Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated ~~filer”,~~filer,” “accelerated ~~filer”,~~filer,” “smaller reporting ~~company”,~~company,” and “emerging growth company” in rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes☐ No ☒

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive ~~Loss~~Income (Loss)

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity ~~and Non-Controlling Interest~~

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

~~DASAN Zhone Solutions,~~(1) Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

DZS Inc. (referred to, collectively with its subsidiaries, as “DZS” or the “Company”) is a global provider of ultra-broadband network access solutions and communications platforms deployed by advanced Tier 1, 2national and 3regional service providers and enterprise customers. The Company provides a wide array of reliable, cost-effective networking technologies, including broadband access, Ethernet switching, mobile backhaul, Passive Optical LAN and software-defined networks, to a diverse customer ~~base that includes more than~~ ~~1,200 customers in more than 120 countries worldwide.~~base.

DZS was incorporated under the laws of the state of Delaware in June ~~1999, under the name Zhone Technologies, Inc.~~ 1999. The Company is headquartered in ~~Alameda, California~~Plano, Texas with flexible in-house production facilities in Seminole, Florida and ~~Hannover,~~Hanover, Germany, and contract manufacturers located in China, India, Korea and Vietnam. The Company also maintains offices to provide sales and customer support at global locations. On March 2, 2020, the Company announced its plans to relocate its corporate headquarters from Alameda, California to Plano, Texas and to establish a new U.S.-based Engineering Center of Excellence in Plano.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 8 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. These financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned ~~subsidiaries~~subsidiaries. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements of the Company and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 11, 2021. For a ~~subsidiary~~complete description of what the Company believes to be the critical accounting policies and estimates used in ~~which it had a controlling interest.~~ the preparation of its unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, refer to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.

All ~~inter-company~~intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

Certain prior-year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current-quarter presentation. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments) that, in the opinion of management, are necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the interim periods presented. The results of operations for the current interim period are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for the current year or any other period. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements of the Company and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on March 24, 2020. For a complete description of what the Company believes to be the critical accounting policies and estimates used in the preparation of its unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, refer to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP, assuming the Company will continue as a going concern.

The Company had net loss of $8.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, and a net loss of $13.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. Additionally, the Company incurred significant losses in years prior to 2019. As of March 31, 2020, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $38.0 million and working capital of $113.5 million. As of March 31, 2020, the Company had $26.4 million in cash and cash equivalents, which included $8.7 million in cash balances held by its international subsidiaries, and $39.7 million in aggregate principal debt of which $12.3 million was reflected in current liabilities.

The Company’s ability to meet its obligations as they become due in the ordinary course of business for the next twelve (12) months will depend on its ability to (i) achieve forecasted results of operations, (ii) access funds approved under existing or new credit facilities and/or raise additional capital through sale of the Company’s common stock to the public, and (iii) effectively manage working capital requirements. If the Company cannot raise additional funds when it needs or wants them, its operations and prospects could be negatively affected. Management’s belief that it will achieve forecasted results of operations assumes that, among other things, the Company will continue to be successful in implementing its business strategy. If one or more of these factors do not occur as expected, it could cause the Company to fail to meet its obligations as they come due.

In December 2019, a strain of coronavirus, now known as COVID-19, was reported to have surfaced in Wuhan, China. Since that time, the widespread and sustained transmission of the virus has reached global pandemic status. In response to the pandemic, many national and international health agencies have recommended, and many countries and state, provincial and local governments have implemented, various measures, including travel bans and restrictions, limitations on public and private gatherings, business closures or operating restrictions, social distancing, and shelter-in-place orders. The health effects of the pandemic and the above measures taken in response thereto have had an effect on the global economy in general and ~~has~~have materially impacted and will likely continue to impact the Company’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Given the ongoing and dynamic nature of the virus and the worldwide response related thereto, it is difficult to predict the full impact of the COVID-19 ~~outbreak~~pandemic on our business. Due to the uncertainty around the future economic impact of the pandemic, the fair value measurements used in the Company’s impairment assessments could be negatively impacted and could result in future impairments of goodwill, intangibles and other long-lived assets. During the ~~quarter~~three months ended March 31, 2021, the Company’s revenues increased by 70.7%, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2020, however the ~~Company’s revenues declined relative to its prior expectations, in part due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The~~ impact of a continued COVID-19 ~~outbreak~~pandemic or sustained measures taken to limit or contain the outbreak could ~~continue to~~ have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

Based on the Company's current plans and current business conditions, as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the Company believes that its existing cash, cash equivalents and available credit facilities will be sufficient to satisfy its anticipated cash requirements for at least the next twelve months from the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

The preparation of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

The following ~~summarizes required disclosures about~~table present revenues by geographical ~~concentrations~~concentration (in thousands):

The Company records contract assets when it has a right to consideration and records accounts receivable when it has an unconditional right to consideration. Contract liabilities consist of cash payments received (or unconditional rights to receive cash) in advance of fulfilling performance obligations.

~~The opening and closing balances of contract assets and contract liabilities related to contracts with customers are as follows:~~

~~The decrease in contract liabilities during~~ ~~the three months ended March 31, 2020~~ ~~was primarily due to the revenue recognition criteria being met for previously deferred revenue, partially offset by invoiced amounts that did not yet meet the revenue recognition criteria.~~ The amount of revenue recognized in the three months ended March 31, 2020 that was included in the prior period contract liability balance was $1.7 million. This revenue consists of services provided to customers who had been invoiced prior to the current year.

~~The decrease in contract assets during~~ ~~the three months ended March 31, 2020~~ ~~was primarily due to billed products and services during the period.~~

Financial instruments ~~which~~that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, ~~which totaled $35.9 million at March 31, 2020, including $12.9 million held by its international subsidiaries.~~accounts receivables, and contract assets. Cash, ~~and~~ cash equivalents and restricted cash consist of financial deposits and money market accounts that are principally held with various domestic and international financial institutions with high credit standing.

The Company’s customers include competitive and incumbent local exchange carriers, competitive access providers, internet service providers, wireless carriers and resellers serving these markets. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers and generally does not require collateral. Allowances are maintained for potential doubtful accounts.

For the three months ended March 31, ~~2020, two customer~~2021, 2 customers accounted for ~~14%~~18% and 10% of net revenue, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, ~~2019, no customer~~2020, 2 customers accounted for 14% and 10% of net ~~revenue.~~revenue, respectively.

As of March 31, ~~2020, two customers each~~2021, 1 customer represented 19% of net accounts receivable. As of December 31, ~~2019, two~~2020, 2 customers represented ~~18%~~17% and ~~11%~~16% of net accounts receivable, ~~respectively, of net accounts receivable.~~respectively.

As of March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, net accounts receivables from customers in countries other than the United States represented ~~96%~~84% and ~~94%~~89%, ~~respectively,~~respectively.

In 2017, the Company entered into an agreement with a customer in India to supply product for a state sponsored broadband project. The Company billed the customer, which is a state government sponsored entity, approximately $59.0 million and collected payments of ~~net~~approximately $41.7 million, leaving a balance of approximately $17.3 million as of December 31, 2020. The Company substantially completed its obligations under the agreement in 2018, and all amounts due were billed under the terms of the agreement by December 31, 2020. The remaining $17.3 million is substantially beyond the customers contractual payment terms, and the Company has been actively working with the customer and third parties in India to arrange payment of the entire remaining balance of $17.3 million. The Company recorded an allowance for doubtful accounts ~~receivable.~~of $3.1 million on December 31, 2020, for a partial payment promised but not received. In late March 2021, the customer’s state government parent experienced difficulty passing a budget further impacting the ability of the customer to make agreed-upon partial payments to us. In light of this recent development in the first quarter of 2021, the Company recognized an additional allowance of $14.2 million to bring the total allowance for the customer to $17.3 million, which is the total balance as of March 31, 2021. The Company will continue to pursue collection of the entire outstanding balance and any amounts collected will be recognized in the period which they are received. In the event the Company’s efforts to collect from this customer prove unsuccessful, DZS may seek payment through other means, including through legal action.

The Company allocates the fair value of purchase consideration to the tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values. The excess of the fair value of purchase consideration over the fair values of these identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. When determining the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, management makes significant estimates and assumptions, especially with respect to intangible assets and certain tangible assets such as inventory.

Critical estimates in valuing certain tangible and intangible assets include but are not limited to future expected cash flows from the underlying assets and discount rates. Management’s estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable and, as a result, actual results may differ from estimates.

Assets acquired and liabilities assumed are generally measured at their acquisition-date fair values. If the initial accounting for a business combination is incomplete by the end of the reporting period in which the combination occurs, the Company reports provisional amounts for the items for which the accounting is incomplete. Those provisional amounts are adjusted during the measurement period (which cannot exceed one year from the acquisition date), or additional assets or liabilities are recognized, to reflect new information obtained about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date that, if known, would have affected the amounts recognized as of that date.

When the consideration transferred by the Company in a business combination includes a contingent consideration arrangement, the contingent consideration is measured at its acquisition-date fair value and included as part of the total consideration transferred in a business combination. Changes in fair value of the contingent consideration that qualify as measurement period adjustments are made retrospectively, with corresponding adjustments against goodwill. Changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration that do not qualify as measurement period adjustments are made in the current period, with corresponding adjustments recognized in earnings.

Restructuring and other charges primarily consists of severance and other termination benefits and non-cash impairment charges related to right-of-use assets from operating leases related to the restructuring activities in Hanover, Germany. The Company ~~provides certain defined benefit pension plans~~recognizes contractual termination benefits when it is probable that employees will be entitled to benefits and the amount can be reasonably estimated. The Company will recognize one-time employee termination benefits when (i) management commits to a plan of termination, (ii) the plan identifies the number of employees ~~in Germany~~to be terminated, their job classifications or functions and ~~Japan. Pension accounting is intended to reflect~~their locations, and the ~~recognition of future benefit costs over~~expected completion date, (iii) the ~~employees' average expected future service to the Company based on~~plan establishes the terms of the ~~plans~~benefit arrangement in sufficient detail to enable employees to determine the type and ~~investment~~amount of benefits they will receive, and ~~funding decisions. To estimate the impact of these future payments and the Company’s decisions concerning funding of these obligations, the Company is~~(iv) actions required to ~~make assumptions using actuarial concepts within~~complete the ~~framework~~plan indicate that it is unlikely that significant changes to the plan will be made or that the plan will be withdrawn. These charges are included in restructuring and other charges in the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of ~~U.S. GAAP. The critical assumption is the discount rate.~~comprehensive income (loss). Refer to Note 9 Restructuring and Other important assumptions include expected future salary increases, expected future increases to benefit payments, expected retirement dates, employee turnover, retiree mortality rates and portfolio composition. The Company evaluates these assumptions at least annually, or more frequently when certain qualifying events occur.Charges for further information.

In June 2016, ~~FASB~~the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ~~ASU~~Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which requires the Company to measure and recognize expected credit losses for financial assets held and not accounted for at fair value through net income. In November 2018, April 2019 and May 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-19, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses, ASU No. 2019-04, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses, and ASU No. 2019-05, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Targeted Transition Relief, which provided additional implementation guidance on the previously issued ASU. The Company expects to adopt the updated guidance ~~is effective for the Company~~ on January 1, 2022, and requires a modified retrospective adoption method. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently assessing the potential impact of adopting this new guidance on its ~~condensed~~ consolidated financial statements.

In ~~August 2018,~~March 2020, the FASB issued ASU ~~2018-14,~~ ~~Disclosure Framework-Changes~~No. 2020-04 (Topic 848), Reference Rate Reform - Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting, which provides temporary optional expedients and exceptions to the ~~Disclosure Requirements~~existing guidance on contract modifications and hedge accounting to ease the financial reporting burdens related to the expected market transition from the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) and other interbank offered rates to alternative reference rates, such as the Secured Overnight Financing Rate. The standard was effective upon issuance and may generally be applied through December 31, 2022, to any new or amended contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference LIBOR. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the transition and disclosure requirements of the standard on its consolidated financial statements.

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12: Simplifying the Accounting for ~~Defined Benefit Plans~~Income Taxes (Topic 740), which ~~amends ASC 715~~removes certain exceptions to ~~add, remove,~~the general principles in Topic 740 and ~~clarify disclosure requirements related to defined benefit pension~~improves consistent application of and simplifies GAAP for other ~~postretirement plans. The updated guidance~~

areas of Topic 740 by clarifying and amending existing guidance. This ASU is effective for ~~the Company on January 1, 2021,~~fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The Company ~~is currently assessing the potential impact of adopting~~adopted this new ~~guidance~~accounting standard effective January 1, 2021 which did not have a material impact on ~~its condensed~~the Company's consolidated financial ~~statements.~~statements or disclosures.

On ~~January 3, 2019, ZTI Merger Subsidiary III Inc.~~February 5, 2021, the Company acquired Optelian Access Networks Corporation (“Optelian”), a ~~Delaware~~ corporation incorporated under the laws of Canada and ~~a wholly owned subsidiary~~registered extra-provincially in the Province of Ontario, pursuant to an acquisition agreement whereby the Company ~~(“ZTI”), acquired~~purchased all of the outstanding shares of Keymile GmbH (“Keymile”), a limited liability company organized under the laws of Germany, from Riverside KM Beteiligung GmbH (“Riverside”), a limited liability company organized under the laws of Germany, pursuant to a share purchase agreementOptelian (the ~~“Keymile~~“Optelian Acquisition”) ~~for a~~ ~~final adjusted acquisition price of $9.3 million~~. Following the closing of the ~~acquisition, Keymile~~Optelian Acquisition, Optelian became athe Company’s wholly owned ~~subsidiary~~subsidiary.

Optelian is a leading optical networking solution provider. This acquisition introduced the “O-Series” to the DZS portfolio of carrier grade optical networking products with 100 gigabits per second (Gig) and above capability, expanding DZS product portfolios by providing environmentally hardened, high capacity, and flexible solutions at the network edge.

The purchase price of $7.5 million included cash paid to the shareholders and option holders of Optelian, cash paid to retire Optelian's outstanding debt on the date of acquisition, and contingent payments to shareholders (in thousands):

The future payments are contingent on certain working capital adjustments and contingent consideration based on a certain percentage of future revenue of certain Optelian products through the end of 2023.

The acquisition was recorded as a business combination with valuations of the ~~Company.~~ assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their acquisition date fair value using level three inputs, defined as unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Due to the complexity of valuing the consideration paid and the purchase price allocation, and the timing of these activities, certain amounts included in the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, including long-lived assets, deferred taxes, and goodwill, are provisional and subject to additional adjustments within the measurement period as permitted by Topic 805.

The following summarizes the provisional estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the date of acquisition for the Optelian Acquisition (in thousands):

The provisional purchase price allocation resulted in the recognition of goodwill of approximately ~~$1.0 million~~$1.5 million. The following table represents the preliminary estimated fair value and useful lives of identifiable intangible assets acquired (estimated fair value in thousands):

There were no material differences between total revenue and net loss reported and pro forma total revenues and pro forma net loss that would have been reported for the ~~results of operations of Keymile are consolidated with~~financial periods presented.

On March 3, 2021, the Company ~~subsequent to the date of acquisition.~~ ~~During the fourth quarter of 2019, the Company recognized an impairment charge for the full amount~~acquired substantially all of the ~~goodwill recognized~~assets of RIFT, Inc., a network automation solutions company, and all the outstanding shares of RIFTIO India Private Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of RIFT, Inc. (collectively “RIFT”). RIFT developed a carrier-grade RIFT.ware software platform that simplifies the deployment of any slice, service, or application on any cloud. The total purchase consideration was $0.5 million, including a $0.2 million holdback that was released in April of 2021 following the fulfillment of certain requirements in the ~~Keymile Acquisition.~~purchase agreement. The Company allocated the purchase price to $0.1 million in net tangible assets, $0.2 million in developed technologies, and $0.2 million in goodwill. As a result of the acquisition, RIFTIO India Private Limited became a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company.

The Company utilizes a fair value hierarchy that is intended to increase consistency and comparability in fair value measurements and related disclosures. The fair value hierarchy is based on inputs to valuation techniques that are used to measure fair value that are either observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect assumptions market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability based on market data obtained from independent sources while unobservable inputs reflect a reporting entity’s pricing based upon their own market assumptions. The fair value hierarchy consists of the following three levels:

Level 1 Inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

The following financial instruments are not measured at fair value on the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019,~~2020 but require disclosure of their fair values: cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts and other receivables, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, lease liabilities and debt. The carrying values of financial instruments such as cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts and other receivables, accounts payable and accrued liabilities approximate their fair values based on their short-term nature. The carrying value of the Company's lease liabilities and debt approximates their fair values based on the current rates available to the Company for debt of similar terms and maturities.

As of March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, the Company's cash, ~~and~~ cash equivalents and restricted cash consisted of financial deposits. Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash held within the U.S. are held at FDIC insured depository institutions. Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash held outside the U.S. totaled $28.3 million and $32.2 million as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. Restricted cash consisted primarily of cash restricted for performance bonds, warranty bonds and collateral for ~~borrowings, and Long term restricted cash is included in other assets. Long term~~borrowings. Long-term restricted cash was $0.2 million as of March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019, respectively.~~2020 and is included in other assets on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Balance sheet detail as of March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019~~2020 is as follows ~~(in~~(in thousands):

~~Inventories~~The Company had 0 inventories provided as collateral for borrowings from Export-Import Bank of Korea ~~amounted to $6.4 million and $6.7 million~~ as of March 31, ~~2020 and~~2021 compared to $9.6 million as of December 31, ~~2019, respectively.~~

Depreciation expense associated with property, plant and equipment for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and March 31, 2020 was $0.9 million and ~~2019 was~~ $0.5 million, ~~for each period,~~ respectively.

The Company receives grants from ~~various~~certain foreign government entities mainly to support capital ~~expenditures.~~expenditures in the region. Such grants are deferred and are generally refundable to the extent the Company does not utilize the funds for qualifying expenditures. Once earned, the Company records the grants as a contra amount to the assets and amortizes such amount over the useful lives of the related assets as a reduction to depreciation expense.

The Company accrues warranty costs based on historical trends for the expected material and labor costs to provide warranty services. The Company's standard warranty period is one year from the date of shipment with the ability for customers to purchase an extended warranty of up to five years from the date of shipment. The following table summarizes the activity related to the product warranty liability:

The opening and closing balances of contract assets and contract liabilities related to contracts with customers are as follows:

The increase in contract assets during the three months ended March 31, 2021 was primarily due to revenue recognition criteria being met for items not yet invoiced during the period.

The decrease in contract liabilities during the three months ended March 31, 2021 was primarily due to the revenue recognition criteria being met for previously deferred revenue, partially offset by invoiced amounts that did not yet meet the revenue recognition criteria. The amount of revenue recognized in the three months ended March 31, 2021 that was included in the prior period contract liability balance was $2.1 million. This revenue consists of services provided to customers who had been invoiced prior to the current year.

The balance of contract cost deferred as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 was $0.4 million and $0.5 million, respectively. During the three months ended March 31, 2021, the Company recorded $0.4 million in amortization related to contract cost deferred as of December 31, 2020.

As of March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, the net carrying value of goodwill is all attributable to the Company’s USAmericas reporting unit. As of March 31, 2020, the Company performed a goodwill impairment assessment for the US reporting unit, due to operating losses incurred by the US reporting unit during the first quarter of 2020 amid the worldwide effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. The fair value of the US reporting unit was estimated using an equal weighting of the guideline company and discounted cash flow methods. During the quarter ended March 31, 2020, the Company also refined its estimated cost allocations between the US reporting unit and the Korea and German reporting units to more appropriately estimate the projected cash flows expected to be generated from each of the Company’s reporting units used in the valuation models. The refinements in cost allocations had no impact on the Company’s segment conclusions and would not have impacted the 2019 annual goodwill impairment conclusions.

During the quarter ended March 31, 2020, the Company also refined its estimated cost allocations between the US reporting unit and the Korea and German reporting units to more appropriately estimate the projected cash flows expected to be generated from each of the Company’s reporting units used in the valuation models. The refinements in cost allocations had no impact on the Company’s segment conclusions and would not have impacted the 2019 annual goodwill impairment conclusions.

~~The Company did not recognize any impairment of goodwill during~~ the three months ended March 31, 2021, the Company recorded goodwill of $1.5 million related to the acquisition of Optelian and $0.2 million related to the acquisition of RIFT. Refer to Note 2 Business Combinations for further information. The accumulated impairment of goodwill was $1.0 million as of March 31, 2021 and 2020, ~~or 2019.~~respectively.

During the three months ended March 31, 2021, the Company recorded $2.4 million, $0.5 million and $0.9 million in developed technology, customer relationships and in-process research and development, respectively, related to the acquisitions of Optelian and RIFT. Refer to Note 2 Business Combinations for further information.

The following table summarizes the activity related to intangible assets, net (in thousands):

Amortization expense associated with intangible assets for ~~each of~~ the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 was $0.4 million and ~~2019 was~~ $0.8 million,

The following table presents the future amortization expense of the Company’s intangible assets as of March 31, ~~2020~~2021 (in thousands):

The ~~future~~ principal ~~maturities of our Term Loans for each of the next five years are as follows (in thousands):~~

On February 27, 2019, the Company and ZTI (collectively, the “Borrowers”), and certain direct and indirect subsidiaries of the Borrowers, as guarantors, entered into a Revolving Credit, Term Loan, Guaranty and Security Agreement (the “Domestic Credit Agreement”) and an Export-Import Revolving Credit, Guaranty and Security Agreement (the “Ex-Im Credit Agreement,” and together with the Domestic Credit Agreement, the “Credit Agreements”), in each case with PNC Bank, National Association (“PNC”) and Citibank, N.A. as lenders, and PNC as agent for the lenders (the “PNC Credit Facilities”), which replaced the Company’s former senior secured credit facilities with Wells Fargo Bank (the “Former WFB Facility”). We refer to such transactions and the agreements referenced above as the “PNC Credit Facilities.”

The PNC Credit Facilities provided for a $25 million term loan and a $15 million revolving line of credit (including subfacilities for Ex-Im transactions, letters of credit and swing loans) with a $10 million incremental increase option. The amount the Company was able to borrow on the revolving line of credit at any time was based on eligible accounts receivable and other conditions, less certain reserves. Borrowings under the PNC Credit Facilities bore interest at a floating rate equal to either the PNC prime rate or the LIBOR rate for the applicable period, plus a margin that was based on the type of advance.

The Company used a portion of the funds borrowed from the term loan under the PNC Credit Facilities to (i) repay $5.0 million of existing related party indebtedness with Dasan Networks, Inc., the Company’s largest stockholder Dasan Networks, Inc. (“DNI”) plus accrued interest, (ii) repay $1.5 million revolving line of credit outstanding balance plus accrued interest and fees and cash collateralize $3.6 million in outstanding letters of credit under the Former WFB Facility, and (iii) repay $5.6 million in short-term debt in Korea and Japan. The Company’s obligations under the PNC Credit Facilities were secured by substantially all of the personal property assets of the Company and its subsidiaries that were co-borrowers or guarantors under the PNC Credit Facilities, including their intellectual property.

The PNC Credit Facilities had a three-year term and was scheduled to mature on February 27, 2022. The PNC Credit Facilities contemplated repayment of the term loan in quarterly installments over the term of the loan, with the balance of the term loan ~~and revolving line of credit~~is due ~~at maturity.~~

~~As of December 31, 2019,~~to mature in 2021, the Company ~~had $13.1 million~~has no other contractual principal payments due in ~~outstanding term loan borrowings under~~ the ~~PNC term loan, and no outstanding borrowings under the revolving line of credit.~~ ~~The interest rate on the term loan was 8.12%at December 31, 2019.~~

Certain of the Company's foreign subsidiaries have entered into ~~various~~ financing arrangements with foreign banks and other lending institutions consisting primarily of revolving lines of credit, trade facilities, term loans and export development loans. These facilities are renewed as they mature and are generally secured by a security interest in certain assets of the applicable foreign subsidiaries and supported by guarantees given by ~~DNI~~Dasan Networks, Inc. (“DNI”), the Company’s largest stockholder, or third parties. Payments under such facilities are made in accordance with the ~~given~~ lender’s amortization ~~schedules.~~schedules, as applicable.

As of March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, the Company had an aggregate outstanding balance of ~~$12.3~~$1.8 million and ~~$15.8~~$13.8 million, respectively, under such financing arrangements. The weighted average borrowing rates as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 were 0.0% and 1.8%, respectively. The maturity dates and interest rates per annum applicable to outstanding borrowings under these financing arrangements are listed in the tables below (amount in thousands).

As of March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, the Company had ~~$1.7 million and $4.6 million in~~0 outstanding borrowings ~~respectively, and $1.2 million and $0.8 million committed as security for letters of credit~~ under the Company's ~~$19.0~~$17.6 million letter of credit ~~facility~~facilities with certain foreign banks. As of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, the Company had $17.6 million and $19.0 million, respectively, available to draw under its credit facilities.

In February 2016, ~~DNS California~~the Company borrowed $1.8 million from DNI for capital investment with an interest rate of 4.6% per annum, payable annually. ~~On February 27, 2019, in connection with~~In January 2021, the ~~entry into the PNC Credit Facilities, the Company amended the terms of~~entire outstanding balance on this ~~loan to extend the repayment date to May 27, 2022. As of March 31, 2020, $1.8 million remained outstanding.~~

~~In September 2016, we entered into a loan agreement with DNI for a $5.0 million unsecured subordinated term loan facility. The~~ term loan was scheduled to mature in September 2021 and was pre-payable at any time by the Company without premium or penalty. The interest rate under this facility was 4.6% per annum. In February 2019, we repaid the term loan in full plus accrued interest in connection with the entry into the PNC Credit Facilities, thereby terminating the loan agreement.repaid.

In March 2018, ~~DNS Korea~~the Company borrowed ~~$5.8~~KRW 6.5 billion ($5.8 million USD) from DNI of which ~~$4.5~~KRW 5.0 billion ($4.5 million USD) was repaid in August 2018. In February 2021, the remaining outstanding balance on ~~August 8, 2018. The~~this term loan bears interest at a rate of 4.6%. On February 27, 2019, in connection with the entry into the PNC Credit Facilities, the w amended the terms of this loan to extend the repayment date to May 27, 2022. As of March 31, 2020, $1.3 million remained outstanding.was repaid.

In December 2018, wethe Company entered into a Loan Agreement with DNI for a $6.0 million term loan with an interest rate of 4.6% per annum. ~~On February 27, 2019, in connection with~~In January 2021, the ~~entry into the PNC Credit Facilities, we amended the terms of the~~entire outstanding balance on this term loan ~~to extend the repayment date until May 27, 2022 and to terminate any security granted to DNI with respect to such term loan. As of March 31, 2020, $6.0 million remained outstanding.~~

The modifications resulting from the amendments described in the four preceding paragraphs were limited to the extension of the maturity dates and removal of the collateral on the outstanding term loans with DNI. There were no fees paid to DNI or external costs otherwise incurred in connection with these modifications.was repaid.

On March 5, 2020, ~~DNS Korea,~~ the ~~our wholly-owned, indirect subsidiary~~Company entered into a ~~Loan Agreement~~loan transaction with DNI (the “March 2020 DNI Loan”). The March 2020 DNI Loan was negotiated and approved on behalf of the Company and its subsidiaries by a special committee of the Board of Directors of the Company (the “Special Committee”) consisting of directors determined to be independent from DNI. The March 2020 DNI Loan consists of a term loan in the amount of KRW 22.4 billion ($18.5 million USD) with ~~interest payable semi-annually at~~ an annual rate of 4.6% and maturing on March 11, 2022. No principal payments are due on the March 2020 DNI Loan until the maturity date, but DNS Korea may prepay the loan, or a portion thereof, without penalty.

As security for the March 2020 DNI Loan (and other existing loans between DNI and DNS Korea and/or DNS California), (i) DNS California, a wholly-owned, direct subsidiary of the Company and the sole stockholder of DNS Korea, agreed to pledge the outstanding shares of DNS Korea to DNI and (ii) DNS Korea granted a security interest in its personal property assets, accounts receivable and intellectual property assets to DNI. The March 2020 DNI Loan includes certain covenants consisting of financial reporting obligations, a maintenance covenant whereby DNS Korea agreed to maintain a minimum stockholders’ equity value in an amount equal to or greater than KRW 43.3 billion ($35.8 million USD), and customary events of default. If an event of default occurs and is not remedied within the applicable cure period, DNI will be entitled to take various actions, including requiring the immediate repayment of all outstanding amounts under the March 2020 DNI Loan and selling the shares or assets of DNS Korea.

~~DNS Korea loaned the funds borrowed under the March 2020 DNI Loan to the Company, and the Company utilized a portion of such funds to repay in full and terminate the PNC Credit Facilities.~~

As of March 31, 2020, we had had borrowings of $27.3 million in outstanding from DN. The outstanding balance at March 31, 2020 consisted of the March 2020 DNI Loan of KRW 22.4 billion ($18.5 million USD), a $6.0 million unsecured subordinated term loan facility which matures in March 2022, a $1.8 million loan for capital investment which matures in May 2022, and KRW 1.5 billion ($1.3 million) outstanding under a secured loan from DNS Korea which matures in May 2022. All four loans bear interest at a rate of 4.6% per annum. In February 2021, the entire outstanding balance on this term loan was repaid.

Interest expense on ~~these~~ related party borrowings was ~~$0.2~~$0.1 million and ~~$0.1~~$0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. As of March 31, 2021, the Company had 0 borrowings outstanding from related parties.

On February 27, 2019, the Company entered into a Revolving Credit, Term Loan, Guaranty and ~~2019, respectively.~~Security Agreement with PNC Bank, National Association (“PNC”) and Citibank, N.A. as lenders, and PNC as agent for the lenders (the “PNC Credit Facilities”).

In the U.S., the Company maintains a 401(k) plan for its employees whereby eligible employees may contribute up to a specified percentage of their earnings, on a pretax basis, subject to the maximum amount permitted by the Internal Revenue Code. Under the 401(k) plan, the Company made discretionary contributions to the plan in 2021. For the three months ended March 31, 2021, the Company recorded an expense of $0.1 million compared to 0 expense for the three months ended March 31, 2020.

The Company maintains a defined contribution plan for its employees in Korea. Under the defined contribution plan, the Company contributes the equivalent of 8.3% of an employee's gross salary into the plan. For both the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company recorded an expense of $0.3 million.

The Company sponsors defined benefit plans for its employees in ~~Keymile.~~ Germany and Japan. Defined benefit plans provide pension benefits based on compensation and years of service. ~~These~~ The Germany plans were frozen as of September 30, 2003 and have not been offered to new employees after that date. The Company has recorded the underfunded status as of March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, respectively, as a long-term liability on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. The accumulated benefit obligation for the plans ~~were $15.8~~was $18.9 million and ~~$17.7~~$20.1 million as of March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, respectively.

During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company performed a voluntary interim measurement of the plan obligations, due to a significant increase in the discount rate since the last annual measurement date on December 31, 2019, and recorded an actuarial gain on pension plan of $1.5 million, as reflected on the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of comprehensive loss.

The Company holds life insurance contracts, with the Company as beneficiary, in the amount of $3.3 million as of March 31, 2021 and $3.5 million as of December 31, 2020, respectively, related to individuals under the pension plans. These insurance contracts are classified as other assets on the Company’s ~~consolidate~~unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet. The Company intends to use any proceeds from these policies to fund the pension plans. However, since the Company is the beneficiary on these policies, these assets have not been designated pension plan assets.

On March 8, 2021, the Company made the strategic decision to transition DZS GmbH to a sales and research and development center by the end of 2021.

The ~~weighted average assumptions used~~Company incurred restructuring and other charges of approximately $6.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, consisting primarily of severance and other termination related benefits of $3.5 million, an impairment charge of $2.5 million related to right-of-use assets from operating leases, and $0.3 million of other charges.

Negotiations are being held with the works council in ~~determining~~Germany on a reconciliation of interests and a social plan. The Company expects to incur additional severance and other termination benefits when negotiations are finalized.

The following table summarizes the ~~benefit obligation~~activity related to the ~~plans are as follows:~~

accrued restructuring costs for the three months ended March 31, 2021 (in thousands):

~~On July 31, 2019, the Company acquired the remaining 30.94% non-controlling interest of DZS Japan.~~

As of March 31, ~~2020 and December 31, 2019,~~2021, the Company had ~~$27.3 million and $9.1 million, respectively,~~0 outstanding borrowings from related ~~party borrowings from DNI.~~parties compared to $29.8 million as of December 31, 2020. See Note 7 Debt for further information about the Company’s related party debt.

The following table sets forth payment guarantees of the Company's indebtedness and other obligations as of March 31, 2021 that have been provided by DNI. DNI owns approximately 37.5% of the outstanding shares of the Company's common stock. The amount guaranteed exceeds the principal amounts of outstanding obligations due to collateral requirements by the banks.

Sales, cost of revenue, manufacturing (included in cost of revenue), research and product development, selling, marketing, general and administrative, interest expense and other expenses to and from related parties were as follows (in thousands) for the three months ended March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~March 31, 2019:~~2020:

** Manufacturing costs represent product purchases from and manufacturing activities performed by related parties, and

are included in cost of revenue on the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss).

The Company has entered into sales agreements with DNI and certain of its subsidiaries. Sales and cost of revenue to DNI ~~DASAN France, DASAN INDIA Private Limited, and D-Mobile,~~ represent finished goods produced by the Company that are sold to ~~these related parties who sell the Company's products in Korea, France, India and Taiwan, respectively.~~DNI.

~~The~~The Company has entered into an agreement with CHASAN Networks Co., Ltd. to provide manufacturing and research and development services for the Company. Under the agreement with CHASAN Networks., Ltd., the Company is charged a cost plus 7% fee for the manufacturing and development of certain deliverables.

~~The Company has entered into an agreement with Tomato Soft Ltd, a wholly owned subsidiary of DNI, to provide manufacturing and research and development services for the Company.~~

The Company has entered into an agreement with Tomato Soft (Xi'an) Ltd. to provide research and development services for the Company. Under the agreement with Tomato Soft (Xi'an) Ltd., the Company is charged an expected annual fee of $0.7 million for the development of certain deliverables.

On September 9, 2016, DZS acquired DNS California, through the merger of a wholly owned subsidiary of Zhone Technologies, Inc. with and into DNS California, with DNS California surviving as our wholly owned subsidiary (the “Merger”). Prior to the Merger, as DNS California was then a wholly owned subsidiary of DNI, DNI had sales agreements with certain customers on DNS California's behalf. Since the Merger, due to these prior sales agreements, the Company has entered into an agreement with DNI in which DNI acts as a sales channel to ~~these~~ customers. Sales to DNI ~~necessary for DNI to fulfill agreements with its customers~~ are recorded net of royalty fees in related party revenue.

~~The Company shares office space with DNI and certain of DNI's subsidiaries. Prior to the Merger,~~ DNS California ~~then a wholly owned subsidiary of DNI, shared~~shares human resources, treasury and other administrative support with DNI. As such, the Company entered into certain service sharing agreements with DNI and certain of its subsidiaries for the shared office space and shared administrative services. ~~Expenses~~

DNS Korea entered into two separate sublease agreements with DNI. Operating lease cost related to ~~rent~~these leases totaled $0.5 million and ~~administrative~~$0.4 million, for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. As of March 31, 2021, the right of use asset and operating lease liability related to these leases were $7.8 million and $7.8 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2020, the right of use asset and operating lease liability related to these leases were $8.6 million and $8.6 million, respectively.

The Company has entered into an agreement with Dasan Invest to provide IT services ~~are allocated~~for the Company.

Interest expense represents interest paid to DNI for the ~~Company based on square footage occupied and headcount, respectively.~~ related party debt. Refer to Note 7 Debt for further information.

Other expenses to related parties represent expenses to DNI for its payment guarantees relating to the Company's borrowings. The Company pays DNI a guarantee fee which is calculated as 0.9% of the guaranteed amount. Refer to Note 14 Commitments and Contingencies for ~~more details~~further information about obligations guaranteed by DNI.

Balances of receivables and payables arising from sales and purchases of goods and ~~serviced~~services with related parties as of March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019~~2020 were included in the following balance sheet captions on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance ~~sheet,~~sheets, as follows (in thousands):

On January 26, 2021, the Company sold 4.6 million shares of common stock (including 0.6 million shares issued pursuant to the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares) at a price of $14.00 per share in an underwritten public offering. The equity offering closed on January 29, 2021 and resulted in gross proceeds to the Company of approximately $64.4 million and net proceeds to the Company, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses, of approximately $59.5 million. The Company used a portion of the net proceeds from the equity offering to pay off the remaining outstanding balance of debt with related ~~party receivables and payables balances are reflected in the respective balance sheet captions noted in the table headers above, other than:~~parties.

Basic net income per share ~~attributable to DASAN Zhone Solutions, Inc.~~ is computed by dividing the net income ~~attributable to DASAN Zhone Solutions, Inc.~~ for the period by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. The calculation of diluted net income per share ~~attributable to DASAN Zhone Solutions, Inc.~~ gives effect to common stock equivalents; however, potential common stock equivalents are excluded if their effect is antidilutive. Potential common stock equivalents are composed of incremental shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of stock options and the vesting of restricted stock units. In periods when a net loss is reported, all common stock equivalents are excluded from the calculation because they would have an anti-dilutive effect, meaning the loss per share would be reduced. Therefore, in periods when a loss is reported, basic and dilutive loss per share are the same.

The following table is a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator in the basic and diluted net ~~loss~~income (loss) per share calculation (in thousands, except per share data) for the three months ended March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~March 31, 2019:~~2020:

The following table sets forth potential common stock that is not included in the diluted net income (loss) per share calculation above because their effect would be anti-dilutive for the periods indicated (in thousands):

The Company leases certain properties and buildings (including manufacturing facilities, warehouses, and office spaces) and equipment under various arrangements which provide the right to use the underlying asset and require lease payments for the lease term. The Company’s lease portfolio consists of operating leases which expire at various dates through ~~2027.~~2028.

In August 2020, the Company completed its relocation of its corporate headquarters from Oakland, California to Plano, Texas and establish a new U.S.-based Engineering Center of Excellence in Plano. In September 2020, the Company entered into a lease agreement for additional office space at its headquarters in Plano, TX. On the commencement date of this lease in March 2021, the Company recognized an aggregate of approximately $1.7 million in right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities in connection with these leases.

During the three months ended March 31, 2021, the Company recorded $4.2 million in impairment charges on ROU assets, including $2.5 million related to the restructuring in Hanover, Germany and $1.7 million related to consolidating certain non-manufacturing facilities into our new headquarters facility in Plano, Texas. See Note 9 Restructuring and Other Charges for further information about the Company's restructuring activities in Hanover, Germany.

Variable lease cost was 0t significant for the three months ended March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019, respectively (in thousands):~~

Supplemental cash flow information related to the Company’s operating leases was as follows ~~for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively~~ (in thousands):

The following table presents the weighted average remaining lease term and weighted average discount rates related to the Company’s operating leases as of March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, respectively:

The following table presents the maturity of the Company’s operating lease liabilities as of March 31, ~~2020~~2021 (in thousands):

On ~~March 2, 2020, the Company announced its plans to relocate its corporate headquarters from Oakland, California to Plano, Texas~~(14) Commitments and establish a new U.S.-based Engineering Center of Excellence in Plano. On February 24, 2020, in connection with the planned relocation of the Company headquarters to Plano, the Company entered into two separate sublease agreements for office and laboratory space in Plano, TX. The commencement date of these leases is expected to occur in the second quarter of 2020. On the commencement date of these leases, the Company will recognize an aggregate of approximately $1.2 million in right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities in connection with these leases.

The Company accrues warranty costs based on historical trends for the expected material and labor costs to provide warranty services. Warranty periods are generally one to five years from the date of shipment. The following table reconciles changes in the Company’s accrued warranties and related costs included in accrued and other liabilities (in thousands) for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and March 31, 2019:

In the normal course of operations, from time to time, the Company arranges for the issuance of various types of ~~surety~~performance bonds, such as performance, warranty, and bid ~~and performance~~ bonds, ~~which~~in the form of bank guarantees or surety bonds. These instruments are ~~agreements~~arrangements under which the ~~surety company guarantees~~financial institution provides a financial guarantee that the Company will perform in accordance with contractual or legal obligations. As of March 31, ~~2020,~~2021, the Company had ~~$7.3 million~~$10.5 of performance bonds in the form of bank guarantees or surety bonds guaranteed by third parties.

~~The Company’s inventory purchase commitments typically allow for cancellation of orders 30 days in advance of the required inventory availability date as set by the Company at time of order.~~ ~~However, the Company has agreements with various contract manufacturers which include non-cancellable inventory purchase commitments.~~ ~~The amount of non-cancellable purchase commitments outstanding, net of reserve, was $5.6 million as of March 31, 2020.~~

The Company has, ~~certain royalty commitments associated with~~as part of the ~~shipment and licensing~~Optelian purchase agreement, a contingent liability payable to the sellers. The contingent consideration is payable based on the achievement of certain ~~products. Royalty expense is generally based on a dollar amount per unit shipped or a percentage of~~future performance targets during the ~~underlying revenue and is recorded in cost of revenue.~~

~~The~~three-year period following ~~table sets forth payment guarantees of~~ the Company's indebtedness and other obligations as of March 31, 2020 that have been provided by third parties and DNI. DNI owns approximately 44.1% of the outstanding shares of the Company's common stock. ~~The amount guaranteed exceeds the principal amounts of outstanding obligations due to collateral requirements by the banks.~~

*acquisition date. The Company records changes in the fair value of contingent consideration liabilities within operating expenses in the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations during the period in which a change in the estimate of fair value is ~~generally responsible~~made. Refer to Note 2 Business Combinations for ~~warranty liabilities for a period of two years with respect to major product sales and has, therefore, contracted for surety insurance for a portion of the warranty liabilities.~~further information.

From time to time, the Company is subject to various legal proceedings, claims and litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. While the outcome of these matters is currently not determinable, the Company records an accrual for legal contingencies that it has determined to be probable to the extent that the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. The Company does not expect that the ultimate costs to resolve these matters will have a material adverse effect on its consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. However, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, and unfavorable rulings could occur. If an unfavorable ruling were to occur, there exists the possibility of a material adverse impact on the results of operations and cash flows of the reporting period in which the ruling occurs, or future periods.

Income tax expense ~~(benefit)~~for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was approximately $0.9 million, on pre-tax loss of $22.3 million. There was no income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2020 ~~and 2019 was approximately $0.0 million and $0.1 million respectively,~~ on pre-tax loss of $8.8 ~~million and $1.4 million, respectively.~~million.

As of March 31, ~~2020,~~2021, the income tax rate varied from the United States statutory income tax rate primarily due to valuation allowances in ~~the United States~~North America and EMEA and taxable income generated by ~~some of~~ the Company’s ~~wholly-owned~~wholly owned foreign ~~subsidiaries.~~subsidiaries in Asia.

The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits, including interest and penalties, at March 31, ~~2020~~2021 was ~~$1.0~~$1.3 million. There were no0 significant changes to unrecognized tax benefits during the ~~quarter~~three months ended March 31, ~~2020.~~2021. The Company does not anticipate any significant changes with respect to unrecognized tax benefits within the next 12twelve months.

On March 27, 2020, the “Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security (CARES) Act” was signed into law. The Act includes provisions relating to refundable payroll tax credits, deferment of the employer portion of certain payroll taxes, net operating loss carryback periods, alternative minimum tax credit refunds, modifications to the net interest deduction limitations and technical corrections to tax depreciation methods for qualified improvement property. The Company is currently analyzing the impact of these changes and therefore an estimate of the impact to income taxes is not yet available.

The Company is a global provider of ultra-broadband network access solutions and communications platforms deployed by advanced Tier 1, 2national and 3regional service providers and enterprise customers. There are no segment managers who are held accountable for operations, operating results and plans for levels or components below the Company unit level. Accordingly, the Company is considered to be in a single reporting segment and operating unit structure. The Company’s chief operating decision maker is the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, who reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis accompanied with disaggregated revenues by geographic region for purposes of making operating decisions and assessing financial performance.

The Company attributes revenue from customers to individual countries based on location shipped. Refer to Note 1(e) Disaggregation of Revenue ~~disaggregation information,~~ for the required disclosures ~~about~~on geographical concentrations and ~~revenue~~revenues by ~~products and services and geography.~~

The Company's property, plant and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation, were located in the following geographical areas (in thousands) as of March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019:~~2020:

As used in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, unless the context suggests otherwise, the terms “DZS,” the “Company” “we,” “our” and “us” refer to ~~DASAN Zhone Solutions,~~DZS Inc. and its subsidiaries.

~~This Quarterly Report~~On February 27, 2019, the Company entered into a Revolving Credit, Term Loan, Guaranty and Security Agreement with PNC Bank, National Association (“PNC”) and Citibank, N.A. as lenders, and PNC as agent for the lenders (the “PNC Credit Facilities”).

On March 26, 2020, the Company paid the outstanding term loan borrowings in full and terminated the PNC Credit Facilities. In association with this debt repayment, the Company recorded a loss on ~~Form 10-Q, including “Management’s Discussion and Analysis~~extinguishment of ~~Financial Condition and Results~~debt of ~~Operations,” contains forward-looking statements regarding future events and our future results that are~~$1.4 million during the three months ended March 31, 2020.

In the U.S., the Company maintains a 401(k) plan for its employees whereby eligible employees may contribute up to a specified percentage of their earnings, on a pretax basis, subject to the ~~safe harbors created~~maximum amount permitted by the Internal Revenue Code. Under the 401(k) plan, the Company made discretionary contributions to the plan in 2021. For the three months ended March 31, 2021, the Company recorded an expense of $0.1 million compared to 0 expense for the three months ended March 31, 2020.

The Company sponsors defined benefit plans for its employees in Germany and Japan. Defined benefit plans provide pension benefits based on compensation and years of service. The Germany plans were frozen as of September 30, 2003 and have not been offered to new employees after that date. The Company has recorded the underfunded status as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, as a long-term liability on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets. The accumulated benefit obligation for the plans was $18.9 million and $20.1 million as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively.

The Company holds life insurance contracts, with the Company as beneficiary, in the amount of $3.3 million as of March 31, 2021 and $3.5 million as of December 31, 2020, respectively, related to individuals under the ~~Securities Act of 1933 (the “Securities Act”) and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”).~~pension plans. These ~~statements~~insurance contracts are ~~based on current expectations, estimates, forecasts, and projections about the industries in which we operate, and reflect the beliefs and assumptions of our management~~classified as ~~of the date hereof.~~

We use words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “goal,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “project,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would,” variations of such words, and similar expressions to identify forward-looking statements. In addition, statements that refer to projections of earnings, revenue, costs or other financial items in future periods; anticipated growth and trends in our business, industry or key markets; cost synergies, growth opportunities and other potential financial and operating benefits of the Merger and the acquisition of Keymile; future growth and revenues from our products; our plans and our ability to refinance or repay our existing indebtedness prior to the applicable maturity dates; our ability to access other capital to fund our future operations; future economic conditions and performance; the impact of the global outbreak of COVID-19; the impact of interest rate and foreign currency fluctuations; the anticipated relocation of our corporate headquarters to Texas; anticipated performance of products or services; competition; plans, objectives and strategies for future operations, including our pursuit or strategic acquisitions and our continued investment in research and development; other characterizations of future events or circumstances; and all other statements that are not statements of historical fact, are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act. Although we believe that the assumptions underlying the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we can give no assurance that our expectations will be attained. Factors which could have a material adverse effect on our operations and future prospects or which could cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations include, but are not limited to:

additional factors discussed in Part II, Item 1A “Risk Factors” and Part I, Item 2 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as well as those described in our Annual Report on Form 10-Kfollowing table summarizes the activity related to the accrued restructuring costs for the ~~year~~three months ended ~~December~~March 31, ~~2019 and from time to time in our other reports filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).~~2021 (in thousands):

	March 31,
	2021
Balance at the beginning of the quarter	$	—
Restructuring charges for the year		3,544
Cash payments		—
Foreign exchange impact		(56	)
Balance at the end of the quarter	$	3,488

~~OVERVIEW~~

~~We are a global provider~~

(10) Related Party Transactions

Related Party Debt

As of ultra-broadband network access solutions and communications platforms deployed by advanced Tier 1, 2 and 3 service providers and enterprise customers. We operate in a single reporting segment. We research, develop, test, sell, manufacture and support communications equipment in five major areas: broadband access, Ethernet switching, mobile fronthaul/backhaul, Passive Optical LAN and SDN/NFV solutions:

~~Our broadband access products offer a variety~~March 31, 2021, the Company had 0 outstanding borrowings from related parties compared to $29.8 million as of ~~solutions~~December 31, 2020. See Note 7 Debt for carriers and service providers to connect residential and business customers, either using high-speed fiber or leveraging their existing deployed copper networks to offer broadband services to customer premises. Once our broadband access products are deployed,further information about the ~~service provider can offer voice, high-definition and ultra-high-definition video, high-speed internet access and business class services to their customers.~~Company’s related party debt.

Our Ethernet switching products provide a high-performance and manageable solution that bridges the gap from carrier access technologies to the core network. Our products support pure Ethernet switching as well as layer 3 IP and MPLS and are currently being developed for deployment as part of SDNs.

Our mobile fronthaul/backhaul products provide a robust, manageable and scalable solution for mobile operators that enable them to upgrade their mobile fronthaul/backhaul systems and migrate to 5G and beyond. Our mobile backhaul products may be collocated at the radio access node base station and can aggregate multiple radio access node base stations into a single backhaul for delivery of mobile traffic to the radio access node network controller. We provide standard Ethernet/IP or MPLS interfaces and interoperate with other vendors in these networks.

Our FiberLAN portfolio of POL products are designed for enterprise, campus, hospitality, and entertainment arena usage. Our FiberLAN portfolio includes our high-performance, high-bandwidth GPON OLTs connected to the industry’s most diverse ONT product line, which include units with integrated PoE to power a wide range of PoE-enabled access devices.

Our SDN/NFV strategy is to develop tools and building blocks that will allow service providers to migrate their networks’ full complement of legacy control plane and data plane devices to a centralized intelligent controller that can reconfigure the servicesThe following table sets forth payment guarantees of the ~~hundreds~~Company's indebtedness and other obligations as of ~~network elements~~March 31, 2021 that have been provided by DNI. DNI owns approximately 37.5% of the outstanding shares of the Company's common stock. The amount guaranteed exceeds the principal amounts of outstanding obligations due to collateral requirements by the banks.

Guarantor	Amount Guaranteed (in thousands)		Description of Obligations Guaranteed
DNI	$	8,400	Credit facility with Industrial Bank of Korea
DNI		6,000	Credit facility with NongHyup Bank
DNI		8,400	Credit facility with Korea Development Bank
DNI		2,206	Payment guarantee to Industrial Bank of Korea
DNI		3,000	Payment guarantee to Shinhan Bank
	$	28,006

Other Related Party Transactions

Sales, cost of revenue, manufacturing (included in ~~real time for more controlled and efficient provision~~cost of bandwidth and latency across the network. The migration move to SDN/NFV will provide better service for end customers and a more efficient and cost-effective use of hardware resources for service providers.

~~Going forward, our key financial objectives include the following:~~

~~Increasing revenue while continuing to carefully control costs;~~

~~Continuing investments in strategic~~revenue), research and product development, selling, marketing, general and administrative, interest expense and other expenses to and from related parties were as follows (in thousands) for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

		Three Months Ended March 31, 2021
Counterparty	DNI ownership interest	Sales		Cost of revenue		Manufacturing (cost of revenue)**		Research and product development		Selling, marketing, general and administrative		Interest expense		Other expenses
DNI	N/A	$	1,770	$	1,611	$	—	$	—	$	707	$	132	$	85
Dasan Invest*	N/A		—		—		10		46		18		—		—
		$	1,770	$	1,611	$	10	$	46	$	725	$	132	$	85

		Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
Counterparty	DNI ownership interest	Sales		Cost of revenue		Manufacturing (cost of revenue)**		Research and product development		Selling, marketing, general and administrative		Interest expense		Other expenses
DNI	N/A	$	162	$	133	$	—	$	—	$	571	$	151	$	86
Dasan Invest*	N/A		—		—		8		33		38		—		—
		$	162	$	133	$	8	$	33	$	609	$	151	$	86

* Dasan Invest holds 19.8% of DNI’s shares.

** Manufacturing costs represent product purchases from and manufacturing activities performed by related parties, and

are included in cost of revenue on the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss).

The Company has entered into sales agreements with DNI and certain of its subsidiaries. Sales and cost of revenue to DNI represent finished goods produced by the Company that ~~will provide~~are sold to DNI.

The Company has an agreement with DNI in which DNI acts as a sales channel to customers. Sales to DNI are recorded net of royalty fees in related party revenue.

DNS California shares human resources, treasury and other administrative support with DNI. As such, the ~~maximum potential return on investment;~~Company entered into certain service sharing agreements with DNI and

~~Minimizing consumption~~ certain of ~~our cash~~its subsidiaries for the shared office space and ~~cash equivalents.~~shared administrative services.

DNS Korea entered into two separate sublease agreements with DNI. Operating lease cost related to these leases totaled $0.5 million and $0.4 million, for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. As of March 31, 2021, the right of use asset and operating lease liability related to these leases were $7.8 million and $7.8 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2020, ~~we employed over 830 personnel worldwide.~~ ~~We consider~~ the ~~relationships~~right of use asset and operating lease liability related to these leases were $8.6 million and $8.6 million, respectively.

The Company has entered into an agreement with ~~our employees~~Dasan Invest to ~~be positive. Competition~~provide IT services for ~~technical personnel in our industry~~the Company.

Interest expense represents interest paid to DNI for the related party debt. Refer to Note 7 Debt for further information.

Other expenses to related parties represent expenses to DNI for its payment guarantees relating to the Company's borrowings. The Company pays DNI a guarantee fee which is ~~intense. We believe that our future success depends in part on our continued ability~~calculated as 0.9% of the guaranteed amount. Refer to ~~hire, assimilate~~Note 14 Commitments and ~~retain qualified personnel. To date, we believe that we have been successful in recruiting qualified employees, but there is no assurance that we will continue to be successful~~Contingencies for further information about obligations guaranteed by DNI.

Balances of Receivables and Payables with Related Parties

Balances of receivables and payables arising from sales and purchases of goods and services with related parties as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 were included in the ~~future.~~following balance sheet captions on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets, as follows (in thousands):

~~RECENT DEVELOPMENTS~~

		As of March 31, 2021
Counterparty	DNI ownership interest	Account receivables		Other receivables		Other assets		Loans Payable		Accounts payable
DNI	N/A	$	1,912	$	—	$	940	$	—	$	596
Dasan Invest*	N/A		—		—		—		—		27
		$	1,912	$	—	$	940	$	—	$	623

		As of December 31, 2020
Counterparty	DNI ownership interest	Account receivables		Other receivables		Other assets		Loans Payable		Accounts payable
DNI	N/A	$	2,278	$	247	$	755	$	29,754	$	1,552
Dasan Invest*	N/A		—		—		—		—		32
		$	2,278	$	247	$	755	$	29,754	$	1,584

* Dasan Invest holds 19.8% of DNI’s shares.

(11) Common Stock

(12) Net Income Per Share

Basic net income per share is computed by dividing the net income for the period by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. The calculation of diluted net income per share gives effect to common stock equivalents; however, potential common stock equivalents are excluded if their effect is antidilutive. Potential common stock equivalents are composed of incremental shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of stock options and the vesting of restricted stock units. In periods when a net loss is reported, all common stock equivalents are excluded from the calculation because they would have an anti-dilutive effect, meaning the loss per share would be reduced. Therefore, in periods when a loss is reported, basic and dilutive loss per share are the same.

The following table is a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator in the basic and diluted net income (loss) per share calculation (in thousands, except per share data) for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021			2020
Net income (loss)	$	(23,225	)	$	(8,771	)
Weighted average number of shares outstanding:
Basic		25,252			21,474
Effect of dilutive securities:
Stock options, restricted stock units and share awards		—			—
Diluted		25,252			21,474
Net income (loss) per share:
Basic	$	(0.92	)	$	(0.41	)
Diluted	$	(0.92	)	$	(0.41	)

	March 31, 2021		March 31, 2020
Outstanding stock options		2,216		1,896
Unvested restricted stock units		744		58

~~On March 2,~~(13) Leases

In August 2020, the Company ~~announced~~completed its ~~plans to relocate~~relocation of its corporate headquarters from Oakland, California to Plano, Texas and establish a new U.S.-based Engineering Center of Excellence in Plano. In ~~connection with the planned relocation,~~September 2020, the Company entered into ~~sublease agreements with Huawei Technologies, Inc. and Futurewei Technologies, Inc. to sublease~~a lease agreement for additional office space at its headquarters in Plano, TX. On the commencement date of this lease in March 2021, the Company recognized an aggregate of approximately ~~16,300 square feet located at Legacy Place, 5700 Tennyson Parkway, Plano, Texas.~~$1.7 million in right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities in connection with these leases.

On March 5, 2020, DNS Korea entered into a Loan Agreement with DNI, pursuant to which DNS Korea borrowed KRW 22.4 billion ($18.5 million USD) from DNI. DNS Korea subsequently loaned all of such borrowed funds to the Company, a portion of which were used to repay and terminate the PNC Credit Facilities.

~~RESULTS OF OPERATIONS~~

~~We list in the table below the historical condensed consolidated statement of comprehensive loss as a percentage of total net revenue for the periods indicated.~~

Three Months Ended March 31,

2020

2019

Net revenue:

Third parties

100
%

99
%
Related parties

—

1
%
Total net revenue

100
%

100
%
Cost of revenue:

Products and services - third parties

65
%

65
%
Products and services - related parties

—

1
%
Amortization of intangible assets

1
%

—

Total cost of revenue

66
%

66
%
Gross profit

34
%

34
%
Operating expenses:

Research and product development

20
%

14
%
Selling, marketing, general and administrative

29
%

20
%
Amortization of intangible assets

1
%

1
%
Total operating expenses

50
%

35
%
Operating loss

(16
)%

(1
)%
Interest income

—

—

Interest expense

(1
)%

(1
)%
Loss on extinguishment of debt

(3
)%

—

Other income (loss), net

2
%

—

Loss before income taxes

(18
)%

(2
)%
Income tax provision

—

—

Net loss

(18
)%

(2
)%
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest

—

—

Net loss attributable to DASAN Zhone Solutions, Inc.

(18
)%

(2
)%

~~Net Revenue~~

~~The following table presents our revenues by source (in millions):~~

Three Months Ended March 31,

2020

2019

Increase/
(Decrease)

% change

Products

$
40.7

$
69.6

$
(28.9
)

(42
)%
Services

6.8

4.5

2.3

51
%
Total

$
47.5

$
74.1

$
(26.6
)

(36
)%

~~For~~During the three months ended March 31, ~~2020, product revenue decreased by 42% or $28.9 million to $40.7 million from $69.6~~2021, the Company recorded $4.2 million in ~~the same period last year. For the three months ended March 31, 2020, service revenue increased by 51% or $2.3~~impairment charges on ROU assets, including $2.5 million to $6.8 million from $4.5 million in the same period last year. The decrease in product revenue during the period was primarily attributable to impacts from the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, which resulted in disruptions to our supply chain, as well as decreased business operations by certain of our customers. ~~The increase in service revenue was primarily~~ related to ~~a greater number~~the restructuring in Hanover, Germany and $1.7 million related to consolidating certain non-manufacturing facilities into our new headquarters facility in Plano, Texas. See Note 9 Restructuring and Other Charges for further information about the Company's restructuring activities in Hanover, Germany.

The components of ~~products under contract for maintenance and extended warranty.~~

lease expense were as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021		2020
Operating lease cost	$	1,362	$	1,410
Short-term lease cost		197		36
Total net lease cost	$	1,559	$	1,446

~~Information about our net revenue for North America and international markets is summarized below (in millions):~~

Three Months Ended March 31,

2020

2019

Increase/
(decrease)

% change

Revenue by geography:

United States

$
7.6

$
9.6

$
(2.0
)

(21
)%
Canada

0.8

0.9

(0.1
)

(11
)%
Total North America

8.4

10.5

(2.1
)

(20
)%
Latin America

2.2

6.6

(4.4
)

(67
)%
Europe, Middle East, Africa

12.4

18.4

(6.0
)

(33
)%
Korea

9.6

15.9

(6.3
)

(40
)%
Other Asia Pacific

14.9

22.7

(7.8
)

(34
)%
Total International

39.1

63.6

(24.5
)

(39
)%
Total

$
47.5

$
74.1

$
(26.6
)

(36
)%

~~From a geographical perspective, the decrease in net revenue~~Variable lease cost was 0t significant for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020.

Supplemental cash flow information related to the Company’s operating leases was as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021		2020
Operating cash outflows from operating leases	$	1,391	$	1,403
ROU assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations	$	1,800	$	26

The following table presents the weighted average remaining lease term and weighted average discount rates related to the Company’s operating leases as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, ~~was attributable~~respectively:

	March 31, 2021			December 31, 2020
Lease Assets and Liabilities
Assets:
Right-of-use assets from operating leases	$	14,535		$	18,483

Liabilities:
Operating lease liabilities - current	$	4,435		$	4,494
Operating lease liabilities - non-current		16,154			15,959
Total operating lease liabilities	$	20,589		$	20,453

	March 31, 2021			December 31, 2020
Weighted average remaining lease term	4.7 years			4.6 years
Weighted average discount rate		5.7	%		5.7	%

The following table presents the maturity of the Company’s operating lease liabilities as of March 31, 2021 (in thousands):

Remainder of 2021	$	4,076
2022		5,235
2023		4,814
2024		4,330
2025		2,579
Thereafter		2,457
Total operating lease payments		23,491
Less: imputed interest		(2,902	)
Total operating lease liabilities	$	20,589

(14) Commitments and Contingencies

Performance Bonds

In the normal course of operations, from time to ~~declining revenue~~time, the Company arranges for the issuance of various types of performance bonds, such as performance, warranty, and bid bonds, in ~~all regions except~~the form of bank guarantees or surety bonds. These instruments are arrangements under which the financial institution provides a financial guarantee that the Company will perform in accordance with contractual or legal obligations. As of March 31, 2021, the Company had $10.5 of performance bonds in the form of bank guarantees or surety bonds guaranteed by third parties.

Contingent Consideration

The Company has, as part of the Optelian purchase agreement, a contingent liability payable to the sellers. The contingent consideration is payable based on the achievement of certain future performance targets during the three-year period following the acquisition date. The Company records changes in the fair value of contingent consideration liabilities within operating expenses in the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of operations during the period in which a change in the estimate of fair value is made. Refer to Note 2 Business Combinations for ~~Korea,~~further information.

Litigation

From time to time, the Company is subject to various legal proceedings, claims and ~~was largely attributed~~litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. While the outcome of these matters is currently not determinable, the Company records an accrual for legal contingencies that it has determined to ~~impacts from~~be probable to the ~~worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, resulting~~extent that the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. The Company does not expect that the ultimate costs to resolve these matters will have a material adverse effect on its consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. However, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, and unfavorable rulings could occur. If an unfavorable ruling were to occur, there exists the possibility of a material adverse impact on the results of operations and cash flows of the reporting period in ~~disruptions to our supply chain and decreased business operations by certain of our customers.~~which the ruling occurs, or future periods.

~~Across non-U.S. markets, net revenue~~(15) Income Taxes

Income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2020 decreased 39% or $24.5 million to $39.1 million from $63.6 million from the same period last year, and represented 82% of total net revenue compared with 86% during the same period of 2019. The decrease in international net revenue was primarily attributed to impacts from the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic.

For the three months ended March 31, 2020 two customer accounted for 14% and 10% of net revenue, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2019, no customer accounted for more 10% of net revenue.

We anticipate that our results of operations in any given period may depend to a large extent on sales to a small number of large customers. As a result, our revenue for any quarter may be subject to significant volatility based upon changes in orders from one or a small number of key customers.

~~Cost of Revenue and Gross Profit~~

Total cost of revenue decreased 36% or $17.7 million to $31.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to $49.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019. Total cost of revenue was 66% of net revenue for each of the three months ended March 31, 2020 and March 31, 2019.

We expect that in the future our cost of revenue as a percentage of net revenue will vary depending on the mix and average selling prices of products sold. In addition, continued competitive and economic pressures could cause us to reduce our prices, adjust the carrying values of our inventory, or record inventory expenses relating to discontinued products and excess or obsolete inventory.

~~Research and Product Development Expenses~~

Research and product development expenses decreased 6% or $0.6 million to $9.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to $10.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019. As a percentage of sales, research and product development expenses were 20% for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to 14% for the three months ended March 31, 2019.

~~We intend to continue to invest in research and product development to attain our strategic product development objectives, while seeking to manage the associated costs through expense controls.~~

~~Selling, Marketing, General and Administrative Expenses~~

Selling, marketing, general and administrative expenses include personnel costs for sales, marketing, administration, finance, information technology, human resources and general management as well as legal and accounting expenses, rent, utilities, trade show expenses and related travel costs.

Selling, marketing, general and administrative expenses decreased 9% or $1.4 million to $13.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to $15.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019. The decrease in selling, marketing, general and administrative costs in the three months ended March 31, 2020 relative to the same period in 2019 is largely due to restructuring activities, including reductions in force, undertaken during 2019. As a percentage of sales, selling, marketing, general and administrative expenses were 29% for the three months ended March 31, 2020, compared to 20% for the three months ended March 31, 2019. The increase in selling, marketing, general and administrative costs as a percentage of sales in the period relative to the first quarter of 2019 is due to the lower overall level of revenues in the three months ended March 31, 2020.

~~Income Tax Provision~~

~~Income tax benefit for the three months ended March 31, 2020~~2021 was approximately ~~$5,000, compared to~~$0.9 million, on pre-tax loss of $22.3 million. There was no income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, ~~2019 of $0.1 million,~~2020 on pre-tax loss of $8.8 ~~million and $1.4 million, respectively.~~ million.

~~OTHER PERFORMANCE MEASURES~~

In managing our business and assessing our financial performance, we supplement the information provided by our U.S. GAAP results with adjusted earnings before stock-based compensation, interest, taxes, and depreciation, or Adjusted EBITDA, a non-U.S. GAAP financial measure. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) plus (i) interest expense, net, (ii) provision (benefit) for taxes, (iii) depreciation and amortization, (iv) stock-based compensation, and (v) the impact of material transactions or events that we believe are not indicative of our core operating performance, such as merger and acquisition transaction costs, inventory valuation step-up amortization, purchase price adjustments, restructuring and other charges, goodwill impairment, bargain purchase gain, gain (loss) on sale of assets, impairment of long-lived assets or loss on debt extinguishment, any of which may or may not be recurringsubsidiaries in nature. We believe that the presentation of Adjusted EBITDA enhances the usefulness of our financial information by presenting a measure that management uses internally to monitor and evaluate our operating performance and to evaluate the effectiveness of our business strategies. We believe Adjusted EBITDA also assists investors and analysts in comparing our performance across reporting periods on a consistent basis because it excludes the impact of items that we do not believe reflect our core operating performance.

~~Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool. Some of these limitations are:~~

~~Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect our cash expenditures, or future requirements, for capital expenditures or contractual requirements;~~

~~Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs;~~

~~Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the interest expense, or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payments, on our debts;~~

Although depreciation and amortization are non-cash expenses, the assets being depreciated and amortized will often have to be replaced in the future, and Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect any cash requirements for such replacements;

Non-cash compensation is and will remain a key element of our overall long-term incentive compensation package, although we exclude it as an expense when evaluating our ongoing operating performance for a particular period; and

~~Other companies in our industry may calculate Adjusted EBITDA and similar measures differently than we do, limiting its usefulness as a comparative measure.~~

Because of these limitations, Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for net income (loss) or any other performance measures calculated in accordance with U.S. GAAP or as a measure of liquidity. Management understands these limitations and compensates for these limitations by relying primarily on our U.S. GAAP results and using Adjusted EBITDA only as a supplemental measure.

~~Set forth below is a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA and net income, which we consider to be the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure to Adjusted EBITDA (in thousands):~~

Three Months Ended March 31,

2020

2019

Net income (loss)

$
(8,771
)

$
(1,457
)
Add (less):

Interest expense, net

573

783

Income tax (benefit) expense

(5
)

77

Depreciation and amortization

1,256

1,417

Stock-based compensation

782

825

Acquisition costs

—

337

Inventory step-up valuation amortization

—

201

Bargain purchase gain

—

(334
)
Loss on debt extinguishment

1,369

—

Adjusted EBITDA

$
(4,796
)

$
1,849

~~CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES~~

For a complete description of what we believe to be the critical accounting policies and estimates used in the preparation of our unaudited condensed consolidated financial Statements, refer to Note 1, Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, in the notes to our audited consolidated financial statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, as supplemented by Note 1, Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, in the notes to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

~~LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES~~

Our operations are financed through a combination of our existing cash, cash equivalents, available credit facilities, and sales of equity and debt instruments, based on our operating requirements and market conditions.Asia.

The ~~following table summarizes the information regarding our cash~~total amount of unrecognized tax benefits, including interest and ~~cash equivalents and working capital (in thousands):~~

March 31, 2020

December 31, 2019

Cash and cash equivalents

$
26,437

$
28,747

Working capital

113,586

114,885

~~The Company had net loss of $8.8 million for~~penalties, at March 31, 2021 was $1.3 million. There were 0 significant changes to unrecognized tax benefits during the three months ended March 31, ~~2020~~2021. The Company does not anticipate any significant changes with respect to unrecognized tax benefits within the next twelve months.

(16) Enterprise-Wide Information

The Company is a global provider of ultra-broadband network access solutions and communications platforms deployed by advanced Tier 1, national and regional service providers and enterprise customers. There are no segment managers who are held accountable for operations, operating results and plans for levels or components below the Company unit level. Accordingly, the Company is considered to be in a ~~net loss~~single reporting segment and operating unit structure. The Company’s chief operating decision maker is the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, who reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis accompanied with disaggregated revenues by geographic region for purposes of ~~$13.3 million~~making operating decisions and assessing financial performance.

The Company attributes revenue from customers to individual countries based on location shipped. Refer to Note 1(e) Disaggregation of Revenue for the ~~year ended December 31, 2019. Additionally,~~required disclosures on geographical concentrations and revenues by source.

The Company's property, plant and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation, were located in the ~~Company incurred significant losses in years prior to 2019. As~~following geographical areas (in thousands) as of March 31, ~~2020, the Company had an accumulated deficit~~2021 and December 31, 2020:

	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
United States	$	3,594	$	2,878
Korea		2,294		2,472
Japan		870		952
Canada		619		—
Germany		412		761
Other		91		83
	$	7,880	$	7,146

Item 2.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of ~~$38.0 million~~ Financial Condition and ~~working capital~~Results of ~~$113.6 million.~~ Operations

As ~~of March 31, 2020, the Company had $26.4 million~~used in cash and cash equivalents, which included $8.7 million in cash balances held by its international subsidiaries, and $39.7 million in aggregate principal debt of which $12.3 million was reflected in current liabilities.

~~Our current lack of liquidity could harm us by:~~

~~increasing our vulnerability to adverse economic conditions in our industry or the economy in general;~~

~~requiring substantial amounts of cash to be used for debt servicing, rather than other purposes, including operations;~~

~~limiting our ability to plan for, or react to, changes in our business and industry; and~~

~~influencing investor and customer perceptions about our financial stability and limiting our ability to obtain financing or acquire customers.~~

However, we continue to focus on cost management, operating efficiency and restrictions on discretionary spending. In addition, if necessary, we may sell assets, issue debt or equity securities or purchase credit insurance. We may also reduce the scope of our planned product development, reduce sales and marketing efforts and reduce our operations in low margin regions, including reductions in headcount. In March 2020, as described below under the header ~~March 2020 DNI Loan~~, we entered into a Loan Agreement with DNI, and used a portion of such funds to repay in full and terminate the Company’s existing credit facility with PNC Bank. Based on our current plans and current business conditions, as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, ~~we believe that these measures along with our existing cash~~unless the context suggests otherwise, the terms “DZS,” the “Company” “we,” “our” and ~~cash equivalents will be sufficient~~“us” refer to ~~satisfy our anticipated cash requirements for at least the next twelve (12) months from the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.~~

Our ability to meet our obligations as they become due in the ordinary course of business for the next twelve (12) months will depend on our ability (i) to achieve forecasted results of operations, (ii) access funds under new credit facilities and/or raise additional capital through sale of our common stock to the public,DZS Inc. and (iii) effectively manage working capital requirements. If we cannot raise additional funds when we need or wants them, our operations and prospects could be negatively affected. While we believe that we are likely to achieve forecasted results of operations if we are successful in implementing our business, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic provides great uncertainty with respect to our future operations, could result in a material decline in our operating cash flows and could cause us to fail to meet our obligations as they come due.

In December 2019, a strain of coronavirus, now known as COVID-19, was reported to have surfaced in Wuhan, China. Since that time, the widespread and sustained transmission of the virus has reached global pandemic status. In response to the pandemic, many national and international health agencies have recommended, and many countries and state, provincial and local governments have implemented, various measures, including travel bans and restrictions, limitations on public and private gatherings, business closures or operating restrictions, social distancing, and shelter-in-place orders. The health effects of the pandemic and the above measures taken in response thereto have had an effect on the global economy in general and has materially impacted and will likely continue to impact the Company’s financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Given the ongoing and dynamic nature of the virus and the worldwide response related thereto, it is difficult to predict the full impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on our business. During the quarter ended March 31, 2020, the Company’s revenues declined relative to its prior expectations, in part due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the uncertainty around the future economic impact of the pandemic, the fair value measurements used in the Company’s impairment assessments could be negatively impacted and could result in future impairments of goodwill, intangibles and other long-lived assets. The impact of a continued COVID-19 outbreak or sustained measures taken to limit or contain the outbreak could continue to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

~~Operating Activities~~

Net cash provided by operating activities increased by $5.6 million to $0.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 from net cash used in operating activities of $5.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019. The improvement in cash from changes in operating assets and liabilities was primarily due to collection accounts receivables, including amounts reflected in contract assets.

~~Investing Activities~~

Net cash used in investing activities decreased by $4.2 million to $0.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 from $4.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019. This decrease was primarily due to the acquisition of Keymile in 2019.

~~Financing Activities~~

~~Cash provided by financing activities totaled $3.1 million~~ ~~for the three months ended March 31, 2020~~ and consisted primarily of proceeds from a related party loan, partially offset by a net outflow associated with the repayment of the PNC credit facility. This compared to cash provided by financing activities of $5.1 million ~~for the three months ended March 31, 2019~~.

~~Cash Management~~

Our primary source of liquidity comes from our cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, which totaled $35.9 million at March 31, 2020. Our cash and cash equivalents as of March 31, 2020 included $12.9 million in cash balances held by our international subsidiaries.

~~Debt Facilities~~

PNC Credit Facilities

On February 27, 2019, the Company ~~and certain of its subsidiaries (as co-borrowers or guarantors)~~ entered into ~~that certain~~a Revolving Credit, Term Loan, Guaranty and Security Agreement ~~and that certain Export-Import Revolving Credit, Guaranty and Security Agreement, in each case~~ with PNC Bank, National Association (“~~PNC Bank”~~PNC”) and Citibank, N.A. as lenders, and PNC as agent for the ~~lenders. We refer to such transactions and the agreements referenced above as the~~lenders (the “PNC Credit Facilities”).

~~The PNC Credit Facilities provided for a $25 million~~On March 26, 2020, the Company paid the outstanding term loan borrowings in full and a $15 million revolving line of credit (including subfacilities for Ex-Im transactions, letters of credit and swing loans) with a $10 million incremental increase option. The amount the Company was able to borrow on the revolving line of credit at any time was based on eligible accounts receivable and other conditions, less certain reserves. Borrowings underterminated the PNC Credit ~~Facilities bore~~Facilities. In association with this debt repayment, the Company recorded a loss on extinguishment of debt of $1.4 million during the three months ended March 31, 2020.

(8) Employee Benefit Plans

Defined Contribution Plans

Defined Benefit Plans

Periodic benefit costs were as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021		2020
Interest costs	$	21	$	38
Net amortization costs		45		5
Period costs	$	66	$	43

The Company holds life insurance contracts, with the Company as beneficiary, in the amount of $3.3 million as of March 31, 2021 and $3.5 million as of December 31, 2020, respectively, related to individuals under the pension plans. These insurance contracts are classified as other assets on the Company’s unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet. The Company intends to use any proceeds from these policies to fund the pension plans. However, since the Company is the beneficiary on these policies, these assets have not been designated pension plan assets.

(9) Restructuring and Other Charges

On March 8, 2021, the Company made the strategic decision to transition DZS GmbH to a sales and research and development center by the end of 2021.

The Company incurred restructuring and other charges of approximately $6.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, consisting primarily of severance and other termination related benefits of $3.5 million, an impairment charge of $2.5 million related to right-of-use assets from operating leases, and $0.3 million of other charges.

Negotiations are being held with the works council in Germany on a reconciliation of interests and a social plan. The Company expects to incur additional severance and other termination benefits when negotiations are finalized.

The following table summarizes the activity related to the accrued restructuring costs for the three months ended March 31, 2021 (in thousands):

	March 31,
	2021
Balance at the beginning of the quarter	$	—
Restructuring charges for the year		3,544
Cash payments		—
Foreign exchange impact		(56	)
Balance at the end of the quarter	$	3,488

(10) Related Party Transactions

Related Party Debt

As of March 31, 2021, the Company had 0 outstanding borrowings from related parties compared to $29.8 million as of December 31, 2020. See Note 7 Debt for further information about the Company’s related party debt.

Guarantor	Amount Guaranteed (in thousands)		Description of Obligations Guaranteed
DNI	$	8,400	Credit facility with Industrial Bank of Korea
DNI		6,000	Credit facility with NongHyup Bank
DNI		8,400	Credit facility with Korea Development Bank
DNI		2,206	Payment guarantee to Industrial Bank of Korea
DNI		3,000	Payment guarantee to Shinhan Bank
	$	28,006

Other Related Party Transactions

		Three Months Ended March 31, 2021
Counterparty	DNI ownership interest	Sales		Cost of revenue		Manufacturing (cost of revenue)**		Research and product development		Selling, marketing, general and administrative		Interest expense		Other expenses
DNI	N/A	$	1,770	$	1,611	$	—	$	—	$	707	$	132	$	85
Dasan Invest*	N/A		—		—		10		46		18		—		—
		$	1,770	$	1,611	$	10	$	46	$	725	$	132	$	85

		Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
Counterparty	DNI ownership interest	Sales		Cost of revenue		Manufacturing (cost of revenue)**		Research and product development		Selling, marketing, general and administrative		Interest expense		Other expenses
DNI	N/A	$	162	$	133	$	—	$	—	$	571	$	151	$	86
Dasan Invest*	N/A		—		—		8		33		38		—		—
		$	162	$	133	$	8	$	33	$	609	$	151	$	86

* Dasan Invest holds 19.8% of DNI’s shares.

** Manufacturing costs represent product purchases from and manufacturing activities performed by related parties, and

are included in cost of revenue on the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of comprehensive income (loss).

The Company has entered into sales agreements with DNI and certain of its subsidiaries. Sales and cost of revenue to DNI represent finished goods produced by the Company that are sold to DNI.

The Company has an agreement with DNI in which DNI acts as a sales channel to customers. Sales to DNI are recorded net of royalty fees in related party revenue.

DNS California shares human resources, treasury and other administrative support with DNI. As such, the Company entered into certain service sharing agreements with DNI and certain of its subsidiaries for the shared office space and shared administrative services.

DNS Korea entered into two separate sublease agreements with DNI. Operating lease cost related to these leases totaled $0.5 million and $0.4 million, for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. As of March 31, 2021, the right of use asset and operating lease liability related to these leases were $7.8 million and $7.8 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2020, the right of use asset and operating lease liability related to these leases were $8.6 million and $8.6 million, respectively.

The Company has entered into an agreement with Dasan Invest to provide IT services for the Company.

Interest expense represents interest paid to DNI for the related party debt. Refer to Note 7 Debt for further information.

Other expenses to related parties represent expenses to DNI for its payment guarantees relating to the Company's borrowings. The Company pays DNI a guarantee fee which is calculated as 0.9% of the guaranteed amount. Refer to Note 14 Commitments and Contingencies for further information about obligations guaranteed by DNI.

Balances of Receivables and Payables with Related Parties

Balances of receivables and payables arising from sales and purchases of goods and services with related parties as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020 were included in the following balance sheet captions on the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets, as follows (in thousands):

		As of March 31, 2021
Counterparty	DNI ownership interest	Account receivables		Other receivables		Other assets		Loans Payable		Accounts payable
DNI	N/A	$	1,912	$	—	$	940	$	—	$	596
Dasan Invest*	N/A		—		—		—		—		27
		$	1,912	$	—	$	940	$	—	$	623

		As of December 31, 2020
Counterparty	DNI ownership interest	Account receivables		Other receivables		Other assets		Loans Payable		Accounts payable
DNI	N/A	$	2,278	$	247	$	755	$	29,754	$	1,552
Dasan Invest*	N/A		—		—		—		—		32
		$	2,278	$	247	$	755	$	29,754	$	1,584

* Dasan Invest holds 19.8% of DNI’s shares.

(11) Common Stock

On January 26, 2021, the Company sold 4.6 million shares of common stock (including 0.6 million shares issued pursuant to the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares) at a ~~floating rate equal~~price of $14.00 per share in an underwritten public offering. The equity offering closed on January 29, 2021 and resulted in gross proceeds to ~~either~~ the ~~PNC prime rate or~~Company of approximately $64.4 million and net proceeds to the ~~LIBOR rate for the applicable period, plus a margin that was based on the type~~Company, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses, of ~~advance.~~

The PNC Credit Facilities had a three-year term and were scheduled to mature on February 27, 2022. The PNC Credit Facilities contemplated repayment of the term loan in quarterly installments over the term of the loan, with the balance of the term loan and revolving line of credit due at maturity.

approximately $59.5 million. The Company used a portion of the net proceeds from the equity offering to pay off the remaining outstanding balance of debt with related parties.

(12) Net Income Per Share

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021			2020
Net income (loss)	$	(23,225	)	$	(8,771	)
Weighted average number of shares outstanding:
Basic		25,252			21,474
Effect of dilutive securities:
Stock options, restricted stock units and share awards		—			—
Diluted		25,252			21,474
Net income (loss) per share:
Basic	$	(0.92	)	$	(0.41	)
Diluted	$	(0.92	)	$	(0.41	)

	March 31, 2021		March 31, 2020
Outstanding stock options		2,216		1,896
Unvested restricted stock units		744		58

(13) Leases

The components of lease expense were as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021		2020
Operating lease cost	$	1,362	$	1,410
Short-term lease cost		197		36
Total net lease cost	$	1,559	$	1,446

Variable lease cost was 0t significant for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and 2020.

Supplemental cash flow information related to the Company’s operating leases was as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021		2020
Operating cash outflows from operating leases	$	1,391	$	1,403
ROU assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations	$	1,800	$	26

	March 31, 2021			December 31, 2020
Lease Assets and Liabilities
Assets:
Right-of-use assets from operating leases	$	14,535		$	18,483

Liabilities:
Operating lease liabilities - current	$	4,435		$	4,494
Operating lease liabilities - non-current		16,154			15,959
Total operating lease liabilities	$	20,589		$	20,453

	March 31, 2021			December 31, 2020
Weighted average remaining lease term	4.7 years			4.6 years
Weighted average discount rate		5.7	%		5.7	%

The following table presents the maturity of the Company’s operating lease liabilities as of March 31, 2021 (in thousands):

Remainder of 2021	$	4,076
2022		5,235
2023		4,814
2024		4,330
2025		2,579
Thereafter		2,457
Total operating lease payments		23,491
Less: imputed interest		(2,902	)
Total operating lease liabilities	$	20,589

(14) Commitments and Contingencies

Performance Bonds

In the normal course of operations, from time to time, the Company arranges for the issuance of various types of performance bonds, such as performance, warranty, and bid bonds, in the form of bank guarantees or surety bonds. These instruments are arrangements under which the financial institution provides a financial guarantee that the Company will perform in accordance with contractual or legal obligations. As of March 31, 2021, the Company had $10.5 of performance bonds in the form of bank guarantees or surety bonds guaranteed by third parties.

Contingent Consideration

Litigation

(15) Income Taxes

Income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was approximately $0.9 million, on pre-tax loss of $22.3 million. There was no income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2020 on pre-tax loss of $8.8 million.

As of March 31, 2021, the income tax rate varied from the United States statutory income tax rate primarily due to valuation allowances in North America and EMEA and taxable income generated by the Company’s wholly owned foreign subsidiaries in Asia.

The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits, including interest and penalties, at March 31, 2021 was $1.3 million. There were 0 significant changes to unrecognized tax benefits during the three months ended March 31, 2021. The Company does not anticipate any significant changes with respect to unrecognized tax benefits within the next twelve months.

(16) Enterprise-Wide Information

The Company is a global provider of ultra-broadband network access solutions and communications platforms deployed by advanced Tier 1, national and regional service providers and enterprise customers. There are no segment managers who are held accountable for operations, operating results and plans for levels or components below the Company unit level. Accordingly, the Company is considered to be in a single reporting segment and operating unit structure. The Company’s chief operating decision maker is the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, who reviews financial information presented on a consolidated basis accompanied with disaggregated revenues by geographic region for purposes of making operating decisions and assessing financial performance.

The Company attributes revenue from customers to individual countries based on location shipped. Refer to Note 1(e) Disaggregation of Revenue for the required disclosures on geographical concentrations and revenues by source.

The Company's property, plant and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation, were located in the following geographical areas (in thousands) as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020:

	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
United States	$	3,594	$	2,878
Korea		2,294		2,472
Japan		870		952
Canada		619		—
Germany		412		761
Other		91		83
	$	7,880	$	7,146

Item 2.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

As used in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, unless the context suggests otherwise, the terms “DZS,” the “Company” “we,” “our” and “us” refer to DZS Inc. and its subsidiaries.

Forward-Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” contains forward-looking statements regarding future events and our future results that are subject to the safe harbors created under the Securities Act of 1933 (the “Securities Act”) and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). These statements are based on current expectations, estimates, forecasts, and projections about the industries in which we operate, and reflect the beliefs and assumptions of our management as of the date hereof.

We use words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “goal,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “project,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would,” variations of such words, the negative of such words, and similar expressions to identify forward-looking statements. In addition, statements that refer to projections of earnings, revenue, costs or other financial items in future periods; our ability to satisfy our short- and long-term cash requirements; anticipated growth and trends in our business, industry or key markets; future growth and revenues from our products; our plans and our ability to refinance or repay our existing indebtedness prior to the applicable maturity dates; our ability to access other capital to fund our future operations; future economic conditions and performance; the impact of the global outbreak of COVID-19; the impact of interest rate and foreign currency fluctuations; the impact of the completed relocation of our corporate headquarters to Texas; anticipated performance of products or services; competition; plans, objectives and strategies for future operations, including our pursuit or strategic acquisitions and our continued investment in research and development; other characterizations of future events or circumstances; and all other statements that are not statements of historical fact, are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Securities Act and the Exchange Act. Although we believe that the assumptions underlying the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we can give no assurance that our expectations will be attained. Factors which could have a material adverse effect on our operations and future prospects or which could cause actual results to differ materially from our expectations include, but are not limited to:

•

the impact of the global COVID-19 pandemic on the Company’s business and operations, including as a result of travel bans related thereto, the health and wellbeing of our employees in affected areas, disruption of our supply chain and softening of demands for our products;

•

our ability to realize the anticipated cost savings, synergies and other benefits of the Company’s acquisitions and any integration risks relating to the Company’s acquisitions;

•

our ability to generate sufficient revenue to achieve or sustain profitability;

•

our ability to raise additional capital to fund existing and future operations or to refinance or repay our existing indebtedness;

•

our ability to hire and retain key management and other personnel;

•

defects or other performance problems in our products;

•

any economic slowdown in the telecommunications industry that restricts or delays the purchase of our products by our customers, or delays in payments of accounts receivable by our customers;

•

commercial acceptance of our products;

•

intense competition in the communications equipment market from large equipment companies as well as private companies with products that address the same network needs as our products;

•

higher than anticipated expenses that we may incur;

•

any failure to comply with the periodic report filing and other requirements of The Nasdaq Stock Market for continued listing;

•

our ability to meet future customer demands, by utilizing outsourced manufacturers and based on the availability of raw material component parts;

•

material weaknesses or other deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting; and

•

additional factors discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 and from time to time in our other reports filed with the SEC.

You are urged to consider these factors carefully in evaluating the forward-looking statements herein and are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements, which are qualified in their entirety by this cautionary statement.

OVERVIEW

We are a global provider of packet-based mobile transport, broadband access, network orchestration and cloud-native automation solutions deployed by advanced Tier I, national and regional service providers and enterprise customers. Our solutions are deployed worldwide. Our intelligent-edge solutions are focused on creating significant value for our customers by delivering innovative solutions that empower global communication advancement by shaping the internet connection experience.

We research, develop, test, sell, manufacture and support platforms in the areas of mobile transport and fixed broadband access, as discussed below. We have extensive regional development and support centers around the world to support our customer needs.

Our network access solutions and communications platforms include products in Mobile Transport and Fixed Broadband Access, which includes broadband access and connected premises.

•

DZS Cronos portfolio - Mobile Transport. Our mobile transport products provide a robust, manageable and scalable solution for mobile operators that enable them to upgrade their mobile fronthaul/midhaul/backhaul (“xHaul”) systems and migrate to fifth generation wireless technologies (“5G”) and beyond. Our mobile xHaul products may be collocated at the radio access node base station and can aggregate multiple radio access node base stations into a single backhaul for delivery of mobile traffic to the radio access node network controller. Our products support pure Ethernet switching as well as layer 3 IP and Multiprotocol Label Switching (“MPLS”), and we interoperate with other vendors in these networks.

•

DZS Velocity portfolio - Fixed Broadband Access. Our fixed broadband access products offer a variety of solutions for carriers and service providers to connect residential and business customers, either using high-speed fiber or leveraging their existing deployed copper networks to offer broadband services to customer premises. Once our broadband access products are deployed, the service provider can offer voice, high-definition and ultra-high-definition video, highspeed internet access and business class services to their customers. In addition, the switching and routing products we provide in this space offer a high-performance and manageable solution that bridges the gap from carrier access technologies to the core network. Connected premises products are designed for high bandwidth services being deployed to the home or business. Our connected premises portfolio consists of indoor/outdoor ONT gateways delivering best-in-class data throughout to support the most demanding FTTx applications. The product feature set gives service providers an elegant migration path from legacy to softswitch architectures without replacing optical network terminals (“ONTs”).

In addition, we have our DZS Cloud portfolio and our DZS Helix portfolio. DZS Cloud accelerates our software capabilities specifically in the areas of network orchestration, application slicing, automation, analytics, and service assurance. Communications service providers are implementing software defined networking (“SDN”) and network functions virtualization (“NFV”) architectures to reduce reliance on proprietary systems and hardware, which increase service agility, flexibility, and deployment of new network services while lowering costs. DZS Helix is our connected premises product portfolio, offering a large collection of smart gateway platforms for any FTTx deployment.

Going forward, our key financial objectives include the following:

•

Increasing revenue while continuing to carefully control costs;

•

Continuing investments in strategic research and product development activities that will provide the maximum potential return on investment; and

•

Minimizing consumption of our cash and cash equivalents.

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

On March 8, 2021, we made the strategic decision, subject to the proper involvement of the employee representatives, to transition DZS GmbH to a sales and research and development center. Negotiations are being held with the works council in Germany on a reconciliation of interests and a social plan. DZS GmbH is expecting to reduce headcount by approximately 100 employees.

On March 3, 2021, we acquired substantially all of the assets of RIFT, Inc., a software defined orchestration, automation and network slicing provider.

On February 5, 2021, we acquired Optelian Access Networks Corporation, a leading optical networking solution provider based in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, and its portfolio of optical transport solutions.

On January 26, 2021, we issued 4.6 million shares of common stock in an underwritten public offering pursuant to an underwriters’ agreement (including 0.6 million shares issued pursuant to the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares) at a price of $14.00 per share. The equity offering closed on January 29, 2021 and resulted in gross proceeds of approximately $64.4 million and net proceeds, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses, of approximately $59.5 million. We used a portion of the net proceeds from the equity offering to pay off the entire outstanding balance of debt with related parties.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

We list in the table below the unaudited condensed consolidated statement of comprehensive (loss) income as a percentage of total net revenue for the periods indicated.

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021			2020
Net revenue		100	%		100	%
Cost of revenue		65	%		66	%
Gross profit		35	%		34	%
Operating expenses:
Research and product development		14	%		21	%
Selling, marketing, general and administrative		39	%		28	%
Restructuring and other charges		8	%		—
Impairment of long-lived assets		2	%		—
Amortization of intangible assets		1	%		1	%
Total operating expenses		64	%		50	%
Operating income (loss)		(29	)%		(16	)%
Interest income		—			—
Interest expense		—			(1	)%
Loss on extinguishment of debt		—			(3	)%
Other income (expense), net		1	%		2	%
Income (loss) before income taxes		(28	)%		(18	)%
Income tax provision (benefit)		1	%		—
Net income (loss)		(29	)%		(18	)%

Net Revenue

The following table presents our revenues by source (in millions):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021		2020		Increase/ (Decrease)		% change
Products	$	76.2	$	42.7	$	33.5		78.5	%
Services		4.8		4.8		—		0.4	%
Total	$	81.0	$	47.5	$	33.5		70.7	%

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, product revenue increased by 78.5% or $33.5 million to $76.2 million from $42.7 million in the same period last year. The increase in product revenue during the period was primarily attributable to increased sales of our mobile transport and fixed broadband projects and partly as a result of recovering from the impacts of the early onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in the first quarter of 2020. For the three months ended March 31, 2021, service revenue of $4.8 million was consistent with the same period last year.

The following table presents our revenues by geographical concentration (in millions):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021		2020		Increase/ (Decrease)		% change
Revenue by geography:
Americas	$	20.2	$	11.7	$	8.5		72.4	%
Europe, Middle East, Africa		17.9		11.3		6.6		58.0	%
Asia		42.9		24.5		18.4		75.0	%
Total	$	81.0	$	47.5	$	33.5		70.7	%

From a geographical perspective, the increase in net revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was attributable to increased revenue in all regions and was partly attributed to impacts from the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic in the first quarter of 2020. In addition, the increase in Asia was also attributable to increased revenue related to next generation mobile edge access transport and fixed broadband access solutions.

For the three months ended March 31, 2021, two customers accounted for 18% and 10% of net revenue, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2020, ~~DNI Loan~~two customers accounted for 14% and 10% of net revenue, respectively.

We anticipate that our results of operations in any given period may depend to ~~repay~~a large extent on sales to a small number of large customers. As a result, our revenue for any quarter may be subject to significant volatility based upon changes in orders from one or a small number of key customers.

Cost of Revenue and Gross Profit

Total cost of revenue increased 68.1% to $52.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to $31.5 million for March 31, 2020. Total cost of revenue was 65.3% of net revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to 66.3% of net revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2020, which resulted in an increase in gross profit percentage to 34.7% for the three months ended March 31, 2021 from 33.7% for the three months ended March 31, 2020. The increase in total cost of revenue was primarily due to the increase in number and mix of products sold, including the geographic mix of those sales.

We expect that in the future our cost of revenue as a percentage of net revenue will vary depending on the geographic and product mix and average selling prices of products sold. In addition, continued competitive and economic pressures could cause us to reduce our prices, adjust the carrying values of our inventory, or recognize inventory expenses relating to discontinued products and excess or obsolete inventory.

Research and Product Development Expenses

Research and product development expenses include personnel costs, outside contractor and consulting services, depreciation on lab equipment, costs of prototypes and overhead allocations. Research and product development expenses increased by 14.5% to $11.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to $9.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, mainly due to strategic hiring decisions in research, development, and product line management in the second half of 2020 and into the first quarter of 2021 with the intent to accelerate growth and capture market share.

We intend to continue to invest in research and product development to attain our strategic product development objectives, while seeking to manage the associated costs through expense controls.

Selling, Marketing, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, marketing, general and administrative expenses increased $18.3 million or 135.6% to $31.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 compared to $13.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020. The increase in selling, marketing, general and administrative expenses was primarily due to the increase in allowance for doubtful accounts for one customer in India by $14.2 million. Refer to Note 1 in the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, for further information on the bad debt expense. The increase was also partially due to strategic hiring decisions across sales and administration in the second half of 2020 and into the first quarter of 2021 with the intent to accelerate growth and capture market share.

Restructuring and Other Charges

Restructuring and other charges for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was $6.3 million, and relate to the restructuring activities related to Hanover, Germany. See Note 9 Restructuring and Other Charges of the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for further information.

Impairment of Long-lived Assets

Impairment of long-lived assets for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was $1.7 million, and relates to the consolidation of office space in the United States. See Note 13 Leases of the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for further information.

Income Tax Provision

Income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2021 was $0.9 million, on pre-tax loss of $22.3 million. There was no income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2020 on pre-tax loss of $8.8 million. For the three months ended March 31, 2021, the effective income tax rate varied from the United States statutory income tax rate primarily due to valuation allowances in North America and EMEA and the mix of earnings generated by our wholly owned foreign subsidiaries in Asia.

OTHER PERFORMANCE MEASURES

In managing our business and assessing our financial performance, we supplement the information provided by our U.S. GAAP results with adjusted earnings before stock-based compensation, interest, taxes, and depreciation, or Adjusted EBITDA, a non-U.S. GAAP financial measure. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) plus (i) interest expense, net, (ii) provision (benefit) for taxes, (iii) depreciation and amortization, (iv) stock-based compensation, and (v) the impact of material transactions or events that we believe are not indicative of our core operating performance, such as acquisition costs, goodwill impairment, impairment of long-lived assets, loss on debt extinguishment, restructuring and other charges, headquarters relocation, executive transition, and bad debt expense related to a large customer in India, any of which may or may not be recurring in nature. We believe that the presentation of Adjusted EBITDA enhances the usefulness of our financial information by presenting a measure that management uses internally to monitor and evaluate our operating performance and to evaluate the effectiveness of our business strategies. We believe Adjusted EBITDA also assists investors and analysts in comparing our performance across reporting periods on a consistent basis because it excludes the impact of items that we do not believe reflect our core operating performance.

Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool. Some of these limitations are:

•

Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect our cash expenditures, or future requirements, for capital expenditures or contractual requirements;

•

Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs;

•

Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect the interest expense, or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payments, on our debts;

•

Other companies in our industry may calculate Adjusted EBITDA and similar measures differently than we do, limiting its usefulness as a comparative measure.

Set forth below is a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA, which we consider to be the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure to Adjusted EBITDA (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021			2020
Net income (loss)	$	(23,225	)	$	(8,771	)
Add (deduct):
Interest expense, net		207			573
Income tax provision (benefit)		893			(5	)
Depreciation and amortization		1,265			1,256
Stock-based compensation		1,352			782
Headquarters relocation		1,920			—
Restructuring and other charges		6,252			—
Acquisition costs		643			—
Executive transition		71			—
Bad debt expense*		14,206			—
Loss on debt extinguishment		—			1,369
Adjusted EBITDA	$	3,584		$	(4,796	)

* See Note 1 of the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for further information.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

For a complete description of what we believe to be the critical accounting policies and estimates used in the preparation of our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, refer to Note 1 Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the notes to our audited consolidated financial statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020, as supplemented by Note 1 Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the notes to our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

The following table summarizes the information regarding our cash and cash equivalents and working capital (in thousands):

	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
Cash and cash equivalents	$	56,818	$	45,219
Working capital		130,713		123,285

We had a net loss of $23.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and a net loss of $8.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020.

As of March 31, 2021, we had an accumulated deficit of $75.5 million and working capital of $130.7 million. As of March 31, 2021, we had $56.8 million in cash and cash equivalents, which included $26.3 million in cash balances held by our international subsidiaries, and $1.8 million in aggregate principal debt.

On January 29, 2021, we closed an equity offering which resulted in gross proceeds of approximately $64.4 million and net proceeds, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses, of approximately $59.5 million. We used a portion of the net proceeds from the equity offering to pay off the outstanding balance of debt with related parties.

We continue to focus on cost management, operating efficiency and efficient discretionary spending. In addition, if necessary, we may sell assets, issue debt or equity securities or purchase credit insurance. We may also rationalize the number of products we sell, adjust our manufacturing footprint, and reduce our operations in low margin regions, including reductions in headcount. Based on our current plans and current business conditions, we believe that these measures along with our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to satisfy our anticipated cash requirements for at least the next 12 months from the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

pandemic and the above measures taken in response thereto have had an effect on the global economy in general and have materially impacted and may continue to impact on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Given the ongoing and dynamic nature of the virus and the worldwide response related thereto, it is difficult to predict the full impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business. Due to the uncertainty around the future economic impact of the pandemic, the fair value measurements used in our impairment assessments could be negatively impacted and ~~terminate~~could result in future impairments of goodwill, intangibles and other long-lived assets. During the three months ended March 31, 2021, our revenues increased by 70.7%, compared to the three months ended March 31, 2020, however the impact of a continued COVID-19 pandemic or sustained measures taken to limit or contain the outbreak could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

In 2017, we entered into an agreement with a customer in India to supply product for a state sponsored broadband project. We billed the customer, which is a state government sponsored entity, approximately $59.0 million and collected payments of approximately $41.7 million, leaving a balance of approximately $17.3 million as of December 31, 2020. We substantially completed our obligations under the agreement in 2018, and all amounts due were billed under the terms of the agreement by December 31, 2020. The remaining $17.3 million is substantially beyond the customers contractual payment terms, and we have been actively working with the customer and third parties in India to arrange payment of the entire remaining balance of $17.3 million. We recorded an allowance for doubtful accounts of $3.1 million on December 31, 2020, for a partial payment promised but not received. In late March 2021, the customer’s state government parent experienced difficulty passing a budget further impacting the ability of the customer to make agreed-upon partial payments to us. In light of this recent development in the first quarter of 2021, we recognized an additional allowance of $14.2 million to bring the total allowance for the customer to $17.3 million, which is the total balance as of March 31, 2021. We will continue to pursue collection of the entire outstanding balance and any amounts collected will be recognized in the period which they are received. In the event our efforts to collect from this customer prove unsuccessful, DZS may seek payment through other means, including through legal action.

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities increased by $7.5 million to $6.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 from net cash provided by operating activities of $0.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020. The increase in cash used in operating activities was primarily due to changes in operating assets and liabilities due to increases in inventory and prepaid expenses and other assets, partially offset by decreases in accounts payable.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities increased by $4.9 million to $5.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 from $0.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020. This increase was primarily due to cash used in the Optelian and RIFT acquisitions.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities totaled $21.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 and consisted primarily of proceeds from the equity offering offset by repayments of our short-term borrowings and related party term loan. This is in comparison to cash provided by financing activities of $3.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and consisted primarily of proceeds from a related party loan, partially offset by a net outflow associated with the repayment of the PNC ~~Credit Facilities. Covenants under the~~credit facility.

Cash Management

Our primary source of liquidity comes from our cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, which totaled $63.8 million at March ~~2020 DNI Loan are significantly less restrictive than under the PNC Credit Facilities.~~31, 2021. Our cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash as of March 31, 2021 included $28.3 million held by our international subsidiaries.

Debt Facilities

Bank and Trade Facilities - Foreign Operations

Certain of our foreign subsidiaries have entered into various financing arrangements with foreign banks and other lending institutions consisting primarily of ~~revolving lines~~letter of credit trade facilities, term loans and export development loans. These facilities are renewed on an annual basis ~~and are generally secured by a security interest in certain assets of the applicable foreign subsidiaries~~ and supported by guarantees given by DNI or third parties. Payments under such facilities are made in accordance with the given lender’s amortization schedules.

As of March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, we had an aggregate outstanding balance of ~~$12.3~~$1.8 million and ~~$15.8~~$13.8 million, respectively, under such financing arrangements, and the interest rate per annum applicable to outstanding borrowings under these financing arrangements ~~ranged from 0% to 3.05%~~had an interest rate of zero percent as of March 31, ~~2020.~~2021.

Related Party Debt

In February 2016, DNS California borrowed $1.8 million from DNI for capital investment with an interest rate of 4.6% per annum. On February 27, 2019, in connection with the entry into the PNC Credit Facilities, the Company amended the terms of this loan to extend the repayment date to May 27, 2022. As of March 31, 2020, the $1.8 million remained outstanding.

In September, 2016, the Company entered into a loan agreement with DNI for a $5.0 million unsecured subordinated term loan facility. The term loan was scheduled to mature in September 2021 and was pre-payable at any time by the Company without premium or penalty. The interest rate under this facility was 4.6% per annum. In February 2019, the Company repaid the term loan in full plus accrued interest in connection with the entry into the PNC Credit Facilities, thereby terminating the loan agreement.

In March 2018, DNS Korea borrowed $5.8 million from DNI, of which $4.5 million was repaid on August 8, 2018. The loan bears interest at a rate of 4.6%. On February 27, 2019, in connection with the entry into the PNC Credit Facilities, the Company amended the terms of this loan to extend the repayment date to May 27, 2022. As of March 31, 2020, $1.3 million remained outstanding.

In December, 2018, the Company entered into a loan agreement with DNI, for a $6.0 million term loan with an interest rate of 4.6% per annum. On February 27, 2019, in connection with the entry into the PNC Credit Facilities, the Company amended the terms of the term loan to extend the repayment date to May 27, 2022 and to terminate any security granted to DNI with respect to such term loan. As of March 31, 2020, the $6.0 million remained outstanding.

On March 5, 2020, DNS Korea, the Company’s wholly-owned, indirect subsidiary entered into a Loan Agreement with DNI (the “March 2020 DNI Loan”). The March 2020 DNI Loan was negotiated and approved on behalf of the Company and its subsidiaries by a special committee of the Board of Directors of the Company (the “Special Committee”) consisting of directors determined to be independent from DNI. The March 2020 DNI Loan consists of a term loan in the amount of KRW 22.4 billion ($18.5 million USD) with interest payable semi-annually at an annual rate of 4.6% and maturing on March 11, 2022. No principal payments are due on the March 2020 DNI Loan until the maturity date, but DNS Korea may prepay the loan, or a portion thereof, without penalty.

As security for the March 2020 DNI Loan (and other existing loans between DNI and DNS Korea and/or DNS California), (i) DNS California, a wholly-owned, direct subsidiary of the Company and the sole stockholder of DNS Korea, agreed to pledge the outstanding shares of DNS Korea to DNI and (ii) DNS Korea granted a security interest in its personal property assets, accounts receivable and intellectual property assets to DNI. The March 2020 DNI Loan includes certain covenants consisting of financial reporting obligations, a maintenance covenant whereby DNS Korea agreed to maintain a minimum stockholders’ equity value in an amount equal to or greater than KRW 43.3 billion ($35.8 million), and customary events of default. If an event of default occurs and is not remedied within the applicable cure period, DNI will be entitled to take various actions, including requiring the immediate repayment of all outstanding amounts under the March 2020 DNI Loan and selling the shares or assets of DNS Korea.

DNS Korea loaned the funds borrowed under the March 2020 DNI Loan to the Company, and the Company used a portion of such funds to repay in full and terminate the PNC Credit Facilities, described below.

As of ~~March~~December 31, 2020, ~~the Company~~we had ~~borrowings of $27.3 million outstanding from DNI. The~~an aggregate outstanding balance ~~at March 31, 2020 consisted~~ of ~~the March 2020 DNI Loan~~$29.8 million of KRW 22.4 billion ($18.5 million USD), a $6.0 million unsecured subordinated term loan facility which matures in May 2022, a $1.8 million loan for capital investment which matures in May 2022, and KRW 1.5 billion ($1.3 million) outstanding under a secured loan to DNS Korea which matures in May 2022. All four loans bear interest at a rate of 4.6% per annum.

~~Interest expense on these~~ related party ~~borrowings was $0.2 million~~debt with DNI. In January and ~~$0.1 million~~February 2021, we paid off the outstanding balance of debt with related parties with proceeds from the issuance of shares of our common stock during ~~the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.~~January 2021.

Future Cash Requirements and Funding Sources

Our fixed commitments for cash expenditures consist primarily of payments under operating leases, inventory purchase commitments, and payments of principal and interest for debt obligations.

From time to time, we may provide or commit to extend credit or credit support to our customers. This financing may include extending the terms for product payments to customers. Any extension of financing to our customers will limit the capital that we have available for other uses.

Our accounts receivable, while not considered a primary source of liquidity, represent a concentration of credit risk because a significant portion of the accounts receivable balance at any point in time typically consists of a relatively small number of customer account balances. As of March 31, ~~2020, two customers each~~2021, one customer represented 19% of net accounts receivable ~~respectively,~~ and net receivables from customers in countries other than the United States represented ~~96% of net accounts receivable.~~84%. We do not currently have any material commitments for capital expenditures, or any other material commitments aside from operating leases for our facilities, inventory purchase commitments and debt.

~~Contractual Commitments~~

~~At March 31, 2020, our future contractual commitments by fiscal year were as follows (in thousands):~~

Payments due by period

Total

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

Thereafter

Operating lease payments

$
25,436

$
3,890

$
5,090

$
4,691

$
4,273

$
3,842

$
3,650

Short-term debt

12,323

12,323

—

—

—

—

—

Purchase commitments

5,565

5,565

—

—

—

—

—

Long-term debt - related party

27,348

—

—

27,348

—

—

—

Total future contractual
commitments

$
70,672

$
21,778

$
5,090

$
32,039

$
4,273

$
3,842

$
3,650

Operating Leases

Future minimum operating lease obligations ~~in the table above~~ include primarily payments for our office locations and manufacturing, research and development locations, which expire at various dates through ~~2025.~~2028. See Note ~~14 “Leases”~~13 Leases of the Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for further ~~discussion~~information regarding our operating leases.

Purchase Commitments

~~The~~We may have short term purchase commitments ~~shown above represent non-cancellable inventory~~related to the purchase ~~commitments as~~orders for products and services, within the normal course of ~~March 31, 2020~~.

~~Short-term and Long-term Debt~~

The debt obligation amount shown above represents scheduled principal repayments, but not the associated interest payments which may vary based on changes in market interest rates. See Note 7 “Debt” of the Notesbusiness. These arrangements typically have cancellation provisions that allow us to ~~Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for further discussion regarding our debt agreements.~~cancel with little to no penalty.

Item 3.

Quantitative and ~~Qualitati~~veQualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Not required.

Item 4.

Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We are required to maintain disclosure controls and procedures designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving the objective that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted pursuant to the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosures. Our disclosure controls and procedures include those components of our internal control over financial reporting intended to provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financials in accordance with U.S. GAAP. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

As required by Rule 13a-15(b) under the Exchange Act, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, ~~2020,~~2021, the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The evaluation was done under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer. In the course of the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded ~~that, because of the unresolved material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting as described below,~~ our disclosure controls and procedures were ~~not~~ effective as of March 31, ~~2020.~~

~~Material Weakness in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting~~

In connection with the Company’s annual evaluation of its internal control over financial reporting conducted in accordance with SEC Rule 13a-15(c), the Company’s management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, identified a material weakness in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting, and as a result thereof, determined that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2019.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the registrant’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Management determined that the Company did not maintain a sufficient complement of personnel with appropriate accounting knowledge, experience and training in the application of US GAAP, including accounting for significant unusual transactions. In addition, the Company did not maintain an effective control environment as it did not appropriately identify internal controls over inventory valuation and revenue. Also, Management determined that the Company did not design and maintain effective controls over the financial closing process, including controls surrounding monitoring and review of the activity of its foreign subsidiaries.

We continue to evaluate and assess the design and operation of our controls and are taking steps to modify processes related to the accounting for significant and unusual transactions as well as enhancing monitoring and oversight controls in the application of accounting guidance related to such transactions. In connection therewith, we have hired and we anticipate that we will hire additional accounting personnel with relevant skills, training and experience, and conduct further training of our accounting and finance personnel.2021.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

~~Except as described above, there~~There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our last fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.

Legal Proceedings

~~We are~~The Company is subject to various legal proceedings, claims and litigation arising in the ordinary course of business. While the outcome of these matters is currently not determinable, ~~we do~~the Company does not expect that the ultimate costs to resolve these matters will have a material adverse effect on ~~our~~the unaudited condensed consolidated financial position or results of operations. However, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, and unfavorable rulings could occur. If an unfavorable ruling were to occur, there exists the possibility of a material adverse impact on the financial position, results of operations and cash flows of the period in which the ruling occurs, or future periods.

Item ~~1A.~~5.

~~Risk Factors~~

An investment in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks described below and the other information in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019 and in other filings we make with the SEC before making an investment decision. Our business, prospects, financial condition, or operating results could be harmed by any of these risks, as well as other risks not currently known to us or that we currently consider immaterial. If any of such risks and uncertainties actually occurs, our business, financial condition or operating results could differ materially from the plans, projections and other forward-looking statements included in the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and elsewhere in this report and in our other public filings. The trading price of our common stock could decline due to any of these risks, and, as a result, you may lose all or part of your investment.

~~Risks Directly Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic~~

~~The COVID-19 pandemic has had a material impact on our business and could have a further material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.~~

~~The COVID-19~~ ~~pandemic~~ has had a significant impact on our first quarter 2020 results, resulting in decreased revenues, and may continue to have a significant impact on our results for the remainder of 2020 and beyond, as we have experienced a negative impact on our global supply chain and softer product demand due to the effects of the pandemic. Given the ongoing and dynamic nature of the virus and the worldwide response related thereto, it is difficult to predict the full impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on our business. The impact of a continued COVID-19 outbreak or sustained measures taken to limit or contain the outbreak could continue to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

Our suppliers and contract manufacturers could fail to provide equipment or service on a timely basis as a result of disruption to the global supply chain due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. If such failures occur, we may be unable to provide products and services as and when requested by our customers, or we may be unable to continue to maintain or upgrade our networks. Because of the cost and delays that can be associated with transitioning from one supplier to another, our business could be substantially disrupted if we were required to, or chose to, replace the products or services of one or more major suppliers with products or services from another source, especially if the replacement became necessary on short notice. Any such disruption could increase our costs, decrease our operating efficiencies and have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

~~The extent to which the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic impacts us will depend on numerous evolving factors and future developments that we are not able to predict, including:~~

~~the duration of the pandemic;~~

governmental, business and other actions (which could include limitations on our operations or mandates to provide products or services) taken to limit the reach of the virus and the and impact of the pandemic;

~~the impact on our supply chain;~~

our eligibility for and receipt of government assistance offered through the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”) and any other legislation enacted by the U.S. to mitigate the economic effect of the COVID-19 pandemic;

•

~~the impact of the pandemic on worldwide economic activity;~~

the health of and the effect on our workforce and our ability to meet the staffing needs of our critical functions, particularly if members of our work force are quarantined as a result of exposure or unable to work remotely in areas subject to shelter-in-place orders;

~~any impairment in value of our tangible or intangible assets that could be recorded as a result of a weaker economic conditions; and~~

the potential effects on our internal controls including those over financial reporting as a result of changes in working environments such as shelter-in-place and similar orders that are applicable to our team members and business partners, among others.

~~A sustained shelter-in-place order could adversely impact our operations and workforce, and remote working conditions could increase our susceptibility to a data breach.~~

In response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, many local and state governments, including the state of California where our corporate headquarters are presently located, have instituted emergency restrictions that have substantially limited the operation of non-essential businesses and the activities of individuals. As a result, the majority of our workforce is working remotely from their homes. Remote working conditions may negatively affect our workforce’s productivity, result in disruptions to workflow and operations or make it more difficult for us to maintain proper internal controls over our financial reporting. Further, while we have taken steps to ensure the security of our data and to prevent security breaches, including through the use of authentications and VPNs, many of these measures are being deployed for the first time on a widespread and sustained basis, and there is no guarantee the data security and privacy safeguards we have put in place will be completely effective or that we will not encounter some of the common risks associated with employees accessing Company data and systems remotely. As a result, we may be required to expend significant capital and other resources to protect against security breaches or to alleviate problems caused by security breaches.

Many of our customers operate in industries that have been disproportionately impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, and the virus’s negative impact on their financial conditions and results of operations could have an adverse impact on our revenue.

While the industry in which we operate has not directly impacted to the same extent as other industries, many of our customers in our Enterprise FiberLAN™ business operate in industries such as hospitality, education and stadiums/facilities management, each of which has been greatly impacted by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the protective measures put in place by the local and state governments of the regions in which they operate, such as shelter-in-place orders, business closures, travel restrictions and cancellations of large events. The adverse impacts that the virus and the accompanying protective measures have on our customers may influence their ability to purchase our products and solutions, make payments under their contracts with us, or it may lower their demand for our products and solutions as they take measures to cut costs and protect their businesses. As a result, our revenue may decline, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

~~The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic could have a negative impact on the health of our employees which could be disruptive to our business and operations and may negatively impact productivity.~~

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has spread rapidly throughout the United States and the other regions in which we operate. As of March 31, 2020, there have been more than 900,000 positive tests for COVID-19 across the globe, with approximately 200,000 in the United States. The longer the pandemic continues, the more likely it is that one or more of our employees could contract the virus. If the virus spreads over a large portion of our workforce, it could have a material adverse effect on our operations. Additionally, if any of our executive officers were to test positive for COVID-19, it could have an adverse effect on our operations, including increased responsibilities for other executives, disruptions in operations or the inability of our executives to focus on essential Company business.

In addition, depending on the extent and duration of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, we may be subject to significant increases in healthcare costs if a significant number of our personnel become infected with COVID-19 and require medical treatment. As a result, any significant increases in healthcare costs as a result of COVID-19 or otherwise could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

~~We have applied for government assistance under the CARES Act and a small business aid program administered by the German government. There can be no assurance that~~ ~~we or our subsidiaries will qualify for assistance under these or other programs. If we or our subsidiaries do qualify, there is no certainty as to the amount of assistance we will receive.~~

The CARES Act was enacted on March 27, 2020 and is an approximate $2 trillion emergency economic stimulus package passed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act includes broad sweeping provisions including direct financial assistance to Americans in the form of one-time payments to individuals; aid to certain eligible businesses in the form of loans and grants; efforts to stabilize the U.S. economy and keep Americans employed in general; and support for healthcare professionals, patients and hospitals. Also included in the CARES Act are numerous income tax provisions including changes to the Net Operating Loss (“NOL”) rules and the business interest expense deduction rules under Internal Revenue Code Section 163(j). Factors that could affect our ability to receive funding include the finalization of regulations under the CARES Act and exhaustion of available funds, among other factors. Due to the recent enactment of this legislation, there is a high degree of uncertainty around its implementation and we continue to assess the potential impacts of this legislation on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. While the Company has made application for aid under the CARES Act and may make future application under other provisions of the act, there can be no assurance that we will receive any aid or funding under the CARES Act.

Additionally, the Company has applied for a loan under the German COVID-19 government aid package and may evaluate and consider application under other COVID-19 related foreign and domestic aid programs in the future. There can be no assurances that the Company will be approved for aid under any of these programs, and if approved, whether funding will be available at all or on conditions that are acceptable to the Company. While we may receive financial, tax or other relief and other benefits under and as a result of these assistance programs or others, it is not possible to estimate at this time the extent or impact of any such relief.

~~Risks Related to our Business~~

~~We have a significant amount of indebtedness.~~

As of March 31, 2020, the aggregate principal amount of our outstanding indebtedness was $39.7 million, consisting of $12.3 million in principal amount of outstanding borrowings under our short-term debt obligations and $27.4 million in long-term related party borrowings. On March 5, 2020, DASAN Network Solutions, Inc., a corporation organized under the laws of the Republic of Korea, and an indirect, wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (“DNS Korea”) entered into a Loan Agreement with DNI, pursuant to which DNS Korea borrowed KRW 22.4 billion ($18.5 million USD) from DNI (the “March 2020 DNI Loan”). DNS Korea loaned such borrowed funds to the Company, a portion of which were used to repay and terminate the Company’s prior credit facilities with PNC Bank, National Association.

In the event of a default and acceleration of our obligations under the March 2020 DNI Loan, we may not be able to obtain replacement financing at all or on commercially reasonable terms or on terms that are acceptable to us. Our level of indebtedness could have important consequences and could materially and adversely affect us in a number of ways, including:

~~limiting our ability to obtain additional financing in the future for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or general corporate purposes;~~

~~limiting our flexibility to plan for, or react to, changes in our business or market conditions;~~

~~requiring us to use a significant portion of any future cash flow from operations to repay or service the debt, thereby reducing the amount of cash available for other purposes;~~

~~making us more highly leveraged than some of our competitors, which could place us at a competitive disadvantage; and~~

~~making us more vulnerable to the impact of adverse economic and industry conditions and increases in interest rates.~~

The agreements governing the March 2020 DNI Loan and the instruments governing our other indebtedness contain certain covenants, limitations, and conditions with respect to the Company and its subsidiaries, including financial reporting obligations and customary events of default and require that certain of our assets be pledged as collateral for such loans. These terms, conditions and collateral requirements could restrict our ability to operate our business. If an event of default occurs under the March 2020 DNI Loan, DNI will be entitled to take various actions, including requiring the immediate repayment of all outstanding amounts borrowed under the March 2020 DNI Loan and seizing and/or selling the assets of the Company and the subsidiary guarantors to satisfy the obligations under the March 2020 DNI Loan.

We cannot assure you that we will be able to generate cash flow in amounts sufficient to enable us to service our debt or to meet our working capital and capital expenditure requirements. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow from operations or to borrow sufficient funds to service our debt, we may be required to sell assets, reduce capital expenditures, purchase credit insurance or obtain additional financing. We cannot assure you that we will be able to engage in any of these actions on reasonable terms, if at all.

~~We may need additional capital, and we cannot be certain that additional financing will be available.~~

We need sufficient capital to fund our ongoing operations and may require additional financing in the future to expand our business, acquire assets or repay or refinance our existing debt. Our ability to obtain financing will depend, among other things, on our development efforts, business plans, operating performance and condition of the capital markets at the time we seek financing, any of which have been and may continue to be adversely impacted by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. We cannot assure you that additional financing will be available to us on favorable terms when required, or at all. Additionally, while there are no covenants in the March 2020 DNI Loan restricting our ability, or the ability of our subsidiaries, to borrow additional funds, the collateral requirements under the March 2020 DNI Loan may make it difficult to for us to obtain additional secured financing. If we raise additional funds through the issuance of equity, equity-linked or debt securities, those securities may have rights, preferences or privileges senior to the rights of our common stock, and our stockholders may experience dilution.

~~If we need additional capital and cannot raise it on acceptable terms, we may not be able to, among other things:~~

•

~~maintain existing operations;~~

~~pay ordinary expenses;~~

~~fund our business expansion or product innovation;~~

~~pursue future business opportunities, including acquisitions;~~

~~respond to unanticipated capital requirements;~~

~~repay or refinance our existing debt;~~

~~hire, train and retain employees; or~~

~~respond to competitive pressures or unanticipated working capital requirements.~~

Our failure to do any of these things could seriously harm our business, financial condition, liquidity and operating results. In addition, we may be required to reduce the scope of our planned product development and sales and marketing efforts beyond the reductions that we have previously taken, and reduce operations in low margin regions, including reductions in headcount, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity.

~~We may not have the liquidity to support our future operations and capital requirements.~~

As of March 31, 2020, we had approximately $26.4 million in cash and cash equivalents, including $8.7 million in cash balances held by our international subsidiaries. If our operating performance does not improve, and we are unable to raise additional capital (as discussed in the prior risk factor), we may be unable to adequately fund our existing operations. Our current liquidity condition exposes us to the following risks:

~~vulnerability to adverse economic conditions in our industry or the economy in general, including those created or exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic;~~

~~a substantial portion of available cash is dedicated to debt servicing, rather than other purposes, including operations and new product innovation;~~

~~limitations on our ability to adequately plan for, or react to, changes in our business and industry, including those created by the COVID-19 pandemic; and~~

~~negative investor and customer perceptions about our financial stability, which could limit our ability to obtain financing or acquire customers.~~

~~Our current liquidity condition could be further harmed, and we may incur significant losses or expend significant amounts of capital if:~~

~~the market for our products develops more slowly than anticipated or if it retracts;~~

~~we fail to establish market share or generate revenue at anticipated levels;~~

•

~~our capital expenditure forecasts change or prove to be inaccurate;~~

~~we fail to respond to unforeseen challenges or take advantage of unanticipated opportunities; or~~

~~the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic continues to negatively impact our business or further exacerbates any of the foregoing risks.~~

To meet our liquidity needs and to finance our capital expenditures and working capital needs for our business, we may be required to raise substantial additional capital, reduce our operations (including through the sale of assets or expense reduction measures) or both.

~~We have experienced significant losses and we may incur losses in the future. If we fail to generate sufficient revenue to sustain our profitability, our stock price could decline.~~

We had a net loss of $8.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, and a net loss of $13.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. Additionally, we have incurred significant losses in years prior to 2019. We have an accumulated deficit of $38.0 million as of March 31, 2020. We have significant fixed expenses and expect that we will continue to incur substantial manufacturing, research and product development, sales and marketing, customer support, administrative and other expenses in connection with the operation of our business. In addition, we may be required to spend more on research and product development than originally budgeted to respond to industry trends. We may also incur significant new costs related to acquisitions and the integration of new technologies and other acquisitions that may occur in the future. We may not be able to adequately manage costs and expenses or achieve or maintain adequate operating margins. As a result, our ability to sustain profitability in future periods will depend on our ability to generate and sustain higher revenue while maintaining reasonable costs and expense levels. If we fail to generate sufficient revenue to sustain profitability in future periods, we may continue to incur operating losses, which could be substantial, and our stock price could decline.

~~Our future operating results are difficult to predict, and our stock price may continue to be volatile.~~

As a result of a variety of factors discussed in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, our revenues for a particular quarter are difficult to predict. Our revenue and operating results may vary significantly from quarter to quarter due to a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control. The primary factors that could affect our results of operations include the following:

~~commercial acceptance of our products and services;~~

~~fluctuations in demand for network access products;~~

~~fluctuation in gross margin;~~

~~our ability to attract and retain qualified and key personnel;~~

~~the timing and size of orders from customers;~~

~~the ability of our customers to finance their purchase of our products as well as their own operations;~~

~~new product introductions, enhancements or announcements by our competitors;~~

~~our ability to develop, introduce and ship new products and product enhancements that meet customer requirements in a timely manner;~~

~~changes in our pricing policies or the pricing policies of our competitors;~~

~~the loss of or failure to renew on commercially reasonable terms any third-party licenses necessary for or relating to our products;~~

~~the ability of our company and our contract manufacturers to attain and maintain production volumes and quality levels for our products;~~

~~our ability to obtain sufficient supplies of sole or limited source components;~~

~~increases in the prices of the components we purchase, or quality problems associated with these components;~~

~~unanticipated changes in regulatory requirements which may require us to redesign portions of our products;~~

~~changes in accounting rules;~~

~~integrating and operating any acquired businesses;~~

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~~our ability to achieve targeted cost reductions;~~

~~how well we execute on our strategy and operating plans;~~

~~general economic conditions as well as those specific to the communications, internet and related industries; and~~

~~the economic uncertainty created by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, including its potentially adverse impact on all the foregoing factors.~~

Any of the foregoing factors, or any other factors discussed elsewhere herein or in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity that could adversely affect our stock price. Further, the ongoing COVID-19 ~~pandemic~~ has resulted in severe disruption and volatility in the financial markets. We anticipate that our stock price and trading volume may be volatile in the future, whether due to the factors described above, volatility in public stock markets generally or otherwise.

~~In connection with the Keymile Acquisition, we assumed certain of Keymile’s liabilities, which could harm our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity.~~

Pursuant to the definitive agreement for the Keymile Acquisition, we assumed certain of Keymile’s liabilities, including tax and pension liabilities, and any liabilities that may arise related to breaches of representations and warranties made by Keymile in connection with a prior sale of assets by Keymile that survive through 2022. Although the definitive agreement for the Keymile Acquisition entitles us to indemnification for certain losses incurred related to those assumed liabilities, our right to indemnification from the Keymile sellers is limited by the survival period of the representations and warranties included in the Keymile Acquisition definitive agreement and recovery is limited in amount to the purchase price of Keymile, or EUR 10.3 million. Additionally, our rights to recovery against such losses is limited under our and third party provided warranty and indemnity liability insurance coverage of up to EUR 35.3 million. If such claims or losses exceed such amount, or if they are not indemnifiable under the Keymile Acquisition definitive agreement, any such losses could negatively impact our financial situation. In addition, our closing of the Keymile Acquisition could give rise to substantial tax liabilities under German law, which could negatively impact our financial condition and liquidity.

~~Strategic acquisitions or investments that we have made or that we could pursue or make in the future may disrupt our operations and harm our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity.~~

As part of our business strategy, we have made investments in and acquired other companies, including Keymile in 2019, that we believe are complementary to our core business. In the future we may continue to make investments in or acquire other companies or complementary solutions or technologies. Any such acquisition or investment may divert the attention of management and cause us to incur various expenses in identifying, investigating, and pursuing suitable opportunities, whether or not the transactions are completed, and may result in unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures. These transactions could also result in dilutive issuances of equity securities, the incurrence of debt or assumption of liabilities, and increase our risk of litigation exposure, which could adversely affect our operating results. In addition, if the resulting business from such a transaction fails to meet our expectations, our operating results, business, and financial condition may suffer or we may be exposed to unknown risks or liabilities.

~~Additionally,~~ any significant acquisition would require the consent of our lenders. Any failure to receive such consent could delay or prohibit us from acquiring companies that we believe could enhance our business. Furthermore, we may dedicate significant time and capital resources in the pursuit of acquisition opportunities and ~~may be unable to find and identify desirable acquisition targets or business opportunities or be successful in entering into an agreement with any particular strategic partner.~~

Upon the closing of any acquisition transaction, we will need to integrate the acquired organization and its products and services with our legacy operations. The integration process may be expensive, time-consuming and a strain on our resources and our relationships with employees, customers, distributors and suppliers, and ultimately may not be successful. The benefits or synergies we may expect from the acquisition of complementary or supplementary businesses may not be realized to the extent or in the time frame we initially anticipated. Mergers and acquisitions of high-technology companies are inherently subject to increased risk and to many factors outside of our control, and we cannot be certain that our previous or future acquisitions will be successful and will not materially adversely affect our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity. Any failure to successfully acquire and integrate acquired organizations and their products and services could seriously harm our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

~~Some of the risks that could affect our ability to successfully integrate acquired businesses, including Keymile’s telecommunication systems business, include those associated with:~~

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~~failure to successfully further develop the acquired products or technology;~~

~~insufficient revenues to offset increased expenses associated with acquisitions and where competitors in such markets have stronger market positions;~~

~~conforming the acquired company’s standards, policies, processes, procedures and controls with our operations;~~

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~~difficulties in entering markets in which we have no or limited prior experience;~~

~~difficulties in integrating the operations, technologies, products and personnel of the acquired companies;~~

~~coordinating new product and process development, especially with respect to highly complex technologies;~~

potential loss of key employees, customers, distributors, vendors and other business partners of the companies we acquire following and continuing after the announcement of acquisition plans or transactions;

~~hiring and training additional management and other critical personnel;~~

in the case of foreign acquisitions, the need to integrate operations across different cultures and languages and to address the particular economic, currency, political and regulatory risks associated with specific countries;

~~increasing the scope, geographic diversity and complexity of our operations;~~

~~diversion of management’s time and attention away from normal daily operations of the business and the challenges of managing larger and more widespread operations resulting from acquisitions;~~

consolidation of facilities, integration of the acquired company’s accounting, human resource and other administrative functions and coordination of product, engineering and sales and marketing functions;

~~the geographic distance between the companies;~~

~~failure to comply with covenants related to the acquired business;~~

unknown, underestimated, and/or undisclosed liabilities for activities of the acquired company before the acquisition, including patent and trademark infringement claims, violations of laws, employment claims, pension liabilities, commercial disputes, tax liabilities and other known and unknown liabilities;

~~litigation or other claims in connection with the acquired company, including claims for terminated employees, customers, former stockholders or other third parties; and~~

~~the disruption, economic and otherwise, created by the COVID-19 pandemic, including its potentially compounding effect on all the foregoing factors.~~

We have material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, and we cannot provide assurances that these weaknesses will be effectively remediated or that additional material weaknesses will not occur in the future. If our internal control over financial reporting or our disclosure controls and procedures are not effective, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results, prevent fraud or file our periodic reports in a timely manner, which may cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information and which may lead to a decline in our stock price.

We are responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. We assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2019, the end of our fiscal year. In making this assessment, management used the criteria established in ~~Internal Control - Integrated Framework~~ (2013) issued by the Committee Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our assessment, we have concluded that, as of December 31, 2019, our internal control over financial reporting was not effective because of the unremediated material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting described below.

Management determined that the Company did not maintain a sufficient complement of personnel with appropriate accounting knowledge, experience and training in the application of generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”), including accounting for significant unusual transactions. In addition, the Company did not maintain an effective control environment as it did not appropriately identify internal controls over inventory valuation and revenue. Also, management determined that the Company did not design and maintain effective controls over the financial closing process, including controls surrounding monitoring and review of the activity of its foreign subsidiaries. These material weaknesses could result in a misstatement in the financial statements that would result in a material misstatement in the annual or interim consolidated financial statements that would not be prevented or detected.

If we are not able to correct material weaknesses or deficiencies in internal controls in a timely manner, our ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information accurately and within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms will be adversely affected. Such a result could negatively impact the market price and trading liquidity of our common stock, weaken investor confidence in our reported financial information, subject us to civil and criminal investigations and penalties, and generally materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

~~The long and variable sales cycles for our products could cause revenue and operating results to vary significantly from quarter to quarter.~~

The target customers for our products have substantial and complex networks that they traditionally expand in large increments on a periodic basis. Accordingly, our marketing efforts are focused primarily on prospective customers that may purchase our products as part of a large-scale network deployment. Our target customers typically require a lengthy evaluation, testing and product qualification process. Throughout this process, we are often required to spend considerable time and incur significant expenses educating and providing information to prospective customers about the uses and features of our products. Even after a company makes the final decision to purchase our products, it could deploy our products over extended periods of time. The timing of deployment of our products varies widely, and depends on a number of factors, including our customers’ skill sets, geographic density of potential subscribers, the degree of configuration and integration required to deploy our products, and our customers’ ability to finance their purchase of our products as well as their operations. As a result of any of these factors, our revenue and operating results could vary significantly from quarter to quarter.

~~The market we serve is highly competitive and we may not be able to compete successfully.~~

Competition in communications equipment markets is intense. These markets are characterized by rapid change, converging technologies and a migration to networking solutions that offer superior advantages. We are aware of many companies in related markets that address particular aspects of the features and functions that our products provide. Currently, our primary competitors in our core business include ADTRAN, Calix, Huawei, Nokia and ZTE, among others. In our FiberLAN business, our competitors include Cisco, Nokia and Tellabs. In our Ethernet switching business, our competitors include Cisco, and Juniper. We also may face competition from other communications equipment companies or other companies that may enter our markets in the future. In addition, a number of companies have introduced products that address the same network needs that our products and solutions address, both domestically and internationally. Many of our competitors have longer operating histories, greater name recognition, larger customer bases and greater financial, technical, sales and marketing resources than we do and may be able to undertake more extensive marketing efforts, adopt more aggressive pricing policies and provide more customer financing than we can. In particular, we are encountering price-focused competitors from Asia, especially China, which places pressure on us to reduce our prices. If we are forced to reduce prices in order to secure customers, we may be unable to sustain gross margins at desired levels or achieve profitability. Competitive pressures could result in increased pricing pressure, reduced profit margins, increased sales and marketing expenses and failure to increase, or the loss of, market share, any of which could reduce our revenue and adversely affect our financial results. Moreover, our competitors may foresee the course of market developments more accurately than we do and could develop new technologies that render our products less valuable or obsolete.

~~In our markets, principal competitive factors include:~~

~~product performance;~~

~~interoperability with existing products;~~

~~scalability and upgradeability;~~

~~conformance to standards;~~

~~breadth of services;~~

~~reliability;~~

~~ease of installation and use;~~

~~geographic footprints for products;~~

~~ability to provide customer financing;~~

~~pricing;~~

~~technical support and customer service; and~~

~~brand recognition.~~

If we are unable to compete successfully against our current and future competitors, we may have difficulty obtaining or retaining customers, and we could experience price reductions, order cancellations, increased expenses and reduced gross margins, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

~~If demand for our products and solutions does not develop as we anticipate, then our business operations, financial condition, and liquidity will be adversely affected.~~

Our future revenue depends significantly on our ability to successfully develop, enhance and market our products and solutions to our target markets. Most network service providers have made substantial investments in their current infrastructure, and they may elect to remain with their current architectures or to adopt new architectures in limited stages or over extended periods of time. A decision by a customer to purchase our products will involve a significant capital investment. We must convince our service provider customers that they will achieve substantial benefits by deploying our products for future upgrades or expansions. We may experience difficulties with product reliability, partnering, and sales and marketing efforts that could adversely affect our business and divert management attention and resources from our core business. We do not know whether a viable market for our products and solutions will develop or be sustainable in our businesses. If these markets do not develop or develop more slowly than we expect, including as a result of conditions created by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity will be materially harmed.

We depend upon the development of new products and enhancements to existing products, and if we fail to predict and respond to emerging technological trends and customers’ changing needs, our operating results and market share may suffer.

The markets for our products are characterized by rapidly changing technology, evolving industry standards, changes in end-user requirements, frequent new product introductions and changes in communications offerings from network service provider customers. Our future success depends on our ability to anticipate or adapt to such changes and to offer, on a timely and cost-effective basis, products that meet changing customer demands and industry standards. We may not have sufficient resources to successfully and accurately anticipate customers’ changing needs and technological trends, manage long development cycles or develop, introduce and market new products and enhancements. The process of developing new technology is complex and uncertain, and if we fail to develop new products or enhancements to existing products on a timely and cost-effective basis, or if our new products or enhancements fail to achieve market acceptance, our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity would be materially adversely affected.

Because our products are complex and are deployed in complex environments, our products may have defects that we discover only after full deployment by our customers, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We produce highly complex products that incorporate leading-edge technology, including both hardware and software. Software often contains defects or programming flaws that can unexpectedly interfere with expected operations. In addition, our products are complex and are designed to be deployed in large quantities across complex networks. Because of the nature of these products, they can only be fully tested when completely deployed in large networks with high amounts of traffic, and there is no assurance that our pre-shipment testing programs will be adequate to detect all defects. As a result, our customers may discover errors or defects in our hardware or software, or our products may not operate as expected. If we are unable to cure a product defect, we could experience damage to our reputation, reduced customer satisfaction, loss of existing customers and failure to attract new customers, failure to achieve market acceptance, reduced sales opportunities, loss of revenue and market share, increased service and warranty costs, diversion of development resources, legal actions by our customers, and increased insurance costs. Defects, integration issues or other performance problems in our products could also result in damages to our customers, financial or otherwise. Our customers could seek damages for related losses from us, which could seriously harm our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity. A product liability claim brought against us, even if unsuccessful, would likely be time consuming and costly. The occurrence of any of these problems would seriously harm our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity.

Increased tariffs on products and goods that we purchase from off-shore sources (particularly Chinese sources) and changes in international trade policies and relations could have an adverse effect on our customers and operating results.

The pricing of our products to customers and our ability to conduct business with certain customers can be affected by changes in U.S. and other countries’ trade policies. For example, while a trade deal was signed between the U.S. and China on January 15, 2020 that signals a cooling of tensions between the U.S. and China over trade, concerns over the stability of bilateral trade relations remain. Before the trade deal, the United States had recently imposed tariffs on a wide-range of products and goods manufactured in China that are directly or indirectly imported into the United States. In response, various countries and economic regions announced plans or intentions to impose retaliatory tariffs on a wide-range of products they import from the United States. Any newly imposed, announced and threatened U.S. tariffs and retaliatory tariffs could have the effect of increasing the cost of materials we use to manufacture certain products, which could result in lower margins. The tariffs could also result in disruptions to our supply chain, as suppliers struggle to fill orders from companies trying to purchase goods in bulk ahead of announced tariffs. Although we believe that the incremental costs to us of recent tariffs was immaterial, if new tariffs are imposed or if new tariffs apply to additional categories of components used in our manufacturing activities, and if we are unable to pass on the costs of tariffs to our customers, our operating results would be harmed. In addition, changes in the political environment, governmental policies, international trade policies and relations, or U.S.-China relations could result in revisions to laws or regulations or their interpretation and enforcement, trade sanctions, or retaliatory actions by China in response to U.S. actions, which could have an adverse effect on our customers, business plans and operating results.

~~Sales to communications service providers are especially volatile, and weakness in sales orders from this industry could harm our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity.~~

Sales activity in the service provider industry depends upon the stage of completion of expanding network infrastructures, the availability of funding, and the extent to which service providers are affected by regulatory, economic and business conditions in the country of operations. Although some service providers may be increasing capital expenditures over the depressed levels that have prevailed over the last few years, weakness in orders from this industry could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity. Changes in technology, competition, overcapacity, changes in the service provider market, regulatory developments, adverse economic effects caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and constraints on capital availability have had a material adverse effect on many of our service provider customers, with many of these customers going out of business or substantially reducing their expansion plans. These conditions have materially harmed our business and operating results, and we expect that some or all of these conditions may continue for the foreseeable future. Finally, service provider customers typically have longer implementation cycles; require a broader range of services including design services; demand that vendors take on a larger share of risks; often require acceptance provisions, which can lead to a delay in revenue recognition; and expect financing from vendors. All these factors can add further risk to business conducted with service providers.

~~We rely on contract manufacturers for a portion of our manufacturing requirements.~~

We rely on contract manufacturers to perform a portion of the manufacturing operations for our products. These contract manufacturers build products for other companies, including our competitors. In addition, we do not have contracts in place with some of these providers and may not be able to effectively manage those relationships. We cannot be certain that our contract manufacturers will be able to fill our orders in a timely manner. We face a number of risks associated with this dependence on contract manufacturers including reduced control over delivery schedules, the potential lack of adequate capacity during periods of excess demand, poor manufacturing yields and high costs, quality assurance, increases in prices, and the potential misappropriation of our intellectual property. We have experienced in the past, and may experience in the future, problems with our contract manufacturers, such as inferior quality, insufficient quantities and late delivery of products.

A shortage of adequate component supply or manufacturing capacity could increase our costs or cause a delay in our ability to fulfill orders, and our failure to estimate customer demand properly could result in excess or obsolete component inventories that could adversely affect our gross margins.

Occasionally, we may experience a supply shortage, or a delay in receiving, certain component parts as a result of strong demand for the component parts and/or capacity constraints or other problems experienced by suppliers. If shortages or delays persist, the price of these components may increase, or the components may not be available at all, and we may also encounter shortages if we do not accurately anticipate our needs. Conversely, we may not be able to secure enough components at reasonable prices or of acceptable quality to build new products in a timely manner in the quantities or configurations needed. Accordingly, our revenue and gross margins could suffer until other sources can be developed. Our operating results would also be adversely affected if, anticipating greater demand than actually develops, we commit to the purchase of more components than we need. Furthermore, as a result of binding price or purchase commitments with suppliers, we may be obligated to purchase components at prices that are higher than those available in the current market. In the event that we become committed to purchase components at prices in excess of the current market price, our gross margins could decrease. In the past we experienced component shortages that adversely affected our financial results and, in the future, may continue to experience component shortages.

We depend on a limited source of suppliers for several key components. If we are unable to obtain these components on a timely basis, we will be unable to meet our customers’ product delivery requirements, which would harm our business.

We currently purchase several key components from a limited number of suppliers. If any of our limited source of suppliers become insolvent, cease business or experience capacity constraints, work stoppages or any other reduction or disruption in output, they may be unable to meet our delivery schedules. Our suppliers may enter into exclusive arrangements with our competitors, be acquired by our competitors, stop selling their products or components to us at commercially reasonable prices, refuse to sell their products or components to us at any price or be unable to obtain or have difficulty obtaining components for their products from their suppliers. If we do not receive critical components from our limited source of suppliers in a timely manner, we will be unable to meet our customers’ product delivery requirements. Any failure to meet a customer’s delivery requirements could materially adversely affect our business, operations, and financial condition and liquidity and could materially damage customer relationships.

~~The loss of a key customer or a significant deterioration in the financial condition of a key customer could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations.~~

The Company’s revenue is dependent on several key customers. A loss of one or more of the Company’s key customers, or a dispute or litigation with one of these key customers could affect adversely our revenue and results of operations. A significant deterioration in the financial condition or bankruptcy filing of a key customer could affect adversely the Company’s business, results of operations, and financial condition.

In addition, the Company is subject to credit risk associated with the concentration of accounts receivable from its key customers. As of March 31, 2020, two (2) customers each represented 19% of net accounts receivable, respectively. As of December 31, 2019, two (2) customers represented 18% and 11% of net accounts receivable. If one or more of the Company’s top customers were to become bankrupt or insolvent or otherwise were unable to pay for the products and services provided by the Company, including as a result of conditions created by the COVID-19 ~~pandemic, the Company may incur significant write-offs of accounts receivable or incur other impairment charges, which may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations.~~

We have experienced significant turnover with respect to our executives and our board, and our business could be adversely affected by these and other transitions in our senior management team or if any future vacancies cannot be filled with qualified replacements in a timely manner.

We experienced significant turnover on our executive team and board in both 2018 and 2019, including the departure of our former Chief Financial Officer. As a result of this turnover, our remaining management team has been required to take on increased responsibilities, which could divert attention from key business areas. If we continue to experience similar turnover in the future, we may be unable to timely replace the talent and skills of our management team and directors.

Management transitions are often difficult and inherently cause some loss of institutional knowledge, which could negatively affect our results of operations and financial condition. Our ability to execute our business strategies may be adversely affected by the uncertainty associated with these transitions and the time and attention from the board and management needed to fill any future vacant roles could disrupt our business. If we are unable to successfully identify and attract adequate replacements for future vacancies in our management roles in a timely manner, we could experience increased employee turnover and harm to our business, growth, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We face significant competition for executives with the qualifications and experience we seek.

Further, we cannot guarantee that we will not face similar turnover in the future. Our senior management’s knowledge of our business and industry would be difficult to replace, and any further turnover could negatively affect our business, growth, financial conditions, results of operations and cash flows.

~~Decreased effectiveness of share-based compensation could adversely affect our ability to attract and retain employees.~~

We have historically used equity incentives, including stock options, as a key component of our employee compensation program in order to align the interests of our employees with the interests of our stockholders, encourage employee retention and provide competitive compensation and benefit packages. If the trading price of our common stock declines, this would reduce the value of our share-based compensation to our present employees and could adversely affect our ability to retain existing or attract prospective employees. Difficulties relating to obtaining stockholder approval of equity compensation plans could also make it harder or more expensive for us to grant share-based payments to employees in the future.

~~Our success largely depends on our ability to retain and recruit key personnel, and any failure to do so could harm our ability to meet key objectives.~~

Our future success depends upon the continued services of our Chief Executive Officer and other key employees, and our ability to identify, attract and retain highly skilled technical, managerial, sales and marketing personnel who have critical industry experience and relationships that we rely on to build and operate our business. The loss of the services of any of our key employees, including our Chief Executive Officer, could delay the development and production of our products and negatively impact our ability to maintain customer relationships, which could harm our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity. Moreover, our historical inability to attract and retain sufficient qualified accounting personnel with expertise in U.S. GAAP has adversely affected our ability to maintain an effective system of internal controls and our ability to produce reliable financial reports, which could materially and adversely affect our business.

~~We rely on the availability of third-party licenses.~~

Many of our products are designed to include software or other intellectual property licensed from third parties. It may be necessary in the future to seek or renew licenses relating to various elements of the technology used to develop these products. We cannot assure you that our existing or future third-party licenses will be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. Our inability to maintain or obtain any third-party license required to sell or develop our products and product enhancements could require us to obtain substitute technology of lower quality or performance standards, or at greater cost.

~~Our intellectual property rights could prove difficult to protect and enforce.~~

We generally rely on a combination of copyrights, patents, trademarks and trade secret laws and commercial agreements containing restrictions on disclosure and other appropriate terms to protect our intellectual property rights. We enter into confidentiality, employee, contractor and commercial agreements with our employees, consultants and corporate partners, and control access to and distribution of our proprietary information and use of our intellectual property and technology. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, unauthorized parties, including those affiliated with foreign governments, may attempt to copy or otherwise obtain and use our products, technology or intellectual property. Monitoring unauthorized use of our technology and intellectual property is difficult, and we do not know whether the steps we have taken will prevent unauthorized use of our technology, particularly in foreign countries or jurisdictions where laws may not protect our proprietary rights as extensively as in the United States. We cannot assure you that our pending, or any future, patent applications will be granted, that any existing or future patents will not be challenged, invalidated, or circumvented, or that any existing or future patents will be enforceable or that infringement by third parties will even be detected. While we are not dependent on any individual patents, if we are unable to protect our proprietary rights, we may find ourselves at a competitive disadvantage to others who need not incur the substantial expense, time and effort required to create the innovative products.

~~There are additional risks to our intellectual property as a result on our international business operations.~~

We may face risks to our technology and intellectual property as a result of our conducting strategic business discussions outside of the United States, and particularly in jurisdictions that do not have comparable levels of protection of corporate proprietary information and assets such as intellectual property, trademarks, trade secrets, know-how and customer information and records. While these risks are common to many companies, conducting business in certain foreign jurisdictions, housing technology, data and intellectual property abroad, or licensing technology to joint ventures with foreign partners may have more significant exposure. For example, we have shared intellectual properties with entities in China, South Korea, India, Thailand, and Vietnam pursuant to confidentiality agreements in connection with discussions on potential strategic collaborations, which may expose us to material risks of theft of our proprietary information and other intellectual property, including technical data, manufacturing processes, data sets or other sensitive information. For example, our technology may be reverse engineered by the parties or other parties, which could result in our patents being infringed or our know-how or trade secrets stolen. The risk can be by direct intrusion wherein technology and intellectual property is stolen or compromised through cyber intrusions or physical theft through corporate espionage, including with the assistance of insiders, or via more indirect routes.

Claims that our current or future products or components contained in our products infringe the intellectual property rights of others may be costly and time consuming to defend and could adversely affect our ability to sell our products.

The communications equipment industry is characterized by the existence of a large number of patents and frequent claims and related litigation regarding patent, copyright, trademark and other intellectual property rights, that may relate to technologies and related standards that are relevant to us. From time to time, we receive correspondence from companies claiming that our products are using technology covered by or related to the intellectual property rights of these companies and inviting us to discuss or demanding licensing or royalty arrangements for the use of the technology or seeking payment for damages, injunctive relief and other available legal remedies through litigation. These companies also include third-party non-practicing entities (also known as patent trolls) that focus on extracting royalties and settlements by enforcing patent rights through litigation or the threat of litigation. These companies typically have little or no product revenues and therefore our patents could provide little or no deterrence against such companies filing patent infringement lawsuits against us. In addition, third parties have initiated and could continue to initiate litigation against our manufacturers, suppliers, distributors or even our customers alleging infringement or misappropriation of their proprietary rights with respect to existing or future products, or components of our products. For example, various proceedings were commenced against Broadcom Inc. (“Broadcom”), a manufacturer of products for the wireless and broadband communications industry, and other parties alleging patent infringement in various jurisdictions, and in some cases the courts issued rulings adverse to Broadcom enjoining Broadcom from offering, distributing, using or importing products that include the challenged intellectual property. In February 2020, a federal jury found that Broadcom, among others, must pay $1.1 billion to the California Institute of Technology for infringing upon patents. Although we are not party to these proceedings, adverse rulings or injunctive relief awarded against Broadcom or other key suppliers of components for our products could result in delays or stoppages in the shipment of affected components, or require us to recall,

modify or redesign our products containing such components. Regardless of the merit of claims against us or our manufacturers, suppliers, distributors or customers, intellectual property litigation can be time consuming and costly, and result in the diversion of the attention of technical and management personnel. Any such litigation could force us to stop manufacturing, selling, distributing, exporting, incorporating or using products or components that include the challenged intellectual property, or to recall, modify or redesign such products. In addition, if a party accuses us of infringing upon its proprietary rights, we may have to enter into royalty or licensing agreements, which may not be available on terms acceptable to us, if at all. If we are unsuccessful in any such litigation, we could be subject to significant liability for damages and loss of our proprietary rights. Any of these events or results could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity.

~~Our collection, processing, storage, use, and transmission of personal data could give rise to liabilities as a result of governmental regulation, increasing legal requirements.~~

We collect, process, store, use, and transmit personal data on a daily basis. Personal data is increasingly subject to legal and regulatory protections around the world, which vary widely in approach and which possibly conflict with one another. In recent years, for example, U.S. legislators and regulatory agencies, such as the Federal Trade Commission, as well as U.S. states have increased their focus on protecting personal data by law and regulation and have increased enforcement actions for violations of privacy and data protection requirements. The European Commission also recently approved and adopted the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), a recent data protection law, which became effective in May 2018. These data protection laws and regulations are intended to protect the privacy and security of personal data that is collected, processed, and transmitted in or from the relevant jurisdiction. The GDPR established new requirements applicable to the processing of personal data, affords new data protection rights to individuals and imposes significant penalties for data breaches. Individuals also have a right to compensation under the GDPR for financial or non-financial losses. Implementation of and compliance with these laws and regulations may be more costly or take longer than we anticipate, or could otherwise adversely affect our business operations, which could negatively impact our financial position or cash flows. Any failure to comply with applicable regulations could also result in regulatory enforcement actions against us, subject us to negative publicity and significant penalties and ultimately cause an adverse effect on our business.

~~If we experience a significant disruption in, or breach in security of, our information technology systems, our business could be adversely affected.~~

We rely on several centralized information technology systems to provide products and services, maintain financial records, process orders, manage inventory, process shipments to customers and operate other critical functions. If we experience a prolonged system disruption in the information technology systems that involve our interactions with customers or suppliers, it could result in the loss of sales and customers and significant incremental costs, which could adversely affect our business. In addition, our information technology systems could be susceptible to damage, disruptions or shutdowns due to power outages, hardware failures, computer viruses, attacks by computer hackers, telecommunication failures, user errors, catastrophes or other unforeseen events. Furthermore, security breaches of our information technology systems could result in the misappropriation or unauthorized disclosure of confidential information belonging to the company or our employees, partners, customers or suppliers, which could result in significant financial, legal or reputational damage to the Company. In response to the COVID-19 ~~pandemic, a large portion of our workforce is working remotely, and such remote working could exacerbate any of the foregoing risks.~~

~~Compliance or the failure to comply with current and future environmental regulations could cause us significant expense.~~

We are subject to a variety of federal, state, local and foreign environmental regulations. If we fail to comply with any present or future regulations, we could be subject to liabilities, the suspension of production or prohibitions on the sale of our products. In addition, such regulations could require us to incur other significant expenses to comply with environmental regulations, including expenses associated with the redesign of any non-compliant product. From time to time new regulations are enacted, and it is difficult to anticipate how such regulations will be implemented and enforced and the impact that they could have on our operations or results. For example, in 2003 the European Union enacted the Restriction on the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive and the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive, for implementation in European Union member states. We are aware of similar legislation that is currently in force or has been considered in the U.S., as well as other countries, such as Japan and China. Implementation of and compliance with these laws may be costly or could otherwise adversely affect our business operations, which could negatively impact our financial position or cash flows. Our failure to comply with any such regulatory requirements or contractual obligations could result in us being liable for costs, fines, penalties or third-party claims, and could jeopardize our ability to conduct business in countries or jurisdictions where such regulations apply.

~~Failure to comply with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and similar laws associated with our international activities could subject us to significant civil or criminal penalties.~~

Failure to comply with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act could subject us to significant civil or criminal penalties. A significant portion of our revenues is generated from sales outside of the United States. As a result, we are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the “FCPA”). The FCPA generally prohibits U.S. companies and their intermediaries from making corrupt payments to foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or keeping business or otherwise obtaining favorable treatment and requires companies to maintain adequate record-keeping and internal accounting practices to accurately reflect the transactions of the company. The FCPA applies to companies, individual directors, officers, employees and agents. Under the FCPA, U.S. companies may be held liable for the corrupt actions taken by employees, strategic or local partners or other representatives. If we or our intermediaries fail to comply with the requirements of the FCPA or similar legislation, governmental authorities in the U.S. and elsewhere could seek to impose civil and/or criminal fines and penalties which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flow.

~~Our business and future operating results are subject to global economic and market conditions.~~

~~Market turbulence and weak economic conditions, including those caused by the COVID-19~~ ~~pandemic~~, as well as concerns about energy costs, geopolitical issues, the availability and cost of credit, business and consumer confidence, and unemployment could impact our business in a number of ways, including:

~~Potential deferment of purchases and orders by customers~~: Uncertainty about global economic conditions could cause consumers, businesses and governments to defer purchases in response to flat revenue budgets, tighter credit, decreased cash availability and weak consumer confidence. Accordingly, future demand for our products could differ materially from our current expectations.

~~Customers’ inability to obtain financing to make purchases and/or maintain their business~~: Some of our customers require substantial financing in order to finance their business operations, including capital expenditures on new equipment and equipment upgrades, and make purchases from us. The potential inability of these customers to access the capital needed to finance purchases of our products and meet their payment obligations to us could adversely impact our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity. While we monitor these situations carefully and attempt to take appropriate measures to protect ourselves, including factoring credit arrangements to financial institutions, it is possible that we may have to defer revenue until cash is collected or write-down or write-off uncollectible accounts. Such write-downs or write-offs, if large, could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity. If our customers become insolvent due to market and economic conditions or otherwise, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity.

~~Negative impact from increased financial pressures on third-party dealers, distributors and retailers~~: We make sales in certain regions through third-party dealers, distributors and retailers. These third parties may be impacted, among other things, by a significant decrease in available credit. If credit pressures or other financial difficulties result in insolvency for these third parties and we are unable to successfully transition end customers to purchase our products from other third parties, or from us directly, it could adversely impact our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity.

~~Negative impact from increased financial pressures on key suppliers~~: Our ability to meet customers’ demands depends, in part, on our ability to obtain timely and adequate delivery of quality materials, parts and components from our suppliers. Certain of our components are available only from a single source or limited sources. If certain key suppliers were to become capacity constrained or insolvent, it could result in a reduction or interruption in supplies or a significant increase in the price of supplies and adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, credit constraints of key suppliers could result in accelerated payment of accounts payable by us, impacting our cash flow.

We may experience material adverse impacts on our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity as a result of weak or recessionary economic or market conditions in the United States, Korea, Germany, or the rest of the world.

Due to the international nature of our business, political or economic changes or other factors in a specific country or region could harm our future revenue, costs and expenses and financial condition.

We currently have significant operations in India, Korea, and Vietnam, as well as sales and technical support teams in various locations around the world. We continue to consider opportunities to expand our international operations in the future. The successful management and expansion of our international operations requires significant human effort and the commitment of substantial financial resources. Further, our international operations may be subject to certain risks, disruptions and challenges that could materially harm our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity, inclu ~~ding:~~

~~unexpected changes in laws, policies and regulatory requirements, including but not limited to regulations related to import-export control;~~

~~trade protection measures, tariffs, embargoes and other regulatory requirements which could affect our ability to import or export our products into or from various countries;~~

political unrest or instability, acts of terrorism or war in countries where we or our suppliers or customers have operations, including heightened security concerns stemming from North Korea in relation to our operations in Korea;

~~political considerations that affect service provider and government spending patterns;~~

~~differing technology standards or customer requirements;~~

~~developing and customizing our products for foreign countries;~~

~~fluctuations in currency exchange rates, foreign exchange controls and restrictions on cash repatriation;~~

~~longer accounts receivable collection cycles and financial instability of customers;~~

~~requirements for additional liquidity to fund our international operations;~~

~~pandemics, epidemics and other public health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic;~~

~~difficulties and excessive costs for staffing and managing foreign operations;~~

~~ineffective legal protection of our intellectual property rights in certain countries;~~

~~potentially adverse tax consequences; and~~

~~changes in a country’s or region’s political and economic conditions.~~

In addition, some of our customer purchase agreements are governed by foreign laws and regulations, which may differ significantly from the laws and regulations of the United States. We may be limited in our ability to enforce our rights under these agreements and to collect damages, if awarded. Any of these factors could harm our existing international operations and business or impair our ability to continue expanding into international markets.

~~We face exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations.~~

~~We conduct significant business in Korea, Japan, India, Vietnam, Europe, Middle East and Latin America, all of which subject us to foreign currency exchange rate risk.~~

We have in the past and may in the future undertake a hedging program to mitigate the impact of foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations. The use of such hedging activities may not offset any or more than a portion of the adverse financial effects of unfavorable movements in foreign currency exchange rates over the limited time the hedges are in place. Moreover, the use of hedging instruments may introduce additional risks if we are unable to structure effective hedges with such instruments, which could adversely affect our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity. ~~As such, our results of operations and our cash flows could be impacted by changes in foreign currency exchange rates.~~

Natural disasters, public health crises, political crises, and other catastrophic events or other events outside of our control may damage our facilities or the facilities of third parties on which we depend, and could materially impact our supply chain and the operations of our customers and suppliers.

Our global headquarters are located in California near major geologic faults that have experienced earthquakes in the past. An earthquake or other natural disaster or power shortages or outages could disrupt operations or impair critical systems. Any of these disruptions or other events outside of our control could affect our business negatively, harming our operating results. In addition, in the event any of our facilities or the facilities of our suppliers, contract manufacturers, third-party service providers, or customers, is affected by natural disasters, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, power shortages or outages, floods or monsoons, public health crises, such as pandemics and epidemics, including the ongoing COVID-19 ~~pandemic to the extent not already occurring~~, political crises, such as terrorism, war, political instability or other conflict, or other events outside of our control, our business and operating results could suffer. Disasters occurring at our or our vendors’ facilities also could impact our reputation.

~~Risks Related to our Industry~~

The telecommunications networking business requires the application of complex revenue and expense recognition rules and the regulatory environment affecting generally accepted accounting principles is uncertain. Changes in financial accounting standards or practices may cause adverse, unexpected financial reporting fluctuations and harm our business.

The nature of our business requires the application of complex revenue and expense recognition rules and the current regulatory environment affecting U.S. GAAP is uncertain. Significant changes in U.S. GAAP could affect our financial statements going forward and may cause adverse, unexpected financial reporting fluctuations and harm our operating results. U.S. GAAP is subject to interpretation by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and various bodies formed to promulgate and interpret appropriate accounting principles. In addition, we have in the past and may in the future need to significantly change our customer contracts, accounting systems and processes when we adopt future or proposed changes in accounting principles. The cost and effect of these changes may negatively impact our results of operations during the periods of transition.

~~Changes in government regulations related to our business could harm our operations, financial condition, and liquidity.~~

Our operations are subject to various laws and regulations, including those regulations promulgated by the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”). The FCC has jurisdiction over the entire communications industry in the United States and, as a result, our existing and future products and our customers’ products are subject to FCC rules and regulations. Changes to current FCC rules and regulations and future FCC rules and regulations could negatively affect our business. Non-compliance with the FCC’s rules and regulations would expose us to potential enforcement actions, including monetary forfeitures, and could damage our reputation among potential customers. The uncertainty associated with future FCC decisions may cause network service providers to delay decisions regarding their capital expenditures for equipment for broadband services. In addition, international regulatory bodies establish standards that may govern our products in foreign markets. The SEC has adopted disclosure rules regarding the use of “conflict minerals” mined from the Democratic Republic of Congo and adjoining countries and procedures regarding a manufacturer’s efforts to prevent the sourcing of such conflict minerals. These rules may have the effect of reducing the pool of suppliers who can supply “conflict free” components and parts, and we may not be able to obtain “conflict free” products or supplies in sufficient quantities for our operations. Also, we may face reputational challenges with our customers, stockholders and other stakeholders if we are unable to sufficiently verify the origins for the conflict minerals used in our products. In addition, governments and regulators in many jurisdictions have implemented or are evaluating regulations relating to cyber security, privacy and data protection, which can affect the markets and requirements for networking and communications equipment. We are unable to predict the scope, pace or financial impact of government regulations and other policy changes that could be adopted in the future, any of which could negatively impact our operations and costs of doing business. Because of our smaller size, legislation or governmental regulations can significantly increase our costs and affect our competitive position. Changes to or future domestic and international regulatory requirements could result in postponements or cancellations of customer orders for our products and services, which could harm our business, operations, financial condition and liquidity. Further, we cannot be certain that we will be successful in obtaining or maintaining regulatory approvals that could, in the future, be required to operate our business.

~~Industry consolidation may lead to increased competition and could harm our operating results.~~

There has been a trend toward industry consolidation in the communications equipment market for several years. We expect this trend to continue as companies attempt to strengthen or hold their market positions in an evolving industry and as companies are acquired or are unable to continue operations. We believe that industry consolidation may result in stronger competitors that are better able to compete as sole-source vendors for customers. This could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity. Furthermore, rapid consolidation could result in a decrease in the number of customers we serve. The loss of a major customer could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

~~Risks Related to our Common Stock~~

DNI owns a significant amount of our outstanding common stock and has the ability to exert significant influence or control over any matters that require stockholder approval, including the election of directors and the approval of certain transactions, and DNI’s interests may conflict with our interests and the interests of other stockholders.

As of March 31, 2020, DNI owned approximately 44.1% of the outstanding shares of our common stock, representing a significant amount of the votes entitled to be cast by the holders of our outstanding common stock at a stockholder meeting. Due to its significant ownership percentage of our common stock, DNI has the ability to substantially influence or control the outcome of any matter submitted for the vote of our stockholders, including the election of directors and the approval of certain transactions. The interests of DNI may conflict with the interests of our other stockholders or with holders of our indebtedness and may cause us to take actions that our other stockholders or holders of our indebtedness do not view as beneficial.

DNI’s large concentration of stock ownership may make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us or discourage a third party from seeking to acquire us. Any potential third-party acquirer would most likely need to negotiate any such transaction with DNI, and the interests of DNI with respect to such transaction may be different from the interests of our other stockholders or with holders of our indebtedness.

Additionally, two of the Company’s directors serve as executive officers of DNI – Min Woo Nam is the Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors of DNI and Choon Yul Yoo is the Chief Operating Officer of DNI. Messrs. Nam and Yoo owe fiduciary duties to us and, in addition, have duties to DNI. As a result, these directors may face real or apparent conflicts of interest with respect to matters affecting both us and DNI.

Our amended and restated bylaws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the sole and exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders (except for causes of action arising under the federal securities laws), which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or employees.

~~Our amended and restated bylaws (the “Bylaws”) provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the sole and exclusive forum for:~~

~~any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of the Company;~~

~~any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any director, officer, employee or agent of the Company to the Company or the Company’s stockholders;~~

~~any action asserting a claim against the Company arising pursuant to any provision of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, the Certificate of Incorporation or our Bylaws; and~~

any action asserting a claim against the Corporation governed by the internal affairs doctrine, in each such case subject to said Court of Chancery having personal jurisdiction over the indispensable parties named as defendants therein; provided, that with respect to any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf to enforce any liability or duty created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder, the exclusive forum will be the federal district courts of the United States. The exclusive forum provision in our Bylaws does not apply to resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act of 1933.

These exclusive forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. The Supreme Court of the State of Delaware recently determined that the exclusive forum provision of federal district courts of the United States for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act is enforceable.

~~The limitation of liability and indemnification provisions could harm our stockholders’ investments and discourage them from suing our directors for breach of their fiduciary duties.~~

The limitation of liability and indemnification provisions in our Certificate of Incorporation, as restated, may discourage stockholders from bringing a lawsuit against directors for breach of their fiduciary duties. They may also reduce the likelihood of derivative litigation against directors and officers, even though an action, if successful, might benefit us and our stockholders. A stockholder’s investment may be harmed to the extent we pay the costs of settlement and damage awards against directors and officers pursuant to these indemnification provisions. Insofar as indemnification for liabilities under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers or persons controlling us pursuant to the foregoing provisions, we have been informed that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable. There is no pending litigation or proceeding naming any of our directors or officers as to which indemnification is being sought, nor are we aware of any pending or threatened litigation that may result in claims for indemnification by any director or officer.

~~There is a limited public market of our common stock.~~

There is a limited public market for our common stock. The average daily trading volume in our common stock during the 3 months ended March 31, 2020 was approximately 67,000 shares per day. We cannot provide assurances that a more active trading market will develop or be sustained. As a result of low trading volume in our common stock, the purchase or sale of a relatively small number of shares of our common stock could result in significant price fluctuations and it may be difficult for holders to sell their shares without depressing the market price of our common stock.

DNI, our largest stockholder, owned 9.5 million shares of our common stock as of March 31, 2020 and has the right to require us to register, from time to time, the resale of those shares with the SEC. If DNI were to exercise its registration rights, its shares would become eligible for resale upon registration without restriction as to volume limitations. Our stock price could suffer a significant decline as a result of any sudden increase in the number of shares sold in the public market or market perception that the increased number of shares available for sale will exceed the demand for our common stock.

~~We do not expect to declare or pay dividends in the foreseeable future.~~

We do not expect to declare or pay dividends in the foreseeable future, as we anticipate that we will invest future earnings in the development and growth of our business. Therefore, holders of our common stock will not receive any return on their investment unless they sell their securities, and holders may be unable to sell their securities on favorable terms or at all.

~~Future issuances of additional equity securities could result in dilution of existing stockholders’ equity ownership.~~

We may determine from time to time to issue additional equity securities to raise additional capital, support growth, or, as we have in recent years, to make acquisitions. Further, we may issue stock options, grant restricted stock awards or other equity awards to retain, compensate and/or motivate our employees and directors. These issuances of our securities could dilute the voting and economic interests of existing stockholders.

~~Item 5.~~

Other Information

None.

Item 6.

Exhibits

The exhibits required to be filed with this quarterly report on Form 10-Q are listed in the Exhibit Index attached hereto and are incorporated herein by reference.

EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibit Number		Description

~~2.1~~3.1		~~Share Transfer Agreement dated as~~Restated Certificate of ~~July 31, 2019 by and between Handysoft, Inc. and~~Incorporation of DASAN Zhone Solutions, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit ~~2.1~~3.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on September 27, 2017).

3.2		Certificate of Amendment to the Restated Certificate of Incorporation of DZS Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August ~~5, 2019)~~27, 2020).

~~10.1~~3.3		~~Loan Agreement dated March 3, 2020~~Amended and ~~entered into as~~Restated Bylaws of ~~March 4, 2020 by and between DASAN Networks,~~DZS Inc. ~~and DASAN Network Solutions, Inc. (Korea)~~ (incorporated by reference to Exhibit ~~10.1~~3.2 to the Company’s ~~Current~~Annual Report on Form ~~8-K~~10-K filed with the SEC on March ~~10, 2020)~~11, 2021).

~~10.2~~		Intellectual Property Pledge Agreement dated March 3, 2020 and entered into as of March 4, 2020 by and between DASAN Networks, Inc. and DASAN Network Solutions, Inc. (Korea) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 10, 2020).

~~10.3~~		Share Pledge Agreement dated March 3, 2020 and entered into as of March 4, 2020 by and among DASAN Networks, Inc., DASAN Network Solutions, Inc. (Korea) and DASAN Network Solutions, Inc. (California) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 10, 2020).

~~10.4~~		Agreement of Sublease dated February 24, 2020 by and between Huawei Technologies USA, Inc. and Dasan Zhone Solutions, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 2, 2020).

~~10.5~~31.1*		~~Agreement~~Certification of ~~Sublease dated February 24, 2020 by and between Futurewei Technologies, Inc. and Dasan Zhone Solutions, Inc. (incorporated by reference~~Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to ~~Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 2, 2020).~~Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)

~~31.1~~31.2*		Certification of Chief ~~Executive~~Financial Officer Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)

~~31.2~~32.1*		Section 1350 Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer ~~Pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)~~

~~32.1~~101.INS		~~Section 1350 Certification of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer~~Inline XBRL Instance Document – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document

101.SCH		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema

101.CAL		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase

101.DEF		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase

101.LAB		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase

101.PRE		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase

104		Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document and included in Exhibit 101)

*		Filed herewith.
+		Indicates management contract or compensatory plan, contract or arrangement.

~~SIGNATURES~~

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	~~DASAN ZHONE SOLUTIONS,~~DZS INC.

Date: May ~~11, 2020~~10, 2021
	By:	/s/ ~~IL YUNG KIM~~Charles Daniel Vogt
	Name:	~~Il Yung Kim~~Charles Daniel Vogt
	Title:	President and Chief Executive Officer

	By:	/s/ ~~THOMAS~~Thomas J. ~~CANCRO~~Cancro
	Name:	Thomas J. Cancro
	Title:	Chief Financial Officer ~~and Treasurer~~
		(Principal Financial and
		Accounting Officer)

5233

Delaware		22-3509099
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

~~1350 South Loop Road,~~5700 Tennyson Parkway, Suite ~~130~~400 ~~Alameda, California~~Plano, Texas		~~94502~~75024
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip code)

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered

Common stock, $0.001 par value	DZSI	The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

	March 31, 2020			December 31, 2019			March 31, 2021			December 31, 2020
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	26,437		$	28,747		$	56,818		$	45,219
Restricted cash		9,281			4,646			6,848			9,200
Accounts receivable - trade, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $417 as of March 31, 2020 and $393 as of December 31, 2019		86,270			96,865
Accounts receivable - trade, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $17.9 million as of March 31, 2021 and $4.0 million as of December 31, 2020								82,028			97,253
Other receivables		10,020			8,124			10,159			9,165
Inventories								41,116			39,572
Contract assets		3,128			16,680			6,233			6,182
Inventories		39,912			35,439
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		5,974			4,185			7,603			5,332
Total current assets		181,022			194,686			210,805			211,923
Property, plant and equipment, net		6,716			6,769			7,880			7,146
Right-of-use assets from operating leases		18,778			20,469			14,535			18,483
Goodwill		3,977			3,977			5,675			3,977
Intangible assets, net		11,464			12,381			6,759			3,377
Deferred tax assets		2,364			1,622			1,633			1,405
Other assets		5,053			6,243			5,589			5,919
Total assets	$	229,374		$	246,147		$	252,876		$	252,230
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable - trade	$	35,634		$	38,427		$	50,955		$	49,250
Short-term debt - bank and trade facilities		12,323			17,484
Other payables		1,966			3,278
Contract liabilities - current		3,305			3,567
Operating lease liabilities - current		4,005			4,201
Short-term debt - bank, trade facilities and secured borrowings								1,764			13,787
Contract liabilities								3,997			4,400
Operating lease liabilities								4,435			4,494
Accrued and other liabilities		10,203			12,844			18,941			16,707
Total current liabilities		67,436			79,801			80,092			88,638
Long-term debt
Bank and trade facilities		—			9,937
Related party		27,348			9,096			—			29,754
Contract liabilities - non-current		3,152			3,230
Contract liabilities								2,495			2,471
Operating lease liabilities - non-current		16,667			18,154			16,154			15,959
Pension liabilities		15,768			17,671			18,936			20,052
Other long-term liabilities		1,714			1,710			3,697			1,777
Total liabilities		132,085			139,599			121,374			158,651
Commitments and contingencies (Note 15)
Commitments and contingencies (Note 14)
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, authorized 36,000 shares, 21,513 and 21,419 shares outstanding as of March 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively, at $0.001 par value		21			21
Common stock, authorized 36,000 shares, 26,883 and 21,958 shares outstanding as of March 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, at $0.001 par value								27			22
Additional paid-in capital		141,191			139,700			211,438			147,997
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(5,918	)		(3,939	)		(4,422	)		(2,124	)
Accumulated deficit		(38,005	)		(29,234	)		(75,541	)		(52,316	)
Total stockholders’ equity		97,289			106,548			131,502			93,579
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	229,374		$	246,147		$	252,876		$	252,230

	Three Months Ended
	March 31,
	2020			2019
Net revenue:
Third parties	$	47,318		$	73,234
Related parties		162			855
Total net revenue		47,480			74,089
Cost of revenue:
Products and services - third parties		30,956			48,172
Products and services - related parties		133			639
Amortization of intangible assets		396			408
Total cost of revenue		31,485			49,219
Gross profit		15,995			24,870
Operating expenses:
Research and product development		9,600			10,184
Selling, marketing, general and administrative		13,617			15,039
Amortization of intangible assets		372			472
Total operating expenses		23,589			25,695
Operating loss		(7,594	)		(825	)
Interest income		70			88
Interest expense		(643	)		(871	)
Loss on extinguishment of debt		(1,369	)		—
Other income, net		760			228
Loss before income taxes		(8,776	)		(1,380	)
Income tax (benefit) provision		(5	)		77
Net loss		(8,771	)		(1,457	)
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest		—			181
Net loss attributable to DASAN Zhone Solutions, Inc.		(8,771	)		(1,638	)

Foreign currency translation adjustments		(3,435	)		(1,124	)
Actuarial gain		1,456			—
Comprehensive loss		(10,750	)		(2,581	)
Comprehensive loss attributable to non- controlling interest		—			180
Comprehensive loss attributable to DASAN Zhone Solutions, Inc.	$	(10,750	)	$	(2,761	)

Net loss per share attributable to DASAN Zhone Solutions, Inc.
Basic	$	(0.41	)	$	(0.10	)
Diluted	$	(0.41	)	$	(0.10	)
Weighted average shares outstanding used to compute basic net loss per share		21,474			16,593
Weighted average shares outstanding used to compute diluted net loss per share		21,474			16,593

	Three Months Ended						Three Months Ended
	March 31,						March 31,
	2020			2019			2021			2020
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(8,771	)	$	(1,457	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash Provided by (used in) operating activities:
Net income (loss)							$	(23,225	)	$	(8,771	)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		1,256			1,417			1,265			1,256
Impairment of long-lived assets								4,443			—
Loss on extinguishment of debt		1,343			—			—			1,343
Amortization of deferred financing costs		141			73			12			141
Bargain purchase gain on acquisition		—			(334	)
Stock-based compensation		782			825			1,352			782
Provision for inventory write-down		1,421			14			666			1,421
Allowance for doubtful accounts		24			223			14,805			24
Provision for sales returns		(231	)		218			239			(231	)
Provision for warranty								269			—
Unrealized gain on foreign currency transactions		(1,983	)		(95	)		(883	)		(1,983	)
Deferred taxes		(820	)		19			(134	)		(820	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		9,109			7,930			(1,423	)		9,109
Inventories								(3,239	)		14,129
Contract assets		14,129			(6,967	)		(267	)		(7,048	)
Inventories		(7,048	)		3,828
Prepaid expenses and other assets		(3,285	)		(207	)		(3,864	)		(3,285	)
Accounts payable		(1,261	)		(3,966	)		3,539			(1,261	)
Contract liabilities		(275	)		(5,166	)		32			(275	)
Accrued and other liabilities		(3,937	)		(1,331	)		(523	)		(3,937	)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities		594			(4,976	)		(6,936	)		594
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property, plant and equipment		(560	)		(109	)		(1,266	)		(560	)
Acquisition of business, net of cash acquired		—			(4,697	)		(4,258	)		—
Net cash used in investing activities		(560	)		(4,806	)		(5,524	)		(560	)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock in public offerings, net of issuance costs								59,525			—
Proceeds from short-term borrowings and line of credit		1,307			4,324			—			1,307
Repayments of short-term borrowings and line of credit		(4,167	)		—			(11,494	)		(4,167	)
Proceeds from long-term borrowings		—			25,000
Repayments of borrowings		(13,125	)		(17,052	)
Repayments of long-term borrowings								—			(13,125	)
Proceeds from related party term loan		18,361			—			—			18,361
Repayments of related party term loan		—			(5,000	)		(29,298	)		—
Deferred financing costs		—			(2,184	)
Proceeds from exercise of stock options		709			—
Proceeds from exercise of stock awards and employee stock plan purchases								2,569			709
Net cash provided by financing activities		3,085			5,088			21,302			3,085
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash		(873	)		(306	)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash								404			(873	)
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		2,246			(5,000	)		9,246			2,246
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period		33,635			35,648			54,587			33,635
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	35,881		$	30,648		$	63,833		$	35,881

Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash to statement of financial position	$	26,437		$	20,872
Cash and cash equivalents		9,281			9,165		$	56,818		$	26,437
Restricted cash		163			611			6,848			9,281
Long-term restricted cash	$	35,881		$	30,648			167			163
							$	63,833		$	35,881

Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Shares of the Company's common stock held in escrow		—			—
Cash paid during the period for:
Interest - bank and trade facilities	$	424		$	642		$	83		$	424
Interest - related party	$	152		$	173		$	94		$	152
Income taxes	$	1,504		$	589		$	1,206		$	1,504

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☒
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☒
		Emerging growth company	☐

		Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.	Financial Statements	3
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets	3
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive ~~Loss~~Income (Loss)	4
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity ~~and Non-Controlling Interest~~	5
	Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	6
	Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	7
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	2322
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	3230
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	3230

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	33
~~Item 1A.~~	~~Risk Factors~~	3331
Item 5.	Other Information	5031
Item 6.	Exhibits	5031
	Signatures	5233

	Common stock				Additional paid-in		Accumulated other comprehensive			Accumulated			Total stockholders'			Non- controlling			Total stockholders' equity and non- controlling
	Shares		Amount		capital		income (loss)			deficit			equity			interest			interest
For the Three-Month Period Ended March 31, 2020:
Balance as of December 31, 2019		21,419	$	21	$	139,700	$	(3,939	)	$	(29,234	)	$	106,548		$	—		$	106,548
Exercise of stock options and restricted stock grant		94		—		709		—			—			709			—			709
Stock-based compensation		—		—		782		—			—			782			—			782
Net loss		—		—		—		—			(8,771	)		(8,771	)		—			(8,771	)
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—		(1,979	)		—			(1,979	)		—			(1,979	)
Balance as of March 31, 2020		21,513	$	21	$	141,191	$	(5,918	)	$	(38,005	)	$	97,289		$	—		$	97,289

For the Three-Month Period Ended March 31, 2019:
Balance as of December 31, 2018		16,587	$	16	$	93,192	$	(192	)	$	(15,777	)	$	77,239		$	615		$	77,854
Stock-based compensation		9		—		825		—			—			825			—			825
Net loss		—		—		—		—			(1,638	)		(1,638	)		181			(1,457	)
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—		(1,124	)		—			(1,124	)		(1	)		(1,125	)
Balance as of March 31, 2019		16,596	$	16	$	94,017	$	(1,316	)	$	(17,415	)	$	75,302		$	795		$	76,097

	Contract Assets			Contract Liabilities
December 31, 2019	$	16,680		$	6,797
March 31, 2020		3,128			6,457
Decrease	$	(13,552	)	$	(340	)

Purchase consideration
Retirement of Optelian debt	$	4,929
Payment to shareholders and option holders		664
Contingent payment to shareholders		1,897
Total purchase consideration	$	7,490

Provisional allocation of purchase consideration
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,236
Accounts receivable - trade		460
Other receivables		153
Inventories		448
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		49
Property, plant and equipment		718
Intangible assets		3,630
Accounts payable - trade		(390	)
Contract liabilities		(169	)
Accrued and other liabilities		(123	)
Goodwill		1,478
Total purchase consideration	$	7,490

	Estimated		Estimated
	fair value		useful life
Intangible assets acquired
Developed technology	$	2,250	5 years
Customer relationships		500	5 years
In-process research and development		880	5 years
Total intangible assets	$	3,630

	March 31, 2020			December 31, 2019
Gross carrying amount	$	4,980		$	4,980
Less: accumulated impairment		(1,003	)		(1,003	)
Goodwill, net	$	3,977		$	3,977

	March 31, 2020							March 31, 2021
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net
Developed technology	$	7,900	$	(3,335	)	$	4,565	$	5,477	$	(2,885	)	$	2,592
Customer relationships		8,727		(2,642	)		6,085		5,740		(2,421	)		3,319
Trade name		1,320		(506	)		814
In-process research and development									880		(32	)		848
Total intangible assets, net	$	17,947	$	(6,483	)	$	11,464	$	12,097	$	(5,338	)	$	6,759
								December 31, 2020
								Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net
Developed technology								$	3,060	$	(2,652	)	$	408
Customer relationships									5,240		(2,271	)		2,969
Total intangible assets, net								$	8,300	$	(4,923	)	$	3,377


Remainder of 2020	$	2,299
2021		2,862
2022		2,454
2023		2,454
2014		524
Thereafter		871
Total	$	11,464

Weighted average remaining life:
Developed technology	3.7 years
Customer relationships	5.7 years
Trade name	4.3 years

Remainder of 2021	$	1,218
2022		1,283
2023		1,283
2024		1,283
2025		1,283
Thereafter		409
Total	$	6,759

	March 31, 2020
	Short-term		Long-term		Total
Bank and Trade Facilities - Foreign Operations	$	12,323	$	—	$	12,323
Related Party		—		27,348		27,348
	$	12,323	$	27,348	$	39,671

Year ended December 31, 2020	$	12,323
2021		—
2022		27,348
2023		—
2024		—
Thereafter		—
Total	$	39,671

	March 31, 2020	December 31, 2019
Discount rate	1.5%	0.9%
Rate of pension increase	1.7%	1.7%

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019
Beginning non-controlling interests	$	615
Net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests		181
Foreign currency translation adjustments (OCI)		(1	)
Ending non-controlling interests	$	795

		Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
Counterparty	DNI ownership interest	Sales		Cost of revenue		Manufacturing (cost of revenue)*		Research and product development		Selling, marketing, general and administrative		Interest expense		Other expenses
DNI	N/A	$	722	$	535	$	—	$	—	$	998	$	141	$	89
Tomato Soft Ltd.	100%		—		—		30		—		—		—		—
Tomato Soft (Xi'an) Ltd.	100%		—		—		—		121		—		—		—
CHASAN Networks Co., Ltd	100%		—		—		278		21		—		—		161
HANDYSOFT, Inc.	18%		91		23		—		—		2		—		—
J-Mobile Corporation	90%		42		81		—		—		—		—		—
		$	855	$	639	$	308	$	142	$	1,000	$	141	$	250

		As of March 31.2020															As of March 31, 2021
Counterparty	DNI ownership interest	Account receivables		Other receivables		Deposits for lease *		Long- term debt		Accounts payable		Other payables		Accrued and other liabilities		DNI ownership interest	Account receivables		Other receivables		Other assets		Loans Payable		Accounts payable
DNI	N/A	$	28	$	30	$	672	$	27,348	$	180	$	57	$	118	N/A	$	1,912	$	—	$	940	$	—	$	596
DASAN Ventures	33%		—		—		—		—		—		28		—
Dasan Invest*																N/A		—		—		—		—		27
		$	28	$	30	$	672	$	27,348	$	180	$	85	$	118		$	1,912	$	—	$	940	$	—	$	623

		As of December 31, 2019
Counterparty	DNI ownership interest	Account receivables		Other receivables		Deposits for lease*		Loan Payable		Accounts payable		Other payables		Accrued and other liabilities
DNI	N/A	$	—	$	32	$	709	$	9,096	$	—	$	1,475	$	119
Tomato Soft Ltd.	100%		—		—		—		—		—		10		—
Tomato Soft (Xi'an), Ltd	100%		—		—		—		—		—		45		—
Chasan Networks Co., Ltd.	100%		—		—		—		—		96		—		—
		$	—	$	32	$	709	$	9,096	$	96	$	1,530	$	119

	March 31, 2020		March 31, 2019
Operating lease cost	$	1,410	$	1,123
Variable lease cost		158		164
Short-term lease cost		36		101
Total net lease cost	$	1,604	$	1,388

Remainder of 2020	$	3,793
2021		4,825
Remainder of 2021				$	4,076
2022		4,417			5,235
2023		3,991			4,814
2024		3,553			4,330
2025					2,579
Thereafter		3,376			2,457
Total operating lease payments		23,955			23,491
Less: imputed interest		(3,283	)		(2,902	)
Total operating lease liabilities	$	20,672		$	20,589

			Payments due by period
	Total		2020		2021		2022		2023		2024		Thereafter
Operating lease payments	$	25,436	$	3,890	$	5,090	$	4,691	$	4,273	$	3,842	$	3,650
Short-term debt		12,323		12,323		—		—		—		—		—
Purchase commitments		5,565		5,565		—		—		—		—		—
Long-term debt - related party		27,348		—		—		27,348		—		—		—
Total future contractual commitments	$	70,672	$	21,778	$	5,090	$	32,039	$	4,273	$	3,842	$	3,650