 (25)(167)
Interest, dividend, and other expenses(18)(223)
Realized gains (losses)(800)— 
Realized gains (losses) relating to Innovations-related investeesRealized gains (losses) relating to Innovations-related investees— — (800)— 
Net investment-related income (loss)Net investment-related income (loss)$8,378 $3,660 Net investment-related income (loss)$6,958 $3,038 $24,705 $11,978 
Income (loss) from investments in related party investment fundIncome (loss) from investments in related party investment fund(3,138)4,077 Income (loss) from investments in related party investment fund(1,853)8,521 27,791 24,474 
Total investment income (loss)Total investment income (loss)$5,240 $7,737 Total investment income (loss)$5,105 $11,559 $52,496 $36,452 

Net investment-related income (loss)

For the three months ended September 30, 2023, our net investment-related income increased by $3.9 million or 129.0% compared to same period in 2022 mainly due to the increase in interest income, primarily from our restricted cash and cash equivalents which benefited from rising U.S. interest rates. The U.S. central bank hiked its benchmark borrowing rate 11 times for a total of 5.25 percentage points since March 2022. Partially offsetting this increase, we recognized $2.5 million unrealized losses on our Innovations-related investment as a result of recently completed financing rounds by some of our Innovations investees compared to a small unrealized gain in the same period in 2022.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, our net investment-related income increased by $12.7 million or 106.3% compared to the same period in 2023 for the same explanation as noted above. In 2022, our Innovations-related investment benefited from significant unrealized gains driven by favorable pricing conditions from completed financing rounds by some of our Innovations investees.

Income from investment in SILP

The caption “Income (loss) from investmentinvestments in related party investment fund” in the above table is net of management fees paid by SILP to DME Advisors and performance compensation, if any, allocated from the Company’s investment in SILP to DME II. No performance compensation is allocated in periods of loss reported by SILP. For further information about management fees and performance compensation for the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023 and 2022, please refer to Note 3 of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

For the three months ended March 31,September 30, 2023, the Investment Portfolio managed by DME Advisors reported a loss of 1.1%0.6%, compared to a gain of 1.7%3.6% for the three months ended March 31,September 30, 2022. SILP’s long portfolio gained 8.9%lost 4.1%, the short
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portfolio lost 9.0%gained 1.7%, and macro positions lost 0.3%gained 2.8%, during the three months ended March 31,September 30, 2023. For the three months ended March 31,September 30, 2023, the significant contributors to SILP’s investment return were long positions in Green Brick Partners (GRBK)CONSOL Energy Inc. (CEIX), KyndrylCapri Holdings Inc., and gold.as well as from a S&P 500 U.S. interest rate derivative position. The largest detractors were Brighthouse Financial,long positions in Green Brick Partners (GRBK) and Tenet Healthcare Corp. as well as one single-name short position,position.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Investment Portfolio managed by DME Advisors reported a gain of 9.1%, compared to a gain of 10.5% for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. The long portfolio and amacro positions gained 22.8% and 2.6%, respectively, while the short portfolio lost 12.8% during the nine months ended September 30, 2023. The most significant contributors to SILP’s investment return for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 were long positions in GRBK, CEIX, and U.S. interest rate derivative positions. For the same period, the most significant detractors were the hedge position for GRBK.our GRBK exposure and two single-name short positions.

For the three and nine months ended March 31, 2023, we had an unrealized loss of $0.3 million in our Innovations-related investments, compared to $3.9 million net unrealized gains recorded for the three months ended March 31, 2022.

The increase in interest income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was primarily related to our restricted cash and cash equivalents, which benefited from rising U.S. interest rates.

For the three months ended March 31,September 30, 2023 and 2022, the gross investment return (loss) on our investments managed by DME Advisors (excluding the investment advisor performance allocation) was composed of the following:
Three months ended March 31Three months ended September 30Nine months ended September 30
202320222023202220232022
Long portfolio gains (losses)Long portfolio gains (losses)8.9 %(6.0)%Long portfolio gains (losses)(4.1)%6.0 %22.8 %(10.5)%
Short portfolio gains (losses)Short portfolio gains (losses)(9.0)4.9 Short portfolio gains (losses)1.7 (0.1)(12.8)21.1 
Macro gains (losses)Macro gains (losses)(0.3)3.5 Macro gains (losses)2.8 (1.4)2.6 2.6 
Other income and expenses 1
Other income and expenses 1
(0.7)(0.5)
Other income and expenses 1
(1.0)(0.5)(2.5)(1.5)
Gross investment returnGross investment return(1.1)%1.9 %Gross investment return(0.6)%4.0 %10.1 %11.7 %
Net investment return 1
Net investment return 1
(1.1)%1.7 %
Net investment return 1
(0.6)%3.6 %9.1 %10.5 %

1 “Other income and expenses” excludes performance compensation but includes management fees. “Net investment return” incorporates both of these amounts.

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The investment performance for the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2022 reflects the Investment Portfolio calculated based on 50% of GLRE Surplus, or the Company's shareholders' equity, as reported in the Company’s then most recent quarterly U.S. GAAP financial statements adjusted monthly for our share of the net profits and net losses reported by SILP during any intervening period (the “adjusted GLRE Surplus”). Effective January 1, 2023, the Investment Portfolio is calculated based on 60% of adjusted GLRE Surplus.

Each month, we post on our website (www.greenlightre.com) the returns from our investment in SILP.

Financial ConditionFINANCIAL CONDITION
 
Total investments
 
The total investments reported in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets at March 31,September 30, 2023 was $267.2$296.6 million, compared to $248.5 million at December 31, 2022, an increase of $18.7$48.2 million, or 7.5%19.4%. The increase was primarily related todriven by strong performance from our SILP portfolio, coupled with net contribution intocontributions in SILP resulting from release of restricted cash. The increaseand new Innovation investments. This was partially offset by an investment loss reported by SILP.the redemption of a matured term deposit.

At March 31,September 30, 2023, 91.8%93.3% of SILP’s portfolio was valued based on quoted prices in actively traded markets (Level 1), 6.1%5.0% was composed of instruments valued based on observable inputs other than quoted prices (Level 2), and 0.0%a nominal amount was composed of instruments valued based on non-observable inputs (Level 3). At March 31,September 30, 2023, 2.1%1.7% of SILP’s portfolio consisted of private equity funds valued using the funds’ net asset values as a practical expedient.

At March 31,September 30, 2023, 85.4%82.8% of our Innovations-related portfolio was carried at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, measured as of the investees’ most recently completed financing round, and 14.6%17.2% was carried at the original cost.

Other than our investment in SILP (see Note 3 of the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements), we have not participated in transactions that created relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, including VIEs, established to facilitate off-balance sheet arrangements. 

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Restricted cash and cash equivalents

We use our restricted cash and cash equivalents primarily for funding trusts and letters of credit issued to our ceding insurers. Our restricted cash decreased by $42.1$45.7 million, or 6.3%6.8%, from $668.3 million at December 31, 2022, to $626.2$622.6 million at March 31,September 30, 2023, primarily due to release of collateral from our ceding insurers relating to legacy contracts in run-off. This was partially offset by the $10.0 million collateral pledged as security for the new Facility (see “Debt” below).

Reinsurance balances receivable

During the threenine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023, reinsurance balances receivable increased by $76.1$134.8 million, or 15.0%26.7%, to $581.6$640.4 million from $505.6 million at December 31, 2022. This increase was related partially to funds withheld by cedents. At March 31,September 30, 2023, funds held by cedents were $367.8$422.4 million, compared to $337.4 million at December 31, 2022. Funds withheld predominantly relate to premiums withheld by Lloyd’s syndicates and funds contributed by the Company to Lloyd's as security for members’ underwriting activities. The remaining increase related to premiums receivable on new contracts bound, net of collections, during the threenine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023.

Loss and Loss Adjustment Expense Reserves; Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses Recoverable
 
Reserves for loss and loss adjustment expenses were composed of the following: 
March 31, 2023December 31, 2022 September 30, 2023December 31, 2022
Case
Reserves
IBNRTotalCase
Reserves
IBNRTotal Case
Reserves
IBNRTotalCase
Reserves
IBNRTotal
($ in thousands) ($ in thousands)
PropertyProperty$30,593 $40,848 $71,441 $20,354 $41,361 $61,715 Property$25,528 $50,866 $76,394 $20,354 $41,361 $61,715 
CasualtyCasualty145,409 251,139 396,548 146,702 227,979 374,681 Casualty141,446 281,814 423,260 146,702 227,979 374,681 
OtherOther19,955 107,855 127,810 17,700 101,372 119,072 Other23,147 135,433 158,580 17,700 101,372 119,072 
TotalTotal$195,957 $399,842 $595,799 $184,756 $370,712 $555,468 Total$190,121 $468,113 $658,234 $184,756 $370,712 $555,468 
 
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During the threenine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023, the total gross loss and loss adjustment expense reserves increased by $40.3$102.8 million, or 7.3%18.5%, to $595.8$658.2 million from $555.5 million at December 31, 2022. See Note 5 of the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for a summary of changes in outstanding loss and loss adjustment expense reserves and a description of prior period loss developments.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the total loss and loss adjustment expenses recoverable increased by $15.0 million, or 112.9%, to $28.2 million from $13.2 million at December 31, 2022. See Note 6 of the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for a description of the credit risk associated with our retrocessionaires.

At AprilOctober 1, 2023, our estimated largest probable maximum loss (net of retrocession and reinstatement premiums) at a 1-in-250 year return period for a single event and in aggregate was $78.0$80.3 million and $84.7$87.7 million, respectively, both relating to the peril of North Atlantic Hurricane, compared to $77.5 million and $83.5 million, respectively, at January 1, 2023.
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The below table contains the expected modeled loss for each of our peak peril regions and sub-regions, for both a single event loss and aggregate loss measures at the 1-in-250 year return period.

April 1, 2023October 1, 2023
Net 1-in-250 Year Return PeriodNet 1-in-250 Year Return Period
PerilPerilSingle Event LossAggregate LossPerilSingle Event LossAggregate Loss
($ in thousands)($ in thousands)
North Atlantic HurricaneNorth Atlantic Hurricane$77,993 $84,704 North Atlantic Hurricane$80,342 $87,719 
Southeast HurricaneSoutheast Hurricane65,609 67,079 Southeast Hurricane66,060 67,584 
Gulf of Mexico HurricaneGulf of Mexico Hurricane52,068 56,792 Gulf of Mexico Hurricane52,287 57,682 
Northeast HurricaneNortheast Hurricane50,728 50,728 Northeast Hurricane52,968 52,968 
North America EarthquakeNorth America Earthquake67,641 71,009 North America Earthquake69,819 74,519 
California EarthquakeCalifornia Earthquake61,683 65,194 California Earthquake63,401 67,233 
Other N.A. EarthquakeOther N.A. Earthquake22,914 24,505 Other N.A. Earthquake23,810 27,565 
Japan EarthquakeJapan Earthquake37,348 49,128 Japan Earthquake36,880 51,754 
Japan WindstormJapan Windstorm31,126 32,749 Japan Windstorm32,770 35,076 
Europe WindstormEurope Windstorm31,941 36,236 Europe Windstorm31,941 36,236 

The Japanese peril exposures include new contracts bound effective AprilDebt
During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, our total debt decreased by $5.7 million, or 7.0%, to $74.9 million from $80.5 million at December 31, 2022. During 2023, we repurchased $17.2 million of Convertible Notes for a marginal realized gain. Further, we repaid the remaining $63.4 million Convertible Notes, including accrued interest, which matured on August 1, 2023. To repay this debt, we entered into a $75.0 million Facility with a group of banks, for which CIBC Bank USA is acting as administrative agent. In connection with this Facility, we contractually agreed to hedge 50% of the floating rate Terms Loans for the duration of the Facility. Refer to Notes 4 and 7 of the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for further information on the interest rate swaps used for hedging purposes and the material terms and conditions of the Facility, respectively.

Total shareholders’ equity
 
Total shareholders’ equity reported on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet increased by $6.9$72.7 million to $510.0$575.9 million at March 31,September 30, 2023, compared to $503.1 million at December 31, 2022. The increase in shareholders’ equity during the threenine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023, was primarily due to the net income of $5.9$69.2 million reported for the period. For details of other movements in shareholders’ equity, please see the accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statementscondensed consolidated statements of Shareholders’ Equity.”shareholders’ equity.

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

We anticipate positive cash flows from operations (underwriting activities and investment income) to be sufficient to cover cash outflows under most loss scenarios in the near term. Based on expected cash flows from operations, financing arrangements and redemptions from related party investment fund as needed, we believe we have sufficient liquidity to cover our working capital requirements and other contractual obligations and commitments through the foreseeable future. Refer to the “Liquidity and Capital Resources” section included in Item 7 of our Annual Report on2022 Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 for a general discussion of liquidity and capital resources. The following provides an update on material changes to our liquidity and capital resources during the threenine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023.

Sources and Uses of Funds

The following table summarizes our sources and uses of funds for the respective periods:

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Three months ended March 31Nine months ended September 30
20232022Change20232022Change
($ in thousands)($ in thousands)
Total cash provided by (used in):Total cash provided by (used in):Total cash provided by (used in):
Operating activitiesOperating activities$(1,259)$(11,618)$10,359 Operating activities$(14,630)$(27,424)$12,794 
Investing activitiesInvesting activities(22,076)33,256 (55,332)Investing activities(22,548)4,239 (26,787)
Financing activitiesFinancing activities(17,085)— (17,085)Financing activities(5,292)(6,419)1,127 
Effect of currency exchange on cash(1)
Effect of currency exchange on cash(1)
132 — 132 
Effect of currency exchange on cash(1)
(152)(322)170 
Net cash inflows (outflows)Net cash inflows (outflows)(40,288)21,638 (61,926)Net cash inflows (outflows)(42,622)(29,926)(12,696)
Cash, beginning of periodCash, beginning of period706,548 711,101 (4,553)Cash, beginning of period706,548 711,101 (4,553)
Cash, end of periodCash, end of period$666,260 $732,739 $(66,479)Cash, end of period$663,926 $681,175 $(17,249)
(1) Cash includes unrestricted and restricted cash and cash equivalents - see Note 2 of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Cash used in operating activities

The decrease inlower use of cash used in our operating activities for the threenine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023 over the same quarterperiod in 2022 was driven mainly by stronger operating performance, coupled with the ebb and flow from our underwriting activities, which may vary significantly from period to period depending on the mix of business, the nature of underwriting opportunities available and volume of claims submitted to us by our cedents.

Cash providedused by investing activities

The increase in cash used for our investing activities forDuring the threenine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023, over the same quarter in 2022 was mainly due towe made net contributions (net of redemptions) of $21.0$23.0 million into SILP compared to net redemptions from SILP of $36.7$12.9 million during the same period in 2022.2022, which contributed mostly to the $26.8 million increase in cash used by investing activities. Partially offsetting this increase, we invested $3.1 million less in Innovations investments for the same period in 2022, coupled with $6.0 million proceeds from a matured term deposit.

Cash used in financing activities

The increasedecrease in cash used in our financing activities for the threenine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023 over the same quarterperiod in 2022 was due to drawing fully on the new $75.0 million Facility, offset by the repayment of the remaining Convertible Notes on August 1, 2023, in addition to the partial repurchase of our outstanding convertible senior notesthese Convertible Notes at a discount.discount earlier in 2023.

Cash at March 31,September 30, 2023

As a result of the above activities, coupled with the foreign exchange rate adjustment on foreign cash, our consolidated cash position declined to $666.3$663.9 million at March 31,September 30, 2023, from $706.5 million at December 31, 2022.



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Letters of Credit and Trust Arrangements

See Note 11 of the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for details on the committed and uncommitted letter of credit facilities. We provide collateral to cedents in the form of letters of credit and trust arrangements. At March 31,September 30, 2023, the aggregate amount of collateral provided to cedents under such arrangements was $625.5$610.2 million (December 31, 2022: $667.6 million). At March 31,September 30, 2023, the letters of credit and trust accounts were secured by restricted cash and cash equivalents with a total fair value of $626.2$610.9 million (December 31, 2022: $668.3 million).

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

Since December 31, 2022, the material changes to our contractual obligations and commitments at March 31,September 30, 2023 were as follows:

Payment due:Less than
 1 year
1-3 years3-5 yearsMore than
 5 years
Total
   ($ in thousands)
Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves (1)
$295,516 $176,952 $67,325 $56,005 $595,799 
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Payment due:Less than
 1 year
1-3 years3-5 yearsMore than
 5 years
Total
   ($ in thousands)
Loss and loss adjustment expense reserves (1)
$326,484 $195,495 $74,380 $61,874 $658,234 

(1) Due to the nature of our reinsurance operations, the amount and timing of the cash flows associated with our reinsurance contractual liabilities will fluctuate, perhaps materially, and, therefore, are highly uncertain.

Additionally, we have related party commitments as disclosed in Note 11 of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements. At March 31,September 30, 2023, we estimate the reduced performance allocation of 10% to continue to be applied until SILP achieves additional investment returns of 150%117%, at which point the performance allocation will revert to 20%. For detailed breakdowns of management fees and performance compensation for the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023 and 2022, refer to Note 3 of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Capital
 
Our capital structure currently consists of senior convertible notesdebt and equity issued in two classesOrdinary shares - see Financial Condition for further details.

On July 25, 2023, at the Company’s Annual General Meeting, the shareholders approved the re-designation of ordinaryClass B Ordinary shares as Class A Ordinary shares, and the reclassification of Class A Ordinary shares as “Ordinary shares,” resulting in the elimination of the dual-class share structure. At September 30, 2023, there were 35,337,407 outstanding Ordinary shares.

We expect that the existing capital base and internally generated funds will be sufficient to implement our business strategy for the foreseeable future. However, to provide us with flexibility and timely access to public capital markets should we require additional capital for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, or other general corporate purposes, we have filed a Form S-3 registration statement, which expires in July 2024. We are in the process of arranging refinancing for the outstanding convertible senior notes that mature in August 2023. If we are unable to refinance the convertible senior notes, we may find alternative financing arrangements, or fund the settlement at maturity using cash on hand, or withdrawals from SILP.

Effects of Inflation
Inflation generally affects the cost of claims and claim expenses. Long-tailed lines of business generally have greater exposure to inflation than short-tailed lines, with this differential becoming more pronounced as the severity of inflation increases. Our underwriting portfolio is predominantly short-tailed, and we actively manage our exposures to lines that experience significant inflation. Our pricing and reserving models incorporate the anticipated effects of inflation on our claim costs, and we regularly review and update our assumptions. However, we cannot predict or estimate the onset, duration, and severity of an inflationary period with precision. The actual effect of inflation may differ significantly from our assumptions.

Inflation can also affect the asset values in SILP’s investment portfolio. DME Advisors regularly monitors and re-positions SILP’s investment portfolio to deal with the impact of inflation on its underlying investments, and holds macro positions to benefit from a rising inflationary environment.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES
Our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements contain certain amounts that are inherently subjective and have required management to make assumptions and best estimates to determine reported values. If certain factors, including those described in “Part II. Item 1A. Risk Factors” included in our 2022 Form 10-K, cause actual events or results to differ materially from our underlying assumptions or estimates. In that case, there could be a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity. The most significant estimates relate to: premium revenues and risk transfer, loss and loss adjustment expense reserves, investment impairments, allowances for credit losses, and share-based compensation.

We believe that the critical accounting estimates discussion in “Part II. Item 7. — Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results on Operations” of our 2022 Form 10-K continues to describe the significant estimates and judgments included in the preparation of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Recent Accounting Pronouncements

At September 30, 2023, there were no recently issued accounting pronouncements that we have not yet adopted that we expect could have a material impact on our results of operations, financial condition, or liquidity.

EFFECTS OF INFLATION

There is no material change to our prior disclosure provided in our 2022 Form 10-K.

Item 3.    QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
 
We believe we are principally exposed to the following types of market risk: 
equity price risk;
commodity price risk;
foreign currency risk;
interest rate risk;
credit risk; and
political risk.

See “Part II, Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” in our Annual Report on2022 Form 10-K, for the year ended December 31, 2022, for a discussion of our exposure to these risks. The following is an update of the material changes in our exposure to market risk at March 31,September 30, 2023 since December 31, 2022:
 
Equity Price Risk
At March 31,September 30, 2023, a 10% decline in the price of each of the underlying listed equity securities and equity-based derivative instruments would result in a $12.0$10.5 million loss to our Investment Portfolio and $2.1$3.5 million loss to our proportionate share of the equity exposure held by the Lloyd’s syndicates.
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Commodity Price Risk
The following table summarizes the net impact that a 10% increase and decrease in commodity prices would have on the value of our Investment Portfolio at March 31,September 30, 2023. The below table excludes the indirect effect that changes in commodity prices might have on equity securities in our Investment Portfolio. 
10% increase in commodity prices10% decrease in commodity prices10% increase in commodity prices10% decrease in commodity prices
CommodityCommodityChange in
fair value
Change in
fair value
CommodityChange in
fair value
Change in
fair value
  ($ in millions)  ($ in millions)
GoldGold$4.1 $(4.1)Gold$3.3 $(3.3)
SilverSilver0.3 (0.3)Silver0.3 (0.3)
UraniumUranium0.3 (0.3)Uranium0.6 (0.6)
Crude oilCrude oil0.2 (0.2)Crude oil0.3 (0.3)
TotalTotal$4.9 $(4.9)Total$4.5 $(4.5)

Foreign Currency Risk
The following table summarizes the net impact of a hypothetical 10% currency rate movement relating to our GBP and Euromain foreign denominated reinsurance net liabilities (including balances held at Lloyd's) at March 31,September 30, 2023:

CurrencyNet Exposure10% increase in currency rate10% decrease in currency rate
($ in thousands)
GBP£6,589 $812 $(812)
Euro(10,477)(1,136)1,136
Total foreign exchange loss (gain)$(324)$324 
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CurrencyNet Exposure10% increase in currency rate10% decrease in currency rate
($ in thousands)
GBP£10,263 $1,252 $(1,252)
Euro(12,547)(1,326)1,326
Total foreign exchange loss (gain)$(74)$74 

Additionally, a 10% increase or decrease in the value of the U.S. dollar against foreign currencies would have no meaningful impact on the value of our Investment Portfolio at March 31,September 30, 2023.
 
Interest Rate Risk
There was no material change in our exposure to interest rate risk at March 31,September 30, 2023 since December 31, 2022, except for:

Our Term Loans are subject to interest rate variability based on SOFR plus 3.5% per annum, of which 50% is hedged by interest rate swaps. At September 30, 2023, a 100 basis points change (increase or decrease) in interest rates would result in a $0.4 million change to our interest expense for ourthe unhedged portion of the Term Loans.

Our investment in SILP which includes interest-rate sensitive securities, such as corporate and sovereign debt instruments and interest rate options.derivatives. At March 31,September 30, 2023, a 100 basis points increase or decrease in interest rates would result in a $7.5$12.0 million gain or a $5.8$11.9 million loss, respectively, to our Investment Portfolio.
 
Item 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
 
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
 
As required by Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 of the Exchange Act, the Company has evaluated, with the participation of management, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in such rules) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on such evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by an issuer in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the issuer’s management, including its principal executive officer and principal financial officer, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
 
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Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures will prevent all errors and all frauds. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake.
 
Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls also is based, in part, upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.  
  
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Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 
There have been no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the fiscal quarter ended March 31,September 30, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. The Company continues to review its disclosure controls and procedures, including its internal controls over financial reporting, and may from time to time make changes aimed at enhancing their effectiveness and to ensure that the Company’s systems evolve with its business.


PART II — OTHER INFORMATION
 
Item 1.    LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
 
From time to time, in the normal course of business, we may be involved in formal and informal dispute resolution procedures, which may include arbitration or litigation, the outcomes of which determine our rights and obligations under our reinsurance contracts and other contractual agreements. In some disputes, we may seek to enforce our rights under an agreement or to collect funds owing to us. In other matters, we may resist attempts by others to collect funds or enforce alleged rights. While the final outcome of legal disputes cannot be predicted with certainty, we do not believe that any of our existing contractual disputes, when finally resolved, will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or operating results. 
 
Item 1A. RISK FACTORS
 
Factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those in this report are any of the risks described in “Part I. Item 1A. Risk Factors” included in our Annual Report on2022 Form 10-K, for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, as filed with the SEC on March 8, 2023. Any of these factors could result in a significant or material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. Additional risk factors not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business or results of operations.
As of March 31,September 30, 2023, there have been no other material changes to the risk factors disclosed in “Part I. Item 1A. Risk Factors” included in our Annual Report on2022 Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.10-K. We may disclose changes to such factors or disclose additional factors from time to time in our future filings with the SEC.


Item 2.    UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS 
 
Our Board of Directors has adopted a share repurchase plan authorizing the Company to repurchase Class A ordinary shares. From time to time, the repurchase plan has been re-approved or modified at the election of our Board of Directors. The current plan expires on June 30, 2023. On May 2, 2023, the Board of Directors re-approved the share repurchase plan effective from July 1, 2023, until June 30, 2024, authorizing the Company to repurchase up to $25.0 million of Class A ordinary shares or securities convertible into Class A ordinary shares in the open market, through privately negotiated transactions or Rule 10b5-1 stock trading plans.
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The Company is not required to repurchase any Class A ordinary shares and the repurchase plan may be modified, suspended or terminated at any time without prior notice. During the three monthsquarter ended March 31,September 30, 2023, there was no repurchase of Class A ordinary shares.

Item 3.    DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES 
 
None.
 
Item 4.    MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.
 

Item 5.    OTHER INFORMATION

None.(c)Insider Trading Arrangements and Related Disclosures

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During the three months ended September 30, 2023, we did not have any “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements” or any “non-Rule 10b5-1 arrangements” (in each case, as defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K) in place for our directors and officers.
 
Item 6.    EXHIBITS

10.13.1
10.2
10.3
31.1
31.2
32.1
32.2
101The following materials from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three and nine months ended March 31,September 30, 2023 formatted in Inline XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language): (i) the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets; (ii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations; (iii) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity; (iv) the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; and (v) the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.
104Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

* Furnished herewith.
 
 
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SIGNATURES


Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 GREENLIGHT CAPITAL RE, LTD.
 (Registrant)
 By:/s/ SIMON BURTON                     
 Simon Burton
Director and Chief Executive Officer
(principal executive officer)
 May 9,November 8, 2023
 By:/s/ FARAMARZ ROMER               
 Faramarz Romer
Chief Financial Officer
(principal financial and accounting officer)
 May 9,November 8, 2023
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