Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.): Yes ☐ No ☒

As of March ~~9, 2022,~~8, 2023, the registrant had the following shares outstanding:

	January 31, 2022			July 31, 2021			January 31, 2023			July 31, 2022
	(Unaudited)			(Note 1)			(Unaudited)			(Note 1)
	(in thousands)						(in thousands, except per share data)
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	104,268		$	107,147		$	117,811		$	98,352
Restricted cash and cash equivalents		116,284			119,769			89,867			91,210
Debt securities		15,490			14,012			29,777			22,303
Equity investments		28,494			42,434			9,213			17,091
Trade accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $4,896 at January 31, 2022 and $4,438 at July 31, 2021		53,247			46,644
Trade accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $6,255 at January 31, 2023 and $5,882 at July 31, 2022								47,605			64,315
Disbursement prefunding		29,226			27,656			28,098			21,057
Prepaid expenses		17,408			13,694			14,611			17,526
Other current assets		22,582			16,779			36,559			30,773

Total current assets		386,999			388,135			373,541			362,627
Property, plant, and equipment, net		31,639			30,829			38,303			36,866
Goodwill		15,081			14,897			26,547			26,380
Other intangibles, net		6,940			7,578			8,985			9,609
Equity investments		8,355			11,654			6,687			7,426
Operating lease right-of-use assets		7,100			7,671			6,894			7,210
Deferred income tax assets, net		39,539			41,502			28,913			36,701
Other assets		10,241			10,389			10,641			10,275

Total assets	$	505,894		$	512,655		$	500,511		$	497,094

Liabilities and equity
Liabilities, redeemable noncontrolling interest, and equity
Current liabilities:
Trade accounts payable	$	23,800		$	24,502		$	23,229		$	29,080
Accrued expenses		122,372			129,085			110,580			117,109
Deferred revenue		40,592			42,293			34,998			36,531
Customer deposits		109,862			115,524			86,899			85,764
Other current liabilities		30,744			27,930			32,215			36,588

Total current liabilities		327,370			339,334			287,921			305,072
Operating lease liabilities		5,014			5,473			4,243			4,606
Other liabilities		467			1,234			4,944			6,588

Total liabilities		332,851			346,041			297,108			316,266
Commitments and contingencies
Redeemable noncontrolling interest		10,063			—			10,389			10,191
Equity:
IDT Corporation stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $.01 par value; authorized shares—10,000; 0 shares issued		—			—
Class A common stock, $.01 par value; authorized shares—35,000; 3,272 shares issued and 1,574 shares outstanding at January 31, 2022 and July 31, 2021		33			33
Class B common stock, $.01 par value; authorized shares—200,000; 26,684 and 26,379 shares issued and 24,292 and 24,187 shares outstanding at January 31, 2022 and July 31, 2021, respectively		267			264
Preferred stock, $.01 par value; authorized shares—10,000; no shares issued								—			—
Class A common stock, $.01 par value; authorized shares—35,000; 3,272 shares issued and 1,574 shares outstanding at January 31, 2023 and July 31, 2022								33			33
Class B common stock, $.01 par value; authorized shares—200,000; 27,782 and 27,725 shares issued and 23,952 and 24,112 shares outstanding at January 31, 2023 and July 31, 2022, respectively								278			277
Common stock, value		267			264
Additional paid-in capital		278,613			278,021			298,649			296,005
Treasury stock, at cost, consisting of 1,698 and 1,698 shares of Class A common stock and 2,392 and 2,192 shares of Class B common stock at January 31, 2022 and July 31, 2021, respectively		(69,387	)		(60,413	)
Treasury stock, at cost, consisting of 1,698 and 1,698 shares of Class A common stock and 3,830 and 3,613 shares of Class B common stock at January 31, 2023 and July 31, 2022, respectively								(106,906	)		(101,565	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(11,088	)		(10,183	)		(13,711	)		(11,305	)
Accumulated deficit		(37,843	)		(42,858	)
Retained earnings (accumulated deficit)								9,795			(15,830	)
Total IDT Corporation stockholders’ equity		160,595			164,864			188,138			167,615
Noncontrolling interests		2,385			1,750			4,876			3,022
Total equity		162,980			166,614			193,014			170,637
Total liabilities and equity	$	505,894		$	512,655
Total liabilities, redeemable noncontrolling interest, and equity							$	500,511		$	497,094

	2022			2021			2022			2021
	Three Months Ended January 31,						Six Months Ended January 31,						Three Months Ended January 31,						Six Months Ended January 31,
	2022			2021			2022			2021			2023			2022			2023			2022
	(in thousands, except per share data)												(in thousands, except per share data)

Revenues	$	337,058		$	339,766		$	707,141		$	683,191		$	313,936		$	337,058		$	635,752		$	707,141
Costs and expenses:
Direct cost of revenues (exclusive of depreciation and amortization)		257,325			269,145			548,950			542,319			222,394			257,325			454,031			548,950
Selling, general and administrative (i)		61,070			54,298			121,177			106,442			68,153			61,070			134,017			121,177
Depreciation and amortization		4,378			4,464			8,825			8,956			5,012			4,378			9,801			8,825
Severance		29			143			67			255			213			29			312			67

Total costs and expenses		322,802			328,050			679,019			657,972			295,772			322,802			598,161			679,019
Other operating (expense) gain, net (see Note 10)		(442	)		1,207			(530	)		955

Other operating gain (expense), net (see Note 10)														17			(442	)		816			(530	)
Income from operations		13,814			12,923			27,592			26,174			18,181			13,814			38,407			27,592
Interest income, net		119			139			132			98			810			119			1,320			132
Other (expense) income, net		(2,949	)		3,170			(19,165	)		1,792

Other income (expense), net														1,613			(2,949	)		(2,229	)		(19,165	)
Income before income taxes		10,984			16,232			8,559			28,064			20,604			10,984			37,498			8,559
Provision for income taxes		(2,734	)		(3,027	)		(2,648	)		(6,444	)		(5,295	)		(2,734	)		(9,634	)		(2,648	)

Net income		8,250			13,205			5,911			21,620			15,309			8,250			27,864			5,911
Net (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests		(763	)		(97	)		(896	)		(224	)

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests														(686	)		(763	)		(2,239	)		(896	)
Net income attributable to IDT Corporation	$	7,487		$	13,108		$	5,015		$	21,396		$	14,623		$	7,487		$	25,625		$	5,015

Earnings per share attributable to IDT Corporation common stockholders:
Basic	$	0.29		$	0.52		$	0.20		$	0.84		$	0.57		$	0.29		$	1.00		$	0.20
Diluted	$	0.28		$	0.51		$	0.19		$	0.83		$	0.57		$	0.28		$	1.00		$	0.19

Weighted-average number of shares used in calculation of earnings per share:
Basic		25,652			25,362			25,609			25,448			25,510			25,652			25,556			25,609
Diluted		26,542			25,713			26,580			25,787			25,538			26,542			25,577			26,580

(i) Stock-based compensation included in selling, general and administrative expenses	$	310		$	434		$	595		$	940		$	1,286		$	310		$	1,858		$	595

	2022			2021			2022			2021			2023			2022			2023			2022
	Three Months Ended January 31,						Six Months Ended January 31,						Three Months Ended January 31,						Six Months Ended January 31,
	2022			2021			2022			2021			2023			2022			2023			2022
	(in thousands)												(in thousands)
Net income	$	8,250		$	13,205		$	5,911		$	21,620		$	15,309		$	8,250		$	27,864		$	5,911
Other comprehensive (loss) income:
Other comprehensive loss:
Change in unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities		(212	)		46			(323	)		17			188			(212	)		(34	)		(323	)
Foreign currency translation adjustments		(1,650	)		(1,815	)		(582	)		(1,564	)		(2,227	)		(1,650	)		(2,372	)		(582	)

Other comprehensive loss		(1,862	)		(1,769	)		(905	)		(1,547	)		(2,039	)		(1,862	)		(2,406	)		(905	)
Comprehensive income		6,388			11,436			5,006			20,073			13,270			6,388			25,458			5,006
Comprehensive (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests		(763	)		(97	)		(896	)		(224	)		(686	)		(763	)		(2,239	)		(896	)

Comprehensive income attributable to IDT Corporation	$	5,625		$	11,339		$	4,110		$	19,849		$	12,584		$	5,625		$	23,219		$	4,110

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements of IDT Corporation and its subsidiaries (the “Company” or “IDT”) have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Operating results for the three and six months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the fiscal year ending July 31, ~~2022.~~2023. The balance sheet at July 31, ~~2021~~2022 has been derived from the Company’s audited financial statements at that date but does not include all of the information and notes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. For further information, please refer to the consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended July 31, ~~2021,~~2022, as filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).

The Company’s fiscal year ends on July 31 of each calendar year. Each reference below to a fiscal year refers to the fiscal year ending in the calendar year indicated (e.g., fiscal ~~2022~~2023 refers to the fiscal year ending July 31, ~~2022)~~2023).

As of August 1, 2022, the Company revised its reportable business segments primarily to reflect the growth of its financial technology businesses and their increased contributions to the Company’s consolidated results. The ~~Company has~~Company’s 3four reportable business segments, Fintech, ~~net2phone-Unified Communications as a Service~~National Retail Solutions (“~~UCaaS”~~NRS”), net2phone, and Traditional ~~Communications.~~ Communications, reflect management’s current approach to analyzing results, its resource allocation strategy, and its assessment of business performance. NRS was previously included in the Company’s Fintech segment. In addition, certain lines of business were reclassified to the Fintech segment from the Traditional Communications segment. Comparative segment information has been reclassified and restated in all periods to conform to the current period presentation.

The Company’s reportable segments are distinguished by types of service, customers, and methods used to provide their services. The operating results of these business segments are regularly reviewed by the Company’s chief operating decision maker. The accounting policies of the segments are the same as the accounting policies of the Company as a whole. There are no significant asymmetrical allocations to segments. The Company evaluates the performance of its business segments based primarily on income (loss) from operations.

The Fintech segment is comprised of ~~National Retail Solutions~~BOSS Money, a provider of international money remittance and related value/payment transfer services, as well as other, significantly smaller financial services businesses, including Leaf Global Fintech Corporation (“~~NRS”~~Leaf”), a provider of digital wallet services in emerging markets, the Company’s variable interest entity (“VIE”) that operates money transfer businesses (see Note 9), and IDT Financial Services Limited (“IDT Financial Services”), the Company’s Gibraltar-based bank.

The NRS segment is an operator of a nationwide point of sale (“POS”) network providing independent retailers with store management software with credit, debit, and other electronic payment processing, as well as with other ancillary merchant services. NRS’ POS platform provides marketers with digital out-of-home advertising and transaction ~~data, and ancillary services, and BOSS Revolution Money Transfer, a provider of international money remittance and related value/payment transfer services.~~data.

The ~~net2phone-UCaaS~~net2phone segment is comprised of net2phone’s cloud communications offerings.

The Traditional Communications segment includes Mobile Top-Up, which enables customers to transfer airtime and bundles of airtime, messaging, and data to international and domestic mobile accounts, BOSS Revolution Calling, an international long-distance calling service marketed primarily to immigrant communities in the United States and Canada, and ~~Carrier Services,~~IDT Global, a wholesale provider of international voice and SMS termination and outsourced traffic management solutions to telecoms worldwide. Traditional Communications also includes other ~~smaller~~small businesses ~~many~~and offerings including early-stage business initiatives and mature businesses in harvest mode.

Corporate costs mainly include compensation, consulting fees, treasury, tax and accounting services, human resources, corporate purchasing, corporate governance including Board of Directors’ fees, internal and external audit, investor relations, corporate insurance, corporate legal, ~~business development, charitable contributions, travel,~~ and other corporate-related general and administrative expenses. Corporate does not generate any revenues, nor does it incur any direct cost of revenues.

The Company earns revenue from contracts with customers, primarily through the provision of retail telecommunications and payment offerings as well as wholesale international voice and SMS termination. BOSS ~~Revolution~~ Money, ~~Transfer,~~ NRS, and ~~net2phone-UCaaS~~net2phone are technology-driven, synergistic businesses that leverage the Company’s core ~~assets,~~assets. BOSS Money and ~~revenue is~~NRS’ revenues are primarily recognized at a point in time, and ~~in some cases (mainly net2phone-UCaaS)~~net2phone’s revenue is mainly recognized over time. Traditional Communications are mostly minute-based, paid-voice communications services, and revenue is primarily recognized at a point in time. The Company’s most significant revenue streams are from Mobile Top-Up, BOSS Revolution Calling, and ~~Carrier Services.~~IDT Global. Mobile Top-Up and BOSS Revolution Calling are sold direct-to-consumers and through distributors and retailers.

The following table shows the Company’s revenues disaggregated by business segment and service offered to customers:

Schedule of Revenues Disaggregated by Business Segment and Service Offered to Customers

	2022		2021		2022		2021
	Three Months Ended January 31,				Six Months Ended January 31,				Three Months Ended January 31,				Six Months Ended January 31,
	2022		2021		2022		2021		2023		2022		2023		2022
	(in thousands)								(in thousands)
BOSS Revolution Money Transfer	$	12,462	$	13,280	$	24,958	$	28,438
BOSS Money									$	17,649	$	12,029	$	35,203	$	24,123
Other										2,672		2,570		5,005		4,706
Total Fintech										20,321		14,599		40,208		28,829
National Retail Solutions		10,620		5,218		20,692		10,147		19,822		10,620		39,135		20,692

Total Fintech		23,082		18,498		45,650		38,585

net2phone-UCaaS		13,535		10,866		26,448		20,568

net2phone										17,794		13,535		34,744		26,448
Mobile Top-Up		116,246		96,562		244,731		192,397		106,127		116,246		215,176		244,731
BOSS Revolution Calling		99,951		113,903		205,920		231,253		82,831		99,951		169,083		205,920
Carrier Services		73,117		87,155		162,312		174,928
IDT Global										58,631		73,117		120,242		162,312
Other		11,127		12,782		22,080		25,460		8,410		8,990		17,164		18,209

Total Traditional Communications		300,441		310,402		635,043		624,038		255,999		298,304		521,665		631,172
Total	$	337,058	$	339,766	$	707,141	$	683,191	$	313,936	$	337,058	$	635,752	$	707,141

The following table shows the Company’s revenues disaggregated by geographic region, which is determined based on selling ~~location. On February 1, 2021, the Company changed the geographic sourcing of certain revenues from the United States to the United Kingdom.~~location:


(in thousands)	Fintech		net2phone-UCaaS		Traditional Communications		Total		Fintech		National Retail Solutions		net2phone		Traditional Communications		Total
Three Months Ended January 31, 2022
Three Months Ended January 31, 2023
United States	$	23,082	$	7,157	$	210,694	$	240,933	$	19,612	$	19,822	$	9,514	$	176,424	$	225,372
Outside the United States:
United Kingdom		—		—		77,894		77,894		—		—		—		69,000		69,000
Other		—		6,378		11,853		18,231		709		—		8,280		10,575		19,564

Total outside the United States		—		6,378		89,747		96,125		709		—		8,280		79,575		88,564

Total	$	23,082	$	13,535	$	300,441	$	337,058	$	20,321	$	19,822	$	17,794	$	255,999	$	313,936


(in thousands)	Fintech		net2phone-UCaaS		Traditional Communications		Total		Fintech		National Retail Solutions		net2phone		Traditional Communications		Total
Three Months Ended January 31, 2021
Three Months Ended January 31, 2022
United States	$	18,498	$	5,680	$	265,315	$	289,493	$	14,166	$	10,620	$	7,157	$	209,065	$	241,008
Outside the United States:
United Kingdom		—		—		31,929		31,929		—		—		—		77,337		77,337
Other		—		5,186		13,158		18,344		433		—		6,378		11,902		18,713

Total outside the United States		—		5,186		45,087		50,273		433		—		6,378		89,239		96,050

Total	$	18,498	$	10,866	$	310,402	$	339,766	$	14,599	$	10,620	$	13,535	$	298,304	$	337,058


(in thousands)	Fintech		net2phone-UCaaS		Traditional Communications		Total		Fintech		National Retail Solutions		net2phone		Traditional Communications		Total
Six Months Ended January 31, 2021
Six Months Ended January 31, 2022
United States	$	38,585	$	10,769	$	535,938	$	585,292	$	27,966	$	20,692	$	13,981	$	445,992	$	508,631
Outside the United States:
United Kingdom		—		—		61,350		61,350		—		—		—		159,080		159,080
Other		—		9,799		26,750		36,549		863		—		12,467		26,100		39,430

Total outside the United States		—		9,799		88,100		97,899		863		—		12,467		185,180		198,510

Total	$	38,585	$	20,568	$	624,038	$	683,191	$	28,829	$	20,692	$	26,448	$	631,172	$	707,141

The Company does not have any significant revenue from performance obligations satisfied or partially satisfied in previous reporting periods. The Company’s remaining performance obligations ~~as of~~at January 31, ~~2022~~2023 and July 31, ~~2021~~2022 primarily had an original expected duration of one year or less.

The timing of revenue recognition may differ from the time of billing to the Company’s customers. Trade accounts receivable in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets represent unconditional rights to consideration. The Company would record a contract asset when revenue is recognized in advance of its right to bill and receive consideration. The Company has not identified any contract assets.

Contract liabilities arise when the Company receives consideration or bills its customers prior to providing the goods or services promised in the contract. The Company’s contract liability balance is primarily payments received for prepaid BOSS Revolution Calling. Contract liabilities are recognized as revenue when services are provided to the customer. The contract liability balances are presented in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as “Deferred revenue”.

The following table presents information about the Company’s contract liability balance:

The Company recognizes ~~as an asset~~ its incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer that it expects to ~~recover.~~ recover as an asset. The Company’s incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer are sales commissions paid to employees and third parties on sales to end users. If the amortization period would be one year or less for the asset that would be recognized from deferring these costs, the Company applies the practical expedient whereby the Company charges these costs to expense when incurred. For net2phone sales, the Company defers these costs and amortizes them over the expected customer relationship period when it is expected to exceed one year.

The Company’s costs to fulfill its contracts do not meet the criteria to be recognized as an asset, therefore these costs are charged to expense as incurred. The Company’s incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer are sales commissions paid to employees and third parties on sales to end users. The Company applies the practical expedient whereby the Company primarily charges these costs to expense when incurred because the amortization period would be one year or less for the asset that would have been recognized from deferring these costs. For net2phone-UCaaS sales, the Company defers these costs and amortizes them over the expected customer relationship period when it is expected to exceed one year.


	January 31, 2022		July 31, 2021		January 31, 2023		July 31, 2022
	(in thousands)				(in thousands)
Deferred customer contract acquisition costs included in “Other current assets”	$	3,730	$	3,460	$	4,265	$	4,085
Deferred customer contract acquisition costs included in “Other assets”		3,346		3,151		3,465		3,469

Total	$	7,076	$	6,611	$	7,730	$	7,554

The Company’s amortization of deferred customer contract acquisition costs during the periods were as follows:

The Company’s leases primarily consist of operating leases for office space. These leases have remaining terms from less than one yearto ~~six~~five years. ~~net2phone-UCaaS~~net2phone also has operating leases for office equipment. Certain of these leases contain renewal options that may be exercised and/or options to terminate the lease. The Company has concluded that it is not reasonably certain that it would exercise ~~the options to extend or terminate the leases.~~any of these options.

~~net2phone-UCaaS~~net2phone is the lessee inunder equipment leases that are classified as finance leases. The assets and liabilities related to these finance leases are not material to the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

The Company leases office and parking space in a building and parking garage located at 520 Broad Street, Newark, New Jersey that iswas previously owned by the Company’s former subsidiary, Rafael Holdings, Inc. (“Rafael”). On August 22, 2022, Rafael sold the building and parking garage to an unrelated third party. The Company’s lease in that building continues with the new owner. The Company ~~also~~ leases office space in Israel from Rafael. Howard S. Jonas, the Chairman of the Company (an executive officer position) and the Chairman of the Company’s Board of Directors, is also the Chairman of the Board of Directors and Executive Chairman of Rafael. The Newark lease expires in April 2025 and the Israel lease expires in July 2025.In ~~each of~~ the three and six months ended January 31, ~~2022 and 2021,~~2023, the Company incurred lease costs of $~~0.5~~32,000 and $0.2million, ~~and~~respectively, in ~~each of~~connection with the Rafael leases, which excludes Newark lease costs after August 22, 2022. In the three and six months ended January 31, 2022, ~~and 2021,~~ the Company incurred lease costs of $0.5 million and $0.9 million, respectively, in connection with the Rafael leases. Lease costs incurred in connection with the Rafael leases ~~which~~ is included in operating lease cost in the table below.

Supplemental disclosures related to the Company’s operating leases were as follows:

	2022		2021		2022		2021
	Three Months Ended January 31,				Six Months Ended January 31,				Three Months Ended January 31,				Six Months Ended January 31,
	2022		2021		2022		2021		2023		2022		2023		2022
	(in thousands)								(in thousands)
Operating lease cost	$	687	$	697	$	1,387	$	1,425	$	799	$	687	$	1,566	$	1,387
Short-term lease cost		253		130		600		195		259		253		528		600

Total lease cost	$	940	$	827	$	1,987	$	1,620	$	1,058	$	940	$	2,094	$	1,987

Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	670	$	672	$	1,365	$	1,382	$	824	$	670	$	1,588	$	1,365
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities: Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	670	$	672	$	1,365	$	1,382		824		670		1,588		1,365

~~On September 13, 2021,~~In the six months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company ~~entered into a~~obtained right-of-use assets of $1.7 million and $0.7 million, respectively, in exchange for new ~~office lease with an aggregate~~ operating lease ~~liability of $~~liabilities.

~~million.~~ The Company’s aggregate operating lease liability was as follows:


	January 31, 2022		July 31, 2021		January 31, 2023		July 31, 2022
	(in thousands)				(in thousands)
Operating lease liabilities included in “Other current liabilities”	$	2,367	$	2,456	$	2,917	$	2,899
Operating lease liabilities included in noncurrent liabilities		5,014		5,473		4,243		4,606

Total	$	7,381	$	7,929	$	7,160	$	7,505

Future minimum maturities of operating lease liabilities were as follows (in thousands):


Twelve-month period ending January 31:
2023	$	2,549
2024		2,336		$	3,135
2025		1,977			2,739
2026		632			1,076
2027		140			454
2028					137
Thereafter		119			—

Total lease payments		7,753			7,541
Less imputed interest		(372	)		(381	)

Total operating lease liabilities	$	7,381		$	7,160

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash and cash equivalents reported in the consolidated balance sheets that equals the total of the same amounts reported in the consolidated statements of cash flows:


	January 31, 2022		July 31, 2021		January 31, 2023		July 31, 2022
	(in thousands)				(in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	104,268	$	107,147	$	117,811	$	98,352
Restricted cash and cash equivalents		116,284		119,769		89,867		91,210

Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash and cash equivalents	$	220,552	$	226,916	$	207,678	$	189,562

At January 31, ~~2022~~2023 and July 31, ~~2021,~~2022, restricted cash and cash equivalents included $~~112.3~~ 87.7million and $~~115.8~~ 86.6million, respectively, in restricted cash and cash equivalents for customer deposits held by IDT Financial Services. Certain of the electronic money financial services regulations in Gibraltar require IDT Financial Services ~~Limited,~~to safeguard cash held for customer deposits, segregate cash held for customer deposits from any other cash that IDT Financial Services holds and utilize the ~~Company’s Gibraltar-based bank.~~cash only for the intended payment transaction.

The Company treats unrestricted cash and cash equivalents held by IDT Payment Services, Inc. and IDT Payment Services of New York, LLC, which provide the Company’s international money transfer services in the United States, as substantially restricted and unavailable for other purposes. At January 31, ~~2022~~2023 and July 31, ~~2021,~~2022, “Cash and cash equivalents” in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets included an aggregate of $~~11.8~~ 31.2million and $~~15.3~~ 17.3million, respectively, held by IDT Payment Services, Inc. and IDT Payment Services of New York, LLC, that was unavailable for other purposes.

Proceeds from maturities and sales of debt securities and redemptions of equity investments were $~~2.2~~ 16.1million and $~~5.0~~ 2.2million in the three months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, respectively, and $~~6.1~~ 27.5million and $~~11.6~~ 6.1million in the six months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, respectively. There were no realized gains or realized losses from sales of debt securities in the three and six months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021.~~2022. The Company uses the specific identification method in computing the realized gains and realized losses on the sales of debt securities.

The contractual maturities of the Company’s available-for-sale debt securities at January 31, ~~2022~~2023 were as follows:


	Fair Value		Fair Value
	(in thousands)		(in thousands)
Within one year	$	3,568	$	22,521
After one year through five years		6,379		5,973
After five years through ten years		4,869		1,236
After ten years		674		47
Total	$	15,490	$	29,777

The following available-for-sale debt securities were in an unrealized loss position for which other-than-temporary impairments were not recognized:

	Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
	(in thousands)				(in thousands)
January 31, 2022:
January 31, 2023:
U.S. Treasury bills and notes					$	94	$	11,315
Government sponsored enterprises notes						4		2,508
Corporate bonds						487		3,450
Total					$	585	$	17,273

July 31, 2022:
Certificates of deposit	$	3	$	1,997	$	14	$	1,986
U.S. Treasury bills and notes		57		1,603		114		13,734
Corporate bonds		277		5,698		416		3,514
Municipal bonds		5		5,122		3		2,412
Total	$	342	$	14,420	$	547	$	21,646

July 31, 2021:
U.S. Treasury bills and notes	$	17	$	1,652
Corporate bonds		33		3,293
Total	$	50	$	4,945

~~At July 31, 2021, there were no securities in a continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or longer. At January 31, 2022, the~~The following available-for-sale debt securities included in the ~~table~~tables above were in a continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or longer:

At January 31, 2023 and July 31, 2022, the Company did not intend to sell any of the debt securities included in the table above, and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell any of these securities before recovery of the unrealized losses, which may be at maturity.

	January 31, 2022		July 31, 2021
	(in thousands)				January 31, 2023		July 31, 2022
Zedge, Inc. Class B common stock, 42,282 shares at January 31, 2022 and July 31, 2021	$	320	$	649
Rafael Holdings, Inc. Class B common stock, 290,214 and 246,565 shares at January 31, 2022 and July 31, 2021, respectively		1,201		12,479
Rafael Holdings, Inc. restricted Class B common stock, nil and 43,649 shares at January 31, 2022 and July 31, 2021, respectively		—		2,209
					(in thousands)
Zedge, Inc. Class B common stock, 42,282 shares at January 31, 2023 and July 31, 2022					$	93	$	117
Rafael Holdings, Inc. Class B common stock, 278,810 and 290,214 shares at January 31, 2023 and July 31, 2022, respectively						574		586
Other marketable equity securities		4,012		3,630		1,872		4,089
Fixed income mutual funds		22,961		23,467		6,674		12,299
Current equity investments	$	28,494	$	42,434	$	9,213	$	17,091

Visa Inc. Series C Convertible Participating Preferred Stock (“Visa Series C Preferred”)	$	2,261	$	2,465	$	1,225	$	1,132
Visa Inc. Series A Convertible Participating Preferred Stock (“Visa Series A Preferred”)						—		1,230
Series B and Series C convertible preferred stock—equity method investment		2,509		2,901		—		1,001
Hedge funds		2,360		3,563		3,137		3,238
Other		1,225		2,725		2,325		825
Noncurrent equity investments	$	8,355	$	11,654	$	6,687	$	7,426

The Company received the shares of Zedge, Inc. (“Zedge”) Class B common stock and 28,320 of the shares of Rafael Class B common stock set forth in the table above in connection with the lapsing of restrictions on Zedge and Rafael restricted stock held by certain of the Company’s employees and the Company’s payment of taxes on behalf of its employees related thereto. The Company purchased 261,894 shares of Rafael Class B common stock in fiscal 2021. The Company sold 11,404 shares of Rafael Class B common stock in November 2022. Howard S. Jonas is the Vice-Chairman of the Board of Directors of Zedge.

On July 28, 2022, in connection with Visa Inc.’s second mandatory release assessment, the Company received 58 shares of Visa Series A Preferred and the conversion adjustment for Visa Series C Preferred was reduced to 3.645. In August 2022, the 58 shares of Visa Series A Preferred were converted into 5,800 shares of Visa Class A common stock, which the Company sold for $1.3 million.

The changes in the carrying value of the Company’s equity investments without readily determinable fair values for which the Company elected the measurement alternative was as follows:

	2022		2021		2022			2021
	Three Months Ended January 31,				Six Months Ended January 31,						Three Months Ended January 31,				Six Months Ended January 31,
	2022		2021		2022			2021			2023		2022		2023		2022
	(in thousands)										(in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period	$	2,397	$	2,109	$	2,743		$	4,109		$	1,374	$	2,397	$	1,401	$	2,743
Redemption for Visa mandatory release assessment		—		—		—			(1,870	)
Adjustment for observable transactions involving a similar investment from the same issuer		142		114		(204	)		(16	)		120		142		93		(204	)
Impairments		—		—		—			—			—		—		—		—

Balance, end of the period	$	2,539	$	2,223	$	2,539		$	2,223		$	1,494	$	2,539	$	1,494	$	2,539

The Company increased the carrying value of the shares of Visa Series C Preferred it held by $0.1million in ~~both~~each of the three months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022 and ~~2021, respectively,~~in the six months ended January 31, 2023, and the Company decreased the carrying value of the shares of Visa Series C Preferred it held by $0.2 million ~~and $16,000~~ in the six months ended January 31, 2022, ~~and 2021, respectively,~~ based on the fair value of Visa Class A common stock, ~~and~~including a discount for lack of current marketability.

Unrealized gains and losses for all equity investments measured at fair value included the following:

The ~~net~~unrealized gains and losses onfor all equity investments measured at fair value in the ~~three and six months ended January 31, 2022~~table above included ~~unrealized losses of $1.0~~ ~~million and $13.5million, respectively, on shares of Rafael Class B common stock. The net gains on investments in~~ the ~~three and six months ended January 31, 2021 included unrealized gains of $0.2~~ ~~million and $0.3~~ ~~million, respectively, on shares of Rafael Class B common stock.~~following:

On February 2, 2021, the Company paid $4.0 million to purchase shares of series B convertible preferred stock of a communications company (the equity method investee, or “EMI”), and on August 10, 2021, the Company paid $1.1 million to purchase shares of the EMI’s series C convertible preferred stock and additional shares of the EMI’s series B convertible preferred stock. The initial shares purchased represented 23.95% of the outstanding shares of the EMI on an as converted basis. The subsequent purchases increased the Company’s ownership to 26.57% on an as converted basis.

The Company accounts for this investment using the equity method since the series B and series C convertible preferred stock are in-substance common stock, and the Company can exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the EMI.

The Company determined that on the dates of the acquisitions, there were differences of $3.4million and $1.0million between its investment in the EMI and its proportional interest in the equity of the EMI, which represented the ~~Company’s~~ share of the EMI’s customer list on the dates of the ~~acquisitions.~~ acquisitions attributed to the Company’s interest in the EMI. These basis differences are being amortized over the 6-year estimated life of the customer list. In the accompanying consolidated statements of income, ~~the~~ amortization of equity method basis difference is included in the equity in the net loss of investee, which is recorded in “Other income (expense) ~~income,~~, net” (see Note 17).

~~On February 10,~~As of January 31, 2023 and July 31, 2022, the Company ~~received a~~was the holder of secured promissory ~~note from~~notes made by the EMI in exchange for ~~a loan~~loans of an aggregate of $~~1.0~~3.7 ~~million.~~million and $2.5 million, respectively. The ~~note provides~~notes provide for interest on the principal amount at ~~15%~~15% per annum payable monthly. The ~~note is~~notes were due and payable onin ~~August 3,~~February 2023. The Company, the EMI, and the EMI’s other lenders are in the process of converting all the EMI’s equity and promissory notes into new shares of the EMI’s participating preferred stock. As of January 31, 2023 and July 31, 2022, the notes were included in “Other current assets” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets..

The following table summarizes the change in the balance of the Company’s equity method investment:

	2022			2021		2022			2021
	Three Months Ended January 31,					Six Months Ended January 31,					Three Months Ended January 31,						Six Months Ended January 31,
	2022			2021		2022			2021		2023			2022			2023			2022
	(in thousands)										(in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period	$	3,329		$	—	$	2,901		$	—	$	349		$	3,329		$	1,001		$	2,901
Purchase of convertible preferred stock		—			—		1,051			—		—			—			—			1,051
Equity in the net loss of investee		(639	)		—		(1,080	)		—		(542	)		(639	)		(1,012	)		(1,080	)
Amortization of equity method basis difference		(181	)		—		(363	)		—		(181	)		(181	)		(363	)		(363	)

Balance, end of the period	$	2,509		$	—	$	2,509		$	—	$	(374	)	$	2,509		$	(374	)	$	2,509

As of January 31, 2023, the balance of the Company’s investment in the EMI was included in “Other current liabilities” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet.

	2022			2021		2022			2021
	Three Months Ended January 31,					Six Months Ended January 31,					Three Months Ended January 31,						Six Months Ended January 31,
	2022			2021		2022			2021		2023			2022			2023			2022
	(in thousands)										(in thousands)

Revenues	$	1,380		$	—	$	3,071		$	—	$	1,818		$	1,380		$	3,691		$	3,071
Costs and expenses:
Direct cost of revenues		1,443			—		2,905			—		1,535			1,443			3,228			2,905
Selling, general and administrative		774			—		2,663			—		1,772			774			3,408			2,663

Total costs and expenses		2,217			—		5,568			—		3,307			2,217			6,636			5,568

Loss from operations		(837	)		—		(2,497	)		—		(1,489	)		(837	)		(2,945	)		(2,497	)
Other expense		—			—		(1	)		—		(498	)		—			(842	)		(1	)

Net loss	$	(837	)	$	—	$	(2,498	)	$	—	$	(1,987	)	$	(837	)	$	(3,787	)	$	(2,498	)

The following table presents the balance of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis:

	Level 1 (1)		Level 2 (2)		Level 3 (3)			Total			Level 1 (1)		Level 2 (2)		Level 3 (3)			Total
	(in thousands)										(in thousands)
January 31, 2022
January 31, 2023
Debt securities	$	1,603	$	13,887	$	—		$	15,490		$	23,764	$	6,013	$	—		$	29,777
Equity investments included in current assets		28,494		—		—			28,494			9,213		—		—			9,213
Equity investments included in noncurrent assets		—		—		2,261			2,261			—		—		1,225			1,225

Total	$	30,097	$	13,887	$	2,261		$	46,245		$	32,977	$	6,013	$	1,225		$	40,215

Contingent consideration included in:
Acquisition consideration included in:
Other current liabilities	$	—	$	—	$	(628	)	$	(628	)	$	—	$	—	$	(2,275	)	$	(2,275	)
Other noncurrent liabilities		—		—		(75	)		(75	)		—		—		(4,334	)		(4,334	)

Total	$	—	$	—	$	(703	)	$	(703	)	$	—	$	—	$	(6,609	)	$	(6,609	)

July 31, 2021
July 31, 2022
Debt securities	$	1,652	$	12,360	$	—		$	14,012		$	13,734	$	8,569	$	—		$	22,303
Equity investments included in current assets		40,225		2,209		—			42,434			17,091		—		—			17,091
Equity investments included in noncurrent assets		—		—		2,465			2,465			—		1,230		1,132			2,362

Total	$	41,877	$	14,569	$	2,465		$	58,911		$	30,825	$	9,799	$	1,132		$	41,756

Contingent consideration included in:
Acquisition consideration included in:
Other current liabilities	$	—	$	—	$	(628	)	$	(628	)	$	—	$	—	$	(2,578	)	$	(2,578	)
Other noncurrent liabilities		—		—		(397	)		(397	)		—		—		(5,968	)		(5,968	)

Total	$	—	$	—	$	(1,025	)	$	(1,025	)	$	—	$	—	$	(8,546	)	$	(8,546	)

At January 31, ~~2022~~2023 and July 31, ~~2021,~~2022, the Company had $~~2.4~~3.1 million and $~~3.6~~ 3.2million, respectively, in investments in hedge funds, which were included in noncurrent “Equity investments” in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The Company’s investments in hedge funds were accounted for using the equity method, therefore they were not measured at fair value.

The following table summarizes the change in the balance of the Company’s assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):

Schedule of Assets Measured at Fair Value Onon a Recurring Basis Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)

The following table summarizes the change in the balance of the Company’s liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3):

Schedule of Liabilities Measured at Fair Value Onon a Recurring Basis Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)

	2022			2021		2022			2021
	Three Months Ended January 31,					Six Months Ended January 31,					Three Months Ended January 31,					Six Months Ended January 31,
	2022			2021		2022			2021		2023		2022			2023			2022
	(in thousands)										(in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period	$	1,015		$	391	$	1,025		$	396	$	6,603	$	1,015		$	8,546		$	1,025
Transfer into Level 3 from acquisitions		—			393		—			393
Total (gain) loss included in:
“Other operating (expense) gain, net”		(303	)		—		(303	)		—
Payments												—		—			(375	)		—
Total (gains) losses included in:
“Other operating gain (expense), net”												—		(303	)		(1,565	)		(303	)
“Foreign currency translation adjustment”		(9	)		15		(19	)		10		6		(9	)		3			(19	)

Balance, end of period	$	703		$	799	$	703		$	799	$	6,609	$	703		$	6,609		$	703

Change in unrealized gains or losses for the period included in earnings for liabilities held at the end of the period	$	—		$	—	$	—		$	—	$	—	$	—		$	—		$	—

In the six months ended January 31, 2023, the Company paid an aggregate of $0.4 million in contingent consideration related to prior acquisitions. In addition, in the six months ended January 31, 2023, the Company determined that the requirements for a portion of the contingent consideration payments related to the acquisition of Leaf would not be met, and, in the three months ended January 31, 2022, the Company determined that the requirements for a contingent consideration payment related to an acquisition in December 2019 would not be met before the expiration date. The Company recorded gains of $1.6 million and $0.3 million on the write-off of these contingent consideration payment obligations, which were included in “Other operating gain (expense), net” in the accompanying consolidated statements of income. There were no other changes in the estimated fair value of contingent consideration in the six months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022.

The estimated fair value of the Company’s other financial instruments was determined using available market information or other appropriate valuation methodologies. However, considerable judgment is required in interpreting these data to develop estimates of fair value. Consequently, the estimates are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that could be realized or would be paid in a current market exchange.

Cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and cash equivalents, other current assets, customer deposits, and other current liabilities. At January 31, ~~2022~~2023 and July 31, ~~2021,~~2022, the carrying amount of these assets and liabilities approximated fair value because of the short period of time to maturity. The fair value estimates for cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash and cash equivalents were classified as Level 1 and other current assets, customer deposits, and other current liabilities were classified as Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Other assets and other liabilities. At January 31, ~~2022~~2023 and July 31, ~~2021,~~2022, the carrying amount of these assets and liabilities approximated fair value. The fair values were estimated based on the Company’s assumptions, which were classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.

AsThe Company is the primary beneficiary of ~~May 31, 2021, the Company entered into~~ a ~~Warrant Purchase Agreement with the shareholders of an entity (the variable interest entity, or “VIE”)~~VIE that operates money transfer businesses. The Company determined that, effective May 31, 2021, it had the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact its economic performance, and the Company has the obligation to absorb losses of and the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to it. ~~The Company therefore determined that it is the primary beneficiary of the VIE, and as~~As a result, the Company consolidates the VIE. The Company does not currently own any interest in the VIE and thus the net income incurred by the VIE was attributed to noncontrolling interests in the accompanying consolidated statements of income.

The VIE’s net income (loss) and aggregate funding ~~repaid to~~(repaid to) provided by the Company ~~by the VIE~~ were as follows:

Schedule of Net Income ~~(loss)~~ and Aggregate Funding Repaid to the Company Byby VIE

	January 31, 2022		July 31, 2021			January 31,2023			July 31,2022
	(in thousands)					(in thousands)
Assets:
Cash and equivalents	$	1,535	$	1,364		$	3,286		$	1,808
Restricted cash		3,914		3,848			2,064			4,490
Trade accounts receivable, net		42		91			13			31
Prepaid expenses		231		344			179			14
Other current assets		693		858			1,038			1,387
Due from the Company		88		—			—			86
Property, plant, and equipment, net		566		637			375			467
Other intangibles, net		966		1,042			813			889

Total assets	$	8,035	$	8,184		$	7,768		$	9,172

Liabilities and noncontrolling interests:
Trade accounts payable	$	—	$	312		$	—		$	—
Accrued expenses		27		26			25			20
Other current liabilities		4,648		4,491			3,990			5,559
Due to the Company		—		8			1			—
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		6		(7	)		(15	)		(9	)
Noncontrolling interests		3,354		3,354			3,767			3,602

Total liabilities and noncontrolling interests	$	8,035	$	8,184		$	7,768		$	9,172

The VIE’s assets may only be used to settle the VIE’s obligations and may not be used for other consolidated entities. The VIE’s liabilities are non-recourse to the general credit of the Company’s other consolidated entities.

The following table summarizes the other operating gain (expense) ~~gain,~~, net by business segment:

As discussed in Note 16, the Company (as well as other defendants) has been named in a pending ~~putative~~ class action on behalf of the stockholders of the Company’s former subsidiary, Straight Path Communications Inc. (“Straight Path”)~~, and a derivative complaint.~~. The Company incurred legal fees and recorded offsetting gains from insurance claims related to this action in the three and six months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021.~~2022.

In the six months ended January 31, 2023, the Company determined that the requirements for a portion of the contingent consideration payments related to the Leaf acquisition would not be met. In addition, in the three months ended January 31, 2022, the Company determined that the requirements for a contingent consideration payment related to an acquisition in December 2019 would not be met before the expiration date. The Company recognized ~~a gain~~gains on the write-off of these contingent consideration payment obligations in the ~~contingent consideration.~~Fintech and net2phone segments, respectively.

In the three and six months ended January 31, 2023, Leaf received payments from ~~Sale~~government grants for the development and commercialization of ~~Rights under Class Action Lawsuit~~blockchain-backed financial technologies.

~~On December 21, 2020, the Company received $2.0~~ million from the sale to a third party of all its rights under the Payment Card Interchange Fee and Merchant Discount Antitrust Litigation. The lawsuit is about claims that merchants paid excessive fees to accept Visa and Mastercard cards between January 1, 2004 and January 25, 2019 because Visa and Mastercard, individually, and together with their respective member banks, violated the antitrust laws.

Beginning in June 2019, as part of a commercial resolution, the Company indemnified a ~~net2phone~~ cable telephony customer related to patent infringement claims brought against the customer.

The Company’s subsidiary, IDT Telecom, Inc. (“IDT Telecom”), entered into a credit agreement, dated as of May 17, 2021, with TD Bank, N.A. for a revolving credit facility for up to a maximum principal amount of $25.0million. IDT Telecom may use the proceeds to finance working capital requirements and for certain closing costs of the facility. At January 31, ~~2022~~2023 and July 31, ~~2021,~~2022, there were no amounts outstanding under this facility. In the six months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, IDT Telecom borrowed and repaid an aggregate of $2.4 million and $2.5 million, respectively, under the facility. The revolving credit facility is secured by primarily all of IDT Telecom’s assets. The principal outstanding bears interest per annum at the Intercontinental Exchange Benchmark Administration Ltd. LIBOR multiplied by the Regulation D maximum reserve requirement plus 125 to 175 basis points, depending upon IDT Telecom’s leverage ratio as computed for the most recent fiscal quarter. Interest is payable monthly, and all outstanding principal and any accrued and unpaid interest is due on May 16, 2024. IDT Telecom pays a quarterly unused commitment fee on the average daily balance of the unused portion of the $25.0 million commitment of 30 to 85 basis points, depending upon IDT Telecom’s leverage ratio as computed for the most recent fiscal ~~quarter~~quarter.. IDT Telecom is required to comply with various affirmative and negative covenants as well as maintain certain targets based on financial ratios during the term of the revolving credit facility. As of January 31, 2023 and July 31, 2022, IDT Telecom was in compliance with all of the covenants.

~~Deferred~~ Stock ~~Units Equity Incentive Program~~Issued to Certain Executive Officers for Bonus Payments

~~The~~In the six months ended January 31, 2023, certain executive officers of the Company ~~had~~received performance bonuses for fiscal 2022 of an ~~existing equity incentive program~~aggregate of $1.2 million, of which one-half was paid in ~~the form of deferred stock units (“DSUs”) that, upon vesting, entitled the grantees to receive~~cash and one-half was paid in shares of the Company’s Class B common stock. ~~On January 5, 2022, the third and final vesting date under the program, the~~The Company issued ~~301,296~~24,543 shares of its Class B common stock ~~in respect~~with an issue date value of ~~DSUs that vested on that date.~~ $0.6 million for the bonus payments.

On December 14, 2022, the Company’s stockholders approved an amendment to the Company’s 2015 Stock Option and Incentive Plan to increase the number of shares of the Company’s Class B common stock available for the grant of awards thereunder by an additional 50,000 shares.

In the six months ended January ~~5, 2021,~~31, 2023, the Company received cash from the exercise of stock options of $0.2 million, for which the Company issued ~~283,838~~12,500 shares of its Class B common stock. There were no stock option exercises in the six months ended January 31, 2022.

In the six months ended January 31, 2023, the Company granted 15,000 shares of its Class B common stock to an employee. The Company recorded stock-based compensation expense and an increase in ~~respect~~“Additional paid-in capital” of ~~vested DSUs under~~$0.4 million for this grant, which was the ~~program.~~fair value of the shares on the grant date.

The Company has an existing stock repurchase program authorized by its Board of Directors for the repurchase of shares of the Company’s Class B common stock. The Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to 8.0 million shares in the aggregate. In the six months ended January 31, 2023, the Company repurchased 203,436 shares of its Class B common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $5.0 million. There were 0no repurchases under the program in the six months ended January 31, 2022. ~~In the six months ended January 31, 2021, the Company repurchased~~ ~~463,792~~ ~~shares of Class B common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $2.8~~ ~~million.~~ At January 31, ~~2022,~~2023, ~~5.8~~5.0 million shares remained available for repurchase under the stock repurchase program.

In the six months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, the Company paid $~~9.0~~0.3 millionand $~~1.3~~ 9.0million, respectively, to repurchase ~~200,438~~ 13,403and ~~109,381~~ 200,438shares, respectively, of the Company’s Class B common stock that were tendered by employees of the Company to satisfy the employees’ tax withholding obligations in connection with shares issued for bonus payments, the vesting of ~~DSUs~~deferred stock units (“DSUs”), and lapsing of restrictions on restricted stock. Such shares were repurchased by the Company based on their fair market value as of the close of business on the trading day immediately prior to the vesting date.

On November 30, 2022, the Company adopted an equity incentive program (under its 2015 Stock Option and Incentive ~~Plan~~Plan) in the form of grants of DSUs that, upon vesting, will entitle the grantees to receive shares of the Company’s Class B common stock. On December 5, 2022, the Company granted 187,975 DSUs to certain of its executive officers and other employees. Subject to continued full time employment or other service to the Company, the DSUs are scheduled to vest in three equal amounts on each of May 17, 2023, February 21, 2024, and February 25, 2025. The number of shares that will be issuable on each vesting date will vary between 50% to 200% of the number of DSUs that vest on that vesting date, depending on the market price for the underlying Class B common stock on the vesting date relative to the price approved by the Compensation Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors of $25.45 per share (which was based on the market price at the time of the grant). In addition, the grantee will have the right to elect a later vesting date no later than April 14, 2023 for the May 17, 2023 vesting date, and no later than January 19, 2024 for the February 21, 2024 vesting date. A grantee will have the option to elect a later vesting date for one-half or all of the shares scheduled to vest on the then upcoming vesting date and any DSUs that do not vest based on the grantee’s election, will be eligible to vest on the subsequent scheduled vesting date. The Company estimated that the fair value of the DSUs on the date of grant was $5.1 million, which is being recognized on a graded vesting basis over the requisite service periods ending in February 2025. The Company used a risk neutral Monte Carlo simulation method in its valuation of the DSUs, which simulated the range of possible future values of the Company’s Class B common stock over the life of the DSUs. The weighted average grant date fair value per DSU was $27.20. At January 31, 2023, there was $4.2 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested DSUs.

InThe Company had an existing equity incentive program in the ~~six months ended~~form of DSUs that, upon vesting, entitled the grantees to receive shares of the Company’s Class B common stock. On January ~~31, 2021,~~5, 2022, the ~~Company received proceeds from~~third and final vesting date under the ~~exercise of stock options of $0.7~~ ~~million for which~~program, the Company issued ~~81,041~~301,296 shares of its Class B common ~~stock. There were~~ 0stock ~~option exercises~~ in ~~the six months ended January 31, 2022.~~respect of DSUs that vested on that date.

On December 15, 2021, the Company’s stockholders approved an amendment to the Company’s 2015 Stock Option and Incentive Plan to increase the number of shares of the Company’s Class B common stock available for the grant of awards thereunder by an additional ~~175,000~~ ~~shares.~~

On September 29, 2021, NRS sold shares of its Class B common stock representing 2.5% of its outstanding capital stock on a fully diluted basis to Alta Fox Opportunities Fund LP (“Alta Fox”) for cash of $10million. Alta Fox has the right to request that NRS redeem all or any portion of the NRS common shares that it purchased at the per share purchase price during a period of 182 days following the fifth anniversary of this transaction. The redemption right shall terminate upon the consummation of (i) a sale of NRS or its assets for cash or securities that are listed on a national securities exchange, (ii) a public offering of NRS’ securities, or (iii) a distribution of NRS’ capital stock following which NRS’ common shares are listed on a national securities exchange.

The shares of NRS’ Class B common stock sold to Alta Fox have been classified as mezzanine equity in the accompanying consolidated balance ~~sheet~~sheets because they may be redeemed at the option of Alta Fox, although the shares are not mandatorily redeemable. The carrying amount of the shares includes the noncontrolling interest in the net income of NRS. The net income attributable to the mezzanine equity’s noncontrolling interest during the periods were as follows:

Schedule of Net Income Attributable to Mezzanine Equity’s Noncontrolling Interest

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to all classes of common stockholders of the Company by the weighted average number of shares of all classes of common stock outstanding during the applicable period. Diluted earnings per share is computed in the same manner as basic earnings per share, except that the number of shares is increased to include restricted stock still subject to risk of forfeiture and to assume exercise of potentially dilutive stock options using the treasury stock method, unless the effect of such increase is anti-dilutive.

The weighted-average number of shares used in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share attributable to the Company’s common stockholders consists of the following:

Schedule of Weighted-average Number of Shares Used in the Calculation of Basic and Diluted Earnings Per Share

									2023		2022		2023		2022
	Three Months Ended January 31,				Six Months Ended January 31,				Three Months Ended January 31,				Six Months Ended January 31,
	2022		2021		2022		2021		2023		2022		2023		2022
	(in thousands)								(in thousands)
Basic weighted-average number of shares		25,652		25,362		25,609		25,448		25,510		25,652		25,556		25,609
Effect of dilutive securities:
Stock options		715		9		711		4		9		715		11		711
Non-vested restricted Class B common stock		175		342		260		335		19		175		10		260

Diluted weighted-average number of shares		26,542		25,713		26,580		25,787		25,538		26,542		25,577		26,580

~~The following~~There were no shares ~~were~~ excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per ~~share:~~share

~~Schedule of Outstanding Stock Options Excluded from the Calculation of Diluted Earnings Per Share~~

~~Stock options with an exercise price that was greater than the average market price of the Company’s common stock~~ in the three and six months ended January 31, ~~2021 were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share.~~2023 and 2022.

The accumulated balances for each classification of other comprehensive loss were as follows:

Schedule of Accumulated Balances for Each Classification of Other Comprehensive Loss

The Company continues to monitor and respond to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on all aspects of its business, including its customers, employees, suppliers, vendors, and business partners.

Operationally, the Company’s employees transitioned to work-from-home during the third quarter of fiscal ~~2020 and, to a large degree, continue to work-from-home.~~2020. Beginning in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2021, certain of the Company’s employees returned to work in the Company’s offices on a ~~part-time~~hybrid basis. The Company’s salespeople, customer service employees, technicians, and delivery employees continue to serve its independent retailers, channel partners, and customers with minimal interruption.

COVID-19 had mixed financial impacts on the Company beginning in the third quarter of fiscal 2020 and continuing through the ~~second~~third quarter of fiscal 2022.

On January 22, 2019, Jose Rosales filed a putative class action against IDT America, IDT Domestic Telecom and IDT International in California state court alleging certain violations of employment law. Plaintiff alleges that these companies failed to compensate members of the putative class in accordance with California law. In August 2019, the Company filed a cross complaint against Rosales alleging trade secret and other violations. On February 2, 2022, the court approved a settlement agreement between the parties. The settlement did not have a material effect on the Company’s results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.

On April 24, 2018, Sprint Communications Company L.P. filed a patent infringement claim against the Company and certain of its affiliates in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware alleging infringement of U.S. Patent Nos. 6,298,064; 6,330,224; 6,343,084; 6,452,932; 6,463,052; 6,473,429; 6,563,918; 6,633,561; 6,697,340; 6,999,463; 7,286,561; 7,324,534; 7,327,728; 7,505,454; and 7,693,131. Plaintiff was seeking damages and injunctive relief. On June 28, 2018, Sprint dismissed the complaint without prejudice. The Company is evaluating the underlying claim, and at this stage, is unable to estimate its potential liability, if any. The Company intends to vigorously defend any claim of infringement of the listed patents.

On July 5, 2017, plaintiff JDS1, LLC, on behalf of itself and all other similarly situated stockholders of Straight Path, and derivatively on behalf of Straight Path as nominal defendant, filed a putative class action and derivative complaint in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware against the Company, The Patrick Henry Trust (a trust formed by Howard S. Jonas that held record and beneficial ownership of certain shares of Straight Path he formerly held), Howard S. Jonas, and each of Straight Path’s directors. The complaint alleges that the Company aided and abetted Straight Path Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer Davidi Jonas, and Howard S. Jonas in his capacity as controlling stockholder of Straight Path, in breaching their fiduciary duties to Straight Path in connection with the settlement of claims between Straight Path and the Company related to potential indemnification claims concerning Straight Path’s obligations under the Consent Decree it entered into with the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”), as well as the sale of Straight Path’s subsidiary Straight Path IP Group, Inc. to the Company in connection with that settlement. That action was consolidated with a similar action that was initiated by The Arbitrage Fund. The Plaintiffs are seeking, among other things, (i) a declaration that the action may be maintained as a class action or in the alternative, that demand on the Straight Path Board is excused; (ii) that the term sheet is invalid; (iii) awarding damages for the unfair price stockholders received in the merger between Straight Path and Verizon Communications Inc. for their shares of Straight Path’s Class B common stock; and (iv) ordering Howard S. Jonas, Davidi Jonas, and the Company to disgorge any profits for the benefit of the class Plaintiffs. On August 28, 2017, the Plaintiffs filed an amended complaint. On September 24, 2017, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint, which was ultimately denied, and which denial was affirmed by the Delaware Supreme Court. ~~The parties are engaged in discovery and motion practice.~~ On February 17, 2022, the court denied the Company’s motion for summary judgment. On March 10, 2022, JDS1, LLC withdrew its application to serve as class representative and lead plaintiff. On May 16, 2022, the court denied The Arbitrage Fund’s motion to serve as class representative and lead plaintiff, and approved intervenor Ardell Howard’s motion to serve as class representative. The trial ~~is currently scheduled~~commenced on August 29, 2022 for ~~May~~a period of five days, followed by another five-day period in December 2022. The parties are in the midst of post-trial briefing. Closing statements are scheduled to take place in May 2023. The Company ~~intends to~~is vigorously ~~defend~~defending this matter (see Note 10). At this stage, the Company is unable to estimate its potential liability, if any.

In addition to the foregoing, the Company is subject to other legal proceedings that have arisen in the ordinary course of business and have not been finally adjudicated. Although there can be no assurance in this regard, the Company believes that none of the other legal proceedings to which the Company is a party will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations, cash flows or financial condition.

On June 21, 2018, the United States Supreme Court rendered a decision in South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc., holding that a state may require a remote seller with no physical presence in the state to collect and remit sales tax on goods and services provided to purchasers in the state, overturning certain existing court precedent. ~~The Company has evaluated its state tax filings with respect to the Wayfair decision and is in the process of reviewing its remittance practices.~~ It is possible that one or more jurisdictions may assert that the Company has liability for periods for which it has not collected sales, use or other similar taxes, and if such an assertion or assertions were successful it could materially and adversely affect the Company’s business, financial position, and operating results. One or more jurisdictions may change their laws or policies to apply their sales, use or other similar taxes to the Company’s operations, and if such changes were made it could materially and adversely affect the Company’s business, financial position, and operating results.

The Company’s 2017 FCC Form 499-A, which reports its calendar year 2016 revenue, ~~is currently under audit~~was audited by the Universal Service Administrative Company (“USAC”). The Internal Audit Division of USAC issued preliminary audit findings and the Company, ~~has,~~ in accordance with USAC’s audit procedures, appealed certain of the findings. ~~The Company awaits~~USAC issued a final decision, ~~by USAC on the preliminary audit findings. Depending on the findings contained in~~and the final decision overturned one of the ~~Company may further appeal to~~initial findings but left the ~~FCC. Although~~remaining initial findings in place. The reversal will result in the elimination of a $1.8 million charge by the Universal Service Fund. The final decision ~~remains pending,~~upheld the ~~Company has been invoiced~~imposition of a $2.9million ~~and $1.8~~ ~~million on behalf of~~charge to the Federal Telecommunications ~~Relay Services Fund and on behalf of the Universal Service Fund, respectively.~~Fund. The Company intends to appeal the USAC’s final decision to the FCC, and does not intend to remit payment for ~~these~~the Federal Telecommunications Fund fees unless and until a negative decision on its appeal has been issued. In response to the aforementioned preliminary audit findings, the Company made certain changes to its filing policies and procedures for years that remain potentially under audit. At January 31, ~~2022~~2023 and July 31, ~~2021,~~2022, the Company’s accrued expenses included $~~37.6~~ 31.4million and $~~38.3~~ 33.2million, respectively, for FCC-related regulatory fees for the year covered by the audit, as well as prior and subsequent years.

At January 31, ~~2022,~~2023, the Company had purchase commitments of $~~4.5~~ 5.9million primarily for equipment and services.

The Company has performance bonds issued through third parties for the benefit of various states in order to comply with the states’ financial requirements for money remittance licenses and telecommunications resellers. At January 31, ~~2022,~~2023, the Company had aggregate performance bonds of $~~22.1~~24.2 million outstanding.

On September 20, 2016, the Company received a letter of inquiry from the Enforcement Bureau of the FCC requesting certain information and materials related to an investigation of potential violations by Straight Path Spectrum LLC (formerly a subsidiary of the Company and Straight Path) in connection with licenses to operate on the 28 GHz and 39 GHz bands of the Fixed Microwave Services. The Company has cooperated with the FCC in this matter and has responded to the letter of inquiry. If the FCC were to pursue separate action against the Company, the FCC could seek to fine or impose regulatory penalties or civil liability on the Company related to activities during the period of ownership by the Company.

	2022			2021			2022			2021			2023			2022			2023			2022
	Three Months Ended January 31,						Six Months Ended January 31,						Three Months Ended January 31,						Six Months Ended January 31,
	2022			2021			2022			2021			2023			2022			2023			2022
	(in thousands)												(in thousands)
Foreign currency transaction gains	$	848		$	1,893		$	598		$	1,466		$	2,480		$	848		$	1,451		$	598
Equity in net loss of investee		(820	)		—			(1,443	)		—			(723	)		(820	)		(1,375	)		(1,443	)
(Losses) gains on investments (see Note 7)		(2,952	)		1,307			(17,446	)		387
Losses on investments, net														(228	)		(2,952	)		(2,169	)		(17,446	)
Other		(25	)		(30	)		(874	)		(61	)		84			(25	)		(136	)		(874	)
Total other (expense) income, net	$	(2,949	)	$	3,170		$	(19,165	)	$	1,792

Total other income (expense), net													$	1,613		$	(2,949	)	$	(2,229	)	$	(19,165	)

At January 31, 2023, the Company’s best estimate of the effective tax rate expected to be applicable for fiscal 2023 was 27.7% compared to 16.9% at July 31, 2022. The changes in the estimated effective tax rate were mainly due to stock-based compensation and differences in the amount of taxable income earned in the various taxing jurisdictions.

Note ~~18—~~19—Recently Issued Accounting ~~Standard~~Standards Not Yet Adopted

In June 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2022-03, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820), Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions, that clarifies that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and, therefore, is not considered in measuring fair value. The ASU also requires specific disclosures related to equity securities that are subject to contractual sales restrictions. The Company will adopt the amendments in this ASU prospectively on August 1, 2024. The Company is evaluating the impact that this ASU will have on its consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, the ~~Financial Accounting Standards Board~~FASB issued ~~Accounting Standards Update~~ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326), Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, that changes the impairment model for most financial assets and certain other instruments. For receivables, loans and other instruments, entities will be required to use a new forward-looking current expected credit loss model that generally will result in the earlier recognition of allowance for losses. For available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized losses, entities will measure credit losses in a manner similar to current practice, except the losses will be recognized as allowances instead of reductions in the amortized cost of the securities. In addition, an entity will have to disclose significantly more information about allowances, credit quality indicators, and past due securities. The new provisions will be applied as a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings. The Company will adopt the new standard on August 1, 2023. The Company ~~is evaluating the impact that~~does not expect the new standard ~~will~~to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

On March 3, 2022, the Company’s subsidiary, net2phone 2.0, Inc., which owns and operates the net2phone-UCaaS segment, purchased all of the outstanding shares of Onwaba S.R.L. and Gem S.R.L. for an aggregate of up to $~~15.0~~ million. Onwaba S.R.L. and Gem S.R.L. are located in Uruguay and use the trade name Integra CCS. Integra CCS provides cloud-based contact-center-as-a-service in the Americas and Europe including omnichannel support, social media integrations, chat-bot communications, workflow management, development tools for tailored contact center solutions and numerous third-party software integrations. The purchase price includes the following: (a) cash of $~~7.2~~ ~~million that was paid at closing, (b)~~ ~~27,765~~ ~~shares of the Company’s Class B common stock with a value of $1.0~~ ~~million that were issued at closing, (c) $3.3~~ million of which half will be paid at the end of 12 months after closing and half will be paid at the end of 24 months after closing, subject to holdback for the settlement of claims against the sellers, if any, and (d) ~~contingent consideration of up to $3.5~~ ~~million based on annual cumulative incremental recurring seat revenue over a four-year period payable in cash and/or shares at net2phone 2.0, Inc.’s discretion.~~

~~On March 1, 2022, the Company’s subsidiary, IDT International Telecom, Inc., purchased all of the outstanding shares of Leaf Global Fintech Corporation (“Leaf”) for up to $6.05~~ million. Leaf is a provider of digital wallet services in emerging markets currently serving unbanked customers in Rwanda, Uganda, and Kenya. The Leaf wallet is a mobile platform available on both smartphones and non-smartphones through an app or by utilizing a USSD interface accessed via a short code. The Leaf digital wallet enables customers to store, send, receive, and exchange currencies on their phones domestically and across borders. The Leaf platform leverages the Stellar network for storing and disseminating transaction data while maintaining value with stablecoins. Stellar is an open-source, decentralized blockchain network that connects global financial infrastructure, optimized for payments and specifically to support cross-border transactions. The purchase price is comprised of (a) $~~0.5~~ ~~million paid in cash at the closing, (b) a working capital adjustment for a maximum of $50,000, and (c)~~ ~~contingent consideration of up to $5.5~~ ~~million based on annual gross profit over a five-year period.~~

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following information should be read in conjunction with the accompanying consolidated financial statements and the associated notes thereto of this Quarterly Report, and the audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto and our Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended July 31, ~~2021,~~2022, as filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (or SEC).

As used below, unless the context otherwise requires, the terms “the Company,” “IDT,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to IDT Corporation, a Delaware corporation, its predecessor, International Discount Telecommunications, Corp., a New York corporation, and their subsidiaries, collectively.

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, including statements that contain the words “believes,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “plans,” “intends,” and similar words and phrases. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results projected in any forward-looking statement. In addition to the factors specifically noted in the forward-looking statements, other important factors, risks, and uncertainties that could result in those differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed under Item 1A to Part ~~II “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report and under Item 1A to Part~~ I “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended July 31, ~~2021.~~2022. The forward-looking statements are made as of the date of this report and we assume no obligation to update the forward-looking statements, or to update the reasons why actual results could differ from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Investors should consult all of the information set forth in this report and the other information set forth from time to time in our reports filed with the SEC pursuant to the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, including our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended July 31, ~~2021.~~2022.

In June 2022, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, issued Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, No. 2022-03, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820), Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions, that clarifies that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and, therefore, is not considered in measuring fair value. The ASU also requires specific disclosures related to equity securities that are subject to contractual sales restrictions. We will adopt the amendments in this ASU prospectively on August 1, 2024. We are evaluating the impact that this ASU will have on our consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, the ~~Financial Accounting Standards Board~~FASB issued ~~Accounting Standards Update~~ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326), Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, that changes the impairment model for most financial assets and certain other instruments. For receivables, loans and other instruments, entities will be required to use a new forward-looking current expected credit loss model that generally will result in the earlier recognition of allowance for losses. For available-for-sale debt securities with unrealized losses, entities will measure credit losses in a manner similar to current practice, except the losses will be recognized as allowances instead of reductions in the amortized cost of the securities. In addition, an entity will have to disclose significantly more information about allowances, credit quality indicators, and past due securities. The new provisions will be applied as a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings. We will adopt the new standard on August 1, 2023. We ~~are evaluating the impact that~~do not expect the new standard ~~will~~to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

We evaluate the performance of our business segments based primarily on income (loss) from operations. Accordingly, the income and expense line items below income (loss) from operations are only included in our discussion of the consolidated results of operations.

We continue to monitor and respond to the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on all aspects of our business, including our customers, employees, suppliers, vendors, and business partners.

Operationally, our employees transitioned to work-from-home during the third quarter of fiscal ~~2020 and, to a large degree, continue to work-from-home.~~2020. Beginning in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2021, certain of our employees returned to work in our offices on a ~~part-time~~hybrid basis. Our salespeople, customer service employees, technicians, and delivery employees continue to serve our independent retailers, channel partners, and customers with minimal interruption.

COVID-19 has had mixed financial impacts on our businesses beginning in the third quarter of fiscal 2020 and continuing through the ~~second~~third quarter of fiscal 2022. It drove increases in demand for our consumer offerings, principally BOSS ~~Revolution~~ Money, ~~Transfer,~~ BOSS Revolution Calling and Mobile Top-Up, through our digital channels beginning in the latter half of March 2020. Subsequently, digital transaction levels have continued to increase relative to retailer originated transactions. Correspondingly, sales of consumer offerings originating through retailers and channel partners slowed modestly in late March and April 2020 before stabilizing in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2020. COVID-19-related demand slowed the rate of decline in BOSS Revolution Calling revenue that we had experienced in prior periods, however, that impact was less significant beginning in the first ~~and second quarters~~quarter of fiscal 2022 compared to the similar periods in fiscal ~~2021.~~2021, and the surge in demand for voice calls that began with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic had eroded by the third quarter of fiscal 2022. National Retail Solutions, or NRS, was immaterially impacted by the closure of some of its retailers in the third quarter of fiscal 2020, but most re-opened quickly and many attracted increased foot traffic following the onset of COVID-19 as local retailers ~~are~~were typically more accessible to pedestrian traffic than big box retailers. The resilience of local retailers has enabled NRS to continue to expand sales of terminals, payment processing, and advertising services. ~~Carrier Services’~~IDT Global’s revenue, which had been declining as communications globally transition away from traditional international long-distance voice, declined more rapidly following the onset of COVID-19 as business communications shifted from calling to video conferencing and other collaboration platforms.

At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the transition from offices to a more flexible workforce increased the demand for ~~net2phone-UCaaS’~~net2phone’s offerings. Customers transitioned from their on-premises phone system to ~~net2phone-UCaaS’~~net2phone’s cloud solution, ported their phone numbers, and quickly set-up their employees to work remotely. In April 2020, the release of Huddle, ~~net2phone-UCaaS’~~net2phone’s integrated video conferencing solution, significantly improved ~~net2phone-UCaaS’~~net2phone’s functionality for remote work, which also increased the demand for its services. COVID-19 had mixed financial impacts on ~~net2phone-UCaaS’~~net2phone’s business beginning in the third quarter of fiscal 2020. Its customer base growth slowed somewhat in the second half of fiscal 2020 in certain Latin American markets due to decreased levels of economic activity in those markets. However, Latin American sales rebounded in the first quarter of fiscal 2021 and sales have remained strong in its United States and Canadian markets. ~~In the fourth quarter of fiscal 2021, the demand for flexible communications solutions for a hybrid workforce has resulted in an increase in new net2phone-UCaaS customers.~~

As of the date of this Quarterly Report, including the impact of COVID-19, we expect that our cash from operations and the balance of cash, cash equivalents, debt securities, and current equity investments that we held on January 31, ~~2022~~2023 will be sufficient to meet our anticipated working capital and capital expenditure requirements during the ~~twelve month~~twelve-month period ending January 31, ~~2023.~~2024. However, the situation remains fluid and we cannot predict with certainty the potential impact of COVID-19 on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.

Our results of operations discussion include the following performance metrics: ~~active point of sale, or POS, terminals, payment processing accounts, direct cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues, seats, subscription revenue, and minutes of use.~~

NRS uses two key metrics, among others, to measure the size of its customer base: active POS terminals and payment processing accounts. Active POS terminals are the number of POS terminals that have completed at least one transaction in the calendar month. It excludes POS terminals that are being installed. Payment processing accounts are NRS PAY accounts that can generate revenue. It excludes accounts that have been approved but not activated. ~~NRS uses these two metrics~~NRS’ recurring revenue is NRS’ revenue in accordance with U.S. GAAP, excluding its ~~analysis~~revenue from POS terminal sales.

net2phone’s cloud communications offerings are priced on a per-seat basis, with customers paying based on the number of users in their organization. net2phone’s subscription revenue is its revenue in accordance with U.S. GAAP excluding its equipment revenue and revenue generated by a legacy SIP trunking offering in Brazil.

~~Direct cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues is a financial metric that measures changes in our direct cost of revenues relative to changes in revenues during~~periods for the same period. Direct cost of revenues is the numerator and revenues are the denominator in this ratio. Direct cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues is a useful metric for monitoring and evaluating trends in the net contribution of our revenues.

~~net2phone-UCaaS’ cloud communications offering is priced on a per-seat basis. The~~ number of active POS terminals, NRS PAY accounts, seats served, recurring revenue, and subscription revenue ~~trends and comparisons between periods~~ are used in the analysis of ~~net2phone-UCaaS’~~NRS’ or net2phone’s revenues and direct cost of ~~revenues.~~revenues and are strong indications of the top-line growth and performance of the business.

Minutes of use is a nonfinancial metric that measures aggregate customer usage during a reporting period. Minutes of use is an important factor in BOSS Revolution Calling’s and ~~Carrier Services’~~IDT Global’s revenue recognition since satisfaction of our performance obligation occurs when the customer uses our service. Minutes of use trends and comparisons between periods are used in the analysis of revenues and direct cost of revenues.

Three and Six Months Ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 Compared to Three and Six Months Ended January 31, ~~2021~~2022

As of August 1, 2022, we revised our reportable business segments primarily to reflect the growth of our financial technology businesses and their increased contributions to our consolidated results. Our four reportable business segments, Fintech, NRS, net2phone, and Traditional Communications, reflect management’s current approach to analyzing results, its resource allocation strategy, and its assessment of business performance. NRS was previously included in our Fintech segment. In addition, certain lines of business were reclassified to the Fintech segment from the Traditional Communications segment. Comparative segment information has been reclassified and restated in all periods to conform to the current period presentation.

Fintech, which represented ~~6.9%~~6.5% and ~~5.4%~~4.3% of our total revenues in the three months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, respectively, and ~~6.5%~~6.3% and ~~5.7%~~4.1% of our total revenues in the six months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, respectively, is comprised of BOSS ~~Revolution~~ Money, ~~Transfer,~~ a provider of international money remittance and related value/payment transfer services, as well as other, significantly smaller financial services businesses, including Leaf Global Fintech Corporation, or Leaf, a provider of digital wallet services in emerging markets, our variable interest entity, or VIE, that operates money transfer businesses, and ~~NRS, an operator of a nationwide POS network providing payment processing, digital advertising, transaction data, and ancillary services.~~IDT Financial Services Limited, or IDT Financial Services, our Gibraltar-based bank.

Revenues. Revenues from BOSS ~~Revolution~~ Money Transfer decreased in the three and six months ended January 31, 2022 compared to the similar periods in fiscal 2021 primarily because the significant benefit from transient foreign exchange market conditions that materially improved BOSS Revolution Money Transfer’s revenues in the three and six months ended January 31, 2021 ceased by January 31, 2021. The revenue declines were partially offset by revenue from increased transaction volume in BOSS Revolution Money Transfer’s digital channel in the three and six months ended January 31, 2022 compared to the similar periods in fiscal 2021.

~~Revenues from NRS~~ increased in the three and six months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 compared to the similar periods in fiscal ~~2021 driven~~2022 primarily ~~by the expansion~~because of ~~its POS network,~~increased transaction volume in BOSS Money’s direct-to-consumer digital and revenue growth from its payment processing services and digital out-of-home advertising. Merchant services and other revenue, which includes payment processing services, increased 144% to $3.8 million in the three months ended January 31, 2022 from $1.6 million in the three months ended January 31, 2021, and increased 145% to $6.9 million in the six months ended January 31, 2022 from $2.8 million in the six months ended January 31, 2021. Advertising and data revenue increased 114% to $3.9 million in the three months ended January 31, 2022 from $1.8 million in the three months ended January 31, 2021, and increased 122% to $8.2 million in the six months ended January 31, 2022 from $3.7 million in the six months ended January 31, 2021. Active POS terminals increased 37% to 16,500 at January 31, 2022 from 12,000 at January 31, 2021. Payment processing accounts increased 105% to 8,000 at January 31, 2022 from 3,900 at January 31, 2021.

~~Direct Cost of Revenues~~~~. BOSS Revolution Money Transfer’s direct cost of revenues increased~~retail channels in the three and six months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 compared to the similar periods in fiscal 2021 due to increased direct cost of revenues in its retailer channel. NRS’ direct cost of revenues increased in the three and six months ended January 31, 2022 compared to the similar periods in fiscal 2021 primarily due to the increase in its revenues.

Direct cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues decreased 330 and 100 basis points in the three and six months ended January 31, 2022, respectively, compared to the similar periods in fiscal 2021 because NRS’ direct cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues decreased in the three and six months ended January 31, 2022 compared to the similar periods in fiscal 2021, although BOSS Revolution Money Transfer’s direct cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues increased in the three and six months ended January 31, 2022 compared to the similar periods in fiscal 2021.

~~Selling, General and Administrative~~. Selling, general and administrative expense increased in the three and six months ended January 31, 2022 compared to the similar periods in fiscal 2021 primarily due to increases in employee compensation, sales commissions, and debit and credit card processing charges, partially offset by decreases in marketing expense.2022. The increase in card processing charges was the result of increased credit and debit card transactions through our BOSS Revolution Money app and other digital channels. As a percentage of Fintech’s revenue, Fintech’s selling, general and administrative expense increased to 66.4% from 64.0%included unusually favorable economics on certain high-volume African corridors that dissipated late in the three months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023, as well as the development and ~~2021, respectively,~~introduction of new platform functionalities enabling more flexible and ~~increased~~granular pricing strategies. BOSS Money continues to ~~66.0%~~benefit from ~~57.5% in~~ the ~~six months ended January 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.~~

~~Depreciation and Amortization.~~ Depreciation and amortization expense increased in the three and six months ended January 31, 2022 compared to the similar periods in fiscal 2020 primarily due to increased depreciation of capitalized costs of consultants and employees developing internal use software and increased depreciation of NRS’ POS equipment.

The net2phone-UCaaS segment, which represented 4.0% and 3.2% of our total revenues in the three months ended January 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and 3.7% and 3.0% of our total revenues in the six months ended January 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, is comprised of net2phone’s cloud communications offerings.

~~Revenues.~~ net2phone-UCaaS’s revenues increased in the three and six months ended January 31, 2022 compared to the similar periods in fiscal 2021 driven primarily by growth in the United States, although revenue increased in all net2phone-UCaaS regions. Seats served increased 35% to 258,000 at January 31, 2022 from 190,000 at January 31, 2021. Subscription revenue increased 32% to $12.5 million in the three months ended January 31, 2022 from $9.5 million in the three months ended January 31, 2021, and increased 36% to $24.2 million in the six months ended January 31, 2022 from $17.8 million in the six months ended January 31, 2021, led by growth in both the South American and North American regions. In the first quarter of fiscal 2022, net2phone-UCaaS launched a HIPAA compliant program for certaincontinued expansion of its ~~communications~~disbursement networks, particularly in Africa and ~~collaboration solutions and introduced net2phone Phone App for Teams. The app enables Microsoft Teams users to add voice capabilities into Teams environments without additional licenses.~~

Direct Cost of Revenues. Direct cost of revenues increased in the three and six months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 compared to the similar periods in fiscal ~~2021~~2022 primarily due to ~~the increases~~increased direct cost of revenues in ~~revenues, with~~BOSS Money’s direct-to-consumer digital and retail channels, which reflected the ~~largest~~ increase in ~~Latin America.~~BOSS Money’s revenue.

~~Direct cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues decreased 100~~Selling, General and ~~150 basis points~~Administrative. Selling, general and administrative expense increased in the three and six months ended January 31, ~~2022, respectively,~~2023 compared to the similar periods in fiscal ~~2021~~2022 primarily ~~because~~due to increases in debit and credit card processing charges, employee compensation, stock-based compensation expense, and sales commissions. The increase in card processing charges was the result of ~~decreases~~increased credit and debit card transactions through our BOSS Money app and other digital channels. As a percentage of Fintech’s revenue, Fintech’s selling, general and administrative expense decreased to 63.0% from 69.7% in the three months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and decreased to 59.4% from 67.6% in the six months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Depreciation and Amortization. Depreciation and amortization expense increased in the three and six months ended January 31, 2023 compared to the similar periods in fiscal 2022 primarily due to increased depreciation of capitalized costs of consultants and employees developing internal use software.

Other Operating Gain. In the three and six months ended January 31, 2023, Leaf received payments of $0.3 million and $0.4 million, respectively, from government grants for the development and commercialization of blockchain-backed financial technologies. In addition, in the six months ended January 31, 2023, we determined that the requirements for a portion of the contingent consideration payments related to the Leaf acquisition would not be met. We recognized a gain of $1.6 million on the write-off of this contingent consideration payment obligation.

NRS, which represented 6.3% and 3.2% of our total revenues in the three months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and 6.2% and 2.9% of our total revenues in the six months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, is an operator of a nationwide POS network providing independent retailers with store management software with credit, debit, and other electronic payment processing, as well as with other ancillary merchant services. NRS’ POS platform provides marketers with digital out-of-home advertising and transaction data.

Revenues. Revenues increased in the three and six months ended January 31, 2023 compared to the similar periods in fiscal 2022 driven primarily by revenue growth from NRS’ digital out-of-home advertising and payment processing services, as well as the expansion of NRS’ POS network.

Direct Cost of Revenues. Direct cost of revenues increased in the three and six months ended January 31, 2023 compared to the similar periods in fiscal 2022 primarily due to increases in the direct costs of NRS’ POS terminal sales.

Selling, General and Administrative. Selling, general and administrative expense increased in the three and six months ended January 31, 2023 compared to the similar periods in fiscal 2022 primarily due to increases in sales commissions, as well as increases in employee compensation. As a percentage of NRS’ revenue, NRS’ selling, general and administrative expense decreased to 58.7% from 66.7% in the three months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and decreased to 59.4% from 68.8% in the six months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The net2phone segment, which represented 5.7% and 4.0% of our total revenues in the three months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and 5.5% and 3.7% of our total revenues in the six months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, is comprised of net2phone’s cloud communications offerings.

Revenues. net2phone’s revenues increased in the three and six months ended January 31, 2023 compared to the similar periods in fiscal 2022 driven primarily by the growth in subscription revenue in the U.S. market. The increase in seats served at January 31, 2023 compared to January 31, 2022 was led by growth in net2phone’s Latin American markets, and included approximately 9,000 seats from net2phone’s contact center as a service business.

Direct Cost of Revenues. Direct cost of revenues ~~as a percentage of revenues~~increased in the ~~United States. net2phone-UCaaS’~~three and six months ended January 31, 2023 compared to the similar periods in fiscal 2022 primarily due to the increase in revenues, with the largest increases in the U.S. market. net2phone’s focus on mid-sized businesses, multi-channel strategies, and localized offerings generated revenue growth that exceeded the increase in direct cost of revenues.

Selling, General and Administrative. Selling, general and administrative expense increased in the three and six months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 compared to the similar periods in fiscal ~~2021~~2022 primarily due to increases in sales commissions, partially offset by decreases in employee ~~compensation and sales commissions.~~compensation. As a percentage of ~~net2phone-UCaaS’~~net2phone’s revenues, ~~net2phone-UCaaS’~~net2phone’s selling, general and administrative expenses decreased to ~~96.4%~~78.4% from ~~103.1%~~96.4% in the three months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, respectively, and decreased to ~~99.6%~~79.9% from ~~105.1%~~99.6% in the six months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, ~~and 2021,~~ respectively.

net2phone derives a significant portion of its revenues from existing customers. Attracting new customers usually involves additional costs compared to retention of existing customers. If existing customers’ subscriptions and related usage decrease or are terminated, net2phone will need to spend more money to acquire new customers and still may not be able to maintain its existing level of revenues or profitability. In addition, net2phone needs to acquire new customers to increase its revenues. net2phone incurs significant sales and marketing expenses to acquire new customers. It is therefore expected that selling, general and administrative expenses will remain a significant percentage of net2phone’s revenues for the foreseeable future.

Depreciation and Amortization. The ~~increases~~increase in depreciation and amortization expense in the three and six months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 compared to the similar periods in fiscal ~~2021 were~~2022 was due to increased depreciation of ~~net2phone-UCaaS’~~net2phone’s telephone equipment leased to customers and increased depreciation of capitalized costs of consultants and employees developing internal use software.

Other Operating Gain, ~~(Expense),~~ net. In the three months ended January 31, 2022, we determined that the requirements for a contingent consideration payment related to an acquisition in December 2019 would not be met before the expiration date. ~~net2phone-UCaaS~~net2phone recognized a gain of $0.3 million in the three months ended January 31, 2022 on the write-off of ~~the~~this contingent ~~consideration. Other operating expense, net of $0.1 million in the three and six months ended January 31, 2021 was due to the settlement of a legal matter.~~

The Traditional Communications segment, which represented ~~89.1%~~81.5% and ~~91.4%~~88.5% of our total revenues in the three months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, respectively, and ~~89.8%~~82.0% and ~~91.3%~~89.3% of our total revenues in the six months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, respectively, includes Mobile Top-Up, which enables customers to transfer airtime and bundles of airtime, messaging, and data to international and domestic mobile accounts, BOSS Revolution Calling, an international long-distance calling service marketed primarily to immigrant communities in the United States and Canada, and ~~Carrier Services,~~IDT Global, a wholesale provider of international voice and SMS termination and outsourced traffic management solutions to telecoms worldwide. Traditional Communications also includes other ~~smaller~~small businesses ~~many~~and offerings including early-stage business initiatives and mature businesses in harvest mode.

Traditional Communications’ most significant revenue streams are from Mobile Top-Up, BOSS Revolution Calling, and ~~Carrier Services.~~IDT Global. Mobile Top-Up and BOSS Revolution Calling are sold direct-to-consumers and through distributors and retailers. We receive payments for BOSS Revolution Calling, traditional calling cards, and Mobile Top-Up prior to providing the services. We recognize the revenue when services are provided to the customer. Traditional Communications’ revenues tend to be somewhat seasonal, with the second fiscal quarter (which contains Christmas and New Year’s Day) and the fourth fiscal quarter (which contains Mother’s Day and Father’s Day) typically showing higher minute volumes.

Revenues. Revenues from Mobile Top-Up ~~increased~~decreased in the three and six months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 compared to the similar periods in fiscal ~~2021~~2022 primarily from ~~continued product expansion and growth~~the deterioration of a key corridor that was particularly impactful to revenues in the business-to-business wholesale channel. The increase in business-to-business wholesale revenues resulted from an opportunity that began in the third quarter of fiscal 2021 but has since narrowed considerably. Revenues from the direct-to-consumer channel continued to increase,and retail channels, partially offset by ~~a decrease~~an increase in ~~retail~~direct-to-consumer channel revenues. In addition, our acquisition, in December 2020, of Sochitel UK Ltd., a global hub and digital distribution platform for mobile top-up, electronic vouchers, and other value transfer services primarily in Africa, contributed to our increased penetration into the market in Africa.

Revenues and minutes of use from BOSS Revolution Calling decreased in the three and six months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 compared to the similar periods in fiscal 2021. In fiscal 2021, COVID-19-related demand slowed the rate of decline in BOSS Revolution Calling revenue that we had experienced in prior periods, however, that impact was less significant in the three and six months ended January 31, 2022 compared to the similar periods in fiscal 2021.2022. BOSS Revolution Calling continues to be impacted by persistent, market-wide trends, including the proliferation of unlimited calling plans offered by wireless carriers and mobile virtual network operators, and the increasing penetration of free and paid over-the-top voice, video conferencing, and messaging services.

Revenues and minutes of use from ~~Carrier Services~~IDT Global decreased in the three and six months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 compared to the similar periods in fiscal ~~2021~~2022 as communications globally continued to transition away from international voice calling. This trend was accelerated by the impact of COVID-19 as business communications shifted from calling to video conferencing and other collaboration platforms. We expect that ~~Carrier Services~~IDT Global will continue to be adversely impacted by these trends, and minutes of use and revenues will likely continue to decline from quarter-to-quarter, as we seek to maximize economics rather than necessarily sustain minutes of use or revenues.

Direct Cost of Revenues. Direct cost of revenues decreased in the three and six months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 compared to the similar ~~period~~periods in fiscal ~~2021~~2022 primarily due to decreases in IDT Global, Mobile Top-Up, and BOSS Revolution Calling’s ~~and Carrier Services’~~ direct cost of revenues in the three months ended January 31, 2022 compared to the similar period in fiscal 2021 as a result of the decreases in revenues from those lines of business, partially offset by an increase in Mobile Top-Up’s direct cost of revenues in the three months ended January 31, 2022 compared to the similar period in fiscal 2021. Direct cost of revenues increased in the six months ended January 31, 2022 compared to the similar period in fiscal 2021 primarily due to an increase in Mobile Top-Up’s direct cost of revenues in the six months ended January 31, 2022 compared to the similar period in fiscal 2021 as a result of the increase in Mobile Top-Up’s revenues, partially offset by decreases in BOSS Revolution Calling’s and Carrier Services’ direct cost of revenues in the six months ended January 31, 2022 compared to the similar period in fiscal 2021.

~~Direct cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues decreased 160 and 80 basis points~~ in the three and six months ended January 31, ~~2022, respectively,~~2023 compared to the similar periods in fiscal ~~2021 because of decreases in direct cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues in Mobile Top-Up, BOSS Revolution Calling, and Carrier Services in the three and six months ended January 31,~~ 2022, ~~compared to the similar periods in fiscal 2021. The decreases in direct cost of revenues as a percentage of revenues at Mobile Top-Up and BOSS Revolution Calling were primarily~~mostly due to the continued migration of customers to our digital platforms. The increased adoption of our digital, direct-to-consumer channels is expected to continue, which is expected to contribute to future reductionsdecrease in ~~direct cost of revenues as a percentage of~~ revenues.

Selling, General and Administrative. Selling, general and administrative expense ~~increased~~decreased in the three and six months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 compared to the similar periods in fiscal ~~2021~~2022 primarily due to ~~increases~~decreases in ~~employee compensation,~~ debit and credit card processing charges, employee compensation, and ~~consulting~~sales commissions, partially offset by increases in marketing expense and stock-based compensation expense. As a percentage of Traditional Communications’ revenue, Traditional Communications’ selling, general and administrative expense increased to ~~10.1%~~10.7% from ~~9.4%~~9.6% in the three months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, respectively, and increased to ~~9.5%~~10.5% from ~~9.4%~~9.0% in the six months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, ~~and 2021,~~ respectively.

Depreciation and Amortization.Depreciation and amortization expense was substantially unchanged in the three months ended January 31, 2023 compared to the similar period in fiscal 2022. Depreciation and amortization expense decreased in the ~~three and~~ six months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 compared to the similar ~~periods~~period in fiscal ~~2021~~2022 primarily due to decreases in depreciation as more of our property, plant, and equipment became fully depreciated, partially offset by increases in depreciation of equipment added to our telecommunications network and capitalized costs of consultants and employees developing internal use software.

~~Severance Expense.~~ In the three months ended January 31, 2022 and 2021, Traditional Communications incurred severance expense of $29,000 and $0.1 million, respectively, and in the six months ended January 31, 2022 and 2021, Traditional Communications incurred severance expense of $0.1 million and $0.3 million, respectively.

~~Other Operating (Expense) Gain, net~~. Other operating (expense) gain, net included expense for the indemnification of a net2phone cable telephony customer related to patent infringement claims brought against the customer of $12,000 and $0.4 million in the three months ended January 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $36,000 and $0.4 million in the six months ended January 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Other operating (expense) gain, net in the three and six months ended January 31, 2021 included $2.0 million received from the sale to a third party of all our rights under the Payment Card Interchange Fee and Merchant Discount Antitrust Litigation. The lawsuit is about claims that merchants paid excessive fees to accept Visa and Mastercard cards between January 1, 2004 and January 25, 2019 because Visa and Mastercard, individually, and together with their respective member banks, violated the antitrust laws. Other operating (expense) gain, net in the six months ended January 31, 2021 also included expense for a Carrier Services settlement of a claim for $0.6 million.

Corporate costs mainly include compensation, consulting fees, treasury, tax and accounting services, human resources, corporate purchasing, corporate governance including Board of Directors’ fees, internal and external audit, investor relations, corporate insurance, corporate legal, ~~charitable contributions, travel,~~ and other corporate-related general and administrative expenses. Corporate does not generate any revenues, nor does it incur any direct cost of revenues.

General and Administrative. Corporate general and administrative expense increased in the three ~~and six~~ months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 compared to the similar ~~periods~~period in fiscal ~~2021~~2022 primarily because of increases in employee ~~compensation.~~compensation, stock-based compensation expense, and consulting fees. Corporate general and administrative expense increased in the six months ended January 31, 2023 compared to the similar period in fiscal 2022 primarily because of an increase in consulting fees. As a percentage of our consolidated revenues, Corporate general and administrative expense was ~~0.7%~~0.8% and ~~0.6%~~0.7% in the three months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, respectively, and ~~0.6%~~0.7% and 0.6% in the six months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, respectively.

Other Operating ~~(Expense) Gain,~~Expense, net. As discussed in Note 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 1 to Part I of this Quarterly Report, we (as well as other defendants) have been named in a pending ~~putative~~ class action on behalf of the stockholders of our former subsidiary, Straight Path Communications Inc., or Straight ~~Path, and a derivative complaint.~~Path. We incurred legal fees of ~~$2.7~~$1.6 million and ~~$1.4~~$2.7 million in the three months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, respectively, and ~~$3.7~~$4.1 million and ~~$1.7~~$3.7 million in the six months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, respectively related to this action. Also, we recorded offsetting gains from insurance claims for this matter of ~~$2.0~~$1.3 million and ~~$1.1~~$2.0 million in the three months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, respectively, and ~~$2.9~~$3.0 million and ~~$1.7~~$2.9 million in the six months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, respectively.

The following is a discussion of certain of our consolidated expenses, and our consolidated income and expense line items below income from operations.

Related Party Lease Costs.We lease office and parking space in a building and parking garage located at 520 Broad Street, Newark, New Jersey that iswas previously owned by our former subsidiary, Rafael Holdings, Inc., or Rafael. On August 22, 2022, Rafael sold the building and parking garage to an unrelated third party. Our lease in that building continues with the new owner. We ~~also~~ lease office space in Israel from Rafael. The Newark lease expires in April 2025 and the Israel lease expires in July 2025. WeIn the three and six months ended January 31, 2023, we incurred lease costs of $32,000 and $0.2 million, respectively, in connection with the Rafael leases, which excludes Newark lease costs after August 22, 2022. In the three and six months ended January 31, 2022, we incurred lease costs of $0.5 million ~~in each of the three months ended January 31, 2022 and 2021,~~ and $0.9 million, ~~in each of the six months ended January 31, 2022 and 2021,~~respectively, in connection with the Rafael leases. Lease costs incurred in connection with the Rafael leases ~~which~~ is included in consolidated selling, general and administrative expenses.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense. Stock-based compensation expense included in consolidated selling, general and administrative expenses was ~~$0.3~~$1.3 million and ~~$0.4~~$0.3 million in the three months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, respectively, and ~~$0.6~~$1.9 million and ~~$0.9~~$0.6 million in the six months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, respectively. The ~~decrease in stock-based compensation expense in the three and six months ended January 31, 2022 compared to the similar periods in fiscal 2021 was~~increases were primarily due to ~~reductions in expense~~the grant of deferred stock units, or DSUs, that, upon vesting, will entitle the grantees to receive shares of our Class B common stock. On December 5, 2022, we granted 187,975 DSUs to certain of our executive officers and other employees. Subject to continued full time employment or other service to us, the DSUs are scheduled to vest in ~~June 2019.~~three equal amounts on each of May 17, 2023, February 21, 2024, and February 25, 2025. The number of shares that will be issuable on each vesting date will vary between 50% to 200% of the number of DSUs that vest on that vesting date, depending on the market price for the underlying Class B common stock on the vesting date relative to the price approved by the Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors of $25.45 per share (which was based on the market price at the time of the grant). In addition, the grantee will have the right to elect a later vesting date no later than April 14, 2023 for the May 17, 2023 vesting date, and no later than January 19, 2024 for the February 21, 2024 vesting date. A grantee will have the option to elect a later vesting date for one-half or all of the shares scheduled to vest on the then upcoming vesting date and any DSUs that do not vest based on the grantee’s election, will be eligible to vest on the subsequent scheduled vesting date. We estimated that the fair value of the DSUs on the date of grant was $5.1 million, which is being recognized on a graded vesting basis over the requisite service periods ending in February 2025. We used a risk neutral Monte Carlo simulation method in our valuation of the DSUs, which simulated the range of possible future values of our Class B common stock over the life of the DSUs. The weighted average grant date fair value per DSU was $27.20. At January 31, ~~2022,~~2023, there was $4.2 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested ~~stock-based~~DSUs.

Effective as of June 30, 2022, restricted shares of NRS’ Class B common stock were granted to certain NRS employees. The restrictions on the shares will lapse in three installments on each of June 1, 2024, 2026, and 2027. The estimated fair value of the restricted shares on the grant date was $3.3 million, which will be recognized over the vesting period. At January 31, 2023, unrecognized compensation cost related to NRS’ non-vested Class B common stock was an aggregate of ~~$0.2~~$2.9 million. The unrecognized compensation cost is expected to be recognized over the remaining vesting ~~period~~periods that ~~ends~~end in fiscal ~~2024.~~

Other Income (Expense) ~~Income,~~, net. Other income (expense) ~~income,~~, net consists of the following:

	Three months ended January 31,					Six months ended January 31,						Three months ended January 31,						Six months ended January 31,
	2022			2021		2022			2021			2023			2022			2023			2022
	(in millions)														(in millions)
Foreign currency transaction gains	$	0.8		$	1.9	$	0.6		$	1.5		$	2.5		$	0.8		$	1.5		$	0.6
Equity in the net loss of investee		(0.8	)		—		(1.4	)		—			(0.7	)		(0.8	)		(1.4	)		(1.4	)
(Losses) gains on investments		(2.9	)		1.3		(17.5	)		0.4
Losses on investments, net													(0.2	)		(2.9	)		(2.2	)		(17.5	)
Other		—			—		(0.9	)		(0.1	)		—			—			(0.1	)		(0.9	)
Total other (expense) income, net	$	(2.9	)	$	3.2	$	(19.2	)	$	1.8
Total other income (expense), net												$	1.6		$	(2.9	)	$	(2.2	)	$	(19.2	)

~~On February 2, 2021, we paid $4.0 million to purchase shares of~~We have an investment in series B and series C convertible preferred stock of a communications company (the equity method investee, or EMI), and on August 10, 2021, we paid $1.1 million to purchase shares of the EMI’s series C convertible preferred stock and additional shares of the EMI’s series B convertible preferred stock. The initial shares purchased represented 23.95%that represents 26.57% of the outstanding shares of the EMI ~~on an as converted basis. The subsequent purchases increased our ownership to 26.57%~~ on an as converted basis. We account for this investment using the equity method since the series B and series C convertible preferred stock are in-substance common stock, and we can exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the EMI. We determined that on the dates of the acquisitions, there were differences of $3.4 million and $1.0 million between our investment in the EMI and our proportional interest in the equity of the EMI, which represented our share of the EMI’s customer list on the dates of the acquisitions. These basis differences are being amortized over the 6-year estimated life of the customer list.

The ~~net~~ losses on investments, net in the three months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022 included unrealized gains (losses) of $0.1 million and $(1.0) million, respectively, on shares of Rafael’s Class B common stock. The losses on investments, net in the six months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022 included unrealized ~~losses~~gains (losses) of ~~$1.0 million~~$9,000 and ~~$13.5~~$(13.5) million, respectively, on shares of Rafael Class B common stock. The net gains on investments in the three and six months ended January 31, 2021 included unrealized gains of $0.2 million and $0.3 million, respectively, on shares of RafaelRafael’s Class B common stock.

Provision for Income Taxes. The ~~decrease~~increase in income tax expense in the three and six months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 compared to the similar periods in fiscal ~~2021~~2022 was primarily due to differences in the amount of taxable income earned in the various taxing jurisdictions.

Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests. The change in the net income attributable to noncontrolling interests in the three ~~and six~~ months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 compared to the similar ~~periods~~period in fiscal ~~2021~~2022 was primarily due to a decline in the net income of certain subsidiaries, partially offset by increases in the net income of NRS ~~and our variable interest entity, or VIE, partially offset by an increase~~as well as a reductions in the net loss of net2phone 2.0, Inc., which owns and operates our ~~net2phone-UCaaS~~net2phone segment. As of May 31, 2021, we began consolidating a VIE because we determined that we are the primary beneficiary of the VIE since we have the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact its economic performance, and we have the obligation to absorb losses of and the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to it. We do not currently own any interestThe change in ~~the VIE and thus~~ the net income ~~incurred by the VIE was attributed~~attributable to noncontrolling ~~interests.~~interests in the six months ended January 31, 2023 compared to the similar period in fiscal 2022 was primarily due to increases in the net income of NRS as well as a reductions in the net loss of net2phone 2.0, Inc., partially offset by a decline in the net income of certain other subsidiaries.

As of the date of this Quarterly Report, including the impact of COVID-19, we expect our cash from operations and the balance of cash, cash equivalents, debt securities, and current equity investments that we held on January 31, ~~2022~~2023 will be sufficient to meet our currently anticipated working capital and capital expenditure requirements during the twelve-month period ending January 31, ~~2023.~~2024.

At January 31, ~~2022,~~2023, we had cash, cash equivalents, debt securities, and current equity investments of ~~$148.3~~$156.8 million and working capital (current assets in excess of current liabilities) of ~~$59.6~~$85.6 million.

We treat unrestricted cash and cash equivalents held by IDT Payment Services, Inc. and IDT Payment Services of New York, LLC as substantially restricted and unavailable for other purposes. At January 31, ~~2022,~~2023, “Cash and cash equivalents” in our consolidated balance sheet included an aggregate of ~~$11.8~~$31.2 million held by IDT Payment Services, Inc. and IDT Payment Services of New York, LLC that was unavailable for other purposes.

The following table includes our anticipated material cash requirements from contractual obligations and other commitments at January 31, 2023:

Our cash flow from operations varies significantly from quarter to quarter and from year to year, depending on our operating results and the timing of operating cash receipts and payments, specifically trade accounts receivable and trade accounts payable.

Gross trade accounts receivable ~~increased~~decreased to ~~$58.1~~$53.9 million at January 31, ~~2022~~2023 from ~~$51.1~~$70.2 million at July 31, ~~2021~~2022 primarily due to amounts ~~billed~~collected in the six months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 that were greater than ~~collections~~billings during the period.

Deferred revenue arises from sales of prepaid products and varies from period to period depending on the mix and the timing of revenues. Deferred revenue decreased to ~~$40.6~~$35.0 million at January 31, ~~2022~~2023 from ~~$42.3~~$36.5 million at July 31, ~~2021~~2022 primarily due to ~~a decrease~~decreases in the BOSS Revolution Calling and Mobile Top-Up deferred revenue ~~balance.~~

Customer deposit liabilities at IDT Financial Services ~~Limited, our Gibraltar-based bank, decreased~~increased to ~~$109.9~~$86.9 million at January 31, ~~2022~~2023 from ~~$115.5~~$85.8 million at July 31, ~~2021.~~2022. Our restricted cash and cash equivalents included ~~$112.3~~$87.7 million and ~~$115.8~~$86.6 million at January 31, ~~2022~~2023 and July 31, ~~2021,~~2022, respectively, held by ~~the bank.~~IDT Financial Services.

On June 21, 2018, the United States Supreme Court rendered a decision in South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc., holding that a state may require a remote seller with no physical presence in the state to collect and remit sales tax on goods and services provided to purchasers in the state, overturning certain existing court precedent. ~~We have evaluated our state tax filings with respect to the Wayfair decision and are in the process of reviewing our remittance practices.~~ It is possible that one or more jurisdictions may assert that we have liability for periods for which we have not collected sales, use or other similar taxes, and if such an assertion or assertions were successful it could materially and adversely affect our business, financial position, and operating results. One or more jurisdictions may change their laws or policies to apply their sales, use or other similar taxes to our operations, and if such changes were made it could materially and adversely affect our business, financial position, and operating results.

As discussed in Note 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 1 to Part I of this Quarterly Report, we (as well as other defendants) have been named in a pending class action on behalf of the stockholders of our former subsidiary, Straight Path. We are vigorously defending this matter. At this stage, we are unable to estimate our potential liability, if any. In addition, in connection with our spin-off of Straight Path in July 2013, we and Straight Path entered into various agreements prior to the spin-off including a Separation and Distribution Agreement to effect the separation and provide a framework for our relationship with Straight Path after the spin-off, and a Tax Separation Agreement, which sets forth the responsibilities of us and Straight Path with respect to, among other things, liabilities for federal, state, local, and foreign taxes for periods before and including the spin-off, the preparation and filing of tax returns for such periods and disputes with taxing authorities regarding taxes for such periods. Pursuant to the Separation and Distribution Agreement, we indemnify Straight Path and Straight Path indemnifies us for losses related to the failure of the other to pay, perform or otherwise discharge, any of the liabilities and obligations set forth in the agreement. Pursuant to the Tax Separation Agreement, we indemnify Straight Path from all liability for taxes of Straight Path or any of its subsidiaries or relating to the Straight Path business with respect to taxable periods ending on or before the spin-off, from all liability for taxes of ours, other than Straight Path and its subsidiaries, for any taxable period, and from all liability for taxes due to the spin-off.

Our capital expenditures were ~~$9.0~~$10.6 million and ~~$8.8~~$9.0 million in the six months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, respectively. We currently anticipate that total capital expenditures in the twelve-month period ending January 31, ~~2023~~2024 will be ~~$18~~$20 million to ~~$20~~$22 million. We expect to fund our capital expenditures with our net cash provided by operating activities and cash, cash equivalents, debt securities, and current equity investments on hand.

On August 10, 2021, we paid $1.1 million to purchase shares of the EMI’s series C convertible preferred stock and additional shares of the EMI’s series B convertible preferred stock. The purchases increased our ownership of the ~~EMI��s~~EMI’s outstanding shares to 26.57% from 23.95% on an as converted basis.

~~On December 3, 2020, we acquired 51% of the issued shares of Sochitel UK Ltd. The purchase price was $2.4 million, net of cash acquired.~~

On December 7, 2020, we purchased from Rafael 218,245 newly issued shares of Rafael’s Class B common stock and a warrant to purchase up to 43,649 shares of Rafael’s Class B common stock at an exercise price of $22.91 at any time on or after December 7, 2020 and on or prior to June 6, 2022. The aggregate purchase price was $5.0 million. The purchase price was based on a per share price of $22.91, which was the closing price of Rafael’s Class B common stock on the New York Stock Exchange on the trading day immediately preceding the purchase date. On March 15, 2021, we exercised the warrant in full and purchased 43,649 shares of Rafael’s Class B common stock for cash of $1.0 million.

Purchases of debt securities and equity investments were ~~$10.8~~$28.1 million and ~~$34.4~~$10.8 million in the six months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, respectively. Proceeds from maturities and sales of debt securities and redemptions of equity investments were ~~$6.1~~$27.5 million and ~~$11.6~~$6.1 million in the six months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, respectively.

We distributed cash of $0.2 million and ~~$0.4~~$0.2 million in the six months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, respectively, to the noncontrolling interests in certain of our subsidiaries.

In the six months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, we received proceeds from financing-related other liabilities of ~~$2.3~~$0.3 million and ~~nil,~~$2.3 million, respectively.

In the six months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, we repaid financing-related other liabilities of ~~$1.3~~$2.0 million and ~~$0.1~~$1.3 million, respectively.

Our subsidiary, IDT Telecom, Inc., or IDT Telecom, entered into a credit agreement, dated as of May 17, 2021, with TD Bank, N.A. for a revolving credit facility for up to a maximum principal amount of $25.0 million. IDT Telecom may use the proceeds to finance working capital requirements and for certain closing costs of the facility. At January 31, ~~2022~~2023 and July 31, ~~2021,~~2022, there were no amounts outstanding under this facility. In the six months ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, IDT Telecom borrowed and repaid an aggregate of $2.4 million and $2.5 million, respectively, under the facility. The revolving credit facility is secured by primarily all of IDT Telecom’s assets. The principal outstanding bears interest per annum at the Intercontinental Exchange Benchmark Administration Ltd. LIBOR multiplied by the Regulation D maximum reserve requirement plus 125 to 175 basis points, depending upon IDT Telecom’s leverage ratio as computed for the most recent fiscal quarter. Interest is payable monthly, and all outstanding principal and any accrued and unpaid interest is due on May 16, 2024. IDT Telecom pays a quarterly unused commitment fee on the average daily balance of the unused portion of the $25.0 million commitment of 30 to 85 basis points, depending upon IDT Telecom’s leverage ratio as computed for the most recent fiscal quarter. IDT Telecom is required to comply with various affirmative and negative covenants as well as maintain certain targets based on financial ratios during the term of the revolving credit facility. As of January 31, ~~2022,~~2023, IDT Telecom was in compliance with all of the covenants.

On September 29, 2021, NRS sold shares of its Class B common stock representing 2.5% of its outstanding capital stock on a fully diluted basis to Alta Fox Opportunities Fund LP, or Alta Fox, for cash of $10 million. Alta Fox has the right to request that NRS redeem all or any portion of the NRS common shares that it purchased at the per share purchase price during a period of 182 days following the fifth anniversary of this transaction. The redemption right shall terminate upon the consummation of (i) a sale of NRS or its assets for cash or securities that are listed on a national securities exchange, (ii) a public offering of NRS’ securities, or (iii) a distribution of NRS’ capital stock following which NRS’ common shares are listed on a national securities exchange.

In the six months ended January 31, ~~2021,~~2023, we received ~~proceeds~~cash from the exercise of stock options of ~~$0.7~~$0.2 million, for which we issued ~~81,041~~12,500 shares of our Class B common stock. There were no stock option exercises in the six months ended January 31, 2022.

We have an existing stock repurchase program authorized by our Board of Directors for the repurchase of shares of our Class B common stock. The Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to 8.0 million shares in the aggregate. In the six months ended January 31, 2023, we repurchased 203,436 shares of Class B common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $5.0 million. There were no repurchases under the program in the six months ended January 31, 2022. ~~In the six months ended January 31, 2021, we repurchased 463,792 shares of Class B common stock for an aggregate purchase price of $2.8 million.~~ At January 31, ~~2022, 5.8~~2023, 5.0 million shares remained available for repurchase under the stock repurchase program.

In the six months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, we paid ~~$9.0~~$0.3 million and ~~$1.3~~$9.0 million, respectively, to repurchase ~~200,438~~13,403 and ~~109,381~~200,438 shares, respectively, of our Class B common stock that were tendered by employees of ours to satisfy the employees’ tax withholding obligations in connection with shares issued for bonus payments, the vesting of ~~deferred stock units~~DSUs, and lapsing of restrictions on restricted stock. Such shares were repurchased by us based on their fair market value as of the close of business on the trading day immediately prior to the vesting date.

We are considering spin-offs and other potential dispositions of certain of our subsidiaries. Some of the transactions under consideration are in early stages and others are more advanced. A spin-off may include the contribution of a significant amount of cash, cash equivalents, debt securities, and/or equity securities to the subsidiary prior to the spin-off, which would reduce our capital resources. In fiscal 2021, we announced that our Board of Directors had directed us to prepare for the potential spin-off of our net2phone cloud communications business. Management subsequently has stated that the preparations for the potential spin-off are progressing, and the goal is to complete the spin-off by the end of the current fiscal year on July 31, 2022. A spin-off would be subject to authorization by our Board of Directors. There is no assurance at this time that any of these transactions will be completed.

On March 3, 2022, net2phone 2.0, Inc. purchased all of the outstanding shares of Onwaba S.R.L. and Gem S.R.L. for an aggregate of up to $15.0 million. Onwaba S.R.L. and Gem S.R.L. are located in Uruguay and use the trade name Integra CCS. Integra CCS provides cloud-based contact-center-as-a-service in the Americas and Europe including omnichannel support, social media integrations, chat-bot communications, workflow management, development tools for tailored contact center solutions and numerous third-party software integrations.The purchase price includes the following: (a) cash of $7.2 million that was paid at closing, (b) 27,765 shares of the Company’s Class B common stock with a value of $1.0 million that were issued at closing, (c) $3.3 million of which half will be paid at the end of 12 months after closing and half will be paid at the end of 24 months after closing, subject to holdback for the settlement of claims against the sellers, if any, and (d) contingent consideration of up to $3.5 million based on annual cumulative incremental recurring seat revenue over a four-year period payable in cash and/or shares at net2phone 2.0, Inc.’s discretion.

On March 1, 2022, our subsidiary, IDT International Telecom, Inc., purchased all of the outstanding shares of Leaf Global Fintech Corporation, or Leaf, for up to $6.05 million. Leaf is a provider of digital wallet services in emerging markets currently serving unbanked customers in Rwanda, Uganda, and Kenya. The Leaf wallet is a mobile platform available on both smartphones and non-smartphones through an app or by utilizing a USSD interface accessed via a short code. The Leaf digital wallet enables customers to store, send, receive, and exchange currencies on their phones domestically and across borders. The Leaf platform leverages the Stellar network for storing and disseminating transaction data while maintaining value with stablecoins. Stellar is an open-source, decentralized blockchain network that connects global financial infrastructure, optimized for payments and specifically to support cross-border transactions. The purchase price is comprised of (a) $0.5 million paid in cash at the closing, (b) a working capital adjustment for a maximum of $50,000, and (c) contingent consideration of up to $5.5 million based on annual gross profit over a five-year period.

We intend to, where appropriate, make ~~other~~ strategic investments and acquisitions to complement, expand, and/or enter into new businesses. In considering acquisitions and investments, we search for opportunities to profitably grow our existing businesses and/or to add qualitatively to the range and diversification of businesses in our portfolio. At this time, we cannot guarantee that we will be presented with acquisition opportunities that meet our return-on-investment criteria, or that our efforts to make acquisitions that meet our criteria will be successful.

~~The following table quantifies our future contractual obligations and other commercial commitments at January 31, 2022:~~

We do not have any “off-balance sheet arrangements,” as defined in relevant SEC regulations that are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources, other than the following.

In connection with our spin-off of Straight Path in July 2013, we and Straight Path entered into various agreements prior to the spin-off including a Separation and Distribution Agreement to effect the separation and provide a framework for our relationship with Straight Path after the spin-off, and a Tax Separation Agreement, which sets forth the responsibilities of us and Straight Path with respect to, among other things, liabilities for federal, state, local and foreign taxes for periods before and including the spin-off, the preparation and filing of tax returns for such periods and disputes with taxing authorities regarding taxes for such periods. Pursuant to the Separation and Distribution Agreement, we indemnify Straight Path and Straight Path indemnifies us for losses related to the failure of the other to pay, perform or otherwise discharge, any of the liabilities and obligations set forth in the agreement. Pursuant to the Tax Separation Agreement, we indemnify Straight Path from all liability for taxes of Straight Path or any of its subsidiaries or relating to the Straight Path business with respect to taxable periods ending on or before the spin-off, from all liability for taxes of ours, other than Straight Path and its subsidiaries, for any taxable period, and from all liability for taxes due to the spin-off. (See Note 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 1 to Part I of this Quarterly Report).

We have performance bonds issued through third parties for the benefit of various states in order to comply with the states’ financial requirements for money remittance licenses and telecommunications resellers. At January 31, 2022, we had aggregate performance bonds of $22.1 million outstanding.

Revenues from our international operations were ~~29% and 15%~~28% of our consolidated revenues in each of the three ~~months ended January 31, 2022~~ and ~~2021, respectively, and 28% and 14% of our consolidated revenues in the~~ six months ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021, respectively. On February 1, 2021, we changed the geographic sourcing of certain revenues from the United States to the United Kingdom. A~~2022. Therefore, a significant portion of our revenues is in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar. Our foreign currency exchange risk is somewhat mitigated by our ability to offset a portion of these non-U.S. Dollar-denominated revenues with operating expenses that are paid in the same currencies. While the impact from fluctuations in foreign exchange rates affects our revenues and expenses denominated in foreign currencies, the net amount of our exposure to foreign currency exchange rate changes at the end of each reporting period is generally not material.

We hold a portion of our assets in debt and equity securities, including hedge funds, for strategic and speculative purposes. At January 31, 2023 and July 31, 2022, the value of our debt and equity ~~securities~~security holdings was an aggregate of ~~$52.3~~$45.7 million and $46.8 million, respectively, which represented ~~10.3%~~9% of our total ~~assets.~~assets at both dates. Investments in debt and equity securities carry a degree of risk and depend to a great extent on correct assessments of the future course of price movements of securities and other instruments. There can be no assurance that our investment managers will be able to accurately predict these price movements. The securities markets have in recent years been characterized by great volatility and unpredictability. Accordingly, the value of our investments may go down as well as up and we may not receive the amounts originally invested upon redemption.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures. Our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended), as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of January 31, ~~2022.~~2023.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting. There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended January 31, ~~2022~~2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Legal proceedings in which we are involved are described in Note 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 1 to Part I of this Quarterly Report.

There are no material changes from the risk factors previously disclosed in Item 1A to Part I of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended July 31, ~~2021, except for the following:~~2022.

~~Our research and development (“R&D”) may be adversely affected by ongoing developments in Belarus and Ukraine.~~

We have a significant number of R&D personnel in Belarus. Belarus shares borders with both Russia and Ukraine. In February 2022, in connection with escalating tensions involving Russia and Ukraine, Russian military personnel stationed in Belarus were part of an invasion force by Russian forces into Ukraine. In response to the support and facilitation by Belarus for the invasion, the United States and other nations and the European Union imposed sanctions against multiple individuals and entities in Belarus. Other potential retaliatory measures could be taken by the United States and other countries, particularly if Belarus were to take a more active role in the conflict. While we continue to monitor the situation in Belarus closely, any prolonged or expanded unrest, military activities, or sanctions could have an adverse effect on our future product roadmap and R&D. We cannot predict whether additional sanctions or other measures will be imposed, or the nature of severity of those measures, and whether they will directly or indirectly impact our R&D in Belarus or elsewhere.

Further, our Belarussian R&D personnel could be impacted by retaliatory actions taken by third parties related to actual or perceived Belarussian actions in support of the invasion, including cyberattacks.

Should the military conflict expand to Belarus, our operations there could likely be impacted, including due to availability of personnel, electrical outages, cyber-attacks and actual battles in areas where we have personnel.

Any of the foregoing could have an adverse impact on our ability to research and develop new technology, including corrections or enhancements of existing platforms supporting our current products and services or development of new or complementary offerings.

~~Our U.K.-based businesses and business between the United Kingdom and other countries face risks related to the United Kingdom leaving the European Union (“Brexit”).~~

We operate our business worldwide, including meaningful operations in the United Kingdom. Accordingly, we are subjected to risks from changes in the regulatory environment in various countries. On June 23, 2016, the electorate in the United Kingdom voted in favor of leaving the European Union, or EU, (commonly referred to as “Brexit”). The United Kingdom formally left the EU on April 30, 2020 and had entered a transition period until December 31, 2020. The EU and the United Kingdom concluded the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (the “TCA”) on December 24, 2020, which took effect provisionally on January 1, 2021, and became formally applicable on May 1, 2021. The TCA sets out the arrangements between the United Kingdom and EU on trade in certain areas (e.g., goods and some services, energy, fisheries, social security coordination), however there is still uncertainty over how its terms will play out in practice and there are key aspects of the United Kingdom’s relationship with the EU which are not covered by the TCA, such as in respect of financial services. We expect that uncertainty over the terms of the TCA and other future agreements between the United Kingdom and EU will continue to cause political and economic uncertainty, which could harm our business and financial results. The withdrawal will, among other outcomes, disrupt the free movement of goods, services and people between the United Kingdom and the EU, and result in increased legal and regulatory complexities, as well as potential higher costs of conducting business in Europe. Until there is greater understanding on how the terms of the TCA will play out in practice, and until the terms of other potential agreements that the United Kingdom may eventually enter into with the EU are known, it is not possible to determine the extent of the impact that the United Kingdom's departure from the EU and/or any related matters may have on us; however, any of these effects of Brexit, and others we cannot anticipate, could adversely affect our business, business opportunities, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows. Likewise, similar actions taken by European and other countries in which we operate could have a similar or even more profound impact.

Further, Brexit could adversely affect European and worldwide economic or market conditions and could contribute to instability in global financial markets, and the value of the Pound Sterling currency or other currencies, including the Euro. We are exposed to the economic, market, and fiscal conditions in the United Kingdom and the EU and to changes in any of these conditions.

IDT Financial Services Limited, or IDTFS, our Gibraltar-based bank, currently operates under a license from the Gibraltar Financial Services Commission. As an overseas British Territory, following the expiration of the Brexit transition period, the passporting rights previously enjoyed by IDTFS under EU law ceased to be in effect. IDTFS made alternative arrangements with third parties to service customers in EU countries. Our inability to service these customers will lead to a reduction in the revenues previously earned from them.

The following table provides information with respect to purchases by us of our shares during the second quarter of fiscal ~~2022:~~2023:

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Delaware		22-3415036
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

520 Broad Street, Newark, New Jersey		07102
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

Title of each class		Name of each exchange on which registered
Class B common stock, par value $.01 per share		New York Stock Exchange


Class A common stock, $.01 par value:	1,574,326 shares outstanding (excluding 1,698,000 treasury shares)
Class B common stock, $.01 par value:	~~24,330,161~~ 23,952,533shares outstanding (excluding ~~2,392,072~~3,829,654 treasury shares)

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION		3

Item 1.	Financial Statements (Unaudited)	3

	Consolidated Balance Sheets	3

	Consolidated Statements of Income	4

	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income	5

	Consolidated Statements of Equity	6

	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	8

	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	9

Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	2425

Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risks	34

~~Item 4.~~	~~Controls and Procedures~~	3435

Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	35

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION		3536

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	3536

Item 1A.	Risk Factors	3536

Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	36

Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	36

Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	36

Item 5.	Other Information	36

Item 6.	Exhibits	36

SIGNATURES		37

	2022			2021
	Six Months Ended January 31,
	2022			2021
	(in thousands)
Operating activities
Net income	$	5,911		$	21,620
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		8,825			8,956
Deferred income taxes		1,683			5,881
Provision for doubtful accounts receivable		1,289			1,069
Net unrealized loss (gain) from marketable securities		16,242			(286	)
Stock-based compensation		595			940
Other		2,850			269
Change in assets and liabilities:
Trade accounts receivable		(8,045	)		(7,330	)
Disbursement prefunding, prepaid expenses, other current assets, and other assets		(8,551	)		4,965
Trade accounts payable, accrued expenses, other current liabilities, and other liabilities		(6,313	)		1,631
Customer deposits at IDT Financial Services Limited (Gibraltar-based bank)		(1,862	)		(11,136	)
Deferred revenue		(960	)		(968	)

Net cash provided by operating activities		11,664			25,611
Investing activities
Capital expenditures		(8,991	)		(8,825	)
Purchase of convertible preferred stock in equity method investment		(1,051	)		—
Payments for acquisitions, net of cash acquired		(100	)		(2,388	)
Purchase of Rafael Holdings, Inc. Class B common stock and warrant		—			(5,000	)
Purchases of debt securities and equity investments		(10,825	)		(34,436	)
Proceeds from maturities and sales of debt securities and redemptions of equity investments		6,068			11,575

Net cash used in investing activities		(14,899	)		(39,074	)
Financing activities
Distributions to noncontrolling interests		(198	)		(418	)
Proceeds from other liabilities		2,301			—
Repayment of other liabilities.		(1,291	)		(56	)
Proceeds from borrowings under revolving credit facility		2,488			—
Repayment of borrowings under revolving credit facility		(2,488	)		—
Proceeds from sale of redeemable equity in subsidiary		10,000			—
Proceeds from exercise of stock options		—			686
Repurchases of Class B common stock		(8,974	)		(4,192	)

Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		1,838			(3,980	)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash and cash equivalents		(4,967	)		5,560
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash and cash equivalents		(6,364	)		(11,883	)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		226,916			201,222
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	220,552		$	189,339

Supplemental schedule of non-cash investing and financing activities
Liabilities incurred for acquisition	$	—		$	393


Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☒
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
Emerging growth company	☐


	Three Months Ended January 31, 2022 (in thousands)
	IDT Corporation Stockholders
	Class A Common Stock		Class B Common Stock		Additional Paid-In Capital		Treasury Stock			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss			Accumulated Deficit			Noncontrolling Interests			Total Equity
BALANCE AT OCTOBER 31, 2021	$	33	$	264	$	278,306	$	(60,439	)	$	(9,226	)	$	(45,330	)	$	1,690		$	165,298
Exercise of stock options
Repurchases of Class B common stock through repurchase program
Restricted Class B common stock purchased from employees		—		—		—		(8,948	)		—			—			—			(8,948	)
Grant of restricted equity in subsidiary
Business acquisition
Stock-based compensation		—		3		307		—			—			—			—			310
Distributions to noncontrolling interests		—		—		—		—			—			—			(15	)		(15	)
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—		—			(1,862	)		—			—			(1,862	)
Net income		—		—		—		—			—			7,487			710			8,197
BALANCE AT JANUARY 31, 2022	$	33	$	267	$	278,613	$	(69,387	)	$	(11,088	)	$	(37,843	)	$	2,385		$	162,980


	Three Months Ended January 31, 2023 (in thousands)
	IDT Corporation Stockholders
	Class A Common Stock		Class B Common Stock		Additional Paid-In Capital		Treasury Stock			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss			(Accumulated Deficit) Retained Earnings			Noncontrolling Interests			Total Equity
BALANCE AT OCTOBER 31, 2022	$	33	$	278	$	297,191	$	(106,906	)	$	(11,672	)	$	(4,828	)	$	4,343		$	178,439
Exercise of stock options		—		—		172		—			—			—			��			172
Stock-based compensation		—		—		1,286		—			—			—			—			1,286
Distributions to noncontrolling interests		—		—		—		—			—			—			(88	)		(88	)
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—		—			(2,039	)		—			—			(2,039	)
Net income		—		—		—		—			—			14,623			621			15,244
BALANCE AT JANUARY 31, 2023	$	33	$	278	$	298,649	$	(106,906	)	$	(13,711	)	$	9,795		$	4,876		$	193,014

	Six Months Ended January 31, 2022 (in thousands)
	IDT Corporation Stockholders
	Class A Common Stock		Class B Common Stock		Additional Paid-In Capital		Treasury Stock			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss			Accumulated Deficit			Noncontrolling Interests			Total Equity
BALANCE AT JULY 31, 2021	$	33	$	264	$	278,021	$	(60,413	)	$	(10,183	)	$	(42,858	)	$	1,750		$	166,614
Restricted Class B common stock purchased from employees		—		—		—		(8,974	)		—			—			—			(8,974	)
Stock-based compensation		—		3		592		—			—			—			—			595
Distributions to noncontrolling interests		—		—		—		—			—			—			(198	)		(198	)
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—		—			(905	)		—			—			(905	)
Net income		—		—		—		—			—			5,015			833			5,848
BALANCE AT JANUARY 31, 2022	$	33	$	267	$	278,613	$	(69,387	)	$	(11,088	)	$	(37,843	)	$	2,385		$	162,980

	Six Months Ended January 31, 2023 (in thousands)
	IDT Corporation Stockholders
	Class A Common Stock		Class B Common Stock		Additional Paid-In Capital		Treasury Stock			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss			(Accumulated Deficit) Retained Earnings			Noncontrolling Interests			Total Equity
BALANCE AT JULY 31, 2022	$	33	$	277	$	296,005	$	(101,565	)	$	(11,305	)	$	(15,830	)	$	3,022		$	170,637
Exercise of stock options		—		—		172		—			—			—			—			172
Repurchases of Class B common stock through repurchase program		—		—		—		(5,006	)		—			—			—			(5,006	)
Restricted Class B common stock purchased from employees		—		—		—		(335	)		—			—			—			(335	)
Stock issued to certain executive officers for bonus payments		—		—		615		—			—			—			—			615
Stock-based compensation		—		1		1,857		—			—			—			—			1,858
Distributions to noncontrolling interests		—		—		—		—			—			—			(187	)		(187	)
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—		—			(2,406	)		—			—			(2,406	)
Net income		—		—		—		—			—			25,625			2,041			27,666
BALANCE AT JANUARY 31, 2023	$	33	$	278	$	298,649	$	(106,906	)	$	(13,711	)	$	9,795		$	4,876		$	193,014


	Three Months Ended January 31, 2021 (in thousands)
	IDT Corporation Stockholders
	Class A Common Stock		Class B Common Stock		Additional Paid-In Capital			Treasury Stock			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss			Accumulated Deficit			Noncontrolling Interests			Total Equity
BALANCE AT OCTOBER 31, 2020	$	33	$	260	$	278,134		$	(59,077	)	$	(7,188	)	$	(131,045	)	$	(3,534	)	$	77,583
Exercise of stock options		—		—		501			—			—			—			—			501
Restricted Class B common stock purchased from employees		—		—		—			(1,336	)		—			—			—			(1,336	)
Grant of restricted equity in subsidiary		—		—		(2,195	)		—			—			—			2,195			—
Business acquisition		—		—		—			—			—			—			2,188			2,188
Stock-based compensation		—		3		431			—			—			—			—			434
Distributions to noncontrolling interests		—		—		—			—			—			—			(390	)		(390	)
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—			—			(1,769	)		—			—			(1,769	)
Net income		—		—		—			—			—			13,108			97			13,205
BALANCE AT JANUARY 31, 2021	$	33	$	263	$	276,871		$	(60,413	)	$	(8,957	)	$	(117,937	)	$	556		$	90,416

	Six Months Ended January 31, 2021 (in thousands)
	IDT Corporation Stockholders
	Class A Common Stock		Class B Common Stock		Additional Paid-In Capital			Treasury Stock			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss			Accumulated Deficit			Noncontrolling Interests			Total Equity
BALANCE AT JULY 31, 2020	$	33	$	260	$	277,443		$	(56,221	)	$	(7,410	)	$	(139,333	)	$	(3,633	)	$	71,139
BALANCE	$	33	$	260	$	277,443		$	(56,221	)	$	(7,410	)	$	(139,333	)	$	(3,633	)	$	71,139
Exercise of stock options		—		—		686			—			—			—			—			686
Repurchases of Class B common stock through repurchase program		—		—		—			(2,849	)		—			—			—			(2,849	)
Restricted Class B common stock purchased from employees		—		—		—			(1,343	)		—			—			—			(1,343	)
Grant of restricted equity in subsidiary		—		—		(2,195	)		—			—			—			2,195			—
Business acquisition		—		—		—			—			—			—			2,188			2,188
Stock-based compensation		—		3		937			—			—			—			—			940
Distributions to noncontrolling interests		—		—		—			—			—			—			(418	)		(418	)
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—			—			(1,547	)		—			—			(1,547	)
Net income		—		—		—			—			—			21,396			224			21,620
BALANCE AT JANUARY 31, 2021	$	33	$	263	$	276,871		$	(60,413	)	$	(8,957	)	$	(117,937	)	$	556		$	90,416
BALANCE	$	33	$	263	$	276,871		$	(60,413	)	$	(8,957	)	$	(117,937	)	$	556		$	90,416

	January 31, 2022			July 31, 2021
Weighted-average remaining lease term-operating leases		3.3 years			3.4 years

Weighted-average discount rate-operating leases		2.9	%		2.9	%

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
	(in thousands)
January 31, 2022:
Certificates of deposit*	$	2,000	$	—	$	(3	)	$	1,997
U.S. Treasury bills and notes		1,660		—		(57	)		1,603
Corporate bonds		6,362		10		(277	)		6,095
Municipal bonds		5,800		—		(5	)		5,795
Total	$	15,822	$	10	$	(342	)	$	15,490
July 31, 2021:
Certificates of deposit*	$	1,200	$	3	$	—		$	1,203
U.S. Treasury bills and notes		1,669		—		(17	)		1,652
Corporate bonds		6,327		38		(33	)		6,332
Municipal bonds		4,825		—		—			4,825
Total	$	14,021	$	41	$	(50	)	$	14,012

	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
	(in thousands)
January 31, 2023:
U.S. Treasury bills and notes	$	23,854	$	4	$	(94	)	$	23,764
Government sponsored enterprises notes		2,512		—		(4	)		2,508
Corporate bonds		3,991		1		(487	)		3,505
Total	$	30,357	$	5	$	(585	)	$	29,777

July 31, 2022:
Certificates of deposit*	$	2,000	$	—	$	(14	)	$	1,986
U.S. Treasury bills and notes		13,848		—		(114	)		13,734
Corporate bonds		3,966		1		(416	)		3,551
Municipal bonds		3,035		—		(3	)		3,032
Total	$	22,849	$	1	$	(547	)	$	22,303

	Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
	(in thousands)
January 31, 2023:
U.S. Treasury bills and notes	$	87	$	874
Corporate bonds		475		3,286
Total	$	562	$	4,160

July 31, 2022:
U.S. Treasury bills and notes	$	72	$	892
Corporate bonds		234		1,731
Total	$	306	$	2,623

	Unrealized Loss on Available-for-Sale Securities			Foreign Currency Translation			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
	(in thousands)
Balance, July 31, 2021	$	(9	)	$	(10,174	)	$	(10,183	)
Other comprehensive loss attributable to IDT Corporation		(323	)		(582	)		(905	)
Balance, January 31, 2022	$	(332	)	$	(10,756	)	$	(11,088	)

	Unrealized Loss on Available-for-Sale Securities			Foreign Currency Translation			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
	(in thousands)
Balance, July 31, 2022	$	(546	)	$	(10,759	)	$	(11,305	)
Other comprehensive loss attributable to IDT Corporation		(34	)		(2,372	)		(2,406	)

Balance, January 31, 2023	$	(580	)	$	(13,131	)	$	(13,711	)

	●	for NRS, active point of sale, or POS, terminals, payment processing accounts, and recurring revenue,
	●	for net2phone, seats and subscription revenue, and
	●	for Traditional Communications, minutes of use.

	Three months ended January 31,						Change						Six months ended January 31,						Change
	2023			2022			$			%			2023			2022			$			%
										(in millions)
Revenues:
BOSS Money	$	17.6		$	12.0		$	5.6			46.7	%	$	35.2		$	24.1		$	11.1			45.9	%
Other		2.7			2.6			0.1			4.0			5.0			4.7			0.3			6.4

Total revenues		20.3			14.6			5.7			39.2			40.2			28.8			11.4			39.5
Direct cost of revenues		(8.0	)		(6.1	)		1.9			30.7			(16.3	)		(12.1	)		4.2			34.9
Selling, general and administrative		(12.8	)		(10.2	)		2.6			25.7			(23.9	)		(19.5	)		4.4			22.4
Depreciation and amortization		(0.6	)		(0.6	)		—			23.3			(1.2	)		(1.0	)		0.2			22.7
Severance		—			—			—			—			—			(0.1	)		(0.1	)		(100.0	)
Other operating gain		0.3			—			(0.3	)		nm			1.9			—			(1.9	)		nm

(Loss) income from operations	$	(0.8	)	$	(2.3	)	$	1.5			64.5	%	$	0.7		$	(3.9	)	$	4.6			(118.2	)%

	Three months ended January 31,						Change						Six months ended January 31,					Change
	2022			2021			$			%			2022			2021		$			%
	(in millions)
Revenues:
BOSS Revolution Money Transfer	$	12.5		$	13.3		$	(0.8	)		(6.2	)%	$	25.0		$	28.4	$	(3.4	)		(12.2	)%
National Retail Solutions		10.6			5.2			5.4			103.6			20.7			10.2		10.5			103.9
Total revenues		23.1			18.5			4.6			24.8			45.7			38.6		7.1			18.3
Direct cost of revenues		7.3			6.5			0.8			12.9			14.6			12.7		1.9			14.8
Selling, general and administrative		15.4			11.8			3.6			29.5			30.1			22.2		7.9			35.8
Depreciation and amortization		0.6			0.4			0.2			42.0			1.2			0.8		0.4			42.9
(Loss) income from operations	$	(0.2	)	$	(0.2	)	$	—			29.9	%	$	(0.2	)	$	2.9	$	(3.1	)		(107.6	)%

	Three months ended January 31,						Change					Six months ended January 31,						Change
	2022			2021			$		%			2022			2021			$		%
	(in millions)
Revenues	$	13.5		$	10.9		$	2.6		24.6	%	$	26.4		$	20.6		$	5.8		28.6	%
Direct cost of revenues		(2.4	)		(2.1	)		0.3		18.3			(4.8	)		(4.1	)		0.7		18.6
Selling, general and administrative		(13.0	)		(11.2	)		1.8		16.4			(26.4	)		(21.6	)		4.8		21.9
Depreciation and amortization		(1.3	)		(1.2	)		0.1		5.2			(2.6	)		(2.3	)		0.3		13.3
Other operating gain (expense), net		0.3			(0.1	)		0.4		393.2			0.3			(0.1	)		0.4		393.2

Loss from operations	$	(2.9	)	$	(3.7	)	$	0.8		21.7	%	$	(7.1	)	$	(7.5	)	$	0.4		6.4	%

	January 31,				Change
	2023		2022		#		%

				(in thousands)
Active POS terminals		22.4		16.5		5.9		35	%
Payment processing accounts		12.5		8.0		4.5		55	%

Payments Due by Period (in millions)	Total		Less than 1 year		1–3 years		4–5 years		After 5 years
Purchase commitments	$	5.9	$	5.9	$	—	$	—	$	—
Connectivity obligations under service agreements		0.7		0.5		0.2		—		—
Operating leases including short-term leases		8.1		3.5		4.0		0.6		—
Total (1)	$	14.7	$	9.9	$	4.2	$	0.6	$	—

Payments Due by Period (in millions)	Total		Less than 1 year		1–3 years		4–5 years		After 5 years
Purchase commitments	$	4.5	$	4.5	$	—	$	—	$	—
Connectivity obligations under service agreements		0.8		0.7		0.1		—		—
Operating leases including short-term leases		8.1		2.9		4.3		0.8		0.1

Total contractual obligations (1)	$	13.4	$	8.1	$	4.4	$	0.8	$	0.1

	Total Number of Shares Purchased		Average Price per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs		Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (1)
November 1-30, 2021		—	$	—		—		5,768,497
December 1–31, 2021		—	$	—		—		5,768,497
January 1–31, 2022		199,811	$	44.79		—		5,768,497
Total		199,811	$	44.79		—

	Total Number of Shares Purchased		Average Price per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs		Maximum Number of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (1)
November 1-30, 2022		—	$	—		—		5,010,317
December 1-31, 2022		—	$	—		—		5,010,317
January 1–31, 2023		—	$	—		—		5,010,317
Total		—	$	—		—

Exhibit Number		Description

31.1*		Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 17 CFR 240.13a-14(a), as adopted pursuant to §302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2*		Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 17 CFR 240.13a-14(a), as adopted pursuant to §302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.1*		Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to §906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.2*		Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to §906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

101.SCH*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE*		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

104		Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

	IDT CORPORATION

March ~~14, 2022~~13, 2023	By:	/s/ SHMUEL JONAS
		Shmuel Jonas
		Chief Executive Officer

March ~~14, 2022~~13, 2023	By:	/s/ MARCELO FISCHER
		Marcelo Fischer
		Chief Financial Officer