(Address, Including Zip Code, and Telephone Number, Including Area Code, of Registrant’s Principal Executive Offices)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as the latest practicable date: ~~147,803,003~~149,237,722 shares of Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share, as of ~~October 30, 2020.~~April 28, 2021.

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (“Form 10-Q”) contains, or incorporates by reference, not only historical information, but also forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (“Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”) and that are subject to the safe harbor created by those sections. Forward-looking statements, including, without limitation, statements concerning the conditions of the human capital management solutions industry and our operations, performance, and financial condition, including, in particular, statements relating to our business, growth strategies, product development efforts, and future expenses. Forward-looking statements can be identified by words such as “anticipates,” “intends,” “plans,” “seeks,” “believes,” “estimates,” “expects,” “assumes,” “projects,” “could,” “may,” “will,” “should,” and similar references to future periods, or by the inclusion of forecasts or projections.

Forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations and assumptions regarding our business, the economy, and other future conditions. Because forward-looking statements relate to the future, by their nature, they are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks, and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict. As a result, our actual results may differ materially from those contemplated by the forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements include regional, national, or global political, economic, business, competitive, market, and regulatory conditions and the following:

Please refer to Part II, Item IA, “Risk Factors” of this Form 10-Q and Part I, Item IA, “Risk Factors” of our most recently filed Annual Report on Form 10-K, for the year ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020 (“~~2019~~2020 Form 10-K”), for a further description of these and other factors. Although we have attempted to identify important risk factors, there may be other risk factors not presently known to us or that we presently believe are not material that could cause actual results and developments to differ materially from those made in or suggested by the forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-Q. If any of these risks materialize, or if any of the above assumptions underlying forward-looking statements prove incorrect, actual results and developments may differ materially from those made in or suggested by the forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-Q. For the reasons described above, we caution you against relying on any forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement made by us in this Form 10-Q speaks only as of the date on which we make it. Factors or events that could cause our actual results to differ may emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all of them. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or to revise any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments, or otherwise, except as may be required by law. Comparisons of results for current and any prior periods are not intended to express any future trends or indications of future performance, unless specifically expressed as such, and should be viewed as historical data.

	September 30,			December 31,			March 31,			December 31,
	2020			2019			2021			2020
(Dollars in millions, except share data)	(Unaudited)						(unaudited)
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and equivalents	$	554.6		$	281.3		$	339.6		$	188.2
Restricted cash								2.0			—
Trade and other receivables, net		91.4			80.4			122.5			101.1
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		78.7			57.9			84.1			73.9
Total current assets before customer trust funds		724.7			419.6
Customer trust funds		2,646.6			3,204.1
Total current assets before customer funds								548.2			363.2
Customer funds								4,284.0			3,759.4
Total current assets		3,371.3			3,623.7			4,832.2			4,122.6
Right of use lease asset		37.5			32.0			35.4			27.9
Property, plant, and equipment, net		132.2			128.3			142.2			136.4
Goodwill		2,011.3			1,973.5			2,311.5			2,031.8
Other intangible assets, net		197.3			177.9			311.2			195.0
Other assets		168.4			150.3			166.3			187.6
Total assets	$	5,918.0		$	6,085.7		$	7,798.8		$	6,701.3
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Current portion of long-term debt	$	7.7		$	10.8		$	8.2		$	7.2
Current portion of long-term lease liabilities		10.3			8.8			14.9			10.5
Accounts payable		26.6			43.2			42.5			38.9
Deferred revenue		26.1			25.5			43.7			24.4
Employee compensation and benefits		75.8			75.9			47.3			64.6
Other accrued expenses		13.7			13.9			26.6			20.5
Total current liabilities before customer trust funds obligations		160.2			178.1
Customer trust funds obligations		2,581.2			3,193.6
Total current liabilities before customer funds obligations								183.2			166.1
Customer funds obligations								4,237.3			3,697.8
Total current liabilities		2,741.4			3,371.7			4,420.5			3,863.9
Long-term debt, less current portion		957.2			666.3			1,115.4			660.6
Employee benefit plans		108.2			117.2			23.7			24.4
Long-term lease liabilities, less current portion		34.1			30.1			40.8			33.6
Other liabilities		40.8			18.1			39.1			20.6
Total liabilities		3,881.7			4,203.4			5,639.5			4,603.1
Commitments and contingencies (Note 14)
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, $0.01 par, 500,000,000 shares authorized, 147,647,117 and 144,386,618 shares issued and outstanding, respectively		1.5			1.4
Common stock, $0.01 par, 500,000,000 shares authorized, 148,913,387 and 148,571,412 shares issued and outstanding, respectively								1.5			1.5
Additional paid in capital		2,565.5			2,449.1			2,685.3			2,606.5
Accumulated deficit		(216.5	)		(229.8	)		(253.0	)		(233.8	)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(314.2	)		(338.4	)		(274.5	)		(276.0	)
Total stockholders’ equity		2,036.3			1,882.3			2,159.3			2,098.2
Total liabilities and equity	$	5,918.0		$	6,085.7		$	7,798.8		$	6,701.3

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,						Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019			2020			2019			2021			2020
	(Dollars in millions, except share and per share data, Unaudited)
(Dollars in millions, except share and per share data, unaudited)
Revenue:
Recurring services	$	168.1		$	167.4		$	508.7		$	503.7
Recurring													$	196.0		$	181.5
Professional services and other		36.3			34.9			111.0			98.6			38.5			41.2
Total revenue		204.4			202.3			619.7			602.3			234.5			222.7
Cost of revenue:
Recurring services		54.3			49.4			155.8			149.0
Recurring														59.7			52.2
Professional services and other		40.2			37.6			120.7			107.1			44.7			42.6
Product development and management		22.9			17.5			57.5			49.1			25.8			17.6
Depreciation and amortization		10.3			9.0			29.9			26.7			11.1			9.8
Total cost of revenue		127.7			113.5			363.9			331.9			141.3			122.2
Gross profit		76.7			88.8			255.8			270.4			93.2			100.5
Selling, general, and administrative		77.3			82.3			226.1			217.8			95.6			74.2
Operating (loss) profit		(0.6	)		6.5			29.7			52.6			(2.4	)		26.3
Interest expense, net		5.9			7.8			19.4			25.2			5.6			6.9
Other (income) expense, net		(0.2	)		1.6			2.7			4.7
Other expense, net														4.6			2.6
(Loss) income before income taxes		(6.3	)		(2.9	)		7.6			22.7			(12.6	)		16.8
Income tax benefit		(5.5	)		(65.6	)		(5.7	)		(57.5	)
Income tax expense														6.6			8.2
Net (loss) income	$	(0.8	)	$	62.7		$	13.3		$	80.2		$	(19.2	)	$	8.6
Net (loss) income per share:
Basic	$	(0.01	)	$	0.44		$	0.09		$	0.57		$	(0.13	)	$	0.06
Diluted	$	(0.01	)	$	0.42		$	0.09		$	0.54		$	(0.13	)	$	0.06
Weighted-average shares outstanding:
Basic		147,141,403			142,780,819			145,798,169			141,369,339			148,716,050			144,645,325
Diluted		147,141,403			149,153,227			152,105,719			148,279,943			148,716,050			151,178,498

Three Months Ended September 30,

Nine Months Ended September 30,

2020

2019

2020

2019

(Dollars in millions, Unaudited)

Net (loss) income

$
(0.8
)

$
62.7

$
13.3

$
80.2

Items of other comprehensive income before income taxes:

Change in foreign currency translation adjustment

12.8

(6.5
)

(14.7
)

17.3

Change in unrealized (loss) gain from invested customer trust funds

(0.2
)

3.1

43.3

42.3

Change in pension liability adjustment ⁽¹⁾

3.3

2.5

9.9

7.5

Other comprehensive income (loss) before income taxes

15.9

(0.9
)

38.5

67.1

Income tax expense, net

1.4

8.8

14.3

12.4

Other comprehensive income (loss) after income taxes

14.5

(9.7
)

24.2

54.7

Comprehensive income

$
13.7

$
53.0

$
37.5

$
134.9

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021			2020
(Dollars in millions, except share data)	(unaudited)
Net (loss) income	$	(19.2	)	$	8.6
Items of other comprehensive loss before income taxes:
Change in foreign currency translation adjustment		11.0			(49.1	)
Change in unrealized (loss) gain from invested customer funds		(16.7	)		23.4
Change in pension liability adjustment (a)		3.8			3.3
Other comprehensive loss before income taxes		(1.9	)		(22.4	)
Income tax (benefit) expense, net		(3.4	)		6.8
Other comprehensive income (loss) after income taxes		1.5			(29.2	)
Comprehensive loss	$	(17.7	)	$	(20.6	)

Common Stock

Additional
Paid In

Accumulated

Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive

Total
Stockholders'

Shares

$

Capital

Deficit

Loss

Equity

(Dollars in millions, except share data, Unaudited)

Balance as of December 31, 2019

144,386,618

$
1.4

$
2,449.1

$
(229.8
)

$
(338.4
)

$
1,882.3

Net income

—

—

—

8.6

—

8.6

Issuance of common stock under share-based compensation plans

551,328

—

11.4

—

—

11.4

Share-based compensation

—

—

12.5

—

—

12.5

Foreign currency translation

—

—

—

—

(49.1
)

(49.1
)
Change in unrealized gain, net of tax of $6.0

—

—

—

—

17.4

17.4

Change in pension liability adjustment, net of tax of $0.8

—

—

—

—

2.5

2.5

Balance as of March 31, 2020

144,937,946

$
1.4

$
2,473.0

$
(221.2
)

$
(367.6
)

$
1,885.6

Net income

—

—

—

5.5

—

5.5

Issuance of common stock under share-based compensation plans

1,865,986

0.1

40.1

—

—

40.2

Share-based compensation

—

—

15.3

—

—

15.3

Foreign currency translation

—

—

—

—

21.6

21.6

Change in unrealized gain, net of tax of $5.1

—

—

—

—

15.0

15.0

Change in pension liability adjustment, net of tax of $0.8

—

—

—

—

2.5

2.5

Balance as of June 30, 2020

146,803,932

$
1.5

$
2,528.4

$
(215.7
)

$
(328.5
)

$
1,985.7

Net loss

—

—

—

(0.8
)

—

(0.8
)
Issuance of common stock under share-based compensation plans

843,185

—

18.6

—

—

18.6

Share-based compensation

—

—

18.5

—

—

18.5

Foreign currency translation

—

—

—

—

12.8

12.8

Change in unrealized loss, net of tax of $0.5

—

—

—

—

(0.7
)

(0.7
)
Change in pension liability adjustment, net of tax of $1.1

—

—

—

—

2.2

2.2

Balance as of September 30, 2020

147,647,117

$
1.5

$
2,565.5

$
(216.5
)

$
(314.2
)

$
2,036.3

	Common Stock				Additional Paid In			Accumulated			Accumulated Other Comprehensive			Total Stockholders'
	Shares		$		Capital			Deficit			Loss			Equity
	(Dollars in millions, except share data, unaudited)
Balance as of December 31, 2020		148,571,412	$	1.5	$	2,606.5		$	(233.8	)	$	(276.0	)	$	2,098.2
Net loss		—		—		—			(19.2	)		—			(19.2	)
Issuance of common stock under share-based compensation plans		341,975		—		11.3			—			—			11.3
Share-based compensation		—		—		22.8			—			—			22.8
Equity component of convertible senior notes		—		—		77.7			—			—			77.7
Purchase of capped calls related to convertible senior notes		—		—		(33.0	)		—			—			(33.0	)
Foreign currency translation		—		—		—			—			11.0			11.0
Change in unrealized gain, net of tax of ($4.4)		—		—		—			—			(12.3	)		(12.3	)
Change in pension liability adjustment, net of tax of $1.0		—		—		—			—			2.8			2.8
Balance as of March 31, 2021		148,913,387	$	1.5	$	2,685.3		$	(253.0	)	$	(274.5	)	$	2,159.3

	Common Stock				Additional Paid In		Accumulated			Accumulated Other Comprehensive			Total Stockholders'			Common Stock				Additional Paid In		Accumulated			Accumulated Other Comprehensive			Total Stockholders'
	Shares		$		Capital		Deficit			Loss			Equity			Shares		$		Capital		Deficit			Loss			Equity
	(Dollars in millions, except share data, Unaudited)															(Dollars in millions, except share data, unaudited)
Balance as of December 31, 2018		139,453,710	$	1.4	$	2,325.6	$	(335.6	)	$	(375.9	)	$	1,615.5
Cumulative-effect adjustment to accumulated deficit related to the adoption of ASU 2018-02		—		—		—		27.1			(27.1	)		—
Balance as of December 31, 2019																	144,386,618	$	1.4	$	2,449.1	$	(229.8	)	$	(338.4	)	$	1,882.3
Net income		—		—		—		11.2			—			11.2			—		—		—		8.6			—			8.6
Issuance of common stock under share-based compensation plans		1,221,622		—		20.1		—			—			20.1			551,328		—		11.4		—			—			11.4
Share-based compensation		—		—		6.0		—			—			6.0			—		—		12.5		—			—			12.5
Foreign currency translation		—		—		—		—			12.3			12.3			—		—		—		—			(49.1	)		(49.1	)
Change in unrealized gain, net of tax of $2.7		—		—		—		—			19.2			19.2
Change in pension liability adjustment, net of tax of $0.0		—		—		—		—			2.5			2.5
Balance as of March 31, 2019		140,675,332	$	1.4	$	2,351.7	$	(297.3	)	$	(369.0	)	$	1,686.8
Net income		—		—		—		6.3			—			6.3
Issuance of common stock under share-based compensation plans		1,266,734		—		24.0		—			—			24.0
Share-based compensation		—		—		9.6		—			—			9.6
Foreign currency translation		—		—		—		—			11.5			11.5
Change in unrealized gain, net of tax of $0.9		—		—		—		—			16.4			16.4
Change in pension liability adjustment, net of tax of $0.0		—		—		—		—			2.5			2.5
Balance as of June 30, 2019		141,942,066	$	1.4	$	2,385.3	$	(291.0	)	$	(338.6	)	$	1,757.1
Net income		—		—		—		62.7			—			62.7
Issuance of common stock under share-based compensation plans		1,893,328		—		32.6		—			—			32.6
Share-based compensation		—		—		10.4		—			—			10.4
Foreign currency translation		—		—		—		—			(6.5	)		(6.5	)
Change in unrealized loss, net of tax of $7.0		—		—		—		—			(3.9	)		(3.9	)
Change in pension liability adjustment, net of tax of $1.8		—		—		—		—			0.7			0.7
Balance as of September 30, 2019		143,835,394	$	1.4	$	2,428.3	$	(228.3	)	$	(348.3	)	$	1,853.1
Change in unrealized gain, net of tax of $6.0																	—		—		—		—			17.4			17.4
Change in pension liability adjustment, net of tax of $0.8																	—		—		—		—			2.5			2.5
Balance as of March 31, 2020																	144,937,946	$	1.4	$	2,473.0	$	(221.2	)	$	(367.6	)	$	1,885.6

	Nine Months Ended September 30,						Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019			2021			2020
	(Dollars in millions, Unaudited)						(Dollars in millions, unaudited)
Net income	$	13.3		$	80.2
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Net (loss) income							$	(19.2	)	$	8.6
Adjustments to reconcile net (loss) income to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities:
Deferred income tax benefit		—			(75.9	)		0.6			4.1
Depreciation and amortization		36.9			43.9			15.0			11.8
Amortization of debt issuance costs and debt discount		0.9			0.8			1.1			0.3
Provision for doubtful accounts								0.4			0.5
Net periodic pension and postretirement cost		2.5			3.9			2.2			0.8
Non-cash share-based compensation		46.3			26.0			22.8			12.5
Other		0.6			1.8			1.1			0.3
Changes in operating assets and liabilities excluding effects of acquisitions and divestitures:
Trade and other receivables		(2.5	)		(10.6	)		(8.1	)		(4.5	)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		(8.0	)		(10.1	)		(7.1	)		(7.5	)
Accounts payable and other accrued expenses		(12.0	)		(2.5	)		(2.1	)		(2.0	)
Deferred revenue		0.6			2.6			4.9			2.1
Employee compensation and benefits		(2.8	)		(18.5	)		(24.7	)		(26.4	)
Accrued interest		0.3			—			0.4			—
Accrued taxes		(8.7	)		(10.4	)		8.6			0.9
Other assets and liabilities		(20.1	)		(6.6	)		(0.4	)		(0.1	)
Net cash provided by operating activities		47.3			24.6
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities								(4.5	)		1.4
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Purchase of customer trust funds marketable securities		(25.3	)		(335.1	)
Proceeds from sale and maturity of customer trust funds marketable securities		304.1			278.1
Purchase of customer funds marketable securities								(148.5	)		(24.6	)
Proceeds from sale and maturity of customer funds marketable securities								97.4			49.5
Expenditures for property, plant, and equipment		(13.6	)		(10.8	)		(3.4	)		(4.9	)
Expenditures for software and technology		(30.6	)		(27.6	)		(11.9	)		(10.7	)
Acquisition costs, net of cash and restricted cash acquired		(58.3	)		(29.4	)		(338.3	)		—
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		176.3			(124.8	)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities								(404.7	)		9.3
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Decrease in customer trust funds obligations, net		(601.4	)		(54.5	)
Decrease in customer funds obligations, net								513.2			480.8
Proceeds from issuance of common stock under share-based compensation plans		70.2			76.7			11.3			11.4
Repayment of long-term debt obligations		(7.9	)		(5.1	)		(1.3	)		(2.7	)
Proceeds from revolving credit facility		295.0			—			295.0			—
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		(244.1	)		17.1
Repayment of revolving credit facility								(295.0	)		—
Proceeds from issuance of convertible senior notes, net of issuance costs								561.8			—
Purchases of capped calls related to convertible senior notes								(45.0	)		—
Net cash provided by financing activities								1,040.0			489.5
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, restricted cash, and equivalents		(7.9	)		7.2			3.4			(14.5	)
Net decrease in cash, restricted cash, and equivalents		(28.4	)		(75.9	)
Net increase in cash, restricted cash, and equivalents								634.2			485.7
Cash, restricted cash, and equivalents at beginning of period		1,658.6			1,106.3			2,228.5			1,658.6
Cash, restricted cash, and equivalents at end of period	$	1,630.2		$	1,030.4		$	2,862.7		$	2,144.3
Reconciliation of cash, restricted cash, and equivalents to the condensed consolidated balance sheets
Cash and equivalents	$	554.6		$	270.9		$	339.6		$	255.3
Restricted cash and equivalents included in customer trust funds		1,075.6			759.5
Restricted cash								2.0			—
Restricted cash and equivalents included in customer funds								2,521.1			1,889.0
Total cash, restricted cash, and equivalents	$	1,630.2		$	1,030.4		$	2,862.7		$	2,144.3

Ceridian HCM Holding Inc. and its subsidiaries (also referred to in this report as “Ceridian,” “we,” “our,” “us,” or the “Company”) offer a broad range of services and software designed to help employers more effectively manage employment processes, such as payroll, payroll-related tax filing, human resource information systems, employee self-service, time and labor management, employee assistance programs, and recruitment and applicant screening. Our technology-based services are typically provided through long-term customer relationships that result in a high level of recurring revenue. ~~Our operations are primarily located in the United States (“U.S.”) and Canada.~~

On August 28, 2020, we completed a secondary offering in which certain of our stockholders (the “Selling Stockholders”) sold 7,717,347 shares of our common stock in an underwritten public offering at a public offering price of $72.18 per share. All proceeds from the sale of this common stock went to the selling stockholders. During the three months ended September 30, 2020, we incurred $0.4 million of expenses related to the August 28, 2020, secondary offering. Expenses associated with our secondary offering are recorded within selling, general and administrative expense in our condensed consolidated statements of operations.

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) for interim financial information. Accordingly, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. The accounting policies we follow are set forth in Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” to our audited consolidated financial statements in our ~~2019~~2020 Form ~~10-K.~~10-K. The following notes should be read in conjunction with these policies and other disclosures in our ~~2019~~2020 Form ~~10-K.~~10-K.

In the opinion of management, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements contained herein reflect all adjustments (consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, except as set forth in these notes to condensed consolidated financial statements) necessary to present fairly in all material aspects the financial position, results of operations, comprehensive income (loss), and cash flows from all periods presented. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year.

~~Internally Developed Software Costs~~On March 5, 2021, we issued $500.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 0.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2026, and on March 16, 2021, after the initial purchasers exercised their option to purchase additional securities in full, we issued an additional $75.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 0.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2026, resulting in an aggregate principal amount of $575.0 million (collectively, the “Notes”). The total net proceeds from the offering, after deducting initial purchase discounts and issuance costs, were $561.8 million. Please refer to Note 7, “Debt” for additional information.

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 350, we capitalize costs associated with software developed or obtained for internal use when both the preliminary project stage is completed and our management has authorized further fundingaccounting for the ~~project, which~~issuance of the Notes, we separated the Notes into liability and equity components. The carrying amounts of the liability component was calculated by measuring the fair value of similar liabilities that do not have associated convertible features using a discounted cash flow model. The carrying amount of the equity component representing the conversion option was determined by deducting the fair value of the liability component from the par value of the Notes as a whole. This difference represents a debt discount that is amortized to interest expense over the respective terms of the Notes using the effective interest rate method. The equity component was recorded in additional paid-in capital and is not remeasured as long as it ~~deems probable of completion. Capitalized software~~continues to meet the conditions for equity classification.

In accounting for the related debt issuance costs, ~~include only: (1) external direct costs of materials and services consumed in developing or obtaining~~we allocated the ~~software; (2) payroll and payroll-related costs for employees who are directly associated with and who devote time~~total amount incurred to the ~~project;~~liability and ~~(3)~~equity components of the Notes based on their relative values. Issuance costs attributable to the liability component are being amortized to interest expense over the contractual term of the Notes. The issuance costs ~~incurred while developing~~attributable to the ~~software. Capitalization~~equity component were netted against the equity component representing the conversion option in additional paid-in capital.

To the extent that we receive the Notes conversion requests prior to their maturity, a portion of ~~these costs ceases no later than~~ the ~~point at~~equity component is classified as temporary equity, which is measured as the ~~project~~difference between the principal and net carrying amount of the Notes requested for conversion. Upon settlement of the conversion requests, the difference between the fair value and the amortized book value of the liability component of the Notes requested for conversion is ~~substantially complete and ready for its intended purpose. We do~~recorded as a gain or loss on early note conversion. The fair value of the Notes is measured based on a similar liability that does not include general and administrative costs and overhead costs in capitalizable costs. Research and development costs, product management, and other software maintenance costs related to software development are expensed as incurred.have an associated convertible feature based on the remaining term of the Notes.

Deferred costs, which primarily consist of deferred sales commissions, included within Other assets on our condensed consolidated balance sheets were ~~$118.8~~$129.1 million and ~~$106.4~~$132.9 million as of ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, and December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, respectively. Amortization expense for the deferred costs was ~~$9.8~~$11.0 million and ~~$8.1~~$9.0 million for the three months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2021, and 2020, ~~and 2019, respectively, and $27.9 million and $23.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, and 2019~~ respectively.

~~In August 2018,~~ from the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2018-14, “Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans,” which modifies the disclosure requirements for employers that sponsor defined benefit pension or other postretirement plans. This update removes disclosures that are no longer considered cost beneficial, adds disclosures identified as relevant, and clarifies certain specific requirements

disclosures to improve the effectiveness of disclosures in the notes to financial statements. The amendments in this update are effective for public business entities for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2020. The amendments in this update should be applied on a retrospective basis to all periods presented. The adoption of this guidance will not have a significant impact on our annual defined benefit plan and other postretirement plan disclosures.

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-04, “Reference Rate Reform,” which provides guidance for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. The amendments in this guidance apply only to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. The amendments in this guidance provide for an optional method in which modifications of contracts within the scope of ASC Topic 310, Receivables, and ASC Topic 470, Debt, should be accounted for by prospectively adjusting the effective interest rate, in addition to several other optional methods and exceptions. The amendments in this update are effective for all entities beginning March 12, 2020 and are available to be used through December 31, 2022. We do not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a significant impact on our financial statements.

On ~~May 29, 2020,~~March 1, 2021, we completed the purchase of 100% of the outstanding shares of ~~Excelity Global Solutions Pte.~~Ascender HCM Pty Ltd. (“~~Excelity”~~Ascender”) for ~~$77.2 million. Excelity~~$359.6 million, subject to working capital and other adjustments. Ascender is a payroll and human ~~capital management service~~resources solutions provider in the ~~Asia-Pacific~~Asia Pacific Japan region.We entered into a forward foreign currency contract to hedge the purchase price for the Ascender acquisition which was denominated in Australian dollars, resulting in the recognition of a realized gain of $4.2 million included as a component of other expense, net in our condensed consolidated statement of operations.

The financial results of ~~Excelity~~Ascender have been included within our condensed consolidated financial statements from the acquisition date forward and are classified ~~as a~~among both Cloud and Bureau ~~solution.~~solutions. For the three months ended March 31, 2021, Ascender revenue included within our condensed consolidated statement of operations was $6.7 million. The acquisition of ~~Excelity~~Ascender was recorded using the acquisition method of accounting, in which the assets and liabilities assumed are recognized at their fair value. AsThe purchase accounting has not been finalized as of ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, but we have conducted a preliminary assessment of certain assets and liabilities related to the acquisition of ~~Excelity.~~Ascender. The intangible assets consist of customer relationships, trade name, and developed technology. We ~~are continuing our review of these items during~~expect to finalize the ~~measurement period, and if new information is obtained about facts and circumstances that existed at the effective date~~allocation of the ~~acquisition,~~purchase price within the ~~acquisition accounting will be revised to reflect the resulting adjustments to the current estimate of these items.~~one-year measurement period. After consideration of the ~~Excelity~~Ascender acquisition, management has concluded that we continue to have 1 operating and reportable segment. This conclusion aligns with how management monitors operating performance, allocates resources, and deploys capital. Pro forma financial information is not presented as the acquisition of Ascender did not qualify as a significant business combination.

The major classes of assets and liabilities to which we have preliminarily allocated the purchase price were as follows:

	(Dollars in millions)			(Dollars in millions)
Cash and equivalents	$	6.6		$	3.1
Restricted cash					2.0
Trade receivables, prepaid expenses, and other current assets		10.8			15.8
Customer trust funds		12.3
Customer funds					16.2
Property, plant, and equipment and other assets		4.2			20.2
Goodwill		47.6			275.7
Other intangible assets, net		20.7			117.5
Accounts payable and other current liabilities		(2.2	)		(30.5	)
Customer trust funds obligations		(13.1	)
Customer funds obligations					(16.1	)
Other non-current liabilities		(9.7	)		(44.3	)
Total purchase price	$	77.2		$	359.6

Our financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis were categorized as follows:

	September 30, 2020									March 31, 2021
	Level 1		Level 2			Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2			Level 3		Total
	(Dollars in millions)									(Dollars in millions)
Assets
Available for sale customer trust funds assets	$	—	$	1,571.0	(a)	$	—	$	1,571.0
Available for sale customer funds assets										$	—	$	2,163.0	(a)	$	—	$	2,163.0
Total assets measured at fair value	$	—	$	1,571.0		$	—	$	1,571.0	$	—	$	2,163.0		$	—	$	2,163.0

	December 31, 2019									December 31, 2020
	Level 1		Level 2			Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2			Level 3		Total
	(Dollars in millions)									(Dollars in millions)
Assets
Available for sale customer trust funds assets	$	-	$	1,826.8	(a)	$	-	$	1,826.8
Available for sale customer funds assets										$	—	$	1,719.1	(a)	$	—	$	1,719.1
Total assets measured at fair value	$	-	$	1,826.8		$	-	$	1,826.8	$	—	$	1,719.1		$	—	$	1,719.1

~~During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, and the year ended December 31, 2019, we completed business combinations which required the assets acquired~~Assets and liabilities ~~assumed to be measured~~acquired as part of a business combination and our convertible debt issuance are recorded at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. Please refer to Note 3, “Business Combinations,” and Note 7, “Debt” for additional information.

In certain jurisdictions, we collect funds for payment of payroll and taxes; temporarily hold such funds until payment is due; remit the funds to the clients’ employees and appropriate taxing authorities; file federal, state, and local tax returns; and handle related regulatory correspondence and amendments. The assets held are intended for the specific purpose of satisfying client fund obligations and therefore are not freely available for our general business use. In the U.S. and Canada, these customer funds are held in a trust.

Investment income from invested customer ~~trust~~ funds, also referred to as float revenue or float, is a component of our compensation for providing services under agreements with our customers. Investment income from invested customer ~~trust~~ funds included in recurring ~~services~~ revenue was ~~$10.6~~$10.7 million and ~~$18.3~~$19.6 million for the three months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2021, and 2020, ~~and 2019, respectively, and $41.7 million and $62.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, and 2019,~~ respectively. Investment income includes interest income, realized gains and losses from sales of customer ~~trust~~ funds’ investments, and unrealized credit losses determined to be unrecoverable.

The amortized cost of customer ~~trust~~ funds as of ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, and December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, is the original cost of assets acquired. The amortized cost and fair values of investments of customer ~~trust~~ funds available for sale were as follows:

	September 30, 2020									March 31, 2021
	Amortized		Gross Unrealized					Fair		Amortized		Gross Unrealized					Fair
	Cost		Gain		Loss			Value		Cost		Gain		Loss			Value
	(Dollars in millions)									(Dollars in millions)
Money market securities, investments carried at cost and other cash equivalents	$	1,050.6	$	—	$	—		$	1,050.6	$	2,105.0	$	—	$	—		$	2,105.0
Available for sale investments:
U.S. government and agency securities		441.9		23.6		—			465.5		541.9		17.7		(2.3	)		557.3
Canadian and provincial government securities		379.8		16.1		—			395.9		400.2		12.4		(0.1	)		412.5
Corporate debt securities		466.1		19.8		(0.1	)		485.8		420.3		15.5		(0.3	)		435.5
Asset-backed securities		201.2		5.4		—			206.6		192.7		3.9		—			196.6
Mortgage-backed securities		12.5		0.2		—			12.7		7.4		0.1		—			7.5
Other short-term investments											509.3		—		—			509.3
Other securities		4.5		—		—			4.5		44.5		—		(0.2	)		44.3
Total available for sale investments		1,506.0		65.1		(0.1	)		1,571.0		2,116.3		49.6		(2.9	)		2,163.0
Invested customer trust funds		2,556.6	$	65.1	$	(0.1	)		2,621.6
Trust receivables		24.6							25.0
Total customer trust funds	$	2,581.2						$	2,646.6
Invested customer funds											4,221.3	$	49.6	$	(2.9	)		4,268.0
Receivables											16.0							16.0
Total customer funds										$	4,237.3						$	4,284.0

	December 31, 2019									December 31, 2020
	Amortized		Gross Unrealized					Fair		Amortized		Gross Unrealized					Fair
	Cost		Gain		Loss			Value		Cost		Gain		Loss			Value
	(Dollars in millions)									(Dollars in millions)
Money market securities, investments carried at cost and other cash equivalents	$	1,348.1	$	—	$	—		$	1,348.1	$	2,027.1	$	—	$	—		$	2,027.1
Available for sale investments:
U.S. government and agency securities		542.4		7.1		(0.3	)		549.2		494.0		21.6		(0.1	)		515.5
Canadian and provincial government securities		406.7		5.4		(0.7	)		411.4		396.4		15.5		—			411.9
Corporate debt securities		562.2		9.0		(0.3	)		570.9		548.5		19.4		—			567.9
Asset-backed securities		270.0		1.7		(0.3	)		271.4		192.2		4.9		—			197.1
Mortgage-backed securities		19.8		0.2		(0.1	)		19.9		9.9		0.2		—			10.1
Other securities		4.0		—		—			4.0		16.5		0.1		—			16.6
Total available for sale investments		1,805.1		23.4		(1.7	)		1,826.8		1,657.5		61.7		(0.1	)		1,719.1
Invested customer trust funds		3,153.2	$	23.4	$	(1.7	)		3,174.9
Trust receivables (a)		40.4							29.2
Total customer trust funds	$	3,193.6						$	3,204.1
Invested customer funds											3,684.6	$	61.7	$	(0.1	)		3,746.2
Receivables											13.2							13.2
Total customer funds										$	3,697.8						$	3,759.4

The following represents the gross unrealized losses and the related fair value of the investments of customer ~~trust~~ funds available for sale, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position.

	September 30, 2020														March 31, 2021
	Less than 12 months				12 months or more					Total					Less than 12 months					12 months or more				Total
	Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
	(Dollars in millions)														(Dollars in millions)
U.S. government and agency securities															$	(2.3	)	$	140.7	$	—	$	—	$	(2.3	)	$	140.7
Canadian and provincial government securities																(0.1	)		7.0		—		—		(0.1	)		7.0
Corporate debt securities	$	—	$	—	$	(0.1	)	$	5.8	$	(0.1	)	$	5.8		(0.3	)		23.5		—		—		(0.3	)		23.5
Asset-backed securities																—			16.9		—		—		—			16.9
Other securities																(0.2	)		38.4		—		—		(0.2	)		38.4
Total available for sale investments	$	—	$	—	$	(0.1	)	$	5.8	$	(0.1	)	$	5.8	$	(2.9	)	$	226.5	$	—	$	—	$	(2.9	)	$	226.5

Management does not believe that any individual unrealized loss was unrecoverable as of ~~September 30, 2020.~~March 31, 2021. The unrealized losses are primarily attributable to changes in interest rates and not to credit deterioration. We currently do not intend to sell or expect to be required to sell the securities before the time required to recover the amortized cost.

The amortized cost and fair value of investment securities available for sale at ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, by contractual maturity are shown below. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or to prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

	September 30, 2020				March 31, 2021
	Cost		Fair Value		Cost		Fair Value
	(Dollars in millions)				(Dollars in millions)
Due in one year or less	$	1,398.7	$	1,402.0	$	3,000.7	$	3,006.4
Due in one to three years		689.9		719.2		678.7		705.7
Due in three to five years		343.5		362.2		403.9		410.9
Due after five years		124.5		138.2		138.0		145.0
Invested customer trust funds	$	2,556.6	$	2,621.6
Invested customer funds					$	4,221.3	$	4,268.0

	(Dollars in millions)			(Dollars in millions)
Balance at December 31, 2018	$	1,927.4
Acquisitions		25.7
Translation		20.4
Balance at December 31, 2019		1,973.5		$	1,973.5
Acquisition		47.6			42.7
Translation		(9.8	)		15.6
Balance at September 30, 2020	$	2,011.3
Balance at December 31, 2020					2,031.8
Acquisition					275.7
Translation					4.0
Balance at March 31, 2021				$	2,311.5

	September 30, 2020								March 31, 2021
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net		Estimated Life Range (Years)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net		Estimated Life Range (Years)
	(Dollars in millions)								(Dollars in millions)
Customer lists and relationships	$	225.9	$	(207.5	)	$	18.4	5-15	$	296.0	$	(213.4	)	$	82.6	5-15
Trade name		177.4		(2.0	)		175.4	3 and Indefinite		184.8		(2.7	)		182.1	3-5 and Indefinite
Technology		157.3		(153.8	)		3.5	3-4		204.1		(157.6	)		46.5	3-4
Total other intangible assets	$	560.6	$	(363.3	)	$	197.3		$	684.9	$	(373.7	)	$	311.2

	December 31, 2019								December 31, 2020
	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net		Estimated Life Range (Years)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net		Estimated Life Range (Years)
	(Dollars in millions)								(Dollars in millions)
Customer lists and relationships	$	212.5	$	(208.2	)	$	4.3	5-15	$	229.0	$	(212.1	)	$	16.9	5-15
Trade name		174.0		(2.1	)		171.9	3 and Indefinite		177.7		(2.5	)		175.2	3-5 and Indefinite
Technology		156.1		(154.4	)		1.7	3-4		159.5		(156.6	)		2.9	3-4
Total other intangible assets	$	542.6	$	(364.7	)	$	177.9		$	566.2	$	(371.2	)	$	195.0

We perform an impairment assessment of our indefinite lived trade name intangible assets as of October 1 of each year. We continue to evaluate the use of our trade names and branding in our sales and marketing efforts. If there is a fundamental shift in the method of our branding in the future, we will assess the impact on the carrying amount of our trade name intangible assets ~~and~~to determine whether an impairment exists. If it is determined that an impairment has occurred, it would be recognized during the period in which the decision was made to make the fundamental shift.

Amortization expense related to definite-lived intangible assets was ~~$0.8~~$2.2 million and ~~$4.7~~$0.4 million for the three months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2021, and 2020, ~~and 2019, respectively, and $1.6 million and $13.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, and 2019,~~ respectively.

On April 30, 2018, ~~Ceridian~~we completed the refinancing of ~~its~~our debt by entering into a new credit agreement. Pursuant to the terms of the new credit agreement, ~~Ceridian~~we became borrower of (i) a $680.0 million term loan debt facility (the ~~“2018 Term~~“Term Debt”) and (ii) a $300.0 million revolving credit facility (the ~~“2018 Revolving~~“Revolving Credit Facility”) ~~(the 2018 Term Debt and~~(collectively, the ~~2018 Revolving Credit Facility are together referred to as the “2018 Senior~~“Senior Secured Credit Facility”). The ~~2018~~obligations of Ceridian under the Senior Secured Credit Facility is secured by first priority security interests in substantially all of the assets of ~~Ceridian.~~Ceridian and the domestic subsidiary guarantors, subject to permitted liens and certain exceptions. The ~~2018~~ Term Debt has a maturity date of April 30, 2025, and the ~~2018~~ Revolving Credit Facility has a maturity date of April 30, 2023. The 2018 Term Debt was initially subject to an interest rate of LIBOR plus 3.25%. As a result of a ratings upgrade on March 26, 2019, of our senior secured credit facilities by Moody’s Investors Service, from B3 to B2, the Company’s floating rate term debt interest rate has been reduced from LIBOR plus 3.25% to LIBOR plus 3.00%, so long as the rating is maintained. On February 19, 2020, ~~Ceridian~~we completed the first amendment to the ~~2018~~ Senior Secured Credit Facility in which the ~~2018~~ Term Debt interest rate was reduced from LIBOR plus 3.00% to LIBOR plus 2.50%. Further, the interest rate trigger under the applicable rating by Moody’s Investor Service was removed by the first amendment. Accrued interest related to the ~~2018~~ Senior Secured Credit Facility was ~~$0.4~~$0.3 million and $0.1 million as of ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, and December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, respectively, and is included within Other accrued expenses in our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

In March 2021, we issued $575.0 million in ~~light~~aggregate principal amount of 0.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2026 in a private offering to qualified institutional buyers pursuant to Rule 144A promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and pursuant to exemptions from the prospectus requirements of applicable Canadian securities laws, including the exercise in full by the initial purchasers their option to purchase an additional $75.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 0.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2026 (collectively, the “Notes”). The Notes bear interest at a rate of 0.25% per year and interest is payable semiannually in arrears on March 15 and September 15 of each year, beginning on September 15, 2021. The Notes mature on March 15, 2026, unless earlier converted, redeemed or repurchased. The total net proceeds from the offering, after deducting initial purchase discounts and other debt issuance costs, were $561.8 million.

The Notes are unsecured obligations and do not contain any financial covenants or restrictions on the payments of dividends, the incurrence of indebtedness or the issuance or repurchase of securities by us or any of our subsidiaries.

The Notes will be convertible at the option of the holders at any time only under the following circumstances:

Upon conversion, we may satisfy the conversion obligation by paying or delivering, as applicable, cash, shares of our common stock or a combination of cash and ~~volatility~~shares of our common stock, at our election, in the ~~global financial markets resulting~~manner and subject to the terms and conditions provided in the indenture under which the Notes were issued. During the quarter ended March 31, 2021, the conditions allowing holders of the Notes to convert have not been met. The Notes were therefore not convertible during the first quarter of 2021 and are classified as a noncurrent liability in our condensed consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2021.

We may not redeem the Notes prior to March 20, 2024. On or after March 20, 2024, and on or before the 30th scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date, we may redeem the Notes at a cash purchase price equal to the principal amount of the Notes to be redeemed, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, but only if the last reported sale price per share of our common stock exceeds 130% of the conversion price on (1) each of at least 20 trading days, whether or not consecutive, during the 30 consecutive trading days ending on, and including, the trading day immediately before the date we send the related redemption notice; and (2) the trading day immediately before the date we send such notice. In addition, calling any Note for redemption will constitute a make-whole fundamental change with respect to that Note, in which case the conversion rate applicable to the conversion of that Note will be increased in certain circumstances if it is converted after it is called for redemption.

If a “fundamental change” (as defined in the indenture under which the Notes were issued) occurs, then noteholders may require us to repurchase their notes at a cash repurchase price equal to the principal amount of the Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any.

In accounting for the issuance of the Notes and the related transaction costs, we separated the Notes into liability and equity components. The carrying amount of the liability component was initially calculated by measuring the fair value of similar liabilities that do not have associated convertible features utilizing the interest rate of 4.5%. The carrying amount of the equity component representing the conversion option was $108.6 million and was determined by deducting the fair value of the liability component from the ~~COVID-19 pandemic, Ceridian elected~~par value of the Notes. This difference represents a debt discount that is amortized to ~~borrow $295.0~~interest expense over the term of the Notes using the effective interest rate method. The equity component was recorded in additional paid-in capital and is not remeasured as long as it continues to meet the conditions for equity classification.

Total issuance costs of $14.4 million ~~under~~related to the ~~2018 Revolving Credit Facility~~Notes was allocated between liability, totaling $11.7 million, and equity, totaling $2.7 million, in the same proportion as the allocation of the total proceeds to the liability and equity components. Issuance costs attributable to the liability component are being amortized to interest expense over the term of the Notes. The excess of the principal amount of the liability component over its carrying amount is amortized to interest expense over the contractual term of the Notes at an effective interest rate of 5.1%. The issuance costs attributable to the equity component were netted against additional paid-

in capital. The amount recorded for the equity component of the Notes was $77.7 million, net of allocated issuance costs of $2.7 million and deferred tax impact of $28.2 million.

The following table sets forth total interest expense recognized related to the Notes for the period:

In March 2021, in connection with the pricing of the Notes, we entered into capped call transactions with the option counterparties (the “Capped Calls”). The Capped Calls each have an initial strike price of $132.20 per share, and an initial cap price of $179.26 per share, both subject to certain adjustments. The capped call transactions are generally expected to reduce potential dilution to our common stock upon any conversion of the Notes and/or offset any potential cash payments we would be required to make in excess of the principal amount of converted Notes, as the case may be, with such reduction and/or offset subject to a cap based on the cap price. For accounting purposes, the Capped Calls are separate transactions, and not part of the terms of the Notes. As the Capped Calls qualify for a scope exception from derivative accounting for instruments that are both indexed to the issuer's own stock and classified in stockholder’s equity in our condensed consolidated balance sheet, we have recorded an amount of $33.0 million as a ~~precautionary measure~~reduction to ~~increase our cash position and to preserve financial flexibility.~~additional paid-in capital which will not be remeasured. This represents the premium of $45.0 million paid for the purchase of the Capped Calls, net of the deferred tax impact of $12.0 million.

The future principal payments and maturities of our indebtedness, excluding financing lease obligations, are as follows:

Years Ending December 31,	Amount		Amount
	(Dollars in millions)		(Dollars in millions)
2020	$	1.7
2021		6.8	$	5.1
2022		6.8		6.8
2023		301.8		6.8
2024		6.8		6.8
2025				637.5
Thereafter		637.5		575.0
	$	961.4	$	1,238.0

Our debt does not trade in active markets. Based on the borrowing rates currently available to us for bank loans with similar terms and average maturities, the trading price of our common stock and the limited trades of our debt, the fair value of our debt was estimated to be ~~$927.8~~$1,203.5 million and ~~$675.1~~$657.6 million as of ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, and December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, respectively. The fair value of the Notes was determined based on the closing trading price per $1,000 of the Notes as of the last day of trading for the period. We consider the fair value of the Notes at March 31, 2021 to be a Level 2 measurement as they are not actively traded. The fair value of the Notes is primarily affected by the trading price of our common stock and market interest rates.

The components of net periodic cost for our defined benefit pension plan and for our postretirement benefit plan are included in the following tables:

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,						Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019			2020			2019			2021			2020
Net Periodic Pension Cost	(Dollars in millions)												(Dollars in millions)
Interest cost	$	3.2		$	4.5		$	9.6		$	13.6		$	1.7		$	3.2
Actuarial loss amortization		3.9			3.2			11.7			9.6			4.3			3.9
Less: Expected return on plan assets		(5.7	)		(5.9	)		(17.1	)		(17.7	)		(3.3	)		(5.7	)
Net periodic pension cost	$	1.4		$	1.8		$	4.2		$	5.5		$	2.7		$	1.4

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,						Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019			2020			2019			2021			2020
Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit	(Dollars in millions)												(Dollars in millions)
Interest cost	$	0.1		$	0.2		$	0.4		$	0.4		$	—		$	0.1
Actuarial gain amortization		(0.6	)		(0.6	)		(1.8	)		(1.8	)		(0.5	)		(0.6	)
Prior service credit amortization		(0.1	)		(0.1	)		(0.3	)		(0.2	)		—			(0.1	)
Net periodic postretirement benefit gain	$	(0.6	)	$	(0.5	)	$	(1.7	)	$	(1.6	)	$	(0.5	)	$	(0.6	)

~~In October 2020, we contributed $105.0 million to the U.S. pension plan, which represented $17.0 million of required minimum contributions and $88.0 million of voluntary contributions.~~

Our share-based compensation consists of performance-based stock options, term-based stock options, restricted stock units (“RSUs”), and ~~performance~~performance-based stock units (“PSUs”). We also offer an employee stock purchase plan.

Prior to November 1, 2013, Ceridian employees participated in a share-based compensation plan of the former ultimate parent of Ceridian, the 2007 Stock Incentive Plan (“2007 SIP”). Effective November 1, 2013, although most participants who held stock options under the 2007 SIP converted their options to a newly created option plan, the 2013 Ceridian HCM Holding Inc. Stock Incentive Plan, as amended (“2013 SIP”), a small number of participants maintained their stock options in the 2007 SIP. Concurrent with the initial public offering (“IPO”) and legal reorganization, all outstanding stock options under the 2007 SIP were converted into options to purchase common stock of Ceridian. As of ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, there were ~~2,500~~1,936 stock options outstanding under the 2007 SIP.

Stock options awarded under the 2013 SIP vest either annually on a pro rata basis over a four- or five-year period or on a specific date if certain performance criteria are satisfied and certain equity values are attained. In addition, upon termination of service, all vested options must be exercised generally within 90 days after termination, or these awards will be forfeited. The stock option awards have a 10-year contractual term and have an exercise price that is not less than the fair market value of the underlying stock on the date of grant. As of ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, there were ~~2,882,412~~2,050,635 stock options and RSUs outstanding under the 2013 SIP. We do not intend to grant any additional awards under the 2007 SIP or the 2013 SIP.

On April 24, 2018, in connection with ~~the IPO,~~our initial public offering, the Board of Directors and our stockholders approved the Ceridian HCM Holding Inc. 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (“2018 EIP”), which ~~authorizes~~authorized the issuance of up to 13,500,000 shares of common stock to eligible participants through equity awards (the “Share Reserve”). The Share Reserve may be increased on March 31 of each of the first ten calendar years during the term of the 2018 EIP, by the lesser of (i) 3 percent of the number of shares of our common stock outstanding on each January 31 immediately prior to the date of increase or (ii) such number of shares of our common stock determined by the Board of Directors. Effective on March 31, ~~2020,~~2021, the Share Reserve was increased by ~~4,199,089~~4,397,296 shares, pursuant to the terms of the 2018 EIP.

Equity awards under the 2018 EIP vest either annually or quarterly on a pro rata basis, generally over a one-, three-, or four-year period. In addition, upon termination of service, all vested awards must be exercised within 90 days after termination, or these awards will be forfeited. The equity awards have a 10-year contractual term and have an exercise price that is not less than the fair market value of the underlying stock on the date of the grant. As of ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, there were ~~12,354,165~~13,284,080 stock options, RSUs, and PSUs outstanding and ~~9,541,117~~13,008,498 shares available for future grants of equity awards under the 2018 EIP.

Total share-based compensation expense was ~~$18.5~~$22.8 million and ~~$10.4~~$12.5 million for the three months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2021, and 2020, ~~and 2019, respectively, and $46.3 million and $26.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, and 2019,~~ respectively.

Performance-based stock option activity under the 2007 SIP, the 2013 SIP, and the 2018 EIP was as follows:

	Shares			Weighted Average Exercise Price (per share)			Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions)		Shares			Weighted Average Exercise Price (per share)			Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions)
Performance-based options outstanding at December 31, 2019		68,281		$	13.58			2.6	$	3.7
Performance-based options outstanding at December 31, 2020												1,844,279		$	64.55			9.2	$	77.5
Granted		1,818,728			65.27			—		—		0			0			—		—
Exercised		(31,678	)		(13.46	)		—		—		(2,500	)		(13.46	)		—		—
Forfeited or expired		0			0			—		—		0			0			—		—
Performance-based options outstanding at September 30, 2020		1,855,331		$	64.25			9.5	$	34.1
Performance-based options exercisable at September 30, 2020		36,603		$	13.68			2.1	$	2.5
Performance-based options outstanding at March 31, 2021												1,841,779		$	64.62			9.0	$	36.2
Performance-based options exercisable at March 31, 2021												23,051		$	13.81			1.4	$	1.6

The performance criteria for all outstanding performance-based stock options under the 2007 SIP and the 2013 SIP was met on June 7, 2018, resulting in the vesting of all outstanding performance-based stock options under the 2007 SIP and the 2013 SIP on this date.

~~During the nine months ended September 30,~~In 2020, 1,500,000 performance-based stock options (“Performance Option Award”) were granted under the 2018 EIP with an exercise price of $65.26. The vesting conditions for the Performance Option Award are based on the Company’s performance on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) with 750,000 shares available to vest when the Company’s per share closing price on the NYSE meets or exceeds $110.94, or 1.7 times the exercise price, for ten consecutive trading days, and the remaining 750,000 shares are available to vest when the Company’s per share closing price on the NYSE meets or exceeds $130.52, or 2.0 times the exercise price, for ten consecutive trading days. The Performance Option Award has a minimum time-based vesting period of 3 years. The vesting conditions must be achieved prior to May 8, 2025, or any unvested portion of the Performance Option Award will terminate. A Monte Carlo simulation model was used to determine the fair value of these performance-based stock options. The Monte Carlo model utilizes multiple input variables that determine the probability of satisfying the market conditions stipulated in the award. We have estimated an expected term of 5.3 years, based on the vesting period and contractual term.

The remaining performance-based stock options granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2020, under the 2018 EIP primarily include vesting conditions based on migrations of customers to Dayforce. There are 2 tranches of stock options, in which the vesting conditions must be met either prior to September 13, 2021, or September 13, 2022.

As of ~~September 30, 2020~~March 31, 2021, there was ~~$26.2~~$22.4 million of share-based compensation expense related to unvested performance-based stock option awards not yet recognized, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of ~~2.5~~3.0 years.

Term-based stock option activity under the 2007 SIP, the 2013 SIP, and the 2018 EIP ~~for the period~~ was as follows:

	Shares			Weighted Average Exercise Price (per share)			Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions)		Shares			Weighted Average Exercise Price (per share)			Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)		Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in millions)
Term-based options outstanding at December 31, 2019		13,144,937		$	29.74			7.8	$	501.3
Term-based options outstanding at December 31, 2020												10,983,074		$	40.47			7.8	$	725.9
Granted		2,262,708			65.82			—		—		399,388			80.95			—		—
Exercised		(3,033,856	)		(20.23	)		—		—		(273,516	)		(28.82	)		—		—
Forfeited or expired		(500,715	)		(28.60	)		—		—		(30,061	)		(51.12	)		—		—
Term-based options outstanding at September 30, 2020		11,873,074		$	39.09			8.0	$	517.2
Term-based options exercisable at September 30, 2020		3,681,857		$	26.98			7.0	$	205.0
Term-based options outstanding at March 31, 2021												11,078,885		$	42.19			7.7	$	466.4
Term-based options exercisable at March 31, 2021												4,227,029		$	32.90			7.0	$	217.0

As of ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, there was ~~$95.9~~$87.2 million of share-based compensation expense related to unvested term-based stock options not yet recognized, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of ~~1.9~~1.8 years.

RSU activity under the 2013 SIP and the 2018 EIP ~~for the period~~ was as follows:

During the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2020, 215,441~~March 31, 2021, 160,620 RSUs vested. As of ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, there were ~~946,484~~1,522,974 unvested RSUs outstanding and ~~422,635~~556,892 vested RSUs outstanding. ~~RSUs generally vest annually over a one-, three-, or~~ ~~four-year~~ ~~period.~~ As of ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, there was ~~$45.4~~$95.1 million of share-based compensation expense related to unvested RSUs not yet recognized, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.8 years.

~~During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, 145,017 PSUs were granted~~PSU activity under the 2018 EIP ~~and 3,464 PSUs were forfeited and cancelled.~~was as follows:

The vesting conditions for the PSUs ~~are~~granted in 2020 were based on the Company’s performance ~~against~~criteria, including Cloud revenue and adjusted EBITDA margin goals under ~~the Company’s~~Ceridian HCM Holding Inc. 2020 Management Incentive Plan (the “2020 MIP”) for the incentive period of January 1, 2020 through December 31, 2020. The vesting conditions for the PSUs granted in connection with the 2020 MIP were not met for the incentive period and as a result, the PSUs did not vest and were cancelled.

The vesting conditions for the PSUs granted in 2021 are based on the Company’s performance criteria, including Cloud revenue and adjusted EBITDA margin goals under Ceridian HCM Holding Inc. 2021 Management Incentive Plan (the “2021 MIP”) for the incentive period of January 1, 2021 through December 31, 2021. The maximum incentive vesting of PSUs may not exceed ~~125%~~150% under the ~~2020~~2021 MIP. Both the Cloud revenue and adjusted EBITDA margin goals are calculated based on the Company’s operating results, adjusted for foreign currency and interest rate impacts plus other unique impacts as approved by the Compensation Committee or the Board of Directors. Upon vesting of a PSU, a participant will receive shares of common stock of the Company. The probability

of vesting of PSUs will continue to be evaluated throughout the period, and share-based compensation expense will be recognized in accordance with that probability. As of ~~September 30, 2020~~March 31, 2021, there was ~~$10.0~~$23.6 million of share-based compensation expense related to unvested PSUs not yet recognized.

On November 9, 2018, the Board of Directors approved the Ceridian HCM Holding Inc. Global Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“GESPP”), and the Company’s stockholders approved the GESPP on May 1, 2019. The GESPP authorizes the issuance of up to 2,500,000 shares of common stock to eligible participants through purchases via payroll deductions. A total of ~~2,102,709~~2,015,544 shares of common stock are available for future issuances under the plan at ~~September 30, 2020.~~March 31, 2021. The purchase price is the lower of (i) 85% of the fair market value of a share of common stock on the offering date (the first trading day of the offering period commencing on January 1 and concluding on December 31) or (ii) 85% of the fair market value of a share of common stock on the purchase date. The GESPP shall continue for ten years, unless terminated sooner as provided under the GESPP. ~~During 2020 and subsequent years, quarterly~~Quarterly purchase periods commence on January 1, April 1, July 1, and October ~~1. Shares~~1 and shares are purchased on the last trading day of the respective purchase periods.

Recurring revenue includes float revenue of $10.7 million and ~~Bureau offerings.~~$19.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021, and 2020, respectively.

Three Months Ended September 30,

Nine Months Ended September 30,

2020

2019

2020

2019

(Dollars in millions)

Revenue:

Cloud

Dayforce

Recurring services

$
122.7

$
109.4

$
369.3

$
314.7

Professional services and other

35.1

34.3

108.8

96.3

Total Dayforce revenue

157.8

143.7

478.1

411.0

Powerpay

Recurring services

18.6

21.6

56.6

64.0

Professional services and other

0.3

0.2

0.8

0.8

Total Powerpay revenue

18.9

21.8

57.4

64.8

Total Cloud revenue

176.7

165.5

535.5

475.8

Bureau

Recurring services

26.8

36.4

82.8

125.0

Professional services and other

0.9

0.4

1.4

1.5

Total Bureau revenue

27.7

36.8

84.2

126.5

Total revenue

$
204.4

$
202.3

$
619.7

$
602.3

Recurring services revenue includes float revenue of $10.6 million and $18.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020, and 2019, respectively, and $41.7 million and $62.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, and 2019, respectively.

The Company records a contract asset when revenue recognized for professional service performance obligations exceed the contractual amount of billings for implementation related professional services. Contract assets were ~~$53.4~~$56.8 million and ~~$43.2~~$55.2 million as of ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, and December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, respectively. Contract assets expected to be recognized in revenue within twelve months are included within Prepaid expenses and other current assets, with the remaining contract assets included within Other assets on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Deferred revenue primarily consists of payments received in advance of revenue recognition. The changes in deferred revenue were as follows:

	Nine Months Ended September 30,						Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019			2021			2020
	(Dollars in millions)						(Dollars in millions)
Deferred revenue, beginning of period	$	25.5		$	23.2		$	24.4		$	25.5
New billings		313.2			262.0			100.6			85.7
Acquired billings								14.3			—
Revenue recognized		(312.4	)		(258.0	)		(95.4	)		(83.6	)
Effect of exchange rate		(0.2	)		—			(0.2	)		(0.8	)
Deferred revenue, end of period	$	26.1		$	27.2		$	43.7		$	26.8

In accordance with ASC Topic 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers,” the following represents the aggregate amount of transaction price allocated to the remaining performance obligations that are unsatisfied as of the end of the reporting period. As of ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, approximately ~~$926.1~~$914.5 million of revenue is expected to be recognized over the next three years from remaining performance obligations, which represents contracted revenue for recurring services and fixed price professional services, primarily implementation services, that has not yet been recognized, including deferred revenue and unbilled amounts that will be recognized as revenue in future periods. In accordance with the practical expedient provided in ASC Topic 606, performance obligations that are billed and recognized as they are delivered, primarily professional services contracts that are on a time and materials basis, are excluded from the transaction price for remaining performance obligations disclosed above.

	Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment			Unrealized Gain (Loss) from Invested Customer Trust Funds			Pension Liability Adjustment			Total			Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment			Unrealized Gain (Loss) from Invested Customer Funds			Pension Liability Adjustment			Total
	(Dollars in millions)												(Dollars in millions)
Balance as of December 31, 2019	$	(178.4	)	$	10.2		$	(170.2	)	$	(338.4	)
Balance as of December 31, 2020													$	(159.7	)	$	38.4		$	(154.7	)	$	(276.0	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before income taxes and reclassifications		(14.7	)		43.3			—			28.6			11.0			(16.7	)		—			(5.7	)
Income tax expense		—			(11.6	)		(2.7	)		(14.3	)		—			4.4			(1.0	)		3.4
Reclassifications to earnings		—			—			9.9			9.9			—			—			3.8			3.8
Other comprehensive (loss) income		(14.7	)		31.7			7.2			24.2			11.0			(12.3	)		2.8			1.5
Balance as of September 30, 2020	$	(193.1	)	$	41.9		$	(163.0	)	$	(314.2	)
Balance as of March 31, 2021													$	(148.7	)	$	26.1		$	(151.9	)	$	(274.5	)

Our income tax provision represents federal, state, and international taxes on our income recognized for financial statement purposes and includes the effects of temporary differences between financial statement income and income recognized for tax return purposes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded for temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and the tax basis of assets and liabilities as adjusted for the expected benefits of utilizing net operating loss carryforwards. We record a valuation allowance to reduce our deferred tax assets to reflect the net deferred tax assets that we believe will be realized. In assessing the likelihood that we will be able to recover our deferred tax assets and the need for a valuation allowance, we consider all available evidence, both positive and negative, including historical levels of pre-tax book income, expiration of net operating losses, expectations and risks associated with estimates of future taxable income, and ongoing prudent and feasible tax planning strategies, as well as current tax laws. As of ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, we continue to record a valuation allowance of ~~$12.0~~$16.3 million against deferred tax assets primarily attributable to state net operating loss carryovers.

We recorded an income tax ~~benefit~~expense of ~~$5.7~~$6.6 million during the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2020, primarily attributable~~March 31, 2021, consisting of $7.3 million related to ~~tax benefits of $6.8~~non-deductible stock based compensation, $3.8 million ~~for a reduction in~~attributed to the base erosion anti-abuse tax (“BEAT”) in the U.S., ~~$2.8~~and $2.6 million ~~associated with share-based compensation, and~~of U.S state tax expense, partially offset by a ~~$2.3~~$2.6 million tax benefit from current operations, a $1.9 million reduction ~~associated with~~in tax expense attributable to unremitted foreign earnings, ~~partially offset by~~a $1.8 million tax ~~expense of $6.2 million, primarily~~reduction attributable to ~~$4.8 million in U.S. state taxes.~~the release of tax reserves, and other tax benefit items of $0.8 million.

There were 0 unrecognized tax benefits as of March 31, 2021. The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits as of ~~September 30, 2020, and~~ December 31, ~~2019,~~2020 were $1.8 million, including $0.3 million of accrued ~~interest,~~interest. We make adjustments to these reserves when facts and ~~$1.5 million, including $0.2~~circumstances change, such as the closing of tax audit or the refinement of an estimate. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, such differences will affect the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made and could have a material impact on our financial condition and operating results. For the period ended March 31, 2021, we released $1.8 million of ~~accrued interest, respectively. Of~~our reserve primarily attributable to the ~~total amount~~conclusion of ~~unrecognized~~foreign tax ~~benefits as of September 30, 2020, $1.8 million represents the amount that, if recognized, would favorably impact our effective income tax rate.~~audits. It is reasonable to expect that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits ~~will~~could change in the next twelve months; however, we do not expect the change to have a significant impact on our results of operations or financial condition.

We file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction, various states, and foreign jurisdictions. With a few exceptions, we are no longer subject to U.S. federal, state and local, or non-U.S. income tax examinations by tax authorities for years before ~~2015.~~

Lease Type	Balance Sheet Classification	September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019		Balance Sheet Classification	March 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
		(Dollars in millions)					(Dollars in millions)
ASSETS
Operating lease assets	Trade and other receivables, net	$	5.4	$	5.5	Trade and other receivables, net	$	2.8	$	5.4
Operating lease assets	Prepaid expenses and other current assets		2.2		1.2	Prepaid expenses and other current assets		2.3		2.2
Operating lease assets	Right of use lease asset		37.5		32.0	Right of use lease asset		35.4		27.9
Financing lease assets	Property, plant, and equipment, net		8.2		8.8	Property, plant, and equipment, net		9.2		8.0
Total lease assets		$	53.3	$	47.5		$	49.7	$	43.5
LIABILITIES
Current
Financing lease liabilities	Current portion of long-term debt	$	0.9	$	4.0	Current portion of long-term debt	$	1.3	$	0.4
Operating lease liabilities	Current portion of long-term lease liabilities		10.3		8.8	Current portion of long-term lease liabilities		14.9		10.5
Noncurrent
Financing lease liabilities	Long-term debt, less current portion		8.5		8.4	Long-term debt, less current portion		9.0		8.4
Operating lease liabilities	Long-term lease liabilities, less current portion		34.1		30.1	Long-term lease liabilities, less current portion		40.8		33.6
Total lease liabilities		$	53.8	$	51.3		$	66.0	$	52.9

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,						Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019			2020			2019			2021			2020
Lease Cost	(Dollars in millions)												(Dollars in millions)
Operating lease cost	$	2.4		$	4.2		$	7.0		$	12.6		$	1.2		$	2.3
Financing lease cost:
Depreciation of lease assets		0.2			—			0.6			—			0.3			0.2
Interest on lease liabilities		0.1			—			0.3			—			0.1			0.1
Sublease income		(1.1	)		(1.0	)		(3.2	)		(3.3	)		(0.6	)		(1.0	)
Total lease cost, net	$	1.6		$	3.2		$	4.7		$	9.3		$	1.0		$	1.6

We are subject to claims and a number of judicial and administrative proceedings considered normal in the course of our current and past operations, including employment-related disputes, contract disputes, disputes with our competitors, intellectual property disputes, government audits and proceedings, customer disputes, and tort claims. In some proceedings, the claimant seeks damages as well as other relief, which, if granted, would require substantial expenditures on our part.

Our general terms and conditions in customer contracts frequently include a provision indicating that we will indemnify and hold our customers harmless from and against any and all claims alleging that the services and materials furnished by us violate any third party’s patent, trade secret, copyright or other intellectual property right. We are not aware of any material pending litigation concerning these indemnifications.

Some of these matters raise difficult and complex factual and legal issues and are subject to many uncertainties, including the facts and circumstances of each particular action, and the jurisdiction, forum, and law under which each action is proceeding. Because of these complexities, final disposition of some of these proceedings may not occur for several years. As such, we are not always able to estimate the amount of our possible future liabilities, if any.

There can be no certainty that we may not ultimately incur charges in excess of presently established or future financial accruals or insurance coverage. Although occasional adverse decisions or settlements may occur, it is management’s opinion that the final disposition of these proceedings will not, considering the merits of the claims and available resources or reserves and insurance, and based upon the facts and circumstances currently known, have a material adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations.

We identified an isolated service incident on September 26, 2019, that resulted in duplicate payments for certain of our U.S. payroll customers totaling $18.8 million. During the year ended December 31, 2019, we recorded a loss of $11.2 million for the amount unrecovered, within selling, general, and administrative expense in our consolidated statement of operations. Our recovery efforts continued through the second quarter of 2020, resulting in collections of $0.4 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2020, which was recognized as a reduction to selling, general, and administrative expense. We are no longer pursuing collection efforts of the remaining amount unrecovered.

We provide services to FleetCor Technologies Inc. (“FleetCor Technologies”) a related party due to a shared board member, through certain commercial arrangements entered into in the ordinary course of business, which include provision of Dayforce services and other administrative services. For these services, we have recorded revenue of ~~$0.2~~$0.1 million and $0.3 million for the three months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2021, and 2020, ~~and 2019, respectively, and $0.7 million and $0.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, and 2019~~ respectively.

We are party to a service agreement with The Dun and Bradstreet Corporation (“Dun and Bradstreet”), a related party due to certain shared board members. Pursuant to the service agreement, we made payments to Dun and Bradstreet totaling ~~$0.4~~$0.3 million for the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2020.~~March 31, 2021.

We provide Dayforce and related services to The Stronach Group, for which we recorded revenue of $0.1 million ~~and $0.2 million~~ for the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2020, and 2019, respectively.~~March 31, 2020. The brother of our chief executive officer iswas the chief executive officer, and is currently a minority shareholder, of The Stronach Group.

We provide Dayforce and related services to Verve Senior Living, for which we recorded revenue of $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020. Our chief executive officer and the brother of our chief executive officer are currently minority shareholders of Verve Senior Living.

We provide payroll-related tax filings services to Fidelity National Financial, Inc. (“FNF”), a related party ~~until August 2019~~ due to ~~certain~~a shared board ~~members,~~member, for which we recorded revenue of $0.1 million ~~and $0.3 million~~ for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2019, respectively.~~March 31, 2020.

We provide Dayforce and related services to certain investment portfolio companies of THL Managers VI, LLC and Cannae Holdings, Inc., which are considered related parties due to certain shared board members. Revenue from these related parties was as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,				Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020		2019		2020		2019		2021		2020
	(Dollars in millions)								(Dollars in millions)
American Blue Ribbon Holdings, LLC	$	0.4	$	0.5	$	1.2	$	1.4	$	0.3	$	0.5
Essex Technology Group, LLC		0.1		0.2		0.4		0.4		0.1		0.1
Guaranteed Rate, Inc.		0.3		0.2		0.6		0.7		0.4		0.2
HighTower Advisors		0.1		0.1		0.1		0.1
Ten-X, LLC		0.1		0.1		0.2		0.3
Philips Feed Services		0.1		0.1		0.2		0.2

We compute net income (loss) per share of common stock using the treasury stock method. The basic and diluted net income (loss) per share computations were calculated as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30,					Nine Months Ended September 30,				Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019		2020		2019		2021			2020
	(Dollars in millions, except share and per share data)									(Dollars in millions, except share and per share data)
Numerator:
Net (loss) income	$	(0.8	)	$	62.7	$	13.3	$	80.2	$	(19.2	)	$	8.6

Denominator:
Weighted-average shares outstanding - basic		147,141,403			142,780,819		145,798,169		141,369,339		148,716,050			144,645,325
Effect of dilutive equity instruments		—			6,372,408		6,307,550		6,910,604		—			6,533,173
Weighted-average shares outstanding - diluted		147,141,403			149,153,227		152,105,719		148,279,943		148,716,050			151,178,498

Net (loss) income per share - basic	$	(0.01	)	$	0.44	$	0.09	$	0.57	$	(0.13	)	$	0.06
Net (loss) income per share - diluted	$	(0.01	)	$	0.42	$	0.09	$	0.54	$	(0.13	)	$	0.06

The following potentially dilutive weighted-average shares were excluded from the calculation of diluted net income (loss) per share because their effect would have been anti-dilutive:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,				Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020		2019		2020		2019		2021		2020
Performance-based stock options		—		—		—		—
Term-based stock options		7,430,543		4,185,519		1,213,832		3,099,587
Stock options										5,448,133		121,381
Restricted stock units		767,683		11,957		15,502		12,821		518,939		21,869
Performance stock units		385,240		—		—		—		604,193		—

24The shares underlying the conversion option in the Notes were not considered in the calculation of diluted net income (loss) per share as the effect would have been anti-dilutive. Based on the initial conversion price, the entire outstanding principal amount of the Notes as of March 31, 2021 would have been convertible into approximately 4.3 million shares of our common stock. Since we expect to settle the principle amount of the Notes in cash, we use the treasury stock method for calculating any potential dilutive effect on diluted net income per share, if applicable. As a result, only the amount by which the conversion value exceeds the aggregate principal amount of the Notes (the “conversion spread”) is considered in the diluted earnings per share computation. The conversion spread has a dilutive impact on diluted net income per share when the average market price of our common stock for a given period exceeds the initial conversion price of $132.20 per share for the Notes. We excluded the potentially dilutive effect of the conversion spread of the Notes as the average market price of our common stock during the three months ended March 31, 2021 was less than the conversion price of the Notes. In connection with the issuance of the Notes, we entered into Capped Calls, which were not included for purposes of calculating the number of diluted shares outstanding, as their effect would have been anti-dilutive.

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following is a discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations as of, and for, the periods presented. You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this report and in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February ~~28, 2020~~26, 2021 (our ~~“2019~~“2020 Form 10-K”). This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements, including ~~statement~~statements regarding industry outlook, our expectations for the future of our business, and our liquidity and capital resources as well as other non-historical statements. These statements are based on current expectations and are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including but not limited to the risks and uncertainties described in Part II, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” Our actual results may differ materially from those contained in or implied by these forward-looking statements. Any reference to a “Note” in this discussion relates to the accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report unless otherwise indicated.

Ceridian is a global human capital management (“HCM”) software company. We categorize our solutions into two categories: Cloud and Bureau solutions. Cloud revenue is generated from HCM solutions that are delivered via two cloud offerings: Dayforce, our flagship cloud HCM platform, and Powerpay, a cloud HRhuman resources (“HR”) and payroll solution for the Canadian small business market. We also continue to support customers using our legacy North America Bureau solutions, which we generally stopped actively selling to new customers following the acquisition of Dayforce in ~~2012.~~2012, and customers using our acquired Bureau solutions. Revenue from our Cloud and Bureau solutions include an allocation of investment income generated from holding customer funds ~~in trust~~ before funds are remitted to taxing authorities, also referred to as float revenue or float. We invest in maintenance and necessary updates to support our Bureau customers and continue to migrate them to Dayforce.

Dayforce provides HR, payroll, benefits, workforce management, and talent management functionality. Our platform is used by organizations, regardless of industry or size, to optimize management of the entire employee lifecycle, including attracting, engaging, paying, deploying, and developing their people. Dayforce was built as a single application from the ground up that combines a modern, consumer-grade user experience with proprietary application architecture, including a single employee record and a rules engine spanning all areas of HCM. Dayforce provides continuous real-time calculations across all modules to enable, for example, payroll administrators access to data through the entire pay period, and managers access to real-time data to optimize work schedules. Our platform is designed to make work life better for our customers and their employees by improving HCM decision-making processes, streamlining workflows, revealing strategic organizational insights, and simplifying legislative compliance. The platform is designed to ease administrative work for both employees and managers, creating opportunities for companies to increase employee engagement. We are a founder-led organization, and our culture combines the agility and innovation of a start-up with a history of deep domain and operational expertise.

In 2020, we launched the Dayforce Wallet in the U.S., which gives our customers’ employees greater control over their financial well-being by providing them with instant access to their earnings. This on-demand pay feature allows employees more choice over when they get paid by making any day payday. Dayforce Wallet enables workers to access their already-earned wages anytime during the pay period, net of taxes, withholdings and other payroll deductions. Leveraging Dayforce’s continuous pay calculations, Dayforce Wallet processes a same-day payroll each time a worker requests their pay. The solution is compliant with federal, state, and local remittances and requires no changes to employers’ payroll processing including the funding, timing, and close-out of pay. The on-demand wages are loaded onto a paycard, which customers’ employees can use anywhere credit or debit cards are accepted, generating interchange fee revenue.

We sell Dayforce through our direct sales force on a subscription per-employee, per-month (“PEPM”) basis. Our subscriptions are typically structured with an initial fixed term of between three and five years, with evergreen renewal thereafter. Dayforce can serve customers of all sizes, ranging from 100 to over 100,000 employees. We have rapidly grown the Dayforce platform to ~~4,704~~5,039 live Dayforce customers as of ~~September 30, 2020.~~March 31, 2021. For the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, we added ~~101 and 341~~133 net new live Dayforce ~~customers, respectively.~~customers.

Our business model focuses on supporting the rapid growth of Dayforce and maximizing the lifetime value of our Dayforce customer relationships. Due to our subscription model, where we recognize subscription revenues ratably over the term of the subscription period, and high customer retention rates, we have historically had a high level of visibility into our future revenues. The profitability of a customer depends, in large part, on how long they have been a customer. WBecause in our current business model, PEPM subscription fees are not charged until the customer goes live, and because we incur costs in advance of receiving PEPM revenue that are not offset by our implementation fees, wee estimate that it takes approximately two

years before we are able to recover our implementation, customer acquisition, and other direct costs on a new Dayforce customer contract.

Over the lifetime of the customer relationship, we have the opportunity to realize additional PEPM revenue, both as the customer grows or rolls out the Dayforce solution to additional employees, and also by selling additional functionality to existing customers that do not currently utilize our full platform. We also incur costs to manage the account, to retain customers, and to sell additional functionality. These costs, however, are significantly less than the costs initially incurred to acquire and to implement the customer.

In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of coronavirus (COVID-19) to be a pandemic. The global spread of the COVID-19 pandemic has ~~created significant~~continued to create global volatility, uncertainty, and economic disruption. We have experienced and may continue to experience curtailed customer demand, primarily as a result of declining employment levels at our customers in certain sectors, such as retail and hospitality, as well as lower customer utilization of professional ~~services and customer delays in implementation~~ services, due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, the federal funds rate cuts by the U.S. Federal Reserve and the overnight rate target by the Bank of Canada have had and will continue to have negative effects on our float revenue. The broader implications of the pandemic on our results of operations and overall financial performance remain uncertain. Please refer to the “Results of ~~Operations~~Operations” section below for further discussion of the financial impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic during the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2020. Please refer to Part II, Item 1A Risk Factors for further discussion~~March 31, 2021.

On March 1, 2021, we completed the purchase of 100% of the ~~potential impact~~outstanding shares of Ascender HCM Pty Ltd (“Ascender”), a payroll and HR solutions provider in the Asia Pacific Japan region, for $359.6 million. The financial results of Ascender have been included in our consolidated results of operations from the acquisition date forward and are classified within both Cloud and Bureau solutions based on nature of services provided.

In March, 2021, we issued $575.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 0.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2026 (the “Notes”), including the exercise in full by the initial purchasers of the ~~pandemic on our business.~~Notes of their option to purchase an additional $75.0 million principal amount of the Notes.

On May 29, 2020, we completed the purchase of 100% of the outstanding shares of Excelity Global Solutions Pte. Ltd. (“Excelity”) for $77.2 million. Excelity is a payroll and HR solutions provider in the Asia Pacific region.

In assessing our performance, we consider a variety of performance indicators in addition to revenue and net income. Set forth below is a description of our key performance measures.

We use the number of customers live on Dayforce as an indicator of future revenue and the overall performance of the business and to assess the performance of our implementation services. We had ~~4,704~~5,039 customers live on Dayforce as of ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, compared to ~~4,169~~4,480 customers live on Dayforce as of ~~September 30, 2019.~~March 31, 2020.

We present revenue on a constant currency basis to assess how our underlying business performed, excluding the effect of foreign currency rate ~~fluctuations. We~~fluctuations, which we believe this non-GAAP financial measure is useful to management and investors. We have calculated revenue on a constant currency basis by applying the average foreign exchange rate in effect during the comparable prior period. The average U.S. dollar to Canadian dollar foreign exchange rate was $1.27, with a daily range of $1.24 to $1.29, for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to $1.34, with a daily range of $1.30 to $1.45 for the three months ended March 31, 2020. As of March 31, 2021, the U.S. dollar to Canadian dollar foreign exchange rate was $1.26.

We believe that Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin, non-GAAP financial measures, are useful to management and investors as supplemental measures to evaluate our overall operating performance. Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin are components of our management incentive plan and are used by management to assess performance and to compare our operating performance to our competitors. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income or loss before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization, as adjusted to exclude foreign exchange gain (loss) ~~on assets and liabilities held in a foreign currency other than the functional currency of a company subsidiary,~~, share-based compensation expense and related employer taxes, severance charges, restructuring consulting fees, and certain other non-recurring charges. Adjusted EBITDA margin is determined by calculating the percentage that Adjusted EBITDA is of total revenue. Management believes that Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin are helpful in highlighting management performance trends because Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin exclude the results of decisions that are outside the normal course of our business operations. Please refer to the ~~“Results~~“Results of Operations” section below for a discussion of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin.

Three Months Ended ~~September 30, 2020~~March 31, 2021 Compared With Three Months Ended ~~September 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020

	Three Months Ended																		Three Months Ended
	September 30,						Increase/ (Decrease)						% of Revenue						March 31,						Increase/ (Decrease)						% of Revenue
	2020			2019			Amount			%			2020			2019			2021			2020			Amount			%			2021			2020
	(Dollars in millions)																		(Dollars in millions)
Revenue:
Recurring services
Recurring
Cloud	$	141.3		$	131.0		$	10.3			7.9	%		69.1	%		64.8	%	$	165.6		$	149.9		$	15.7			10.5	%		70.6	%		67.3	%
Bureau		26.8			36.4			(9.6	)		(26.4	)%		13.1	%		18.0	%		30.4			31.6			(1.2	)		(3.8	)%		13.0	%		14.2	%
Total recurring services		168.1			167.4			0.7			0.4	%		82.2	%		82.7	%
Total recurring																				196.0			181.5			14.5			8.0	%		83.6	%		81.5	%
Professional services and other		36.3			34.9			1.4			4.0	%		17.8	%		17.3	%		38.5			41.2			(2.7	)		(6.6	)%		16.4	%		18.5	%
Total revenue		204.4			202.3			2.1			1.0	%		100.0	%		100.0	%		234.5			222.7			11.8			5.3	%		100.0	%		100.0	%
Cost of revenue:
Recurring services
Recurring
Cloud		41.8			39.0			2.8			7.2	%		20.5	%		19.3	%		46.1			41.0			5.1			12.4	%		19.7	%		18.4	%
Bureau		12.5			10.4			2.1			20.2	%		6.1	%		5.1	%		13.6			11.2			2.4			21.4	%		5.8	%		5.0	%
Total recurring services		54.3			49.4			4.9			9.9	%		26.6	%		24.4	%
Total recurring																				59.7			52.2			7.5			14.4	%		25.5	%		23.4	%
Professional services and other		40.2			37.6			2.6			6.9	%		19.7	%		18.6	%		44.7			42.6			2.1			4.9	%		19.1	%		19.1	%
Product development and management		22.9			17.5			5.4			30.9	%		11.2	%		8.7	%		25.8			17.6			8.2			46.6	%		11.0	%		7.9	%
Depreciation and amortization		10.3			9.0			1.3			14.4	%		5.0	%		4.4	%		11.1			9.8			1.3			13.3	%		4.7	%		4.4	%
Total cost of revenue		127.7			113.5			14.2			12.5	%		62.5	%		56.1	%		141.3			122.2			19.1			15.6	%		60.3	%		54.9	%
Gross profit		76.7			88.8			(12.1	)		(13.6	)%		37.5	%		43.9	%		93.2			100.5			(7.3	)		(7.3	)%		39.7	%		45.1	%
Selling, general, and administrative		77.3			82.3			(5.0	)		(6.1	)%		37.8	%		40.7	%		95.6			74.2			21.4			28.8	%		40.8	%		33.3	%
Operating (loss) profit		(0.6	)		6.5			(7.1	)		(109.2	)%		(0.3	)%		3.2	%		(2.4	)		26.3			(28.7	)		(109.1	)%		(1.0	)%		11.8	%
Interest expense, net		5.9			7.8			(1.9	)		(24.4	)%		2.9	%		3.9	%		5.6			6.9			(1.3	)		(18.8	)%		2.4	%		3.1	%
Other (income) expense, net		(0.2	)		1.6			(1.8	)		(112.5	)%		(0.1	)%		0.8	%
Loss before income taxes		(6.3	)		(2.9	)		(3.4	)		(117.2	)%		(3.1	)%		(1.4	)%
Income tax benefit		(5.5	)		(65.6	)		60.1			91.6	%		(2.7	)%		(32.4	)%
Other expense, net																				4.6			2.6			2.0			76.9	%		2.0	%		1.2	%
(Loss) income before income taxes																				(12.6	)		16.8			(29.4	)		(175.0	)%		(5.4	)%		7.5	%
Income tax expense																				6.6			8.2			(1.6	)		(19.5	)%		2.8	%		3.7	%
Net (loss) income	$	(0.8	)	$	62.7		$	(63.5	)		(101.3	)%		(0.4	)%		31.0	%	$	(19.2	)	$	8.6		$	(27.8	)		(323.3	)%		(8.2	)%		3.9	%
Adjusted EBITDA (a)	$	33.2		$	46.4		$	(13.2	)		(28.4	)%		16.2	%		22.9	%	$	44.5		$	55.2		$	(10.7	)		(19.4	)%		19.0	%		24.8	%
Adjusted EBITDA margin (a)		16.2	%		22.9	%		(6.7	)%		(29.3	)%								19.0	%		24.8	%		(5.8	)%		(23.4	)%

Revenue. The following table sets forth certain information regarding our revenues for the ~~three months ended September 30, 2020, compared with the three months ended September 30, 2019.~~periods presented:

	Three Months Ended September 30,				Percentage change in revenue as reported			Impact of changes in foreign currency (a)			Percentage change in revenue on constant currency basis (a)			Three Months Ended March 31,				Percentage change in revenue as reported			Impact of changes in foreign currency (a)			Percentage change in revenue on constant currency basis (a)
	2020		2019		2020 vs. 2019						2020 vs. 2019			2021		2020		2021 vs. 2020						2021 vs. 2020
	(Dollars in millions)													(Dollars in millions)
Revenue:
Dayforce recurring services, excluding float	$	115.1	$	97.6		17.9	%		(—	)%		17.9	%
Dayforce recurring, excluding float														$	137.6	$	114.0		20.7	%		1.5	%		19.2	%
Dayforce float		7.6		11.8		(35.6	)%		(—	)%		(35.6	)%		7.7		14.1		(45.4	)%		0.7	%		(46.1	)%
Total Dayforce recurring services		122.7		109.4		12.2	%		(—	)%		12.2	%
Powerpay recurring services, excluding float		16.7		18.6		(10.2	)%		(0.5	)%		(9.7	)%
Total Dayforce recurring															145.3		128.1		13.4	%		1.4	%		12.0	%
Powerpay recurring, excluding float															18.4		19.0		(3.2	)%		5.2	%		(8.4	)%
Powerpay float		1.9		3.0		(36.7	)%		(—	)%		(36.7	)%		1.9		2.8		(32.1	)%		3.6	%		(35.7	)%
Total Powerpay recurring services		18.6		21.6		(13.9	)%		(0.5	)%		(13.4	)%
Total Cloud recurring services		141.3		131.0		7.9	%		(—	)%		7.9	%
Total Powerpay recurring															20.3		21.8		(6.9	)%		5.0	%		(11.9	)%
Total Cloud recurring															165.6		149.9		10.5	%		2.0	%		8.5	%
Dayforce professional services and other		35.1		34.3		2.3	%		(—	)%		2.3	%		36.8		40.7		(9.6	)%		2.2	%		(11.8	)%
Powerpay professional services and other		0.3		0.2		50.0	%		(—	)%		50.0	%		0.3		0.3		(—	)%		33.3	%		(33.3	)%
Total Cloud professional services and other		35.4		34.5		2.6	%		(—	)%		2.6	%		37.1		41.0		(9.5	)%		2.5	%		(12.0	)%
Total Cloud revenue		176.7		165.5		6.8	%		(—	)%		6.8	%		202.7		190.9		6.2	%		2.1	%		4.1	%
Bureau recurring services, excluding float		25.7		32.9		(21.9	)%		(—	)%		(21.9	)%
Bureau recurring, excluding float															29.3		28.9		1.4	%		1.4	%		(—	)%
Bureau float		1.1		3.5		(68.6	)%		(—	)%		(68.6	)%		1.1		2.7		(59.3	)%		(—	)%		(59.3	)%
Total Bureau recurring services		26.8		36.4		(26.4	)%		(—	)%		(26.4	)%
Total Bureau recurring															30.4		31.6		(3.8	)%		1.3	%		(5.1	)%
Bureau professional services and other		0.9		0.4		125.0	%		(—	)%		125.0	%		1.4		0.2		600.0	%		(—	)%		600.0	%
Total Bureau revenue		27.7		36.8		(24.7	)%		(—	)%		(24.7	)%		31.8		31.8		(—	)%		1.3	%		(1.3	)%
Total revenue	$	204.4	$	202.3		1.0	%		(0.1	)%		1.1	%	$	234.5	$	222.7		5.3	%		1.9	%		3.4	%

Dayforce	$	157.8	$	143.7		9.8	%		(—	)%		9.8	%	$	182.1	$	168.8		7.9	%		1.6	%		6.3	%
Powerpay		18.9		21.8		(13.3	)%		(0.5	)%		(12.8	)%		20.6		22.1		(6.8	)%		5.4	%		(12.2	)%
Total Cloud revenue	$	176.7	$	165.5		6.8	%		(—	)%		6.8	%	$	202.7	$	190.9		6.2	%		2.1	%		4.1	%

Dayforce, excluding float	$	150.2	$	131.9		13.9	%		(—	)%		13.9	%	$	174.4	$	154.7		12.7	%		1.6	%		11.1	%
Powerpay, excluding float		17.0		18.8		(9.6	)%		(0.6	)%		(9.0	)%		18.7		19.3		(3.1	)%		5.7	%		(8.8	)%
Cloud revenue, excluding float		167.2		150.7		10.9	%		(0.1	)%		11.0	%		193.1		174.0		11.0	%		2.1	%		8.9	%
Cloud float		9.5		14.8		(35.8	)%		(—	)%		(35.8	)%		9.6		16.9		(43.2	)%		1.2	%		(44.4	)%
Total Cloud revenue	$	176.7	$	165.5		6.8	%		(—	)%		6.8	%	$	202.7	$	190.9		6.2	%		2.1	%		4.1	%

Total revenue increased $2.1 million, or 1.0%, to $204.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020, compared to $202.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019. This increase was primarily attributable to an increase in Cloud revenue of $11.2 million, or 6.8%, from $165.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019, to $176.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020. The increase in Cloud revenue was partially offset by a decline in Bureau revenue of $9.1 million, or 24.7%. The Cloud revenue increase was driven by an increase of $10.3 million, or 7.9%, in Cloud recurring services revenue, and $0.9 million, or 2.6%, in Cloud professional services and other revenue. The increase in Cloud recurring services revenue of $10.3 million was due to $10.5 million from new customers, add-ons, and revenue uplift from migrations of Bureau customers, net of customer losses and $5.1 million from the migration of Bureau customers, partially offset by a $5.3 million decline in float revenue related to Cloud recurring services revenue.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had an adverse impact on our revenue streams during the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, primarily in the form of lower employment levels at our customers, lower float revenue resulting from reductions in the U.S. Federal Reserve federal funds rate and the Bank of Canada overnight rate target, lower average float balances for our customer ~~trust~~ funds, and lower demand for professional ~~services, and customer delays in implementation~~ services, among other effects. We estimate the impact of lower employment levels at our customers was an approximately ~~$10~~$7.5 million decline to our revenue for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, of which approximately $8$6 million was related to Dayforce and approximately $2$1.5 million was related to Powerpay. In addition, we estimate the impact to float revenue was approximately $6$9.0 million for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020. Of the approximately $6 million impact on float revenue, approximately $4 million~~March 31, 2021 and was due to rate reductions during the first quarter of ~~2020, and approximately $2~~2020.

Total revenue increased $11.8 million, ~~was due~~or 5.3%, to ~~lower average float balances for our customer trust funds.~~

~~Cloud revenue was $176.7~~$234.5 million for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020, an increase of $11.2~~March 31, 2021, compared to $222.7 million ~~or 6.8%, compared to~~for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019.~~ March 31, 2020. This increase was primarily attributable to an increase in Cloud revenue of $11.8 million, or 6.2%, from $190.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020, to $202.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021. Bureau revenue remained flat at $31.8 million, which included $4.6 million of Ascender revenue and $7.1 million of Excelity revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2021. The Cloud revenue increase was driven by an increase of $15.7 million,

or 10.5%, in Cloud recurring revenue, partially offset by a decline of $3.9 million, or 9.5%, in Cloud professional services and other revenue.

Excluding float revenue and on a constant currency basis, total revenue grew 8.2%, reflecting an 8.9% increase in Cloud revenue and a 4.1% increase in Bureau revenue. Excluding float revenue and on a constant currency basis, Cloud revenue growth reflected a 15.3% increase in Cloud recurring revenue and a 12.0% decline in Cloud professional services and other revenue.

Dayforce revenue increased ~~9.8%~~7.9%, and Powerpay revenue declined ~~13.3%~~6.8% for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, as compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019.~~March 31, 2020. Powerpay is designed primarily for small market Canadian customers, which typically have fewer than 20 employees, and these customers have been more adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic than larger Dayforce customers. ~~Our new business sales to Dayforce and Powerpay customers comprised approximately 54% of our increase in Cloud revenue for~~For the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020, and approximately 46% consisted of customer migrations to~~March 31, 2021, Ascender revenue included within Dayforce from our Bureau solutions. The percentage of new business sales compared to customer migrations was adversely affected by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our revenues, as our new business sales to Dayforce and Powerpay customers comprised approximately 85% of our increase in Cloud revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2019, and approximately 15% consisted of customer migrations to Dayforce from our Bureau solutions.

~~The decrease of new business sales from the comparable period, which comprised approximately 85% of our increase in Cloud~~ revenue was due to the adverse effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on our revenues. As we migrate our Bureau customers to Dayforce, we typically experience a revenue increase from such customers, driven by increased product density on the Dayforce platform.

Bureau revenue declined $9.1 million, or 24.7%, for the three months ended September 30, 2020, which included approximately $7 million of Excelity revenue. Of the $9.1 million decline, approximately 56% was attributable to customer migrations to Dayforce. Excluding the impact of migrations to Dayforce, Bureau revenue declined by $4.0 million, or 10.9%, primarily attributable to a reduction of employment levels and float revenue due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Excluding float revenue and on a constant currency basis, total revenue grew 5.4%, reflecting an 11.0% increase in Cloud revenue, partially offset by a 20.1% decline in Bureau revenue. Excluding float revenue and on a constant currency basis, Cloud revenue growth reflected a 13.5% increase in Cloud recurring services revenue and a 2.6% increase in Cloud professional services and other revenue.$2.1 million. Excluding float revenue and on a constant currency basis, Dayforce revenue increased ~~13.9%~~11.1%, reflecting a ~~17.9%~~19.2% increase in Dayforce recurring ~~service~~ revenue ~~and a 2.3% increase~~partially offset by an 11.8% decline in Dayforce professional services and other revenue. Excluding float revenue and on a constant currency basis, Powerpay revenue declined ~~9.0%~~8.8%.

Float revenue included in recurring ~~services~~ revenue was ~~$10.6~~$10.7 million and ~~$18.3~~$19.6 million for the three months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2021, and 2020, ~~and 2019,~~ respectively. Float revenue allocated to Cloud revenue was ~~$9.5~~$9.6 million and ~~$14.8~~$16.9 million ~~respectively,~~ for the three months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2021, and 2020, ~~and 2019,~~ respectively. The average float balance for our customer ~~trust~~ funds for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, was ~~$2,745.1~~$4,331.9 million, compared to ~~$3,117.5~~$4,093.3 million for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019.~~March 31, 2020, an increase of 5.8%. On a constant currency basis, the average float balance for our customer ~~trust~~ funds for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020, declined 11.6%~~March 31, 2021, increased 1.7% compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019. This decline was primarily attributable to lower payroll balances and associated tax payments as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic impact to employment levels at our customers.~~March 31, 2020. The average yield was ~~1.52%~~1.02% during the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, a decline of 8191 basis points compared to the average yield during the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019, primarily due to reductions in the U.S. Federal Reserve federal funds rate and the Bank of Canada overnight rate target.~~March 31, 2020. For the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020 and 2019,~~March 31, 2021, approximately ~~39%~~30% of our average float balance consisted of ~~Canadian~~international customer ~~trust funds. Based on current market conditions, portfolio composition and investment practices, a 100 basis point change in market investment rates would result in~~funds, compared to approximately ~~$17 million of change in float revenue over~~31% for the ~~ensuing twelve month period. There are no incremental costs of revenue associated with changes in float revenue.~~three months ended March 31, 2020.

Cost of revenue. Total cost of revenue for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, was ~~$127.7~~$141.3 million, an increase of ~~$14.2~~$19.1 million, or ~~12.5%~~15.6%, compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019.~~March 31, 2020. Recurring ~~services~~ cost of revenue for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, increased ~~$4.9~~$7.5 million, or ~~9.9%~~14.4%, compared with the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, primarily due to additional costs related to global expansion, including Ascender costs classified among both Cloud and Bureau and Excelity ~~which is~~costs classified as a Bureau, ~~solution,~~ and costs to support the growing Dayforce customer base. Professional services and other cost of revenue increased ~~$2.6~~$2.1 million, or ~~6.9%~~4.9%, for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, primarily due to additional costs incurred to take new customers live.

Product development and management expense increased ~~$5.4~~$8.2 million for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, compared to the three months ended September 30, 2019. Excluding the impact of share-based compensation and related employer taxes, and severance expense; product development and management expense would have increased by $2.7 million. This adjustedMarch 31, 2020. The increase reflects additional personnel costs and Dayforce product development efforts that are not eligible for ~~capitalization.~~capitalization and additional stock-based compensation and severance costs. For the three months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2021, and 2020, ~~and 2019,~~ our investment in software development was ~~$19.7~~$26.2 million and ~~$17.4~~$17.2 million, respectively, consisting of ~~$9.4~~$15.2 million and ~~$8.7~~$8.1 million, of research and development expense, which is included within product development and management expense, and ~~$10.3~~$11.0 million and ~~$8.7~~$9.1 million in capitalized software development costs, respectively.

Depreciation and amortization expense associated with cost of revenue increased by $1.3 million for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, as we continue to capitalize Dayforce related and other development costs and subsequently to amortize these costs.

Gross profit. The following table presents total gross margin and solution gross margins for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019			2021			2020
Total gross margin		37.5	%		43.9	%		39.7	%		45.1	%
Gross margin by solution:
Cloud recurring services		70.4	%		70.2	%
Bureau recurring services		53.4	%		71.4	%
Cloud recurring								72.2	%		72.6	%
Bureau recurring								55.3	%		64.6	%
Professional services and other		(10.7	)%		(7.7	)%		(16.1	)%		(3.4	)%

Total gross margin is defined as total gross profit as a percentage of total revenue, inclusive of product development and management costs, as well as depreciation and amortization associated with cost of revenue. Gross margin for each solution in the

table above is defined as total revenue less cost of revenue for the applicable solution as a percentage of total revenue for that related solution, exclusive of any product development and management or depreciation and amortization cost allocations.

Total gross margin for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, declined ~~6.4%~~540 basis points compared to total gross margin for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, and gross profit declined by ~~$12.1~~$7.3 million, or ~~13.6%~~7.3%. The ~~$12.1~~$7.3 million decline in gross profit was primarily attributable to the ~~$7.7~~$8.9 million decline in float revenue for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019.~~March 31, 2020.

Cloud recurring ~~services~~gross margin was 72.2% for the three months ended March 31, 2021, compared to 72.6% for the three months ended March 31, 2020. Excluding float revenue, Cloud recurring gross margin was 70.4% for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, compared to ~~70.2%~~69.2% for the three months ended September 30, 2019. Excluding float revenue, Cloud recurring services gross margin was 68.3% for the three months ended September 30, 2020, compared to 66.4% for the three months ended September 30, 2019.March 31, 2020. The increase in Cloud recurring ~~services~~ gross margin, excluding float revenue, reflects an increase in the proportion of Dayforce customers live for more than two years, which increased from ~~68%~~70% as of ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, to ~~74%~~76% as of ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, and was also attributable to consistent configuration that has enabled us to continue to realize economies of scale in hosting and customer support. Bureau recurring ~~services~~ gross margin declined from ~~71.4%~~64.6% for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, to ~~53.4%~~55.3% for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, primarily due to lower Bureau recurring revenue, including lower high margin float revenue, as well as the ~~acquisition~~acquisitions of Excelity, which is classified as a Bureau ~~currently.~~solution, and Ascender, which has both Cloud and Bureau solutions. Professional services and other gross margin was ~~(10.7)~~(16.1)% for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, compared to ~~(7.7)~~(3.4)% for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, reflecting ~~additional costs incurred to take new customers live and~~ lower ~~utilization during~~revenue from clocks shipments of approximately $2 million. In the ~~COVID-19 pandemic.~~first quarter last year, revenue from clocks shipments was the highest quarter in our history.

Selling, general, and administrative expense. Selling, general, and administrative expense ~~was reduced by $5.0~~increased $21.4 million for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019.~~March 31, 2020. Excluding the impact of share-based compensation and related employer taxes, restructuring consulting fees, severance expense, and certain other non-recurring charges; selling, general, and administrative expenses would have increased by ~~$4.1~~$10.2 million. This adjusted increase reflects an increase of ~~$3.4~~$5.4 million in general and administrative expense and $4.8 million in sales and marketing expense, both of which are primarily driven by employee-related ~~costs, and $0.7 million in general and administrative expense, primarily customer list amortization expense.~~costs. Please refer to the ~~“Non-GAAP~~“Non-GAAP Measures” section for additional information on the excluded items.

Interest expense, net. Interest expense, net was ~~$5.9~~$5.6 million and ~~$7.8~~$6.9 million for the three months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2021, and 2020, ~~and 2019, respectively, which~~respectively. The decrease was primarily due to a reduction in ~~our term debt interest rate and a reduction in~~ LIBOR rates generally ~~partially offset by increased debt outstanding under~~as well as our ~~revolving credit facility. A 100 basis point change in LIBOR rates would result in an approximately $10 million change in our interest expense, net over the ensuing twelve-month period.~~ term loan repricing completed on February 19, 2020.

Other ~~(income)~~ expense, net. For the three months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2021, and 2020, ~~and 2019,~~ we ~~realized other income, net of $0.2 million and~~ incurred other expense, net of ~~$1.6~~$4.6 million and $2.6 million, respectively. Other ~~income,~~expense, net was primarily comprised of $2.2 million of net periodic pension expense, $1.9 million of foreign currency translation ~~gain, partially offset by net periodic pension expense~~loss, and $0.5 million of asset impairment charges for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020.~~March 31, 2021. For the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, other expense, net was primarily comprised of $1.8 million of foreign currency translation loss and $0.8 million of net periodic pension expense.

Income tax ~~benefit.~~expense. For the three months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2021, and 2020, ~~and 2019,~~ we recorded income tax ~~benefit~~expense of ~~$5.5~~$6.6 million and ~~$65.6~~$8.2 million, respectively. The ~~$60.1~~$1.6 million reduction in income tax ~~benefit~~expense was primarily due to the ~~$65.8~~$6.2 million tax benefit from ~~the release of valuation allowance recognized during the three months ended September 30, 2019, that was not repeated during the three months ended September 31, 2020,~~current operations and ~~other increases of $0.6~~a $1.9 million tax benefit attributable to unremitted foreign earnings, partially offset by a ~~$6.3~~$6.0 million ~~reduction~~tax expense increase attributable to ~~lower base erosion anti-abuse tax (“BEAT”) in the U.S.~~non-deductible stock-based compensation.

Net (loss) income. We realized net loss of ~~$0.8~~$19.2 million for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, compared to net income of ~~$62.7~~$8.6 million for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019, which included a one-time $65.8 million tax benefit.~~March 31, 2020.

Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA declined by ~~$13.2~~$10.7 million to ~~$33.2~~$44.5 million, for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, and Adjusted EBITDA margin was ~~16.2%~~19.0% for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, compared with Adjusted EBITDA margin of ~~22.9%~~24.8% for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2019.~~March 31, 2020. Please refer to the ~~“Non-GAAP~~“Non-GAAP Measures” section for additional information on the excluded items.

~~Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020 Compared With Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019~~

Nine Months Ended September 30,

Increase/ (Decrease)

% of Revenue

2020

2019

Amount

%

2020

2019

(Dollars in millions)

Revenue:

Recurring services

Cloud

$
425.9

$
378.7

$
47.2

12.5
%

68.7
%

62.9
%
Bureau

82.8

125.0

(42.2
)

(33.8
)%

13.4
%

20.8
%
Total recurring services

508.7

503.7

5.0

1.0
%

82.1
%

83.6
%
Professional services and other

111.0

98.6

12.4

12.6
%

17.9
%

16.4
%
Total revenue

619.7

602.3

17.4

2.9
%

100.0
%

100.0
%
Cost of revenue:

Recurring services

Cloud

122.2

114.0

8.2

7.2
%

19.7
%

18.9
%
Bureau

33.6

35.0

(1.4
)

(4.0
)%

5.4
%

5.8
%
Total recurring services

155.8

149.0

6.8

4.6
%

25.1
%

24.7
%
Professional services and other

120.7

107.1

13.6

12.7
%

19.5
%

17.8
%
Product development and management

57.5

49.1

8.4

17.1
%

9.3
%

8.2
%
Depreciation and amortization

29.9

26.7

3.2

12.0
%

4.8
%

4.4
%
Total cost of revenue

363.9

331.9

32.0

9.6
%

58.7
%

55.1
%
Gross profit

255.8

270.4

(14.6
)

(5.4
)%

41.3
%

44.9
%
Selling, general, and administrative

226.1

217.8

8.3

3.8
%

36.5
%

36.2
%
Operating profit

29.7

52.6

(22.9
)

(43.5
)%

4.8
%

8.7
%
Interest expense, net

19.4

25.2

(5.8
)

(23.0
)%

3.1
%

4.2
%
Other expense, net

2.7

4.7

(2.0
)

(42.6
)%

0.4
%

0.8
%
Income before income taxes

7.6

22.7

(15.1
)

(66.5
)%

1.2
%

3.8
%
Income tax benefit

(5.7
)

(57.5
)

51.8

(90.1
)%

(0.9
)%

(9.5
)%
Net income

$
13.3

$
80.2

$
(66.9
)

(83.4
)%

2.1
%

13.3
%
Adjusted EBITDA (a)

$
125.9

$
140.2

$
(14.3
)

(10.2
)%

20.3
%

23.3
%
Adjusted EBITDA margin (a)

20.3
%

23.3
%

(3.0
)%

(12.8
)%

~~Revenue.The following table sets forth certain information regarding our revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared with the nine months ended September 30, 2019.~~

Nine Months Ended September 30,

Percentage
change in
revenue as
reported

Impact of
changes in
foreign
currency (a)

Percentage
change in
revenue on
constant
currency
basis (a)

2020

2019

2020 vs. 2019

2020 vs. 2019

(Dollars in millions)

Revenue:

Dayforce recurring services, excluding float

$
339.3

$
274.6

23.6
%

(0.3
)%

23.9
%
Dayforce float

30.0

40.1

(25.2
)%

(0.3
)%

(24.9
)%
Total Dayforce recurring services

369.3

314.7

17.3
%

(0.4
)%

17.7
%
Powerpay recurring services, excluding float

50.1

54.9

(8.7
)%

(0.9
)%

(7.8
)%
Powerpay float

6.5

9.1

(28.6
)%

(1.1
)%

(27.5
)%
Total Powerpay recurring services

56.6

64.0

(11.6
)%

(1.0
)%

(10.6
)%
Total Cloud recurring services

425.9

378.7

12.5
%

(0.4
)%

12.9
%
Dayforce professional services and other

108.8

96.3

13.0
%

(0.4
)%

13.4
%
Powerpay professional services and other

0.8

0.8

(—
)%

(—
)%

(—
)%
Total Cloud professional services and
other

109.6

97.1

12.9
%

(0.4
)%

13.3
%
Total Cloud revenue

535.5

475.8

12.5
%

(0.5
)%

13.0
%
Bureau recurring services, excluding float

77.6

111.3

(30.3
)%

(0.3
)%

(30.0
)%
Bureau float

5.2

13.7

(62.0
)%

(0.7
)%

(61.3
)%
Total Bureau recurring services

82.8

125.0

(33.8
)%

(0.4
)%

(33.4
)%
Bureau professional services and other

1.4

1.5

(6.7
)%

(—
)%

(6.7
)%
Total Bureau revenue

84.2

126.5

(33.4
)%

(0.3
)%

(33.1
)%
Total revenue

$
619.7

$
602.3

2.9
%

(0.4
)%

3.3
%

Dayforce

$
478.1

$
411.0

16.3
%

(0.4
)%

16.7
%
Powerpay

57.4

64.8

(11.4
)%

(0.9
)%

(10.5
)%
Total Cloud revenue

$
535.5

$
475.8

12.5
%

(0.5
)%

13.0
%

Dayforce, excluding float

$
448.1

$
370.9

20.8
%

(0.4
)%

21.2
%
Powerpay, excluding float

50.9

55.7

(8.6
)%

(0.9
)%

(7.7
)%
Cloud revenue, excluding float

499.0

426.6

17.0
%

(0.4
)%

17.4
%
Cloud float

36.5

49.2

(25.8
)%

(0.4
)%

(25.4
)%
Total Cloud revenue

$
535.5

$
475.8

12.5
%

(0.5
)%

13.0
%

Total revenue increased $17.4 million, or 2.9%, to $619.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to $602.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. This increase was primarily attributable to an increase in Cloud revenue of $59.7 million, or 12.5%, from $475.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, to $535.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020. The Cloud revenue increase was driven by an increase of $47.2 million, or 12.5%, in Cloud recurring services revenue, and $12.5 million, or 12.9%, in Cloud professional services and other revenue. The increase in Cloud recurring services revenue of $47.2 million was due to $43.2 million from new customers, add-ons, and revenue uplift from migrations of Bureau customers, net of customer losses and $16.7 million from the migration of Bureau customers, partially offset by a decline of $12.7 million from float revenue related to Cloud recurring services revenue.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had an adverse impact on our revenue streams during the nine months ended September 30, 2020, primarily in the form of lower employment levels at our customers, lower float revenue resulting from reductions in the U.S. Federal Reserve federal funds rate and the Bank of Canada overnight rate target, lower average float balances for our customer trust funds, lower demand for professional services, and customer delays in implementation services, among other effects. We estimate the impact of lower employment levels at our customers was an approximately $18 million decline to our revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, of which approximately $13 million was related to Dayforce and approximately $5 million was related to Powerpay. In addition, we estimate the impact to float revenue was approximately $14 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020. Of the approximately $14 million impact on float revenue, approximately $9 million was due to rate reductions during the first quarter of 2020, and approximately $5 million was due to lower average float balances for our customer trust funds.

Cloud revenue was $535.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, an increase of $59.7 million, or 12.5%, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019. Dayforce revenue increased 16.3%, and Powerpay revenue declined 11.4% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019. On a constant currency basis, Dayforce revenue increased 16.7%, and Powerpay revenue declined 10.5% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019. Powerpay is designed primarily for small market Canadian customers, which typically have fewer than 20 employees, and these customers have been more adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic than larger Dayforce customers. Our new business sales to Dayforce and Powerpay customers comprised approximately 72% of our increase in Cloud revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, and approximately 28% consisted primarily of customer migrations to Dayforce from our Bureau solutions. As we migrate our Bureau customers to Dayforce, we typically experience a revenue increase from such customers driven by increased product density on the Dayforce platform.

Bureau revenue declined $42.3 million, or 33.4% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020. Of the $42.3 million decline, approximately 40% was attributable to customer migrations to Dayforce. Excluding the impact of migrations to Dayforce, Bureau revenue declined by $25.6 million, or 20.2%.

Excluding float revenue and on a constant currency basis, total revenue grew 7.6%, reflecting a 17.4% increase in Cloud revenue, partially offset by a 29.7% decline in Bureau revenue. Excluding float revenue and on a constant currency basis, Cloud revenue growth reflected a 18.6% increase in Cloud recurring services revenue and a 13.3% increase in Cloud professional services and other revenue. Excluding float revenue and on a constant currency basis, Dayforce revenue increased 21.2%, reflecting a 23.9% increase in Dayforce recurring service revenue and a 13.4% increase in Dayforce professional services and other revenue. Excluding float revenue and on a constant currency basis, Powerpay revenue declined 7.7%.

Float revenue included in recurring services revenue was $41.7 million and $62.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, and 2019, respectively. Float revenue allocated to Cloud revenue was $36.5 million and $49.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, and 2019, respectively. The average float balance for our customer trust funds for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, was $3,269.7 million, compared to $3,524.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. On a constant currency basis, the average float balance for our customer trust funds declined 6.8% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The average yield was 1.70% during the nine months ended September 30, 2020, a decline of 69 basis points compared to the average yield in the nine months ended September 30, 2019. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, approximately 34% of our average float balance consisted of Canadian customer trust funds, compared to approximately 36% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. Based on current market conditions, portfolio composition and investment practices, a 100 basis point change in market investment rates would result in approximately $17 million of change in float revenue over the ensuing twelve month period.

~~Cost of revenue.~~ Total cost of revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, was $363.9 million, an increase of $32.0 million, or 9.6%, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019. Recurring services cost of revenue increased $6.8 million, or 4.6% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019, primarily due to additional costs related to global expansion, including Excelity, which is classified as a Bureau solution, and costs to support the growing Dayforce customer base. The increase in cost of revenue for professional services and other of $13.6 million, or 12.7% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019, was primarily due to additional costs incurred to implement new customers.

Product development and management expense increased $8.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019. Excluding the impact of share-based compensation and related employer taxes, and severance expense; product development and management expense would have increased by $4.3 million. This adjusted increase reflects additional personnel costs and Dayforce product development efforts, including costs to build out the Dayforce Wallet and our international offerings that are not eligible for capitalization. For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, and 2019, our investment in software development was $53.9 million and $48.1 million, respectively, consisting of $25.1 million and $24.6 million, of research and development expense, which is included within product development and management expense, and $28.8 million and $23.5 million in capitalized software development, respectively.

Depreciation and amortization expense associated with cost of revenue increased by $3.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019, as we continue to capitalize Dayforce related and other development costs and subsequently amortize those costs.

~~Gross profit. The table below presents total gross margin and solution gross margins for the periods presented:~~

~~Total gross margin for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, declined 3.6% compared to total gross margin for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, and gross profit declined $14.6 million.~~

Cloud recurring services gross margin was 71.3% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to 69.9% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. Excluding float revenue, Cloud recurring service gross margin was 68.6% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to 65.4% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The increase in Cloud recurring services gross margin reflects an increase in the proportion of Dayforce customers live for more than two years, which increased from 68% as of September 30, 2019, to 74% as of September 30, 2020, and was also attributable to consistent configuration that has enabled us to realize economies of scale in customer support and hosting costs. Bureau recurring services gross margin declined from 72.0% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, to 59.4% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, primarily due to lower Bureau recurring revenue, including high margin float revenue. Professional services and other gross margin was (8.7)% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to (8.6)% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

~~Selling, general, and administrative expense.~~ Selling, general, and administrative expense increased by $8.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019. Excluding the impact of share-based compensation and related employer taxes, restructuring consulting fees, severance expense, and certain other non-recurring charges; selling, general, and administrative expenses would have increased by $2.8 million. This adjusted increase of $2.8 million reflects an increase of $8.7 million in sales and marketing, primarily personnel costs, partially offset by a $5.9 million reduction in general and administrative expense, primarily customer list amortization expense. Please refer to the “Non-GAAP Measures” section for additional information on the excluded items.

~~Interest expense.~~ Interest expense was $19.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to $25.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, which was primarily due to a reduction in our term debt interest rate and a reduction in LIBOR rates generally, partially offset by increased debt outstanding under our revolving credit facility. A 100 basis point change in LIBOR rates would result in an approximately $10 million change in our interest expense over the ensuing twelve-month period.

~~Other expense, net.~~ For the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, other expense, net of $2.7 million and $4.7 million, respectively, was comprised of net periodic pension expense and foreign currency translation loss.

~~Income tax benefit.~~ For the nine months ended September 30, 2020, and 2019, we recorded income tax benefit of $5.7 million and $57.5 million, respectively. The $51.8 million reduction in tax benefit was primarily due to the $65.8 million tax benefit from the release of the valuation allowance recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2019, that was not repeated during the nine months ended September 30, 2020, partially offset by a $12.3 million reduction attributable to lower base erosion anti-abuse tax (“BEAT”) in the U.S., and a $1.8 million reduction attributable to unremitted foreign earnings.

~~Net income.~~ Net income was $13.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to $80.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, which included a one-time $65.8 million tax benefit.

~~Adjusted EBITDA.~~ Adjusted EBITDA declined by $14.3 million to $125.9 million, for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019, and Adjusted EBITDA margin was 20.3% for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, compared with 23.3% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. Please refer to the “Non-GAAP Measures” section for additional information on the excluded items.

Our primary sources of liquidity are our existing cash and equivalents, cash provided by operating activities, borrowings under our ~~credit facilities,~~Revolving Credit Facility, and proceeds from debt issuances and equity offerings. As of ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, we had cash and equivalents of ~~$554.6 million. On April 2, 2020, in light of the current uncertainty in the global capital markets resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, Ceridian elected to borrow $295.0~~$339.6 million ~~under the 2018 Revolving Credit Facility as a precautionary measure to increase~~and our ~~cash position and to preserve financial flexibility. Our~~ total debt balance was ~~$970.8~~$1,248.3 million.

On March 5, 2021, we completed the private offering of $500.0 million asNotes, and on March 16, 2021, the initial purchasers exercised their full option to purchase an additional $75.0 million Notes, resulting in an aggregate principal amount of ~~September 30, 2020.~~$575.0 million. The total net proceeds from the offering, after deducting initial purchase discounts and issuance costs, were $561.8 million. In connection with the Notes, we entered into capped call transactions which are expected to reduce the potential dilution of our common stock upon any conversion of the Notes and/or offset any cash payments we could be required to make in excess of the principal amount of converted Notes. We used an aggregate amount of $45.0 million of the net proceeds of the Notes to purchase the capped calls. Please refer to Note 7, “Debt,” to our condensed consolidated financial statements for further information on our Notes, and the related indenture. We used the remainder of the net proceeds from the offering (i) to repay $295.0 million principal amount under the Revolving Credit Facility and pay related accrued interest and (ii) for general corporate purposes, which may include potential investments in businesses or acquisitions of companies that we may identify in the future.

On February 19, 2020, ~~Ceridian~~we completed the first amendment to the ~~2018~~ Senior Secured Credit Facility, in which the ~~2018~~ Term Debt interest rate was reduced from LIBOR plus 3.00% to LIBOR plus 2.50%. Further, the interest rate trigger under the applicable rating by Moody’s Investor Service was removed by the first amendment. ~~The 50 basis point rate reduction will result in savings of approximately $3.4 million over the ensuing twelve-month period.~~ Please refer to Note 7, “Debt,” to our condensed consolidated financial statements for further information on our ~~debt.~~Senior Secured Credit Facility.

Our primary liquidity needs are related to funding of general business requirements, including the payment of interest and principal on our debt, capital expenditures, ~~pension contributions,~~ and product development.

~~Our customer trust funds are~~ As of March 31, 2021, we held ~~and invested with~~$2.0 million of restricted cash as collateral for bank guarantees. The bank guarantees provide financial assurance that we will fulfill certain lease obligations. The cash is restricted as to withdrawal or use while the primary objectives being to protect the principal balance and to ensure adequate liquidity to meet cash flow requirements. In accordance with these objectives, we maintain approximately 47% of customer trust funds in liquidity portfolios with maturities ranging from one to 120 days, consisting of high-qualityrelated bank deposits, money market mutual funds, commercial paper, or collateralized short-term investments; and we maintain approximately 53% of customer trust funds in fixed income portfolios with maturities ranging from 120 days to 10 years, consisting of U.S. Treasury and agency securities, Canada government and provincial securities, as well as highly rated asset-backed, mortgage-backed, municipal, corporate, and bank securities. To maintain sufficient liquidity in the trust to meet payment obligations, we also have financing arrangements and may pledge fixed income securities for short-term financing. The assets held in trust are intended for the specific purpose of satisfying client fund obligations and therefore are not freely available for our general business use.guarantee is outstanding.

We believe that our cash flow from operations, available cash and equivalents, and remaining availability under our revolving credit facility will be sufficient to meet our liquidity needs for the foreseeable future. We anticipate that to the extent that we require additional liquidity, it will be funded through the issuance of equity, the incurrence of additional indebtedness, or a combination thereof. We cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain this additional liquidity on reasonable terms, or at all. Additionally, our liquidity and our ability to meet our obligations and to fund our capital requirements are also dependent on our future financial performance, which is subject to general economic, financial, and other factors that are beyond our control. Accordingly, we cannot assure you that our business will generate sufficient cash flow from operations or that future borrowings will be available from additional indebtedness or otherwise to meet our liquidity needs. Although we have no specific current plans to do so, if we decide to pursue one or more significant acquisitions, we may incur additional debt or sell additional equity to finance such acquisitions, which would result in additional expenses or dilution.

36Our customer funds are held and invested with the primary objectives being to protect the principal balance and to ensure adequate liquidity to meet cash flow requirements. In accordance with these objectives, we maintain approximately 52% of customer funds in liquidity portfolios with maturities ranging from one to 120 days, consisting of high-quality bank deposits, money market mutual funds, commercial paper, or collateralized short-term investments; and we maintain approximately 48% of customer funds in fixed income portfolios with maturities ranging from 120 days to 10 years, consisting of U.S. Treasury and agency securities, Canada government and provincial securities, as well as highly rated asset-backed, mortgage-backed, municipal, corporate, and bank securities. To maintain sufficient liquidity to meet payment obligations, we also have financing arrangements and may pledge fixed income securities for short-term financing. The assets held for customers are intended for the specific purpose of satisfying client fund obligations and therefore are not freely available for our general business use.

Changes in cash flows due to purchases of customer ~~trust~~ fund marketable securities and proceeds from the sale or maturity of customer ~~trust~~ fund marketable securities, as well as the carrying value of customer ~~trust~~ fund accounts as of period end dates can vary significantly due to several factors, including the specific day of the week the period ends, which impacts the timing of funds collected from customers and payments made to satisfy customer obligations to employees, taxing authorities, and others. The customer ~~trust~~ funds are fully segregated from our operating cash accounts and are evaluated and tracked separately by management. Therefore, we have provided the table below excluding the cash flows and restricted cash and equivalents held within our customer ~~trust~~ funds to provide supplemental information regarding the cash flows related to our core business.

Nine Months Ended September 30,

2020

2019

(Dollars in millions)

Net cash provided by operating activities, excluding customer trust funds

$
36.1

$
43.4

Net cash used in investing activities, excluding customer trust funds

(114.8
)

(67.8
)
Net cash provided by financing activities, excluding customer trust funds

357.3

71.6

Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and equivalents

(5.3
)

5.9

Net increase in cash and equivalents

273.3

53.1

Cash and equivalents at beginning of period

281.3

217.8

Cash and equivalents at end of period

554.6

270.9

Net customer trust funds restricted cash provided by (used in) operating activities

11.2

(18.8
)
Net customer trust funds restricted cash provided by (used in) investing activities

291.1

(57.0
)
Net customer trust funds restricted cash used in financing activities

(601.4
)

(54.5
)
Effect of exchange rate changes on restricted cash and equivalents

(2.6
)

1.3

Net decrease in restricted cash and equivalents

(301.7
)

(129.0
)
Restricted cash and equivalents included in customer trust funds at beginning of period

1,377.3

888.5

Restricted cash and equivalents included in customer trust funds at end of period

1,075.6

759.5

Net decrease in cash, restricted cash, and equivalents

(28.4
)

(75.9
)
Cash, restricted cash, and equivalents at beginning of period

1,658.6

1,106.3

Cash, restricted cash, and equivalents at end of period

$
1,630.2

$
1,030.4

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2021			2020
	(Dollars in millions)
Net cash used in operating activities, excluding customer funds	$	(4.5	)	$	(9.8	)
Net cash used in investing activities, excluding customer funds		(369.8	)		(15.6	)
Net cash provided by financing activities, excluding customer funds		526.8			8.7
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and equivalents		0.9			(9.3	)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and equivalents and restricted cash, excluding customer funds		153.4			(26.0	)
Cash and equivalents and restricted cash, excluding customer funds at beginning of period		188.2			281.3
Cash and equivalents and restricted cash, excluding customer funds at end of period		341.6			255.3

Net customer funds restricted cash provided by operating activities		—			11.2
Net customer funds restricted cash (used in) provided by investing activities		(34.9	)		24.9
Net customer funds restricted cash provided by financing activities		513.2			480.8
Effect of exchange rate changes on restricted cash and equivalents		2.5			(5.2	)
Net increase in restricted cash and equivalents including customer funds		480.8			511.7
Restricted cash and equivalents included in customer funds at beginning of period		2,040.3			1,377.3
Restricted cash and equivalents included in customer funds at end of period		2,521.1			1,889.0

Net increase in cash, restricted cash, and equivalents		634.2			485.7
Cash, restricted cash, and equivalents at beginning of period		2,228.5			1,658.6
Cash, restricted cash, and equivalents at end of period	$	2,862.7		$	2,144.3

Net cash ~~provided by~~used in operating activities, excluding customer ~~trust~~ fund activity, was ~~$36.1~~$4.5 million during the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, primarily attributable to net ~~income~~working capital reductions of ~~$13.3~~$28.5 million and net loss of $19.2 million, largely offset by the net impact of adjustments for certain non-cash items of ~~$87.2~~$43.2 million, including ~~$46.3~~$22.8 million of non-cash share-based compensation expense and ~~$36.9~~$15.0 million of depreciation and amortization. ~~These items were partially offset by~~The net working capital reductions ~~of $64.4 million, which~~ included a ~~$20.1~~$24.7 million ~~net change~~reduction in ~~other assets~~liabilities for employee compensation and ~~liabilities primarily~~benefits due to ~~deferred~~payments of accrued commissions and ~~contract assets, a $12.0~~incentive compensation, an $8.1 million ~~reduction~~increase in accounts ~~payable and other current assets~~receivable due to timing of ~~payments, an $8.7 million reduction of accrued taxes, primarily due to cash tax payments partially offset by additional provision accruals, and an $8.0~~receipts, a $7.1 million increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets, primarily due to payments for annual maintenance ~~contracts.~~ contracts, partially offset by an increase of $8.6 million of accrued taxes primarily due to tax accruals. Included within net cash flows provided by operating activities for the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, was ~~$20.5~~$4.4 million in cash interest payments on our long-term debt and ~~$1.9~~$0.2 million in cash tax payments, net of refunds.

Net cash ~~provided by~~used in operating activities, excluding customer ~~trust fund~~funds activity, was ~~$43.4~~$9.8 million during the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, primarily attributable to net working capital adjustments, partially offset by net income of ~~$80.2~~$8.6 million and the net impact of adjustments for certain non-cash items of ~~$6.0,~~$30.3 million, including ~~$75.9 million of deferred income tax benefit, offset by $43.9 million of depreciation and amortization and $26.0~~$12.5 million of non-cash share-based compensation expense ~~partially offset by~~and $11.8 million of depreciation and amortization. The net working capital reductions ~~of $37.3~~included a $26.4 million ~~which included reductions of $18.5 million~~reduction in liabilities for employee compensation and benefits ~~primarily~~ due to payments of accrued incentive and compensation and ~~pension contributions; $10.4~~a $7.5 million ~~for accrued taxes, primarily due to cash tax payments partially offset by additional provision accruals; and increases~~increase in assets ~~of $10.1 million~~ for prepaid expenses and other current assets, primarily due to ~~payments for~~ annual maintenance contracts. Included within net cash flows provided by operating activities for the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, was ~~$28.9 million in cash tax payments, $28.9~~$7.8 million in cash interest payments on our long-term debt and ~~$18.0~~$2.9 million in ~~pension contributions.~~cash tax payments.

During the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30,~~March 31, 2021, net cash used in investing activities, excluding customer funds activity, was $369.8 million, consisting of acquisition costs, net of cash acquired of $354.5 million and capital expenditures of $15.3 million. Our capital expenditures included $11.9 million for software and technology and $3.4 million for property and equipment.

During the three months ended March 31, 2020, net cash used in investing activities, excluding customer ~~trust fund~~funds activity, was ~~$114.8~~$15.6 million, related to ~~acquisition costs, net of cash acquired of $70.6 million and~~ capital ~~expenditures of $44.2 million.~~expenditures. Our capital expenditures included ~~$30.6~~$10.7 million for software and technology and ~~$13.6~~$4.9 million for property and equipment.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, net cash used in investing activities, excluding customer trust fund activity, was $67.8 million, related to capital expenditures of $38.4 million and acquisition costs, net of cash acquired of $29.4 million. Our capital expenditures included $27.6 million for software and technology and $10.8 million for property and equipment.

Net cash provided by financing activities, excluding the change in customer ~~trust~~ fund obligations, was ~~$357.3~~$526.7 million during the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2020.~~March 31, 2021. This cash inflow is primarily attributable to proceeds from ~~a draw on~~ the ~~2018 Revolving Credit Facility~~issuance of ~~$295.0~~our Notes of $561.8 million, ~~and~~ proceeds from ~~the~~ issuance of common stock upon exercise of stock options of ~~$70.2~~$11.3 million, partially offset by the purchase of the capped calls related to the Notes of $45.0 million and payments on our long-term debt obligations of ~~$7.9~~$1.3 million. ~~The payments on our long-term debt obligations included $5.1 million in principal payments towards our 2018 Term Loan and $2.8 million in payments towards our financing lease obligations.~~

Net cash provided by financing activities, excluding the change in customer ~~trust~~ fund obligations, was ~~$71.6~~$8.7 million during the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2019.~~March 31, 2020. This cash inflow is primarily attributable to proceeds from the issuance of common stock ~~upon exercise~~under share-based compensation plans of ~~stock options of $76.7~~$11.4 million, partially offset by ~~principal~~ payments on our long-term debt obligations of ~~$5.1~~$2.7 million. The payments on our long-term debt obligations included $1.7 million in payments towards our Senior Term Loan and $1.0 million in payments towards our financing lease obligations.

Backlog is equivalent to our remaining performance obligations, which represents contracted revenue for recurring ~~services~~ and fixed price professional services, primarily implementation services, that has not yet been recognized, including deferred revenue and unbilled amounts that will be recognized as revenue in future periods. As of March 31, 2021, our remaining performance obligations were approximately $914.5 million. Please refer to Note 10, “Revenue,” to our condensed consolidated financial statements for further discussion of our remaining performance obligations.

As of ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, we did not have any “off-balance sheet arrangements” (as such term is defined in Item 303 of Regulation S-K).

During the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, there were no significant changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates as described in the consolidated financial statements contained in our ~~2019~~2020 Form 10-K.

We believe that Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin, non-GAAP financial measures, are useful to management and investors as supplemental measures to evaluate our overall operating performance. Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin are components of our management incentive plan and are used by management to assess performance and to compare our operating performance to our competitors. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization, as adjusted to exclude foreign exchange gain (loss) ~~on assets and liabilities held in a foreign currency other than the functional currency of a company subsidiary,~~, share-based compensation expense and related employer taxes, severance charges, restructuring consulting fees, and certain other non-recurring charges. Adjusted EBITDA margin is determined by calculating the percentage Adjusted EBITDA is of total revenue. Management believes that Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin are helpful in highlighting management performance trends because Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin exclude the results of decisions that are outside the control of operating management.

Our presentation of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin are intended as supplemental measures of our performance that are not required by, or presented in accordance with, GAAP. Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin should not be considered as alternatives to net income, earnings per share, or any other performance measures derived in accordance with GAAP, or as measures of operating cash flows or liquidity. Our presentation of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin should not be construed to imply that our future results will be unaffected by these items. Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin are included in this discussion because they are key metrics used by management to assess our operating performance.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin are not defined under GAAP, are not measures of net income or any other performance measures derived in accordance with GAAP, and are subject to important limitations. Our use of the terms Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies in our industry and are not measures of performance calculated in accordance with GAAP.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin have important limitations as analytical tools, and you should not consider them in isolation or as substitutes for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations are that Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin do not reflect the following:

In evaluating Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin, you should be aware that in the future we may incur expenses similar to those eliminated in this presentation.

The following table reconciles net income to Adjusted EBITDA for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,						Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020			2019			2020			2019			2021			2020
	(Dollars in millions)												(Dollars in millions)
Net (loss) income	$	(0.8	)	$	62.7		$	13.3		$	80.2		$	(19.2	)	$	8.6
Interest expense, net		5.9			7.8			19.4			25.2			5.6			6.9
Income tax benefit		(5.5	)		(65.6	)		(5.7	)		(57.5	)
Income tax expense														6.6			8.2
Depreciation and amortization		13.0			14.9			36.9			43.9			15.0			11.8
EBITDA (a)		12.6			19.8			63.9			91.8			8.0			35.5
Intercompany foreign exchange (gain) loss		(1.2	)		0.3			0.1			0.8
Foreign exchange loss														1.9			1.8
Share-based compensation (b)		19.3			11.4			48.5			27.0			23.0			12.7
Severance charges (c)		2.2			0.8			6.9			4.4			2.1			4.0
Restructuring consulting fees (d)		0.3			1.5			6.9			3.6			7.8			1.5
Other non-recurring charges (e)		—			12.6			(0.4	)		12.6			1.7			(0.3	)
Adjusted EBITDA	$	33.2		$	46.4		$	125.9		$	140.2		$	44.5		$	55.2
Adjusted EBITDA margin		16.2	%		22.9	%		20.3	%		23.3	%		19.0	%		24.8	%

The following tables present a reconciliation of our reported results to our non-GAAP Adjusted EBITDA basis for all periods presented:

Three Months Ended September 30, 2020

As reported

Share-based
compensation

Severance
charges

Other
operating
expenses (a)

Adjusted

(Dollars in millions)

Cost of revenue:

Recurring services

$
54.3

$
1.8

$
0.8

$
—

$
51.7

Professional services and other

40.2

1.0

—

—

39.2

Product development and management

22.9

2.9

0.8

—

19.2

Depreciation and amortization

10.3

—

—

—

10.3

Total cost of revenue

127.7

5.7

1.6

—

120.4

Sales and marketing

39.5

2.0

0.4

—

37.1

General and administrative

37.8

11.6

0.2

0.3

25.7

Operating (loss) profit

(0.6
)

19.3

2.2

0.3

21.2

Other expense, net

(0.2
)

—

—

(1.2
)

1.0

Depreciation and amortization

13.0

—

—

—

13.0

EBITDA

$
12.6

$
19.3

$
2.2

$
(0.9
)

$
33.2

Three Months Ended September 30, 2019

As reported

Share-based
compensation

Severance
charges

Other
operating
expenses (a)

Adjusted

(Dollars in millions)

Cost of revenue:

Recurring services

$
49.4

$
0.9

$
0.3

$
—

$
48.2

Professional services and other

37.6

0.5

—

—

37.1

Product development and management

17.5

1.0

—

—

16.5

Depreciation and amortization

9.0

—

—

—

9.0

Total cost of revenue

113.5

2.4

0.3

—

110.8

Sales and marketing

35.5

1.3

0.5

—

33.7

General and administrative

46.8

7.7

—

14.1

25.0

Operating profit

6.5

11.4

0.8

14.1

32.8

Other expense, net

1.6

—

—

0.3

1.3

Depreciation and amortization

14.9

—

—

—

14.9

EBITDA

$
19.8

$
11.4

$
0.8

$
14.4

$
46.4

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2020										Three Months Ended March 31, 2021
	As reported		Share-based compensation		Severance charges		Other operating expenses (a)		Adjusted		As reported			Share-based compensation		Severance charges		Other operating expenses (a)		Adjusted
	(Dollars in millions)										(Dollars in millions)
Cost of revenue:
Recurring services	$	155.8	$	4.5	$	1.6	$	—	$	149.7
Recurring											$	59.7		$	2.3	$	0.7	$	—	$	56.7
Professional services and other		120.7		2.5		0.9		—		117.3		44.7			1.9		—		—		42.8
Product development and management		57.5		5.2		1.2		—		51.1		25.8			3.1		0.2		—		22.5
Depreciation and amortization		29.9		—		—		—		29.9		11.1			—		—		—		11.1
Total cost of revenue		363.9		12.2		3.7		—		348.0		141.3			7.3		0.9		—		133.1
Sales and marketing		116.2		6.0		1.4		—		108.8		46.1			2.8		0.8		—		42.5
General and administrative		109.9		30.3		1.8		6.5		71.3		49.5			12.9		0.4		8.1		28.1
Operating profit		29.7		48.5		6.9		6.5		91.6
Operating (loss) profit												(2.4	)		23.0		2.1		8.1		30.8
Other expense, net		2.7		—		—		0.1		2.6		4.6			—		—		3.3		1.3
Depreciation and amortization		36.9		—		—		—		36.9		15.0			—		—		—		15.0
EBITDA	$	63.9	$	48.5	$	6.9	$	6.6	$	125.9	$	8.0		$	23.0	$	2.1	$	11.4	$	44.5

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
	As reported		Share-based compensation		Severance charges		Other operating expenses (a)		Adjusted
	(Dollars in millions)
Cost of revenue:
Recurring	$	52.2	$	0.8	$	0.8	$	—	$	50.6
Professional services and other		42.6		0.5		0.8		—		41.3
Product development and management		17.6		0.9		0.3		—		16.4
Depreciation and amortization		9.8		—		—		—		9.8
Total cost of revenue		122.2		2.2		1.9		—		118.1
Sales and marketing		40.7		2.2		0.8		—		37.7
General and administrative		33.5		8.3		1.3		1.2		22.7
Operating profit		26.3		12.7		4.0		1.2		44.2
Other expense, net		2.6		—		—		1.8		0.8
Depreciation and amortization		11.8		—		—		—		11.8
EBITDA	$	35.5	$	12.7	$	4.0	$	3.0	$	55.2

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019

As reported

Share-based
compensation

Severance
charges

Other
operating
expenses (a)

Adjusted

(Dollars in millions)

Cost of revenue:

Recurring services

$
149.0

$
2.1

$
1.1

$
—

$
145.8

Professional services and other

107.1

1.2

0.4

—

105.5

Product development and management

49.1

2.2

0.1

—

46.8

Depreciation and amortization

26.7

—

—

—

26.7

Total cost of revenue

331.9

5.5

1.6

—

324.8

Sales and marketing

105.6

3.6

1.9

—

100.1

General and administrative

112.2

17.9

0.9

16.2

77.2

Operating profit

52.6

27.0

4.4

16.2

100.2

Other expense, net

4.7

—

—

0.8

3.9

Depreciation and amortization

43.9

—

—

—

43.9

EBITDA

$
91.8

$
27.0

$
4.4

$
17.0

$
140.2

We are exposed to market risks related to foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates, and pension obligations. We seek to minimize or to manage these market risks through normal operating and financing activities. These market risks may be amplified by events and factors surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic. We do not trade or use instruments with the objective of earning financial gains on the market fluctuations, nor do we use instruments where there are not underlying exposures.

Foreign Currency Risk. Our results of operations and cash flows are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates, particularly changes in the Canadian Dollar. Due to the relative size of our international operations to date, we have not instituted an active hedging program. We expect our international operations to continue to grow in the near term, and we are monitoring the foreign currency exposure to determine if we should begin a hedging program.

Interest Rate Risk. In ~~connection with our U.S. and Canadian payroll and tax filing services,~~certain jurisdictions, we collect funds for payment of payroll and taxes; temporarily hold such funds in ~~trust~~segregated accounts until payment is due; remit the funds to the customers’ employees and appropriate taxing authority; file federal, state and local tax returns; and handle related regulatory correspondence and amendments. We invest the U.S. customer trust funds in high- quality bank deposits, money market mutual funds, or collateralized short-term investments. We may also invest these funds in U.S. Treasury and agency securities, as well as highly rated asset-backed, mortgage-backed, municipal, and corporate securities. Our Canadian customer trust funds are invested in high quality bank deposits, securities issued by the government and provinces of Canada, as well as highly rated Canadian ~~banks~~bank, corporate, asset-backed, and ~~corporations, asset-backed trusts,~~mortgage securities.

Based on current market conditions, portfolio composition and ~~mortgages.~~investment practices, a 100 basis point increase in market investment rates would result in approximately $19 million increase in float revenue over the ensuing twelve month period. There are no incremental costs of revenue associated with changes in float revenue.

We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes. Our cash equivalents and our portfolio of marketable securities are subject to market risk due to changes in interest rates. Fixed rate securities may have their market value adversely affected due to a rise in interest rates, while floating rate securities may produce less income than expected if interest rates fall. Due in part to these factors, our future investment income may fall short of expectation due to changes in interest rates or we may suffer losses in principal if we are forced to sell securities that decline in market value due to changes in interest rates. However, because we classify our securities as “available for sale,” no gains or losses are recognized due to changes in interest rates unless such securities are sold prior to maturity or declines in fair value are determined to be unrecoverable.

We do not believe that ~~an increase or decrease~~a change in interest rates of 100 basis points would have a material effect on our operating results or financial condition. Fluctuations in the value of our investment securities caused by a change in interest rates (gains or losses on the carrying value) are recorded in other comprehensive income, and are realized only if we sell the underlying securities.

A 100 basis point increase in LIBOR rates would result in an approximately $7 million increase in our interest expense, net over the ensuing twelve-month period.

Pension Obligation Risk. We provide a pension plan for certain current and former U.S. employees that closed to new participants on January 2, 1995. In 2007, the U.S. pension plan was amended (1) to exclude from further participation any participant or former participant who was not employed by the company or another participating employer on January 1, 2008, (2) to discontinue participant contributions, and (3) to freeze the accrual of additional benefits as of December 31, 2007. In applying relevant accounting policies, we have made critical estimates related to actuarial assumptions, including assumptions of expected returns on plan assets, discount rates, and health care cost trends. The cost of pension benefits in future periods will depend on actual returns on plan assets, assumptions for future periods, contributions, and benefit experience. In ~~October~~ 2020, we contributed $105.0 million to the U.S. pension plan, which represented $17.0 million of required minimum contributions and $88.0 million of voluntary contributions. ~~In 2019, we contributed $18.0 million to our U.S. pension plan.~~ The effective discount rate used in accounting for pension and other benefit obligations in ~~2019~~2020 ranged from ~~2.52%~~1.42% to ~~2.81%~~1.87%. The expected rate of return on plan assets for qualified pension benefits in ~~2020~~2021 is ~~5.70%~~2.70%.

Disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13(a)-15(e) of the Exchange Act, are controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our Exchange Act reports is (1) recorded, processed, summarized and reported in a timely manner and (2) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Our management has evaluated, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Form 10-Q pursuant to Rule 13a-15(b) of the Exchange Act. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Form 10-Q are effective. While our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance of their effectiveness, because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the company have been detected.

There were no changes to our internal controls over financial reporting during the three months ended ~~September 30, 2020,~~March 31, 2021, that have materially affected, or that are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.

From time to time, we may become involved in legal proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business. We are not presently a party to any legal proceedings that, if determined adversely to us, we believe would individually or taken together have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or liquidity. Discussion of Legal Matters is incorporated by reference from Part I, Item 1, Note 14, “Commitments and Contingencies,” of this Form 10-Q and should be considered an integral part of Part II, Item 1, “Legal Proceedings”.

In addition to the other information set forth in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the reader should carefully consider the factors discussed in Part I, “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2019.~~2020. There have been no material changes in the Company's risk factors from those disclosed in Part I, Item 1A, of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, ~~2019~~2020 with the exception of the items listed ~~below.~~

~~Our business has been adversely affected~~below, related to the issuance of the Notes and ~~will likely continue to be adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.~~related Capped Calls in March 2021.

The ~~global spread of~~accounting method for the ~~COVID-19 pandemic has created significant global volatility, uncertainty, and economic disruption. The COVID-19 pandemic began to~~Notes could adversely affect our ~~operations~~reported financial condition and results of operations.

The accounting method for reflecting the Notes on our balance sheet, accruing interest expense for the Notes and reflecting the underlying shares of our common stock in ~~March 2020. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic will continue to~~our reported diluted earnings per share may adversely affect our ~~business, operations,~~reported earnings and financial ~~results will depend on numerous evolving factors~~condition.

Under applicable accounting principles, the initial liability carrying amount of the Notes was the fair value of a similar debt instrument that does not have a conversion feature, valued using our cost of capital for straight, non-convertible debt. We reflect the difference between the net proceeds from the offering of the Notes and the initial carrying amount as a debt discount for accounting purposes, which is amortized into interest expense over the term of the Notes. As a result of this amortization, the interest expense that we ~~may~~recognize for the Notes for accounting purposes will be greater than the cash interest payments we will pay on the Notes, which will result in lower reported income or higher reported loss. The lower reported income or higher reported loss resulting from this accounting treatment could depress the trading price of our common stock and the Notes. However, in August 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board published an ASU, which we refer to as ASU 2020-06, that in certain cases will eliminate the separate accounting for the debt and equity components as described above. ASU 2020-06 will be effective for SEC-reporting entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, including interim periods within those fiscal years. However, early adoption is permitted in certain circumstances for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods within those fiscal years. When effective, we expect to qualify for the elimination of the separate accounting described above which, as a result, will reduce the interest expense that we expect to recognize for the Notes for accounting purposes.

In addition, because we intend to settle conversions by paying the conversion value in cash up to the principal amount being converted and any excess in shares, we expect to be eligible to use the treasury stock method to reflect the shares underlying the Notes in our diluted earnings per share. Under this method, if the conversion value of the Notes exceeds their principal amount for a reporting period, then we will calculate our diluted earnings per share assuming that all the Notes were converted and that we issued shares of our common stock to settle the excess. However, if reflecting the Notes in diluted earnings per share in this manner is anti-dilutive, or if the conversion value of the Notes does not exceed their principal amount for a reporting period, then the shares underlying the Notes will not be ~~able~~reflected in our diluted earnings per share. In addition, if accounting standards change in the future and we are not permitted to ~~accurately predict, including but not limited to:~~

~~Existing or potential customers have~~use the treasury stock method, then our diluted earnings per share may decline. For example, ASU 2020-06 amends these accounting standards, effective as of the dates referred to above, to change the criteria to qualify for application of the treasury stock method for convertible instruments and instead may ~~continue~~require application of the “if-converted” method. Under the “if-converted” method, diluted earnings per share would generally be calculated assuming that all the Notes were converted solely into shares of common stock at the beginning of the reporting period, unless the result would be anti-dilutive. If we are required to apply the “if-converted” method, it may reduce our reported diluted earnings per share.

Furthermore, if any of the conditions to the convertibility of the Notes is satisfied, then we may be required under applicable accounting standards to reclassify the liability carrying value of the Notes as a current, rather than long-term, liability. This reclassification could be required even if no noteholders convert their Notes and could materially reduce our reported working capital.

In connection with the pricing of the Notes, we entered into the Capped Calls. Please refer to Note 7, “Debt” for additional information. The Capped Calls are expected generally to reduce ~~employee headcount,~~the potential dilution to slow down decision-making, to delay planned work, or to seek to modify existing agreements, especially those customers significantly adversely affected by the pandemic’s economic impact in areas where we have significant concentrations, including the retail and hospitality sectors.

~~Further, the effects~~our common stock upon any conversion of the ~~pandemic have and may continue~~Notes and/or offset any potential cash payments we are required to ~~reduce our float revenue as our customers employ fewer employees and as governments take actions to stimulate~~make in excess of the ~~global economy, such~~principal amount of converted Notes, as the ~~U.S. Federal Reserve and Bank of Canada lowering interest rates. A sustained downturn in the financial markets and asset values~~case may have the effect of reducing our float revenue, or limiting our ability to liquidate securities held in our customer trust funds. The effects of the pandemic, including remote working arrangements for employees, may also impact our financial reporting systems and internal control over financial reporting, including our ability to ensure information required to be, disclosed in our reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms and thatwith such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Any of these consequences of the pandemic could cause or contribute to the risks and uncertainties enumerated in the Form 10-K. As we cannot predict the duration or scope of the COVID-19 pandemic, the anticipated negative financial impact to our business, financial condition, results of operationsreduction and/or ~~stock price cannot be reasonably estimated, but could be material and could last for an extended period of time.~~ offset subject to a cap.

~~Our quarterly results~~In addition, the option counterparties or their respective affiliates may modify their hedge positions by entering into or unwinding various derivatives with respect to our common stock and/or purchasing or selling our common stock or other securities of ~~operations may fluctuate significantly and may not fully reflect~~ours in secondary market transactions following any conversion of the ~~underlying performance~~Notes, any repurchase of the Notes by us on any fundamental change repurchase date, any redemption date, or any other date on which the Notes are retired by us, in each case if we exercise our option to terminate the relevant portion of the Capped Calls. This activity could also cause or avoid an increase or a decrease in the market price of our ~~business.~~

~~Our quarterly results of operations, including~~common stock or the ~~levels of our revenues, gross margin, profitability, cash flow, and deferred revenue, may vary significantly in~~Notes, which could affect the future, and period-to-period comparisons of our results of operations may not be meaningful. Accordingly, the results of any one quarter should not be relied upon as an indication of future performance. Our quarterly financial results may fluctuate as a resultability of a ~~variety~~noteholder to convert the Notes and, to the extent the activity occurs during any observation period related to a conversion of ~~factors, many~~Notes, could affect the number of shares of common stock, if any, and value of the consideration that a noteholder will receive upon conversion of the Notes.

In addition, if any such Capped calls fails to become effective, the option counterparties or their respective affiliates may unwind their hedge positions with respect to our common stock, which ~~are outside of our control, and as a result, may not fully reflect the underlying performance of our business. Fluctuation in quarterly results may negatively impact~~could adversely affect the value of our common ~~stock. Factors~~stock and the value of the Notes.

The Capped Calls are separate transactions (in each case that ~~may cause fluctuations in our quarterly financial results include, without limitation:~~

~~Our Dayforce Wallet program presents~~ the ~~potential for our employer customers or employee customers to become the victim of fraud or other similar illegal behavior.~~

Asoption counterparties), are not part of the ~~Dayforce Wallet program, our third-party financial institution partner~~terms of the Notes and will ~~issue payroll cards and execute transactions for each Dayforce Wallet account. These transactions give rise~~not change the holders’ rights under the Notes. A noteholder will not have any rights with respect to the Capped Calls.

We do not make any representation or prediction as to the direction or magnitude of any potential ~~for fraud against~~effect that the transactions described above may have on the price of the Notes or our ~~employer customers~~common stock. In addition, we do not make any representation that the option counterparties will engage in these transactions or ~~employee customers when~~that these transactions, once commenced, will not be discontinued without notice.

We are subject to counterparty risk with respect to the Capped Calls, and the Capped Call may not operate as planned.

The option counterparties are financial institutions, and we are subject to the risk that they might default under the Capped Calls. Our exposure to the credit risk of the option counterparties is not secured by any collateral. Global economic conditions have from time to time resulted in the actual or perceived failure or financial difficulties of many financial institutions, including the bankruptcy filing by Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. and its various affiliates. If an option counterparty becomes subject to insolvency proceedings, we will become an unsecured creditor in those proceedings with a claim equal to our exposure at that time under our transactions with that option counterparty. Our exposure will depend on many factors, but, generally, the increase in our exposure will be correlated with increases in the market price or the volatility of our common stock. In addition, upon a default by an option counterparty, we may suffer adverse tax consequences and more dilution than we currently anticipate with respect to our common stock. We can provide no assurances as to the financial stability or viability of any option counterparty.

In addition, the Capped Calls are ~~used for bill payments, purchases~~complex, and ~~peer-to-peer transfers. Our third-party financial institution partner has responsibility for managing potential payment fraud~~they may not operate as planned. For example, the terms of the Capped Calls may be subject to adjustment, modification, or in some cases, renegotiation if certain corporate or other transactions occur. Accordingly, these transactions may not operate as we intend if we are required to adjust their terms as a result of transactions in the future or upon unanticipated developments that may adversely affect the functioning of the Capped Calls.

Provisions in the indenture under which the ~~Dayforce Wallet users are subject. If~~Notes were issued could delay or prevent an otherwise beneficial takeover of us.

Certain provisions in the Notes and the indenture, dated as of March 5, 2021, between Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee, and us (the “Indenture”) could make a third-party attempt to acquire us more difficult or expensive. For example, if a takeover constitutes a fundamental change (as defined in the Indenture), then noteholders will have the right to require us to repurchase their Notes for cash. In addition, if a takeover constitutes a make-whole fundamental change (as defined in the Indenture), then we may be required to temporarily increase the conversion rate (as defined in the Indenture). In either case, and in other cases, our obligations under the Notes and the Indenture could increase the cost of acquiring us or otherwise discourage a third party from acquiring us or removing incumbent management, including in a transaction that noteholders or holders of our common stock may view as favorable.

Conversion of the Notes may dilute the ownership interest of existing stockholders.

The conversion of some or all of the Notes will dilute the ownership interests of existing stockholders to the extent we deliver shares of our common stock upon conversion of any of the Notes. Any sales in the public market of the common stock issuable upon such conversion could adversely affect our ~~employer customers~~common stock’s prevailing market prices. In addition, the existence of the Notes may encourage short selling by market participants because the conversion of the Notes could be used to satisfy short positions, or ~~employee customers become victims~~anticipated conversion of ~~fraud or similar illegal behavior, we might face legal liabilities and other losses that~~the Notes into shares of our common stock could ~~have a material adverse effect on~~depress the price of our ~~business,~~common stock.

The conditional conversion feature of the Notes, if triggered, may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

~~Our solutions and our business are subject~~Under certain circumstances, noteholders may convert their Notes at their option prior to ~~a variety~~the scheduled maturities. Upon conversion of ~~U.S. and international laws and regulations, including those regarding privacy, data protection, and information security. Any failure by us or our third party service providers, as well as~~ the ~~failure~~Notes, unless we elect to deliver solely shares of our ~~platform or services,~~common stock to ~~comply with applicable laws and regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.~~settle such conversion, we will be obligated

~~We are subject to a variety of U.S. and international laws and regulations, including regulation by various federal government agencies, including the FTC, and state and local agencies.~~40 |

Q1 2021 Form 10-Q

The United States and various state and foreign governments have adopted or proposed limitations on, or requirements regarding, the collection, distribution, use, security, and storage of personal identifiable information (“PII”) of individuals; and the FTC and many state attorneys general are applying federal and state consumer protection laws to impose standards on the online collection, use and dissemination of data. Self-regulatory obligations, other industry standards, policies, and other legal obligations may apply to our collection, distribution, use, security, or storage of PII or other data relating to individuals.make cash payments. In addition, ~~most states and some foreign governments~~noteholders will have ~~enacted laws requiring companies~~the right to notify individuals of data security breaches involving certain types of PII. These obligations may be interpreted and applied in an inconsistent manner from one jurisdiction to another and may conflict with one another, other regulatory requirements, or our internal practices. Any failure or perceived failure byrequire us to ~~comply with U.S., E.U., or other foreign privacy or security laws, regulations, policies, industry standards, or legal obligations, or~~repurchase their Notes upon the occurrence of a fundamental change at a repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, ~~security incident that results~~to, but not including, the fundamental change repurchase date (as defined in the ~~unauthorized access to, or acquisition, release, or transfer of, PII may result in governmental enforcement actions, litigation, fines and penalties, or adverse publicity and could cause~~Indenture). Although it is our ~~customers to lose trust in us, which could harm our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.~~

We expect that there will continue to be new proposed laws, regulations, and industry standards concerning privacy, data protection and information security in the United States, Canada, the European Union, and other jurisdictions,intention and we ~~cannot yet determine~~currently expect to settle the ~~impact such future laws, regulations,~~conversion value of the Notes in cash up to the principal amount and ~~standards~~any excess in shares, there is a risk that we may not have ~~on our business. For example, in May 2018,~~enough available cash or be able to obtain financing at the ~~General Data Protection Regulation came into force, bringing with it a complete overhaul~~time we are required to make repurchases of E.U. data protection laws: the new rules supersede E.U. data protection legislation, impose more stringent E.U. data protection requirements, and provide for greater penalties for non-compliance. Changing definitions of what constitutes PII may also limitNotes surrendered therefor or ~~inhibit~~Notes being converted. In addition, our ability to ~~operate~~make payments may be limited by law, by regulatory authority, or ~~to expand~~by agreements governing our ~~business, including limiting strategic partnerships that may involve the sharing of data. Also, some jurisdictions require that certain types of data be retained on servers within these jurisdictions.~~future indebtedness. Our failure to ~~comply with applicable laws, directives, and regulations may result in enforcement action against us, including fines and imprisonment, and damage~~repurchase Notes when the Indenture requires the repurchase or to pay any cash payable on future conversions of the Notes as required by the Indenture would constitute a default under the Indenture. A default under the Indenture or the fundamental change itself could also lead to a default under agreements governing our ~~reputation, any~~future indebtedness. If the repayment of ~~which may have an adverse effect on our business and operating results. Further,~~ the E.U. requires that certain data transfer mechanisms be put in place before PII can be transferred from the E.U. to another jurisdiction. These validity of these mechanisms- namely the Privacy Shield, which permits US-based participating companies such as Ceridian to move PII from the E.U. to the US; and the EU Standard Contractual Clauses, which Ceridian uses extensively- continuerelated indebtedness were to be ~~challenged by civil society before E.U. regulators and courts of law. Should these mechanisms be invalidated, Ceridian~~accelerated after any applicable notice or grace periods, we may not ~~be able~~have sufficient funds to ~~transfer customers’ PII~~repay the indebtedness and ~~its own from Europe~~repurchase the Notes or make cash payments upon conversions thereof. In addition, even if noteholders do not elect to ~~the U.S. and other jurisdictions to run its business and deliver services to customers.~~

If our service is perceived to cause, or is otherwise unfavorably associated with, violations of privacy or data security requirements, it may subject us or our customers to public criticism and potential legal liability. Public concerns regarding PII processing, privacy and security may cause some of our customers’ end users to be less likely to visitconvert their websites or otherwise interact with them. If enough end users choose not to visit our customers’ websites or otherwise interact with them, our customers could stop using our platform. This, in turn, may reduce the value of our services and slow or eliminate the growth of our business. Existing and potential privacy laws and regulations concerning privacy and data security and increasing sensitivity of consumers to unauthorized processing of PII may create negative public reactions to technologies, products, and services such as ours.

Evolving and changing definitions of what constitutes PII and / or “Personal Data” within the United States, Canada, the European Union, and elsewhere, especially relating to the classification of internet protocol, or IP addresses, machine or device identification numbers, location data and other information, may limit or inhibit our ability to operate or to expand our business. Future laws, regulations, standards and other obligations could impair our ability to collect or to use information that we utilize to provide email delivery and marketing services to our customers, thereby impairing our ability to maintain and to grow our customer base and to increase revenue. Future restrictions on the collection, use, sharing, or disclosure of our customers’ data or additional requirements for express or implied consent of customers for the use and disclosure of such information may limit our ability to develop new services and features.

The United States and various state and foreign governments have adopted regulations which may be applicable to our Dayforce Wallet or other services with which we and/or or our third-party providers must comply. The obligations include undertakings imposed, for example, by state money transmission laws, commercial lending laws, the Office of Foreign Asset Control, the Bank Secrecy Act, Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act and the National Automated Clearing House Association. Any failure or perceived failure by us or one of our third party providers to comply with financial services laws, regulations, policies, industry standards, or legal obligations, may result in governmental enforcement actions, litigation, fines and penalties, or adverse publicity, and could cause our customers to lose trust in us, which could harm our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We rely on third party service providers for many aspects of our business, including, but not limited to, the operation of data centers; the execution of Automated Clearing House, or ACH, and wire transfers to support our customer payroll and tax services; the monitoring of applicable laws; the printing and delivery of checks; serving as an independent trustee of our U.S. client funds trust; and providing program management and other financial related services for our Dayforce Wallet program. If any third-party service providers on which we rely experience a disruption, go out of business, experience a decline in quality, or terminate their relationship with us,Notes, we could ~~experience~~be required under applicable accounting rules to reclassify all or a ~~material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results~~portion of ~~operation.~~

~~We rely on third party service providers for many integral aspects~~the outstanding principal of ~~our business. A failure on~~ the ~~part of any of our third-party service providers to fulfill their contracts with us could~~Notes as a current, rather than long-term, liability, which would result in a material ~~adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operation. We depend on our third parties for many services, including, but not limited to:~~

~~We host Dayforce and Powerpay applications and serve all~~reduction of our customers from data centers operated by third party providers, primarily NaviSite, in Boston, Massachusetts; Redhill, England; Santa Clara, California; Toronto, Canada; Vancouver, Canada; Woking, England; Sydney, Australia; London, England; and Oregon. We also host Dayforce Australia in Microsoft Azure in Melbourne, Australia and Sydney, Australia. While we control and have access to our servers and all of the components of our network that are located in our external data centers, we do not control the operation of these facilities. The owners of our data center facilities have no obligation to renew their agreements with us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. These parties may also seek to cap their maximum contractual liability resulting in us being financially responsible for losses caused by their actions or omissions. Additionally, we host our internal systems through data centers that we operate and lease or own in Atlanta, Georgia; Fountain Valley, California; Louisville, Kentucky; and St. Petersburg, Florida. If we are unable to renew our agreements with our third party providers or to renew our leases on commercially reasonable terms, or if one of our data center operators is acquired, we may be required to transfer our servers and other infrastructure to new data center facilities, and we may incur significant costs and possible service interruption in connection with any such transfer. Both our third party data centers and data centers that we lease and operate are subject to break-ins, sabotage, intentional acts of vandalism, and other misconduct. Any such acts could result in a breach of the security of our or our customers’ data.

Problems faced by our third party data center locations, with the telecommunications network providers with whom we or they contract, or with the systems by which our telecommunications providers allocate capacity among their customers, including us, could adversely affect the experience of our customers. Our third party data centers operators could decide to close their facilities without adequate notice. In addition, any financial difficulties, such as bankruptcy, faced by our third party data centers operators or any of the service providers with whom we or they contract may have negative effects on our business, the nature and extent of which are difficult to predict. Additionally, if our data centers are unable to keep up with our growing needs for capacity, this could adversely affect the growth of our business. Any changes in third party service levels at our data centers or any security breaches, errors, defects, disruptions, or other performance problems with our applications could adversely affect our reputation, damage our customers’ stored files, result in lengthy interruptions in our services, or otherwise result in damage or losses to our customers for which they may seek compensation from us. Interruptions in our services might reduce our revenues, cause us to issue refunds to customers for prepaid and unused subscription services, subject us to potential liability, or adversely affect our renewal rates.

We currently have agreements with four banks in the United States, two banks in Canada, and one financial payments company in the United Kingdom to execute electronic funds transfers to support our customer payroll and tax services in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. If one or more of these parties fails to process electronic funds transfers on a timely basis, or at all, then our relationship with our customers could be harmed and we could be subject to claims by a customer with respect to the failed transfers, with little or no recourse to the banks. In addition, these parties have no obligation to renew their agreements with us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all, and transferring to alternative providers could prove time-consuming and costly. If these parties terminate their relationships with us, restrict or fail to increase the dollar amounts of funds that they will process on behalf of our customers, their doing so may impede our ability to process funds and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

In Canada, we rely on a third party vendor to print payroll checks, and in Canada and the United States we rely on third party couriers, such as Federal Express and Purolator, to ship printed reports, year-end slips, and pay checks to our customers. Relying on third party check printers and couriers puts us at risk from disruptions in their operations, such as employee strikes, inclement weather, and their ability to perform tasks on our behalf. If these vendors fail to perform their tasks, we could incur liability or suffer damages to our reputation, or both. If we are forced to use other third party couriers, transferring to these competitor couriers could prove time-consuming, our costs could increase and we may not be able to meet shipment deadlines. Moreover, we may not be able to obtain terms as favorable as those we currently use, which could further increase our costs.

We and our third party providers must monitor for any changes or updates in laws that are applicable to the solutions that we or our third party providers provide to our customers. In addition, we are reliant on our third party providers to modify the solutions that they provide to our customers to enable our clients to comply with changes to such laws and regulations. If our third party providers fail to reflect changes or updates in applicable laws in the solutions that they provide to our customers, we could be subject to negative customer experiences, harm to our reputation, loss of customers, claims for any fines, penalties or other damages suffered by our customers, and other financial harm.

In the United States, we rely on a state-chartered trust company to serve as the independent trustee of our clients’ funds trust. Our client funds are held in accounts in the name of the clients’ fund trust and our independent trustee, in order to maintain bankruptcy remoteness of those funds from us. We rely on our independent trustee to maintain regulatory compliance with all applicable laws. It may be difficult to find a replacement trustee for our clients’ funds trust in the event the trustee terminates its relationship with us or fails to perform under our agreement with the trustee. If that were to occur, we may be unable to provide the Dayforce Wallet or our standard payroll services to our customers and their employees, which could harm our relationship with our customers and their employees, could subject us to claims by a customer, their employees, and regulatory sanctions with respect to the failure, and could result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We rely on a third party financial institution to serve as the issuing bank, the program manager and perform other financial related services with respect to our Dayforce Wallet product. In that regard, the third party financial institution, among other things, maintains our omnibus wallet funds account and performs the necessary regulatory and payments processing activity required by the Dayforce Wallet platform. We do not have the necessary regulatory approvals to hold wallet funds in or move funds from an account, nor do we have access to the payment systems needed to move the funds from the omnibus wallet funds account and the omnibus card holder account. As a result, if our third party financial institution partner fails to perform under our agreement with it, or terminates its agreement with us, we may be unable to provide the Dayforce Wallet service to our customers until we enter into a new relationship with a new third party financial institution, which could harm our relationship with our customers and their employees, could subject us to claims by a customer, their employees, and regulatory sanctions with respect to the failure, and could result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

~~A failure on the part of any of our third party service providers could result in a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.~~

For our Dayforce Wallet service, we advance earned net wages and associated tax amounts on behalf of customers in connection with the “on demand pay” payroll feature of the service in order to provide their employees access to earned wages in advance of their standard payroll cycles. A customer may fail to satisfy its obligation to repay us for those advanced monies which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

In contrast to our standard payroll processing business where a customer’s account is generally debited prior to any disbursement on its behalf, in the case of our “on demand pay” service, credit is provided to our customers and funds are advanced on the customers’ behalf in order to fund the customers’ employees’ interim earned net wage payroll demands (including associated source and other deductions) with the requirement that the customers will repay the advance on the date of their ordinary payroll run. These advances may or may not have priority over other creditors of our customers, and our security interest and/or other credit protection measures may be inadequate to make us whole. There is, therefore, a risk that our customers do not pay back the amounts we have already paid on their behalf, and in that event, we may possess limited legal recourse to recoup those funds from our customers. In the event of a customer’s failure to repay us, we may be required to seek additional sources of short-term liquidity, which may not be available on reasonable terms, or suffer credit losses, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Regulatory requirements placed on our software and services could impose increased costs on us, delay or prevent our introduction of new products and services, and impair the function or value of our existing products and services.

Our existing products and services may become subject to increasing regulatory requirements, or our new products and services may subject us to increased regulatory requirements, and as these requirements proliferate, we may be required to change or adapt our products and services to comply. Changing regulatory requirements might render our products and services obsolete or might block us from developing new products and services. New products or services, such as the Dayforce Wallet, in turn subject us to incrementally new regulatory requirements, such as the need to obtain, maintain and comply with commercial lending licenses or other requirements

in certain jurisdictions. These increased regulatory demands might in turn impose additional costs upon us to comply or to further develop our products and services. It might also make introduction of new products and services more costly or more time-consuming than we currently anticipate and could even prevent introduction by us of new products or services or cause the continuation of our existing products or services to become more costly. Accordingly, such regulatory requirements could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our data centers are located in Atlanta, Georgia; Fountain Valley, California; Louisville, Kentucky; St. Petersburg, Florida. Additionally, our data centers hosted by third parties and our corporate offices are located in Boston, Massachusetts; Melbourne, Australia; Minneapolis, Minnesota; Redhill, England; Santa Clara, California; Sydney, Australia; Toronto, Canada; Vancouver, Canada; Woking, England; London, England; and Oregon. Any location in any part of the world is susceptible to natural disasters or other risks beyond our control and its third party contractors that could impact operations. For example, the west coast of the United States contains active earthquake zones, the Midwest is subject to periodic tornadoes, and the east coast is subject to seasonal hurricanes and snowstorms. Additionally, we employ a substantial number of employees located in the Republic of Mauritius, which is subject to seasonal hurricanes, and the geographic remoteness of the location may create additional delays in recovery from any catastrophic event. Additionally, we rely on our network and third party infrastructure and enterprise applications, internal technology systems, and our website for our development, marketing, operational support, hosted services and sales activities. In the event of a major earthquake, tornado, hurricane, pandemic or other public health emergency or catastrophic event, such as fire, power loss, telecommunications failure, cyber-attack, war, or terrorist attack in any of our domestic or international locations, we may be unable to continue our operations and may endure system interruptions, reputational harm, delays in our application development, lengthy interruptions in our services, breaches of data security and loss of critical data, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Customer funds and wage funds of their employees that our trustees and third-party financial institution partners hold in trust are subject to market, interest rate, credit, and liquidity risks. The loss of these funds could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Both our trustees (in the case of customer funds held in our U.S. clients’ funds trust and our Canada payroll trust) and our third party financial institution partner (in the case of employee wage funds held on their behalf as part of the U.S. Dayforce Wallet program) may invest funds in one of more of the following high-quality bank deposits, money market mutual funds, commercial paper, collateralized short-term investments, U.S. Treasury and agency securities, Canada government and provincial securities, as well as highly rated asset-backed, mortgage-backed, municipal, corporate, and bank securities. Nevertheless, these assets are subject to general market, interest rate, credit, and liquidity risks. These risks may be exacerbated, individually or in unison, during periods of unusual financial market volatility. We are required to fund the payroll and wage funds of our customers and their employees regardless of any loss realized on those investments affecting the principal funds held. In the event of a global financial crisis, such as that experienced in 2008, we could be faced with a severe constriction of the availability of liquidity, which could impact our ability to fund payrolls. Any loss of principal, or inability to access customer funds could have an adverse impact on our cash position and results of operations and could require us to obtain additional sources of liquidity, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

		Page
CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS		3

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION		54

Item 1.	Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)	54

Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	2526

Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	4237

Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	4338

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION		4439

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	4439

Item 1A.	Risk Factors	4439

Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	4941

Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	4941

Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	4941

Item 5.	Other Information	4941

Item 6.	Exhibits	5042

Standard	Issuance Date	Description	Adoption Date	Effect on the Financial Statements
Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740)	December 2019	These amendments simplify the accounting for income taxes, eliminates certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740 and clarifies certain aspects of the current guidance to improve consistent application among reporting entities.	January 2021	The adoption of this standard did not have a significant impact on our financial statements.
ASU 2020-06, Debt - Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging - Contracts in Entity's Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40)	August 2020	This amendment simplifies the accounting for convertible instruments by removing certain separation models required under current GAAP.	January 2022	We are currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of this amendment.
ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting	March 2020	This amendment provides optional expedients and exceptions for applying GAAP to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. The amendments apply only to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform.	Not yet adopted	This amendment may be elected over time through December 31, 2022 as reference rate reform activities occur. We do not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a significant impact on our financial statements.

	Initial Conversion Rate per $1,000 Principal	Initial Conversion Price per Share

Notes	7.5641 shares		$132.20

	March 31, 2021
	(Dollars in millions)
Principal amount	$	575.0
Less:
Unamortized debt discount		107.9
Unamortized debt issuance costs		11.5
Net carrying amount	$	455.6

	Shares
RSUs outstanding at December 31, ~~2019~~2020		~~819,818~~1,389,385
Granted		~~629,554~~720,854
Shares issued upon vesting of RSUs		(~~63,144~~27,207	)
Forfeited or canceled		(~~17,109~~3,166	)
RSUs outstanding at ~~September 30, 2020~~March 31, 2021		~~1,369,119~~2,079,866
RSUs releasable at ~~September 30, 2020~~March 31, 2021		~~422,635~~556,892

Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

	Three Months Ended March 31, 2021
	(Dollars in millions)
Contractual interest expense	$	0.1
Amortization of debt discount		0.7
Amortization of debt issuance costs		0.1
Total	$	0.9

	Shares
PSUs outstanding at December 31, 2020		135,220
Granted		336,214
Shares issued upon vesting of PSUs		0
Forfeited or canceled		(135,313	)
PSUs outstanding at March 31, 2021		336,121
PSUs releasable at March 31, 2021		0

Period Ended	Shares Issued		Purchase Price (per share)
March 31, 2020		49,802	$	42.56
June 30, 2020		42,706		59.52
September 30, 2020		42,719		59.52

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2020
	As reported			Share-based compensation		Severance charges		Other operating expenses (a)			Adjusted
	(Dollars in millions)
Cost of revenue:
Recurring services	$	54.3		$	1.8	$	0.8	$	—		$	51.7
Professional services and other		40.2			1.0		—		—			39.2
Product development and management		22.9			2.9		0.8		—			19.2
Depreciation and amortization		10.3			—		—		—			10.3
Total cost of revenue		127.7			5.7		1.6		—			120.4
Sales and marketing		39.5			2.0		0.4		—			37.1
General and administrative		37.8			11.6		0.2		0.3			25.7
Operating (loss) profit		(0.6	)		19.3		2.2		0.3			21.2
Other expense, net		(0.2	)		—		—		(1.2	)		1.0
Depreciation and amortization		13.0			—		—		—			13.0
EBITDA	$	12.6		$	19.3	$	2.2	$	(0.9	)	$	33.2

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2019
	As reported		Share-based compensation		Severance charges		Other operating expenses (a)		Adjusted
	(Dollars in millions)
Cost of revenue:
Recurring services	$	49.4	$	0.9	$	0.3	$	—	$	48.2
Professional services and other		37.6		0.5		—		—		37.1
Product development and management		17.5		1.0		—		—		16.5
Depreciation and amortization		9.0		—		—		—		9.0
Total cost of revenue		113.5		2.4		0.3		—		110.8
Sales and marketing		35.5		1.3		0.5		—		33.7
General and administrative		46.8		7.7		—		14.1		25.0
Operating profit		6.5		11.4		0.8		14.1		32.8
Other expense, net		1.6		—		—		0.3		1.3
Depreciation and amortization		14.9		—		—		—		14.9
EBITDA	$	19.8	$	11.4	$	0.8	$	14.4	$	46.4

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2019
	As reported		Share-based compensation		Severance charges		Other operating expenses (a)		Adjusted
	(Dollars in millions)
Cost of revenue:
Recurring services	$	149.0	$	2.1	$	1.1	$	—	$	145.8
Professional services and other		107.1		1.2		0.4		—		105.5
Product development and management		49.1		2.2		0.1		—		46.8
Depreciation and amortization		26.7		—		—		—		26.7
Total cost of revenue		331.9		5.5		1.6		—		324.8
Sales and marketing		105.6		3.6		1.9		—		100.1
General and administrative		112.2		17.9		0.9		16.2		77.2
Operating profit		52.6		27.0		4.4		16.2		100.2
Other expense, net		4.7		—		—		0.8		3.9
Depreciation and amortization		43.9		—		—		—		43.9
EBITDA	$	91.8	$	27.0	$	4.4	$	17.0	$	140.2

Exhibit No.		Description

10.13.1*		~~Separation, Release~~Fourth Amended and ~~Consulting Agreement, dated July 2, 2020, by and among~~Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Ceridian HCM Holding Inc.,

4.1		Indenture, dated as of March 5, 2021, between Ceridian ~~Dayforce~~HCM Holding Inc. and ~~Ozzie Goldschmied~~Wells Fargo Bank, National Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Company on March 5, 2021).

4.2		Form of 0.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2026 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Company on March 5, 2021).

10.1		Form of Capped Call Transaction Confirmation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Company on ~~July 2, 2020)~~March 5, 2021).

10.2**		Employment Agreement, ~~dated September 15,~~effective July 30, 2020, ~~by and~~ between ~~Noémie C. Heuland~~Joseph B. Korngiebel and Ceridian HCM, Inc.

10.3**		Separation Agreement, Release, and Consulting Agreement, effective February 16, 2021, between Scott A. Kitching and Ceridian Canada Ltd.

10.4**		Employment Agreement, effective February 26, 2021, between RakeshSubramanian and Ceridian HCM, Inc.

10.5**		Amendment to Employee Agreement, effective March 15, 2021, between Rakesh Subramanian and Ceridian HCM, Inc.

10.6*		2021 Management Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Company on February 26, 2021).

10.7*		Form of Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement (for awards made after February 25, 2021) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Company on February 26, 2021).

10.8*		Form of Stock Option Award Agreement (for awards made after February 25, 2021) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Company on February 26, 2021).

10.9*		Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (for awards made after February 25, 2021) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Company on February 26, 2021).

10.10*		Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (for Canadian executive awards made after February 25, 2021) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Company on February 26, 2021).

10.11*		Form of Performance Stock Unit Award Agreement (for Canadian executive awards made after February 25, 2021) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Company on February 26, 2021).

31.1**		Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

31.2**		Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

32.1**		Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

32.2**		Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

101.INS**		Inline XBRL Instance Document (the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

101.SCH**		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL**		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF**		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB**		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE**		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

104**		Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

	CERIDIAN HCM HOLDING INC.

Date: ~~November~~May 5, ~~2020~~2021	By:	/s/ David D. Ossip
		Name:	David D. Ossip
		Title:	Chief Executive Officer
			(Principal Executive Officer)

Date: ~~November~~May 5, ~~2020~~2021	By:	/s/ Noémie C. Heuland
		Name:	Noémie C. Heuland
		Title:	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
			(Principal Financial Officer)