Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of ~~November 8, 2018, 16,299,952~~August 7, 2019, 16,414,411 shares of common stock, par value $0.01, were outstanding.

~~IMPLICATIONS OF BEING AN EMERGING GROWTH COMPANY AND A SMALLER REPORTING COMPANY~~

Since our initial public offering, we have continued to qualify as an “emerging growth company” (“EGC”) as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”). An EGC may take advantage of specified reduced reporting requirements and is relieved of certain other significant requirements that are otherwise generally applicable to public companies.

We may choose to take advantage of some, but not all, of these reduced burdens. We will continue to operate under these provisions until December 31, 2018, or such earlier time that we are no longer an EGC. We would cease to be an EGC if we have more than $1.07 billion in annual revenues, qualify as a “large accelerated filer” under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), which requires us to have more than $700 million in market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates, or issue more than $1.0 billion of non-convertible debt over a three-year period.

~~Following the Securities and Exchange Commission’s recent amendment to the definition of “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act,~~ which was effective on September 10, 2018, we qualify as a smaller reporting company and may take advantage of the scaled disclosure requirements applicable to smaller reporting companies effective with the filing of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Many of the same reduced reporting requirements available to us as an EGC are also available to us as a smaller reporting company, in addition to others. To the extent that we continue to qualify as a smaller reporting company, after we cease to qualify as an EGC, those reduced reporting requirements may continue to be available to us.

Condensed Statement of Consolidated Operations and Comprehensive Loss (Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended						Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	September 30,						September 30,						June 30,						June 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017			2019			2018			2019			2018
Revenue	$	16,589		$	15,887		$	39,339		$	37,555		$	15,279		$	10,857		$	24,858		$	22,750
Cost of sales		10,016			11,790			28,560			29,829			10,137			9,267			17,074			18,544
Gross profit		6,573			4,097			10,779			7,726			5,142			1,590			7,784			4,206
Operating expenses
Research and development		2,444			2,871			8,474			7,219			2,537			3,235			4,969			6,030
Selling, general and administrative		5,200			6,062			17,755			18,338			6,167			6,353			11,590			12,555
		7,644			8,933			26,229			25,557			8,704			9,588			16,559			18,585
Loss from operations		(1,071	)		(4,836	)		(15,450	)		(17,831	)		(3,562	)		(7,998	)		(8,775	)		(14,379	)
Other (income) expense
Other expense (income)
Interest expense		73			24			179			69			71			73			142			106
Other (income) expense ̶ net		(838	)		(11	)		(936	)		134
Other expense (income) ̶ net														57			(52	)		69			(98	)
		(765	)		13			(757	)		203			128			21			211			8
Loss before income taxes		(306	)		(4,849	)		(14,693	)		(18,034	)		(3,690	)		(8,019	)		(8,986	)		(14,387	)
Provision for income taxes		17			14			52			23
Provision (benefit) for income taxes														99			18			(701	)		35
Net loss	$	(323	)	$	(4,863	)	$	(14,745	)	$	(18,057	)	$	(3,789	)	$	(8,037	)	$	(8,285	)	$	(14,422	)
Net loss per common share:
Basic	$	(0.02	)	$	(0.30	)	$	(0.91	)	$	(1.13	)	$	(0.23	)	$	(0.50	)	$	(0.51	)	$	(0.89	)
Diluted	$	(0.02	)	$	(0.30	)	$	(0.91	)	$	(1.13	)	$	(0.23	)	$	(0.50	)	$	(0.51	)	$	(0.89	)
Comprehensive loss:
Net loss	$	(323	)	$	(4,863	)	$	(14,745	)	$	(18,057	)	$	(3,789	)	$	(8,037	)	$	(8,285	)	$	(14,422	)
Other comprehensive (loss) income:
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Foreign currency translation adjustments		(429	)		1,194			(1,267	)		4,713			583			(2,240	)		(193	)		(838	)
Comprehensive loss	$	(752	)	$	(3,669	)	$	(16,012	)	$	(13,344	)	$	(3,206	)	$	(10,277	)	$	(8,478	)	$	(15,260	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

	September 30,			December 31,			June 30,			December 31,
	2018			2017			2019			2018
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	10,705		$	21,848		$	5,462		$	7,592
Restricted cash		1,312			330			1,790			1,548
Accounts receivable ̶ net of allowance of $686 (2018) and $1,193 (2017)		5,384			8,647
Accounts receivable ̶ net								4,667			6,393
Current portion of net investment in sales-type leases								293			302
Inventories ̶ net		20,719			15,430			16,183			15,930
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		3,585			1,710			2,736			2,438
Total current assets		41,705			47,965			31,131			34,203
Property and equipment ̶ net		42,917			46,797			40,879			41,906
Intangible assets ̶ net		—			62
Net investment in sales-type leases ̶ net of current portion								1,204			1,351
Other noncurrent assets		692			736			484			222
Total assets	$	85,314		$	95,560		$	73,698		$	77,682
Liabilities
Current liabilities:
Current portion of long-term debt	$	142		$	137		$	149		$	144
Current portion of capital leases		14			15
Accounts payable		3,534			4,291			5,339			4,376
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities		5,681			6,081			4,525			6,049
Deferred revenue and customer prepayments		14,129			8,282
Current portion of contract liabilities								6,204			2,343
Total current liabilities		23,500			18,806			16,217			12,912
Long-term debt ̶ net of current portion		1,401			1,508			1,288			1,364
Capital leases ̶ net of current portion		38			36
Contract liabilities ̶ net of current portion								341			527
Other noncurrent liabilities		1			1			280			104
Total liabilities		24,940			20,351			18,126			14,907
Contingencies and commitments
Stockholders' equity
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 200,000,000 shares authorized, 16,232,951 (2018) and 16,124,617 (2017) shares issued and outstanding		162			161
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 200,000,000 shares authorized, 16,318,147 (2019) and 16,234,201 (2018) shares issued and outstanding								163			162
Additional paid-in capital		174,894			173,718			176,488			175,214
Accumulated deficit		(103,931	)		(89,186	)		(110,138	)		(101,853	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(10,751	)		(9,484	)		(10,941	)		(10,748	)
Total stockholders' equity		60,374			75,209			55,572			62,775
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	85,314		$	95,560		$	73,698		$	77,682

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

	Nine Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	September 30,						June 30,
	2018			2017			2019			2018
Operating activities
Net loss	$	(14,745	)	$	(18,057	)	$	(8,285	)	$	(14,422	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used for operations:
Depreciation and amortization		4,039			4,966			2,349			2,829
Equity-based compensation		656			2,043			1,081			374
Amortization of debt issuance costs		52			4			47			27
Recoveries for bad debts ̶ net		(40	)		(51	)		(150	)		(37	)
Provision for slow-moving, obsolete and lower of cost or net realizable value inventories ̶ net		910			1,872
(Recoveries) provision for slow-moving, obsolete and lower of cost or net realizable value inventories ̶ net								(27	)		771
Gain from disposal of property and equipment ̶ net		(33	)		(322	)		(2	)		(41	)
Changes in assets and liabilities, excluding effects of foreign currency translation adjustments:
Decrease in accounts receivable		3,166			288			1,879			3,661
Decrease in net investment in sales-type leases								153			102
Increase in inventories		(7,458	)		(2,772	)		(1,167	)		(7,060	)
Increase in prepaid expenses and other assets		(761	)		(1,438	)		(221	)		(658	)
(Decrease) increase in accounts payable		(637	)		2,032
Decrease in accrued expenses and other liabilities		(206	)		(522	)
Increase (decrease) in deferred revenue and customer prepayments		6,168			(938	)
Increase in accounts payable								927			445
(Decrease) increase in accrued expenses and other liabilities								(1,689	)		730
Increase in contract liabilities								3,608			5,406
Net cash used for operating activities		(8,889	)		(12,895	)		(1,497	)		(7,873	)
Investing activities
Capital expenditures		(1,192	)		(874	)		(423	)		(819	)
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment		77			3,702			3			25
Net cash (used for) provided by investing activities		(1,115	)		2,828
Net cash used for investing activities								(420	)		(794	)
Financing activities
Payments on long-term debt		(106	)		(102	)		(74	)		(70	)
Payments on capital leases		(13	)		(64	)
Proceeds from exercise of employee stock options								171			—
Taxes related to the net share settlement of equity-based awards								(68	)		—
Debt issuance costs		(265	)		—			—			(188	)
Proceeds from exercise of employee stock options		521			—
Other								(7	)		(9	)
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities		137			(166	)		22			(267	)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash		(294	)		882			7			(197	)
Net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash		(10,161	)		(9,351	)		(1,888	)		(9,131	)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period		22,178			28,155			9,140			22,178
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period	$	12,017		$	18,804		$	7,252		$	13,047

Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing and financing activities
Transfer of internally developed 3D printing machines from inventories to property and equipment for internal use or leasing activities	$	1,521		$	2,363		$	1,066		$	895
Transfer of internally developed 3D printing machines from property and equipment to inventories for sale	$	847		$	597		$	182		$	424
Property and equipment included in assets held for sale (Note 5)	$	822		$	—
Property and equipment acquired through financing arrangements	$	14		$	48
Property and equipment included in accounts payable	$	48		$	94		$	110		$	95
Property and equipment included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities	$	4		$	84		$	48		$	23
Advance deposits on property and equipment	$	—		$	12
Property and equipment acquired through financing arrangements							$	—		$	14
Unsettled proceeds from sale of property and equipment							$	—		$	51
Unsettled proceeds from exercise of employee stock options							$	91		$	—
Debt issuance costs included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities							$	—		$	76

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Condensed Statement of Changes in Consolidated Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited)

											Accumulated																Accumulated
											other			Total													other			Total
	Common stock				Additional			Accumulated			comprehensive			stockholders'			Common stock				Additional			Accumulated			comprehensive			stockholders'
	Shares		$		paid-in capital			deficit			loss			equity
Balance at December 31, 2016		16,017	$	160	$	171,116		$	(68,761	)	$	(14,735	)	$	87,780
Cumulative-effect adjustment due to the adoption of Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Update 2016-16		—		—		—			(408	)		—			(408	)
Net loss		—		—		—			(6,791	)		—			(6,791	)
Other comprehensive income		—		—		—			—			1,026			1,026
Equity-based compensation		—		—		561			—			—			561
Common stock issued from equity incentive plan		29		—		—			—			—			—
Balance at March 31, 2017		16,046		160		171,677			(75,960	)		(13,709	)		82,168
Net loss		—		—		—			(6,403	)		—			(6,403	)
Other comprehensive income		—		—		—			—			2,493			2,493
Equity-based compensation		—		—		274			—			—			274
Balance at June 30, 2017		16,046		160		171,951			(82,363	)		(11,216	)		78,532
Net loss		—		—		—			(4,863	)		—			(4,863	)
Other comprehensive income		—		—		—			—			1,194			1,194
Equity-based compensation		—		1		1,207			—			—			1,208
Common stock issued from equity incentive plan		46		—		—			—			—			—
Balance at September 30, 2017		16,092	$	161	$	173,158		$	(87,226	)	$	(10,022	)	$	76,071
																	Shares		$		paid-in capital			deficit			loss			equity
Balance at December 31, 2017		16,125	$	161	$	173,718		$	(89,186	)	$	(9,484	)	$	75,209			16,125	$	161	$	173,718		$	(89,186	)	$	(9,484	)	$	75,209
Net loss		—		—		—			(6,385	)		—			(6,385	)		—		—		—			(6,385	)		—			(6,385	)
Other comprehensive income		—		—		—			—			1,402			1,402			—		—		—			—			1,402			1,402
Equity-based compensation		—		—		379			—			—			379			—		—		379			—			—			379
Common stock issued from equity incentive plan		25		—		—			—			—			—			25		—		—			—			—			—
Balance at March 31, 2018		16,150		161		174,097			(95,571	)		(8,082	)		70,605			16,150	$	161	$	174,097		$	(95,571	)	$	(8,082	)	$	70,605
Net loss		—		—		—			(8,037	)		—			(8,037	)		—		—		—			(8,037	)		—			(8,037	)
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—			—			(2,240	)		(2,240	)		—		—		—			—			(2,240	)		(2,240	)
Equity-based compensation		—		—		(5	)		—			—			(5	)		—		—		(5	)		—			—			(5	)
Balance at June 30, 2018		16,150		161		174,092			(103,608	)		(10,322	)		60,323			16,150	$	161	$	174,092		$	(103,608	)	$	(10,322	)	$	60,323

Balance at December 31, 2018																		16,234	$	162	$	175,214		$	(101,853	)	$	(10,748	)	$	62,775
Net loss		—		—		—			(323	)		—			(323	)		—		—		—			(4,496	)		—			(4,496	)
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—			—			(429	)		(429	)		—		—		—			—			(776	)		(776	)
Equity-based compensation		—		—		282			—			—			282			—		—		439			—			—			439
Exercise of employee stock options		66		1		520			—			—			521			23		1		164			—			—			165
Taxes related to the net share settlement of equity-based awards																		—		—		(68	)		—			—			(68	)
Common stock issued from equity incentive plan		17		—		—			—			—			—			38		—		—			—			—			—
Balance at September 30, 2018		16,233	$	162	$	174,894		$	(103,931	)	$	(10,751	)	$	60,374
Balance at March 31, 2019																		16,295	$	163	$	175,749		$	(106,349	)	$	(11,524	)	$	58,039
Net loss																		—		—		—			(3,789	)		—			(3,789	)
Other comprehensive income																		—		—		—			—			583			583
Equity-based compensation																		—		—		642			—			—			642
Exercise of employee stock options																		13		—		97			—			—			97
Common stock issued from equity incentive plan																		10		—		—			—			—			—
Balance at June 30, 2019																		16,318	$	163	$	176,488		$	(110,138	)	$	(10,941	)	$	55,572

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

The ExOne Company (“ExOne”) is a corporation organized under the laws of the state of Delaware. ExOne was formed on January 1, 2013, when The Ex One Company, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, merged with and into a Delaware corporation, which survived and changed its name to The ExOne Company (the “Reorganization”). As a result of the Reorganization, The Ex One Company, LLC became ExOne, the common and preferred interest holders of The Ex One Company, LLC became holders of common stock and preferred stock, respectively, of ExOne, and the subsidiaries of The Ex One Company, LLC became the subsidiaries of ExOne. The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of ExOne, its wholly-owned subsidiaries, ExOne Americas LLC (United States); ExOne GmbH (Germany); ExOne Property GmbH (Germany); ExOne KK (Japan); and through December 2018, ExOne Italy S.r.l (Italy)~~; and through December 2017, ExOne Sweden AB (Sweden)~~. Collectively, the consolidated group is referred to as the “Company”.

The Company filed a registration statement on Form S-3 (No. 333-223690) with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 15, 2018. The purpose of the Form S-3 was to register, among other securities, debt securities. Subsidiaries of the Company are co-registrants with the Company (“Subsidiary Guarantors”), and the registration statement registered guarantees of debt securities by one or more of the Subsidiary Guarantors. The Subsidiary Guarantors are 100% owned by the Company and any guarantees by the Subsidiary Guarantors will be full and unconditional. There have been no transactions undertaken subject to the Form S-3 since its initial filing.

The condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company are unaudited. The condensed consolidated financial statements include all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, considered necessary by management to fairly state the results of operations, financial position and cash flows of the Company. All material intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. The results reported in these condensed consolidated financial statements are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the entire year. The December 31, ~~2017~~2018 condensed consolidated balance sheet data was derived from the audited financial statements but does not include all disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in connection with the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, which includes all disclosures required by GAAP.

The preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements requires the Company to make certain judgments, estimates and assumptions regarding uncertainties that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. Areas that require significant judgments, estimates and assumptions include accounting for accounts receivable (including the allowance for doubtful accounts); inventories (including the allowance for slow-moving and obsolete inventories); product warranty reserves; contingencies; income taxes (including the valuation allowance on certain deferred tax assets and liabilities for uncertain tax positions); equity-based compensation (including the valuation of certain equity-based compensation awards issued by the Company); and testing for impairment of long-lived assets (including the identification of asset groups by management, estimates of future cash flows of identified asset groups and fair value estimates used in connection with assessing the valuation of identified asset groups). The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

~~On January 1,~~Certain amounts relating to contract liabilities – net of current portion ($527) in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2018, have been reclassified from other noncurrent liabilities to conform to current period presentation, following the ~~Company adopted~~ adoption of Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) ~~ASU 2017-09, “Compensation~~2014-09 (further described below).

Certain amounts relating to the lessor current portion of net investment in sales-type leases ($302) and lessor net investment in sales-type leases – ~~Stock Compensation: Scope~~net of ~~Modification Accounting.” This ASU requires registrants~~current portion ($1,351) in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2018, have been reclassified from accounts receivable and other noncurrent assets, respectively, to apply modification accounting unless three specific criteria are met. The three criteria are: the fair value of the award is the same before and after the modification, the vesting conditions are the same before and after the modification and the classification as a debt or equity award is the same before and after the modification. Management has determined thatconform to current period presentation following the adoption of ~~this~~FASB ASU ~~did not~~2016-02 (further described below).

Related to the reclassifications further described above, amounts within the condensed statement of consolidated cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2018 associated with these changes have ~~an impact on the consolidated financial statements of the Company.~~also been reclassified to conform to current period presentation.

On January 1, ~~2017,~~2019, the Company adopted FASB ASU 2016-16, “Income Taxes: Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory.” This ASU modifies existing guidance and is intended to reduce diversity in practice with respect to the accounting for the income tax consequences of intra-entity transfers of assets. The ASU indicates that the former exception to income tax accounting that requires companies to defer the income tax effects of certain intercompany transactions would apply only to intercompany inventory transactions. That is, the exception no longer applies to intercompany sales and transfers of other assets (~~e.g.~~, property and equipment or intangible assets). Under the former exception, income tax expense associated with intra-entity profits in an intercompany sale or transfer of assets was eliminated from earnings. Instead, that cost was deferred and recorded on the balance sheet (~~e.g.~~, as a prepaid asset) until the assets left the consolidated group. Similarly, the entity was prohibited from recognizing deferred tax assets for the increases in tax bases due to the intercompany sale or transfer. A modified retrospective basis of adoption was required for this ASU. As a result, a cumulative-effect adjustment of approximately $408 has been recorded to accumulated deficit on January 1, 2017, in

connection with this adoption. This cumulative-effect adjustment relates to the prepaid expense associated with intra-entity transfers of property and equipment included in prepaid expenses and other current assets at December 31, 2016.

The Company considers the applicability and impact of all ASUs issued by the FASB. Recently issued ASUs not listed below either were assessed and determined to be not applicable or are currently expected to have no impact on the consolidated financial statements of the Company.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, “Statement of Cash Flows: Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments.” This ASU is intended to reduce diversity in practice in how certain cash receipts and payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. The standard provides guidance in a number of situations including, among others, settlement of zero-coupon bonds, contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims, and distributions received from equity method investees. The ASU also provides guidance for classifying cash receipts and payments that have aspects of more than one class of cash flows. This ASU becomes effective for the Company on January 1, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. Management is currently evaluating the potential impact of this ASU on the consolidated financial statements of the Company.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, “Leases.” As a result of this ASU, lessees will be required to recognize the following for all leases (with the exception of short-term leases) at the commencement date: a lease liability, which is a lessee’s obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease, measured on a discounted basis; and a right-of-use asset, which is an asset that represents the lessee’s right to use, or control the use of, a specified asset for the lease term. As a result of this ASU, lessor accounting is largely unchanged and lessees will no longer be provided with a source of off-balance sheet financing. This ASU becomes effective for the Company on January 1, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. Lessees (for capital and operating leases) and lessors (for sales-type, direct financing, and operating leases) must apply a modified retrospective transition approach for leases existing at, or entered into after, the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented in the consolidated financial statements. The modified retrospective approach would not require any transition accounting for leases that expired before the earliest comparative period presented. Lessees and lessors may not apply a full retrospective transition approach. Management is currently evaluating the potential impact of this ASU on the consolidated financial statements of the Company.

~~In May 2014, the FASB issued~~ ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers.” This ASU created a comprehensive framework for all entities in all industries to apply in the determination of when to recognize revenue and, therefore, supersedes virtually all existing revenue recognition requirements and guidance. This framework is expected to provide a consistent

and comparable methodology for revenue recognition. The core principle of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To achieve this principle, an entity should apply the following steps: identify thecontract(s) with a customer, identify the performance obligations in the contract(s), determine the transaction price, allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract(s), and recognize revenue when, or as, the entity satisfies a performance obligation. The Company adopted this guidance using the modified retrospective approach. Revenue from the Company’s sale of three-dimensional (“3D”) printing machines and 3D printed and other products, materials and services continues to generally be recognized when the related machines, products or materials are delivered or accepted by the Company’s customers or as the related services are performed by the Company. As such, the adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations. The Company has included the enhanced disclosures required by this guidance in its condensed consolidated financial statements (Note 5).

On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted FASB ASU 2016-02, “Leases.” This ASU requires lessees to recognize a right-of-use asset and lease liability on the consolidated balance sheet for leases classified as operating leases. For leases with a term of 12 months or less, a lessee is permitted to make an accounting policy election by class of underlying asset not to recognize a right-of-use asset and lease liability. Additionally, when measuring assets and liabilities arising from a lease, optional payments should be included only if the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise an option to extend the lease, exercise a purchase option, or not exercise an option to terminate the lease. A right-of-use asset represents an entity’s right to use the underlying asset for the lease term, and a lease liability represents an entity’s obligation to make lease payments. Currently, an asset and liability only are recorded for leases classified as capital leases (financing leases). The measurement, recognition, and presentation of expenses and cash flows arising from leases by a lessee remains the same. In ~~August 2015,~~connection with the adoption of this guidance, the Company has completed an assessment resulting in an accumulation of all of its leasing arrangements and has validated the information for accuracy and completeness. Upon adoption of the new lease guidance, management recorded a right-of-use asset and lease liability, each in the amount of approximately $400, on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet for various types of operating leases, including certain machinery and other equipment and vehicles. This amount is equivalent to the aggregate future minimum lease payments on a discounted basis. The Company has also elected to apply the package of transitional practical expedients of the new lease guidance by allowing the Company to not: (1) reassess if expired or existing contracts are, or contain, leases; (2) reassess lease classification for any expired or existing leases; and (3) reassess initial direct costs for any existing leases. Additionally, in July 2018, the FASB issued ~~ASU 2015-14, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Deferral~~guidance to provide for an alternative transition method to the new lease guidance, whereby an entity can choose to not reflect the impact of the ~~Effective Date,” which deferred~~new lease guidance in the ~~effective date of~~prior periods included in its consolidated financial statements. The Company has utilized this ~~guidance for the Company until~~alternative transition method in connection with its adoption on January 1, 2019. The Company ~~plans~~has included the enhanced disclosures required by this guidance in its condensed consolidated financial statements (Note 11).

On January 1, 2019, the Company adopted FASB ASU 2016-15, “Statement of Cash Flows: Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments.” This ASU is intended to ~~utilize~~reduce diversity in practice in how certain cash receipts and payments are presented and classified in the ~~modified retrospective~~statement of consolidated cash flows. The standard provides guidance in a number of situations including, among others, settlement of zero-coupon bonds, contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims, and distributions received from equity method ~~in connection with its future~~investees. The ASU also provides guidance for classifying cash receipts and payments that have aspects of more than one class of cash flows. The adoption of this ASU did not have an effect on the consolidated financial statements of the Company.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses.” This ASU added a new impairment model (known as ~~amended.~~the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) model) that is based on expected losses rather than incurred losses. Under the new guidance, an entity recognizes as an allowance its estimate of expected credit losses. The CECL model applies to most debt instruments, trade receivables, lease receivables, financial guarantee contracts, and other loan commitments. The CECL model does not have a minimum threshold for recognition of impairment losses and entities will need to measure expected credit losses on assets that have a low risk of loss. These changes become effective for the Company on January 1, 2020. Management is currently evaluating the potential impact of these ~~collective~~ changes on the consolidated financial statements of the Company. This evaluation includes the use of a third party consultant in assessing each of the Company’s revenue streams and determining the potential impact the new guidance may have on its accounting and reporting. Other than the periodic disclosures introduced by this ASU, as amended, the Company does not expect a significant impact on the consolidated financial statements of the Company.

The Company has incurred a net loss in each of its annual periods since its inception. As shown in the accompanying condensed statement of consolidated operations and comprehensive loss, the Company incurred a net loss of approximately ~~$323~~$3,789 and ~~$14,745~~$8,285 for the three months and ~~nine~~six months ended ~~September~~June 30, ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. At ~~September~~June 30, ~~2018,~~2019, the Company had approximately ~~$10,705~~$5,462 in unrestricted cash and cash equivalents.

Since its inception the Company has received cumulative unrestricted net proceeds from the sale of its common stock (through its initial public offering and subsequent secondary offerings) of approximately $168,361 to fund its operations. Most recently, the Company received approximately $595 in unrestricted net proceeds from the sale of its common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2016 through an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (“ATM”) with FBR Capital Markets & Co. (“FBR”) and MLV & Co. LLC (“MLV”) pursuant to which FBR and MLV agreed to act as distribution agents in the sale of up to $50,000 in the aggregate of ExOne common stock ~~in “at the market offerings” as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”)~~. Subsequent to the filing of its registration statement on Form S-3 (No. 333-223690) in March 2018 the Company has not reactivated the ATM and therefore does not consider the ATM to be an active source of liquidity.

In March 2018, the Company entered into a three-year, $15,000 revolving credit facility with a related party (Note ~~11)~~13) to provide additional funding for working capital and general corporate purposes.

In June 2018, the Company initiated a 2018 global cost realignment program focused on a reduction in the Company’s production overhead costs and operating ~~expenses.~~expenses in an effort to drive efficiency in its operations and preserve capital.

Management believes that the Company’s existing capital resources will be sufficient to support the Company’s operating plan. If management anticipates that the Company’s actual results will differ from its operating plan, management believes it has sufficient capabilities to enact cost savings measures to preserve capital (in addition to the costs savings measures associated with the Company’s 2018 global cost realignment program further described above). The Company may also seek to raise additional capital to support its growth through additional debt, equity or other alternatives (including asset sales) or a combination thereof.

The following table summarizes changes in the components of accumulated other comprehensive ~~loss:~~loss for the periods indicated:

													Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended						June 30,						June 30,
	September 30,						September 30,						2019			2018			2019			2018
Foreign currency translation adjustments	2018			2017			2018			2017
Balance at beginning of period	$	(10,322	)	$	(11,216	)	$	(9,484	)	$	(14,735	)	$	(11,524	)	$	(8,082	)	$	(10,748	)	$	(9,484	)
Other comprehensive (loss) income		(429	)		1,194			(1,267	)		4,713
Other comprehensive income (loss)														583			(2,240	)		(193	)		(838	)
Balance at end of period	$	(10,751	)	$	(10,022	)	$	(10,751	)	$	(10,022	)	$	(10,941	)	$	(10,322	)	$	(10,941	)	$	(10,322	)

Foreign currency translation adjustments consist of the effect of translation of functional currency financial statements (denominated in the euro and Japanese yen) to the reporting currency of the Company (United States dollar) and certain long-term intercompany transactions between subsidiaries for which settlement is not planned or anticipated in the foreseeable future.

There were no tax impacts related to income tax rate changes and no amounts were reclassified to earnings for either of the periods presented.

The Company presents basic and diluted loss per common share amounts. Basic loss per common share is calculated by dividing net loss available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the applicable period. Diluted loss per common share is calculated by dividing net loss available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares and common equivalent shares outstanding during the applicable period.

As the Company incurred a net loss during each of the three months and ~~nine~~six months ended ~~September~~June 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017,~~2018, basic average common shares outstanding and diluted average common shares outstanding were the same because the effect of potential shares of common stock, including stock options ~~(513,970~~(608,787 – ~~2018~~2019 and ~~696,137~~536,635 – ~~2017)~~2018) and unvested restricted stock issued ~~(67,001~~(96,264 – ~~2018~~2019 and ~~67,505~~52,502 – ~~2017)~~2018), was anti-dilutive.

The information used to compute basic and diluted net loss per common share was as ~~follows:~~follows for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended						Nine Months Ended						Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	September 30,						September 30,						June 30,						June 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017			2019			2018			2019			2018
Net loss	$	(323	)	$	(4,863	)	$	(14,745	)	$	(18,057	)	$	(3,789	)	$	(8,037	)	$	(8,285	)	$	(14,422	)
Weighted average shares outstanding (basic and diluted)		16,182,818			16,069,453			16,157,143			16,048,257			16,301,157			16,149,617			16,278,043			16,144,092
Net loss per common share:
Basic	$	(0.02	)	$	(0.30	)	$	(0.91	)	$	(1.13	)	$	(0.23	)	$	(0.50	)	$	(0.51	)	$	(0.89	)
Diluted	$	(0.02	)	$	(0.30	)	$	(0.91	)	$	(1.13	)	$	(0.23	)	$	(0.50	)	$	(0.51	)	$	(0.89	)

~~In August 2018~~The Company derives revenue from the sale of 3D printing machines and 3D printed and other products, materials and services. Revenue is recognized when the Company ~~committed~~satisfies its performance obligation(s) under a contract (either implicit or explicit) by transferring the promised product or service to a ~~plan~~customer either when (or as) the customer obtains control of the product or service. A

performance obligation is a promise in a contract to ~~consolidate certain~~transfer a distinct product or service to a customer. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation.

Revenue is measured as the amount of ~~its three-dimensional (“3D”) printing operations~~consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for transferring products or providing services. As such, revenue is recorded net of returns, allowances, customer discounts, and incentives. Sales, value add, and other taxes collected from ~~its Houston, Texas facility into its Troy, Michigan facility. These actions were taken as part~~customers and remitted to governmental authorities are accounted for on a net (excluded from revenue) basis. Shipping and handling costs are included in cost of sales.

Certain of the Company’s ~~efforts~~contracts with customers provide for multiple performance obligations. Sales of 3D printing machines may also include optional equipment, materials, replacement components and services (installation, training and other services, including maintenance services and/or an extended warranty). Certain other contracts have a single performance obligation, as the promise to ~~optimize its business model~~transfer products or services is not separately identifiable from other promises in the contract and, ~~maximize its facility utilization. During the three months ended September 30, 2018,~~therefore, not distinct. For contracts with multiple performance obligations, the Company ~~recorded~~allocates the contract’s transaction price to each performance obligation using the Company’s best estimate of stand-alone selling price for each distinct product or service in the contract, which is generally based on an observable price.

The Company’s revenue from products is transferred to customers at a ~~charge~~point in time. The Company’s contracts for 3D printing machines generally include substantive customer acceptance provisions. Revenue under these contracts is recognized when customer acceptance provisions have been satisfied. For all other product sales, the Company recognizes revenue at the point in time in which the customer obtains control of ~~approximately $28 split between cost of sales ($15)~~the product, which is generally when product title passes to the customer upon delivery. In limited cases, title does not transfer and ~~selling, general~~revenue is not recognized until the customer has received the products at its physical location.

The Company’s revenue from service arrangements includes deferred maintenance contracts and ~~administrative expense ($13)~~extended warranties that can be purchased at the customer’s option. The Company generally provides a standard one-year warranty on the Company’s 3D printing machines, which is considered an assurance type warranty, and not considered a separate performance obligation (Note 10). Revenue associated with ~~involuntary employee terminations~~deferred maintenance contracts is generally recognized at a point in time when the related services are performed where sufficient historical evidence indicates that the costs of performing the related services under the contract are not incurred on a straight-line basis, with such revenue recognized in proportion to ~~this plan. During~~ the three months ended September 30, 2018, the Company recorded an additional charge of approximately $1 (to cost of sales) associated with asset impairments related to this plan. There are no additional chargescosts expected to be ~~incurred~~incurred. Revenue associated with ~~this plan in future periods.~~ extended warranties is generally recognized over time on a straight-line basis over the related contract period.

The ~~Company settled all~~Company’s revenue from service arrangements includes contracts with the Federal government under fixed-fee, cost reimbursable and time and materials arrangements (certain of which may have periods of performance greater than one year). Revenue under these contracts is generally recognized over time using an input measure based upon labor hours incurred and provisional rates provided under the contracts. As such, the nature of these contracts may give rise to variable consideration, primarily based upon completion of the Company’s annual Incurred Cost Submission filing as required by the Federal government. Historically, amounts associated with ~~involuntary employee terminations during~~variable consideration have not been significant.

The Company’s revenue from service arrangements includes certain research and development services. Revenue under research and development service contracts is generally recognized over time using an output measure, specifically units or parts delivered, based upon certain customer acceptance and delivery requirements. Revenue recognized over time using an output measure is not significant.

The following table summarizes the ~~three months ended September 30, 2018.~~Company’s revenue by product group for the periods indicated:

~~At September 30, 2018~~Revenue from 3D printing machines includes leasing revenue whereby the Company ~~reclassified approximately $822~~is the lessor of 3D printing machines to its customers. Leasing revenue is accounted for under ASU 2016-02 (Note 11).

The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections results in ~~property~~billed receivables, unbilled receivables (contract assets) and ~~equipment relating to the Houston, Texas facility (principally land~~deferred revenue and ~~building) associated with certain assets meeting required criteria as held for sale (included in prepaid expenses and other current assets~~customer prepayments (contract liabilities) in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance ~~sheet)~~sheet. The Company considers a number of factors in its evaluation of the creditworthiness of its customers, including past due amounts, past payment history, and current economic conditions. For 3D printing machines, the Company’s terms of sale vary by transaction. To reduce credit risk in connection with 3D printing machine sales, the Company may, depending upon the circumstances, require customers to furnish letters of credit or bank guarantees or to provide advanced payment (either partial or in full). For 3D printed and other products and materials, the Company’s terms of sale generally require payment within 30 to 60 days after delivery, although the Company also recognizes that longer payment periods are customary in certain countries where it transacts business. Service arrangements are generally billed in accordance with specific contract terms and are typically billed in advance or in proportion to

performance of the related services. There were no other significant changes in contract liabilities during the three months or six months ended June 30, 2019. Contract assets are not significant.

For the six months ended June 30, 2019, the Company recognized revenue of approximately $1,573 related to contract liabilities at January 1, 2019.

At June 30, 2019, the Company had approximately $23,100 of remaining performance obligations (including contract liabilities), which is also referred to as backlog, of which approximately $19,700 was expected to be fulfilled during the twelve months following such date.

The Company has elected to apply the practical expedient associated with incremental costs of obtaining a contract, and as such, sales commission expense is generally expensed when incurred because the amortization period would be one year or less. These costs are recorded within selling, general and administrative expenses.

Accounts receivable are reported at their net realizable value. The Company’s estimate of the allowance for doubtful accounts related to trade receivables is based on the Company’s evaluation of customer accounts with past-due outstanding balances or specific accounts for which it has information that the customer may be unable to meet its financial obligations. Based upon review of these accounts, and management’s analysis and judgment, the Company records a specific allowance for that customer’s accounts receivable balance to reduce the outstanding receivable balance to the amount expected to be collected. The allowance is re-evaluated and adjusted periodically as additional information is received that impacts the allowance amount reserved. At June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the allowance for doubtful accounts was approximately $73 and $225, respectively. During the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, the Company recorded net recoveries for bad debts of approximately $77 and $46, respectively. During the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, the Company recorded net recoveries for bad debts of approximately $150 and $37, respectively.

In December 2017 the Company committed to a plan to consolidate certain of its 3D printing operations from its Desenzano del Garda, Italy facility into its Gersthofen, Germany facility. These actions were taken as part of the Company’s efforts to optimize its business model and maximize its facility utilization. During the three months ended December 31, 2017, the Company recorded a charge of approximately $72 split between cost of sales ($19) and selling, general and administrative expense ($53) associated with involuntary employee terminations related to this plan. During the three months ended March 31, 2018, the Company recorded an additional ~~charges~~charge of approximately $245 associated with other exit costs ($17) and asset impairments ($228) related to this plan. During the three months ended June 30, 2018, the Company recorded an additional charge of approximately $13 associated with asset impairments related to this plan. In addition, during the three months ended June 30, 2018, the Company recorded a gain from disposal of certain property and equipment of approximately $51 (recorded to cost of sales in the accompanying condensed statement of consolidated operations and comprehensive loss). Charges associated with other exit costs recorded during the six months ended June 30, 2018 were recorded to cost of sales in the accompanying condensed statement of consolidated operations and comprehensive loss. Charges associated with asset impairments recorded during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 were recorded to cost of sales as a component of depreciation expense in the accompanying condensed statement of consolidated operations and comprehensive loss. Other exit costs relate to the remaining facility rent due under a non-cancellable operating lease following the cessation of operations at the facility in January 2018. Asset impairment charges relate to certain leasehold improvements associated with the exited facility and other equipment which was abandoned by the Company. There are no additional charges expected to be incurred associated with this plan in future periods. The Company settled all amounts associated with involuntary employee terminations and ~~facility rentals during the six months ended June 30, 2018.~~

In January 2017 the Company committed to a plan to consolidate certain of its 3D printing operations from its North Las Vegas, Nevada facility into its Troy, Michigan and Houston, Texas facilities and exit its non-core specialty machining operations in its Chesterfield, Michigan facility. These actions were taken as a result of t~~he accelerating adoption rate of the Company’s indirect printing technology in North America which resulted in a refocus of the Company’s operational strategy.~~

As a result of these actions, during the three months ended March 31, 2017, the Company recorded charges of approximately $984, including approximately $110 associated with involuntary employee terminations, approximately $7 associated with other exit costs and approximately $867 associated with asset impairments. Charges associated with involuntary employee terminations and other exit costs were recorded to cost of sales in the accompanying condensed statement of consolidated operations and comprehensive loss. Charges associated with asset impairments were split between cost of sales ($598), as a component of depreciation expense, and selling, general and administrative expenses ($269), as a component of amortization expense, in the accompanying condensed statement of consolidated operations and comprehensive loss. (remaining facility rent payments) during 2018.

During the three months ended June 30, 2017, the Company recorded an additional charge of approximately $32 associated with an additional involuntary employee termination which required a service commitment through April 2017. This charge was recorded to cost of sales in the accompanying condensed statement of operations and comprehensive loss. ~~There are no additional charges expected to be incurred associated with this plan in future periods.~~ ~~The Company settled all amounts associated with involuntary employee terminations and other exit costs during 2017.~~

Charges associated with asset impairments (described above) relate principally to the Company’s plan to exit its non-core specialty machining operations in its Chesterfield, Michigan facility. On April 21, 2017, the Company sold to a third party certain assets associated with these operations including inventories (approximately $79), property and equipment (approximately $2,475) and other contractual rights (approximately $269). Total gross proceeds from the sale of these assets were approximately $2,050. After deducting costs directly attributable to the sale of these assets (approximately $128), the Company recorded an impairment loss during the three months ended March 31, 2017, of approximately $859 split between property and equipment ($590) and intangible assets ($269) based on the excess of the carrying value over the estimated fair value of the related assets at March 31, 2017. During the three months ended June 30, 2017, the Company recorded a loss on disposal of approximately $42. Both the impairment loss and the loss on disposal were recorded to cost of sales in the accompanying condensed statement of consolidated operations and comprehensive loss.

Separate from the transaction described above, on May 9, 2017, the Company sold to a third party certain property and equipment (principally land and building) associated with its North Las Vegas, Nevada facility. Total gross proceeds from the sale of these assets were approximately $1,950. After deducting costs directly attributable to the sale of these assets (approximately $137), the Company recorded a gain on disposal (recorded to cost of sales in the accompanying condensed statement of consolidated operations and comprehensive loss) during the three months ended June 30, 2017, of approximately $347. Additionally, the Company recorded an impairment loss during the three months ended March 31, 2017, of approximately $8 associated with certain property and equipment which was abandoned in connection with the Company’s exit of its North Las Vegas, Nevada facility.

~~During the three months ended September 30, 2018,~~2019, as a result of continued operating losses and cash flow deficiencies, the Company identified a triggering event requiring a test for the recoverability of long-lived assets held and used at the asset group level. Assessing the recoverability of long-lived assets held and used requires significant judgments and estimates by management.

For purposes of testing long-lived assets for recoverability, the Company operates as three separate asset groups: United States, Europe and Japan. In assessing the recoverability of long-lived assets held and used, the Company determined the carrying amount of long-lived assets held and used to be in excess of the estimated future undiscounted net cash flows of the related assets. The Company proceeded to determine the fair value of its long-lived assets held and used, principally through use of the market approach. The Company’s use of the market approach included consideration of market transactions for comparable assets. Management concluded that the fair value of long-lived assets held and used exceeded their carrying value, and as such, no impairment loss was recorded.

result in an impairment of long-lived assets held and used, ~~which could result~~resulting in a material adverse effect on the financial position and results of operations of the Company.

The following provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash as reported in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet to the same such amounts shown in the accompanying condensed statement of consolidated cash ~~flows:~~flows as of the dates indicated:

	September 30,		December 31,		June 30,		December 31,
	2018		2017		2019		2018
Cash and cash equivalents	$	10,705	$	21,848	$	5,462	$	7,592
Restricted cash		1,312		330		1,790		1,548
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	12,017	$	22,178	$	7,252	$	9,140

Restricted cash at ~~September~~June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018 includes approximately ~~$812~~$1,284 and $1,044, respectively, associated with cash collateral required by a German bank for short-term financial guarantees issued by ExOne GmbH in connection with certain commercial transactions requiring security (Note ~~10)~~12). Restricted cash at ~~September~~June 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017~~2018 includes approximately ~~$500~~$506 and ~~$330,~~$504, respectively, associated with cash collateral required by a United States bank to offset certain short-term, unsecured lending commitments associated with the Company’s corporate credit card program. Each of the balances described are considered legally restricted by the Company.

Inventories ~~consist~~consisted of the ~~following:~~following as of the dates indicated:

	September 30,		December 31,		June 30,		December 31,
	2018		2017		2019		2018
Raw materials and components	$	8,632	$	7,171	$	7,623	$	7,747
Work in process		5,402		4,630		4,803		5,147
Finished goods		6,685		3,629		3,757		3,036
	$	20,719	$	15,430	$	16,183	$	15,930

Raw materials and components consist of consumable materials and component parts and subassemblies associated with 3D printing machine manufacturing and support activities. Work in process consists of 3D printing machines and other products in varying stages of completion. Finished goods consist of 3D printing machines and other products prepared for sale in accordance with customer specifications.

At ~~September~~June 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, the allowance for slow-moving and obsolete inventories was approximately ~~$4,079~~$4,149 and ~~$3,437,~~$4,143, respectively, and has been reflected as a reduction to inventories (principally raw materials and components).

During the three months ended June 30, 2018, the Company recorded a charge of approximately $561 to cost of sales in the accompanying condensed statement of consolidated operations and comprehensive loss attributable to certain industrial microwave inventories based on a sustained absence of demand for such curing solutions and a decision by the Company to discontinue future manufacturing of such industrial microwaves.

During the three months ended June 30, 2017, the Company recorded a charge of approximately $1,460 to cost of sales in the accompanying condensed statement of consolidated operations and comprehensive loss attributable to certain raw material and component inventories (principally machine frames and other fabricated components) associated with the Company’s Exerial 3D printing machine platform based on decisions made by the Company during the period related to certain design changes to the underlying platform (rendering certain elements of the previous design obsolete).

During the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company recorded a net charge of approximately $59 and $29, respectively, to cost of sales in the accompanying condensed statement of consolidated operations and comprehensive loss associated with certain inventories for which cost was determined to exceed net realizable value. During the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company recorded a net (credit) charge of approximately ($11) and $116, respectively, to cost of sales in the accompanying condensed statement of consolidated operations and comprehensive loss associated with certain inventories for which cost was determined to exceed net realizable value.

Substantially all of the Company’s 3D printing machines are covered by a standard ~~twelve~~twelve- month warranty. Generally, at the time of sale, a liability is recorded (with an offset to cost of sales) based upon the expected cost of replacement parts and labor to be incurred over the life of the standard warranty. Expected cost is estimated using historical experience for similar products. The Company periodically assesses the adequacy of the product warranty reserves based on changes in these factors and records any necessary adjustments if actual experience indicates that adjustments are necessary. Future claims experience could be materially different from prior results because of the introduction of new, more complex products, a change in the Company’s warranty policy in response to industry trends, competition or other external forces, or manufacturing changes that could impact product quality. In the event that the Company determines that its current or future product repair and replacement costs exceed estimates, an adjustment to these reserves would be charged to cost of sales in the period such a determination is made.

The following table summarizes changes in product warranty reserves, ~~(such~~which amounts were reflected in accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet for the periods indicated:

The Company leases machinery and other equipment and vehicles under operating lease arrangements (with initial terms greater than twelve months), expiring in various years through 2026. In addition, the Company leases certain equipment and vehicles under finance (previously capital) lease arrangements, which are not significant.

For all operating lease arrangements (with the exception of short-term lease arrangements), the Company presents at the commencement date: a lease liability, which is a lessee’s obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease, measured on a discounted basis; and a right-of-use asset, which is an asset that represents the lessee’s right to use, or control the use of, a specified asset for the lease term.

The Company has elected, as a practical expedient, not to separate non-lease components from lease components, and instead account for each ~~respective period):~~separate component as a single lease component for all lease arrangements, as lessee. In addition, the Company has elected, as a practical expedient, not to apply lease recognition requirements to short-term lease arrangements, generally those with a lease term of less than twelve months, for all classes of underlying assets. In determination of the lease term, the Company considers the likelihood of lease renewal options and lease termination provisions. As a result, lease payments under these short-term lease arrangements are recognized in the accompanying condensed statement of consolidated operations and comprehensive loss on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The Company uses its incremental borrowing rate in determining the present value of lease payments, as the implicit rate of the lease arrangements is generally not readily determinable.

Certain of the Company’s operating lease arrangements are with related parties under common control (Note 18). Lease cost under operating lease agreements with related parties, included within short-term lease cost below, was approximately $12 and $24 for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2019.

Future minimum lease payments of operating lease arrangements (with initial terms greater than twelve months) at June 30, 2019, were approximately as follows:

For the three months and six months ended June 30, 2019, lease cost under operating lease arrangements was approximately $98 (including $47 relating to short-term lease arrangements) and $211 (including $112 relating to short-term lease arrangements), respectively.

Supplemental information related to operating lease arrangements (with initial terms greater than twelve months) was as follows at and for the six months ended June 30, 2019:

As previously disclosed under the prior lease accounting standard, future minimum lease payments of operating lease arrangements (with initial terms greater than twelve months) at December 31, 2018, were approximately as follows:

The Company leases machinery and equipment to customers (principally 3D printing machines and related equipment) under lease arrangements classified as either operating leases or sales-type leases. The Company’s operating lease arrangements have initial terms generally ranging from one to five years, certain of which may contain extension or termination clauses, or both. Such operating lease arrangements also generally include a purchase option to acquire the related machinery and equipment at the end of the lease term for either a fixed amount as determined at inception, or a subsequently negotiated fair market value. At June 30, 2019, the Company estimated that the total fair market value significantly exceeded the related net book value of the machinery and equipment held under the Company’s operating lease arrangements. The Company’s sales-type lease arrangements generally include transfer of ownership at the end of the lease term, and as such, the Company’s net investment in sale-type lease arrangements presented in the Company’s accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet generally does not include an amount of unguaranteed residual value.

The Company has elected, as a practical expedient, not to separate non-lease components from lease components, and instead account for each separate component as a single lease component for all lease arrangements, as lessor. Sales, value add, and other taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are accounted for on a net (excluded from lease income) basis. In determination of the lease term, the Company considers the likelihood of lease renewal options and lease termination provisions. Additionally, certain of the Company’s lease arrangements do not qualify as sale-type leases as collectability is not reasonably assured.

The Company recognized the following components under operating and sales-type lease arrangements in the accompanying condensed statement of consolidated operations and comprehensive loss for the periods indicated:

The Company’s net investment in sales-type leases consisted of the following as of the dates indicated:

Future minimum lease payments of non-cancellable operating and sales-type lease arrangements at June 30, 2019, were approximately as follows:

As previously disclosed under the prior lease accounting standard, minimum future rentals under non-cancellable operating and sales-type lease arrangements at December 31, 2018, were approximately as follows:

On March 1, 2018, the Company’s ExOne GmbH subsidiary notified Voxeljet AG that it ~~has~~had materially breached a 2003 Patent and Know-How Transfer Agreement and asserted its rights to set-off damages as a result of the breaches against the annual license fee due from the Company under the agreement. At this time, the Company cannot reasonably estimate a contingency, if any, related to this matter.

On July 1, 2017, the Company (through its ExOne GmbH subsidiary) entered into a Settlement Agreement with Kocel Foundry Limited (also known as Kocel CSR Casting Company, Limited) and Kocel Group (Hong Kong) Limited (collectively, “Kocel”) relating to settlement of the arbitration case (no. 100019-2017) administered by the Swiss Chambers’ Arbitration Institution Notice of Arbitration, as filed by the Company on January 25, 2017. Among other things, the Settlement Agreement provided for a cash payment from ExOne GmbH to Kocel of approximately $811 and a settlement and release of claims related to a sales agreement between the parties for certain 3D printing machines and related equipment (the “Sales Agreement”). Based on the terms of the Settlement Agreement, including the final acceptance by Kocel of the 3D printing machines and related equipment, and relief from further obligation, liability or warranty for both parties (excluding certain intellectual property considerations), the Company recorded revenue of approximately $2,762 associated with the Sales Agreement (net of the cash payment made by ExOne GmbH to Kocel on July 5, 2017 described above) and the related cost of sales, during the three months ended September 30, 2017.

The Company isand its subsidiaries are subject to various litigation, claims, and proceedings which have been or may be instituted or asserted from time to time in the ordinary course of business. Management does not believe that the outcome of any pending or threatened matters will have a material adverse effect, individually or in the aggregate, on the financial position, results of operations or cash flows of the Company.

In the normal course of its operations, ExOne GmbH issues short-term financial guarantees and letters of credit to third parties in connection with certain commercial transactions requiring security. ExOne GmbH maintains a credit facility with a German bank which provides for various short-term financings in the form of overdraft credit, financial guarantees, letters of credit and collateral security for commercial transactions for an aggregate of approximately ~~$1,500 (��~~$1,400 (€1,300). In addition, ExOne GmbH may use the credit facility for short-term, fixed-rate loans in minimum increments of approximately $100 (€100) with minimum terms of at least 3030 days. The overdraft credit interest rate is fixed at 10.2% while the interest rate associated with commercial transactions requiring security

~~(financial~~ (financial guarantees, letters of credit or collateral security) is fixed at 1.75%. The credit facility has an indefinite term and is subject to cancellation by either party at any time upon repayment of amounts outstanding or expiration of commercial transactions requiring security. There is no commitment fee associated with the credit facility. There are no negative covenants associated with the credit facility. The credit facility has been guaranteed by the Company. At ~~September~~June 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, there were no outstanding borrowings in the form of overdraft credit or short-term loans under the credit facility. At ~~September~~June 30, 2019, total outstanding financial

guarantees and letters of credit issued by ExOne GmbH under the credit facility were approximately $1,284 (€1,129) with expiration dates ranging from July 2019 through November 2019. At December 31, 2018, total outstanding financial guarantees and letters of credit issued by ExOne GmbH under the credit facility were approximately ~~$812~~$1,044 (€~~699) with expiration dates ranging from~~ ~~October 2018~~ ~~through November 2019. At December 31, 2017, total outstanding financial guarantees and letters of credit issued by ExOne GmbH under the credit facility were approximately $1,128 (€941)~~912).

In connection with the related party revolving credit facility agreement entered into by the Company on March 12, 2018 (Note 11), the Company was required to post cash collateral against outstanding financial guarantees and letters of credit associated with the credit facility (Note 7).

In addition to amounts issued by ExOne GmbH under the credit facility, from time to time, ExOne GmbH enters into separate agreements with the same German bank for additional capacity for financial guarantees and letters of credit associated with certain commercial transactions requiring security. Terms of the separate agreements are substantially similar to those of the existing credit facility. At ~~September~~June 30, ~~2018,~~2019, ExOne GmbH had a singular financial guarantee outstanding under a separate agreement for approximately ~~$93~~$91 (€80) with an expiration date of ~~June 2022.~~February 2023. Related to this separate agreement, the requirement for cash collateral was waived by the German bank as it also represents the counterparty in the related transaction.

On March 12, 2018, ExOne and its ExOne Americas LLC and ExOne GmbH subsidiaries, as guarantors (collectively, the “Loan Parties”), entered into a Credit Agreement and related ancillary agreements with LBM Holdings, LLC (“LBM”), a company controlled by S. Kent Rockwell, who was the Executive Chairman of the Company (a related party) at such date and ~~effective June 20, 2018, became~~is currently Chairman of the ~~Chairman and Chief Executive Officer~~Board of Directors (the “Board”) of the Company, relating to a $15,000 revolving credit facility (the “LBM Credit Agreement”) to provide additional funding for working capital and general corporate purposes. The LBM Credit Agreement provides for a term of three years (through March 12, 2021) and bears interest at a rate of one month LIBOR plus an applicable margin of 500 basis points (approximately ~~6.7%~~7.4% and ~~7.3%~~7.5% at ~~inception~~June 30, 2019 and ~~September 30,~~December 31, 2018, respectively). The LBM Credit Agreement requires a commitment fee of 75 basis points, or 0.75%, on the unused portion of the facility, payable monthly in arrears. In addition, an up-front commitment fee of 125 basis points, or 1.25% (approximately $188), was required at closing. Borrowings under the LBM Credit Agreement are required to be in minimum increments of $1,000. ExOne may terminate or reduce the credit commitment at any time during the term of the LBM Credit Agreement without penalty. ExOne may also make prepayments against outstanding borrowings under the LBM Credit Agreement at any time without penalty. Borrowings under the LBM Credit Agreement have been collateralized by the accounts receivable, inventories and machinery and equipment of the Loan Parties. At ~~inception of the credit facility~~June 30, 2019 and ~~September 30,~~December 31, 2018, the total estimated value of collateral was in significant excess of the maximum borrowing capacity under the LBM Credit Agreement.

The LBM Credit Agreement contains several affirmative covenants including prompt payment of liabilities and taxes; maintenance of insurance, properties, and licenses; and compliance with laws. The LBM Credit Agreement also contains several negative covenants including restricting the incurrence of certain additional debt; prohibiting future liens (other than permitted liens); prohibiting investment in third parties; limiting the ability to pay dividends; limiting mergers, acquisitions, and dispositions; and limiting the sale of certain property and equipment of the Loan Parties. The LBM Credit Agreement does not contain any financial covenants. The LBM Credit Agreement also contains events of default, including, but not limited to, cross-default to certain other debt, breaches of representations and warranties, change of control events and breaches of covenants.

LBM was determined to be a related party based on common control by S. Kent Rockwell, who was the Executive Chairman of the Company at the time the Company entered into the LBM Credit Agreement and effective June 20, 2018, became the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Company.Rockwell. Accordingly, the Company does not consider the LBM Credit Agreement indicative of a fair market value lending. Prior to execution, the LBM Credit Agreement was ~~subject to review~~reviewed and ~~approval~~approved by the Audit Committee of the Board and subsequently by a sub-committee of independent members of the ~~ExOne Board of Directors (the “Board”) (which included each of the members of the Audit Committee of the Board).~~Board. At the time of execution of the LBM Credit Agreement, the $15,000 in available loan proceeds ~~were~~was deposited into an escrow account with an unrelated, third party financial institution acting as escrow agent pursuant to a separate Escrow Agreement by and among the parties. Loan proceeds held in escrow are available to the Company upon its submission to the escrow agent of a loan request. Such proceeds will not be available to LBM until payment in-full of the obligations under the LBM Credit Agreement and termination of the LBM Credit Agreement. Payments of principal and other obligations will be made to the escrow agent, while interest payments will be made directly to LBM. Provided there exists no potential default or event of default, the LBM Credit Agreement and Escrow Agreement prohibit any acceleration of repayment of any amount outstanding under the LBM Credit Agreement and prohibit termination of the LBM Credit Agreement or withdrawal from escrow of any unused portion of the ~~LBM Credit Agreement.~~available loan proceeds under the credit facility, by LBM.

There ~~were~~have been no borrowings by the Company under the LBM Credit Agreement from March 12, 2018 (inception) through ~~September~~June 30, ~~2018.~~2019.

The Company incurred approximately $265 in debt issuance costs associated with the LBM Credit Agreement (including the aforementioned up front commitment fee paid at closing to LBM).

During the three months and ~~nine~~six months ended ~~September~~June 30, ~~2018,~~2019, the Company recorded interest expense relating to the LBM Credit Agreement of approximately ~~$51~~$50 and ~~$110,~~$100, respectively. Included in interest expense for the three months and ~~nine~~six months ended ~~September~~June 30, ~~2018~~2019 was approximately ~~$23~~$22 and ~~$48,~~$44, respectively, associated with amortization of debt issuance ~~costs (resulting in approximately $217 in~~costs. At June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, remaining debt issuance costs ~~at September 30, 2018, of~~were approximately $151 and $195, respectively (of which approximately $88 was included in prepaid expenses and other current assets for both periods and ~~$129~~approximately $63 and $107, respectively, was included in other noncurrent assets in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet). ~~Included~~Also included in interest expense for the three months and ~~nine~~six months ended ~~September~~June 30, ~~2018~~2019 was approximately $28 and ~~$62,~~$56, respectively, associated with the commitment fee on the

unused portion of the revolving credit ~~facility, of which at September~~facility. At June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, approximately $9 and $10, respectively, was included in accounts payable in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet. Amounts payable to LBM at ~~September~~June 30, 2019 and December 2018 were settled by the Company in ~~October 2018.~~July 2019 and January 2019, respectively.

During the three months and six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company recorded interest expense relating to the LBM Credit Agreement of approximately $49 and $59, respectively.

The provision (benefit) for income taxes for the three months ended ~~September~~June 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017~~2018 was approximately ~~$17~~$99 and ~~$14,~~$18, respectively. The provision (benefit) for income taxes for the ~~nine~~six months ended ~~September~~June 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017~~2018 was approximately ~~$52~~($701) and ~~$23,~~$35, respectively. The Company has completed a discrete period computation of its provision (benefit) for income taxes for each of the periods presented. The discrete period computation was required as a result of jurisdictions with losses before income taxes for which no tax benefit can be recognized and an inability to generate reliable estimates for results in certain jurisdictions as a result of inconsistencies in generating net operating profits (losses) in those jurisdictions.

The effective tax rate for the three months ended ~~September~~June 30, 2019 and 2018 ~~and 2017~~ was ~~5.6%~~2.7% (provision on a loss) and ~~0.3%~~0.2% (provision on a loss), respectively. The effective tax rate for the ~~nine~~six months ended ~~September~~June 30, 2019 and 2018 ~~and 2017~~ was ~~0.4% (provision~~7.8% (benefit on a loss) and ~~0.1%~~0.2% (provision on a loss), respectively. ~~The~~For the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, the effective tax rate differs from the United States federal statutory rate of 21.0% ~~(2018)~~primarily due to net changes in valuation allowances for the periods. For the six months ended June 30, 2019, the effective tax rate differs from the United States federal statutory rate of 21.0% primarily due to the reversal of previously recorded liabilities for uncertain tax positions (further described below) and ~~34.0% (2017)~~net changes in valuation allowances for ~~each~~the period. For the six months ended June 30, 2018, the effective tax rate differs from the United States federal statutory rate of ~~the periods presented~~21.0% primarily due to net changes in valuation allowances for the periods.

In December 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Tax Act”) was enacted into law. The Tax Act reduces the corporate income tax rate from 34.0% to 21.0% and generally modifies certain United States income tax deductions and the United States taxation of certain foreign earnings, among other changes. The Company is required to recognize the effect of tax law changes in the period of enactment. As a result of the Tax Act, the Company re-measured its United States deferred tax assets and liabilities as well as its valuation allowance against its net United States deferred tax assets at December 31, 2017. In December 2017, the SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118: Income Tax Accounting Implications of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“SAB 118”), which allows the Company to record provisional amounts during a measurement period not to extend beyond one year of the enactment date. As ongoing guidance and accounting interpretations are expected over the next year, the Company considers its accounting of the deferred tax re-measurements and other items to be incomplete due to the forthcoming guidance and its ongoing analysis of final December 31, 2017 data and tax positions. No provisional amounts have been recorded by the Company. The Company expects to complete its analysis within the measurement period in accordance with SAB 118.

The Company has provided a valuation allowance for its net deferred tax assets as a result of the Company not generating consistent net operating profits in jurisdictions in which it operates. As such, any benefit from deferred taxes in any of the periods presented has been fully offset by changes in the valuation allowance for net deferred tax assets. The Company continues to assess its future taxable income by jurisdiction based on recent historical operating results, the expected timing of reversal of temporary differences, various tax planning strategies that the Company may be able to enact in future periods, the impact of potential operating changes on the business and forecast results from operations in future periods based on available information at the end of each reporting period. To the extent that the Company is able to reach the conclusion that its net deferred tax assets are realizable based on any combination of the above factors in a single, or in multiple, taxing jurisdictions, a reversal of the related portion of the Company’s existing valuation allowances may occur.

The Company has a liability for uncertain tax positions related to certain ~~capitalized expenses~~intercompany transactions.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ~~intercompany transactions.~~ ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits (including accrued interest and penalties) was as follows for the periods indicated:

The Company includes interest and penalties related to income taxes as a component of the provision (benefit) for income taxes in the accompanying condensed statement of consolidated operations and comprehensive loss. There were no such interest or penalties included in the provision (benefit) for income taxes for any of the periods presented.

At ~~September 30, 2018 and~~ December 31, ~~2017, the liability for uncertain tax positions~~2018, there was approximately ~~$831~~$820 in unrecognized tax benefits (including accrued interest and ~~$858, respectively, and was~~penalties) that if recognized would affect the annual effective tax rate. Such amounts were included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance ~~sheet. At September 30, 2018 and~~sheet at December 31, ~~2017, the Company had an additional liability for uncertain~~2018. There were no such unrecognized tax ~~positions related to its ExOne GmbH (Germany) subsidiary of approximately $357 and $323, respectively, which were fully offset against net operating loss carryforwards. At September~~benefits at June 30, ~~2018 and~~2019.

At December 31, 2017, the Company had an additional liability for uncertain tax positions related to its ExOne KK (Japan) subsidiary of approximately $218 and $594, respectively, which were fully offset against net operating loss carryforwards.

~~At September 30,~~ 2018, the Company’s ExOne GmbH (2010-2013) and ExOne Property GmbH (2013) subsidiaries were under examination by local taxing ~~authorities. The Company is unable to reasonably predict an outcome related to~~authorities in Germany. In January 2019, this examination was concluded by the local taxing authorities in Germany without significant adjustment to previously established tax positions. As a result, during the three months ended March 31, 2019, the Company recorded a reversal of certain of its previously recorded liabilities for uncertain tax positions of approximately $1,075, of which ~~may be material in a future period to the financial position, results from operations and cash flows of the Company.~~approximately $257 was offset against net operating loss carryforwards.

On January 24, 2013, the Board adopted the 2013 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Plan”). In connection with the adoption of the Plan, 500,000 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance pursuant to the Plan, with automatic increases in such reserve available each year annually on January 1 from 2014 through 2023 equal to the lesser of 3.0% of the total outstanding shares of common stock as of December 31 of the immediately preceding year, or a number of shares of common stock determined by the Board, provided that the maximum number of shares authorized under the Plan ~~will~~could not exceed 1,992,241 shares, subject to certain adjustments. The maximum number of shares ~~of common stock are currently reserved~~ authorized under the Plan was reached on January 1, 2017. At June 30, 2019, 865,506 shares remained available for future issuance under the ~~Plan~~.Plan.

Stock options and restricted stock issued by the Company under the Plan are generally subject to service conditions resulting in annual vesting on the anniversary of the date of grant over a period typically ranging between one and three years. Certain stock options and restricted stock issued by the Company under the Plan vest immediately upon issuance. Stock options issued by the Company under the Plan have contractual lives which expire over a period typically ranging between five and ten years from the date of grant subject to continued service to the Company by the ~~participant~~.participant.

On February 7, 2018, the Compensation Committee of the Board adopted the 2018 Annual Incentive Program (the “Program”) as a subplan under the Plan. The Program ~~provides~~provided an opportunity for performance-based compensation to senior executive officers of the Company, among others. The target annual incentive for each Program participant iswas expressed as a percentage of base salary and iswas conditioned on the achievement of certain financial goals (as approved by the Compensation Committee of the Board) or a combination of financial and non-financial goals. The Compensation Committee of the Board ~~retains~~retained negative discretion over amounts payable under the Program. For 2018, the total target amount payable under the Program is approximately $1,423, with certain amounts to be settled with participants in cash, equity or a combination thereof. During the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2018, total compensation expense associated with the Program was approximately $159 and $464, respectively, split between cost of sales ($30 and $75, respectively), research and development ($19 and $109, respectively) and selling general and administrative expenses ($110 and $280, respectively) in the accompanying condensed statement of consolidated operations ~~and comprehensive loss, of which approximately $199 is expected to be settled in equity by the Company.~~

The following table summarizes the total equity-based compensation expense recognized by the ~~Company:~~Company for the periods indicated:

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended				Three Months Ended					Six Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,				June 30,					June 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017		2019		2018			2019		2018
Equity-based compensation expense recognized:
Stock options	$	103	$	768	$	131	$	1,244	$	150	$	(175	)	$	316	$	28
Restricted stock		108		440		314		799		245		100			374		206
Other^(a)		71		—		211		—		247		70			391		140
Total equity-based compensation expense before income taxes		282		1,208		656		2,043		642		(5	)		1,081		374
Benefit for income taxes^(b)		—		—		—		—		—		—			—		—
Total equity-based compensation expense net of income taxes	$	282	$	1,208	$	656	$	2,043	$	642	$	(5	)	$	1,081	$	374

At ~~September~~June 30, ~~2018,~~2019, total future compensation expense related to unvested awards yet to be recognized by the Company was approximately ~~$497~~$541 for stock options and ~~$391~~$498 for restricted stock. Total future compensation expense related to unvested awards yet to be recognized by the Company is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average remaining vesting period of approximately ~~1.5~~1.2 years.

~~During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the~~The fair value of stock options granted was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following ~~assumptions:~~assumptions for the periods indicated:

			Six Months Ended
			June 30,
	August 13, 2018	March 16, 2018	2019	2018
Weighted average fair value per stock option	$3.01	$3.77	$3.48 - $3.68	$3.77
Volatility	63.67%	62.58%	54.0% - 60.1%	62.6%
Average risk-free interest rate	2.66%	2.45%	2.2% - 2.5%	2.5%
Dividend yield	0.00%	0.00%	0.0%	0.0%
Expected term (years)	3.1	3.3	2.5 - 3.5	3.3

~~During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the fair value of stock options granted was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following assumptions:~~

For certain stock option awards ~~volatility is estimated based on the historical volatility of the Company when~~in which the expected term of the award is less than the period for which the Company has been publicly ~~traded. For certain stock option awards,~~traded, volatility is estimated based on the historical ~~volatilities~~volatility of the Company. For certain ~~peer group companies when~~stock option awards in which the expected term of the award exceeds the period for which the Company has been publicly ~~traded.~~traded, volatility is estimated based on the historical volatilities of certain peer group companies. The average risk-free rate is based on a weighted average yield curve of risk-free interest rates consistent with the expected term of the awards. Expected dividend yield is based on historical dividend data as well as future expectations. Expected term is calculated using the simplified method as the Company does not have sufficient historical exercise experience upon which to base an estimate.

	Nine Months Ended September 30,														Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018							2017							2019							2018
	Number of Options			Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Number of Options			Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Number of Options			Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Number of Options			Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding at beginning of period		674,470		$	11.58	$	6.41		314,303		$	15.62	$	9.38		621,986		$	10.66	$	5.52		674,470		$	11.58	$	6.41
Stock options granted		147,500		$	7.01	$	3.13		389,000		$	8.16	$	3.89		57,610		$	8.33	$	3.67		24,000		$	8.36	$	3.77
Stock options exercised		(65,833	)	$	7.91	$	3.87		—		$	—	$	—		(36,370	)	$	7.22	$	3.03		—		$	—	$	—
Stock options forfeited		(133,835	)	$	9.44	$	5.15		(500	)	$	15.74	$	9.60		(9,773	)	$	7.67	$	3.70		(133,835	)	$	9.44	$	5.15
Stock options expired		(108,332	)	$	13.28	$	7.58		(6,666	)	$	17.43	$	10.67		(24,666	)	$	17.10	$	10.45		(28,000	)	$	10.03	$	5.19
Outstanding at end of period		513,970		$	10.94	$	5.89		696,137		$	11.51	$	6.35		608,787		$	10.43	$	5.33		536,635		$	12.05	$	6.68
Stock options exercisable at end of period		360,132		$	12.41	$	6.90		427,953		$	12.67	$	7.16		385,709		$	11.56	$	6.20		396,627		$	13.14	$	7.53
Stock options expected to vest at end of period		153,838		$	7.49	$	3.52		268,184		$	9.66	$	5.06		223,078		$	8.48	$	3.82		140,008		$	8.96	$	4.29

At ~~September~~June 30, ~~2018,~~2019, intrinsic value associated with stock options exercisable and expected to vest was approximately ~~$243~~$289 and ~~$355,~~$251, respectively. The weighted average remaining contractual term of both stock options exercisable and expected to vest at ~~September~~June 30, ~~2018,~~2019, was approximately ~~4.9 years and 5.1 years, respectively.~~4.3 years. Stock options with an aggregate intrinsic value of approximately ~~$574~~$326 were exercised by employees during the ~~three~~six months ended ~~September~~June 30, ~~2018,~~2019, resulting in proceeds to the Company from the exercise of stock options of approximately ~~$521.~~$263 (of which, at June 30, 2019, approximately $91 remained unsettled). The Company received no income tax benefit related to these exercises. There were no ~~other~~ stock option exercises during ~~2018 or 2017.~~the six months ended June 30, 2018.

	Nine Months Ended September 30,										Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018					2017					2019					2018
	Shares of Restricted Stock			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Shares of Restricted Stock			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Shares of Restricted Stock			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Shares of Restricted Stock			Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding at beginning of period		52,502		$	11.07		94,171		$	14.29		67,001		$	8.30		52,502		$	11.07
Restricted stock granted		57,000		$	7.39		60,000		$	9.01		66,763		$	8.98		25,000		$	8.21
Restricted stock vested		(42,501	)	$	10.51		(74,999	)	$	12.40		(37,500	)	$	8.12		(25,000	)	$	10.10
Restricted stock forfeited		—		$	—		(11,667	)	$	14.28		—		$	—		—		$	—
Outstanding at end of period		67,001		$	8.30		67,505		$	11.69		96,264		$	8.84		52,502		$	10.17
Restricted stock expected to vest at end of period		67,001		$	8.30		67,505		$	11.69		96,264		$	8.84		52,502		$	10.17

Restricted stock that vested during the ~~nine~~six months ended ~~September~~June 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017,~~2018, had a fair value of approximately ~~$326~~$356 and ~~$670,~~$205, respectively.

During the six months ended June 30, 2019, the Company made cash payments for taxes of approximately $68 relating to the net settlement of certain equity-based awards. There were no cash payments for taxes or net settlement of equity-based awards during the six months ended June 30, 2018.

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities which

are required to be recorded at fair value, the Company considers the principal or most advantageous market in which the Company would transact and the market-based risk measurements or assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability, such as inherent risk, transfer restrictions and credit risk.

The Company applies the following fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value into three levels and bases the categorization within the hierarchy upon the lowest level of input that is available and significant to the fair value measurement:

The Company is required to disclose its estimate of the fair value of material financial instruments, including those recorded as assets or liabilities in its consolidated financial statements, in accordance with GAAP.

~~During the three months ended March~~At June 30, 2019 and December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, the Company entered into two separate foreign exchange forward contracts with a German bank in an effort to hedge the variability of certain foreign exchange risks between the euro (the functional currency of the Company’s ExOne GmbH subsidiary) and the British pound sterling (the currency basis for cash flows resulting from a commercial sales arrangement with a customer). The first of the two foreign exchange forward contracts was both entered into and settled (in connection with cash received from the customer) during the three months ended March 31, 2017, resulting in a realized gain on settlement of approximately $16 (€15). The second of the two foreign exchange forward contracts was settled on August 31, 2017, resulting in a realized gain on settlement of approximately $14 (€12). Neither of the contracts was designated as a hedging instrument and accordingly, realized and unrealized gains (losses) have been recorded to other (income) expense – net in the accompanying condensed statement of consolidated operations and comprehensive loss. The Company classified both contracts as Level 2had no financial instruments (assets or liabilities) measured at fair value measurements. There were no such contracts entered into by the Company during the nine months ended September 30, 2018. There were no such contracts outstanding at either September 30, 2018 or December 31, 2017.on a recurring basis.

The carrying values and fair values of other financial instruments (assets and liabilities) not required to be recorded at fair value were as ~~follows:~~follows as of the dates indicated:

	September 30,				December 31,				June 30,				December 31,
	2018				2017				2019				2018
	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
Cash and cash equivalents	$	10,705	$	10,705	$	21,848	$	21,848	$	5,462	$	5,462	$	7,592	$	7,592
Restricted cash	$	1,312	$	1,312	$	330	$	330	$	1,790	$	1,790	$	1,548	$	1,548
Debt issuance costs^(a)	$	217	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	151	$	—	$	195	$	—
Current portion of long-term debt^(b)	$	142	$	147	$	137	$	142	$	149	$	153	$	144	$	149
Current portion of capital leases	$	14	$	14	$	15	$	15
Long-term debt ̶ net of current portion^(b)	$	1,401	$	1,422	$	1,508	$	1,533	$	1,288	$	1,306	$	1,364	$	1,384
Capital leases ̶ net of current portion	$	38	$	38	$	36	$	36

The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and current portion of long-term debt ~~and current portion of capital leases~~ approximate fair value due to their short-term maturities. The fair value of long-term debt – net of current portion ~~and capital leases – net of current portion have~~has been estimated by management based on the consideration of applicable interest rates (including certain instruments at variable or floating rates) and other available information (including quoted prices of similar instruments available to the Company). Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash were classified as Level 1; ~~current~~Current portion of long-term debt ~~current portion of capital leases,~~and long-term debt ~~– net of current portion and capital leases~~ – net of current portion were classified as Level 2.2.

During the three months and ~~nine~~six months ended ~~September~~June 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017,~~2018, the Company conducted a significant portion of its business with a limited number of customers, though not necessarily the same customers for each respective period. For the three months ended ~~September~~June 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017,~~2018, the Company’s five most significant customers represented approximately ~~34.6%~~46.4% and ~~46.0%~~33.0% of total revenue, respectively. For the ~~nine~~six months ended ~~September~~June 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017,~~2018, the Company’s five most significant customers represented approximately ~~17.9%~~33.0% and ~~22.2%~~25.2% of total revenue, respectively. At ~~September~~June 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, accounts receivable from the Company’s five most significant customers were approximately ~~$1,267~~$1,681 and ~~$4,199,~~$2,344, respectively.

Sales of products and/or services to related parties for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2017 were approximately $8 and $25, respectively. None of the transactions met a threshold requiring review and approval by the Audit Committee of the Board. There were no sales of products and/or services to related parties during the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

~~There were no amounts due from related parties at September 30, 2018 or December 31, 2017.~~

Purchases of products and/or services from related parties during the three months ended ~~September~~June 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017,~~2018, were approximately ~~$4 for both periods.~~$43 and $6, respectively. Purchases of products and/or services from related parties during the ~~nine~~six months ended ~~September~~June 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017,~~2018, were approximately ~~$16~~$58 and $12, respectively. Purchases of products and/or services by the Company during each of the respective periods primarily included website design services and leased office space (through August 2019) from related parties under common control by S. Kent Rockwell ~~who is~~(currently the Chairman of the Board of the Company and previously the Executive

Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Company). In addition, during the three months ended June 30, 2019, the Company purchased a 3D printing machine and ~~prior~~certain ancillary equipment for approximately $30 from an educational institution determined to ~~June 20, 2018, was~~be a related party on the ~~Executive Chairman~~basis that S. Kent Rockwell serves as a trustee of the ~~Company.~~ educational institution.

None of the transactions met a threshold requiring review and approval by the Audit Committee of the ~~Board.~~Board of Directors of the Company.

Amounts due to related parties associated with the purchase of products and/or services at ~~September 30, 2018 and~~ December 31, ~~2017,~~2018 were approximately $2$1 and ~~$1, respectively. Amounts due to related parties for both periods were~~are reflected in accounts payable in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet. There were no amounts due to related parties associated with the purchase of products and/or services at June 30, 2019.

The Company also receives the benefit of the corporate use of an airplane from a related party under common control by ~~the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Company~~S. Kent Rockwell for no consideration. The Company estimates the fair market value of the benefits received during each of the three months and six months ended ~~September~~June 30, ~~2018~~2019 was approximately ~~$5.~~$3. There were no such benefits received during ~~any other period in 2018 or 2017.~~the three months and six months ended June 30, 2018.

Refer to Note 1113 for further discussion relating to a revolving credit facility with a related party entered into in March 2018.

Other expense (income) – net consisted of the following for the periods indicated:

The Company has evaluated all of its activities and concluded that no subsequent events have occurred that would require recognition in the condensed consolidated financial statements or disclosure in the notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis should be read together with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto set forth in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q as well as our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2017.~~2018.

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act with respect to our future financial or business performance, strategies, or expectations. Forward-looking statements typically are identified by words or phrases such as “trend,” “potential,” “opportunity,” “pipeline,” “believe,” “comfortable,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “current,” “intention,” “estimate,” “position,” “assume,” “outlook,” “continue,” “remain,” “maintain,” “sustain,” “seek,” “achieve,” as well as similar expressions, or future or conditional verbs such as “will,” “would,” “should,” “could” and “may.”

We caution that forward-looking statements are subject to numerous assumptions, risks and uncertainties, which change over time. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made and we assume no duty to and do not undertake to update forward-looking statements. Actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in forward-looking statements and future results could differ materially from historical performance.

In addition to items described under “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2017,~~2018, the following factors, among others, could cause results to differ materially from forward-looking statements or historical performance: our ability to consistently generate operating profits; fluctuations in our ~~revenues~~revenue and operating results; ~~the results of our global cost realignment initiative;~~ our competitive environment and our competitive position; our ability to enhance our current 3D printing machinesand technology and develop new 3D printing machines; our ability to qualify more industrial materials in which we can print; demand for our products; the availability of skilled personnel; the impact of loss of key management; the impact of market conditions and other factors on the carrying value of long-lived assets; our ability to continue as a going concern; the impact of customer specific terms in machine sale agreements on the period in which we recognize revenue; risks related to global operations in ~~cluding~~including effects of foreign currency; the adequacy of sources of liquidity; the amount and sufficiency of funds for required capital expenditures, working capital, and debt service; dependency on certain critical suppliers; nature or impact of alliances and ~~strategic~~strategic investments; reliance on critical information technology systems; the effect of ~~litigatio~~n,litigation, contingencies and warranty claims; liabilities under laws and regulations protecting the environment; the impact of governmental laws and regulations; operating hazards, war, terrorism and cancellation or unavailability of insurance coverage; the impact of disruption of our manufacturing facilities ~~Production Service Centers (“PSCs”)~~ or ExOne Adoption Centers (“EACs”); the adequacy of our protection of our intellectual property; and expectations regarding demand for our industrial products, operating ~~revenues,~~revenue, operating and maintenance expenses, insurance expenses and deductibles, interest expenses, debt levels, and other matters with regard to outlook.

We are a global provider of 3D printing machines and 3D printed and other products, materials and services to industrial customers. Our business primarily consists of manufacturing and selling 3D printing machines and printing products to specification for our customers using our installed base of 3D printing machines. Our machines serve direct and indirect applications. Direct printing produces a component; indirect printing makes a tool to produce a component. We offer pre-production collaboration and print products for customers through our network of ~~PSCs and~~ EACs. We also supply the associated materials, including consumables and replacement parts, and other services, including training and technical support, that are necessary for purchasers of our 3D printing machines to print products. We believe that our ability to print in a variety of industrial materials, as well as our industry-leading volumetric output (as measured by build box size and printing speed), uniquely position us to serve the needs of industrial customers.

~~In April 2018 we completed the introduction~~We plan to grow our market leading position with respect to 3D printing solutions for customers and continue advancing our innovations in direct and indirect printing, principally through an expansion of our ~~newest~~fine powder (less than 20 micron) direct printing capabilities and development activities associated with large format direct and indirect 3D printing ~~machine, the Innovent+. Based on the Innovent platform, the Innovent+ system comes with~~machines. Our focus continues to be industrial markets for utilization of binder jetting technologies for non-polymer based materials. Our strength in industrial markets is rooted in our ~~new ultrasonic recoater designed for~~diverse material ~~flexibility~~capabilities, our lower cost of adoption versus other competing technologies, our faster printing speeds and ease of use. We believe that the ultrasonic recoater is the most advanced powder dispensing technology in the market. It can be quickly removed for system cleaning or powder change over. Each recoater comes with four screen configurations which allow for greater material compatibility. Expanded dust collection options have been localizedour scalability to pull powder from around the buildbox and utilize a dust particulate remover with variable control. Expanded dust collection options are compatible with both the Innovent and the Innovent+ 3D printing machine platforms.larger product size.

~~In August~~At June 30, 2019, our backlog was approximately $23,100 of which approximately $19,700 was expected to be fulfilled during the twelve months following such date. At December 31, 2018, ~~we announced the release of 304L stainless steel as a printable material through~~ our PSC in North Huntingdon, Pennsylvania and as a qualified material on our direct printers. 304L is the most commonly used stainless steel and is suitable to applications in a wide range of industries due to its high durability, corrosion resistance and low cost. Common applications include components for appliances, marine, medical, kitchenware, fasteners and heat exchangers. 304L stainless steel joins 316L stainless steel and 17-4PH stainless steel as high density, single-alloy qualified materials for printing through our PSC and direct printers, in addition to our matrix materials, which include 420 stainless steel infiltrated with bronze and 316 stainless steel infiltrated with bronze.backlog was approximately $12,300.

~~In August 2018 we committed to a plan to consolidate certain~~Purchases of our 3D printing ~~operations from our Houston, Texas facility into our Troy, Michigan facility. These actions were taken as part~~machines are often subject to the capital expenditure cycles of our ~~efforts~~customers. Generally, 3D printing machine sales are higher in our third and fourth quarters than in our first and second quarters; however, as acceptance of our 3D printing machines as a credible alternative to ~~optimize our business model and maximize our facility utilization. During~~traditional methods of production grows, we expect to limit the seasonality we experience.

Net loss for the three months ended ~~September~~June 30, ~~2018, we recorded~~2019 was $3,789, or $0.23 per basic and diluted share, compared with a ~~charge~~net loss of ~~approximately $28 split between cost~~$8,037 or $0.50 per basic and diluted share, for the three months ended June 30, 2018. Net loss for the six months ended June 30, 2019, was $8,285, or $0.51 per basic and diluted share, compared with a net loss of ~~sales ($15)~~$14,422 or $0.89 per basic and diluted share, for the six months ended June 30, 2018. The decrease in our net loss for both periods was principally due to an increase in our gross profit (driven by higher revenues) combined with decreases in our operating expenses (research and development and selling, general and administrative ~~expense ($13) associated with involuntary employee terminations related~~expense) mostly due to ~~this plan. During~~our 2018 global cost realignment program (all changes further described below).

Revenue for the three months ended ~~September~~June 30, 2019 was $15,279, compared with revenue of $10,857 for the three months ended June 30, 2018, ~~we recorded~~ an ~~additional charge~~increase of ~~approximately $1 (to cost~~$4,422, or 40.7%. The increase in revenue resulted from an increase in revenue attributable to our 3D printing machines product group, offset by a decrease in revenue attributable to our 3D printed and other products, materials and services product group. The increase in revenues from 3D printing machines resulted from a higher volume of sales) associated with asset impairments related to this plan. There are no additional charges expected to be incurred associated with this plan in future periods. We settled all amounts associated with involuntary employee terminationsunits sold (13 3D printing machines sold during the three months ended ~~September~~June 30, ~~2018.~~

~~At September~~2019, as compared to seven 3D printing machines sold during the three months ended June 30, ~~2018 we reclassified approximately $822~~2018), and a favorable mix of machines sold, with a greater share of indirect printers sold as compared to direct printers (such indirect machines generally bearing a higher average selling price as compared to direct machines). The decrease in ~~property~~revenues from 3D printed and ~~equipment relating~~other products, materials and services principally resulted from a decrease in revenues from our direct EAC printing operations (mostly due to the timing of orders from a key customer), indirect EAC printing operations (mostly due to lower volumes of sale of printed products and the impact of our exit of our Houston, Texas facility in August 2018, such facility contributing approximately $400 in revenue during the three months ended June 30, 2018) and materials (mostly due reductions in pricing and the timing of certain customer orders). Revenue was also impacted by approximately $200 due to unfavorable exchange rates (principally ~~land~~the euro versus the United States dollar) during the three months ended June 30, 2019.

Revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2019, was $24,858 compared with revenue of $22,750 for the six months ended June 30, 2018, an increase of $2,108, or 9.3%. The increase in revenue resulted from an increase in revenue attributable to our 3D printing machines product group, offset by a decrease in revenue attributable to our 3D printed and ~~building)~~other products, materials and services product group. The increase in revenues from 3D printing machines resulted from a higher volume of units sold (21 3D printing machines sold during the six months ended June 30, 2019, as compared to 13 3D printing machines sold during the six months ended June 30, 2018), and a favorable mix of machines sold, with a greater share of indirect printers sold as compared to direct printers (such indirect machines generally bearing a higher average selling price as compared to direct machines). The decrease in revenues from 3D printed and other products, materials and services principally resulted from a decrease in revenues from our direct EAC printing operations (mostly due to the timing of orders from a key customer), indirect EAC printing operations (mostly due to lower volumes of sale of printed products and the impact of our exit of our Houston, Texas facility in August 2018, such facility contributing approximately $800 in revenue during the six months ended June 30, 2018) and materials (mostly due reductions in pricing and the timing of customer orders). Revenue was also impacted by approximately $600 due to unfavorable exchange rates (principally the euro versus the United States dollar) during the six months ended June 30, 2019.

Cost of sales for the three months ended June 30, 2019 was $10,137, compared with cost of sales of $9,267 for the three months ended June 30, 2018, an increase of $870, or 9.4%. Gross profit for the three months ended June 30, 2019 was $5,142, compared with gross profit of $1,590 for the three months ended June 30, 2018. Gross profit percentage was 33.7% for the three months ended June 30, 2019, compared with 14.6% for the three months ended June 30, 2018. The increase in our gross profit was primarily due to an increase in our volume of products sold resulting in improved leverage of our fixed cost base and cost savings associated with ~~certain assets meeting required criteria as held~~our 2018 global cost realignment program (primarily costs associated with our former Houston, Texas facility and a reduction in consulting and professional fees of approximately $28), offset by an unfavorable product mix. In addition, we realized a net benefit in cost of sales associated with a reduction in net charges associated with slow-moving, obsolete and lower of cost or net realizable value inventories of approximately $889 (principally due to the $561 charge associated with our industrial microwave inventories recorded during the three months ended June 30, 2018). Offsetting this net benefit in cost of sales was net negative experience related to product warranties of approximately $336.

Cost of sales for ~~sale (included~~the six months ended June 30, 2019 was $17,074, compared with cost of sales of $18,544 for the six months ended June 30, 2018, a decrease of $1,470, or 7.9%. Gross profit for the six months ended June 30, 2019 was $7,784, compared with gross profit of $4,206 for the six months ended June 30, 2018. Gross profit percentage was 31.3% for the six months ended June 30, 2019, compared with 18.5% for the six months ended June 30, 2018. The increase in ~~prepaid expenses~~our gross profit was primarily due to an increase in our volume of products sold resulting in improved leverage of our fixed cost base and cost savings associated with our 2018 global cost realignment program (primarily costs associated with our former Houston, Texas facility and a reduction in consulting and professional fees of approximately $167), offset by an unfavorable product mix. In addition, we realized net benefits in cost of sales associated with a reduction in net charges associated with slow-moving, obsolete and lower of cost or net realizable value inventories of approximately $798 (principally due to the $561 charge associated with our industrial microwave inventories recorded during the three months ended June 30, 2018) and the absence of approximately $258 (approximately $17 in other ~~current assets~~exit costs and $241 in ~~the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet).~~

~~The~~asset impairments) in charges associated with our consolidation of our 3D printing operations from our ~~Houston, Texas~~ facility in Desenzano del Garda, Italy into our ~~Troy, Michigan facility is expected~~Gersthofen, Germany facility. Offsetting these net benefits in cost of sales was net negative experience related to ~~result in a reduction in our annual revenues~~product warranties of approximately ~~$1,400. Revenues associated with our Houston, Texas facility were approximately $153~~$536.

Research and development expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2019 were $2,537, compared with research and ~~nine months ended September 30, 2018. Revenues associated with our Houston, Texas facility were approximately $451 and $1,430~~development expenses of $3,235 for the three months ended June 30, 2018, a decrease of $698, or 21.6%. The decrease in research and ~~nine~~development expenses was primarily due to decreases in employee-related costs (principally salaries and benefits) of approximately

$277 and consulting and professional fees of approximately $519 (both reductions primarily as a result of our 2018 global cost realignment program). These decreases were offset by an increase in material costs of approximately $144, primarily associated with our development of the X1 25PRO^TM direct 3D printing machine and S-MAX PRO^TM indirect 3D printing machine.

Research and development expenses for the six months ended ~~September~~June 30, ~~2017. We expect annualized cost savings related~~2019, were $4,969 compared with research and development expenses of $6,030 for the six months ended June 30, 2018, a decrease of $1,061, or 17.6%. The decrease in research and development expenses was primarily due to ~~this consolidation~~decreases in employee-related costs (principally salaries and benefits) of approximately ~~$1,800, with~~$460 and consulting and professional fees of approximately ~~$1,600~~$779 (both reductions primarily as a result of our 2018 global cost realignment program). These decreases were offset by an increase in ~~the form~~material costs of ~~cash cost savings (principally employee-related and other operating costs) and~~ approximately ~~$200 in the form of reduced depreciation expense. Cost savings~~$154, primarily associated with our development of the ~~exit of this facility are expected to benefit cost of sales by approximately $1,600~~X1 25PRO^TM direct 3D printing machine and S-MAX PRO^TM indirect 3D printing machine.

Selling, general and administrative expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2019 were $6,167, compared with selling, general and administrative expenses of $6,353 for the three months ended June 30, 2018, a decrease of $186, or 2.9%. The decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses was principally due to a decrease in employee-related costs (salaries and benefits) of approximately $1,172 (including approximately $708 in employee termination costs associated with the change in our Chief Executive Officer and our 2018 global cost realignment program recorded during the three months ended June 2018) as well as a reduction in consulting and professional fees (primarily as a result of our 2018 global cost realignment program) of approximately $72. These decreases were offset by increases associated with equity-based compensation of approximately ~~$200.~~$648 (primarily due to pre-vesting forfeitures associated with the change in our Chief Executive Officer in June 2018), and an increase in costs associated with trade show related activities of approximately $469, primarily associated with our investment in the GIFA international foundry show in Dusseldorf, Germany (a once every four-year event).

Selling, general and administrative expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2019 were $11,590, compared with selling, general and administrative expenses of $12,555 for the six months ended June 30, 2018, a decrease of $965, or 7.7%. The decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses was principally due to a decrease in employee-related costs (salaries and benefits) of approximately $1,648 (including approximately $708 in employee termination costs associated with the change in our Chief Executive Officer and our 2018 global cost realignment program, recorded during the three months ended June 2018), a reduction in consulting and professional fees (primarily as a result of our 2018 global cost realignment program) of approximately $182 and an increase in net recoveries for bad debts of approximately $113. These decreases were offset by increases associated with equity-based compensation of approximately $704 (primarily due to pre-vesting forfeitures associated with the change in our Chief Executive Officer in June 2018), and an increase in costs associated with trade show related activities of approximately $481, primarily associated with our investment in the GIFA international foundry show in Dusseldorf, Germany (a once every four-year event).

Interest expense for the three months ended June 30, 2019 was $71, compared with interest expense of $73 for the three months ended June 30, 2018, a decrease of $2, or 2.7%. Amounts for both periods consisted principally of interest expense associated with our revolving credit facility with a related party and the building note payable associated with our global headquarters in North Huntingdon, Pennsylvania.

Interest expense for the six months ended June 30, 2019 was $142, compared with interest expense of $106 for the six months ended June 30, 2018, an increase of $36, or 34.0%. The increase in interest expense was principally due to interest incurred in connection with our revolving credit facility with a related party entered into on March 12, 2018 (approximately $100 during the six months ended June 30, 2019 as compared to $59 during the six months ended June 30, 2018).

Other expense (income) – net for the three months ended June 30, 2019 was $57, compared with other expense (income) – net of ($52) for the three months ended June 30, 2018. Other expense (income) – net for the six months ended June 30, 2019 was $69, compared with other expense (income) – net of ($98) for the six months ended June 30, 2018. Amounts for each of the periods consisted principally of interest income on cash and cash equivalents balances and net foreign exchange losses (gains) on commercial transactions and certain intercompany transactions between subsidiaries either settled or planned for settlement in the foreseeable future. Changes between each of the periods consisted principally of changes in net foreign exchange losses (gains) based principally on changes in the euro and Japanese yen against the United States dollar.

The provision (benefit) for income taxes for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 was $99 and $18, respectively. The provision (benefit) for income taxes for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 was ($701) and $35, respectively. We ~~expect to invest these cost savings into technological or process advancements that support either long-term cost benefits or revenue growth.~~have completed a discrete period computation of our provision (benefit) for income taxes for each of the periods presented. The discrete period computation was required as a result of jurisdictions with losses before income taxes for which no tax benefit can be

recognized and an inability to generate reliable estimates for results in certain jurisdictions as a result of inconsistencies in generating net operating profits (losses) in those jurisdictions.

The effective tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 was 2.7% (provision on a loss) and 0.2% (provision on a loss), respectively. The effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 was 7.8% (benefit on a loss) and 0.2% (provision on a loss), respectively. For the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, the effective tax rate differs from the United States federal statutory rate of 21.0% primarily due to net changes in valuation allowances for the periods. For the six months ended June 30, 2019, the effective tax rate differs from the United States federal statutory rate of 21.0% primarily due to the reversal of previously recorded liabilities for uncertain tax positions (further described below) and net changes in valuation allowances for the period. For the six months ended June 30, 2018, the effective tax rate differs from the United States federal statutory rate of 21.0% primarily due to net changes in valuation allowances for the periods.

We have provided a valuation allowance for our net deferred tax assets as a result of our inability to generate consistent net operating profits in jurisdictions in which we operate. As such, any benefit from deferred taxes in any of the periods presented in our condensed consolidated financial statements has been fully offset by changes in the valuation allowance for net deferred tax assets. We continue to assess our future taxable income by jurisdiction based on our recent historical operating results, the expected timing of reversal of temporary differences, various tax planning strategies that we may be able to enact in future periods, the impact of potential operating changes on our business and our forecast results from operations in future periods based on available information at the end of each reporting period. To the extent that we are able to reach the conclusion that net deferred tax assets are realizable based on any combination of the above factors in a single, or multiple, taxing jurisdictions, a reversal of the related portion of our existing valuation allowances may occur.

At December 31, 2018, our ExOne GmbH (2010-2013) and ExOne Property GmbH (2013) subsidiaries were under examination by local taxing authorities in Germany. In January 2019, this examination was concluded by the local taxing authorities in Germany without significant adjustment to previously established tax positions. As a result, during the three months ended March 31, 2019, we recorded a reversal of certain of our previously recorded liabilities for uncertain tax positions of approximately $1,075, of which approximately $257 was offset against net operating loss carryforwards.

In December 2017 we committed to a plan to consolidate certain of our 3D printing operations from our Desenzano del Garda, Italy facility into our Gersthofen, Germany facility. These actions were taken as part of our efforts to optimize our business model and maximize our facility utilization. As a result of these actions, during the three months ended December 31, 2017, we recorded a charge of approximately $72 split between cost of sales ($19) and selling, general and administrative expense ($53) associated with involuntary employee terminations related to this plan. During the three months ended March 31, 2018, we recorded an additional charge of approximately $245 associated with other exit costs ($17) and asset impairments ($228) related to this plan. During the three months ended June 30, 2018, we recorded an additional charge of approximately $13 associated with asset impairments related to this plan. In addition, during the three months ended June 30, 2018, we recorded a gain from disposal of certain property and equipment of approximately $51 (recorded to cost of sales in the accompanying condensed statement of consolidated operations and comprehensive loss). Charges associated with other exit costs recorded during the six months ended June 30, 2018 were recorded to cost of sales in the accompanying condensed statement of consolidated operations and comprehensive loss. Charges associated with asset impairments recorded during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 were recorded to cost of sales as a component of depreciation expense in the accompanying condensed statement of consolidated operations and comprehensive loss. Other exit costs relate to the remaining facility rent due under a non-cancellable operating lease following the cessation of operations at the facility in January 2018. Asset impairment charges relate to certain leasehold improvements associated with the exited facility and other equipment which we abandoned. There are no additional charges expected to be incurred associated with this plan in future periods. We settled all amounts associated with involuntary employee terminations and other exit costs (remaining facility ~~rentals~~rent payments) during ~~the six months ended June 30,~~ 2018.

The consolidation of our 3D printing operations from our Desenzano del Garda, Italy facility into our Gersthofen, Germany facility is not expected to have a significant impact on our revenues in future periods. We expect annualized cost savings related to this consolidation of approximately $875, with approximately $600 in the form of cash cost savings (principally employee-related and other operating costs) and approximately $275 in the form of reduced depreciation expense. Cost savings associated with the exit of this facility are expected to benefit cost of sales by approximately $625 and selling, general and administrative expenses by approximately $250. We expect to invest these cost savings into technological or process advancements that support either long-term cost benefits or revenue growth.

In January 2017 we committed to a plan to consolidate certain of our 3D printing operations from our North Las Vegas, Nevada facility into our Troy, Michigan and Houston, Texas facilities and exit our non-core specialty machining operations in our Chesterfield, Michigan facility. These actions were taken as a result of the accelerating adoption rate of our indirect printing technology in North America which resulted in a refocus of our operational strategy.Impairment

As a result of these actions, during the three months ended March 31, 2017, we recorded charges of approximately $984, including approximately $110 associated with involuntary employee terminations, approximately $7 associated with other exit costs and approximately $867 associated with asset impairments. Charges associated with involuntary employee terminations and other exit costs were recorded to cost of sales in the accompanying condensed statement of consolidated operations and comprehensive loss. Charges associated with asset impairments were split between cost of sales ($598), as a component of depreciation expense, and selling, general and administrative expenses ($269), as a component of amortization expense, in the accompanying condensed statement of consolidated operations and comprehensive loss. During the three months ended June 30, 2017, we recorded an additional charge of approximately $32 associated with an additional involuntary employee termination which required a service commitment through April 2017. This charge was recorded to cost of sales in the accompanying condensed statement of operations and comprehensive loss. There are no additional charges expected to be incurred associated with this plan in future periods. We settled all amounts associated with involuntary employee terminations and other exit costs during 2017.

Charges associated with asset impairments (discussed above) relate principally to our plan to exit our non-core specialty machining operations in our Chesterfield, Michigan facility. On April 21, 2017, we sold to a third party certain assets associated with these operations including inventories (approximately $79), property and equipment (approximately $2,475) and other contractual rights (approximately $269). Total gross proceeds from the sale of these assets were approximately $2,050. After deducting costs directly attributable to the sale of these assets (approximately $128), we recorded an impairment loss during the three months ended March 31, 2017, of approximately $859 split between property and equipment ($590) and intangible assets ($269) based on the excess of the carrying value over the estimated fair value of the related assets at March 31, 2017. During the three months ended June 30, 2017, we recorded a loss on disposal of approximately $42. Both the impairment loss and the loss on disposal were recorded to cost of sales in the accompanying condensed statement of consolidated operations and comprehensive loss.

Separate from the transaction described above, on May 9, 2017, we sold to a third party certain property and equipment (principally land and building) associated with our North Las Vegas, Nevada facility. Total gross proceeds from the sale of these assets were approximately $1,950. After deducting costs directly attributable to the sale of these assets (approximately $137), we recorded a gain on disposal (recorded to cost of sales in the accompanying condensed statement of consolidated operations and comprehensive loss) during the three months ended June 30, 2017, of approximately $347. Additionally, we recorded an impairment loss during the three months ended March 31, 2017, of approximately $8 associated with certain property and equipment which was abandoned in connection with our exit of our North Las Vegas, Nevada facility.

The consolidation of our 3D printing operations from our North Las Vegas, Nevada facility into our Troy, Michigan and Houston, Texas facilities is not expected to have a significant impact on our revenues in future periods. We expect annualized cost savings

related to this consolidation of approximately $600, with approximately $570 in the form of cash cost savings (principally employee-related and other operating costs) and approximately $30 in the form of reduced depreciation expense. All cost savings associated with this consolidation are expected to benefit cost of sales. We expect to invest these cost savings into technological or process advancements that support either long-term cost benefits or revenue growth.

We expect annualized reductions in revenue related to our exit of our non-core specialty machining operations in our Chesterfield, Michigan facility of approximately $1,400. Revenues associated with our non-core specialty machining operations in our Chesterfield, Michigan facility were approximately $346 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. We expect annualized cost savings related to this exit of approximately $500, with approximately $200 in the form of cash cost savings (principally employee-related and other operating costs), approximately $200 in the form of reduced depreciation expense and approximately $100 in the form of reduced amortization expense. Cost savings associated with the exit of this facility are expected to benefit cost of sales by approximately $400 and selling, general and administrative expenses by approximately $100. We expect to invest these cost savings into technological or process advancements that support either long-term cost benefits or revenue growth.

~~During the three months ended September 30, 2018,~~2019, as a result of continued operating losses and cash flow deficiencies, we identified a triggering event requiring a test for the recoverability of long-lived assets held and used at the asset group level. Assessing the recoverability of long-lived assets held and used requires significant judgments and estimates by management.

For purposes of testing long-lived assets for recoverability, we operate as three separate asset groups: United States, Europe and Japan. In assessing the recoverability of long-lived assets held and used, we determined the carrying amount of long-lived assets held and used to be in excess of the estimated future undiscounted net cash flows of the related assets. We proceeded to determine the fair value of our long-lived assets held and used, principally through use of the market approach. Our use of the market approach included consideration of market transactions for comparable assets. Management concluded that the fair value of long-lived assets held and used exceeded their carrying value and as such no impairment loss was recorded.

A significant decrease in the market price of a long-lived asset, adverse change in the use or condition of a long-lived asset, adverse change in the business climate or legal or regulatory factors impacting a long-lived asset and continued operating losses and cash flow deficiencies associated with a long-lived asset, among other indicators, could cause a future assessment to be performed which may result in an impairment of long-lived assets held and used, ~~which could result~~resulting in a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations.

At September 30, 2018, our backlog was approximately $26,500 of which approximately $23,600 is expected to be fulfilled during the next twelve months. At December 31, 2017, our backlog was approximately $21,300.

Net loss for the three months ended September 30, 2018 was $323, or $0.02 per basic and diluted share, compared with a net loss of $4,863, or $0.30 per basic and diluted share, for the three months ended September 30, 2017. Net loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was $14,745, or $0.91 per basic and diluted share, compared with a net loss of $18,057 or $1.13 per basic and diluted share, for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The decrease in our net loss for the three month period was principally due to an increase in our revenues and gross profit, decreases in our operating expenses (research and development and selling, general and administrative expense) and the benefit of an insurance recovery through other (income) expense – net during the three months ended September 30, 2018 (all changes further described below). The decrease in our net loss for the nine month period was principally due to an increase in our revenues and gross profit, offset by a net increase in operating expenses (selling, general and administrative expense decreases offset by an increase in research and development expenses) and the benefit of the aforementioned insurance recovery during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 (all changes further described below).

Revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2018 was $16,589, compared with revenue of $15,887 for the three months ended September 30, 2017, an increase of $702, or 4.4%. The increase in revenue resulted from an increase in revenue attributable to our 3D printing machines product group, offset by a decrease in revenues attributable to our 3D printed and other products, materials and services product group. The increase in revenues from 3D printing machines resulted from a higher volume of units sold (15 3D printing machines sold during the three months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to 12 3D printing machines sold during the three months ended September 30, 2017), slightly offset by an unfavorable mix of machines sold. The decrease in revenues from 3D printed and other products, materials and services principally resulted from a decrease in revenues from our indirect PSC and EAC printing operations based on lower volumes of sale of printed products as a result of lower customer demand and the impact of our exit of our Houston, Texas facility during the three months ended September 30, 2018, slightly offset by an increase in consumable material and service revenues (maintenance services and replacement components for 3D printing machines) based on an increased global installed base of 3D printing machines.

Revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was $39,339 compared with revenue of $37,555 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, an increase of $1,784, or 4.8%. The increase in revenue resulted from an increase in revenue attributable to both of our product groups. The increase in revenues from 3D printing machines resulted from a higher volume of units sold (28 3D printing machines sold during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to 25 3D printing machines sold during the nine months ended September 30, 2017), along with favorable exchange rates (principally the euro versus the United States dollar), slightly offset by an unfavorable mix of machines sold. The increase in revenues from 3D printed and other products, materials and services principally resulted from an increase in revenues from our direct PSC printing operations as a result of increased customer acceptance of our binder jet technologies and an increase in consumable material and service revenues (maintenance services and replacement components for 3D printing machines) based on an increased global installed base of 3D printing machines along with favorable exchange rates (principally the euro versus the United States dollar). These increases in revenues from 3D printed and other products, materials and services were offset by decreases in product sales associated with our former specialty machining operation located in our Chesterfield, Michigan facility (approximately $346) following the sale of certain assets associated with this operation in April 2017 and a reduction in revenues associated with our indirect PSC and EAC printing operations ~~based on lower customer demand and the impact of our exit of our Houston, Texas facility during the three months ended September 30, 2018~~.

The following table summarizes 3D printing machines sold by type (refer to the “Recent Developments” section above and the “Our Machines and Machine Platforms” section of Part I, Item 1 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, for a description of 3D printing machines by type):

Cost of sales for the three months ended September 30, 2018 was $10,016, compared with cost of sales of $11,790 for the three months ended September 30, 2017, a decrease of $1,774, or 15.0%. The decrease in cost of sales was due to a decrease in our variable cost of sales primarily attributable to the absence of our recognition of four Exerial printing machines during the three months ended September 30, 2017 (approximately $2,762) which yielded a break-even result on a contribution margin basis and a decrease in consulting and professional fees of approximately $215 (as part of our global cost realignment).

Gross profit for the three months ended September 30, 2018 was $6,573, compared with gross profit of $4,097 for the three months ended September 30, 2017. Gross profit percentage was 39.6% for the three months ended September 30, 2018, compared with 25.8% for the three months ended September 30, 2017. The change in gross profit was the result of the increase in revenues and decrease in cost of sales as further described above.

Cost of sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was $28,560, compared with cost of sales of $29,829 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, a decrease of $1,269, or 4.3%. The decrease in cost of sales was due to a net decrease in our variable cost of sales attributable to the absence of our recognition of four Exerial printing machines during the three months ended September 30, 2017 (approximately $2,762) which yielded a break-even result on a contribution margin basis, offset by an increase in variable cost of sales due to an increase in revenues. Other decreases included approximately $962 in net charges associated with

slow-moving, obsolete and lower of cost or net realizable value inventories (principally due to the difference between the $1,460 charge associated with our Exerial 3D printing machine platform inventories recorded during the three months ended June 30, 2017 and the $561 charge associated with our industrial microwave inventories recorded during the three months ended June 30, 2018) and a net decrease in costs associated with exit activities of approximately $524. During nine months ended September 30, 2018, we incurred costs of approximately $223 (approximately $15 in employee termination costs, $17 in other exit costs and $191 in asset impairments) associated with our consolidation of our 3D printing operations from our facility in Desenzano del Garda, Italy into our Gersthofen, Germany facility and our Houston, Texas facility into our Troy, Michigan facility. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we incurred costs of approximately $747 (approximately $142 in employee termination costs, $7 in other exit costs and $598 in asset impairments) associated with our consolidation of our 3D printing operations from our facility in North Las Vegas, Nevada into our Troy, Michigan and Houston, Texas facilities and our exit of our non-core specialty machining operations in Chesterfield, Michigan. Offsetting these decreases were increases attributable to a reduction in net gains from the disposal of property and equipment of approximately $254 and unfavorable exchange rates (principally the euro versus the United States dollar). Net gains on the disposal of property and equipment recorded during the nine months ended September 30, 2017, primarily related to our sale of certain property and equipment (principally land and building) associated with our consolidation and exit of our North Las Vegas, Nevada PSC.

Gross profit for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was $10,779, compared with gross profit of $7,726 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Gross profit percentage was 27.4% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared with 20.6% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The change in gross profit was the result of the increase in revenues and decrease in cost of sales as further described above.

Research and development expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2018 were $2,444, compared with research and development expenses of $2,871 for the three months ended September 30, 2017, a decrease of $427, or 14.9%. The decrease in research and development expenses was primarily due to a decrease in consulting and professional fees of approximately $337 (as part of our global cost realignment) and a reduction in material costs utilized as part of material and printer development activities of approximately $125.

Research and development expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 were $8,474 compared with research and development expenses of $7,219 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, an increase of $1,255, or 17.4%. The increase in research and development expenses was primarily due to increases in employee-related costs (salaries, benefits and equity-based compensation) of approximately $628 (including approximately $71 in employee termination costs associated with our global cost realignment), consulting and professional fees of approximately $324 associated with certain machine development and other organizational development activities, such increases incurred prior to enactment of our global cost realignment in June 2018, and unfavorable exchange rates (principally the euro versus the United States dollar).

~~We expect to increase our investment in research and development by approximately $1,000 to $2,000 during 2018 (as compared to 2017)~~ in an effort to accelerate the development of our large format, fine powder direct printing capabilities and our material development activities for direct and indirect printing, among other initiatives. Our investment in research and development during 2018 (as compared to 2017) has been revised from approximately $4,000 to $8,000 (as indicated in earlier periods) based on efficiencies and reductions identified as part of our global cost realignment.

Selling, general and administrative expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2018 were $5,200, compared with selling, general and administrative expenses of $6,062 for the three months ended September 30, 2017, a decrease of $862, or 14.2%. The decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses was principally due to a decrease in employee-related costs (salaries and benefits) of approximately $145 (as part of our global cost realignment) and equity-based compensation of approximately $815 (as a result of a reduction in awards issued to employees under less favorable vesting conditions), offset by lower net recoveries for bad debts of approximately $2 during the three months ended September 30, 2018 versus approximately $183 during the three months ended September 30, 2017.

Selling, general and administrative expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 were $17,755, compared with selling, general and administrative expenses of $18,338 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, a decrease of $583, or 3.2%. The decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses was principally due to decreases associated with equity-based compensation of approximately $1,384 (as a result of pre-vesting forfeitures associated with the change in our Chief Executive Officer in June 2018 and a reduction in awards issued to employees under less favorable vesting conditions), consulting and professional fees of approximately $187, and the absence of an impairment of intangible assets of approximately $269 during the three months ended March 31, 2017, in connection with our plan to exit our non-core specialty machining operations at our Chesterfield, Michigan facility. These decreases were offset by an increase in employee-related costs (salaries and benefits) of approximately $1,257 (including approximately $708 in employee termination costs associated with the change in our Chief Executive Officer and our global cost realignment, both enacted in June 2018) and unfavorable exchange rates (principally the euro versus the United States dollar).

Interest expense for the three months ended September 30, 2018 was $73, compared with interest expense of $24 for the three months ended September 30, 2017, an increase of $49, or 204.2%. The increase in interest expense was principally due to interest incurred in connection with our revolving credit facility with a related party entered into on March 12, 2018 (approximately $51 during the three months ended September 30, 2018).

Interest expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was $179, compared with interest expense of $69 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, an increase of $110, or 159.4%. The increase in interest expense was principally due to interest incurred in connection with our above-referenced revolving credit facility with a related party (approximately $110 during the nine months ended September 30, 2018).

Other (income) expense – net for the three months ended September 30, 2018 was ($838), compared with other (income) expense – net of ($11) for the three months ended September 30, 2017. Included in other (income) expense – net for the three months ended September 30, 2018 was approximately $819 of a realized gain associated with an insurance recovery for a 3D printing machine damaged by a third party freight company while in transit. Amounts for both periods also included interest income on cash and cash equivalents balances and net foreign exchange (gains) losses on commercial transactions and certain intercompany transactions between subsidiaries either settled or planned for settlement in the foreseeable future.

Other (income) expense – net for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was ($936), compared with other (income) expense – net of $134 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Other (income) expense – net for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 included the aforementioned realized gain associated with an insurance recovery for a 3D printing machine damaged by a third party freight company while in transit. Amounts for both periods also included interest income on cash and cash equivalents balances and net foreign exchange (gains) losses on commercial transactions and certain intercompany transactions between subsidiaries either settled or planned for settlement in the foreseeable future.

The provision for income taxes for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 was $17 and $14, respectively. The effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 was 5.6% (provision on a loss) and 0.3% (provision on a loss), respectively. The provision for income taxes for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, was $52 and $23, respectively. The effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, was 0.4% (provision on a loss) and 0.1% (provision on a loss), respectively. The effective tax rate differs from the United States federal statutory rate of 21.0% (2018) and 34.0% (2017) for each of the periods presented primarily due to net changes in valuation allowances for the periods.

We have completed a discrete period computation of our provision for income taxes for each of the periods presented. The discrete period computation was required as a result of jurisdictions with losses before income taxes for which no tax benefit can be recognized and an inability to generate reliable estimates for results in certain jurisdictions as a result of inconsistencies in generating net operating profits (losses) in those jurisdictions.

Our results of operations and financial condition are presented based on historical cost. While it is difficult to accurately measure the impact of inflation due to the imprecise nature of the estimates required, we believe the effects of inflation, if any, on our results of operations and financial condition are not significant.

We have incurred a net loss in each of our annual periods since our inception. In addition, we incurred a net loss of approximately ~~$323~~$3,789 and ~~$14,745~~$8,285 for the three months and ~~nine~~six months ended ~~September~~June 30, ~~2018,~~2019, respectively. At ~~September~~June 30, ~~2018,~~2019, we had approximately ~~$10,705~~$5,462 in unrestricted cash and cash equivalents.

We have received cumulative unrestricted net proceeds from the sale of our common stock (through our initial public offering and subsequent secondary offerings) of approximately $168,361 to fund our operations. Most recently, we received approximately $595 in unrestricted net proceeds from the sale of our common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2016 through an At Market Issuance Sales Agreement (“ATM”) with FBR Capital Markets & Co. (“FBR”) and MLV & Co. LLC (“MLV”) pursuant to which FBR and MLV agreed to act as distribution agents in the sale of up to $50,000 in the aggregate of our common stock ~~in “at the market offerings” as defined in Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”)~~. Subsequent to the filing of our registration statement on Form S-3 (No. 333-223690) in March 2018 we have not reactivated the ATM and therefore do not consider the ATM to be an active source of liquidity.

In March 2018, we entered into a three-year, $15,000 revolving credit facility with a related party (further described below).

to provide additional funding for working capital and general corporate purposes. In June 2018, we ~~announced our plans for~~initiated a 2018 global cost realignment ~~which focuses~~program focused on a reduction ofin our production overhead costs and operating expenses in an effort to ~~achieve net income~~drive efficiency in our operations and positive cash flows in 2019. As part of our plans, we have already executed on certain employee terminations and reductions in consulting expenditures. We plan to continue this process through the end of 2018 with particular focus on operational and workingpreserve capital efficiencies. In connection with our plans, we expect to achieve cost savings of approximately $2,000 to $3,000 during the second half of 2018 (as compared to the first half of 2018), with an overall goal of cost savings of approximately $10,000 in 2019 (as compared to full year 2018).

We believe that our existing capital resources will be sufficient to support our operating plan. If we anticipate that our actual results will differ from our operating plan, we believe we have sufficient capabilities to enact cost savings measures to preserve capital (in addition to the ~~cost~~costs savings measures associated with our 2018 global cost realignment program further described above). ~~Further, we~~We may also seek to raise additional capital to support our growth through additional debt, equity or other alternatives (including asset sales) or a combination ~~thereof.~~thereof.

On March 12, 2018, ~~ExOne~~we and ~~its~~our ExOne Americas LLC and ExOne GmbH subsidiaries, as guarantors (collectively, the “Loan Parties”), entered into a Credit Agreement and related ancillary agreements with LBM Holdings, LLC (“LBM”), a company controlled by S. Kent Rockwell, who was our Executive Chairman (a related party) at such date and ~~effective June 20, 2018, became~~is currently Chairman of our ~~Chairman and Chief Executive Officer,~~Board of Directors (the “Board”), relating to a $15,000 revolving credit facility (the “LBM Credit Agreement”) to provide additional funding for working capital and general corporate purposes. The LBM Credit Agreement provides for a term of three years (through March 12, 2021) and bears interest at a rate of one month LIBOR plus an applicable margin of 500 basis points (approximately ~~6.7%~~7.4% and ~~7.3%~~7.5% at ~~inception~~June 30, 2019 and ~~September 30,~~December 31, 2018, respectively). The LBM Credit Agreement requires a commitment fee of 75 basis points, or 0.75%, on the unused portion of the facility, payable monthly in arrears. In addition, an up-front commitment fee of 125 basis points, or 1.25% (approximately $188), was required at closing. Borrowings under the LBM Credit Agreement are required to be in minimum increments of $1,000. ~~ExOne~~We may terminate or reduce the credit commitment at any time during the term of the LBM Credit Agreement without penalty. ~~ExOne~~We may also make prepayments against outstanding borrowings under the LBM Credit Agreement at any time without penalty. Borrowings under the LBM Credit Agreement have been collateralized by the accounts receivable, inventories and machinery and equipment of the Loan Parties. At inception ~~of the credit facility~~ and ~~September~~June 30, ~~2018~~2019 the total estimated value of collateral was in significant excess of the maximum borrowing capacity under the LBM Credit Agreement.

covenants. The LBM Credit Agreement also contains events of default, including, but not limited to, cross-default to certain other debt, breaches of representations and warranties, change of control events and breaches of covenants.

LBM was determined to be a related party based on common control by S. Kent ~~Rockwell, who was our Executive Chairman at the time we entered into the LBM Credit Agreement and effective June 20, 2018, became our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer.~~Rockwell. Accordingly, we do not consider the LBM Credit Agreement indicative of a fair market value lending. Prior to execution, the LBM Credit Agreement was ~~subject to review~~reviewed and ~~approval~~approved by the Audit Committee of the Board and subsequently by a sub-committee of independent members of ~~our~~the Board ~~(which included each of the members of the Audit Committee of the Board)~~. At the time of execution of the LBM Credit Agreement, the $15,000 in available loan proceeds ~~were~~was deposited into an escrow account with an unrelated, third party financial institution acting as escrow agent pursuant to a separate Escrow Agreement by and among the parties. Loan proceeds held in escrow are available to us upon our submission to the escrow agent of a loan request. Such proceeds will not be available to LBM until payment in-full of the obligations under the LBM Credit Agreement and termination of the LBM Credit Agreement. Payments of principal and other obligations will be made to the escrow agent, while interest payments will be made directly to LBM. Provided there exists no potential default or event of default, the LBM Credit Agreement and Escrow Agreement prohibit any acceleration of repayment of any amount outstanding under the LBM Credit Agreement and prohibit termination of the LBM Credit Agreement or withdrawal from escrow of any unused portion of the ~~LBM Credit Agreement.~~available loan proceeds under the credit facility, by LBM.

There were no borrowings by us under the LBM Credit Agreement from March 12, 2018 (inception) through ~~September~~June 30, ~~2018.~~

We incurred approximately $265 in debt issuance costs associated with the LBM Credit Agreement (including the aforementioned up front commitment fee paid at closing to LBM). During the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2018, we recorded interest expense relating to the LBM Credit Agreement of approximately $51 and $110, respectively. Included in interest expense for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2018 was approximately $23 and $48, respectively, associated with amortization of debt issuance costs (resulting in approximately $217 in remaining debt issuance costs at September 30, 2018, of which approximately $88 was included in prepaid expenses and other current assets and approximately $129 was included in other noncurrent assets in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet). Included in interest expense for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2018 was approximately $28 and $62, respectively, associated with the commitment fee on the unused portion of the revolving credit facility, of which at September 30, 2018 approximately $9 was included in accounts payable in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheet. We settled all amounts payable to LBM at September 30, 2018 in October 2018.2019.

The following table summarizes the significant components of cash flows for each of the ~~nine~~six month periods ended ~~September~~June 30, ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2017,~~2018, and our cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash balances at ~~September~~June 30, ~~2018~~2019 and December 31, ~~2017:~~2018:

	Nine Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	September 30,						June 30,
	2018			2017			2019			2018
Net cash used for operating activities	$	(8,889	)	$	(12,895	)	$	(1,497	)	$	(7,873	)
Net cash (used for) provided by investing activities		(1,115	)		2,828
Net cash used for investing activities								(420	)		(794	)
Net cash provided by (used for) financing activities		137			(166	)		22			(267	)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash		(294	)		882			7			(197	)
Net change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	(10,161	)	$	(9,351	)	$	(1,888	)	$	(9,131	)


	September 30, 2018			December 31, 2017			June 30, 2019			December 31, 2018
Cash and cash equivalents	$	10,705		$	21,848		$	5,462		$	7,592
Restricted cash		1,312			330			1,790			1,548
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	$	12,017		$	22,178		$	7,252		$	9,140

Net cash used for operating activities for the ~~nine~~six months ended ~~September~~June 30, ~~2018~~2019 was ~~$8,889,~~$1,497, compared with net cash used for operating activities of ~~$12,895~~$7,873 for the ~~nine~~six months ended ~~September~~June 30, ~~2017.~~2018. The net decrease in ~~cash~~ outflows of ~~$4,006~~ $6,376 was due to a decrease in our net loss ~~(net~~net of noncash ~~items)~~items (changes further described above) and ~~an increase~~a net decrease in working capital attributable to a decrease in net cash ~~inflows from changes in assets~~outflows related to inventory production of our 3D printing machines and ~~liabilities, mostly due~~the timing of payments to ~~an increase~~our suppliers and vendors for our production and operating expenses, partially offset by a decrease in net cash inflows from customers (principally due to timing of cash collections on 3D printing machine sales) offset by an increase in net cash outflows principally associated with inventory production of our 3D printing machines (consistent with our operating plans) and the timing of payments to our suppliers and vendors for our production and operating expenses..

Net cash used for investing activities for the ~~nine~~six months ended ~~September~~June 30, ~~2018~~2019 was ~~$1,115,~~$420, compared with net cash ~~provided by~~used for investing activities of ~~$2,828~~$794 for the ~~nine~~six months ended ~~September~~June 30, ~~2017.~~2018.

Activity for both periods included cash outflows for capital expenditures (consistent with our operating plans), offset by proceeds from the sale of property and equipment.Proceeds from the sale of property and equipment for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 included approximately $3,656 from the sale of property and equipment associated with our non-core specialty machining operation in Chesterfield, Michigan and our PSC in North Las Vegas, Nevada completed during the three months ended June 30, 2017.

We expect our remaining ~~2018~~2019 capital expenditures to be limited to spending associated with sustaining our existing operations and strategic asset acquisition and deployment (additional estimated spending of approximately less than $1,000). We also expect to receive net proceeds from the sale of our former Houston, Texas facility of approximately $1,000 during 2019..

Net cash provided by financing activities for the ~~nine~~six months ended ~~September~~June 30, ~~2018~~2019 was ~~$137,~~$22, compared with net cash used for financing activities of ~~$166~~$267 for the ~~nine~~six months ended ~~September~~June 30, ~~2017.~~2018.

For the ~~nine~~six months ended ~~September~~June 30, ~~2018,~~2019, net cash provided by financing activities included approximately ~~$521~~$171 in cash inflows associated with proceeds from the exercise of stock options by employees. ~~These cash inflows were~~This amount was offset by approximately $68 in cash outflows associated with taxes related to the net settlement of equity-based awards. Net cash outflows for the six months ended June 30, 2018 included cash outflows of

approximately ~~$265~~$188 in debt issuance costs associated with our revolving credit facility with a related party (further described above). Activity for both periods also included principal payments on outstanding debt ~~and capital leases.~~.

In the normal course of our operations, our ExOne GmbH subsidiary issues financial guarantees and letters of credit to third parties in connection with certain commercial transactions requiring security. At ~~September~~June 30, 2019, total outstanding financial guarantees and letters of credit issued by us were approximately $1,375 (€1,209) with expiration dates ranging from July 2019 through February 2023. At December 31, 2018, total outstanding financial guarantees and letters of credit issued by us were approximately ~~$905~~$1,136 (€779) with expiration dates ranging from October 2018 through June 2022. At December 31, 2017, total outstanding financial guarantees and letters of credit issued by us were approximately $1,224 (€1,021)992). For further discussion related to financial guarantees and letters of credit issued by us, refer to Note 1012 to the condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form ~~10-Q~~.10-Q.

Refer to Note 1 to the condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Refer to Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2017.~~2018.

We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) and are not required to provide the information under this item.

~~As of September 30, 2018, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our~~Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, performed an evaluation of the effectiveness ~~of the design and operation~~ of our disclosure controls and procedures ~~(as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)~~as of ~~the Exchange Act) pursuant to Rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act.~~June 30, 2019. These controls and procedures ~~were~~are designed to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act isare recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, in a manner to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. Based on ~~this~~that evaluation, management has concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of September 30, 2018 to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer ~~in a manner to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.~~concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2019 were effective.

During the three months ended September 30, 2018, we have added to or modified our internal control over financial reporting related to certain business performance review controls at both our subsidiary and parent levels. These internal control over financial reporting additions and modifications have been completed in an effort to strengthen our overall monitoring controls over financial and operational performance and provide a level of risk mitigation with respect to certain transaction-level control activities globally.

~~Other than the items further described above, there~~There were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting during the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September~~June 30, ~~2018,~~2019, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

We are subject to various litigation, claims, and proceedings which have been or may be instituted or asserted from time to time in the ordinary course of business. Management does not believe that the outcome of any pending or threatened matters will have a material adverse effect, individually or in the aggregate, on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

There have been no material changes from the risk factors as previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2017.~~2018.

On August 6, 2019, Brian W. Smith informed the Board that he would be leaving the Company to dedicate more time to his external strategic business and philanthropic activities effective August 24, 2019.

The Exhibits listed on the accompanying Index to Exhibits are filed as part of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

The agreements and other documents filed as exhibits to this report are not intended to provide factual information or other disclosure other than with respect to the terms of the agreements or other documents themselves, and you should not rely on them for that purpose. In particular, any representations and warranties made by us in these agreements or other documents were made solely within the specific context of the relevant agreement or document and may not describe the actual state of affairs as of the date they were made or at any other time.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Exchange Act, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.


Title of each class	Trading symbol	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock	XONE	NASDAQ Stock Market

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☒
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging growth company	☒☐

	Three Months Ended						Six Months Ended
	June 30,						June 30,
	2019			2018			2019			2018
Balance at beginning of period	$	1,251		$	1,148		$	1,670		$	1,300
Provisions for new issuances		383			167			529			386
Payments		(457	)		(120	)		(848	)		(328	)
Reserve adjustments		36			(252	)		(123	)		(439	)
Foreign currency translation adjustments		10			(34	)		(5	)		(10	)
Balance at end of period	$	1,223		$	909		$	1,223		$	909

Operating lease right-of-use assets included in other noncurrent assets	$	310
Operating lease liabilities included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities	$	131
Operating lease liabilities included in other noncurrent liabilities	$	179
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities	$	9
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of operating lease liabilities	$	99
Weighted average remaining lease term (in years)		3.0
Weighted average discount rate		6.5	%

	June 30,			December 31,
	2019			2018
Future minimum lease payments receivable	$	1,757		$	1,969
Less: Unearned interest income		(260	)		(316	)
Net investment in sales-type leases	$	1,497		$	1,653

2019	$	90
2020		109
2021		72
2022		58
2023		9
Thereafter		4
Total minimum lease payments		342
Less: Present value discount		(32	)
Total operating lease liabilities	$	310


(a)	Interest income relating to sales-type leases is recorded as a component of revenue in the accompanying condensed statement of consolidated operations and comprehensive loss for each of the periods presented.

	Operating		Sales-type
2019	$	566	$	200
2020		138		381
2021		48		381
2022		—		381
2023		—		414
Thereafter		—		—
Total minimum lease payments	$	752	$	1,757
Less: Present value discount				(260	)
Future minimum lease payments receivable			$	1,497


(a)	Other represents expense associated with the Program and other employee contractual amounts to be settled in equity.

	August 14, 2017	February 10, 2017
Weighted average fair value per stock option	$3.28 - $4.38	$5.46 - $5.75
Volatility	61.68% - 67.92%	62.89% - 63.75%
Average risk-free interest rate	1.40% - 1.82%	1.89% - 1.94%
Dividend yield	0.00%	0.00%
Expected term (years)	2.5 - 5.5	5.0 - 5.5

Level 1		Observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets for identical investments that the Company has the ability to access.

Level 2		Inputs include:

		Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets;

		Quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets;

		Inputs, other than quoted prices in active markets, that are observable either directly or indirectly; and

		Inputs that are derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data by correlation or other means.

Level 3		Inputs that are generally unobservable and typically reflect management’s estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

Exhibit Number	Description	Method of Filing

10.1	~~The ExOne~~Employment Agreement dated May 15, 2019 between the Company ~~Change of Control Severance Plan.~~and John F. Hartner.	Filed herewith.

31.1	Rule 13(a)-14(a) Certification of Principal Executive Officer.	Filed herewith.

31.2	Rule 13(a)-14(a) Certification of Principal Financial Officer.	Filed herewith.

32	Section 1350 Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer.	Filed herewith.

101.INS	XBRL Instance Document.	Filed herewith.

101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.	Filed herewith.

101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.	Filed herewith.

101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.	Filed herewith.

101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.	Filed herewith.

101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.	Filed herewith.

The ExOne Company

By:		/s/ ~~S. Kent Rockwell~~John F. Hartner
		~~S. Kent Rockwell~~John F. Hartner
		Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)

Date:		~~November 8, 2018~~August 7, 2019

By:		/s/ Douglas D. Zemba
		Douglas D. Zemba
		Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

Date:		~~November 8, 2018~~August 7, 2019