UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)

☒QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED ~~SEPTEMBER~~September 30, ~~2018~~2019

☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM TO

Commission File Number: 1-34392

PLUG POWER INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware		22-3672377
(State or Other Jurisdiction of		(I.R.S. Employer
Incorporation or Organization)		Identification Number)

968 ALBANY SHAKER ROAD, LATHAM, NEW YORK 12110

(Address of Principal Executive Offices, including Zip Code)

(518) 782-7700

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share	PLUG	The Nasdaq Capital Market
Series A Junior Participating Cumulative Preferred Stock, par value $.01 per share		The Nasdaq Capital Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non- accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐

Accelerated filer ☒

Non-accelerated filer ☐

Smaller reporting company ☐

Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b 2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The number of shares of common stock, par value of $0.01 per share, outstanding as of November ~~9, 2018~~8, 2019 was ~~233,367,836.~~261,070,703.

Table of Contents

INDEX to FORM 10-Q

	Page

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1 – Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	3

Condensed Consolidated Balance ~~Sheet~~Sheets	3

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations	4

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss	5

Condensed Consolidated ~~Statement~~Statements of Stockholders’ (Deficit) Equity	6

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	7

Notes to Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	8

Item 2 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	3637

Item 3 – Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	5557

Item 4 – Controls and Procedures	5657

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1 – Legal Proceedings	5657

Item 1A – Risk Factors	5658

Item 2 – Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	58

Item 3 – Defaults Upon Senior Securities	58

Item 4 – Mine Safety Disclosures	58

Item 5 – Other Information	58

Item 6 – Exhibits	5859

Signatures	5960

Table of Contents

PART 1. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1 — Interim Financial Statements (Unaudited)

Plug Power Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Balance ~~Sheet~~Sheets

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(Unaudited)


	September 30,		December 31,		September 30,		December 31,
	2018		2017		2019		2018
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	13,825	$	24,828	$	43,275	$	38,602
Restricted cash		15,803		13,898		35,720		17,399
Accounts receivable		24,721		15,331		24,392		37,347
Inventory		53,428		48,776		80,601		47,910
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		16,050		16,774		12,804		14,357
Total current assets		123,827		119,607		196,792		155,615

Restricted cash		32,424		29,329		119,322		54,152
Property, plant, and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $33,401 and $31,588, respectively		13,155		10,414
Leased property, net of accumulated depreciation of $8,826 and $11,812, respectively		130,015		87,065
Property, plant, and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $16,477 and $14,403, respectively						14,990		12,869
Leased property, net						202,034		146,751
Goodwill		9,157		9,445		8,606		9,023
Intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization of $2,203 and $1,735, respectively		4,058		3,785
Intangible assets, net						5,113		3,890
Other assets		6,642		11,165		9,152		8,026
Total assets	$	319,278	$	270,810	$	556,009	$	390,326

Liabilities, Redeemable Preferred Stock, and Stockholders’ Equity
Liabilities, Redeemable Preferred Stock, and Stockholders’ (Deficit) Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	37,105	$	42,362	$	36,851	$	34,824
Accrued expenses		8,553		10,595		9,457		7,864
Deferred revenue		10,996		8,630		11,480		12,055
Finance obligations		48,705		34,506		41,112		74,264
Current portion of long-term debt		11,489		18,762		17,202		16,803
Other current liabilities		247		866		10,238		560
Total current liabilities		117,095		115,721		126,340		146,370
Deferred revenue		28,525		25,809		22,444		28,021
Common stock warrant liability		1,083		4,391		98		105
Finance obligations		86,562		37,069		208,465		118,076
Convertible senior notes, net		61,509		—		107,760		63,247
Long-term debt		9,372		13,371		78,840		133
Other liabilities		18		94		13		18
Total liabilities		304,164		196,455		543,960		355,970

Redeemable preferred stock:
Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock, $0.01 par value per share (aggregate involuntary liquidation preference $16,664); 10,431 shares authorized; Issued and outstanding: 2,620 at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017		709		709
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, $0.01 par value per share; 750,000,000 shares authorized; Issued (including shares in treasury): 232,511,393 at September 30, 2018 and 229,073,517 at December 31, 2017		2,326		2,291
Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock, $0.01 par value per share 10,431 shares authorized; Issued and outstanding: 2,620 at both September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018						709		709
Series E redeemable convertible preferred stock, $0.01 par value per share; Shares authorized: 35,000 at both September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018; Issued and outstanding: 28,269 at September 30, 2019 and 35,000 at December 31, 2018						25,746		30,934
Stockholders’ (deficit) equity:
Common stock, $0.01 par value per share; 750,000,000 shares authorized; Issued (including shares in treasury): 253,982,578 at September 30, 2019 and 234,160,661 at December 31, 2018						2,540		2,342
Additional paid-in capital		1,284,384		1,250,899		1,347,398		1,289,714
Accumulated other comprehensive income		1,762		2,194		929		1,584
Accumulated deficit		(1,243,430)		(1,178,636)		(1,334,057)		(1,260,290)
Less common stock in treasury: 15,002,663 at September 30, 2018 and 587,151 at December 31, 2017		(30,637)		(3,102)
Total stockholders’ equity		14,405		73,646
Total liabilities, redeemable preferred stock, and stockholders’ equity	$	319,278	$	270,810
Less common stock in treasury: 15,259,045 at September 30, 2019 and 15,002,663 at December 31, 2018						(31,216)		(30,637)
Total stockholders’ (deficit) equity						(14,406)		2,713
Total liabilities, redeemable preferred stock, and stockholders’ (deficit) equity					$	556,009	$	390,326

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

Plug Power Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(Unaudited)


	Three Months Ended				Nine months ended				Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,				September 30,				September 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017		2019		2018		2019		2018
Revenue:
Net revenue:
Sales of fuel cell systems and related infrastructure	$	36,668	$	38,060	$	66,101	$	47,907	$	38,165	$	36,668	$	78,932	$	66,101
Services performed on fuel cell systems and related infrastructure		5,156		2,217		16,330		10,496		5,920		5,156		17,415		16,330
Power Purchase Agreements		5,555		(1,663)		16,365		7,593		5,599		5,555		16,613		16,365
Fuel delivered to customers		5,786		(4,149)		16,016		2,782		6,557		5,786		18,942		16,016
Other		—		128		—		279		135		—		135		—
Net revenue		53,165		34,593		114,812		69,057		56,376		53,165		132,037		114,812
Cost of revenue:
Sales of fuel cell systems and related infrastructure		27,428		35,671		52,927		44,398		24,990		27,428		50,440		52,927
Services performed on fuel cell systems and related infrastructure		5,302		4,531		17,139		14,684		6,461		5,302		18,802		17,139
Power Purchase Agreements		8,767		7,853		27,055		21,844		10,353		8,767		28,064		27,055
Fuel delivered to customers		7,259		5,810		19,576		15,262		9,160		7,259		25,935		19,576
Other		—		138		—		301		150		—		150		—
Total cost of revenue		48,756		54,003		116,697		96,489		51,114		48,756		123,391		116,697

Gross profit (loss)		4,409		(19,410)		(1,885)		(27,432)		5,262		4,409		8,646		(1,885)

Operating expenses:
Research and development		8,402		7,436		25,477		20,059		8,028		8,402		24,334		25,477
Selling, general and administrative		8,652		9,535		29,202		36,584		10,400		8,652		33,351		29,202
Total operating expenses		17,054		16,971		54,679		56,643		18,428		17,054		57,685		54,679

Operating loss		(12,645)		(36,381)		(56,564)		(84,075)		(13,166)		(12,645)		(49,039)		(56,564)

Interest and other expense, net		(6,352)		(2,724)		(15,593)		(7,112)		(8,490)		(6,352)		(24,696)		(15,593)
Change in fair value of common stock warrant liability		1,716		(1,878)		3,308		(16,454)		427		1,716		7		3,308

Loss before income taxes	$	(17,281)	$	(40,983)	$	(68,849)	$	(107,641)	$	(21,229)	$	(17,281)	$	(73,728)	$	(68,849)

Income tax benefit		1,716		—		7,581		—		—		1,716		—		7,581

Net loss attributable to the Company	$	(15,565)	$	(40,983)	$	(61,268)	$	(107,641)	$	(21,229)	$	(15,565)	$	(73,728)	$	(61,268)

Preferred stock dividends declared and accretion of discount		(13)		(25)		(39)		(3,086)		(13)		(13)		(39)		(39)
Net loss attributable to common shareholders	$	(15,578)	$	(41,008)	$	(61,307)	$	(110,727)
Net loss attributable to common stockholders									$	(21,242)	$	(15,578)	$	(73,767)	$	(61,307)
Net loss per share:
Basic and diluted	$	(0.07)	$	(0.18)	$	(0.28)	$	(0.52)	$	(0.09)	$	(0.07)	$	(0.32)	$	(0.28)
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding		218,953,106		225,762,535		218,930,891		212,419,634
Weighted average number of common stock outstanding										236,759,521		218,953,106		229,519,323		218,930,891

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

Plug Power Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)


	Three months ended				Nine months ended				Three months ended				Nine months ended
	September 30,				September 30,				September 30,				September 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017		2019		2018		2019		2018

Net loss attributable to the Company	$	(15,565)	$	(40,983)	$	(61,268)	$	(107,641)	$	(21,229)	$	(15,565)	$	(73,728)	$	(61,268)
Other comprehensive (loss) income - foreign currency translation adjustment		(82)		555		(432)		1,711
Other comprehensive loss - foreign currency translation adjustment										(531)		(82)		(655)		(432)
Comprehensive loss	$	(15,647)	$	(40,428)	$	(61,700)	$	(105,930)	$	(21,760)	$	(15,647)	$	(74,383)	$	(61,700)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

Plug Power Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated ~~Statement~~Statements of Stockholders’ (Deficit) Equity

(In thousands, except share amounts)

(Unaudited)


						Accumulated															Accumulated
				Additional		Other								Total					Additional		Other							Total
	Common Stock			Paid-in		Comprehensive		Treasury Stock				Accumulated		Stockholders’		Common Stock			Paid-in		Comprehensive		Treasury Stock			Accumulated		Stockholders’
	Shares	Amount		Capital		Income		Shares		Amount		Deficit		Equity		Shares	Amount		Capital		Income		Shares	Amount		Deficit		(Deficit) Equity
June 30, 2019																246,975,173	$	2,470	$	1,328,911	$	1,460	15,020,437	$	(30,681)	$	(1,312,815)	$	(10,655)
Net loss attributable to the Company																—		—		—		—	—		—		(21,229)		(21,229)
Other comprehensive loss																—		—		—		(531)	—		—		—		(531)
Stock-based compensation																934,469		9		2,795		—	—		—		—		2,804
Stock dividend																4,920		—		13		—	—		—		(13)		—
Issuance of common stock, net																4,451,948		45		9,790		—	—		—		—		9,835
Stock option exercises																116,666		1		211		—	238,608		(535)		—		(323)
Provision for common stock warrants																—		—		4,582		—	—		—		—		4,582
Accretion of discount, preferred stock																—		—		(772)		—	—		—		—		(772)
Conversion of preferred stock																1,499,402		15		1,868		—	—		—		—		1,883
September 30, 2019																253,982,578	$	2,540	$	1,347,398	$	929	15,259,045	$	(31,216)	$	(1,334,057)	$	(14,406)

June 30, 2018																229,655,825	$	2,297	$	1,276,989	$	1,844	15,002,663	$	(30,637)	$	(1,224,365)	$	26,128
Net loss attributable to the Company																—		—		—		—	—		—		(15,565)		(15,565)
Cumulative effect from adoption of accounting standard																—		—		—		—	—		—		(3,487)		(3,487)
Other comprehensive income																—		—		—		(82)	—		—		—		(82)
Stock-based compensation																247,747		3		2,061		—	—		—		—		2,064
Stock dividend																6,972		—		13		—	—		—		(13)		—
Public offerings, common stock, net																2,560,849		26		4,876		—	—		—		—		4,902
Stock option exercises																40,000		—		26		—	—		—		—		26
Equity component of convertible senior notes, net of issuance costs and income tax benefit																—		—		(1,707)		—	—		—		—		(1,707)
Provision for common stock warrants																—		—		2,126		—	—		—		—		2,126
September 30, 2018																232,511,393	$	2,326	$	1,284,384	$	1,762	15,002,663	$	(30,637)	$	(1,243,430)	$	14,405

December 31, 2018																234,160,661	$	2,342	$	1,289,714	$	1,584	15,002,663	$	(30,637)	$	(1,260,290)	$	2,713
Net loss attributable to the Company																—		—		—		—	—		—		(73,728)		(73,728)
Other comprehensive loss																—		—		—		(655)	—		—		—		(655)
Stock-based compensation																1,715,454		17		7,910		—	—		—		—		7,927
Stock dividend																15,067		—		39		—	—		—		(39)		—
Issuance of common stock, net																16,333,585		163		37,935		—	—		—		—		38,098
Stock option exercises																258,409		3		460		—	256,382		(579)		—		(116)
Provision for common stock warrants																—		—		10,244		—	—		—		—		10,244
Accretion of discount, preferred stock																—		—		(772)		—	—		—		—		(772)
Conversion of preferred stock																1,499,402		15		1,868		—	—		—		—		1,883
September 30, 2019																253,982,578	$	2,540	$	1,347,398	$	929	15,259,045	$	(31,216)	$	(1,334,057)	$	(14,406)

December 31, 2017	229,073,517	$	2,291	$	1,250,899	$	2,194		587,151	$	(3,102)	$	(1,178,636)	$	73,646	229,073,517	$	2,291	$	1,250,899	$	2,194	587,151	$	(3,102)	$	(1,178,636)	$	73,646
Net loss attributable to the Company	—		—		—		—		—		—		(61,268)		(61,268)	—		—		—		—	—		—		(61,268)		(61,268)
Cumulative effect from adoption of accounting standard	—		—		—		—		—		—		(3,487)		(3,487)	—		—		—		—	—		—		(3,487)		(3,487)
Other comprehensive loss	—		—		—		(432)		—		—		—		(432)
Other comprehensive income																—		—		—		(432)	—		—		—		(432)
Stock-based compensation	450,270		5		6,384		—		—		—		—		6,389	450,270		5		6,384		—	—		—		—		6,389
Stock dividend	20,245		—		39		—		—		—		(39)		—	20,245		—		39		—	—		—		(39)		—
Public offerings, common stock, net	2,560,849		26		4,886		—		—		—		—		4,912	2,560,849		26		4,886		—	—		—		—		4,912
Stock option exercises	406,412		4		123		—		17,606		(35)		—		92	406,412		4		123		—	17,606		(35)		—		92
Equity component of convertible senior notes, net of issuance costs and income tax benefit	—		—		30,121		—		—		—		—		30,121	—		—		30,121		—	—		—		—		30,121
Purchase of capped call	—		—		(16,000)		—		—		—		—		(16,000)	—		—		(16,000)		—	—		—		—		(16,000)
Purchase of common stock forward	—		—		—		—		14,397,906		(27,500)		—		(27,500)	—		—		—		—	14,397,906		(27,500)		—		(27,500)
Exercise of warrants	100		—		—		—		—		—		—		—	100		—		—		—	—		—		—		—
Provision for common stock warrants	—		—		7,932		—		—		—		—		7,932	—		—		7,932		—	—		—		—		7,932
September 30, 2018	232,511,393	$	2,326	$	1,284,384	$	1,762		15,002,663	$	(30,637)	$	(1,243,430)	$	14,405	232,511,393	$	2,326	$	1,284,384	$	1,762	15,002,663	$	(30,637)	$	(1,243,430)	$	14,405

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

Plug Power Inc. and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In thousands)

(Unaudited)


	Nine months ended				Nine months ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2018		2017		2019		2018
Cash Flows From Operating Activities:
Operating Activities
Net loss attributable to the Company	$	(61,268)	$	(107,641)	$	(73,728)	$	(61,268)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation of property, plant and equipment, and leased property		8,592		6,596		8,944		8,592
Amortization of intangible assets		511		443		518		511
Stock-based compensation		6,389		7,288		7,927		6,389
Provision for bad debts and other assets		746		—
Provision for bad debts and other						1,253		746
Amortization of debt issuance costs and discount on convertible senior notes		4,436		496		6,257		4,436
Provision for common stock warrants		7,932		34,570		10,244		7,932
Change in fair value of common stock warrant liability		(3,308)		16,454		(7)		(3,308)
Loss on disposal of leased assets						212		—
Income tax benefit		(7,581)		—		—		(7,581)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities that provide (use) cash:
Accounts receivable		(9,390)		(40,946)		11,702		(9,390)
Inventory		12,554		(14,747)		(32,691)		12,554
Prepaid expenses and other assets		1,272		(590)		427		1,272
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities		(7,609)		6,524		13,293		(7,609)
Accrual for loss contracts related to service		—		(752)
Deferred revenue		5,082		11,011		(6,152)		5,082
Net cash used in operating activities		(41,642)		(81,294)		(51,801)		(41,642)
Cash Flows From Investing Activities:
Investing Activities
Purchases of property, plant and equipment		(3,268)		(1,820)		(4,635)		(3,268)
Purchase of intangible asset		(879)		—
Purchases of intangible assets						(1,860)		(879)
Purchases for construction of leased property		(13,381)		(26,471)		(2,851)		(13,381)
Proceeds from sale of leased assets						375		—
Net cash used in investing activities		(17,528)		(28,291)		(8,971)		(17,528)
Cash Flows From Financing Activities:
Proceeds from exercise of warrants, net of transaction costs		—		17,636
Financing Activities
Proceeds from issuance of preferred stock, net of transaction costs						(37)		—
Proceeds from public offerings, net of transaction costs						38,098		4,912
Proceeds from exercise of stock options		92		40		(116)		92
Payments for redemption of preferred stock		—		(3,700)		(4,040)		—
Proceeds from public offerings, net of transaction costs		4,912		20,664
Proceeds from issuance of convertible senior notes, net		95,856		—		39,052		95,856
Purchase of capped call and common stock forward		(43,500)		—		—		(43,500)
Proceeds from borrowing of long-term debt, net of transaction costs		—		20,147
Principal payments on long-term debt		(11,944)		(4,261)		(21,186)		(11,944)
Proceeds from sale/leaseback transactions accounted for as finance obligations		32,938		26,280
Proceeds from long-term debt						99,496		—
Proceeds from sale/leaseback transactions accounted for as finance leases						—		32,938
Repayments of finance obligations		(25,138)		(11,616)		(59,461)		(25,138)
Increase in finance obligations						57,249		—
Net cash provided by financing activities		53,216		65,190		149,055		53,216
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash		(49)		286		(119)		(49)
Decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(6,003)		(44,109)
Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash						88,164		(6,003)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash beginning of period		68,055		100,636		110,153		68,055
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash end of period	$	62,052	$	56,527	$	198,317	$	62,052
Other Supplemental Cash Flow Information:

Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information
Cash paid for interest	$	10,338	$	6,205	$	15,041	$	10,338

Summary of non-cash investing and financing activity:
Summary of non-cash investing and financing activity
Recognition of right of use asset	$	58,577	$	—	$	78,626	$	58,577
Net transfers between inventory, leased assets and property, plant and equipment		17,206		—		—		17,206
Increase in property, plant and equipment financed as long-term debt or financing leases		408		—		—		408
Conversion of preferred stock to common stock		—		8,222		1,883		—

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Notes to Interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Unless the context indicates otherwise, the terms “Company,” “Plug Power,” “we,” “our” or “us” as used herein refers to Plug Power Inc. and its subsidiaries.

1. Nature of Operations

Description of Business

Plug Power Inc., or the Company, is a leading provider of alternative energy technology focused on the design, development, commercialization and manufacture of hydrogen and fuel cell systems used primarily for the electric mobility and stationary power markets. As part of the global drive to electrification, the Company has recently leveraged product proven in the material handling vehicle space to enter new, adjacent, electric vehicle markets, specifically electric delivery vans.

We are focused on proton exchange membrane, or PEM, fuel cell and fuel processing technologies, fuel cell/battery hybrid technologies, and associated hydrogen storage and dispensing infrastructure from which multiple products are available. A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that combines hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity and heat without combustion. Hydrogen is derived from hydrocarbon fuels such as liquid petroleum gas (LPG), propane, methanol, ethanol, gasoline or biofuels. The Company develops complete hydrogen generation, delivery, storage and refueling solutions for customer locations. Currently the Company obtains the majority of its hydrogen by purchasing it from fuel suppliers for resale to customers.

In our core business, we provide and continue to develop commercially-viable hydrogen and fuel cell product solutions to replace lead‑acid batteries in electric material handling vehicles and industrial trucks for some of the world’s largest retail-distribution and manufacturing businesses. We are focusing our efforts on industrial mobility applications (electric forklifts and electric industrial vehicles) at multi‑shift high volume manufacturing and high throughput distribution sites where our products and services provide a unique combination of productivity, flexibility and environmental benefits. Additionally, we manufacture and sell fuel cell products to replace batteries and diesel generators in stationary backup power applications. These products prove valuable with telecommunications, transportation and utility customers as robust, reliable and sustainable power solutions.

Our current products and services include:

GenDrive: GenDrive is our hydrogen fueled PEM fuel cell system providing power to material handling electric vehicles, including class 1, 2, 3 and 6 electric forklifts and ground support equipment;

GenFuel: GenFuel is our hydrogen fueling delivery, generation, storage and dispensing ~~systems;~~system;

GenCare: GenCare is our ongoing ‘internet of things’-based maintenance and on-site service program for GenDrive fuel cells, GenSure products, GenFuel products and ProGen engines;

GenSure: GenSure is our stationary fuel cell solution providing scalable, modular PEM fuel cell power to support the backup and grid-support power requirements of the telecommunications, transportation, and utility sectors;

GenKey: GenKey is our ~~turn-key~~“turn-key” solution combining either GenDrive or GenSure power with GenFuel fuel and GenCare aftermarket service, offering complete simplicity to customers transitioning to fuel cell power; and

ProGen: ProGen is our fuel cell stack and engine technology currently used globally in mobility and stationary fuel cell systems, and as engines in electric delivery ~~vans;~~vans.

We provide our products worldwide through our direct product sales force, and by leveraging relationships with original equipment manufacturers, ~~or OEMs,~~ and their dealer networks. We manufacture our commercially-viable products in Latham, NY.

We were organized as a corporation in the State of Delaware on June 27, 1997.

~~Unless the context indicates otherwise, the terms “Company,” “Plug Power,” “we,” “our” or “us” as used herein refers to Plug Power Inc. and its subsidiaries.~~

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Liquidity

Our cash requirements relate primarily to working capital needed to operate and grow our business, including funding operating expenses, growth in inventory to support both shipments of new units and servicing the installed base, growth in equipment leased to customers under long-term arrangements, funding the growth in our GenKey “turn-key” solution, which includes the installation of our customers’ hydrogen infrastructure as well as delivery of the hydrogen fuel, continued development and expansion of our products, payment of lease/financing obligations under sale/leaseback financings, and the repayment or refinancing of our long-term debt. Our ability to achieve profitability and meet future liquidity needs and capital requirements will depend upon numerous factors, including the timing and quantity of product orders and shipments; attaining and expanding positive gross margins across all product lines; the timing and amount of our operating expenses; the timing and costs of working capital needs; the timing and costs of ~~building a sales base;~~developing marketing and distribution channels; the ability of our customers to obtain financing to support commercial transactions; our ability to obtain financing arrangements to support the sale or leasing of our products and services to customers and to repay or refinance our long-term debt, and the terms of such agreements that may require us to pledge or restrict substantial amounts of our cash to support these financing arrangements; the timing and costs of developing marketing and distribution channels; the timing and costs of product service requirements; the timing and costs of hiring and training product staff; ~~the extent to which our products gain market acceptance;~~ the timing and costs of product development and introductions; the extent of our ongoing and new research and development programs; and changes in our strategy or our planned activities. If we are unable to fund our operations with positive cash flows and cannot obtain external financing, we may not be able to sustain future operations. As a result, we may be required to delay, reduce and/or cease our operations and/or seek bankruptcy protection.

We have experienced and continue to experience negative cash flows from operations and net losses. The Company incurred net losses attributable to common ~~shareholders~~stockholders of ~~$61.3~~$73.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and $78.2 million, $130.2 million ~~$57.6 million,~~ and ~~$55.8~~$57.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, ~~2016,~~ and ~~2015,~~2016, respectively, and had an accumulated deficit of ~~$1.2~~$1.3 billion at September 30, ~~2018.~~2019.

During the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, net cash used in operating activities was ~~$41.6~~$51.8 million, consisting of a net loss attributable to the Company of ~~$61.3~~$73.7 million ~~offset by~~and net ~~inflows~~outflows from fluctuations in working capital and other assets and liabilities of ~~$1.9~~$13.4 million, ~~and~~offset by the impact of non-cash charges/gains of ~~$17.7~~$35.4 million. The changes in working capital were related to ~~decreases in inventory, prepaid expenses and other current assets and~~ an increase in ~~deferred revenue offset by an increase in accounts receivable~~inventory and ~~a decrease in~~ accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other ~~liabilities.~~liabilities offset by a decrease in accounts receivable, prepaid expenses and other assets and deferred revenue. Cash outflows related to equipment that we sell are included in net cash used in operating activities. As of September 30, 2019, we had cash and cash equivalents of $43.3 million and net working capital of $70.5 million. By comparison, at December 31, 2018, we had cash and cash equivalents of ~~$13.8~~$38.6 million and net working capital of ~~$6.7~~$9.2 million. ~~By comparison, at December 31, 2017, we had cash and cash equivalents of $24.8 million and net working capital of $3.9 million.~~

Net cash used in investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018,~~2019 totaled ~~$17.5~~$9.0 million and included purchases of property plant and equipment, ~~and~~purchases of intangible assets, outflows associated with materials, labor, and overhead necessary to construct new leased ~~property.~~property and proceeds in connection with sales of leased assets. Cash outflows related to ~~equipment that we sell and~~ equipment we lease directly to customers are included in net cash used in ~~operating activities and net cash used in~~ investing ~~activities, respectively.~~activities. Net cash provided by financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 totaled ~~$53.2~~$149.1 million and primarily resulted from net proceeds of ~~$52.4~~$39.1 million from the issuance of a $40 million in aggregate principal amount of 7.5% convertible senior note due 2023, $38.1 million from the sale of our common stock, $100.0 million from a new debt facility, some of which was used to pay approximately $50.3 million of finance obligations and $17.6 million of previously outstanding long-term debt, including accrued interest. In addition, there was a $57.2 million increase in cash flows from new finance obligations, offset in part by redemption of preferred stock of $4.0 million and repayments of long-term debt of $21.2 million.

Public and Private Offerings of Equity and Debt

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company issued 6.3 million shares of common stock through its At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (ATM) resulting in net proceeds of $14.8 million.

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is $48.0 million. The total net proceeds from this offering, after deducting costs of the issuance were $39.1 million. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the issuance of the note for general corporate purposes and for the potential redemption of the Company’s outstanding Series E Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock. See Note 8, Convertible Senior Notes, ~~net~~for more details.

In March 2019, the Company sold 10 million shares of ~~purchases of a capped call and a~~ common stock ~~forward, and~~at a ~~$7.8 million increase in finance obligations, offset by $11.9 million~~price of ~~principal payments on long-term debt.~~$2.35 per share for net proceeds of $23.5 million.

In November 2018, the Company completed a private placement of an aggregate of 35,000 shares of the Company’s Series E Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share (Series E Preferred Stock), for net proceeds of approximately $30.9 million. In the third quarter of 2019, the Company redeemed 4,038 shares of Series E Preferred Stock totaling $4.0 million. See Note 10, Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock, for additional information.

In March 2018, we issued $100.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.5% ~~Convertible Senior Notes~~convertible senior notes due in 2023 ~~(Convertible~~($100 million Convertible Senior Notes). The total net proceeds from this offering, after ~~considering~~deducting costs of the issuance, were approximately ~~$96.1~~$95.9 million. Approximately $43.5 million of the proceeds were used for the cost of ~~a capped call~~the Capped Call and ~~a common stock forward,~~the Common Stock Forward, both of which are hedges related to the $100 million Convertible Senior Notes. ~~The remaining net proceeds from the~~See Note 8, Convertible Senior Notes, ~~will be used~~ for ~~general corporate purposes, including working capital.~~more details.

On April 12, 2017, the Company issued to Tech Opportunities LLC (Tech Opps) warrants to acquire up to 5,250,750 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $2.69 per share. All of these warrants were exercised on October 15, 2019. See Note 9, Stockholders’ Equity, for additional information.

Operating or Finance Leases

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to maintain cash balances in restricted accounts securing the Company’s ~~lease~~finance obligations. Cash received from customers under the PPAs is used to make ~~lease payments.~~payments against our finance obligations. As the Company performs under these agreements, the required restricted cash balances are released, according to a set schedule. The total remaining lease payments to financial institutions under these agreements at September 30, 2019 was ~~$53.5~~$168.9 million, $162.0 million of which ~~have been partially~~were secured with restricted cash, security deposits and pledged service escrows.

~~Commencing in the third quarter of 2018, the~~The Company has ~~an amended and restated~~a master lease agreement with Wells Fargo Equipment Finance, Inc. (Wells Fargo MLA) to finance the Company’s commercial transactions with Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (Walmart). The Wells Fargo MLA was entered into in 2017 and amended in 2018. Pursuant to the Wells Fargo MLA, the Company sells fuel cell systems and hydrogen infrastructure to Wells Fargo and then leases them back and operates them at Walmart sites under lease agreements with Walmart. The total remaining lease payments to Wells Fargo ~~was $51.9~~were $97.6 million at September 30, ~~2018.~~2019. Transactions completed under the Wells Fargo MLA in ~~the three months ended September 30,~~ 2018 and 2019 were accounted for as operating leases and therefore the sales of the fuel cell systems and hydrogen infrastructure were recognized as ~~revenue.~~revenue for the year ended December 31, 2018 and three and nine months ended September 30, 2019. Transactions completed under the Wells Fargo MLA in 2017 were accounted for as finance leases. The difference in lease classification is due to changes in financing terms and their bearing on lease assessment criteria. Also included in the remaining lease payments to Wells Fargo is a sale/leaseback transaction in 2015 that was accounted for as an operating lease. In connection with the Wells Fargo MLA, the Company has a customer guarantee for a majority of the ~~transaction.~~transactions. The aforementioned Wells Fargo MLA ~~requires~~transactions required a letter of credit for the unguaranteed ~~portion.~~portion totaling $37.3 million.

Additionally, during the third quarter of 2019, the Company entered into master lease agreements with both Key Equipment Finance (KeyBank) and SunTrust Equipment Finance & Lease Corp. (SunTrust), to finance commercial transactions with Walmart. The transactions with KeyBank and SunTrust required cash collateral for the unguaranteed portions totaling $6.4 million. Similar to the aforementioned Wells Fargo MLA, the Company has a customer guarantee for the majority of the transactions.

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During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company entered into additional, similar master lease agreements with Wells Fargo, Crestmark Equipment Finance (Crestmark), First American Bancorp, Inc. (First American) and 36th Street Capital Partners, LLC (36th Street) to finance subscription programs with other customers. The total remaining lease payments to these financial institutions were $57.3 million at September 30, 2019. These lease payments are secured by cash collateral and letters of credit backed by restricted cash.

In November 2018, the Company completed a private placement of an aggregate of 35,000 shares of the Company’s Series E Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share (Series E Preferred Stock) resulting in net proceeds of approximately $31.0 million (see Note 16).Long-Term Debt

In March 2019, the Company entered into a loan and security agreement with Generate Lending, LLC (Generate Capital) pursuant to which the Company borrowed $85.0 million. The initial proceeds of the loan were used to pay in full the Company’s long-term debt and accrued interest of $17.6 million under the loan agreement with NY Green Bank, a Division of the New York State Energy Research & Development Authority (NY Green Bank) and terminate approximately $50.3 million of certain equipment leases with Generate Plug Power SLB II, LLC as well as repurchase the associated leased equipment. In April 2019, the Company borrowed an additional $15.0 million under the term loan facility with Generate Capital. See Note 7, Long-Term Debt for additional information.

We have historically funded our operations primarily through public and private offerings of ~~common~~equity and ~~preferred stock,~~debt, as well as short-term borrowings, long-term debt and project ~~financing, and recently with Convertible Senior Notes.~~financings. The Company believes that its current working capital and cash anticipated to be generated from future operations, as well as borrowings from lending and project financing sources and proceeds from equity and debt offerings, including the at-the-market offering, will provide sufficient liquidity to fund operations for at least one year after the date ~~that~~ the financial statements are issued. There is no guarantee that future funding will be available if and when required or at terms acceptable to the Company. This projection is based on our current expectations regarding new project financing and product sales and service, cost structure, cash burn rate and other operating assumptions. ~~Additionally, the Company has other capital sources available, including the At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (see Note 9).~~

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Interim Financial Statements

The accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). In the opinion of management, all adjustments, which consist solely of normal recurring adjustments, necessary to present fairly, in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), the financial position, results of operations and cash flows for all periods presented, have been made. The results of operations for the interim periods presented are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year.

Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in annual consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted. These unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed for the fiscal year ended December 31, ~~2017.~~2018.

The information presented in the accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, ~~2017,~~2018 has been derived from the Company’s December 31, ~~2017~~2018 audited consolidated financial statements. ~~All other information has been derived from the unaudited interim consolidated financial statements of the Company.~~

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Leases

The Company is a lessee in ~~several~~ noncancelable (1) operating leases, primarily related to sale/leaseback transactions with financial institutions for deployment of the Company’s products at certain customer sites, and (2) finance leases, also

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primarily related to sale/leaseback transactions with financial institutions for similar commercial purposes. The Company accounts for leases in accordance with ~~ASC~~Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 842, Leases (ASC Topic 842),~~(see Recently Adopted Accounting Standards, as the Company has early adopted ASC Topic 842 in 2018)~~.

The Company determines if an arrangement is or contains a lease at contract inception. The Company recognizes a right of use (ROU) asset and a lease liability (i.e. finance obligation) at the lease commencement date. For operating leases, the lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the unpaid lease payments at the lease commencement date. For finance leases, the lease liability is initially measured in the same manner and date as for operating leases, and is subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method.

Key estimates and judgments include how the Company determines (1) the discount rate it uses to discount the unpaid lease payments to present value, (2) the lease term and (3) the lease payments.

ASC Topic 842 requires a lessee to discount its unpaid lease payments using the interest rate implicit

in the lease or, if that rate cannot be readily determined, its incremental borrowing rate. Generally, the Company cannot determine the interest rate implicit in the lease because it does not have access to the lessor’s estimated residual value or the amount of the lessor’s deferred initial direct costs. Therefore, the Company generally uses its incremental borrowing rate as the discount rate for the lease. The Company’s incremental borrowing rate for a lease is the rate of interest it would have to pay on a collateralized basis to borrow an amount equal to the lease payments under similar terms.

The lease term for all of the Company’s leases includes the noncancelable period of the lease, plus any additional periods covered by either a Company option to extend (or not to terminate) the lease that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise, or an option to extend (or not to terminate) the lease controlled by the lessor.

Lease payments included in the measurement of the lease liability comprise fixed payments, and the exercise price of a Company option to purchase the underlying asset if the Company is reasonably certain to exercise the option.

The ROU asset is initially measured at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for lease payments made at or before the lease commencement date, plus any initial direct costs incurred less any lease incentives received. For operating leases, the ROU asset is subsequently measured throughout the lease term at the carrying amount of the lease liability, plus initial direct costs, plus (minus) any prepaid (accrued) lease payments, less the unamortized balance of lease incentives received. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

For finance leases, the ROU asset is subsequently amortized using the straight-line method from the lease commencement date to the earlier of the end of ~~its~~the useful life of the underlying asset or the end of the lease term unless the lease transfers ownership of the underlying asset to the Company or the Company is reasonably certain to exercise an option to purchase the underlying asset. In those cases, the ROU asset is amortized over the useful life of the underlying asset. Amortization of the ROU asset is recognized and presented separately from interest expense on the lease liability. The Company’s leases do not contain variable lease payments.

ROU assets for operating and finance leases are periodically reviewed for impairment losses. The Company uses the long-lived assets impairment guidance in ASC Subtopic 360-10, Property, Plant,and Equipment – Overall, to determine whether an ROU asset is impaired, and if so, the amount of the impairment loss to recognize. No ~~impairments~~impairment losses have been recognized to date.

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The Company monitors for events or changes in circumstances that require a reassessment of one of its leases. When a reassessment results in the remeasurement of a lease liability, a corresponding adjustment is made to the carrying amount of the corresponding ROU asset.

Operating and finance lease ROU assets are presented within leased property, net on the unaudited interim condensed consolidated balance sheet. The current portion of operating and finance lease liabilities is included in finance

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obligations within current liabilities and the long-term portion is presented in finance obligations within noncurrent liabilities on the unaudited interim condensed consolidated balance sheet.

The Company has elected not to recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities for short-term leases that have a lease term of 12 months or less. The Company has elected to apply the short-term lease recognition and measurement exemption for other classes of leased assets. The Company recognizes the lease payments associated with its short-term leases as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

~~Adoption of ASC Topic 842 - Transition Approach~~

As discussed in Recent Accounting Pronouncements, effective January 1, 2018, the Company early adopted ASC Topic 842. Further, ASU 2018-11 was issued in July 2018, which allowed for a modified retrospective basis of accounting for the transition. The Company selected this transition method and therefore restatement of prior period consolidated financial statements or presentation of comparative disclosures is not necessary.

While determining the impact from the transition, the Company elected the practical expedients allowed under ASC 842. The Company did not reassess (1) whether any expired or existing contracts are or contain leases, (2) the lease classification for any expired or existing leases, or (3) initial direct costs for any existing leases. No modifications to leases effective upon January 1, 2018 were noted where hindsight expedients were necessary to apply.

Revenue Recognition

The Company enters into contracts that may contain one or a combination of fuel cell systems and infrastructure, installation, maintenance, spare parts, fuel delivery and other support services. Contracts containing fuel cell systems and related infrastructure may be sold, or provided to customers under a ~~PPA.~~

Power Purchase Agreement (PPA), discussed further below.

The Company does not include a right of return on its products other than rights related to standard warranty provisions that permit repair or replacement of defective goods. The Company accrues for anticipated standard warranty costs at the same time that revenue is recognized for the related product, or when circumstances indicate that warranty costs will be incurred, as applicable. Only a limited number of fuel cell units are under standard warranty.

Revenue is measured based on the ~~consideration~~transaction price specified in a contract with a customer, subject to the allocation of ~~consideration~~the transaction price to ~~individual~~distinct performance obligations as discussed below. The Company recognizes revenue when it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring control over a product or service to a customer.

The Company accounts for each ~~separate~~distinct performance obligation ~~of multiple deliverable~~within its arrangements as a ~~separate~~distinct unit of accounting if the ~~delivered item or~~ items under the performance obligation have value to the customer on a standalone basis. The Company considers a performance obligation to be distinct and have a standalone value if the customer can benefit from the good or service either on its own or together with other resources readily available to the customer and the Company’s promise to transfer the goods or service to the customer is separately identifiable from other promises in the contract. The Company allocates revenue to each ~~separate~~distinct performance obligation based on relative standalone selling prices.

Payment terms for sales of fuel cells, infrastructure and service to customers are ~~invoiced with terms ranging from~~typically 30 to 90 days. Sale/leaseback transactions with financial institutions are invoiced and collected upon transaction closing. Service is prepaid upfront in a majority of the arrangements. The Company does not adjust the transaction price for a significant financing component when the performance obligation is expected to be fulfilled within a year.

The Company presents the provision for common stock warrants within each revenue-related line item on the unaudited interim condensed consolidated statements of operations. This presentation reflects a discount that those common stock warrants represent,

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and therefore revenue is net of these non-cash charges. The provision of common stock warrants is allocated to the relevant revenue-related line items based upon the expected mix of the revenue for each respective contract.

Nature of goods and services

The following is a description of principal activities from which the Company generates its revenue.

(i)Sales of Fuel Cell Systems and Related Infrastructure

Revenue from sales of fuel cell systems and related infrastructure represents sales of our GenDrive units, GenSure stationary backup power units, as well as hydrogen fueling infrastructure.

The Company considers comparable list prices, as well as historical average pricing approaches to determine standalone selling ~~prices.~~prices for GenDrive fuel cells. The Company uses observable evidence from similar products in the market to determine standalone selling prices for GenSure stationary backup power units and hydrogen fueling infrastructure. Once relative standalone selling prices are determined, the Company proportionately allocates the ~~sale consideration~~

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transaction price to each performance obligation within the customer arrangement. The allocated ~~sales consideration~~transaction price related to fuel cell systems, ~~and infrastructure,~~ spare parts and hydrogen infrastructure is recognized as revenue at a point in time ~~when~~which usually occurs at shipment (and occasionally upon delivery) for fuel cells and spare parts and upon customer acceptance for hydrogen infrastructure, depending on the terms of the arrangement, the point at which transfer of control passes to the customer and the performance obligation has been ~~satisfied, which usually occurs at shipment if title and risk of loss have passed to the customer or upon commissioning.~~satisfied.

(ii)Services performed on fuel cell systems and related infrastructure

Revenue from services performed on fuel cell systems and related infrastructure represents revenue earned on our service and maintenance contracts and sales of spare parts. The ~~sales consideration~~transaction price allocated to services as discussed above is generally recognized as revenue over time on a straight-line basis over the expected service period.

In substantially all of its commercial transactions, the Company sells extended maintenance contracts that generally provide for a five to ten year service period from the date of product installation. Services include monitoring, technical support, maintenance and services that provide for ~~97-98%~~97% to 98% uptime of the fleet. These services are accounted for as a separate performance obligation, and accordingly, revenue generated from these transactions, subject to the proportional allocation of ~~sale consideration,~~transaction price, is deferred and recognized in income over the term of the contract, generally on a straight-line basis. Additionally, the Company may enter into annual service and extended maintenance contracts that are billed monthly. Revenue generated from these transactions is recognized in income on a straight-line basis over the term of the contract. Costs are recognized as incurred over the term of the contract. Sales of spare parts are included within service revenue on the accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated statements of operations. When costs are projected to exceed revenues over the life of the contract, an accrual for loss contracts is recorded. Costs are estimated based upon historical experience and consider the estimated impact of the Company’s cost reduction initiatives. The actual results may differ from these estimates.

~~When costs are projected to exceed revenues over the life of an~~ extended maintenance contract, an accrual for loss contracts is recorded. Costs are estimated based upon historical experience and consider the estimated impact of the Company’s cost reduction initiatives. The actual results may differ from these estimates.

Upon expiration of the extended maintenance contracts, customers either choose to extend the contract or switch to purchasing spare parts and maintaining the fuel cell systems on their own.

(iii)Power Purchase Agreements

Revenue from PPAs primarily represents payments received from customers who make monthly payments to access the Company’s GenKey solution.

When fuel cell systems and related infrastructure are provided to customers through a PPA, revenues associated with these agreements are treated as rental income and recognized on a straight-line basis over the life of the agreements.

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In conjunction with entering into a PPA with a customer, the Company may enter into sale/leaseback transactions with third-party financial institutions, whereby the fuel cells, a majority of the related infrastructure and, in some cases, service are sold to the third-party financial institution and leased back to the Company through either an operating or finance lease.

Certain of the Company’s sale/leaseback transactions with third-party financial institutions are required to be accounted for as ~~financing~~finance leases. As a result, no upfront revenue was recognized at the closing of these transactions and a finance obligation for each lease was established. The fuel cell systems and related infrastructure that are provided to customers through these PPAs are considered leased property on the accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated balance ~~sheet.~~sheets. Costs to service the leased property, depreciation of the leased property, and other related costs are considered cost of PPA revenue on the accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated statements of operations. Interest cost associated with finance leases is presented within interest and other expense, net on the accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated ~~statement~~statements of operations.

The Company also has sale/leaseback transactions with financial institutions, which were required to be accounted for as an operating lease. The Company has rental expense associated with these sale/leaseback agreements with financial institutions. Rental expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the life of the agreements and is

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characterized as cost of PPA revenue on the accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated statements of operations.

The Company adopted ASC Topic 842, effective January 1, 2018. As part of the adoption, the Company elected the practical expedient to not separate lease and non-lease components (i.e., maintenance services) within its rental income related to all PPA-related assets.

(iv)Fuel Delivered to Customers

Revenue associated with fuel delivered to customers represents the sale of hydrogen to customers that has been purchased by the Company from a third party or generated on site.

The Company purchases hydrogen fuel from suppliers in certain cases (and produces hydrogen onsite) and sells to its customers upon delivery. Revenue and cost of revenue related to this fuel is recorded as dispensed, and is included in the respective “Fuel delivered to customers” lines on the accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated statements of operations.

~~(v)Other~~

~~Other revenue primarily represents cost reimbursement research and development contracts associated with the development of PEM fuel cell technology.~~

Contract accounting is used for research and development contract revenue. The Company generally shares in the cost of these programs with cost sharing percentages ranging from 30% to 50% of total project costs. Revenue from time and material contracts is recognized on the basis of hours expended plus other reimbursable contract costs incurred during the period and is included within the “other” revenue line on the unaudited interim consolidated statements of operations. All allowable work performed through the end of each calendar quarter is billed, subject to limitations in the respective contracts.

Contract costs

The Company expects that incremental commission fees paid to employees as a result of obtaining sales contracts are recoverable and therefore the Company capitalizes them as contract costs.

Capitalized commission fees are amortized on a ~~straight line~~straight-line basis over the period of time over which the transfer of goods or services to which the assets relate occur, typically ranging from 5 to 10 years. Amortization of the capitalized commission fees is included in selling, general, and administrative expenses.

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The Company recognizes the incremental costs of obtaining contracts as an expense when incurred if the amortization period of the assets that the Company otherwise would have recognized is one year or less. These costs are included in selling, general, and administrative expenses.

During 2017, the Company issued warrants to Amazon.com, Inc. (Amazon) and Walmart. The fair value of warrants associated with each of these transactions are accounted for as revenue incentives as described in Note 11, Warrant Transaction Agreements.

~~Adoption of ASC Topic 606 - Transition Approach~~

As discussed in Recent Accounting Pronouncements, on January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC Topic 606), which offers two transition approaches: full retrospective and modified retrospective. The Company chose the modified retrospective approach as its transition method and will not experience a significant effect on the timing and amount of revenue recognized or the amount of revenue allocated to the identified performance obligations. There was an insignificant amount of historical contract acquisition costs that were expensed and were not capitalized upon adoption of ASC Topic 606. However, upon adoption, contract acquisition costs of $0.1 million were capitalized and are being amortized as described above.

Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents consist of money market accounts with an initial term of less than three months. ~~At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, cash equivalents consist of money market accounts.~~ For purposes of the unaudited interim condensed consolidated statements of cash flows, the Company considers all highly-liquid debt instruments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. The Company’s cash and cash equivalents are deposited with financial institutions located in the ~~U.S.~~United States and may at times exceed insured limits.

Common Stock Warrant Accounting

The Company accounts for common stock warrants as either derivative liabilities or as equity instruments depending on the specific terms of the applicable warrant agreement.

Derivative Liabilities

~~Registered common~~Common stock warrants that require the issuance of registered shares upon exercise and do not sufficiently preclude an implied right to cash settlement are accounted for as derivative liabilities. We currently classify these derivative warrant liabilities on the accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated balance sheet as a long-term liability, which are revalued at each balance sheet date subsequent to the initial issuance, using the Black-Scholes pricing model. This pricing model, which is based, in part, upon unobservable inputs for which there is little or no market data, requires the Company to develop its own assumptions. Changes in the fair value of the warrants are reflected in the accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated statements of operations as change in fair value of common stock warrant liability.

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Equity Instruments

Common stock warrants that meet certain applicable requirements of ASC ~~Topic~~Subtopic 815-40, Derivatives and Hedging – Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity, and other related guidance, including the ability of the Company to settle the warrants without the issuance of registered shares or the absence of rights of the grantee to require cash settlement, are accounted for as equity instruments. The Company classifies these equity instruments within additional paid-in capital on the accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated balance ~~sheet and the estimated fair value is presented as a reduction of the applicable revenue stream.~~sheet. Common stock warrants accounted for as equity instruments represent the warrants issued to ~~Amazon~~Amazon.com NV Investment Holdings LLC (Amazon) and Walmart as discussed in Note ~~11.~~11, Warrant Transaction Agreements. These warrants are remeasured at each financial reporting date prior to vesting, using the Monte Carlo pricing model. Once these warrants vest, they are no longer remeasured. This pricing model, which is based, in part, upon unobservable inputs for which there is little or no market data, requires the Company to develop its own assumptions. Changes in fair value resulting from remeasurement of common stock warrants issued in

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connection with the Amazon Transaction Agreement and the Walmart Transaction Agreement, as described in Note 11, Warrant Transaction Agreements, and are recorded as cumulative catch up adjustments as a reduction of revenue.

Convertible Senior Notes

$100 Million Convertible Senior Notes

In March 2018, the Company issued $100.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.5% Convertible Senior Notes due on March 15, 2023. The Company accounts for the ~~issued~~$100 million Convertible Senior Notes with separate liability and equity components. The carrying amount of the liability component was initially determined by estimating the fair value of a similar debt instrument that does not have an associated convertible feature. The carrying amount of the equity component representing the conversion option was determined by deducting the estimated fair value of the liability component from the par value of the $100 million Convertible Senior Notes as a whole as of the date of issuance. This difference represents a debt discount that is amortized to interest expense, with a corresponding increase to the carrying amount of the liability component, over the term of the $100 million Convertible Senior Notes using the effective interest rate method. The equity component is not remeasured as long as it continues to meet the conditions for equity classification. The Company has allocated issuance costs incurred to the liability and equity components. Issuance costs attributable to the liability component are being amortized to expense over the respective term of the $100 million Convertible Senior Notes, and issuance costs attributable to the equity components were netted with the respective equity component in additional paid-in capital.

$40 Million Convertible Senior Note

In September 2019, the Company issued a $40.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 7.5% Convertible Senior Note due on January 5, 2023, in exchange for net proceeds of $39.1 million.

The Company accounts for the issued $40 million Convertible Senior Note as a liability. Upon maturity of the note, the Company is required to repay 120% of $40.0 million, or $48.0 million. As such, the Company recorded a liability for $48.0 million and associated discount for $8.0 million. The $8.0 million discount amortized into interest expense over the term of the $40 million Convertible Senior Note using the effective interest method. Issuance costs are also being amortized to interest expense over the term of the $40 million Convertible Senior Note.

Use of Estimates

The unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in conformity with GAAP, which require management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

~~Reclassifications and Correction~~

Table of ~~Immaterial Errors~~Contents

Reclassifications

Reclassifications are made, whenever necessary, to prior period financial statements to conform to the current period presentation. The provision for common stock warrants presented historically as one line item on the consolidated statements of operations has been allocated to each of the relevant revenue line items. This reclassification did not have an impact on gross profit (loss) or net loss within the consolidated statements of operations or major categories within the consolidated statements of cash flows in the periods presented.

In the third quarter of 2018, it was determined that the presentation in the consolidated statements of operations of certain service arrangements and the amortization of the associated finance obligations had not been appropriately accounted for resulting in an overstatement of our revenue and cost of revenue. This presentation resulted in a gross up of these line items and had no impact on gross profit (loss) or net loss. The Company corrected the 2017 unaudited interim consolidated financial statements to be consistent with the current period presentation and will correct comparable financial information in future filings. The amount reclassified from revenue on service performed on fuel cell systems and related infrastructure to cost of revenue on PPAs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 was $0.8 million and $2.3 million, respectively. The amount reclassified from cost of revenue on service performed on fuel cell systems and related infrastructure to cost of revenue on PPAs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 was $1.2 million and $2.7 million, respectively. The Company does not consider the impact of the prior period correction to be material to the prior period consolidated financial statements.

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~~Recent Accounting Pronouncements~~

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In September 2018, the Company early adopted ASC Topic 842, as amended effective January 1, 2018 and elected the available practical expedients. The adoption of ASU 2016-02 had an insignificant impact on the Company’s unaudited interim consolidated statements of operations. The most significant impact was the recognition of right of use assets and finance obligations for operating leases on the consolidated unaudited interim balance sheet, as well as expanded disclosures. The table below summarizes the impact of this initial adoption to the consolidated balance sheet as of January 1, 2018 (in thousands). In addition, the unaudited interim consolidated statements of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was impacted by a decrease of depreciation expenses of $0.3 million. See Note 15, Commitments and Contingencies for gross profit recognized on sale/leaseback transactions accounted for under ASC Topic 842.

Recognition of right of use asset
$
34,416
Decrease in accrued expenses

385
Recognition of finance obligation

(34,161)
Decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets

(3,229)
Decrease in leased property, net of accumulated depreciation

(563)
Increase in accumulated deficit

3,487

In June 2014, an accounting update was issued that replaces the existing revenue recognition framework regarding contracts with customers. The Company adopted this accounting update as of January 1, 2018. The standard outlines a five-step model whereby revenue is recognized as performance obligations within a contract are satisfied. The standard also requires new, expanded disclosures regarding revenue recognition. The Company did not experience a significant effect on the timing and amount of revenue recognized or the amount of revenue allocated to the identified performance obligations. There is an insignificant amount of historical contract acquisition costs that were expensed under prior guidance and were not capitalized upon adoption of ASC Topic 606. However, in subsequent periods, contract acquisition costs are capitalized in accordance with ASC Topic 606 (see Note 12).

In October 2016, an accounting update was issued to simplify how an entity should recognize the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory when the transfer occurs. Consequently, the amendments in this update eliminate the exception for an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory. Two common examples of assets included in the scope of this update are intellectual property and property, plant, and equipment. The Company adopted this update on January 1, 2018 and it did not have any effect on the consolidated financial statements because our net tax position is zero.

In November 2016, an accounting update was issued to reduce the existing diversity in the classification and presentation of changes in restricted cash on the statements of cash flows. This accounting update was adopted retrospectively by the Company on January 1, 2018. The adoption of this update impacts the cash flows from financing activities due to the change in the presentation of restricted cash within the consolidated statements of cash flows. Net cash flows from financing activities and change in cash and cash equivalents, which now includes restricted cash, increased by $5.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and decreased by 6.1 million for the nine months ended September 30 2017.

~~Recently Issued and Not Yet Adopted Accounting Pronouncements~~

In August 2018, an accounting update was issued to help entities evaluate the accounting for fees paid by a customer in cloud computing arrangement (hosting arrangement) by providing guidance for determining when the arrangement includes a software license. The amendments in this update are effective for public companies beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption of the amendments in this update are permitted. The Company is evaluating the adoption method and impact this update will have on the consolidated financial statements.

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In June 2018, an accounting update was issued to simplify the accounting for nonemployee share-based payment transactions resulting from expanding the scope of ASC Topic 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation, to include share-based payment transactions for acquiring goods and services from nonemployees. An entity should apply the requirements of ASC Topic 718 to nonemployee awards except for specific guidance on inputs to an option pricing model and the attribution of cost (that is, the period of time over which share-based payment awards vest and the pattern of cost recognition over that period). The amendments specify that ASC Topic 718 applies to all share-based payment transactions in which a grantor acquires goods or services to be used or consumed in a grantor’s own operations by issuing share-based payment awards. The amendments also clarify that ASC Topic 718 does not apply to share-based payments used to effectively provide (1) financing to the issuer or (2) awards granted in conjunction with selling goods or services to customers as part of a contract accounted for under ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with ~~Customers.~~Customers. The amendments in this accounting update are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that fiscal year. Early adoption is permitted, but no earlier than an entity’s adoption date of ASC Topic 606. The Company adopted this update on January 1, 2019 and it did not have a material effect on the unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

Recently Issued and Not Yet Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2019, Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2019-05, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, was issued to provide an option to irrevocably elect the fair value option for certain financial assets previously measured at amortized cost basis. Adoption of this update is optional and within scope of Topic 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company is evaluating the adoption method as well as the impact this update will have on the consolidated financial statements.

In April 2019, Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2019-04, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses, Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and Topic 825, Financial Instruments, was issued to make improvements to updates 2016-01, Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825-10), 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326) and 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815). This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company is evaluating the adoption method as well as the impact this update will have on the consolidated financial statements.

In November 2018, Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2018-18, Collaborative Arrangements (Topic 808), was issued to clarify the interaction between ASC Topic 808, Collaborative Arrangements, and Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Adoption of this update is effective for all reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company has evaluated the update and has concluded that the adoption of this update will not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In August 2018, Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2018-05, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40), was issued to help entities evaluate the accounting for fees paid by a customer in cloud computing arrangement (hosting arrangement) by providing guidance for determining when the arrangement includes a software license. The amendments in this update are effective for public companies beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption of the amendments in this update are permitted. The Company has evaluated the update and has concluded that the adoption of this update will not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

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December 15, 2019. ~~Early adoption is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017.~~ The Company ~~is evaluating~~has evaluated the ~~impact~~update and has concluded that the adoption of this update will not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In August 2016, ~~an accounting update~~Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230)s: Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, was issued to reduce the existing diversity in practice in how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. This accounting update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. The Company is evaluating the adoption method as well as the impact this update will have on the consolidated financial statements.

In June 2016, Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, was issued. ASU 2016-13 significantly changes how entities account for credit losses for financial assets and certain other instruments, including trade receivables and contract assets, that are not measured at fair value through net income. The ASU requires a number of changes to the assessment of credit losses, including the utilization of an expected credit loss model, which requires consideration of a broader range of information to estimate expected credit losses over the entire lifetime of the asset, including losses where probability is considered remote. Additionally, the standard requires the estimation of lifetime expected losses for trade receivables and contract assets that are classified as current. This update is effective beginning after January 1, 2020. The Company is evaluating the adoption method as well as the impact this update will have on the consolidated financial statements.

3. Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per common ~~share~~stock are computed by dividing net loss attributable to common ~~shareholders~~stockholders by the weighted average number of common ~~shares~~stock outstanding during the reporting period. Diluted earnings per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock (such as stock options, unvested restricted stock, common stock warrants, preferred stock and ~~Convertible Senior Notes)~~convertible senior notes) were exercised or converted into common stock or resulted in the issuance of common stock (net of any assumed ~~repurchases where applicable)~~repurchases) that then shared in the earnings of the Company, if any. This is computed by dividing net earnings by the combination of dilutive common ~~share~~stock equivalents, which is comprised of shares issuable ~~under~~upon exercise or conversion of outstanding warrants, ~~the conversion of~~ preferred stock, common stock warrants and convertible senior notes and shares of common stock issuable under the Company’s share-based compensation plans, ~~Convertible Senior Notes~~ and the weighted average number of common ~~shares~~stock outstanding during the reporting period. ~~In general, when~~Since the Company is in a net loss position, ~~most~~all common stock equivalents would be considered to be anti-dilutive and are, therefore, not included in the determination of diluted earnings per share. Accordingly, basic and diluted loss per share are the same.

While the Company plans to settle the principal amount of the Convertible Senior Notes in cash subject to available funding at time of settlement, we currently use the if-converted method for calculating any potential dilutive effect of the conversion option on diluted net income per share, subject to meeting the criteria for using the treasury stock method in future periods. As noted above, the Company is in a net loss position. The conversion option would have a dilutive impact on net loss per share of common stock when the average market price of the Company’s common stock for a given period exceeds the conversion price of the Convertible Senior Notes of $2.29 per share. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company's weighted average common stock price was below the conversion price of the Convertible Senior Notes. The shares of common stock purchased in connection with issuance of the Convertible Senior Notes are excluded from weighted-average shares outstanding for basic and diluted earnings per share purposes although they remain legally outstanding. See Note 8, Convertible Senior Notes, for a detailed description of their issuance.

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The dilutive potential common ~~shares~~stock are summarized as follows:


	At September 30,		At September 30,
	2018	2017	2019	2018
Stock options outstanding (1)	22,111,243	19,965,599	23,597,871	22,111,243
Restricted stock outstanding (2)	2,367,347	248,077	4,333,560	2,367,347
Common stock warrants (3)	115,824,142	115,824,242	115,824,142	115,824,142
Preferred stock (4)	2,782,075	2,782,075	15,019,838	2,782,075
Convertible Senior Notes(5)	43,630,020	—	59,133,896	43,630,020
Number of dilutive potential common shares	186,714,827	138,819,993
Number of dilutive potential common stock			217,909,307	186,714,827

(1)

During the three months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017,~~2018, the Company granted ~~2,170,000~~2,572,500 and ~~5,030,000~~2,170,000 stock options, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017,~~2018, the Company granted ~~2,654,667~~2,936,892, and ~~5,480,863~~2,654,667 stock options, respectively.

(2)

During the three months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017,~~2018, the Company granted ~~2,160,000~~2,562,500 and ~~zero~~2,160,000 shares of restricted stock, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017,~~2018, the Company granted ~~2,367,347~~2,926,892 and ~~234,744~~2,367,347 shares of restricted stock, respectively.

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(3)

In ~~February 2013,~~ April 2017, the Company issued ~~23,637,500~~5,250,750 warrants ~~as part of an underwritten public offering~~ with an exercise price of ~~$0.15~~$2.69 per ~~warrant.~~ warrant, as described in Note 9, Stockholders’ Equity. Of these warrants issued in ~~February 2013, zero and 100 were unexercised~~April 2017, none had been exercised as of September 30, ~~2018 and 2017.~~2019. All of these warrants were exercised on October 15, 2019.

In January 2014, the Company issued 4,000,000 warrants as part of an underwritten public offering with an exercise price of $4.00 per warrant. In December 2016, as a result of additional public offerings, and pursuant to the effect of the anti-dilution provisions of these warrants, the exercise price of the $4.00 warrants was reduced to $0.65. Of these warrants issued in January 2014, all 4,000,000 warrants were exercised during 2017, as described in Note 9, Stockholders’ Equity.

In December 2016, the Company issued 10,501,500 warrants as part of two concurrent underwritten public offerings with an exercise price of $1.50 per warrant. Of these warrants issued in December 2016, all 10,501,500 warrants were exercised during 2017, as described in Note 9, Stockholders’ Equity.

In April 2017, the Company issued 5,250,750 warrants with an exercise price of $2.69 per warrant, as described in Note 9, Stockholders’ Equity. Of these warrants issued in April 2017, none have been exercised as of September 30, 2018.

In April 2017, the Company issued warrants to acquire up to 55,286,696 of the Company’s common stock as part of a transaction agreement, subject to certain vesting events, as described in Note 11, Warrant Transaction Agreements. Of these warrants issued, none ~~have~~had been exercised as of September 30, ~~2018.~~2019.

In July 2017, the Company issued warrants to acquire up to 55,286,696 of the Company’s common stock as part of a transaction agreement, subject to certain vesting events, as described in Note 11, Warrant Transaction Agreements. Of these warrants issued, none ~~have~~had been exercised as of September 30, ~~2018.~~2019.

(4)

The preferred stock amount represents the dilutive potential ~~common~~on the shares ofcommon stock as a result of the conversion of the Series C ~~redeemable convertible preferred stock,~~Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock (Series C Preferred Stock) and Series E Preferred Stock, based on the conversion price of ~~the~~each preferred stock as of September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017,~~2018, respectively. Of the 10,431 Series C ~~redeemable preferred stock~~Preferred Stock issued on May 16, 2013, 7,811 ~~and 5,200~~ had been converted to common stock ~~through~~at September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017, respectively,~~2018, with the remainder still outstanding. OfOn November 1, 2018, the ~~18,500~~Company issued 35,000 shares of Series ~~D redeemable convertible preferred stock issued on December 22, 2016, 3,700 shares were redeemed during~~E Preferred Stock. As of September 30, 2019, 6,731 of the ~~three months ended March 31, 2017 and the remaining 14,800 were~~Series E Preferred Stock had been converted to common stock, ~~during~~with the ~~nine months ended~~remainder still outstanding.

(5)

In March 2018, the Company issued $100.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.5% Convertible Senior Notes. In September ~~30, 2017.~~2019, the Company issued a $40.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 7.5% Convertible Senior Note. See Note 8, Convertible Senior Notes.

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4. Inventory

Inventory as of September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017 consists~~2018 consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017		September 30,		December 31,
Raw materials and supplies	$	40,119	$	42,851
					2019		2018
Raw materials and supplies - production locations					$	59,918	$	32,941
Raw materials and supplies - customer locations						8,371		6,755
Work-in-process		10,088		3,492		5,870		5,589
Finished goods		3,221		2,433		6,442		2,625
	$	53,428	$	48,776
Inventory					$	80,601	$	47,910

~~Raw materials and supplies include spare parts inventory held at service locations valued at $5.7 million and $5.5 million as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.~~

5. Leased Property

Leased property at September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017 consists~~2018 consisted of the following (in thousands):


	September 30,		December 31,		September 30,		December 31,
	2018		2017		2019		2018
Right of use assets - operating	$	55,582	$	—	$	149,556	$	76,747
Right of use asset - finance		40,010		—
Right of use assets - finance						41,393		39,905
Capitalized costs of lessor assets		43,249		98,877		39,188		41,040
Less: accumulated depreciation		(8,826)		(11,812)		(28,103)		(10,941)
Leased property, net	$	130,015	$	87,065	$	202,034	$	146,751

Depreciation expense related to leased property was $2.2 million and $1.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Depreciation expense related to leased property was $6.8 million and $5.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Included in depreciation expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 was depreciation

Table of ~~the finance right of use asset of $1.6 million and $4.9 million, respectively.~~Contents

6. Intangible Assets

The gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization of the Company’s acquired identifiable intangible assets as of September 30, ~~2018 are~~2019 were as follows (in thousands):


	Weighted Average	Gross Carrying		Accumulated				Weighted Average	Gross Carrying		Accumulated
	Amortization Period	Amount		Amortization		Total		Amortization Period	Amount		Amortization		Total
Acquired technology	9 years	$	5,941		(2,032)		3,909	10 years	$	7,587	$	(2,591)	$	4,996
Customer relationships	10 years		260		(117)		143	10 years		260		(143)		117
Trademark	5 years		60		(54)		6	5 years		60		(60)		—
		$	6,261	$	(2,203)	$	4,058		$	7,907	$	(2,794)	$	5,113

The gross carrying amount and accumulated amortization of the Company’s acquired identifiable intangible assets as of December 31, ~~2017 are~~2018 were as follows (in thousands):


	Weighted Average	Gross Carrying		Accumulated				Weighted Average	Gross Carrying		Accumulated
	Amortization Period	Amount		Amortization		Total		Amortization Period	Amount		Amortization		Total
Acquired technology	9 years	$	5,200	$	(1,593)	$	3,607	9 years	$	5,926	$	(2,176)	$	3,750
Customer relationships	10 years		260		(97)		163	10 years		260		(123)		137
Trademark	5 years		60		(45)		15	5 years		60		(57)		3
		$	5,520	$	(1,735)	$	3,785		$	6,246	$	(2,356)	$	3,890

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The change in the gross carrying amount ~~and accumulated amortization~~ of the acquired technology from December 31, ~~2017~~2018 to September 30, ~~2018 is~~2019 was due to the acquisition of intellectual property from EnergyOr in May 2019, a milestone payment to American Fuel Cell LLC ~~in April 2018,~~(AFC), as well as changes attributed to foreign currency translation. The Company acquired intellectual property from EnergyOr for $1.5 million. In addition, the Company agreed to pay the sellers a royalty based on future sales of relevant applications, not to exceed $3.0 million, by May 22, 2025.

As part of the agreement to acquire the intellectual property from AFC, the Company shall pay ~~American Fuel Cell LLC~~AFC milestone payments not to exceed $2.9 million in total, if certain milestones associated with the production of components related to the acquired technology are met bybefore April 2021. As of September 30, 2019, the Company paid $0.4 million to AFC in relation to the aforementioned milestones.

Amortization expense for acquired identifiable intangible assets was $0.2 million ~~and $0.1 million~~ for both the three months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017, respectively.~~2018. Amortization expense for the acquired identifiable ~~intangible~~ assets was $0.5 million for ~~each of~~both the nine ~~month periods~~months ended September ~~2018~~30, 2019 and ~~2017.~~2018. Estimated amortization expense for subsequent years iswas as follows (in thousands):


Remainder of 2018	$	175
2019		590
Remainder of 2019			$	181
2020		554		724
2021		554		724
2022		554		724
2023 and thereafter		1,631
2023				724
2024 and thereafter				2,036
Total	$	4,058	$	5,113

7. Long-Term Debt

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$17.6 million (the Green Bank ~~made available to~~Loan), and terminate approximately $50.3 million of certain equipment leases with Generate Plug Power SLB II, LLC and repurchase the associated leased equipment. In connection with this transaction, the Company recognized a ~~secured term loan facility~~loss on extinguishment of debt of approximately $0.5 million. This loss was recorded in interest and other expenses, net in the ~~amount~~Company’s unaudited interim condensed consolidated statement of ~~$25.0~~operations. Additionally, $1.7 million ~~(Term~~was paid to an escrow account related to additional fees due in connection with the Green Bank Loan ~~Facility), subject to certain terms and conditions. The Company borrowed $25.0 million upon closing and incurred costs of $1.2 million. On July 21, 2017,~~if the Company does not meet certain New York State employment and ~~NY Green Bank entered into~~fuel cell deployment targets by March 2021. This amount paid to an ~~amendment to the Term Loan Facility, which among~~escrow account was recorded in long-term other things, provided for an additional $20.0 million term loan, increasing the size of the total commitment to $45.0 million, amended the interest rate, prepayment penalty (for any prepayment in the calendar year 2017 or 2018, a prepayment charge equal to 7.5% of the advance amount being prepaid will apply) and product deployment and employment targets. As with the existing facility, the up-sized facility will be repaid primarily asassets on the Company’s ~~various restricted cash balances are released over the term~~unaudited interim condensed consolidated balance sheet as of the facility. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company borrowed the additional $20.0 million of working capital financing and incurred closing costs of $0.5 million. In June 2018, the timing and amount of the remaining principal payments were modified. At September 30, ~~2018 and December 31, 2017,~~2019. On September 30, 2019, the outstanding principal balance under the Term Loan Facility was ~~$21.2~~$96.3 million. The net loan proceeds of $32.1 million are being used to fund working capital for ongoing deployments and ~~$32.8 million, respectively. The fair value~~other general corporate purposes of the ~~Term Loan Facility approximates the carrying value as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, due to the variable interest rate of the Term Loan Facility.~~ Company.

Advances under the Term Loan Facility bear interest at ~~a rate equal to the sum~~12.0% per annum. The Loan Agreement includes covenants, limitations, and events of ~~the LIBOR rate~~default customary for ~~the applicable interest period, plus applicable margin of 9.5%. The interest rate at September 30, 2018 and 2017 was approximately 11.8% and 10.8%, respectively.~~ similar facilities. The term of the loan is three years, with a maturity date of December ~~23, 2019. As of September 30, 2018, estimated remaining principal payments will be approximately $4.0 million for the remainder of 2018 and $17.2 million during the year ending 2019. These~~13, 2022. Principal payments will be funded in part by releases of restricted cash, ~~released,~~ as described in Note 15, Commitments and Contingencies.

Interest and a ~~varying~~ portion of the principal amount is payable on a quarterly basis and the entire then outstanding principal balance of the Term Loan Facility, together with all accrued and unpaid interest, is due and payable on the maturity ~~date. On the maturity~~ date ~~the~~of December 13, 2022. The Company may also be required to pay Generate Capital additional fees of up to ~~$1.8~~$1.5 million if the Company is unable to ~~meet certain goals related~~provide $50.0 million of structured project financing arrangements with Generate Capital prior to ~~the deployment of fuel cell systems in the State of New York and~~

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~~increasing the Company’s number of full-time employees in the State of New York. The Company currently believes that it will meet those goals.~~December 31, 2021.

All obligations under the Loan Agreement are unconditionally guaranteed by Emerging Power Inc. and Emergent Power Inc. The Term Loan Facility is secured by substantially all of the Company’s and the guarantor subsidiaries’ assets, including, among other assets, all intellectual property, all securities in domestic subsidiaries and 65% of the securities in foreign subsidiaries, subject to certain exceptions and exclusions.

The ~~Term~~ Loan ~~Facility~~Agreement contains covenants, including, among others, (i) the provision of annual and quarterly financial statements, management rights and insurance policies and (ii) restrictions on incurring debt, granting liens, making acquisitions, making loans, paying dividends, dissolving, and entering into leases and asset ~~sales.~~sales and (iii) compliance with a collateral coverage covenant that is first measured on December 31, 2019 and is based on certain factors that are yet to be determined and on a third party valuation that has yet to be completed. The ~~Term~~ Loan ~~Facility~~Agreement also provides for events of default, including, among others, payment, bankruptcy, covenant, representation and warranty, change of control, judgment and material adverse effect defaults at the discretion of the lender.

The ~~Term~~ Loan ~~Facility~~Agreement provides that if there is an event of default due to the Company’s insolvency or if the Company fails to perform in any material respect the servicing requirements for fuel cell systems under certain customer agreements, which failure would entitle the customer to terminate such customer agreement, replace the Company or withhold the payment of any material amount to the Company under such customer agreement, then ~~the NY Green Bank~~Generate Capital has the right to cause Proton Services Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company, to replace the Company in performing the maintenance services under such customer agreement.

The Term Loan Facility requires the principal balance at the end of each of the following years may not exceed the following (in thousands):


December 31, 2019	$	94,638
December 31, 2020		73,034
December 31, 2021		51,106
December 31, 2022		—

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8. Convertible Senior Notes

$40 Million Convertible Senior Note

In September 2019, the Company issued a $40.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 7.5% Convertible Senior Note due on January 5, 2023 in exchange for net proceeds of $39.1 million, in a private placement to an accredited investor pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the Securities Act). There are no required principal payments prior to maturity of the note. Upon maturity of the note, the Company is required to repay 120% of $40.0 million, or $48.0 million. The note bears interest at 7.5% per annum, payable quarterly in arrears on January 5, April 5, July 5 and October 5 of each year beginning on October 5, 2019 and will mature on January 5, 2023 unless earlier converted or repurchased in accordance with its terms. The note is unsecured and does not contain any financial covenants or any restrictions on the payment of dividends, or the issuance or repurchase of common stock by the Company.

The note has an initial conversion rate of 387.5969 , which is subject to adjustment in certain events. The initial conversion rate is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $2.58 per share of common stock. The holder of the note may convert at its option at any time until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately prior to the maturity date for shares of the Company’s common stock, subject to certain limitations. In addition, the note will be automatically converted if (1) the daily volume-weighted average price per share of common stock exceeds 175% of the conversion price (as described above) on each of the 20 consecutive VWAP trading days (as defined in the note) beginning after the issue date of the note and (2) certain equity conditions (as defined in the note) are satisfied. Only if both criteria are met is the note automatically converted. Upon either the voluntary or automatic conversion of the note, the Company will deliver shares of common stock based on (1) the then-effective conversion rate and (2) the original principal amount of $40 million and not the maturity principal amount of $48 million. The note does not allow cash settlement (entirely or partially) upon conversion. As such, the Company uses the if-converted method for calculating any potential dilutive effect of the conversion option on diluted earnings per share.

The Company concluded the conversion features did not require bifurcation. Specifically, while the Company determined that (i) the conversion features were not clearly and closely related to the host contracts, (ii) the note (i.e., hybrid instrument) is not remeasured at fair value under otherwise applicable GAAP with changes in fair value reported in earnings as they occur and (iii) the conversion features, if freestanding, would meet the definition of a derivative, the Company concluded such conversion features meet the equity scope exception, and therefore, the conversion features are not required to be bifurcated from the note.

If the Company undergoes a fundamental change prior to the maturity date, subject to certain limitations, the holder may require the Company to repurchase for cash all or a portion of the note at a cash repurchase price equal to any accrued and unpaid interest on the note (or portion thereof), plus the greater of (1) 115% of the maturity principal amount of $48 million (or portion thereof) and (2) 110% of the product of (i) the conversion rate in effect as of the trading day immediately preceding the date of such fundamental change; (ii) the principal amount of the $40 million note to be repurchased divided by $1,000; and (iii) the average of the daily volume-weighted average price per share of the Company’s common stock over the five consecutive VWAP trading days immediately before the effective date of such fundamental change.

In addition, with the consent of the holder of the note, subject to certain limitations, the Company may redeem all or any portion of the note, at the Company’s option, at a cash redemption price equal to any accrued and unpaid interest on the note (or portion thereof), plus the greater of (1) 105% of the maturity principal amount of $48 million (or portion thereof); and (2) 115% of the product of (i) the conversion rate in effect as of the trading day immediately preceding the related redemption date; (ii) the principal amount of the $40 million note to be redeemed divided by $1,000; and (iii) the arithmetic average of the daily volume-weighted average price per share of common stock over the five consecutive VWAP trading days immediately before the related redemption date.

While the Company concluded the fundamental change redemption option represents an embedded derivative, the Company concluded the value of the embedded derivative to be immaterial given the likelihood of the occurrence of a fundamental change was deemed to be remote. As related to the call option, the Company concluded the call option was clearly and closely related to the host contract, and therefore, did not meet the definition of an embedded derivative.

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The Company concluded the total debt discount at issuance of the note equaled approximately $8.0 million. This debt discount was comprised of (1) the discount of $8.0 million attributed to the fact that upon maturity, the Company is required to repay 120% of $40.0 million, or $48.0 million and (2) debt issuance costs of $0.9 million. The debt discount was recorded as debt issuance cost (presented as contra debt in the unaudited interim condensed consolidated balance sheet) and is being amortized to interest expense over the term of the note using the effective interest rate method.

The note consisted of the following at September 30, 2019 (in thousands):


Principal amounts:
Principal at maturity	$	48,000
Unamortized debt discount		(8,000)
Unamortized debt issuance costs		(948)
Net carrying amount	$	39,052

As of September 30, 2019, the remaining life of the note was approximately 40 months.

$100 Million Convertible Senior Notes

In March 2018, the Company issued $100.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.5% Convertible Senior Notes due on March 15, 2023 in a private placement to qualified institutional buyers pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities ~~Act of 1933, as amended.~~Act. There are no required principal payments prior to maturity of the ~~Convertible Senior Notes.~~notes.

The total net proceeds from the ~~Convertible Senior Notes~~notes were as follows:


	Amount
	(in thousands)
Principal amount	$	100,000
Less initial purchasers' discount		(3,250)
Less cost of related capped call and common stock forward		(43,500)
Less other issuance costs		(894)
Net proceeds	$	52,356

The ~~Convertible Senior Notes~~notes bear interest at 5.5%, payable semi-annually in cash on March 15 and September 15 of each year. The ~~Convertible Senior Notes~~notes will mature on March 15, 2023, unless earlier converted or repurchased in accordance with their terms. The ~~Convertible Senior Notes~~notes are unsecured and do not contain any financial covenants or any restrictions on the payment of dividends, or the issuance or repurchase of common stock by the Company.

Each $1,000 of principal amount of the ~~Convertible Senior Notes~~notes will initially be convertible into 436.3002 shares of the Company’s common stock, which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $2.29 per share, subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of specified events. Holders of these ~~Convertible Senior Notes~~notes may convert their ~~Convertible Senior Notes~~notes at their option at any time prior to the close of the last business day immediately preceding September 15, 2022, only under the following circumstances:

during any calendar quarter (and only during such calendar quarter), if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during a period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price on each applicable trading day;

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during the five business day period after any five consecutive trading day period (the ~~“measurement period”)~~measurement period) in which the trading price (as defined in the indenture governing the ~~Convertible Senior Notes)~~notes) per $1,000 principal amount of notes for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock and the conversion rate for the notes on each such trading day;

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if the Company calls any or all of the ~~Convertible Senior Notes~~notes for redemption, at any time prior to the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the redemption date; or

upon the occurrence of certain specified corporate events, such as a beneficial owner acquiring more than 50% of the total voting power of the Company’s common stock, recapitalization of the Company, dissolution or liquidation of the Company, or the Company’s common stock ceases to be listed on an active market exchange.

On or after September 15, 2022, holders may convert all or any portion of their ~~Convertible Senior Notes~~notes at any time prior to the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date regardless of the foregoing conditions.

Upon conversion of the ~~Convertible Senior Notes,~~notes, the Company will pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, shares of the Company’s common stock or a combination of cash and shares of the Company’s common stock, at the Company’s election. While the Company plans to settle the principal amount of the ~~Convertible Senior Notes~~notes in cash subject to available funding at time of settlement, we currently use the if-converted method for calculating any potential dilutive effect of the conversion option on diluted net income per share, subject to meeting the criteria for using the treasury stock method in future periods.

The conversion rate will be subject to adjustment in some events but will not be adjusted for any accrued or unpaid interest. Holders who convert their ~~Convertible Senior Notes~~notes in connection with certain corporate events that constitute a “make-whole fundamental change” per the indenture governing the ~~Convertible Senior Notes~~notes or in connection with a redemption will be, under certain circumstances, entitled to an increase in the conversion rate. In addition, if the Company undergoes a fundamental change prior to the maturity date, holders may require the Company to repurchase for cash all or a portion of its ~~Convertible Senior Notes~~notes at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the repurchased ~~Convertible Senior Notes,~~notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest.

The Company may not redeem the ~~Convertible Senior Notes~~notes prior to March 20, 2021. The Company may redeem for cash all or any portion of the ~~Convertible Senior Notes,~~notes, at the Company’s option, on or after March 20, 2021 if the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock has been at least 130% of the conversion price then in effect for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive), including at least one of the three trading days immediately preceding the date on which the Company provides notice of redemption, during any 30 consecutive trading day period ending on, and including, the trading day immediately preceding the date on which the Company provides notice of redemption at a redemption price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the ~~Convertible Senior Notes~~notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date.

In accounting for the issuance of the ~~Convertible Senior Notes,~~notes, the Company separated the ~~Convertible Senior Notes~~notes into liability and equity components. The initial carrying amount of the liability component of approximately $58.2 million, net of costs incurred, was calculated by measuring the fair value of a similar liability that does not have an associated convertible feature. The carrying amount of the equity component of approximately $37.7 million, net of costs incurred, representing the conversion option, was determined by deducting the fair value of the liability component from the par value of the ~~Convertible Senior Notes.~~notes. The difference between the principal amount of the ~~Convertible Senior Notes~~notes and the liability component (the ~~“debt discount”)~~debt discount) is amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the term of the ~~Convertible Senior Notes.~~notes. The effective interest rate is approximately 16.0%. The equity component of the ~~Convertible Senior Notes~~notes is included in additional paid-in capital in the unaudited interim condensed consolidated balance sheet and is not remeasured as long as it continues to meet the conditions for equity classification.

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accounting for the transaction costs, we allocated the total amount incurred to the liability and equity components using the same proportions as the proceeds from the ~~Convertible Senior Notes.~~notes. Transaction costs attributable to the liability component were approximately $2.4 million, were recorded as debt issuance cost (presented as contra debt in the unaudited interim condensed consolidated balance sheet) and are being amortized to interest expense over the term of the ~~Convertible Senior Notes.~~notes. The transaction costs attributable to the equity component were approximately $1.7 million and were netted with the equity component in stockholders’ equity.

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The ~~Convertible Senior Notes consist~~notes consisted of the following at September 30, ~~2018~~2019 (in thousands):



Principal amounts:
Principal	$	100,000	$	100,000
Unamortized debt discount (1)		(36,324)		(29,605)
Unamortized debt issuance costs (1)		(2,167)		(1,687)
Net carrying amount	$	61,509	$	68,708
Carrying amount of the equity component (2)	$	37,702	$	37,702

Included in the unaudited interim condensed consolidated balance sheet within the $100 million Convertible Senior Notes, net and amortized over the remaining life of the ~~Convertible senior~~ notes using the effective interest rate method.

Included in the unaudited interim condensed consolidated balance sheet within additional paid-in capital, net of $1.7 million in equity issuance costs and associated income tax benefit of ~~$7.6~~$9.2 million.

As of September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, the remaining life of the ~~Convertible Senior Notes is~~notes was approximately 5442 months.

Based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock of ~~$1.92~~$2.63 on September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, the if-converted value of the ~~Convertible Senior Notes~~notes was ~~less~~greater than the principal amount. At September 30, 2019, the carrying value of the notes, excluding unamortized debt issue costs, approximated the fair value.

Capped Call

In conjunction with the issuance of the $100 million Convertible Senior Notes, the Company entered into capped call options ~~(“Capped Call”)~~(Capped Call) on the Company’s common stock with certain counterparties at a price of $16.0 million. The net cost incurred in connection with the Capped Call has been recorded as a reduction to additional paid-in capital in the unaudited interim condensed consolidated balance sheet.

The Capped Call is generally expected to reduce or offset the potential dilution to the Company’s common stock upon any conversion of the $100 million Convertible Senior Notes and/or offset any cash payments the Company is required to make in excess of the principal amount of the converted ~~Convertible Senior Notes,~~notes, as the case may be, with such reduction and/or offset subject to a cap based on the cap price. The cap price of the Capped Call transactions will initially be $3.82 per share, which represents a premium of 100% over the last reported sale price of the Company’s common stock of $1.91 per share on the date of the transaction, and is subject to certain adjustments under the terms of the Capped Call. The Capped Call becomes exercisable if the conversion option is exercised.

By entering into the Capped Call, the Company expects to reduce the potential dilution to its common stock (or, in the event the conversion is settled in cash, to provide a source of cash to settle a portion of its cash payment obligation) in the event that at the time of conversion its stock price exceeds the conversion price under the $100 million Convertible Senior Notes.

Common Stock Forward

In connection with the sale of the $100 million Convertible Senior Notes, the Company also entered into a forward stock purchase transaction ~~(“Common~~(Common Stock ~~Forward”)~~Forward), pursuant to which the Company agreed to purchase 14,397,906 shares of its common stock for settlement on or about March 15, 2023. The number of shares of common stock that the Company will ultimately repurchase under the Common Stock Forward is subject to customary anti-dilution adjustments. The Common

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Stock Forward is subject to early settlement or settlement with alternative consideration in the event of certain corporate transactions.

The net cost incurred in connection with the Common Stock Forward of $27.5 million has been recorded as an increase in treasury stock in the unaudited interim condensed consolidated balance sheet. The related shares were accounted for as a repurchase of common stock.

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The fair values of the Capped Call and Common Stock Forward are not remeasured each reporting period.

9. Stockholders’ Equity

Preferred Stock

The Company has authorized 5.0 million shares of preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share. The Company’s certificate of incorporation provides that shares of preferred stock may be issued from time to time in one or more series. The Company’s Board of Directors is authorized to fix the voting rights, if any, designations, powers, preferences, qualifications, limitations and restrictions thereof, applicable to the shares of each series.

The Company has authorized Series A Junior Participating Cumulative Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share. As of September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, there were no shares of Series A Junior Participating Cumulative Preferred Stock issued and outstanding. See Note 10, Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock, for a description of the Company’s Series C Preferred Stock and ~~D redeemable preferred stock.~~Series E Preferred Stock.

Common Stock and Warrants

The Company has one class of common stock, par value ~~$0.01~~$.01 per share. Each share of the Company’s common stock is entitled to one vote on all matters submitted to stockholders. In March 2019, the Company issued and sold in a registered direct offering an aggregate of 10 million shares of the Company’s common stock at a purchase price of $2.35 per share. The net proceeds to the Company were approximately $23.5 million. There were ~~217,508,730~~238,723,533 and ~~228,486,366~~219,157,998 shares of common stock outstanding as of September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, respectively.

On December 22, 2016, the Company issued warrants to purchase 10,501,500 shares of common stock in connection with offerings of common stock and Series D Redeemable Preferred Stock at an exercise price of $1.50 per share. On April 12, 2017, the Company and Tech Opportunities LLC ~~(“Tech Opps”)~~(Tech Opps) entered into an agreement, pursuant to which Tech Opps exercised in full its warrants to purchase an aggregate of 10,501,500 shares of common stock. The net proceeds received by the Company pursuant to the exercise of the existing warrants was $15.1 million and the Company issued to Tech Opps warrants to acquire up to 5,250,750 ~~additional~~ shares of common stock at an exercise price of $2.69 per share. ~~The~~All of these warrants were ~~exercisable as of October 12, 2017 and will expire~~exercised on October ~~12,~~15, 2019.

During April 2017, warrants issued in January 2014 as part of an underwritten public offering with Heights Capital Management Inc., were exercised in full to purchase an aggregate of 4,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, at an exercise price of $0.65 per share. The aggregate cash exercise price paid to the Company pursuant to the exercise of the warrants was $2.6 million.

~~Pursuant to the exercises of the above warrants in 2017, additional paid-in capital was increased $27.1 million and warrant liability reduced by $27.1 million.~~

During 2013, the Company completed a series of underwritten public offerings. One of the underwritten public offerings included accompanying warrants to purchase common stock. During February 2018, the remaining 100 warrants with an exercise price of $0.15 per share were exercised. There were zero and 100 warrants outstanding as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

During 2017, additional warrants to purchase up to 110,573,392 shares of common stock were issued in connection with transaction agreements with Amazon and Walmart, as discussed in Note ~~11. In~~11, Warrant Transaction Agreements. At September 30, 2019 and 2018, in connection with these agreements, warrants to acquire 26,188,434 and 18,913,869 shares, respectively, of common stock have vested and are therefore ~~exercisable as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.~~exercisable. These warrants are measured at fair value and are classified as equity instruments on the unaudited interim condensed consolidated balance sheet.

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At Market Issuance Sales Agreement

On April 3, 2017, the Company entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (the ~~“Sales Agreement”)~~Sales Agreement) with FBR Capital Markets & Co. (now B. Riley FBR, Inc.), as sales agent ~~(“FBR”)~~(FBR), pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell, from time to time through FBR, shares of common stock par value $0.01 per share having an aggregate offering price of up to $75.0 million. ~~The Company has raised $27.9 million to date.~~ Under the Sales Agreement, in no event shall the Company issue or sell through FBR such a number of shares that exceeds the number of shares or dollar amount of common stock registered. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company raised gross proceeds of $15.3 million. As of October 29, 2019 , the Company had raised a total of $46.8 million during the term of the Sales Agreement.

10. Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock

~~In December 2016, the Company completed an offering of an aggregate of 18,500 shares of the Company’s~~ Series ~~D Redeemable~~E Preferred Stock par value $0.01 per share (Series D Preferred Stock) and warrants to purchase 7,381,500 shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.01 per share (Common Stock), resulting in aggregate proceeds of approximately $15.6 million. During the three months ended March 31, 2017, the Company redeemed 3,700 shares of the Series D Preferred Stock, at an aggregate redemption price of approximately $3.7 million. On April 5, 2017, all of the remaining outstanding shares of the Series D Preferred Stock were converted into an aggregate of 9,548,393 shares of the Company’s common stock at a conversion price of $1.55. The conversion was done at the election of the holder in accordance with the terms of the offering. After the conversion, no shares of Series D Preferred Stock remain outstanding. In December 2017, the series was deauthorized by the Board of Directors.

In November 2018, the Company ~~completed a private placement of~~issued an aggregate of 35,000 shares of the Company’s Series E ~~Convertible~~Preferred Stock ~~par value $0.01 per share (Series E Preferred Stock) resulting~~ in a private placement to certain accredited investors in reliance on Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act. The Company

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received net proceeds of approximately ~~$31.0~~$30.9 million, ~~(see Note 16).~~after deducting placement agent fees and expenses payable by the Company. The Company is required to redeem the Series E Preferred Stock in thirteen monthly installments in the amount of $2.7 million each from May 2019 through May 2020. The Company had 28,269 shares of Series E Preferred Stock outstanding at September 30, 2019.

~~During~~Each share of Series E Preferred Stock was issued with an initial stated value of $1,000 per share. The Company is required to elect, on a monthly basis, whether it will redeem or convert the ~~third quarter~~installment. Should the Company elect to redeem, the shares are valued at the stated value. Should the Company elect to convert, the holder of ~~2017, 2,611~~the shares will receive common stock, with a conversion price discounted by 15% from the then current market value. The holders of the shares may elect to convert all or any whole amount of shares, at any time at a conversion price of $2.31 per share. Conversion prices are discounted upon a change in control, certain triggering events, or failure to make a redemption payment.

Except for our Series C Preferred Stock, which shall rank senior to the Series E Preferred Stock as to dividends, distributions and payments upon liquidation, dissolution and winding up, all shares of the Company’s capital stock, including common stock, rank junior in rank to the Series ~~C Redeemable~~ E Preferred Stock ~~par value $0.01 per share (Series C Preferred Stock) were converted~~with respect to ~~common stock. At September 30, 2018, there were 2,620 shares of Series C Preferred Stock outstanding.~~ dividends, distributions and payments upon liquidation, dissolution and winding up.

Holders of the Series E Preferred Stock are not entitled to receive dividends except in connection with certain purchase rights and other corporate events, as described in the certificate of designation, or in connection with certain distributions of assets, as described in the certificate of designation, or as, when and if declared by the Company’s Board of Directors acting in its sole and absolute discretion. Holders of the Series E Preferred Stock have no voting rights, except on matters required by law or under the certificate of designation to be submitted to a class vote of the Series E Preferred Stock.

In the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company or other deemed liquidation event, the holders of the Series E Preferred Stock are entitled to receive, after any amount that is required to be paid to the Series C Preferred Stock and before any amount is paid to the holders of any of capital stock ranking junior to the Series E Preferred Stock, an amount per share equal to the greater of (i) 125% of the sum of the stated value plus any declared and unpaid dividends and late charges as ~~defined~~provided in the ~~Securities Purchase Agreement,~~certificate of designation, on the date of such payment and (ii) the amount per share such holder would receive if such holder converted such Series E Preferred Stock into common stock immediately prior to the date of such payment.

Series C Preferred Stock

The Company had 2,620 shares of Series C Preferred Stock outstanding at September 30, 2019 and 2018. The holder of the Series C Preferred Stock is entitled to receive dividends at a rate of 8.0% per annum, based on the original issue price per share of $248.794, payable in equal quarterly installments in cash or in shares of common stock, at the Company’s option. As of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, respectively, all dividends have been paid in shares of common stock. Each share of Series C Preferred Stock is convertible into shares of common stock with the number of shares of common stock issuable upon conversion determined by dividing the original issue price per share of $248.794 by the conversion price in effect at the time the shares are converted , provided that such conversion price shall not be less than $0.1554 per share. The conversion price of the Series C Preferred Stock as of September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 was $0.2343. The shares of Series C Preferred Stock vote together with the common stock on an as-converted basis on all matters.

In the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, or other deemed liquidation event, the holder of the Series C ~~Redeemable~~ Preferred Stock will be entitled to be paid an amount per share equal to the greater of (i) the original issue price, plus any accrued but unpaid dividends or (ii) the amount per share that would have been payable had all shares of the Series C ~~Redeemable~~ Preferred Stock been converted to shares of common stock immediately prior to such liquidation event. The Series C ~~Redeemable~~ Preferred Stock is redeemable at the election of the holder of the Series C ~~Redeemable Preferred~~ Stock or the Company.

~~The holder~~ If the redemption is at the election of the holders of the Series C ~~Redeemable~~ Preferred Stock, the redemption price will be the original issue price plus any accrued and unpaid dividends. If the redemption is ~~entitled~~at the election of the

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Company, the redemption price will be a per share price equal to ~~receive dividends at a rate~~the greater of ~~8% per annum, based on~~(i) the original issue price per share plus any accrued and unpaid dividends and (ii) the fair market value of $248.794, payable in equal quarterly installments in cash or in shares of common stock, at the Company’s option. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, dividends have been paid in the form of shares of common stock. Eacha single share of Series C ~~Redeemable~~ Preferred Stock is convertible into shares of common stock with the number of shares of common stock issuable upon conversion determined by dividing the original issue price per share of $248.794 by the conversion price in effect at the time the shares are converted. The conversion price of the Series C Redeemable Preferred Stock as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 was $0.2343. The Series C Redeemable Preferred Stock votes together with the common stock on an as-converted basis on all matters.Stock.

11. Warrant Transaction Agreements

~~Amazon.com, Inc.~~Amazon Transaction Agreement

On April 4, 2017, the Company and Amazon entered into a Transaction Agreement (the ~~“Amazon~~Amazon Transaction ~~Agreement”)~~Agreement), pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue to Amazon.com NV Investment Holdings LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Amazon, warrants to acquire up to 55,286,696 shares of the Company’s common stock (the ~~“Amazon~~

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Amazon Warrant ~~Shares”)~~Shares), subject to certain vesting events described below. The Company and Amazon entered into the Amazon Transaction Agreement in connection with existing commercial agreements between the Company and Amazon with respect to the deployment of the Company’s GenKey fuel cell technology at Amazon distribution centers. The existing commercial agreements contemplate, but do not guarantee, future purchase orders for the Company’s fuel cell technology. ~~Additionally, Amazon and the Company will begin working together on technology collaboration, exploring the expansion of applications for the Company’s line of ProGen fuel cell engines.~~ The vesting of the Amazon Warrant Shares is linked to payments made by Amazon or its affiliates (directly or indirectly through third parties) pursuant to the existing commercial agreements.

The majority of the Amazon Warrant Shares will vest based on Amazon’s payment of up to $600.0 million to the Company in connection with Amazon’s purchase of goods and services from the Company. The first tranche of 5,819,652 Amazon Warrant Shares vested upon the execution of the Amazon Transaction Agreement. Accordingly, $6.7 million, the fair value of the first tranche of Amazon Warrant Shares, was recognized as selling, general and administrative expense on the 2017 unaudited interim condensed consolidated statements of ~~operations during 2017 as this was considered to~~operations. All future provision for common stock warrants wil be ~~marketing~~recorded in ~~nature and not a revenue incentive cost or contract acquisition cost.~~revenue. The second tranche of 29,098,260 Amazon Warrant Shares will vest in four installments of 7,274,565 Amazon Warrant Shares each time Amazon or its affiliates, directly or indirectly through third parties, make an aggregate of $50.0 million in payments for goods and services to the Company, up to payments totaling $200.0 million in the aggregate. The exercise price for the first and second tranches of Amazon Warrant Shares will be $1.1893 per share. After Amazon has made payments to the Company totaling $200.0 million, the third tranche of 20,368,784 Amazon Warrant Shares will vest in eight installments of 2,546,098 Amazon Warrant Shares each time Amazon or its affiliates, directly or indirectly through third parties, make an aggregate of $50.0 million in payments for goods and services to the Company, up to payments totaling $400.0 million in the aggregate. The exercise price of the third tranche of Amazon Warrant Shares will be an amount per share equal to ninety percent (90%) of the 30-day volume weighted average share price of the common stock as of the final vesting date of the second tranche of Amazon Warrant Shares. The Amazon Warrant Shares are exercisable through April 4, 2027.

The Amazon Warrant Shares provide for net share settlement that, if elected by the holders, will reduce the number of shares issued upon exercise to reflect net settlement of the exercise price. The Amazon Warrant Shares provide for certain adjustments that may be made to the exercise price and the number of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise due to customary anti-dilution provisions based on future events. These warrants are classified as equity instruments.

Because the Amazon Warrant Shares contain performance criteria (i.e., aggregate purchase levels), which Amazon must achieve for the Amazon Warrant Shares to vest, as detailed above, the final measurement date for the Amazon Warrant Shares is the date on which the Amazon Warrant Shares vest. Prior to the final measurement, when achievement of the performance criteria has been deemed probable, the estimated fair value of Amazon Warrant Shares is being recorded as a reduction to revenue and an addition to additional paid-in capital based on the projected number of Amazon Warrant Shares expected to vest, the proportion of purchases by Amazon and its affiliates within the period relative to the aggregate purchase levels required for the Amazon Warrant Shares to vest and the then-current fair value of the related Amazon Warrant Shares. To the extent that projections change in the future as to the number of Amazon Warrant Shares that will vest, as well as changes in the fair value of the Amazon Warrant Shares, a cumulative catch-up adjustment will be recorded in the period in which the estimates change.

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At September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017, 13,094,217~~2018, 20,368,782 of the Amazon Warrant Shares ~~have~~had vested. The amount of provision for common stock warrants recorded as a reduction of revenue for the Amazon Warrant during the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 ~~and 2017~~ was ~~$1.8~~$2.4 million and ~~$14.2~~$1.8 million, respectively. The amount of provision for common stock warrants recorded as a reduction of revenue for the Amazon Warrant during the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 was $4.4 million and ~~2017 was~~ $7.1 million, ~~and $16.1 million,~~ respectively.

~~Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.~~Walmart Transaction Agreement

On July 20, 2017, the Company and Walmart entered into a Transaction Agreement (the ~~“Walmart~~Walmart Transaction ~~Agreement”)~~Agreement), pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue to Walmart a warrant to acquire up to 55,286,696 shares of the Company’s common stock, subject to certain vesting events (the ~~“Walmart~~Walmart Warrant ~~Shares”)~~Shares). The Company and

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Walmart entered into the Walmart Transaction Agreement in connection with existing commercial agreements between the Company and Walmart with respect to the deployment of the Company’s GenKey fuel cell technology across various Walmart distribution centers. The existing commercial agreements contemplate, but do not guarantee, future purchase orders for the Company’s fuel cell technology. The vesting of the warrant shares is linked to payments made by Walmart or its affiliates (directly or indirectly through third parties) pursuant to transactions entered into after January 1, 2017 under existing commercial agreements.

The majority of the Walmart Warrant Shares will vest based on Walmart’s payment of up to $600.0 million to the Company in connection with Walmart’s purchase of goods and services from the Company. The first tranche of 5,819,652 Walmart Warrant Shares vested upon the execution of the Walmart Transaction Agreement. Accordingly, $10.9 million, the fair value of the first tranche of Walmart Warrant Shares, was recorded as a provision for common stock warrants and presented as a reduction to revenue on the 2017 unaudited interim condensed consolidated statements of ~~operations during 2017.~~operations. All future provision for common stock warrants wil be recorded in revenue The second tranche of 29,098,260 ~~Walmart~~Walmart. Warrant Shares will vest in four installments of 7,274,565 Walmart Warrant Shares each time Walmart or its affiliates, directly or indirectly through third parties, make an aggregate of $50.0 million in payments for goods and services to the Company, up to payments totaling $200.0 million in the aggregate. The exercise price for the first and second tranches of Walmart Warrant Shares will be $2.1231 per share. After Walmart has made payments to the Company totaling $200.0 million, the third tranche of 20,368,784 Walmart Warrant Shares will vest in eight installments of 2,546,098 Walmart Warrant Shares each time Walmart or its affiliates, directly or indirectly through third parties, make an aggregate of $50.0 million in payments for goods and services to the Company, up to payments totaling $400.0 million in the aggregate. The exercise price of the third tranche of Walmart Warrant Shares will be an amount per share equal to ninety percent (90%) of the 30-day volume weighted average share price of the common stock as of the final vesting date of the second tranche of Walmart Warrant Shares, provided that, with limited exceptions, the exercise price for the third tranche will be no lower than $1.1893. The Walmart Warrant Shares are exercisable through July 20, 2027.

The Walmart Warrant Shares provide for net share settlement that, if elected by the holders, will reduce the number of shares issued upon exercise to reflect net settlement of the exercise price. The Walmart Warrant Shares provide for certain adjustments that may be made to the exercise price and the number of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise due to customary anti-dilution provisions based on future events. These warrants are classified as equity instruments.

Because the Walmart Warrant Shares contain performance criteria (i.e., aggregate purchase levels), which Walmart must achieve for the Walmart Warrant Shares to vest, as detailed above, the final measurement date for the Walmart Warrant Shares is the date on which the Walmart Warrant Shares vest. Prior to the final measurement, when achievement of the performance criteria has been deemed probable, the estimated fair value of Walmart Warrant Shares is being recorded as a reduction to revenue and an addition to additional paid-in capital based on the projected number of Walmart Warrant Shares expected to vest, the proportion of purchases by Walmart and its affiliates within the period relative to the aggregate purchase levels required for the Walmart Warrant Shares to vest and the then-current fair value of the related Walmart Warrant Shares. To the extent that projections change in the future as to the number of Walmart Warrant Shares that will vest, as well as changes in the fair value of the Walmart Warrant Shares, a cumulative catch-up adjustment will be recorded in the period in which the estimates change.

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At September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, 5,819,652 of the Walmart Warrant Shares ~~have~~had vested. The amount of provision for common stock warrants recorded as a reduction toof revenue for the Walmart Warrant during the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 ~~and 2017~~ was ~~$0.4~~$2.2 million and ~~$11.8~~$0.4 million, respectively. The amount of provision for common stock warrants recorded as a reduction toof revenue for the Walmart Warrant during the nine

months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018 was $5.9 million and ~~2017 was~~ $0.9 million, ~~and $11.8 million,~~ respectively.

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12. Revenue

Disaggregation of revenue

~~In the~~The following table ~~revenue is disaggregated by major product line and timing~~provides information about disaggregation of revenue ~~recognition~~ (in thousands):


Major products/services lines	Three months ended				Nine months ended
	September 30,				September 30,				Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017		2019		2018		2019		2018
Sales of fuel cell systems	$	21,595	$	28,427	$	40,948	$	35,190	$	31,264	$	21,594	$	72,031	$	40,948
Sale of hydrogen installations and other infrastructure		15,073		9,633		25,153		12,717		6,901		15,074		6,901		25,153
Services performed on fuel cell systems and related infrastructure		5,156		2,217		16,330		10,496		5,920		5,156		17,415		16,330
Power Purchase Agreements		5,555		(1,663)		16,365		7,593		5,599		5,555		16,613		16,365
Fuel delivered to customers		5,786		(4,149)		16,016		2,782		6,557		5,786		18,942		16,016
Other		—		128		—		279		135		—		135		—
Net revenue	$	53,165	$	34,593	$	114,812	$	69,057	$	56,376	$	53,165	$	132,037	$	114,812

Contract balances

The following table provides information about receivables, contract assets and contract liabilities from contracts with customers (in thousands):


					September 30,		December 31,
	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017		2019		2018
Accounts receivable	$	24,721	$	15,331	$	24,392	$	37,347
Contract assets		7,727		9,316		4,319		3,328
Contract liabilities		39,605		35,171		43,248		40,476

The contract assets relate to the Company’s rights to consideration for work completed but not billed. These amounts are included within prepaid expenses and other current assets on the accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated balance sheet.

The contract liabilities relate to the advance consideration received from customers for services that will be recognized over time (primarily fuel cell and related infrastructure services). These amounts are included within deferred revenue on the accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated interim balance sheet.

Significant changes in the contract assets and the contract liabilities balances during the period are as follows (in thousands):



~~Contract assets~~	~~Nine months ended~~
	~~September 30, 2018~~
~~Transferred to receivables from contract assets recognized at the beginning of the period~~	$	~~(6,032)~~
~~Revenue recognized and not billed as of the end of the period~~		~~4,443~~
~~Net change in contract assets~~	$	~~(1,589)~~



Contract assets	Nine months ended
	September 30, 2019
Transferred to receivables from contract assets recognized at the beginning of the period	$	(180)
Revenue recognized and not billed as of the end of the period		1,171
Net change in contract assets	$	991

2930

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Contract liabilities

Nine months ended

September 30, 2018
Revenue recognized that was included in the contract liability balance as the beginning of the period

$
7,882
Increases due to cash received, net of amounts recognized as revenue during the period

(12,316)
Net change in contract liabilities

$
(4,434)

Estimated future revenue

The following table includes estimated revenue expected to be recognized in the future (sales of fuel cell systems and hydrogen installations are expected to be recognized as revenue within one year; sales of services and PPAs are expected to be recognized as revenue over five to seven years) related to performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) at the end of the reporting period, excluding provision for common stock warrants as it is not readily estimable as it depends on the valuation of the common stock warrants when revenue is recognized (in thousands):



					September 30,
	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017		2019		2018
Sales of fuel cell systems	$	21,029	$	26,298	$	25,954	$	21,029
Sale of hydrogen installations and other infrastructure		6,705		15,512		11,448		6,705
Services performed on fuel cell systems and related infrastructure		75,416		77,453		60,196		73,484
Power Purchase Agreements		114,757		130,042		134,871		114,757
Other rental income						5,373		7,056
Total estimated future revenue	$	217,907	$	249,305	$	237,842	$	223,031

Contract costs

Contract costs ~~consists~~consist of capitalized commission fees and other expenses related to obtaining or fulfilling a contract.

Capitalized contract costs at September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017~~2018 were ~~$0.1~~$0.5 million and ~~zero,~~$0.2, respectively. Expense related to the amortization of capitalized contract costs was not significant for the three or nine months ended September 30, ~~2018.~~2019.

13. Income Taxes

The Company recognized an income tax benefit for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 of $1.7 million and $7.6 million, respectively, as a result of the intraperiod tax allocation rules under ASC Topic 740-20, Intraperiod Tax Allocation, under which the Company recognized a benefit for current losses as a result of an entry to additional paid-in capital related to the issuance of the $100 million Convertible Senior Notes discussed in Note 8.8, Convertible Senior Notes. The Company did not record any income tax expense or benefit for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019. The Company has not changed its overall conclusion with respect to the need for a valuation allowance against its net deferred tax assets, which remain fully reserved.

The remaining net deferred tax asset generated from the Company’s net operating loss has been offset by a full valuation allowance because it is more likely than not that the tax benefits of the net operating loss carry forward will not be realized. The Company also recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits, if any, as a component of income tax expense.

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14. Fair Value Measurements

~~Convertible Senior Notes~~

The fair value of the Convertible Senior Notes was $60.6 million on issuance. The fair value was determined based on Level 3 inputs, including assumed volatility of 45.0%. The Company carries the Convertible Senior Notes at face value less an unamortized discount on its unaudited interim consolidated balance sheet, and presents the fair value for required disclosure purposes only. At September 30, 2018, the carrying value of the Convertible Senior Notes, excluding unamortized debt issue costs, approximates the fair value. For further information on the Convertible Senior Notes (see Note 8).

Derivative Liabilities

The Company’s common stock warrant liability represents the only asset or liability classified financial instrument measured at fair value on a recurring basis in the unaudited interim condensed consolidated balance ~~sheet.~~sheets. The fair value measurement is determined by using Level 3 inputs due to the lack of active and observable markets that can be used to price identical assets. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs and should be used to determine fair value only when observable inputs are not available. Unobservable inputs should be developed based on the best information available in the circumstances, which might include internally generated data and assumptions being used to price the asset or liability.

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Fair value of the common stock warrant liability is based on the Black-Scholes pricing model which is based, in part, upon unobservable inputs for which there is little or no market data, requiring the Company to develop its own assumptions.

The Company used the following assumptions for its liability-classified common stock warrants:


	Nine months ended
	September 30, ~~2018~~2019	September 30, ~~2017~~2018
Risk-free interest rate	~~1.64%~~1.99% - ~~2.56%~~2.51%	~~1.01%~~1.64% - ~~2.01%~~2.56%
Volatility	~~18.40%~~22.62% - ~~81.69%~~74.93%	~~62.0%~~18.40% - ~~108.77%~~81.69%
Expected average term	~~0.01~~0.03 - ~~1.53~~0.53	~~0.39~~0.01 - ~~5.23~~1.53

There was no expected dividend yield for the warrants granted.

If factors change and different assumptions are used, the warrant liability and the change in estimated fair value could be materially different. Generally, as the market price of our common stock increases, the fair value of the warrants increase, and conversely, as the market price of our common stock decreases, the fair value of the warrants decrease. Also, a significant increase in the volatility of the market price of the Company’s common stock, in isolation, would result in significantly higher fair value measurements; and a significant decrease in volatility would result in significantly lower fair value measurements.

The following table shows the activity in the common stock warrant liability (in thousands):


	Nine months ended				Nine months ended
	September 30, 2018		September 30, 2017		September 30, 2019		September 30, 2018
Beginning of period	$	4,391	$	11,387	$	105	$	4,391
Change in fair value of common stock warrants		(3,308)		16,454		(7)		(3,308)
Issuance of common stock warrants		—		4,905
Exercise of common stock warrants		—		(27,089)
End of period	$	1,083	$	5,657	$	98	$	1,083

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Equity Instruments

The fair value measurement of the Company’s equity-classified common stock warrants further described in Note 11, Warrant Transaction Agreements, is determined by using Level 3 inputs due to the lack of active and observable markets that can be used to price identical instruments.

Fair value of the equity-classified common stock warrants is based on the Monte Carlo pricing model which is based, in part, upon unobservable inputs for which there is little or no market data, requiring the Company to develop its own assumptions.

The Company used the following assumptions for its equity-classified common stock warrants:


	Nine months ended
	September 30, ~~2018~~2019	September 30, ~~2017~~2018
Risk-free interest rate	~~2.72%~~1.62% - ~~2.99%~~2.33%	~~2.30%~~2.72% - ~~2.36%~~2.80%
Volatility	~~75.00% -~~ 85.00%	~~85.00%~~75.00% - ~~90.00%~~85.00%
Expected average term	~~8.51~~7.51 - ~~9.30~~8.30	~~9.51~~8.51 - ~~10.00~~9.30

The Monte Carlo pricing models used in the determination of the fair value of the equity-classified warrants also incorporate assumptions involving future revenues associated with Amazon and Walmart, and related timing.

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The following table represents the fair value per warrant on the execution date of the ~~transaction agreements~~Amazon Transaction Agreement and the Walmart Transaction Agreements, the vesting dates, if applicable, and as of September 30, ~~2018:~~2019 and 2018 for those warrants for which vesting is considered probable.


		Amazon Warrant Shares		Walmart Warrant Shares		Amazon Warrant Shares		Walmart Warrant Shares
Issuance date - first tranche	$	1.15	$	1.88	$	1.15	$	1.88
As of vesting date - second tranche, first installment		2.16		—		2.16		—
As of period end - second tranche		1.55		1.45
As of vesting date - second tranche, second installment						1.54		—
As of September 2019 - second tranche						2.23		2.17
As of September 2018 - second tranche						1.55		1.45

15. Commitments and Contingencies

~~Operating Leases – as~~ Lessor Obligations

As of September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, the Company ~~has several~~had noncancelable operating leases (as lessor), primarily associated with assets deployed at customer sites. These leases expire over the next ~~six~~one to seven years. Leases contain termination clauses with associated penalties, the amount of which cause the likelihood of ~~cancelation~~cancellation to be remote.

Future minimum lease payments under noncancelable operating leases (with initial or remaining lease terms in excess of one year) as of September 30, ~~2018 are~~2019 were as follows (in thousands):



Remainder of 2018	$	6,675
2019		26,569
Remainder of 2019			$	7,685
2020		24,839		30,135
2021		20,117		29,169
2022		11,340		21,272
2023 and thereafter		13,594
2023				17,208
2024 and thereafter				34,759
Total future minimum lease payments	$	103,134	$	140,228

~~Operating Leases – as~~ Lessee Obligations

As of September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, the Company has ~~several noncancelable~~ operating and finance leases, ~~(as lessee),~~as lessee, primarily associated with sale/leaseback transactions that are partially secured by restricted cash, security deposits and pledged escrows (see also Note 1)1, Nature of Operations) as summarized below. These leases expire over the next ~~six~~one to ~~seven~~nine years. Minimum rent payments under operating and finance leases are recognized

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on a straight‑line basis over the term of the lease. Leases contain termination clauses with associated penalties, the amount of which cause the likelihood of ~~cancelation~~cancellation to be remote.

~~Future minimum lease payments under noncancelable operating~~In prior periods, the Company entered into sale/leaseback transactions that were accounted for as finance leases ~~(with initial or remaining lease terms in excess~~and reported as part of ~~one year)~~finance obligations. The outstanding balance of finance obligations related to sale/leaseback transactions at September 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 was $33.6 million and $81.9 million, respectively. The fair value of the finance obligation approximated the carrying value as of both September 30, ~~2018 are (in thousands):~~

Remainder of 2018

$
4,754
2019

17,675
2020

16,304
2021

11,562
2022

6,110
2023 and thereafter

11,472
Total future minimum lease payments

67,877
Less imputed lease interest

(15,929)
Total lease liabilities

$
51,948

~~Rental expense for all operating leases was $3.9 million~~2019 and $3.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Rental expense for all operating leases was $11.0 million and $10.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

~~The gross profit on sale/leaseback transactions for all operating leases was $6.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30,~~December 31, 2018.

~~Right of use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities were $21.7 million and $23.9 million for three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively.~~

At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, security deposits associated with sale/leaseback transactions were $5.5 million and $8.3 million, respectively and are included in other assets on the unaudited interim consolidated balance sheet.

~~Other information related to the operating leases are presented in the following table.~~

Three months ended

Nine months ended

September 30, 2018

September 30, 2018
Cash payments
$
3,994

$
10,617
Weighted average remaining lease term (years)

4.04

4.12
Weighted average discount rate

12.0%

12.0%

The Company has ~~received cash for~~sold future services to be performed associated with certain sale/leaseback transactions and recorded the balance as a finance obligation. The outstanding balance of this obligation at September 30, 2019 was $83.2 million, $12.0 million and $71.2 million of which was classified as short-term and long-term, respectively, on the accompanying unaudited interim consolidated balance sheet. The outstanding balance of this obligation at September 30, 2018 ~~and December 31, 2017 is~~was $21.3 million, $4.0 million and ~~$10.4~~$17.3 million of which was classified as short-term and long-term, respectively. The amount is amortized using the effective interest method. The fair value of this finance obligation ~~approximates~~approximated the carrying value as of September 30, ~~2018.~~

~~Finance Leases – As Lessee~~

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company entered into sale/leaseback transactions, which were accounted for as finance leases and reported as part of finance obligations on the Company’s unaudited interim consolidated balance sheet. In June 2018, the timing and amount of the lease payments from certain previous sale/leaseback transactions were amended to extend the due date. The outstanding balance of finance obligations related to sale/leaseback transactions at September 30, 2018 was $59.5 million. The fair value of the finance obligation approximates the carrying value as of September 30, 2018.2019.

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Future minimum lease payments under noncancelable finance leases related to sale/leaseback transactions (with initial or remaining lease terms in excess of one year) as of September 30, 2018 are (in thousands):

Remainder of 2018
$
8,889
2019

30,030
2020

6,042
2021

6,042
2022

4,296
2023 and thereafter

17,025
Total future minimum lease payments

72,324
Less imputed lease interest

(12,811)
Total lease liabilities
$
59,513

Finance lease costs include amortization of the right of use assets (i.e. depreciation expense) and interest of lease liabilities (i.e. interest and other expense, net in the unaudited interim consolidated statement of operations). Finance lease costs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively are (in thousands):

Three months ended

Nine months ended

September 30, 2018

September 30, 2018
Amortization of right of use asset
$
2,193

$
6,776
Interest on finance obligations

1,837

4,781
Total finance lease cost
$
4,030

$
11,557

~~Right of use assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities were zero and $0.2 million for three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively.~~

The Company has a finance lease associated with its property and equipment in Latham, New York. Liabilities relating to this ~~agreement~~lease of ~~$2.5 million and~~ $2.4 million ~~have~~has been recorded as a finance obligation in the accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, ~~2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.~~2019. The fair value of this finance obligation ~~approximates~~approximated the carrying value as of September 30, 2019.

Future minimum lease payments under operating and finance leases (with initial or remaining lease terms in excess of one year) as of September 30, 2019 were as follows (in thousands):


					Other		Total
	Operating		Finance		Leased		Finance
	Leases		Leases		Property		Obligations
Remainder of 2019	$	9,009	$	2,532	$	180	$	11,721
2020		35,731		10,128		425		46,284
2021		35,731		9,276		407		45,414
2022		27,920		4,975		390		33,285
2023		25,316		3,177		366		28,859
2024 and thereafter		45,394		16,154		1,548		63,096
Total future minimum lease payments		179,101		46,242		3,316		228,659
Less imputed lease interest		(48,737)		(12,619)		(938)		(62,294)
Sale of future services		—		83,212		—		83,212
Total finance obligations	$	130,364	$	116,835	$	2,378	$	249,577

Rental expense for all operating leases was $7.8 million and $3.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Rental expense for all operating leases was $19.9 million and $11.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

The gross profit on sale/leaseback transactions for all operating leases was $14.8 million and $30.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively and $6.8 million for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. Right of use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities was $38.4 million and $72.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, and $21.7 million and $23.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018.

At September 30, 2019 and 2018, security deposits associated with sale/leaseback transactions were $7.4 million and $5.5 million, respectively, and were included in other assets in the unaudited interim condensed consolidated balance sheet.

Other information related to the operating leases are presented in the following table:


		Nine months ended		Nine months ended
		September 30, 2019		September 30, 2018
Cash payments (in thousands)	$	19,222	$	10,617
Weighted average remaining lease term (years)		5.25		4.12
Weighted average discount rate		12.1%		12.0%

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Finance lease costs include amortization of the right of use assets (i.e. depreciation expense) and interest on lease liabilities (i.e. interest and other expense, net in the unaudited interim condensed consolidated statement of operations). Finance lease costs were as follows (in thousands):


	Nine months ended		Nine months ended
	September 30, 2019		September 30, 2018
Amortization of right of use asset	$	2,308	$	6,776
Interest on finance obligations		3,194		4,781
Total finance lease cost	$	5,502	$	11,557

Right of use assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities were $5.8 million and $5.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, respectively, and zero and $0.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018.

Other information related to the finance leases are presented in the following ~~table.~~table:


		Three months ended		Nine months ended		Nine months ended		Nine months ended
		September 30, 2018		September 30, 2018		September 30, 2019		September 30, 2018
Cash payments	$	6,986	$	26,392
Cash payments (in thousands)					$	57,659	$	26,392
Weighted average remaining lease term (years)		3.02		3.56		3.09		3.56
Weighted average discount rate		11.2%		11.1%		11.1%		11.1%

Restricted Cash

In connection with certain of the above noted sale/leaseback agreements, cash of ~~$48.2~~$75.9 million ~~at September 30, 2018 is~~was required to be restricted as security ~~and~~as of September 30, 2019, which restricted cash will be released over the lease term. ~~The~~As of September 30, 2019, the Company ~~has additional~~also had certain letters of credit backed by security deposits ~~as disclosed in~~totaling $79.1 million that are security for the ~~Operating Leases section above.~~above noted sale/leaseback agreements.

The Company also ~~has~~had letters of credit in the aggregate amount of $0.5 million at September 30, ~~2018~~2019 associated with a finance obligation from the sale/leaseback of its building. Cash collateralizing this letter of credit is also considered restricted cash.

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Litigation

Legal matters are defended and handled in the ordinary course of business. The Company has established accruals for matters for which management considers a loss to be probable and reasonably estimable. It is the opinion of management that facts known at the present time do not indicate that such litigation, after taking into account insurance coverage and the aforementioned accruals, will have a material adverse impact on our results of operations, financial position, or cash flows.

Concentrations of ~~credit risk~~Credit Risk

Concentrations of credit risk with respect to receivables exist due to the limited number of select customers with whom the Company has initial commercial sales arrangements. To mitigate credit risk, the Company performs appropriate evaluation of a prospective customer’s financial condition.

At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, two customers ~~comprise~~comprised approximately ~~75.3%~~74.2% of the total accounts receivable balance. At December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, three customers comprised approximately ~~59.0%~~52.3% of the total accounts receivable balance.

For the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018, 61.9%~~2019, 62.4% of total consolidated revenues were associated primarily with ~~two customers, respectively.~~three customers. For the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017,~~2018, 66.3% of total consolidated revenues were ~~associated primarily with two customers.~~

~~16. Subsequent Events~~

In November 2018, the Company completed a private placement to certain accredited investors of an aggregate of 35,000 shares of the Company’s Series E Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share (Series E Preferred Stock) The net proceeds to the Company were approximately $31.0 million after deducting placement agent fees and expenses payable by the Company. The Series E Preferred Stock is convertible into shares of the Company’s common stock at a conversion price of $2.31 per share. The Company is required to redeem the Series E Preferred Stock for cash (or, subject to certain conditions, at the Company’s option, in common stock or a combination of cash and common stock) in thirteen monthly installments of $2.693 million each from May 2019 through May 2020. Common stock used for redemptions will generally be valued based on a discounted volume weighted average price formula.

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associated primarily with two customers. For purposes of assigning a customer to a sale/leaseback transaction completed with a financial institution, the Company considers the end user of the assets to be the ultimate customer.

Vendor Reimbursement

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company received $4.5 million from a vendor to help facilitate a field replacement program for certain composite fuel tanks that do not meet the supply contract standard, as determined by the Company and the manufacturer. The Company is working with its customers to ensure an efficient, minimally disruptive process for the exchange. Amounts received under this arrangement are being accounted for as a reduction of costs. Such costs included labor and materials to replace the tanks, the manufacture of temporary replacement units used while tanks are being replaced, and other miscellaneous costs.

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Item 2 — Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our accompanying unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included within this report, and our audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed for the fiscal year ended December 31, ~~2017.~~2018. In addition to historical information, this Form 10-Q and the following discussion contain statements that are not historical facts and are considered forward-looking within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange ~~Act.~~Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act). These forward-looking statements contain projections of our future results of operations or of our financial position or state other forward-looking information. In some cases you can identify these statements by forward-looking words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “could,” “continue,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “should,” “will,” “would,” “plan,” “projected” or the negative of such words or other similar words or phrases. We believe that it is important to communicate our future expectations to our investors. However, there may be events in the future that we are not able to accurately predict or control and that may cause our actual results to differ materially from the expectations we describe in our forward-looking statements. Investors are cautioned not to unduly rely on forward-looking statements because they involve risks and uncertainties, and actual results may differ materially from those discussed as a result of various factors, including, but not limited to: the risk that we continue to incur losses and anticipate continuing to incur losses; the risk that we will need to raise additional capital to fund our operations and such capital may not be available to us; our ability to obtain financing arrangements to support the sale or leasing of our products and services to customers; the ~~ability~~risk of dilution to ~~achieve the forecasted gross margin on the sale of~~ our ~~products; the volatility of our~~stockholders and/or stock ~~price;~~price should we need to raise additional capital; the risk that a sale of a significant number of shares of stock could depress the market price of our common stock; the risk that our convertible debt securities, if settled in cash, could have a material effect on our financial results; the risk that our convertible note hedges may affect the value of the convertible senior notes and our common stock; the volatility of the market price of our common stock; the risk that negative publicity related to our business could result in a negative impact on our stock value and profitability; our ability to achieve the forecasted gross margin on the sale of our products; our ability to develop commercially viable products; the risk that a loss of one or more of our major customers, ~~could result in~~or if one of our major customers delays payment of or is unable to pay their receivables, a material adverse effect could result on our financial condition; the cost and availability of fuel and fueling infrastructures for our products; the risk of delays in or not completing our product development goals; the risk of elimination of government subsidies and economic incentives for alternative energy products; the risk of potential losses related to any product liability claims or contract disputes; competitive factors, such as price competition and competition from other traditional and alternative energy companies; the cost and availability of components and parts for our products; market acceptance of our products and services, including GenDrive, GenSure and GenKey systems; our ability to successfully market, distribute and service our products and services internationally; our ability to reduce product and manufacturing costs; our ability to improve system reliability for our products; the risk that possible new tariffs could have a material adverse effect on our business;our ability to establish and maintain relationships with third parties with respect to product development, manufacturing, distribution and servicing and the supply of key product components; the risk that pending orders may not convert to purchase orders, in whole or in part; the risk that unit orders ~~will~~may not ship, be installed and/or converted to revenue, in whole or in part; the risk of dependency on information technology in our operations and the failure of such technology; the risks related to the use of flammable fuels in our products; our subjectivity to legal proceedings and legal compliance risks; our ability to protect our intellectual property; the risk that our lack of extensive experience in manufacturing and marketing products may impact our ability to manufacture and market products on a profitable and large‑scale commercial basis; the cost and timing of developing, marketing and selling our products and our ability to raise the necessary capital to fund such costs; market acceptance of our products and services, including GenDrive units; our ability to develop commercially viable products; our ability to reduce product and manufacturing costs; our ability to successfully market, distribute and service our products and services internationally; our ability to improve system reliability for our products; the risk of loss related to an inability to maintain an effective system of internal controls; our ability to attract and maintain key personnel; the risks associated with potential future acquisitions; the cost of complying with current and future federal, state and international governmental regulations; ~~the risk the accounting method for convertible debt securities that~~our provisions in our charter documents and Delaware law may ~~be settled in cash, such as the Convertible Senior Notes, could have a material effect on our reported financial results; the risk the convertible note hedges may affect the value~~discourage or delay an acquisition of the ~~Convertible Senior Notes and our common stock; the risk~~Company by a third party that ~~we are subject to counterparty risk with respect to the convertible note hedge transactions~~stockholders may consider favorable and other risks and uncertainties discussed under Item IA—Risk Factors in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, as filed on March ~~9, 2018.~~13, 2019. Readers should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which the statements were made and are not guarantees of future performance. Except as may be required by applicable law, we do not undertake or intend to update any forward-looking statements after the date of this Form 10-Q.

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Overview

Our current products and services include:

GenDrive: GenDrive is our hydrogen fueled PEM fuel cell system providing power to material handling electric vehicles, including class 1, 2, 3 and 6 electric forklifts and ground support equipment;

GenFuel: GenFuel is our hydrogen fueling delivery, generation, storage and dispensing ~~systems;~~system;

GenCare: GenCare is our ongoing ‘internet of things’-based maintenance and on-site service program for GenDrive fuel cells, GenSure products, GenFuel products and ProGen engines;

ProGen: ProGen is our fuel cell stack and engine technology currently used globally in mobility and stationary fuel cell systems, and as engines in electric delivery ~~vans;~~vans.

To promote fuel cell adoption and maintain post‑sale customer satisfaction, we offer a range of service and support options through extended maintenance contracts. Additionally, customers may waive our service option, and choose to service their systems independently. A high percentage of fuel cells sold in recent years were bundled with maintenance contracts. As a result, only approximately 0.2% of fuel cells deployed are still under standard warranty that is not a part of an extended maintenance contract.

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~~Recent Developments~~

Results of Operations

Our primary sources of revenue are from sales of fuel cell systems and related infrastructure, services performed on fuel cell systems and related infrastructure, Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs), and fuel delivered to customers. Revenue from sales of fuel cell systems and related infrastructure represents sales of our GenDrive units, GenSure stationary backup power units, as well as hydrogen fueling infrastructure. Revenue from services performed on fuel cell systems and related infrastructure represents revenue earned on our service and maintenance contracts and sales of spare parts. Revenue from PPAs primarily represents payments received from customers who make monthly payments to access the Company’s GenKey solution. Revenue associated with fuel delivered to customers represents the sale of hydrogen to customers that has been purchased by the Company from a third party or generated on site.

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In 2017, in separate transactions, the Company issued to each of ~~Amazon.com, Inc. (“Amazon”)~~Amazon and ~~Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (“Walmart”)~~Walmart warrants to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock. The Company ~~records~~recorded a portion of the estimated fair value of the warrants as a reduction of revenue based upon the projected number of shares of common stock expected to vest under the warrants, the proportion of purchases by Amazon, Walmart and their affiliates within the period relative to the aggregate purchase levels required for vesting of the respective warrants, and the then-current fair value of the warrants. Beginning in September 2018, the provision for common stock warrants iswas allocated to our individual revenue line items based on estimated contractual cash flows by revenue stream. Prior period amounts have been reclassified to be consistent with current period presentation. The amount of provision for common stock warrants recorded as a reduction of revenue during the three ~~months~~ and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017,~~2018, respectively, is shown in the table below (in thousands):


		Three Months Ended		Nine months ended	Three months ended				Nine months ended
		September 30,		September 30,	2019		2018		2019		2018
For the period ended September 30, 2018:
Sales of fuel cell systems and related infrastructure	$	878	$	3,525	$	(1,190)	$	(878)	$	(2,178)	$	(3,525)
Services performed on fuel cell systems and related infrastructure		352		1,410		(476)		(352)		(871)		(1,410)
Power Purchase Agreements		221		529		(1,321)		(221)		(3,533)		(529)
Fuel delivered to customers		675		2,468		(1,595)		(675)		(3,662)		(2,468)
Total	$	2,126	$	7,932	$	(4,582)	$	(2,126)	$	(10,244)	$	(7,932)
For the period ended September 30, 2017:
Sales of fuel cell systems and related infrastructure	$	7,119	$	8,029
Services performed on fuel cell systems and related infrastructure		2,848		3,212
Power Purchase Agreements		7,091		7,091
Fuel delivered to customers		8,999		9,545
Total	$	26,057	$	27,877

Revenue, cost of revenue, gross profit (loss) and gross margin for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017,~~2018, were as follows (in thousands):


		Three Months Ended								Nine months ended							Three Months Ended								Nine Months Ended
		September 30,								September 30,							September 30,								September 30,
		Net	Cost of		Gross		Gross			Net	Cost of		Gross		Gross		Net		Cost of		Gross		Gross		Net		Cost of		Gross		Gross
	Revenue		Revenue		Profit(Loss)		Margin		Revenue		Revenue		Profit(Loss)		Margin		Revenue		Revenue		Profit/(Loss)		Margin		Revenue		Revenue		Profit/(Loss)		Margin
For the period ended September 30, 2019:
Sales of fuel cell systems and related infrastructure																	$	38,165	$	24,990	$	13,175	34.5	%	$	78,932	$	50,440	$	28,492	36.1	%
Services performed on fuel cell systems and related infrastructure																		5,920		6,461		(541)	(9.1)	%		17,415		18,802		(1,387)	(8.0)	%
Power Purchase Agreements																		5,599		10,353		(4,754)	(84.9)	%		16,613		28,064		(11,451)	(68.9)	%
Fuel delivered to customers																		6,557		9,160		(2,603)	(39.7)	%		18,942		25,935		(6,993)	(36.9)	%
Other																		135		150		(15)	(11.0)	%		135		150		(15)	(11.0)	%
Total																	$	56,376	$	51,114	$	5,262	9.3	%	$	132,037	$	123,391	$	8,646	6.5	%
For the period ended September 30, 2018:
Sales of fuel cell systems and related infrastructure	$	36,668	$	27,428	$	9,240	25.2	%	$	66,101	$	52,927	$	13,174	19.9	%	$	36,668	$	27,428	$	9,240	25.2	%	$	66,101	$	52,927	$	13,174	19.9	%
Services performed on fuel cell systems and related infrastructure		5,156		5,302		(146)	(2.8)	%		16,330		17,139		(809)	(5.0)	%		5,156		5,302		(146)	(2.8)	%		16,330		17,139		(809)	(5.0)	%
Power Purchase Agreements		5,555		8,767		(3,212)	(57.8)	%		16,365		27,055		(10,690)	(65.3)	%		5,555		8,767		(3,212)	(57.8)	%		16,365		27,055		(10,690)	(65.3)	%
Fuel delivered to customers		5,786		7,259		(1,473)	(25.5)	%		16,016		19,576		(3,560)	(22.2)	%		5,786		7,259		(1,473)	(25.5)	%		16,016		19,576		(3,560)	(22.2)	%
Total	$	53,165	$	48,756	$	4,409	8.3	%	$	114,812	$	116,697	$	(1,885)	(1.6)	%	$	53,165	$	48,756	$	4,409	8.3	%	$	114,812	$	116,697	$	(1,885)	(1.6)	%
For the period ended September 30, 2017:
Sales of fuel cell systems and related infrastructure	$	38,060	$	35,671	$	2,389	6.3	%	$	47,907	$	44,398	$	3,509	7.3	%
Services performed on fuel cell systems and related infrastructure		2,217		4,531		(2,314)	(104.4)	%		10,496		14,684		(4,188)	(39.9)	%
Power Purchase Agreements		(1,663)		7,853		(9,516)	572.2	%		7,593		21,844		(14,251)	(187.7)	%
Fuel delivered to customers		(4,149)		5,810		(9,959)	240.0	%		2,782		15,262		(12,480)	(448.6)	%
Other		128		138		(10)	(7.8)	%		279		301		(22)	(7.9)	%
Total	$	34,593	$	54,003	$	(19,410)	(56.1)	%	$	69,057	$	96,489	$	(27,432)	(39.7)	%

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Net Revenue

Revenue – sales of fuel cell systems and related infrastructure. Revenue from sales of fuel cell systems and related infrastructure represents revenue from the sale of our fuel cells, such as GenDrive units and GenSure stationary backup power units, as well as hydrogen fueling infrastructure referred to at the site level as hydrogen installations.

Revenue from sales of fuel cell systems and related infrastructure for the three months ended September 30, ~~2018 decreased $1.4~~2019 increased $1.5 million, or ~~3.7%~~4.1%, to ~~$36.7~~$38.2 million from ~~$38.1~~$36.7 million for the three months ended September 30, ~~2017.~~2018. Included within revenue was provision for common stock warrants of ~~$0.9~~$1.2 million and ~~$7.1~~$0.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, ~~and 2017, respectively, positively impacting the change in revenue. In addition, the~~respectively. The main drivers for the ~~decrease~~increase in revenue were~~decreases~~ the increase in GenDrive ~~deployment volume and infrastructure sites.~~units recognized as revenue, offset by the increase in the aforementioned provision for common stock warrants. There were ~~1,400~~1,513 GenDrive units recognized as revenue during the three months ended September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, compared to ~~2,239~~1,400 for the three months ended September 30, ~~2017. Seven~~2018. The increase in GenDrive revenue was partially offset by the decrease in hydrogen fueling infrastructure installations. Two hydrogen fueling infrastructure installations were recognized as revenue during the three months ended September 30, ~~2018, were recognized as revenue,~~2019, compared to ~~eight~~seven during the three months ended September 30, ~~2017. Included in revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2018 were 767 units and four sites associated with sale/leaseback transactions accounted for as operating leases.~~2018.

Revenue from sales of fuel cell systems and related infrastructure for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 increased ~~$18.2~~$12.8 million, or ~~38.0%~~19.4%, to ~~$66.1~~$78.9 million from ~~$47.9~~$66.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017.~~2018. Included within revenue was provision for common stock warrants of ~~$3.5~~$2.2 million and ~~$8.0~~$3.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017,~~2018, respectively, positively impacting the change in revenue. ~~In addition, the~~The main ~~drivers~~driver for the increase in revenue ~~were better pricing and class mix,~~was the increase in GenDrive units recognized as ~~well as increases in sales of infrastructure.~~revenue. There were ~~2,526~~3,604 units recognized as revenue during the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018, consistent with 2,580~~2019, compared to 2,526 for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017. Eleven~~2018. The increase in GenDrive revenue was offset by the decrease in hydrogen fueling infrastructure installations. Two hydrogen fueling infrastructure installations were recognized as revenue, during the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018 were recognized as revenue,~~2019, compared to ~~ten~~fourteen during the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017. Included in revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 were 767 units and four sites associated with sale/leaseback transactions accounted for as operating leases.~~2018.

Revenue – services performed on fuel cell systems and related infrastructure. Revenue from services performed on fuel cell systems and related infrastructure represents revenue earned on our service and maintenance contracts and sales of spare parts. At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, there were ~~10,139~~11,206 fuel cell units and 5143 hydrogen installations under extended maintenance contracts, ~~an increase from 8,516~~as compared to 11,237 fuel cell units and 4042 hydrogen installations at September 30, ~~2017, respectively.~~2018.

Revenue from services performed on fuel cell systems and related infrastructure for the three months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 increased ~~$2.9~~$0.8 million, or ~~132.6%~~14.8%, to ~~$5.2~~$5.9 million from ~~$2.2~~$5.2 million for the three months ended September 30, ~~2017.~~2018. Included within revenue was provision for common stock warrants of ~~$0.4~~$0.5 million and ~~$2.8~~$0.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, ~~and 2017, respectively, positively impacting the change in revenue. In addition, the increase in service revenues was due to the increase in units under service contracts.~~respectively. The average number of units under extended maintenance contracts during the three months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 was ~~10,040,~~11,211, compared to ~~7,567~~11,029 during the three months ended September 30, ~~2017.~~2018. This ~~32.7%~~1.7% increase in the average number of units serviced throughout the three months ended September 30, 2019 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2018 is directionally consistent with the increase in revenue ~~as compared to~~during the ~~prior year period, as well as pricing mix.~~same period.

Revenue from services performed on fuel cell systems and related infrastructure for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 increased ~~$5.8~~$1.1 million, or ~~55.6%~~6.6%, to ~~$16.3~~$17.4 million from ~~$10.5~~$16.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017.~~2018. Included within revenue was provision for common stock warrants of ~~$1.4~~$0.9 million and ~~$3.2~~$1.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017,~~2018, respectively, positively impacting the change in revenue. ~~In addition, the~~The increase in service ~~revenues~~revenue was primarily due to ~~the~~a reduction in provision for common stock warrants and increase in the average number of units under ~~service~~extended maintenance contracts. The average number of units under extended maintenance contracts during the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 was ~~9,706,~~11,566, compared to ~~7,266~~10,456 during the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017.~~2018. This ~~33.6%~~10.6% increase in average units serviced throughout the nine months ~~corresponds~~ended September 30, 2019 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2018 is directionally consistent with the increase in revenue ~~as compared to~~during the ~~prior year~~same period.

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Revenue – Power Purchase Agreements. Revenue from PPAs represents payments received from customers for power generated through the provision of equipment and service. The equipment and service can be associated with sale/leaseback transactions in which the Company sells fuel cell systems and related infrastructure to a third-party, leases them back and operates them at customers’ locations who are parties to PPAs with the Company. Alternatively, the Company can retain the equipment as leased property and provide it to customers under PPAs. At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, there were 35 GenKey sites and 11,236 units associated with ~~PPAs,~~PPA arrangements, as compared to 3035 GenKey sites and 7,140 units at September 30, ~~2017.~~2018.

Revenue from PPAs for the three months ended September 30, ~~2018 increased $7.2 million, or 434.1%, to~~2019 remained consistent at $5.6 million ~~from $(1.7) million for~~as compared to the three months ended September 30, ~~2017.~~2018. Included within revenue was provision for common stock warrants of ~~$0.2~~$1.3 million and ~~$7.1~~$0.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, ~~and 2017, respectively, positively impacting~~respectively. Revenue increased as a result of an increase in the ~~change in revenue. In addition, the increase is due to the increased~~ number of sites the Company has deployed under these types of arrangements. The average number of sites under PPA arrangements was 35 in the third quarter of 2018, as compared to 29 in the three months ended September 30, 2017. This 20.7% increase in average sitesunits under PPAs, ~~throughout the three months corresponds with~~offset by the increase in ~~revenue, as compared to~~ the ~~prior year period.~~aforementioned provision for common stock warrants.

Revenue from PPAs for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 increased ~~$8.8~~$0.2 million, or ~~115.5%~~1.5%, to ~~$16.4~~$16.6 million from ~~$7.6~~$16.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017.~~2018. Included within revenue was provision for common stock warrants of ~~$0.5~~$3.5 million and ~~$7.1~~$0.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, ~~and 2017, respectively, positively impacting the change~~respectively. The increase in ~~revenue. In addition, the increase is due to the increased number of sites the Company has deployed with these types of arrangements. The average number of sites under PPA arrangements was 34~~revenue from PPAs for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018,~~2019 as compared to ~~28 for~~ the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017. This 21.4% increase in average sites under PPAs throughout the nine months corresponds with~~2018 was attributable to the increase in ~~revenue, as compared to~~ the ~~prior year period.~~number of units under PPA arrangements, partially offset by the increase in provision for common stock warrants.

Revenue – fuel delivered to customers. Revenue associated with fuel delivered to customers represents the sale of hydrogen to customers that has been purchased by the Company from a third party. ~~As part of the GenKey solution, the Company contracts with fuel suppliers to purchase liquid hydrogen, which is then sold to its customers.~~ At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, there were 7174 sites associated with fuel contracts, as compared to 5571 at September 30, ~~2017.~~2018. The sites generally are the same as those which had purchased hydrogen installations within the GenKey solution.

Revenue associated with fuel delivered to customers for the three months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 increased ~~$9.9~~$0.8 million, or ~~239.5%~~13.3%, to ~~$5.8~~$6.6 million from ~~$(4.2)~~$5.8 million for the three months ended September 30, ~~2017.~~2018. Included within revenue was provision for common stock warrants of ~~$0.7~~$1.6 million and ~~$9.0~~$0.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, ~~and 2017, respectively, positively impacting the change in revenue.In addition, the~~respectively. The increase in revenue iswas due to an increase in sites taking fuel deliveries in ~~2018,~~2019 compared to ~~2017,~~ 2018, as well as increases in fuel prices. The average number of sites receiving fuel deliveries was 69 during the three months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to 51 during the three months ended September 30, 2017. This 35.3%prices, partially offset by an increase in ~~average sites with molecule delivery throughout the three months corresponds with the increase in price and revenue, as compared to the prior year period.~~common stock warrant provision.

Revenue associated with fuel delivered to customers for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 increased ~~$13.2~~$2.9 million, or ~~475.7%~~18.3%, to ~~$16.0~~$18.9 million from ~~$2.8~~$16.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017.~~2018. Included within revenue was provision for common stock warrants of ~~$2.5~~$3.7 million and ~~$9.5~~$2.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 and 2018, ~~and 2017, respectively, positively impacting the change in revenue. In addition, the~~respectively. The increase in revenue iswas due to an increase in sites taking fuel deliveries in ~~2018,~~2019 compared to ~~2017,~~2018, as well as increases in fuel ~~prices.~~prices, partially offset by the aforementioned increase in common stock warrant provision. The average number of sites receiving fuel deliveries was 73 during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, as compared to 66 during the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018, as compared to 48 during the nine months ended September 30, 2017. This 37.5% increase in average sites with molecule delivery throughout the nine months plus the impact~~2018.

Cost of ~~price increases corresponds to the increases in revenue, as compared to the prior year period.~~Revenue

Cost of revenue – sales of fuel cell systems and related infrastructure. Cost of revenue from sales of fuel cell systems and related infrastructure includes direct materials, labor costs, and allocated overhead costs related to the manufacture of our fuel cells such as GenDrive units and GenSure stationary backup power units, as well as hydrogen fueling infrastructure installations referred to at the site level as hydrogen installations.

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Cost of revenue from sales of fuel cell systems and related infrastructure for the three months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 decreased ~~23.1%~~8.9%, or ~~$8.2~~$2.4 million, to $25.0 million, compared to $27.4 million for the three months ended September 30, ~~2017,~~2018. This decrease was driven by the ~~previously stated~~ decrease in hydrogen fueling infrastructure installations recognized as revenue, partially offset by the ~~number~~increase in of GenDrive deployment volume. There were 1,513 GenDrive units and two hydrogen infrastructure sites recognized as revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2019 compared to 1,400 GenDrive units and seven hydrogen infrastructure sites recognized as revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2018. Gross margin generated from sales of fuel cell systems and related infrastructure improved to 34.5% for the three months ended September 30, 2019, compared to 25.2% for the three months ended September 30, 2018 ~~compared~~primarily due to ~~6.3%~~the mix of GenDrive units recognized as revenue and decrease in the number of hydrogen infrastructure sites deployed, partially offset by the impact of provision for common stock warrants. The provision for common stock warrants from

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sales of fuel cells and related infrastructure for the three months ended September 30, ~~2017. The provision for common stock warrants effectively equated to~~2019 and 2018 had a ~~discount of~~3.0% and 2.3% ~~for the three months ended September 30,2018 compared to 15.8% for the three months ended September 30, 2017. In addition, the improvement was due to lower material costs and better pricing.~~negative impact on revenue, respectively.

Cost of revenue from sales of fuel cell systems and related infrastructure for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018 increased 19.2%~~2019 decreased 4.7%, or ~~$8.5~~$2.5 million, to $50.4 million, compared to $52.9 million the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017, driven by the previously stated consistent number of~~ ~~GenDrive deployment volume~~ 2018. There were 3,604 GenKey units and four hydrogen infrastructure sites recognized as ~~revenue.~~revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 as compared to GenKey 2,526 units and 14 sites for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. Gross margin generated from sales of fuel cell systems and related infrastructure improved to 36.1% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to 19.9% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 ~~compared~~primarily due to ~~7.3%~~the mix of GenDrive units recognized as revenue, decrease in the number of hydrogen infrastructure sites deployed as well as the impact of provision for common stock warrants. The provision for common stock warrants from sales of fuel cells and related infrastructure for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017. The provision for common stock warrants effectively equated to~~2019 and 2018 had a ~~discount of~~2.7% and 5.1% ~~for the nine months ended September 30,~~negative impact on revenue, respectively.~~2018 compared to 14.4% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. In addition, the improvement was due to lower material costs and previously stated higher deployment volume.~~

Cost of revenue – services performed on fuel cell systems and related infrastructure. Cost of revenue from services performed on fuel cell systems and related infrastructure includes the labor, material costs and allocated overhead costs incurred for our product service and hydrogen site maintenance contracts and spare parts. At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, there were ~~10,139~~11,206 fuel cell units and 5143 hydrogen installations under extended maintenance contracts, ~~an increase~~a change from ~~8,516~~11,237 fuel cell units and 4042 hydrogen installations at September 30, ~~2017, respectively.~~ 2018.

Cost of revenue from services performed on fuel cell systems and related infrastructure for the three months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 increased ~~17.0%~~21.9%, or ~~$0.8~~$1.2 million, to $6.5 million, compared to $5.3 million ~~compared to~~for the three months ended September 30, ~~2017 of $4.5 million.~~2018. Gross margin ~~improved~~declined to (9.1)% for the three months ended September 30, 2019, compared to (2.8)% for the three months ended September 30, 2018 ~~compared to (104.4)% for the three months ended September 30, 2017. The provision for common stock warrants effectively equated to a discount of 6.4% for the three months ended September 30,2018 compared to 56.2% for the three months ended September 30, 2017. In addition, the improvement in gross margin is~~primarily due to ~~reductions~~program investments targeting performance improvement and variation in ~~costs from changes in product configuration, and improved leverage as the number of units in the field increases.~~maintenance cycles.

Cost of revenue from services performed on fuel cell systems and related infrastructure for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 increased ~~16.7%~~9.7%, or ~~$2.5~~$1.7 million, to $18.8 million, compared to $17.1 million ~~compared to~~for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017 of $14.7 million due to the increase in the number of units under these service agreements.~~2018. Gross margin ~~improved~~declined to (8.0)% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to (5.0)% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 ~~from (39.9)% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The provision for common stock warrants effectively equated to a discount of 7.9% for the nine months ended September 30,2018 compared to 23.4% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. In addition, the improvement in gross margin is~~primarily due to ~~reductions~~program investments targeting performance improvement and variation in ~~costs from changes in product configuration, and improved leverage as the number of units in the field increases.~~ maintenance cycles.

Cost of revenue – Power Purchase Agreements. Cost of revenue from PPAs includes payments made to financial institutions for leased equipment, ~~and service used to fulfill the PPAs, and~~ depreciation of leased ~~property.~~property, and related service costs. Leased units are associated with sale/leaseback transactions in which the Company sells fuel cell systems and related infrastructure to a third-party, leases them back, and operates them at customers’ locations who are parties to PPAs with the Company. Alternatively, the Company can hold the equipment for investment and recognize the depreciation and service cost of the assets as cost of revenue from PPAs. At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, there were 35 GenKey sites and 11,374 units associated with PPAs, as compared to 3035 GenKey sites and 8,865 units associated with PPAs at September 30, ~~2017.~~2018.

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Cost of revenue from PPAs for the three months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 increased ~~$0.9~~18.1%, or $1.6 million, ~~or 11.6%,~~ to ~~$8.8~~$10.4 million from ~~$7.9~~$8.8 million for the three months ended September 30, ~~2017.~~2018. The increase was a result of the increase in the ~~number~~depreciation of ~~customer sites under these agreements.~~capitalized leased asset and maintenance costs in the third quarter of 2018. Gross margin ~~was~~declined to (84.9)% for the three months ended September 30, 2019, as compared to (57.8)% for the three months ended September 30, 2018, as ~~compared to 572.3%~~a result of the aforementioned increase in the depreciation of capitalized leased asset costs and maintenance costs in the third quarter of 2019. In addition, the provision for common stock warrants from services performed on fuel cells systems and related infrastructure for the three months ended September 30, ~~2017. The provision for common stock warrants effectively equated to~~2019 and 2018 had a ~~discount of~~19.1% and 3.8% ~~for the three months ended September 30,~~2018 compared to 130.6% for the three months ended September 30, 2017. Excluding the effect of the discount, margin was relatively consistent at (51.8)% and (44.7)% for the three months ended September 2018 and 2017,negative impact on revenue, respectively.

Cost of revenue from PPAs for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 increased ~~$5.2~~3.7%, or $1.0 million, ~~or 23.9%,~~ to ~~$27.1~~$28.1 million from ~~$21.8~~$27.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017. The increase was a result of the increase in the number of customer sites party to these agreements.~~2018. Gross margin ~~was~~declined to (68.9)% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, as compared to (65.3)% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 ~~as compared~~primarily due to ~~(187.7)%~~the increase in depreciation of capitalized leased assets and by the increase in the level of provision for common stock warrants. The provision for common stock warrants from services performed on fuel cells systems and

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related infrastructure for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017. The provision for common stock warrants effectively equated to~~2019 and 2018 had a ~~discount of~~17.5% and 3.1% ~~for the nine months ended September 30,~~2018 compared to 48.3% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Excluding the effect of the discount, margin was relatively consistent at (60.1)% and (48.8)% for the nine months ended September 2018 and 2017,negative impact on revenue, respectively.

Cost of revenue – fuel delivered to customers. Cost of revenue from fuel delivered to customers represents the purchase of hydrogen from suppliers that ultimately is sold to customers. As part of the GenKey solution, the Company contracts with fuel suppliers to purchase liquid hydrogen and separately sells it to its customers when delivered or dispensed. At September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, there were 7174 sites associated with fuel contracts, as compared to 5571 at September 30, ~~2017.~~2018. The sites generally are the same as those which had purchased hydrogen installations within the GenKey solution.

Cost of revenue from fuel delivered to customers for the three months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 increased ~~$1.4~~26.2%, or $1.9 million, ~~or 24.9%,~~ to ~~$7.3~~$9.2 million from ~~$5.8~~$7.3 million for the three months ended September 30, ~~2017.~~2018. Gross margin ~~changed~~declined to ~~(25.4)~~(39.7)% during the three months ended September 30, 2019, compared to (25.5)% during the three months ended September 30, 2018 ~~compared to 240.0% during the three months ended September 30, 2017~~primarily due to ~~pricing mix~~an increase in depreciation on tanks and ~~improvements~~related fuel equipment due to investments made to improve fuel system efficiency and an increase in ~~efficiencies from changes in system design.~~provision for common stock warrants. The provision for common stock warrants ~~effectively equated~~from fuel delivered to ~~a discount of 10.4% for the three months ended September 30,2018 compared to 185.5%~~customers for the three months ended September 30, ~~2017. In addition, the improvement was due to higher volume of liquid hydrogen delivered to customer sites, as~~2019 and 2018 had a ~~result of an increase in the number of hydrogen installations completed under GenKey agreements~~19.6% and ~~higher fuel costs.~~ 10.4% negative impact on revenue, respectively.

Cost of revenue from fuel delivered to customers for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 increased ~~$4.3~~32.5%, or $6.4 million, ~~or 28.3%,~~ to ~~$19.6~~$25.9 million from ~~$15.3~~$19.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017.~~2018. Gross margin ~~percent improved~~declined to (36.9)% during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, compared to (22.2)% during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 ~~compared to (448.6)% during the nine months ended September 30, 2017~~primarily due to ~~pricing mix~~a change in estimate related to a dispute on fuel billings with a vendor and ~~improvements~~an increase in ~~efficiencies from changes~~depreciation on tanks and related fuel equipment due to investments made to improve fuel system efficiency, as well as an increase in ~~system design.~~provision for common stock warrants. The provision for common stock warrants ~~effectively equated~~from fuel delivered to ~~a discount of 13.4% for the nine months ended September 30,2018 compared to 77.4%~~customers for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017. In addition, the increase is due primarily to higher volume of liquid hydrogen delivered to customer sites, as~~2019 and 2018 had a ~~result of an increase in the number of hydrogen installations completed under GenKey agreements~~16.2% and ~~higher fuel costs.~~13.4% negative impact on revenue, respectively.

Expenses

Research and development expense. Research and development expense ~~includes:~~includes materials to build development and prototype units, cash and non-cash compensation and benefits for the engineering and related staff, expenses for contract engineers, fees paid to consultants for services provided, materials and supplies consumed, facility related costs such as computer and network services, and other general overhead costs associated with our research and development activities.

Research and development expense for the three months ended September 30, ~~2018 increased $1.0~~2019 decreased $0.4 million, or ~~13.0%~~4.5%, to ~~$8.4~~$8.0 million, from ~~$7.4~~$8.4 million for the three months ended September 30, ~~2017.~~2018. The ~~increase~~decrease was primarily related to ~~an increase~~variations in ~~programs associated with improving product reliability to reduce ongoing service costs.~~timing of various programs.

Research and development expense for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018 increased $5.4~~2019 decreased $1.1 million, or ~~27.0%~~4.5%, to ~~$25.5~~$24.3 million, from ~~$20.1~~$25.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017.~~2018. The ~~increase~~decrease was primarily related to ~~an increase~~a cost reimbursement from a vendor associated with a field replacement program for certain composite fuel tanks that did not meet the supply contract standard determined by the Company and manufacturer, as well as a decrease in programs associated with ~~improving~~ product reliability to reduce ongoing service costs.

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Selling, general and administrative expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses ~~includes~~include cash and non-cash compensation, benefits, amortization of intangible assets and related costs in support of our general corporate functions, including general management, finance and accounting, human resources, selling and marketing, information technology and legal services.

Selling, general and administrative expenses for the three months ended September 30, ~~2018, decreased $0.9~~2019 increased $1.7 million, or ~~8.4%~~20.2%, to ~~$8.7~~$10.4 million from ~~$9.5~~$8.7 million for the three months ended September 30, ~~2017.~~2018. This ~~decrease is~~increase was primarily ~~due~~related to ~~decreases~~an increase in stock-based compensation, as well as increases in cost for the Company’s varied strategic initiatives, such as investor symposium and ~~sales-based incentives.~~certain executive recruiting charges during the three months ended September 30, 2019.

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Selling, general and administrative expenses for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018, decreased $7.4~~2019 increased $4.1 million, or ~~20.2%~~14.2%, to ~~$29.2~~$33.4 million from ~~$36.6~~$29.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017.~~2018. This increase was primarily related to an increase in performance and stock-based compensation during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, and by a decrease ~~is primarily due to warrant related charges~~ in 2017 of $7.1 million that did not recur and decreases in salaries, benefits, incentive compensation and other bonuses, due to a reduction in headcount, offset by costs associated with investigating an accident at a customer site of $2.6 million.the legal accrual during the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

Interest and other expense, net. Interest and other expense, net consists of interest and other expenses related to our long-term debt, convertible senior notes, obligations under finance leases and our finance obligations, as well as foreign currency exchange losses, offset by interest and other income consisting primarily of interest earned on our cash and cash equivalents, foreign currency exchange gains and other income. The Company ~~has~~entered into a series of finance leases with Generate Lending LLC during 2018. Approximately $50.0 million of these finance leases were terminated and ~~Wells Fargo~~replaced with long-term debt with Generate Lending LLC in March 2019. Additionally, in September of 2019 and ~~a loan and security agreement with NY Green Bank. In~~ March of 2018, the Company issued convertible senior notes in a private placement to qualified institutional buyers pursuant to Rule 144A under the Securities ~~Act of 1933, as amended.~~Act.

Net interest and other expense for the three months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 increased ~~$3.6~~$2.1 million, or ~~133.2%~~33.7%, as compared to the three months ended September 30, ~~2017. The~~2018. This increase ~~results from~~was attributed to the increase in ~~interest bearing liabilities~~finance leases/long-term debt during 2019 and ~~includes~~ the ~~amortization~~issuance of ~~the discount on~~ convertible senior notes ~~which has increased the average effective rate.~~ in September 2019 and March of 2018, as mentioned above.

Net interest and other expense for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 increased ~~$8.5~~$9.1 million, or ~~119.2%~~58.4%, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017. The~~2018. This increase ~~results from~~was attributed to the ~~interest-bearing liabilities~~increase in finance leases/long-term debt during 2019 and ~~includes~~ the ~~amortization~~issuance of ~~the discount on~~ convertible senior ~~notes.~~notes in September 2019 and March of 2018, as mentioned above.

Common Stock Warrant Liability

Change in fair value of common stock warrant liability. The Company accounts for common stock warrants as common stock warrant liability with changes in the fair value reflected in the unaudited interim condensed consolidated statement of operations as change in the fair value of common stock warrant liability.

The change in fair value of common stock warrant liability for the three months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 resulted in a decrease in the associated warrant liability of ~~$1.7~~$0.4 million as compared to ~~an increase~~a decrease of ~~$1.9~~$1.7 million for the three months ended September 30, ~~2017.~~2018. These variances ~~are~~were primarily due to changes in the average remaining term of the warrants, the increase in Company’s common stock ~~share~~ price, and changes in volatility of our common stock, which are significant inputs to the Black-Scholes valuation ~~model.~~model used to calculate this fair value change.

The change in fair value of common stock warrant liability for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 resulted in ~~a decrease~~no change in the associated warrant ~~liability of $3.3 million~~ as compared to ~~an increase~~a decrease of ~~$16.5~~$3.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017.~~2018. These variances ~~are~~were primarily due to changes in the average remaining term of the warrants, the increase in Company’s common stock ~~share~~ price, and changes in volatility of our common stock, which are significant inputs to the Black-Scholes valuation ~~model.~~model used to calculate this fair value.

Income Tax

Income taxes. The Company recognized an income tax benefit infor the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 of $1.7 million and $7.6 million, respectively, as a result of the intraperiod tax allocation rules under ASC Topic 740-20, Intraperiod Tax Allocation, under which the Company recognized a benefit for current losses as a result of an entry to additional paid-in capital related to the issuance of the $100 million Convertible Senior Notes discussed in Note 8, Convertible Senior Notes. The Company did not record any income tax expense or benefit for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019. The Company has not changed its overall conclusion with respect to the need for a valuation allowance against its net deferred tax assets, which remain fully reserved.

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The remaining net deferred tax asset generated from ~~our~~the Company’s net operating loss has been offset by a full valuation allowance because it is more likely than not that the tax benefits of the net operating loss carry forward will not

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be realized. The Company also recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits, if any, as a component of income tax expense.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity

During the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, net cash used in operating activities was ~~$41.6~~$51.8 million, consisting of a net loss attributable to the Company of ~~$61.3~~$73.7 million ~~offset by~~and net ~~inflows~~outflows from fluctuations in working capital and other assets and liabilities of ~~$1.9~~$13.4 million, ~~and~~offset by the impact of non-cash charges/gains of ~~$17.7~~$35.4 million. The changes in working capital were related to ~~decreases in inventory, prepaid expenses and other current assets and~~ an increase in ~~deferred revenue offset by an increase in accounts receivable~~inventory and ~~a decrease in~~ accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other ~~liabilities.~~liabilities offset by a decrease in accounts receivable, prepaid expenses and other assets and deferred revenue. Cash outflows related to equipment that we sell are included in net cash used in operating activities. As of September 30, 2019, we had cash and cash equivalents of $43.3 million and net working capital of $70.5 million. By comparison, at December 31, 2018, we had cash and cash equivalents of ~~$13.8~~$38.6 million and net working capital of ~~$6.7 million. By comparison, at December 31, 2017, we had cash and cash equivalents of $24.8 million and net working capital of $3.9~~$9.2 million.

Net cash used in investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018,~~2019 totaled ~~$17.5~~$9.0 million and included purchases of property plant and equipment, ~~and~~purchases of intangible assets, outflows associated with materials, labor, and overhead necessary to construct new leased ~~property.~~property and proceeds in connection with sales of leased assets. Cash outflows related to ~~equipment that we sell and~~ equipment we lease directly to customers are included in net cash used in ~~operating activities and net cash used in~~ investing ~~activities, respectively.~~activities. Net cash provided by financing activities for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 totaled ~~$53.2~~$149.1 million and primarily resulted from net proceeds of ~~$52.4~~$39.1 million from the issuance of a $40 million in aggregate principal amount of 7.5% Convertible Senior ~~Notes, net~~Note due 2023, $38.1 million from the sale of ~~purchases of a capped call and a~~our common stock, ~~forward,~~$100.0 million from a new debt facility, some of which was used to pay approximately $50.3 million of finance obligations and $17.6 million of previously outstanding long-term debt, including accrued interest. In addition, there was a ~~$7.8~~$57.2 million increase in cash flows from new finance obligations, offset in part by ~~$11.9~~redemption of preferred stock of $4.0 million and repayments of ~~principal payments on~~ long-term ~~debt.~~debt of $21.2 million.

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Public and Private Offerings of Equity and Debt

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company issued 6.3 million shares of common stock through its At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (ATM) resulting in net proceeds of $14.8 million.

In September 2019, we issued a $40.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 7.5% convertible senior note due in 2023 ($40 million Convertible Senior Note). The Company’s total obligation, net of interest accretion, due to the holder is $48.0 million. The total net proceeds from this offering, after deducting costs of the issuance were $39.1 million. The Company intends to use the net proceeds from the issuance of the note for general corporate purposes and for the potential redemption of the Company’s outstanding Series E Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock. See Note 8, Convertible Senior Notes, for more details.

In March 2019, the Company sold 10 million shares of common stock at a price of $2.35 per share for net proceeds of $23.5 million.

Operating or Finance Leases

The Company enters into sale/leaseback agreements with various financial institutions to facilitate the Company’s commercial transactions with key customers. The Company sells certain fuel cell systems and hydrogen infrastructure to the financial institutions and leases the equipment back to support certain customer locations and to fulfill its varied Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs). In connection with certain operating leases, the financial institutions ~~required~~require the Company to maintain cash balances in restricted accounts securing the Company’s ~~lease~~finance obligations. Cash received from customers under the PPAs is used to make ~~lease payments.~~payments against our finance obligations. As the Company performs under these agreements, the required restricted cash balances are released, according to a set schedule. The total remaining lease payments to financial institutions under these agreements at September 30, 2019 was ~~$53.5~~$168.9 million, $162.0 million of which ~~have been partially~~were secured with restricted cash, security deposits and pledged service escrows.

~~Commencing in the third quarter of 2018, the~~The Company has ~~an amended and restated~~a master lease agreement with Wells Fargo Equipment Finance, Inc. (Wells Fargo MLA) to finance the Company’s commercial transactions with Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (Walmart). The Wells Fargo MLA was entered into in 2017 and amended in 2018. Pursuant to the Wells Fargo MLA, the Company sells fuel cell systems and hydrogen infrastructure to Wells Fargo and then leases them back and operates them at Walmart sites under lease agreements with Walmart. The total remaining lease payments to Wells Fargo ~~was $51.9~~were $97.6 million at September 30, ~~2018.~~2019. Transactions completed under the Wells Fargo MLA in ~~the three months ended September 30,~~ 2018 and 2019 were accounted for as operating leases and therefore the sales of the fuel cell systems and hydrogen infrastructure were recognized as ~~revenue.~~revenue for the year ended December 31, 2018 and three and nine months ended September 30, 2019. Transactions completed under the Wells Fargo MLA in 2017 were accounted for as finance leases. The difference in lease classification is due to changes in financing terms and their bearing on lease assessment criteria. Also included in the remaining lease payments to Wells Fargo is a sale/leaseback transaction in 2015 that was accounted for as an operating lease. In connection with the Wells Fargo MLA, the Company has a ~~customer guarantee for a majority of the transaction. The Wells Fargo MLA requires a letter of credit for the unguaranteed portion.~~

We have historically funded our operations primarily through public and private offerings of common and preferred stock, as well as short-term borrowings, long-term debt and project financing, and recently with Convertible Senior Notes. The Company believes that its current working capital and cash anticipated to be generated from future operations, as well as borrowings from lending and project financing sources and proceeds from equity offerings, will provide sufficient liquidity to fund operations for at least one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. There is no guarantee that future funding will be available if and when required or at terms acceptable to the Company. This projection is based on our current expectations regarding new project financing and product sales and service, cost structure, cash burn rate and other operating assumptions. Additionally, the Company has other capital sources available, including the At Market Issuance Sales Agreement.

~~Several key indicators of liquidity are summarized in the following table (in thousands):~~

Nine months

Year

ended or at

ended or at

September 30, 2018

December 31, 2017

Cash and cash equivalents at end of period

$
13,825

$
24,828

Restricted cash at end of period

48,227

43,227

Working capital at end of period

6,732

3,886

Net loss attributable to common shareholders

61,307

130,178

Net cash used in operating activities

41,642

60,182

Purchases of property, plant and equipment and leased property

16,649

44,363

Net cash provided by financing activities

53,216

71,616

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customer guarantee for a majority of the transactions. The aforementioned Wells Fargo MLA transactions required a letter of credit for the unguaranteed portion totaling $37.3 million.

~~Long-Term~~

Secured Debt

~~On December 23, 2016,~~In March 2019, the Company, and its subsidiaries Emerging Power Inc. and Emergent Power Inc., entered into a loan and security agreement, as amended (the Loan Agreement), with Generate Lending, LLC (Generate Capital), providing for a secured term loan facility in the amount of $100.0 million (the Term Loan Facility). The Company borrowed $85.0 million under the Loan Agreement on the date of closing and borrowed an additional $15.0 million in April 2019. A portion of the initial proceeds of the loan was used to pay in full the Company’s long-term debt with NY Green Bank, a Division of the New York State Energy Research & Development Authority, ~~(NY Green Bank), pursuant to which NY~~including accrued interest of $17.6 million (the Green Bank ~~made available to~~Loan), and terminate approximately $50.3 million of certain equipment leases with Generate Plug Power SLB II, LLC and repurchase the associated leased equipment. In connection with this transaction, the Company recognized a ~~secured term loan facility~~loss on extinguishment of debt of approximately $0.5 million. This loss was recorded in interest and other expenses, net in the ~~amount~~Company’s unaudited interim condensed consolidated statement of ~~$25.0~~operations. Additionally, $1.7 million ~~(Term~~was paid to an escrow account related to additional fees due in connection with the Green Bank Loan ~~Facility), subject to certain terms and conditions. The Company borrowed $25.0 million upon closing and incurred costs of $1.2 million. On July 21, 2017,~~if the Company does not meet certain New York State employment and ~~NY Green Bank entered into~~fuel cell deployment targets by March 2021. This amount paid to an ~~amendment to the Term Loan Facility, which among~~escrow account was recorded in long-term other things, provided for an additional $20.0 million term loan, increasing the size of the total commitment to $45.0 million, amended the interest rate, prepayment penalty (for any prepayment in the calendar year 2017 or 2018, a prepayment charge equal to 7.5% of the advance amount being prepaid will apply) and product deployment and employment targets. As with the existing facility, the up-sized facility will be repaid primarily asassets on the Company’s ~~various restricted cash balances are released over the term~~unaudited interim condensed consolidated balance sheet as of the facility. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company borrowed the additional $20.0 million of working capital financing and incurred closing costs of $0.5 million. In June 2018, the timing and amount of the remaining principal payments were modified. At September 30, ~~2018 and December 31, 2017,~~2019. On September 30, 2019, the outstanding principal balance under the Term Loan Facility was ~~$21.2~~$96.3 million. The net loan proceeds of $32.1 million are being used to fund working capital for ongoing deployments and ~~$32.8 million, respectively. The fair value~~other general corporate purposes of the ~~Term Loan Facility approximates the carrying value as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, due to the variable interest rate of the Term Loan Facility.~~ Company.

Advances under the Term Loan Facility bear interest at ~~a rate equal to the sum~~12.0% per annum. The Loan Agreement includes covenants, limitations, and events of ~~the LIBOR rate~~default customary for ~~the applicable interest period, plus applicable margin of 9.5%. The interest rate at September 30, 2018 and 2017 was approximately 11.8% and 10.8%, respectively.~~ similar facilities. The term of the loan is three years, with a maturity date of December ~~23, 2019. As of September 30, 2018, estimated remaining principal payments will be approximately $4.0 million for the remainder of 2018 and $17.2 million during the year ending 2019. These~~13, 2022. Principal payments will be funded in part by releases of restricted cash, ~~released.~~as described in Note 15, Commitments and Contingencies.

Interest and a ~~varying~~ portion of the principal amount is payable on a quarterly basis and the entire then outstanding principal balance of the Term Loan Facility, together with all accrued and unpaid interest, is due and payable on the maturity ~~date. On the maturity~~ date ~~the~~of December 13, 2022. The Company may also be required to pay Generate Capital additional fees of up to ~~$1.8~~$1.5 million if the Company is unable to ~~meet certain goals related~~provide $50.0 million of structured project financing arrangements with Generate Capital prior to the deployment of fuel cell systems in the State of New York and increasing the Company’s number of full-time employees in the State of New York. The Company currently believes that it will meet those goals.December 31, 2021.

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certain factors that are yet to be determined and on a third party valuation that has yet to be completed. The ~~Term~~ Loan ~~Facility~~Agreement also provides for events of default, including, among others, payment, bankruptcy, covenant, representation and warranty, change of control, judgment and material adverse effect defaults at the discretion of the lender.

The Term Loan Facility requires the principal balance at the end of each of the following years may not exceed the following (in thousands):


December 31, 2019	$	94,638
December 31, 2020		73,034
December 31, 2021		51,106
December 31, 2022		—

We have historically funded our operations primarily through public and private offerings of equity and debt, as well as short-term borrowings, long-term debt and project financings. The Company believes that its current working capital and cash anticipated to be generated from future operations, as well as borrowings from lending and project financing sources and proceeds from equity and debt offerings, including the at-the-market offering, will provide sufficient liquidity to fund operations for at least one year after the date the financial statements are issued. There is no guarantee that future funding will be available if and when required or at terms acceptable to the Company. This projection is based on our current expectations regarding new project financing and product sales and service, cost structure, cash burn rate and other operating assumptions.

Several key indicators of liquidity are summarized in the following table (in thousands):


	Nine months		Year
	ended or at		ended or at
	September 30, 2019		December 31, 2018
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	43,275	$	38,602
Restricted cash at end of period		155,042		71,551
Working capital at end of period		70,452		9,245
Net loss attributable to common shareholders		73,767		78,167
Net cash used in operating activities		51,801		57,617
Net cash used in investing activities		8,971		19,572
Net cash provided by financing activities		149,055		119,344

$40 Million Convertible Senior Note

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of the note may convert at its option at any time until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately prior to the maturity date for shares of the Company’s common stock, subject to certain limitations. In addition, the note will be automatically converted if (1) the daily volume-weighted average price per share of common stock exceeds 175% of the conversion price (as described above) on each of the 20 consecutive VWAP trading days (as defined in the note) beginning after the issue date of the note and (2) certain equity conditions (as defined in the note) are satisfied. Only if both criteria are met is the note automatically converted. Upon either the voluntary or automatic conversion of the note, the Company will deliver shares of common stock based on (1) the then-effective conversion rate and (2) the original principal amount of $40 million and not the maturity principal amount of $48 million. The note does not allow cash settlement (entirely or partially) upon conversion. As such, the Company uses the if-converted method for calculating any potential dilutive effect of the conversion option on diluted earnings per share.

The note consisted of the following at September 30, 2019 (in thousands):


Principal amounts:
Principal at maturity	$	48,000
Unamortized debt discount		(8,000)
Unamortized debt issuance costs		(948)
Net carrying amount	$	39,052

As of September 30, 2019, the remaining life of the note was approximately 40 months.

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$100 Million Convertible Senior Notes

The total net proceeds from the ~~Convertible Senior Notes~~notes were as follows:


	Amount
	(in thousands)
Principal amount	$	100,000
Less initial purchasers' discount		(3,250)
Less cost of related capped call and common stock forward		(43,500)
Less other issuance costs		(894)
Net proceeds	$	52,356

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We incurred transaction costs related to the issuance of the ~~Convertible Senior Notes~~notes of approximately $4.1 million, consisting of initial purchasers' discount of approximately $3.3 million and other issuance costs of ~~approximately $0.8~~$0.9 million. In accounting for the transaction costs, we allocated the total amount incurred to the liability and equity components using the same proportions as the proceeds from the ~~Convertible Senior Notes.~~notes. Transaction costs attributable to the liability component were approximately $2.4 million, were recorded as debt issuance cost (presented as contra debt in the unaudited interim condensed consolidated balance sheet) and are being amortized to interest expense over the term of the ~~Convertible Senior Notes.~~notes. The transaction costs attributable to the equity component were approximately $1.7 million and were netted with the equity component in stockholders’ equity.

The ~~Convertible Senior Notes consists~~notes consisted of the following at September 30, ~~2018~~2019 (in thousands):


Principal amounts:
Principal	$	100,000	$	100,000
Unamortized debt discount (1)		(36,324)		(29,605)
Unamortized debt issuance costs (1)		(2,167)		(1,687)
Net carrying amount	$	61,509	$	68,708
Carrying amount of the equity component (2)	$	37,702	$	37,702

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As of September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, the remaining life of the ~~Convertible Senior Notes is~~notes was approximately 5442 months.

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Capped Call

Common Stock Forward

The fair values of the Capped Call and Common Stock Forward are not remeasured each reporting period.

Common Stock Issuance

In March 2019, the Company issued and sold in a registered direct offering an aggregate of 10 million shares of the Company’s common stock at a purchase price of $2.35 per share. The net proceeds to the Company were approximately $23.5 million.

At Market Issuance Sales Agreement

On April 3, 2017, the Company entered into an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (the ~~“Sales Agreement”)~~Sales Agreement) with FBR Capital Markets & Co. (now B. Riley FBR, Inc.), as sales agent ~~(“FBR”)~~(FBR), pursuant to which the Company may offer and sell, from time to time through FBR, shares of common stock par value $0.01 per share having an aggregate offering price of up to $75.0 million. ~~The Company has raised $27.9 million to date.~~ Under the Sales Agreement, in no event shall the Company issue or sell through FBR such a number of shares that exceeds the number of shares or dollar amount of common stock registered. During the nine months ended September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, the Company ~~did not offer any shares pursuant to~~raised gross proceeds of $15.3 million. As of October 29, 2019, the Company had raised a total of $46.8 million during the term of the Sales Agreement.

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~~Operating Leases – As~~ Lessor Obligations

As of September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, the Company ~~has several~~had noncancelable operating leases (as lessor), primarily associated with assets deployed at customer sites. These leases expire over the next ~~six~~one to seven years. Leases contain termination clauses with associated penalties the amount of which cause the likelihood of ~~cancelation~~cancellation to be remote.

Future minimum lease payments under noncancelable operating leases (with initial or remaining lease terms in excess of one year) as of September 30, ~~2018 are~~2019 were as follows (in thousands):


Remainder of 2018	$	6,675
2019		26,569
Remainder of 2019			$	7,685
2020		24,839		30,135
2021		20,117		29,169
2022		11,340		21,272
2023 and thereafter		13,594
2023				17,208
2024 and thereafter				34,759
Total future minimum lease payments	$	103,134	$	140,228

~~Operating Leases – As~~ Lessee Obligations

As of September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, the Company has ~~several noncancelable~~ operating and finance leases, ~~(as lessee),~~as lessee, primarily associated with sale/leaseback transactions that are partially secured by restricted cash, security deposits and pledged escrows (see also Note 1, Nature of Operations) as summarized below. These leases expire over the next ~~six~~one to ~~seven~~nine years. Minimum rent payments under operating and finance leases are recognized on a straight‑line basis over the term of the lease. Leases contain termination clauses with associated penalties, the amount of which cause the likelihood of ~~cancelation~~cancellation to be remote.

~~Future minimum lease payments under noncancelable operating~~In prior periods, the Company entered into sale/leaseback transactions that were accounted for as finance leases ~~(with initial or remaining lease terms in excess~~and reported as part of ~~one year) as~~finance obligations. The outstanding balance of finance obligations related to sale/leaseback transactions at September 30, ~~2018 are (in thousands):~~

Rental expense for all operating leases was $3.9 million and $3.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Rental expense for all operating leases was $11.0 million and $10.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

~~The gross profit on sale/leaseback transactions for all operating leases was $6.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018.~~

~~Right of use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities were $21.7 million and $23.9 million for three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively.~~

~~At September 30, 2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017, security deposits associated with sale/leaseback transactions were $5.5~~2018 was $33.6 million and ~~$8.3~~$81.9 million, ~~respectively~~respectively. The fair value of the finance obligation approximated the carrying value as of both September 30, 2019 and ~~are included in other assets on the unaudited interim consolidated balance sheet.~~December 31, 2018.

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~~Other information related to the operating leases are presented in the following table.~~

~~Finance Leases – As Lessee~~

Finance lease costs include amortization of the right of use assets (i.e. depreciation expense) and interest of lease liabilities (i.e interest and other expense, net in the unaudited interim consolidated statement of operations). Finance lease costs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively are (in thousands):

~~Right of use assets obtained in exchange for new finance lease liabilities were zero and $0.2 million for three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively.~~2019.

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Future minimum lease payments under operating and finance leases (with initial or remaining lease terms in excess of one year) as of September 30, 2019 were as follows (in thousands):


					Other		Total
	Operating		Finance		Leased		Finance
	Leases		Leases		Property		Obligations
Remainder of 2019	$	9,009	$	2,532	$	180	$	11,721
2020		35,731		10,128		425		46,284
2021		35,731		9,276		407		45,414
2022		27,920		4,975		390		33,285
2023		25,316		3,177		366		28,859
2024 and thereafter		45,394		16,154		1,548		63,096
Total future minimum lease payments		179,101		46,242		3,316		228,659
Less imputed lease interest		(48,737)		(12,619)		(938)		(62,294)
Sale of future services		—		83,212		—		83,212
Total finance obligations	$	130,364	$	116,835	$	2,378	$	249,577

Other information related to the operating leases are presented in the following table:


		Nine months ended		Nine months ended
		September 30, 2019		September 30, 2018
Cash payments (in thousands)	$	19,222	$	10,617
Weighted average remaining lease term (years)		5.25		4.12
Weighted average discount rate		12.1%		12.0%


	Nine months ended		Nine months ended
	September 30, 2019		September 30, 2018
Amortization of right of use asset	$	2,308	$	6,776
Interest on finance obligations		3,194		4,781
Total finance lease cost	$	5,502	$	11,557

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Other information related to the finance leases are presented in the following ~~table.~~table:


		Three months ended		Nine months ended		Nine months ended		Nine months ended
		September 30, 2018		September 30, 2018		September 30, 2019		September 30, 2018
Cash payments	$	6,986	$	26,392
Cash payments (in thousands)					$	57,659	$	26,392
Weighted average remaining lease term (years)		3.02		3.56		3.09		3.56
Weighted average discount rate		11.2%		11.1%		11.1%		11.1%

Restricted Cash

Critical Accounting Estimates

Management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. ~~generally accepted accounting principles.~~GAAP. The preparation of these unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of and during the reporting period. On an on-going basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including those related to revenue recognition for multiple element arrangements, bad debts, inventories, intangible assets, valuation of long-lived assets, accrual for loss contracts on service, operating and finance leases, product warranty reserves, unbilled revenue, common stock warrants, income taxes, stock-based compensation, contingencies, and purchase accounting. We base our estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various other factors and assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about (1) the carrying values of assets and liabilities and (2) the amount of revenue and expenses realized that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

We refer to the policies and estimates set forth in the section “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Estimates”, as well as a discussion of significant accounting policies included in Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, of the consolidated financial statements, both of which are included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, ~~2017, except for the policy on Convertible Senior Notes described below.~~

The Company accounts for the issued Convertible Senior Notes with separate liability and equity components. The carrying amount of the liability component was initially determined by estimating the fair value of a similar debt instrument that does not have an associated convertible feature. The carrying amount of the equity component representing the conversion option was determined by deducting the estimated fair value of the liability component from the par value of the Convertible Senior Notes as a whole as of the date of issuance. This difference represents a debt discount that is amortized to interest expense, with a corresponding increase to the carrying amount of the liability component, over the term of the Convertible Senior Notes using the effective interest rate method. The equity component is not remeasured as long as it continues to meet the conditions for equity classification. The Company has allocated issuance costs incurred to the liability and equity components. Issuance costs attributable to the liability component are being amortized to expense over the respective term of the Convertible Senior Notes, and issuance costs attributable to the equity components were netted with the respective equity component in additional paid-in capital.

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~~Recent Accounting Pronouncements~~

2018.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

~~In September 2018, the Company early adopted~~ ~~ASC Topic 842,~~ ~~Leases~~ ~~(ASC Topic 842)~~, as amended effective January 1, 2018 and elected the available practical expedients. The adoption of ASU 2016-02 had an insignificant impact on the Company’s unaudited interim consolidated statements of operations. The most significant impact was the recognition of right of use assets and finance obligations for operating leases on the unaudited interim consolidated balance sheet, as well as expanded disclosures. The table below summarizes the impact of this initial adoption to the unaudited interim consolidated balance sheet as of January 1, 2018 (in thousands). In addition, the consolidated statement of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was impacted by a decrease of depreciation expenses of $0.3 million.

~~Recently Issued and Not Yet Adopted Accounting Pronouncements~~

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In August 2018, an accounting update was issued to improve effectiveness of the disclosures in the notes to the financial statements by facilitating clear communication of the information required by generally accepted accounting standards (GAAP) that is most important to users of each entity’s financial statements. The focus of improvement includes the development of a framework that promotes consistent decisions by the board about disclosure requirements and the appropriate exercise of discretion by reporting entities. The Company is evaluating the impact this update will have on the consolidated financial statements.

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payment awards. The amendments also clarify that ASC Topic 718 does not apply to share-based payments used to effectively provide (1) financing to the issuer or (2) awards granted in conjunction with selling goods or services to customers as part of a contract accounted for under ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The amendments in this accounting update are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within that fiscal year. Early adoption is permitted, but no earlier than an entity’s adoption date of ASC Topic 606. The Company adopted this update on January 1, 2019 and it did not have a material effect on the unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements.

Recently Issued and Not Yet Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2019, Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2019-05, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, was issued to provide an option to irrevocably elect the fair value option for certain financial assets previously measured at amortized cost basis. Adoption of this update is optional and within scope of Topic 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses, effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. The Company is evaluating ~~whether to early adopt~~the adoption method as well as the impact this ~~accounting~~ update ~~during~~will have on the ~~remainder of 2018.~~consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, ~~an accounting update~~Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350), was issued to simplify how an entity is required to test goodwill for impairment by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Step 2 measures a goodwill impairment loss by comparing the implied fair value of a reporting unit’s goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill. This accounting update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. ~~Early adoption is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017.~~ The Company ~~is evaluating~~has evaluated the ~~impact~~update and has concluded that the adoption of this update will not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In August 2016, ~~an accounting update~~Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230)s: Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, was issued to reduce the existing diversity in practice in how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the ~~statements~~statement of cash flows. This accounting update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. The Company is evaluating the adoption method as well as the impact this update will have on the consolidated financial statements.

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losses, including the utilization of an expected credit loss model, which requires consideration of a broader range of information to estimate expected credit losses over the entire lifetime of the asset, including losses where probability is considered remote. Additionally, the standard requires the estimation of lifetime expected losses for trade receivables and contract assets that are classified as current. This update is effective beginning after January 1, 2020. The Company is evaluating the adoption method as well as the impact this update will have on the consolidated financial statements.

Item 3 — Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

From time to time, we may invest our cash in government, government backed and interest-bearing investment-grade securities that we generally hold for the duration of the term of the respective instrument. We do not utilize derivative financial instruments, derivative commodity instruments or other market risk sensitive instruments, positions or transactions in any material fashion, except for ~~a capped call~~the Capped Call and ~~common stock forward~~Common Stock Forward purchased in March 2018 related to the issuance of$100 million Convertible Senior Notes. We are not subject to any material risks arising from changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices, equity prices or other market changes that affect market risk sensitive instruments.

Our exposure to changes in foreign currency rates is primarily related to sourcing inventory from foreign locations and operations of ~~HyPulsion.~~HyPulsion, S.A.S., our French subsidiary that develops and sells hydrogen fuel cell systems for the European material handling market. This practice can give rise to foreign exchange risk resulting from the varying cost of inventory to the receiving location. The Company reviews the level of foreign content as part of its ongoing evaluation of overall sourcing strategies and considers the exposure to be not significant. Our HyPulsion exposure presently is mitigated by low levels of operations and its sourcing is primarily intercompany in nature and denominated in U.S. ~~dollar.~~dollars.

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Item 4 — Controls and Procedures

(a) Disclosure controls and procedures.

The chief executive officer and chief financial officer, based on their evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective for ensuring that information required to be disclosed in the reports that it files or submits under the ~~Securities~~ Exchange Act ~~of 1934~~ is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Commission’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in filed or submitted reports is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its principal executive officer and principal financial officer as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

(b) Changes in internal control over financial reporting.

There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the last fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial ~~reporting except for new controls put in place associated with adoption of and accounting and presentation required by ASC Topic 842.~~reporting.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1 — Legal Proceedings

On August 28, 2018, a lawsuit was filed on behalf of ~~eight~~multiple individuals against the Company and five corporate co-defendants in the 9th9th Judicial District Court, Rapides Parish, Louisiana. The lawsuit relates to the previously disclosed May 2018 accident involving a forklift powered by the Company’s fuel cell at a Procter & Gamble facility in Louisiana. The lawsuit alleges claims against the Company and the co-defendants for claims under the Louisiana Product Liability Act (“LPLA”), including defect in construction and/or composition, design defect, inadequate warning, breach of express warranty and ~~negligence. The lawsuit claims an unspecified amount of damages~~negligence for wrongful death and personal injuries, among other damages. Procter & Gamble has intervened in that suit to recover worker’s compensation benefits paid to or for the employees/dependents. Procter & Gamble has also

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filed suit for property damage, business interruption, loss of revenue, expenses, and other damages. Procter & Gamble alleges theories under the LPLA, breach of warranty and quasi-contractual claims under Louisiana law. Defendants include the Company and several of the same defendants from the August 2018 lawsuit. The Company intends to vigorously defend ~~the litigation.~~both cases. Given the early stage of ~~this matter,~~these matters, the Company is unable to determine the likelihood of an adverse outcome. ~~However,~~While the amount of damages sought in the lawsuits is yet unspecified, the Company does not expect the ~~lawsuit~~lawsuits to have a material impact on the Company’s financial position, liquidity or results of operations, or to otherwise have a material adverse effect on the Company.

An action had been brought in New York State Supreme Court by General Electric Co. (GE) and an affiliate against the Company related to indemnification agreement between GE and the Company. The Company entered into a settlement agreement for this action on September 19, 2018.

Item 1A - Risk Factors

~~The following Risk Factors are in addition to the Risk Factors described in~~ Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” of our most recently filed Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission for the fiscal year ended December 31, ~~2017, which~~2018, sets forth information relating to important risks and uncertainties that could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results. ~~Those~~Except to the extent that information disclosed elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q relates to such risk factors (including, without limitation, the matters described in Part I, Item 2, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”), there have been no material changes to our risk factors disclosed in our most recently filed Annual Report on Form 10-K. However, those risk factors continue to be relevant to an understanding of our business, financial condition and operating results and, accordingly, you should review and consider such risk factors in making any investment decision with respect to our securities.

~~Convertible debt securities that may be settled in cash, such as the Convertible Senior Notes, will have a material effect on our reported financial results.~~

~~Under Accounting Standards Codification 470-20,~~ ~~Debt with Conversion and Other Options~~, or ASC 470-20, an entity must separately account for the liability and equity components of the convertible debt instruments (such as the Convertible Senior Notes) that may be settled entirely or partially in cash upon conversion in a manner that reflects the

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issuer’s economic interest cost. The effect of ASC 470-20 on the accounting for the Convertible Senior Notes is that the equity component is required to be included in the additional paid-in capital section of stockholders’ equity on our consolidated balance sheet at the issuance date and the value of the equity component would be treated as debt discount for purposes of accounting for the debt component of the Convertible Senior Notes. As a result, we are required to record a non-cash interest expense as a result of the amortization of the discounted carrying value of the Convertible Senior Notes to their face amount over the term of the Convertible Senior Notes. We will report larger net losses (or lower net income) in our financial results because ASC 470-20 will require interest to include the amortization of the debt discount, which could adversely affect our reported or future financial results or the trading price of our common stock.

~~The convertible note hedges may affect the value of the Convertible Senior Notes and our common stock.~~

In connection with the pricing of the Convertible Senior Notes, we entered into convertible note hedge transactions with one or more of the initial purchasers of the Convertible Senior Notes and/or their respective affiliates or other financial institutions, or the option counterparties. The convertible note hedge transactions are generally expected to reduce the potential dilution upon any conversion of Convertible Senior Notes and/or provide a source of cash to settle a portion of its cash payments related to any excess over the principal amount upon conversion of any Convertible Senior Notes.

The option counterparties and/or their respective affiliates may modify their hedge positions by entering into or unwinding various derivatives with respect to our common stock and/or purchasing or selling our common stock in secondary market transactions prior to the maturity of the Convertible Senior Notes (and are likely to do so during any observation period related to a conversion of Convertible Senior Notes or following any repurchase of Convertible Senior Notes by us on any fundamental change repurchase date or otherwise). This activity could also cause or avoid an increase or a decrease in the market price of our common stock. In addition, if any such convertible note hedge transaction fails to become effective, the option counterparties may unwind their hedge positions with respect to our common stock, which could adversely affect the value of our common stock.

The potential effect, if any, of these transactions and activities on the market price of our common stock will depend in part on market conditions and cannot be ascertained at this time. Any of these activities could adversely affect the value of our common stock.

~~We are subject to counterparty risk with respect to the convertible note hedge transactions.~~

The option counterparties will be financial institutions or affiliates of financial institutions, and we will be subject to the risk that one or more of such option counterparties may default under the convertible note hedge transactions. Our exposure to the credit risk of the option counterparties will not be secured by any collateral. If any option counterparty becomes subject to bankruptcy or other insolvency proceedings, we will become an unsecured creditor in those proceedings with a claim equal to our exposure at that time under our transactions with that option counterparty. Our exposure will depend on many factors but, generally, an increase in our exposure will be correlated to an increase in our common stock market price and in the volatility of the market price of our common stock. In addition, upon a default by an option counterparty, we may suffer adverse tax consequences and dilution with respect to our common stock. We can provide no assurance as to the financial stability or viability of any option counterparty.

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Item 2 - Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

(a) None.

(b) Not applicable.

Item 3 — Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4 — Mine Safety Disclosures

None.

Item 5 — Other Information

(a) None.

(b) None.

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Item 6 — Exhibits



10.1	Note Purchase Agreement, by and between the Company and HT Investments MA LLC (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Plug Power Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 9, 2019 and incorporated by reference herein).

10.2	$40,000,000 Senior Convertible Note due 2023 (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Plug Power Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 9, 2019 and incorporated by reference herein).

10.3	Third Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement, dated as of September 6, 2019, by and among Plug Power Inc., Emergent Power Inc., Emerging Power Inc., and Generate Lending, LLC (filed as Exhibit 10.1 to Plug Power Inc.’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on September 9, 2019 and incorporated by reference herein),

31.1	Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2	Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.1	Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.2	Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

101.INS*	XBRL Instance Document (1)
101.SCH*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document (1)
101.CAL*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document (1)
101.DEF*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document (1)
101.LAB*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document (1)
101.PRE*	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document (1)

(1)

Filed herewith.

*Submitted electronically herewith. Attached as Exhibit 101 are the following materials from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, ~~2018,~~2019, formatted in eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) and tagged as blocks of text: (i) Interim ~~Consolidated~~Condensed consolidated Balance ~~Sheet~~Sheets at September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017;~~2018; (ii) Interim ~~Consolidated~~Condensed consolidated Statements of Operations for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017;~~2018; (iii) Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017;~~2018; (iv) Interim ~~Consolidated~~Condensed consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity for the Nine Months Ended September 30, ~~2018;~~2019; (v) Interim Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Nine Months Ended September 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017;~~2018; and (vi) related notes, tagged as blocks of text.

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Signatures

Pursuant to requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


	PLUG POWER INC.

Date: November ~~9, 2018~~8, 2019	By:	/s/ Andrew Marsh
		Andrew Marsh
		President, Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer)

Date: November ~~9, 2018~~8, 2019	By:	/s/ Paul B. Middleton
		Paul B. Middleton
		Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)

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Recognition of right of use asset	$	34,416
Decrease in accrued expenses		385
Recognition of finance obligation		(34,161)
Decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets		(3,229)
Decrease in leased property, net of accumulated depreciation		(563)
Increase in accumulated deficit		3,487



Remainder of 2018	$	4,754
2019		17,675
2020		16,304
2021		11,562
2022		6,110
2023 and thereafter		11,472
Total future minimum lease payments		67,877
Less imputed lease interest		(15,929)
Total lease liabilities	$	51,948



Remainder of 2018	$	8,889
2019		30,030
2020		6,042
2021		6,042
2022		4,296
2023 and thereafter		17,025
Total future minimum lease payments		72,324
Less imputed lease interest		(12,811)
Total lease liabilities	$	59,513