Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of ~~July 30,~~October 29, 2021, the registrant had ~~86,316,219~~86,915,885 shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, outstanding.

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including statements regarding future events or our future results of operations, financial condition, business, strategies, financial needs, and the plans and objectives of management, are forward-looking statements. In some cases you can identify forward-looking statements because they contain words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “might,” “likely,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “will,” “would,” or similar expressions and the negatives of those terms. Forward-looking statements are based on information available to our management as of the date of this report and our management's good faith belief as of such date with respect to future events and are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, and assumptions that could cause actual performance or results to differ materially from those expressed in or suggested by the forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause such differences include, but are not limited to:

You should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements and you should not rely on forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The results, events, and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur, and actual results, events, or circumstances could differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements. The forward-looking statements made in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q speak only as of the date of this report. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements made in this report to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this report or to reflect new information or the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law. If we update one or more forward-looking statements, no inference should be drawn that we will make additional updates with respect to those or other forward-looking statements.

	June 30,			December 31,			September 30,			December 31,
	2021			2020			2021			2020
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	639,479		$	673,593		$	1,536,422		$	673,593
Restricted cash		37,700			19,953			37,700			19,953
Trade accounts receivable—net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $5,385 and $3,983, respectively		85,531			75,857
Trade accounts receivable—net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $5,394 and $3,983, respectively								96,305			75,857
Deferred commissions		14,781			12,245			15,735			12,245
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		28,638			20,098			31,102			20,098
Total current assets before customer fund assets		806,129			801,746			1,717,264			801,746
Funds held from customers		45,580			30,598			79,884			30,598
Receivable from customers—net of allowance of $945 and $593, respectively		532			563
Receivable from customers—net of allowance of $912 and $593, respectively								1,280			563
Total current assets		852,241			832,907			1,798,428			832,907
Noncurrent assets:
Restricted cash		103			37,700			0			37,700
Deferred commissions		45,862			38,625			47,896			38,625
Operating lease right-of-use assets—net		49,161			52,320			46,798			52,320
Property and equipment—net		38,633			34,713			42,645			34,713
Intangible assets—net		89,671			86,513			88,417			86,513
Goodwill		596,674			513,234			603,768			513,234
Other noncurrent assets		7,609			6,321			10,323			6,321
Total assets	$	1,679,954		$	1,602,333		$	2,638,275		$	1,602,333
Liabilities and shareholders' equity
Current liabilities:
Trade payables	$	17,477		$	20,280		$	18,741		$	20,280
Accrued expenses		81,964			84,532			91,978			84,532
Deferred revenue		237,537			208,026			256,182			208,026
Accrued purchase price related to acquisitions		48,816			22,473			48,869			22,473
Accrued earnout liabilities		25,371			749			29,456			749
Operating lease liabilities		12,121			11,339			11,839			11,339
Total current liabilities before customer fund obligations		423,286			347,399			457,065			347,399
Customer fund obligations		46,909			31,549			81,955			31,549
Total current liabilities		470,195			378,948			539,020			378,948
Noncurrent liabilities:
Convertible senior notes—net								960,373			0
Deferred revenue		1,858			1,664			1,701			1,664
Accrued purchase price related to acquisitions		2,618			49,057			3,889			49,057
Accrued earnout liabilities		42,665			34,468			46,416			34,468
Operating lease liabilities		51,359			56,625			48,416			56,625
Deferred tax liability		5,340			1,031			2,195			1,031
Other noncurrent liabilities		570			380			817			380
Total liabilities		574,605			522,173			1,602,827			522,173
Commitments and contingencies
Shareholders' equity:
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value – 0 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, and 20,000 shares authorized as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020		0			0
Common stock, $0.0001 par value – 86,253 and 85,058 shares issued and outstanding at June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, and 600,000 shares authorized as of June 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020		9			9
Preferred stock, $0.0001 par value – 0 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, and 20,000 shares authorized as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020								0			0
Common stock, $0.0001 par value – 86,843 and 85,058 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively, and 600,000 shares authorized as of September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020								9			9
Additional paid-in capital		1,723,762			1,640,867			1,687,579			1,640,867
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(1,407	)		(1,339	)		(2,579	)		(1,339	)
Accumulated deficit		(617,015	)		(559,377	)		(649,561	)		(559,377	)
Total shareholders’ equity		1,105,349			1,080,160			1,035,448			1,080,160
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$	1,679,954		$	1,602,333		$	2,638,275		$	1,602,333

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

	For the Three Months Ended June 30,						For the Three Months Ended September 30,
	2021			2020			2021			2020
Revenue:
Subscription and returns	$	152,442		$	108,519		$	164,237		$	119,193
Professional services		16,625			7,968			16,930			8,686
Total revenue		169,067			116,487			181,167			127,879
Cost of revenue:
Subscription and returns		40,983			28,779			44,824			31,155
Professional services		7,692			4,551			8,216			3,777
Total cost of revenue		48,675			33,330			53,040			34,932
Gross profit		120,392			83,157			128,127			92,947
Operating expenses:
Research and development		40,111			26,844			42,574			32,562
Sales and marketing		71,897			46,040			75,867			49,057
General and administrative		35,244			20,322			35,887			23,885
Total operating expenses		147,252			93,206			154,328			105,504
Operating loss		(26,860	)		(10,049	)		(26,201	)		(12,557	)
Other (income) expense:
Interest income		(23	)		(168	)		(28	)		(36	)
Interest expense								815			—
Other (income) expense, net		961			122			6,168			(185	)
Total other (income) expense, net		938			(46	)		6,955			(221	)
Loss before income taxes		(27,798	)		(10,003	)		(33,156	)		(12,336	)
(Benefit from) provision for income taxes		(148	)		137			(610	)		393
Net loss	$	(27,650	)	$	(10,140	)	$	(32,546	)	$	(12,729	)

Net loss per share attributable to common shareholders, basic and diluted	$	(0.32	)	$	(0.13	)	$	(0.38	)	$	(0.15	)
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding, basic and diluted		86,090			78,924			86,530			82,288

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,						For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2021			2020			2021			2020
Revenue:
Subscription and returns	$	291,760		$	214,065		$	455,997		$	333,258
Professional services		30,908			13,865			47,838			22,551
Total revenue		322,668			227,930			503,835			355,809
Cost of revenue:
Subscription and returns		79,146			58,296			123,970			89,451
Professional services		14,200			9,288			22,416			13,065
Total cost of revenue		93,346			67,584			146,386			102,516
Gross profit		229,322			160,346			357,449			253,293
Operating expenses:
Research and development		79,267			52,691			121,841			85,253
Sales and marketing		136,201			95,674			212,068			144,731
General and administrative		66,095			41,710			101,982			65,595
Total operating expenses		281,563			190,075			435,891			295,579
Operating loss		(52,241	)		(29,729	)		(78,442	)		(42,286	)
Other (income) expense:
Interest income		(47	)		(1,610	)		(75	)		(1,646	)
Interest expense								815			—
Other (income) expense, net		3,235			(3,250	)		9,403			(3,435	)
Total other (income) expense, net		3,188			(4,860	)		10,143			(5,081	)
Loss before income taxes		(55,429	)		(24,869	)		(88,585	)		(37,205	)
Provision for income taxes		2,209			554			1,599			947
Net loss	$	(57,638	)	$	(25,423	)	$	(90,184	)	$	(38,152	)

Net loss per share attributable to common shareholders, basic and diluted	$	(0.67	)	$	(0.32	)	$	(1.05	)	$	(0.48	)
Weighted average shares of common stock outstanding, basic and diluted		85,765			78,414			86,023			79,715

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

	For the Three Months Ended June 30,						For the Three Months Ended September 30,
	2021			2020			2021			2020
Net loss	$	(27,650	)	$	(10,140	)	$	(32,546	)	$	(12,729	)
Other comprehensive income — Foreign currency translation		322			435
Other comprehensive loss — Foreign currency translation								(1,172	)		(225	)
Total comprehensive loss	$	(27,328	)	$	(9,705	)	$	(33,718	)	$	(12,954	)

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,						For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2021			2020			2021			2020
Net loss	$	(57,638	)	$	(25,423	)	$	(90,184	)	$	(38,152	)
Other comprehensive (loss) income — Foreign currency translation		(68	)		1,060			(1,240	)		835
Total comprehensive loss	$	(57,706	)	$	(24,363	)	$	(91,424	)	$	(37,317	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,						For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2021			2020			2021			2020
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$	(57,638	)	$	(25,423	)	$	(90,184	)	$	(38,152	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:
Stock-based compensation		42,012			21,978			65,330			34,799
Depreciation and amortization		16,101			7,999			25,732			11,923
Asset impairments								0			794
Amortization of debt issuance costs								482			0
Impairment of capitalized cloud computing costs		345			0			345			0
Deferred income tax expense		2,279			135
Deferred income tax (benefit) expense								(2,036	)		193
Non-cash operating lease costs		4,708			3,960			7,102			6,027
Non-cash change in earnout liabilities		2,531			(2,325	)		8,711			(2,325	)
Non-cash bad debt expense		976			1,373			1,326			1,445
Other		(122	)		(434	)		(799	)		(221	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Trade accounts receivable		(8,412	)		(8,991	)		(18,713	)		(12,205	)
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		(10,563	)		(3,486	)		(13,721	)		(4,179	)
Deferred commissions		(9,773	)		(4,940	)		(12,761	)		(7,425	)
Other noncurrent assets		(1,597	)		(1,643	)		(3,719	)		(2,698	)
Trade payables		(2,890	)		2,891			(2,327	)		4,683
Accrued expenses		(3,532	)		(9,750	)		5,981			6,247
Deferred revenue		28,819			6,477			46,876			19,397
Operating lease liabilities		(5,941	)		(4,795	)		(8,900	)		(7,243	)
Net cash used in operating activities		(2,697	)		(16,974	)
Net cash provided by operating activities								8,725			11,060
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase of property and equipment		(3,070	)		(1,992	)		(4,463	)		(2,968	)
Capitalized software development costs		(5,953	)		(1,564	)		(9,608	)		(2,706	)
Cash paid for acquisitions of businesses, net of cash and restricted cash equivalents acquired		(24,009	)		0			(33,555	)		0
Cash paid for acquired intangible assets		(1,500	)		0			(1,500	)		0
Cash paid for purchases of customer fund available-for-sale securities								(381	)		0
Net cash used in investing activities		(34,532	)		(3,556	)		(49,507	)		(5,674	)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from common stock offering, net of underwriting discounts								0			556,312
Payments of deferred financing costs								0			(300	)
Proceeds from convertible senior notes								977,500			0
Payments of debt issuance costs								(17,343	)		0
Purchase of capped calls								(75,268	)		0
Proceeds from exercise of stock options		10,197			25,423			18,146			30,717
Proceeds from purchases of stock under employee stock purchase plan		7,088			5,716			14,446			11,337
Acquisition-related post-closing payments		(20,821	)		0			(20,821	)		(2,763	)
Payments related to business combination earnouts		0			(3,760	)		(33	)		(3,760	)
Payments related to asset acquisition earnouts		(690	)		(65	)		(1,266	)		(65	)
Net increase (decrease) in customer fund obligations		2,895			(1,981	)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		(1,331	)		25,333
Net increase in customer fund obligations								37,942			1,681
Net cash provided by financing activities								933,303			593,159
Foreign currency effect		(422	)		(202	)		(732	)		(504	)
Net change in cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents		(38,982	)		4,601			891,789			598,041
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents—Beginning of period		761,844			491,333			761,844			491,333
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents—End of period	$	722,862		$	495,934		$	1,653,633		$	1,089,374
Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents to the Consolidated Balance Sheets, end of period:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	639,479		$	474,411		$	1,536,422		$	1,064,077
Restricted cash		37,803			0			37,700			0
Restricted cash equivalents—funds held from customers		45,580			21,523			79,511			25,297
Total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents, end of period	$	722,862		$	495,934		$	1,653,633		$	1,089,374

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Supplemental cash flow disclosures:
Cash paid for interest expense	$	0	$	0
Cash paid for operating lease liabilities		7,226		6,771	$	11,149	$	10,156
Cash paid for income taxes		437		499		936		865

Non-cash investing and financing activities:
Stock issued related to business combinations	$	22,971	$	7,500	$	22,971	$	7,500
Accrued purchase price related to acquisitions		2,600		0		3,366		0
Accrued value of earnout related to acquisitions of businesses		26,818		0		32,350		0
Customer fund obligations assumed in business combinations		12,464		0		12,464		0
Accrued purchase of intangible assets		475		110		870		433
Debt issuance costs in accounts payable and accrued expenses						265		0
Property and equipment additions in accounts payable and accrued expenses		682		836		1,453		981
Fair value of common stock issued to purchase intangible assets		0		87
Deferred financing costs in accounts payable and accrued expenses						0		401
Operating lease right-of-use assets in exchange for lease obligations		1,549		6,562		1,579		7,818
Stock-based compensation costs capitalized to internally developed software		549		96		968		152
Capitalized internally developed software costs included in accounts payable and accrued expenses						1,045		0

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

Avalara, Inc. (the “Company”) provides software solutions that help businesses of all types and sizes comply with transaction tax requirements worldwide. The Company offers a broad and growing suite of compliance solutions for transaction and other product-related taxes such as sales and use tax, value-added tax (“VAT”), fuel excise tax, beverage alcohol, cross-border taxes (including tariffs and duties), lodging tax, communications tax, and insurance premium tax. These solutions enable customers to automate the process of determining taxability, identifying applicable tax rates, determining and collecting taxes, preparing and filing returns, remitting taxes, maintaining tax records, and managing compliance documents. The Company, a Washington corporation, was originally incorporated in 1999 and is headquartered in Seattle, Washington.

The Company has wholly owned subsidiaries outside of the U.S. in Brazil, Canada, Europe, and India, which conduct sales and operations and provide business development, software development, and support services.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information. Certain information and disclosures normally included in consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted. Accordingly, these consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes for the year ended December 31, 2020, included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 (the “2020 Annual Report”) filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on February 25, 2021. The accompanying interim consolidated balance sheet as of ~~June~~September 30, 2021, the consolidated interim statements of operations and consolidated statements of comprehensive loss for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 and 2020, and the consolidated statements of cash flows for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 and 2020, are unaudited. The unaudited interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a basis consistent with that used to prepare the audited annual consolidated financial statements and include, in the opinion of management, all adjustments, consisting of normal and recurring items, necessary for the fair presentation of the consolidated financial statements. The operating results for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 are not necessarily indicative of the results expected for the full year ending December 31, 2021.

During the fourth quarter of 2020, management concluded there was an immaterial error in the Company’s presentation and classification of funds held from customers in the consolidated statements of cash flows for the first three quarters of 2020, impacting previously reported quarterly cash flows. The error related to the adoption of ASU 2016-18, which amends previous guidance to address the classification and presentation of changes in restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in the consolidated statements of cash flows. Historically, the Company presented the change in funds held from customers as a separate caption within Investing Activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. While not legally or otherwise contractually restricted, the Company has since concluded that funds held from customers are better classified as generally restricted under the accounting guidance and should be presented as restricted cash equivalents in the consolidated statement of cash flows.

To correct this classification error, amounts previously reported as investing activities for the changes in funds held from customers for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020 are reported as restricted cash equivalents in the consolidated statement of cash flows. The correction resulted in a change of ~~$0.9~~$0.8 million to net cash ~~used in~~provided by operating activities and a change of ~~$2.0~~$1.7 million to net cash used in investing activities for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020. The correction had no impact on the consolidated balance sheets, consolidated statements of operations, or the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

The following table presents the consolidated statements of cash flows line items after giving effect to the adoption of ASU 2016-18:

	For the Six Months Ended									For the Nine Months Ended
	June 30, 2020									September 30, 2020
	As Previously Reported			ASU 2016-18 Adjustments			As Corrected			As Previously Reported			ASU 2016-18 Adjustments			As Corrected
Cash flows from operating activities:
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:
Other	$	445		$	(879	)	$	(434	)	$	546		$	(767	)	$	(221	)
Net cash used in operating activities		(16,095	)		(879	)		(16,974	)
Net cash provided by operating activities											11,827			(767	)		11,060
Cash flows from investing activities:
Net (increase) decrease in customer fund assets		1,981			(1,981	)	—
Net (increase) in customer fund assets											(1,681	)		1,681		—
Net cash used in investing activities		(1,575	)		(1,981	)		(3,556	)		(7,355	)		1,681			(5,674	)
Net change in cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents		7,461			(2,860	)		4,601			597,127			914			598,041
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents—Beginning of period		466,950			24,383			491,333			466,950			24,383			491,333
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents—End of period	$	474,411		$	21,523		$	495,934		$	1,064,077		$	25,297		$	1,089,374

Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to current period presentation.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include those of the Company, its subsidiaries, and a variable interest entity for which the Company is the primary beneficiary, after elimination of all intercompany accounts and transactions.

The Company has established a Delaware statutory trust (the “Customer Trust”) and appointed a federally insured bank as trustee, and the Customer Trust holds certain funds provided by its customers pending remittance to tax authorities. The Company is the sole beneficial owner of the Customer Trust. The Customer Trust is intended to be a bankruptcy-remote legal entity and meets the criteria in Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 810, Consolidation to be characterized as a variable interest entity (“VIE”). The Customer Trust is included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements because the Company determined it has a controlling financial interest in the Customer Trust because it has both (1) the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the Customer Trust (including the power to make investment decisions for the trust) and (2) the right to receive benefits in the form of investment returns that could potentially be significant to the Customer Trust.

In the first quarter of 2021, the Company began having certain customers remit tax payments to the Customer Trust with the intention that all customer funds will eventually be held by the Customer Trust. Funds held from customers represent restricted cash equivalents and available for sale securities that, based upon the Company’s intent, are restricted solely for satisfying the obligations to remit funds relating to the Company’s tax remittance services. Customer fund obligations represent the Company's contractual obligations to remit funds to satisfy customers' tax obligations and are recorded on the consolidated balance sheets at the time that the Company or the Customer Trust collects funds from customers.

The following table details funds held from customers and customer fund obligations held by the Company and by the Customer Trust as of September 30, 2021 and the December 31, 2020:

The Company operates its business as 1 operating segment. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, in deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance. The Company’s chief operating decision maker allocates resources and assesses performance based upon discrete financial information at the consolidated level.

The preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates and judgments related to revenue are described below in the Revenue Recognition Accounting Policy. Significant estimates impacting expenses include: expected credit losses associated with the allowance for doubtful accounts; the measurement of fair values of stock-based ~~compensation award grants;~~compensation; the expected payout level of performance share unit grants; the expected earnout obligations in connection with acquisitions; the expected term of the customer relationship for capitalized contract cost amortization; the valuation and useful lives of acquired intangible assets; the valuation of the fair value of reporting units for analyzing goodwill; and the capitalization and useful life of capitalized software development costs. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A three-level fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. The hierarchy requires entities to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The three levels of inputs used to measure fair value are as follows:

Level 1: Inputs are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2: Inputs are quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets.

Level 3: Inputs are unobservable inputs based on the Company’s assumptions and valuation techniques used to measure assets and liabilities at fair value. The inputs require significant management judgment or estimation.

The Company’s assessment of the significance of an input to the fair value measurement requires judgment, which may affect the valuation of fair value assets and liabilities and their placement within the fair value hierarchy levels. The carrying amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements approximate the fair value for cash equivalents, restricted cash equivalents, trade accounts receivable, trade payables, and accrued expenses, due to their short-term nature. The Company has measured the fair value of money market funds and available-for-sale securities based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities.

The Company’s identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination are recorded at their acquisition date fair values, which may be considered preliminary and subject to adjustment during the measurement period, which is up to one year

from the acquisition date. The valuation requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially with respect to long-lived and intangible assets. Critical estimates in valuing intangible assets include, but are not limited to:

The Company’s estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions it believes to be reasonable, but that are inherently uncertain and unpredictable. Assumptions may be incomplete or inaccurate, and unanticipated events and circumstances may occur.

Goodwill is calculated as the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired, including the amount assigned to identifiable intangible assets. Acquisition-related costs, including advisory, legal, accounting, valuation, and other costs, are expensed in the periods in which these costs are incurred. The results of operations of an acquired business are included in the consolidated financial statements beginning at the acquisition date. Goodwill is tested for impairment annually on October 31, or in the event of certain occurrences. There was 0 goodwill impairment recorded for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021, respectively, or the year ended December 31, 2020.

The Company estimates the fair value of the earnout liabilities related to business combinations using various valuation approaches, as well as significant unobservable inputs, reflecting the Company’s assessment of the assumptions market participants would use to value these liabilities. The fair value of the earnout is remeasured each reporting period, with any change in the value recorded as other income or expense. The Company recorded ~~expenses from~~ increases in the fair value of earnout liabilities related to business combinations of ~~$1.2~~$6.2 million and ~~$2.5~~$8.7 million for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021, respectively. The Company recorded ~~expenses from increases~~0 changes in the fair value of earnout liabilities related to business combinations ~~of $0.2 million~~ and ~~income from~~ decreases in the fair value of $2.3 million for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020, ~~respectively. (See~~respectively (see Note 3).

The Company evaluates long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable. An impairment is recognized in the event the carrying value of such assets is not recoverable. If the carrying value is not recoverable, the fair value is determined, and an impairment is recognized for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value. NaN impairment of long-lived assets occurred in the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, ~~2021, or~~2021. An impairment of the Company’s operating lease right-of-use assets and property and equipment of $0.8 million was recorded in the nine months ended September 30, 2020.

Acquired intangible assets consist of developed technology, including in-process research and development (“IPR&D”), customer relationships, backlog, database content, noncompetition agreements, and tradenames and trademarks, resulting from the Company’s acquisitions. Acquired intangible assets are recorded at fair value on the date of acquisition and amortized over their estimated useful lives. IPR&D is initially capitalized at fair value as a developed technology intangible asset with an indefinite life and assessed for impairment thereafter. When an IPR&D project is completed, it is amortized over the asset’s estimated useful life.

The Company recognizes an earnout liability for acquisitions of intangible assets that are accounted for as an asset acquisition when the liability is earned and the amount is known. The earnout liability is capitalized as part of the cost of the assets acquired and amortized over the remaining useful life of the asset. Asset acquisition-related costs, primarily legal fees, are capitalized and included in the cost basis of the intangible asset when incurred.

The Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on temporary differences between the financial reporting and income tax basis of assets and liabilities and are measured using the tax rates that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is recorded when it is more likely than not that some of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company assesses its income tax positions and records tax benefits or expense based upon management’s evaluation of the facts, circumstances, and information available at the reporting date.

The objectives of accounting for income taxes are to recognize the amount of taxes payable or refundable for the current period and deferred tax liabilities and assets for the future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in an entity’s financial statements or tax returns. The Company will recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such a position are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement. Judgement is required in assessing the future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the Company’s consolidated financial statements or tax returns. Variations in the actual outcome of these future tax consequences could materially impact the consolidated financial statements.

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation by calculating the fair value of each option, restricted stock unit (“RSU”) or performance share unit (“PSU”) issued under the 2018 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2018 Plan”), or purchase rights issued under the ~~Company’s~~ 2018 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”), at the grant date. The fair value of stock options and purchase rights ~~issued under the ESPP~~ is estimated by applying the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. This model uses the fair value of the Company’s underlying common stock at the measurement date, the expected or contractual term of the option or purchase right, the expected volatility of its common stock, risk-free interest rates, and expected dividend yield of its common stock. The fair value of an RSU or PSU is determined using the fair value of the Company’s underlying common stock on the grant date. The stock-based compensation expense recognized over the performance period for PSUs will equal the fair value of the PSU on the grant date multiplied by the number of PSUs that are earned. Furthermore, the quarterly expense recognized during the performance period for PSUs is based on an estimate of the Company’s future performance and the expected payout level. Changes to management’s estimate of future performance result in adjustments to the stock-based compensation expense for PSUs and are recognized prospectively over the remaining service period. The Company accounts for forfeitures of stock-based awards as they occur.

The Company primarily generates revenue from fees paid for subscriptions to tax compliance solutions and fees paid for services performed in preparing and filing tax returns on behalf of its customers. Amounts that have been invoiced are recorded in trade accounts receivable and deferred revenue, contract liabilities, or revenue, depending upon whether the revenue recognition criteria have been met. Revenue is recognized once the customer is provisioned and services are provided in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those services. The Company’s revenue recognition policy follows guidance from Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers.

The Company determines revenue recognition through the following five-step framework:

The Company identifies performance obligations in its contracts with customers, which primarily include subscription services and professional services. The transaction price is determined based on the amount which the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for providing the promised services to the customer, and is comprised of both fixed and variable consideration. The transaction price in the contract is allocated to each distinct performance obligation on a relative standalone selling price basis. Revenue is recognized when performance obligations are satisfied.

Contract payment terms are typically net 30 days. Collectability is assessed based on a number of factors including collection history and creditworthiness of the customer, and the Company may mitigate exposure to credit risk by requiring payments in advance. If collectability of substantially all consideration to which the Company is entitled under the contract is determined to be not probable, revenue is not recorded until collectability becomes probable at a later date.

Revenue is recorded based on the transaction price excluding amounts collected on behalf of third parties, such as sales taxes collected and remitted to governmental authorities.

Subscription and returns revenue primarily consist of contractually agreed upon fees paid for using the Company’s cloud-based solutions, which include tax calculation and compliance management services, preparing and filing transaction tax returns on behalf of customers, and tax content subscription services. Under most of the Company’s subscription agreements, customers select a price plan that includes an allotted maximum number of transactions over the subscription term. Unused transactions are not carried over to the customer’s next subscription term, and customers are not entitled to refunds of fees paid or relief from fees due in the event they do not use the allotted number of transactions. If customers exceed the maximum transaction level within their price plan, the Company will generally upgrade the customer to a higher transaction price plan or, in some cases, charge overage fees on a per transaction basis. Fees paid for subscription services to tax content vary depending on the volume of tax information accessible to the customer.

The Company’s subscription arrangements do not provide the customer with the right to take possession of the software supporting the cloud-based application services. The Company’s standard subscription contracts are non-cancelable except where contract terms provide rights to cancel in the first 60 days of the contract term. Cancellations under the Company’s standard subscription contracts are not material, and do not have a significant impact on revenue recognized. Tax returns processing services include collection of tax data and amounts, preparation of compliance forms, and submission to taxing authorities. Returns processing services are primarily charged on a subscription basis for an allotted number of returns to process within a given time period.

Revenue is recognized ratably over the contractual term of the arrangement, beginning on the date that the service is made available to the customer. The Company invoices its subscription customers for the initial term at contract signing and at each subscription renewal. Initial terms generally range from 12 to 18 months, and renewal periods are typically one year. Amounts that are contractually billable and have been invoiced, or which have been collected as cash, are initially recorded as deferred revenue or contract liabilities. While most of the Company’s customers are invoiced once at the beginning of the term, a portion of customers are invoiced semi-annually, quarterly, or monthly.

Included in the total subscription fee for cloud-based solutions are non-refundable upfront fees that are typically charged to new customers. These fees are associated with work performed to set up a customer with the Company’s services, and do not represent a distinct good or service. Instead, the fees are included within the transaction price and allocated to the remaining performance obligations in the contract. The Company recognizes revenue for these fees in accordance with the revenue recognition for those performance obligations.

Also included in subscription and returns revenue is interest income on funds held ~~for~~from customers. The Company uses trust accounts at FDIC-insured institutions to provide tax remittance services to customers and collect funds from customers in advance of remittance to tax authorities. After collection and prior to remittance, the Company earns interest on these funds.

The Company generates professional services revenue from providing tax analysis and services, including tax registrations, voluntary disclosure agreements, nexus studies, and backfiling services. Additionally, the Company provides configurations, data migrations, integration, and training for its subscriptions and returns products. The 2020 acquisitions of Transaction Tax Resources, Inc. (“TTR”) and Business Licenses, LLC (“Business Licenses”) (see Note 5) expanded the scope of professional services to include

business licenses and registration services and tax refund claims and recovery assistance. The Company invoices for professional service arrangements on a fixed fee, milestone, or time and materials basis. The transaction price allocated to professional services performance obligations is recognized as revenue as services are performed or upon completion of work.

The Company’s contracts with customers often include obligations to provide multiple services to a customer. Determining whether services are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately from one another requires judgment. Subscription services and professional services are both distinct performance obligations that are accounted for separately.

Judgment is required to determine the standalone selling price (“SSP”) for each distinct performance obligation. The Company allocates revenue to each performance obligation based on the relative SSP. The Company determines SSP for performance obligations based on overall pricing objectives, which take into consideration observable prices, market conditions and entity-specific factors. This includes a review of historical data related to the services being sold and customer demographics. The Company uses a range of amounts to estimate SSP for performance obligations. There is typically more than one SSP for individual services due to the stratification of those services by information, such as size and type of customer.

The Company recognizes an asset for the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer if it expects the benefit of those costs to be longer than one year. The Company has determined that certain costs related to employee sales incentive programs (sales commissions) and partner commission programs represent incremental costs of obtaining a contract and therefore should be capitalized. Capitalized costs are included in deferred commissions on the consolidated balance sheets. These deferred commissions are amortized over an estimated period of benefit, generally six years. The Company determines the period of benefit by taking into consideration past experience with customers, the expected life of acquired technology that generates revenue, industry peers, and other available information. The period of benefit is generally longer than the term of the initial contract because of anticipated renewals. The Company elected to apply the practical expedient to recognize the incremental costs of obtaining a contract as an expense if the amortization period of the asset would have been one year or less.

Leases arise from contracts which convey the right to control the use of identified property or equipment for a period of time in exchange for consideration. The Company’s leasing arrangements are primarily for office space used to conduct operations. The Company determines whether an arrangement is or contains a lease at the inception date, based on whether there is an identified asset and whether the Company controls the use of the identified asset throughout the period of use. Leases commence when the lessor makes the asset available for use.

Leases are classified at commencement as either operating or finance leases. All the Company’s leases are classified as operating leases. Rent expense for operating leases is recognized on the straight-line method over the term of the agreement beginning on the lease commencement date. Lease-related costs, which are variable rather than fixed, are expensed in the period incurred. Variable lease costs consist primarily of common area maintenance and utilities costs for the Company’s office spaces that are due based on the actual costs incurred by the landlord. Lease payments that depend on an index or a rate are measured using the index or rate at the commencement date and are included in operating lease costs. Subsequent increases to lease payments due to a change in the index or rate are expensed as a variable lease cost.

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes, which amends the existing guidance relating to the accounting for income taxes. This ASU is intended to simplify the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions to the general principles of accounting for income taxes and to improve the consistent application of U.S. GAAP for other areas of accounting for income taxes by clarifying and amending existing guidance. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. The Company adopted the guidance on January 1, 2021 and the adoption of this new guidance does not have a material effect on its consolidated financial statements.

In August 2020, the FASB issued ASU No. 2020-06, Debt—Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Accounting for Convertible Instruments and Contracts in an Entity’s Own Equity, which amends the accounting standards for convertible debt instruments that may be settled entirely or partially in cash upon conversion. ASU No. 2020-06 eliminates requirements to separately account for liability and equity components of such convertible debt instruments and eliminates the ability to use the treasury stock method for calculating diluted earnings per share for convertible instruments whose principal amount may be settled using shares. Instead, ASU No. 2020-06 requires (i) the entire amount of the security to be presented as a liability on the balance sheet and (ii) application of the “if-converted” method for calculating diluted earnings per share. The required use of the “if-converted” method will not impact the Company’s diluted earnings per share as long as the Company is in a net loss position.

The guidance in ASU No. 2020-06 is required for annual reporting periods, including interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2021, for public business entities. Early adoption is permitted, but no earlier than annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2020, including interim periods within those annual reporting periods. The Company early adopted this guidance for the fiscal year beginning January 1, 2021, and did so on a modified retrospective basis, without requiring any adjustments. The adoption of ASU No. 2020-06 impacted the accounting for the offering of $977.5 million of 0.25% convertible senior notes due 2026 (the “2026 Notes”) issued by the Company in August 2021, see Note 10 for further discussion.

In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers, which amends the accounting related to contract assets and liabilities acquired in business combinations. Under current GAAP, an entity generally recognizes assets and liabilities acquired in a business combination, including contract assets and contract liabilities arising from revenue contracts with customers, at fair value on the acquisition date. ASU 2021-08 requires that entities recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities acquired in a business combination in accordance with ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. ASU 2021-08 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years, and should be applied prospectively to businesses combinations occurring on or after the effective date of the amendment. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this new ~~accounting standards that have not yet been adopted.~~guidance on the consolidated financial statements.

The following financial assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The fair values recognized in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and the level within the fair value hierarchy in which the fair value measurements fall is as follows (in thousands):

			Fair Value Measurements Using								Fair Value Measurements Using
			Quoted Prices		Significant						Quoted Prices		Significant
			in Active		Other		Significant				in Active		Other		Significant
			Markets for		Observable		Unobservable				Markets for		Observable		Unobservable
	Fair		Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs		Fair		Identical Assets		Inputs		Inputs
June 30, 2021	Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
September 30, 2021									Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Money market funds	$	564,799	$	564,799	$	—	$	—	$	1,460,482	$	1,460,482	$	—	$	—
Available-for-sale securities:
U.S. treasury securities										373		373		—		—
Earnouts related to business combinations		67,454		—		—		67,454		75,528		—		—		75,528

Earnout liabilities recorded in connection with an acquisition accounted for as a business combination under ASC 805 are recorded at estimated fair value on a recurring basis. Business combinations are discussed in Note 5. Earnouts recorded in connection with asset acquisitions are recorded as earnout payments become known. As such, earnouts related to asset acquisitions, which are discussed in Note 7, are not included in these fair value disclosures.

Earnout liabilities are classified as Level 3 liabilities because the Company uses unobservable inputs to value them, reflecting its assessment of the assumptions market participants would use to value these liabilities. Changes in the fair value of earnout liabilities are recorded in other (income) expense, net in the consolidated statements of operations.

The Company estimates the fair value of earnout liabilities for business combinations using either probability-weighted discounted cash flows and Monte Carlo simulations or a scenario-based approach. The earnout liability associated with the acquisition of Davo Technologies LLC (“Davo”) is based on the achievement of specific revenue growth thresholds through March 2023. As of ~~June~~ September

30, 2021, the earnout liability associated with the acquisition of Davo was valued utilizing a discount rate of 8%7%. The Davo discount rate was calculated using the build-up method with a ~~top-down approach~~risk-free rate commensurate with the term of the earnout based on the ~~internal rate of return, risk-free rate,~~equity, asset and ~~operating leverage factor.~~revenue betas, size premium, and the Company’s specific risk premium, as well as the market risk premium using a bottom-up approach. The earnout liability associated with the 2020 acquisition of TTR is based on the achievement of specific revenue growth thresholds through December 2022. As of ~~June~~September 30, 2021, the earnout liability associated with the acquisition of TTR was valued utilizing a discount rate of ~~13%~~13%. The TTR discount rate was calculated using the build-up method with a risk-free rate commensurate with the term of the earnout based on the equity, asset and ~~asset~~revenue betas, size premium, and the Company’s specific risk premium, as well as the market risk premium using a bottom-up approach. The earnout liability associated with the 2020 acquisition of Business Licenses is based on the achievement of certain performance metrics through November 2024. As of ~~June~~September 30, 2021, the earnout liability associated with the acquisition of Business Licenses was valued utilizing a discount rate of ~~4.4%~~4.5% based on the Company’s estimated pre-tax cost of debt. The Business Licenses earnout was assumed by management to have a high probability of achievement.

The earnout period for the 2019 acquisition of Portway International Inc. (“Portway”) ended as of January 31, 2021 and did not result in any additional earnout payments due to not meeting the revenue targets.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of recurring fair value measurements recognized in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets using significant unobservable (Level 3) inputs, is as follows (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended June 30,					For the Three Months Ended September 30,
	2021		2020			2021			2020
Earnout liabilities related to business combinations:
Balance beginning of period	$	37,653	$	3,599		$	67,454		$	33
Fair value recorded at acquisition		28,620		0
Measurement period adjustment							1,927			0
Payments of earnout liabilities		0		(3,750	)		(33	)		0
Total unrealized loss included in other (income) expense, net		1,181		184			6,180			0
Balance end of period	$	67,454	$	33		$	75,528		$	33

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,					For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2021		2020			2021			2020
Earnout liabilities related to business combinations:
Balance beginning of period	$	34,501	$	13,808		$	34,501		$	13,808
Fair value recorded at acquisition		28,620		0			28,620			0
Measurement period adjustment		1,802		0			3,729			0
Payments of earnout liabilities		0		(11,450	)		(33	)		(11,450	)
Total unrealized net (gain) loss included in other (income) expense, net		2,531		(2,325	)		8,711			(2,325	)
Balance end of period	$	67,454	$	33		$	75,528		$	33

The Company’s non-financial assets and liabilities, which include goodwill, intangible assets, long-lived assets and deferred revenue, and the Company’s liabilities for the accrued purchase price related to acquisitions, are not required to be measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The estimation of fair value for these assets and liabilities requires the use of significant unobservable inputs, and as a result, the Company classifies these assets and liabilities as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy. During the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021, assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations, including trade accounts receivable, property and equipment, intangible assets, and deferred revenue, were measured at fair value on the date of the acquisition. In addition, certain operating lease right-of-use assets were measured at fair value on the date of acquisition or the date of lease commencement or modification, as applicable. There were no additional fair value measurements of these assets during the first ~~half~~nine months of 2021, except as discussed in Note 5.

The Company has a principal amount of $977.5 million of 2026 Notes that are carried on the balance sheet at amortized cost. The estimated fair value of the 2026 Notes is $1.0 billion as of September 30, 2021. The estimated fair value of the 2026 Notes was determined through inputs that are observable in the market, and are classified as Level 2.

	Useful	June 30,			December 31,			Useful	September 30,			December 31,
	Life (Years)	2021			2020			Life (Years)	2021			2020
Computer equipment and software	3 to 5	$	16,787		$	15,749		3 to 5	$	18,840		$	15,749
Internally developed software	3 to 6		17,009			10,438		3 to 6		22,043			10,438
Furniture and fixtures	5		6,497			6,651		5		6,487			6,651
Office equipment	3 to 5		1,093			1,006		3 to 5		1,096			1,006
Leasehold improvements	1 to 10		29,862			29,928		1 to 10		29,823			29,928
			71,248			63,772				78,289			63,772
Accumulated depreciation			(32,615	)		(29,059	)			(35,644	)		(29,059	)
Property and equipment—net		$	38,633		$	34,713			$	42,645		$	34,713

Depreciation expense was ~~$2.8 million~~$3.3 million. and ~~$5.4~~$8.7 million for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021, respectively, and ~~$2.3~~$2.5 million and ~~$4.5~~$7.0 million for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020, respectively.

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following (in thousands):

	June 30,		December 31,		September 30,		December 31,
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Prepaid expenses	$	25,800	$	13,968	$	29,286	$	13,968
Deposits		185		2,557		205		2,557
Other		2,653		3,573		1,611		3,573
Total	$	28,638	$	20,098	$	31,102	$	20,098

	June 30,		December 31,		September 30,		December 31,
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Accrued payroll and related taxes	$	10,707	$	7,903	$	12,372	$	7,903
Accrued federal, state, local, and foreign taxes		3,812		4,338		7,343		4,338
Accrued bonus		20,441		29,518		31,874		29,518
Self-insurance reserves		1,744		1,563		1,725		1,563
Employee stock purchase plan contributions		6,530		5,927		2,944		5,927
Accrued sales commissions		6,881		5,563		4,924		5,563
Accrued partner commissions		9,363		9,173		10,224		9,173
Contract liabilities		11,406		10,134		8,597		10,134
Interest payable on convertible senior notes						333		0
Other		11,080		10,413		11,642		10,413
Total	$	81,964	$	84,532	$	91,978	$	84,532

Contract liabilities represent amounts that are collected in advance of the satisfaction of performance obligations. See Contract Liabilities in Note 6.

On October 18, 2021, the Company acquired substantially all the assets of CrowdReason LLC, a Texas limited liability company (“CrowdReason”), and CorrelationAdvisors LLC, a Texas limited liability company (“CorrelationAdvisors”) under an asset purchase agreement. At close, the Company paid $8.3 million in cash. The agreement includes an acquisition holdback of $2.0 million payable in 18 months or less subject to reductions for certain indemnifications and other potential obligations of CrowdReason and Correlation Advisors. The agreement also contains a three-year earnout arrangement, based on certain revenue performance metrics, with total purchase price inclusive of earnouts not to exceed $40.0 million. CrowdReason is a technology services company that provides

software applications, solutions, and services for property tax compliance. CorrelationAdvisors provides consulting services related to property valuation and property tax compliance. The Company will account for the CrowdReason and CorrelationAdvisors acquisition as a business combination and plans to provide a preliminary asset valuation and other required acquisition-related disclosures in its annual report on Form 10-K for the year ending December 31, 2021.

On October 1, 2021, the Company acquired substantially all the assets of Track1099 LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Track1099”) under an asset purchase agreement. At close, the Company paid $35.0 million in cash. The agreement includes an acquisition holdback of $5 million payable in 27 months subject to reductions for certain indemnifications and other potential obligations of Track1099. The agreement also contains a two-year earnout arrangement, based on certain billing performance metrics, not to exceed $12.5 million. Track1099 provides online software and services for cost-effectively managing, e-filing, and e-delivering Internal Revenue Service forms, including Forms 1099, W-2, and W-9. The Company will account for the Track1099 acquisition as a business combination and plans to provide a preliminary asset valuation and other required acquisition-related disclosures in its annual report on Form 10-K for the year ending December 31, 2021.

On September 7, 2021, the Company acquired substantially all the assets of 3CE Technologies, Inc. (“3CE”) under an Asset Purchase Agreement (the “3CE Purchase”). 3CE is a Canadian company that provides software and services for Harmonized Sales Tax (“HS”) code classifications and verifications, primarily to government entities and logistics services providers. The acquisition will expand and improve Avalara’s HS classification content and provide a new self-service model to sell to the Company’s customers. The Company accounted for the 3CE Purchase as a business combination. The acquisition has been included in the Company’s consolidated results of operations since the acquisition date; however, the effect of the business combination is not material to the consolidated results of operations.

The total consideration related to this transaction is $11.2 million, consisting of $9.9 million cash paid at close and an acquisition holdback with a fair value upon acquisition of $1.3 million.

Preliminary estimated fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed in the 3CE Purchase as of the acquisition date include intangible assets of $2.5 million primarily attributable to developed technology and customer relationships and goodwill of $8.3 million. The estimated fair values for acquired accounts receivable, deferred revenue, and intangible assets are preliminary in nature and subject to adjustment when the necessary information is available to complete the valuation.

On April 1, 2021, the Company acquired the outstanding equity of Inposia Solutions, GmbH (“Inposia”) under a Share Purchase Agreement (the “Inposia Purchase”). Inposia is a German software company that delivers e-invoicing, digital tax reporting, and system and data integration to support digital transformation efforts and address real-time compliance requirements for businesses. Inposia will build upon Avalara’s existing e-invoicing capabilities in Brazil and India to support customers worldwide with real-time compliance. The Company accounted for the Inposia Purchase as a business combination. Acquisition-related costs of ~~$1.3~~$1.4 million were primarily for legal and due-diligence related fees and were recorded in general and administrative expense, of which $1.0 million was incurred in the second half of 2020 and ~~$0.3~~$0.4 million was incurred in the first ~~half~~nine months of 2021.

The total consideration transferred related to this transaction was ~~€31.9~~€31.8 million (or approximately ~~$37.6~~$37.4 million using the exchange rate on April 1, 2021), consisting of ~~$12.2~~net cash consideration of $14.5 million ~~cash paid at closing, a~~ ~~$2.4~~ ~~million cash deposit paid in the fourth quarter of 2020,~~and 164,416 shares of the Company’s common stock paid at closing with an acquisition date fair value of $23.0 million. Net cash consideration consists of $12.2 million cash paid at closing, and a $2.4 million cash deposit paid in the fourth quarter of 2020, offset by $0.2 million cash received by the Company in the third quarter of 2021 as a result of net working capital adjustments. A portion of shares issued are held in escrow as of ~~June~~September 30, 2021, and will be released to the Inposia shareholders ~~over~~during the ~~next~~ 18 months following the acquisition, subject to reduction for certain indemnification and other potential obligations of the Inposia shareholders. The shares held in escrow are considered issued and outstanding, and are recorded in shareholders’ equity on the consolidated balance sheet as of ~~June~~September 30, 2021.

Measurement period adjustments recognized in the third quarter of 2021 related primarily to updated estimated fair values for acquired intangible assets, deferred tax liabilities, and a net working capital adjustment. A reconciliation of preliminary total consideration as of June 30, 2021 and preliminary total consideration as of September 30, 2021 is presented below (in thousands):

Preliminary estimated fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed in the Inposia Purchase as of the acquisition date are provided in the following table (in thousands):



			Previously Reported As of June 30, 2021		Purchase Price Allocation Measurement Period Adjustment			As Adjusted
Assets acquired:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,264	$	1,264	$	—		$	1,264
Trade accounts receivable		1,767		1,767		—			1,767
Other current assets		268		268		—			268
Operating lease right-of-use assets		928		928		—			928
Property and equipment		98		98		—			98
Developed technology, customer relationships, and other intangibles		12,684		12,684		1,820			14,504
Goodwill		27,702		27,702		(1,486	)		26,216
Other noncurrent assets		35		35		—			35
Total assets acquired		44,746		44,746		334			45,080
Liabilities assumed:
Trade payables and accrued expenses		1,340		1,340		—			1,340
Deferred revenue		811		811		(55	)		756
Other liabilities, noncurrent		106		106		—			106
Operating lease liabilities		928		928		—			928
Deferred tax liability		3,919		3,919		577			4,496
Total liabilities assumed		7,104		7,104		522			7,626
Net assets acquired	$	37,642	$	37,642	$	(188	)	$	37,454

The estimated fair values for acquired intangible assets, deferred revenue, and deferred tax liabilities are preliminary in nature and subject to adjustment when the necessary information is available to complete the valuation.

The carrying amount of trade accounts receivable acquired in the Inposia Purchase approximates the fair value. The fair value of deferred revenue was estimated ~~using the income approach,~~ utilizing a ~~bottom-up method that estimated the costs required to support the remaining obligations plus an assumed profit margin, and discounted to present value utilizing a risk-adjusted~~ discount rate of 4.0%. based on the Company’s estimated pre-tax cost of debt.

The Company utilizes different valuation approaches and methodologies to determine the fair value of acquired intangible assets. The weighted-average amortization period for all intangibles acquired in the Inposia Purchase is ~~5.9 years.~~6.2 years. A summary of the valuation methodologies, significant assumptions, and estimated useful lives of acquired intangible assets in the Inposia Purchase are provided in the below table (in thousands):

Intangible	Assigned Value		Valuation Methodology	Discount Rate			Estimated Useful Life	Previously Reported Assigned Value As of June 30, 2021		Purchase Price Allocation Measurement Period Adjustment			As Reported Assigned Value		Valuation Methodology	Discount Rate			Estimated Useful Life
Customer relationships	$	1,585	Multi-period excess earnings-income approach		18.5	%	8 years	$	1,585	$	1,938		$	3,523	Multi-period excess earnings-income approach		18.5	%	8 years
Developed technology		9,572	Relief from royalty-income approach		18.5	%	6 years		9,572		—			9,572	Relief from royalty-income approach		18.5	%	6 years
Noncompetition agreements		1,292	With-and-without valuation-income approach		18.5	%	3 years		1,292		(118	)		1,174	With-and-without valuation-income approach		21.0	%	3 years
Tradename		235	Relief from royalty-income approach		18.5	%	3 years		235		—			235	Relief from royalty-income approach		18.5	%	3 years

The excess of the purchase price over the net identified tangible and intangible assets is ~~$27.7~~$26.2 million and has been recorded as goodwill, which includes synergies expected from the combined service offerings and the value of the assembled workforce. The goodwill is not expected to be deductible for tax purposes.

For the period from the date of the Inposia Purchase through ~~June~~September 30, 2021, revenue was ~~$2.1~~$4.0 million and pre-tax loss was ~~$0.5~~$1.5 million from the Inposia business.

On April 20, 2021, the Company acquired substantially all the assets of Davo under an Asset Purchase Agreement (the “Davo Purchase”). Davo helps emerging small businesses automate the daily and ongoing requirements for sales tax. As a result of the acquisition, Davo extends Avalara’s ability to provide integrated sales tax compliance processes to alleviate the burden of compliance on small businesses. The Company accounted for the Davo Purchase as a business combination. Acquisition-related costs of $0.1 million were primarily for legal and due-diligence related fees and were recorded in general and administrative expense.

The total consideration transferred related to this transaction was ~~$55.0~~$56.9 million, consisting of $23.5 million cash paid at close, a $0.3 million cash deposit paid in the first quarter of 2021, an acquisition holdback with a fair value upon acquisition of $2.6 million, and an earnout provision with a fair value upon acquisition of ~~$28.6~~$30.5 million. The acquisition holdback represents an additional $2.6 million of cash to be paid Davo shareholders ~~over~~during the ~~next~~ 18 months following the acquisition date, subject to reduction for certain indemnifications and other potential obligations of Davo shareholders. The acquisition holdback liability is recorded in accrued purchase price related to acquisitions, noncurrent portion on the consolidated balance sheet as of ~~June~~September 30, 2021. The earnout will be calculated as a multiple of certain performance metrics during the 12-month measurement periods ending March 31, 2022 and 2023, and there is not a stated minimum or maximum payment required under the earnout. Of the earnout liability recognized at the date of the business combination, ~~$14.2~~$15.1 million is recorded in accrued earnout liabilities, current and ~~$14.4~~$15.4 million is recorded in accrued earnout liabilities, noncurrent. The earnout liability is adjusted to fair value quarterly ~~(See~~(see Note 3).

Measurement period adjustments recognized in the third quarter of 2021 related primarily to updated estimated fair values for acquired intangible assets, earnout liability, and a net working capital adjustment. A reconciliation of preliminary total consideration as of June 30, 2021 and preliminary total consideration as of September 30, 2021 is presented below (in thousands):

Preliminary estimated fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed in the Davo Purchase as of the acquisition date are provided in the following table (in thousands):

			Previously Reported As of June 30, 2021		Purchase Price Allocation Measurement Period Adjustment			As Adjusted
Assets acquired:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	198	$	198	$	—		$	198
Funds held from customers		12,464		12,464		—			12,464
Trade accounts receivable		119		119		—			119
Other current assets		58		58		—			58
Operating lease right-of-use assets		46		46		—			46
Developed technology, customer relationships, and other intangibles		6,427		6,427		414			6,841
Goodwill		48,426		48,426		1,505			49,931
Other noncurrent assets		2		2		(1	)		1
Total assets acquired		67,740		67,740		1,918			69,658
Liabilities assumed:
Accrued expenses		117		117		—			117
Deferred revenue		75		75		—			75
Operating lease liabilities		46		46		—			46
Customer fund obligations		12,464		12,464		—			12,464
Total liabilities assumed		12,702		12,702		—			12,702
Net assets acquired	$	55,038	$	55,038	$	1,918		$	56,956

The estimated fair values for acquired intangible assets and earnout consideration are preliminary in nature and subject to adjustment, when the necessary information is available to complete the valuation.

The carrying amount of trade accounts receivable acquired in the Davo Purchase approximates the fair value.

~~7.0 years~~.A 6.8 years. A summary of the valuation methodologies, significant assumptions, and estimated useful lives of acquired intangible assets in the Davo ~~Acquisition~~Purchase are provided in the below table (in thousands):

Intangible	Assigned Value		Valuation Methodology	Discount Rate			Estimated Useful Life	Previously Reported Assigned Value As of June 30, 2021		Purchase Price Allocation Measurement Period Adjustment			As Reported Assigned Value		Valuation Methodology	Discount Rate			Estimated Useful Life
Customer relationships	$	4,350	Multi-period excess earnings-income approach and replacement cost method-cost approach		14.5	%	8 years	$	4,350	$	(50	)	$	4,300	Multi-period excess earnings-income approach and replacement cost method-cost approach		14.5	%	8 years
Developed technology		1,800	Relief from royalty-income approach		14.5	%	5 years		1,800		100			1,900	Relief from royalty-income approach		14.5	%	5 years
Noncompetition agreements		191	With-and-without valuation-income approach		16.5	%	5 years		191		364			555	With-and-without valuation-income approach		16.5	%	5 years
Tradename		86	Relief from royalty-income approach		14.5	%	1 years		86		—			86	Relief from royalty-income approach		14.5	%	1 years

The excess of the purchase price over the net identified tangible and intangible assets is ~~$48.4~~$49.9 million and has been recorded as goodwill, which includes synergies expected from the combined service offerings and the value of the assembled workforce. The goodwill is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.

For the period from the date of the Davo Purchase through ~~June~~September 30, 2021, revenue was ~~$0.5~~$1.3 million and pre-tax loss was ~~$0.4~~$1.2 million from the Davo business.

On October 5, 2020, the Company acquired the outstanding equity of TTR under a Merger Agreement (the “TTR Merger”). TTR is a leading provider of tax content, research, consulting, and automation tools in the U.S., with products that include software solutions for companies and governments. As a result of the acquisition, the Company expanded its tax content, added new product offerings, and reached new customer segments. The Company accounted for the TTR Merger as a business combination.

The total consideration related to this transaction was $370.1 million, consisting of $294.0 million in cash paid at closing, acquisition holdbacks with a fair value upon acquisition of $57.3 million, and an earnout provision with a fair value upon acquisition of $18.9 million. The acquisition holdbacks represent the present value of an additional $57.3 million of cash to be paid up to three years following the acquisition, subject to reduction for certain indemnifications and other potential obligations of the TTR shareholders, discounted utilizing a risk-free discount rate of 0.13%. The earnout is payable to TTR’s founder and shareholder no later than February 2023. The maximum earnout payment is $26.4 million and is based on the achievement of certain TTR revenue growth performance metrics during the 2021 and 2022 fiscal years. The potential amount of all future payments that could be required under the earnout is between $0 and $26.4 million. The earnout was recognized at fair value at the date of the business combination and is adjusted to fair value quarterly (see Note 3).

Measurement period adjustments recognized in the first quarter of 2021 related to the finalization of the estimated fair values for customer relationships, contract backlog, and earnout liability, and a net working capital adjustment. A reconciliation of preliminary total consideration as of December 31, 2020 and total consideration as of ~~June~~September 30, 2021 is presented below (in thousands):

Estimated fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed in the TTR Merger as of the acquisition date and including measurement period adjustments are provided in the following table (in thousands):

	Previously Reported		Purchase Price Allocation
	As of		Measurement Period			As
	December 31, 2020		Adjustment			Adjusted		Previously Reported As of December 31, 2020		Purchase Price Allocation Measurement Period Adjustment			As Adjusted
Assets acquired:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	2,294	$	—		$	2,294	$	2,294	$	—		$	2,294
Trade accounts receivable		5,966		—			5,966		5,966		—			5,966
Other current assets		93		—			93		93		—			93
Operating lease right-of-use assets		1,760		—			1,760		1,760		—			1,760
Property and equipment		848		—			848		848		—			848
Developed technology, customer relationships, and other intangibles		49,000		(7,500	)		41,500		49,000		(7,500	)		41,500
Goodwill		327,039		8,526			335,565		327,039		8,526			335,565
Total assets acquired		387,000		1,026			388,026		387,000		1,026			388,026
Liabilities assumed:
Trade payables and accrued expenses		731		—			731		731		—			731
Deferred revenue		8,500		—			8,500		8,500		—			8,500
Operating lease liabilities		1,760		—			1,760		1,760		—			1,760
Deferred tax liability		8,775		(1,888	)		6,887		8,775		(1,888	)		6,887
Total liabilities assumed		19,766		(1,888	)		17,878		19,766		(1,888	)		17,878
Net assets acquired	$	367,234	$	2,914		$	370,148	$	367,234	$	2,914		$	370,148

The carrying amount of trade accounts receivable acquired in the TTR Merger was $7.2 million and was recorded at $6.0 million on the date of acquisition to approximate the fair value. The fair value of deferred revenue was estimated using the income approach,

utilizing a bottom-up method that estimated the costs required to support the remaining obligations plus an assumed profit margin, and discounted to present value utilizing a risk-adjusted discount rate of 3.5%.

The Company utilizes different valuation approaches and methodologies to determine the fair value of acquired intangible assets. The weighted-average amortization period for all intangibles acquired in the TTR Merger is 4.7 years. The weighted-average amortization period for developed technology intangibles acquired in the TTR Merger is 4.0 years. A summary of the valuation methodologies, significant assumptions, and estimated useful lives of acquired intangible assets in the TTR Merger are provided in the below table (in thousands):

Intangible	Previously Reported Assigned Value As of December 31, 2020		Purchase Price Allocation Measurement Period Adjustment			As Reported Assigned Value		Valuation Methodology	Discount Rate	Estimated Useful Life	Previously Reported Assigned Value As of December 31, 2020		Purchase Price Allocation Measurement Period Adjustment			As Reported Assigned Value		Valuation Methodology	Discount Rate	Estimated Useful Life
Customer relationships	$	26,000	$	(5,000	)	$	21,000	Multi-period excess earnings-income approach	18%	6 years	$	26,000	$	(5,000	)	$	21,000	Multi-period excess earnings-income approach	18%	6 years
Developed technology		9,600		—			9,600	Relief from royalty-income approach and replacement cost method-cost approach	17% to 18%	3 to 6 years		9,600		—			9,600	Relief from royalty-income approach and replacement cost method-cost approach	17% to 18%	3 to 6 years
Tradename		5,800		—			5,800	Relief from royalty-income approach	17%	2 years		5,800		—			5,800	Relief from royalty-income approach	17%	2 years
Contract backlog		5,800		(2,500	)		3,300	Multi-period excess earnings-income approach	17%	3 years		5,800		(2,500	)		3,300	Multi-period excess earnings-income approach	17%	3 years
Noncompetition agreements		1,800		—			1,800	With-and-without valuation-income approach	19%	5 years		1,800		—			1,800	With-and-without valuation-income approach	19%	5 years

The excess of the purchase price over the net identified tangible and intangible assets is $335.6 million and has been recorded as goodwill, which includes synergies expected from the combined service offerings and the value of the assembled workforce. The goodwill is not expected to be deductible for tax purposes.

The acquisition holdback liability is recorded in accrued purchase price related to acquisitions, with ~~$37.7~~$37.8 million included in the current portion on the consolidated balance sheet as of ~~June~~September 30, 2021, and $19.9 million and $37.7 million included in the current and noncurrent portions, respectively, on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2020. A portion of the acquisition holdback liability in the amount of $19.9 million was settled in the first ~~half~~nine months of 2021, ~~resulting in additional~~comprised of cash paid of $0.8 million in the first quarter, ~~and~~ $18.8 million paid in the second quarter and 0 additional payments in the third quarter to sellers.

On November 5, 2020, the Company acquired substantially all of the assets of Business Licenses under an Asset Purchase Agreement (the “Business Licenses Purchase”). Business Licenses is a leading provider of license content, software, management, and services that automate and streamline business license compliance for companies of all sizes. As a result of the acquisition, the Company expanded its product offerings to include complementary compliance solutions beyond tax, such as business licenses and registrations. The Company accounted for the Business Licenses Purchase as a business combination.

The total consideration transferred related to this transaction was $93.3 million, consisting of $64.8 million paid in cash at closing, an acquisition holdback with a fair value upon acquisition of $11.1 million, and an earnout provision with a fair value upon acquisition of $17.4 million. The acquisition holdback represents the present value of an additional $11.1 million of cash to be paid after 18 months to Business Licenses’ shareholders, subject to reduction for certain indemnification obligations, discounted utilizing a risk-free discount rate of 0.13%. The maximum earnout payment of up to $20.7 million will be paid, in shares of the Company’s common stock, to Business Licenses’ shareholders following the achievement of certain Business Licenses operating performance metrics during the four years following the acquisition. The potential amount of all future payments that could be required under the earnout is between $0 and $20.7 million. The earnout was originally recognized at fair value at the date of the business combination is adjusted to fair value quarterly (see Note 3).

Measurement period adjustments recognized in the first quarter of 2021 related to the finalization of the estimated fair value of the earnout liability and a net working capital adjustment. A reconciliation of preliminary total consideration as of December 31, 2020 and total consideration as of ~~June~~September 30, 2021 is presented below (in thousands):

Estimated fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed in the Business Licenses Purchase as of the acquisition date and including measurement period adjustments are provided in the following table (in thousands):

	Previously		Purchase Price Allocation
	Reported		Measurement Period			As
	As of December 31, 2020		Adjustment			Adjusted		Previously Reported As of December 31, 2020		Purchase Price Allocation Measurement Period Adjustment			As Adjusted
Assets acquired:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	120	$	—		$	120	$	120	$	—		$	120
Trade accounts receivable		1,326		—			1,326		1,326		—			1,326
Customer fund assets		1,074		—			1,074		1,074		—			1,074
Other current assets		101		—			101		101		—			101
Operating lease right-of-use assets		1,644		—			1,644		1,644		—			1,644
Property and equipment		87		—			87		87		—			87
Developed technology, customer relationships, and other intangibles		19,525		—			19,525		19,525		—			19,525
Goodwill		73,775		(1,634	)		72,141		73,775		(1,634	)		72,141
Other noncurrent assets		31		—			31		31		—			31
Total assets acquired		97,683		(1,634	)		96,049		97,683		(1,634	)		96,049
Liabilities assumed:
Accrued expenses		56		—			56		56		—			56
Customer fund obligations		1,028		—			1,028		1,028		—			1,028
Operating lease liabilities		1,644		—			1,644		1,644		—			1,644
Total liabilities assumed		2,728		—			2,728		2,728		—			2,728
Net assets acquired	$	94,955	$	(1,634	)	$	93,321	$	94,955	$	(1,634	)	$	93,321

The carrying amount of trade accounts receivable acquired in the Business Licenses Purchase approximate the fair value.

The Company utilizes different valuation approaches and methodologies to determine the fair value of acquired intangible assets. The weighted-average amortization period for all intangibles acquired in the Business Licenses Purchase is 5.3 years. The weighted-average amortization period for developed technology intangibles acquired in the Business Licenses Purchase is 3.1 years. A summary of the valuation methodologies, significant assumptions, and estimated useful lives of acquired intangible assets in the Business Licenses Purchase are provided in the below table (in thousands):

The excess of the purchase price over the net identified tangible and intangible assets is $72.1 million and has been recorded as goodwill, which includes synergies expected from the combined service offerings and the value of the assembled workforce. The goodwill is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.

~~The~~As of September 30, 2021, the acquisition holdback liability of $11.1 ~~million and $11.4~~ million is recorded in accrued purchase price related to acquisitions, current portion on the consolidated balance ~~sheet as of June 30, 2021 and noncurrent portion as~~sheet. As of December 31, 2020 ~~respectively.~~the acquisition holdback liability of $11.4 million is recorded in accrued purchase price related to acquisitions, noncurrent portion on the consolidated balance sheet.

On December 1, 2020, the Company acquired the shares of Impendulo (the “Impendulo Purchase”). Impendulo is a London-based provider of insurance tax compliance solutions and offers insurance tax compliance management technology and services, specializing

in support for multi-national insurance companies. With the acquisition of Impendulo, the Company expands its product offerings to include insurance premium tax compliance. The Company accounted for the Impendulo Purchase as a business combination.

The total consideration transferred related to this transaction was $14.0 million, consisting of $11.7 million paid in cash at closing, $1.2 million paid in the Company’s common stock, and an additional $1.1 million that was paid in the first quarter of 2021 based on final revenue metrics achieved up to the date of acquisition.

Measurement period adjustments recognized in the first quarter of 2021 relate to the finalization of the net working capital adjustment. A reconciliation of preliminary total consideration as of December 31, 2020 and total consideration as of ~~June~~September 30, 2021 is presented below (in thousands):

	Previously		Purchase Price Allocation
	Reported		Measurement Period		As
	As of December 31, 2020		Adjustment		Adjusted		Previously Reported As of December 31, 2020		Purchase Price Allocation Measurement Period Adjustment		As Adjusted
Cash paid at closing	$	11,713	$	—	$	11,713	$	11,713	$	—	$	11,713
Common stock paid at close		1,190		—		1,190		1,190		—		1,190
Cash payable accrual		694	425			1,119		694	425			1,119
Total consideration	$	13,597	$	425	$	14,022	$	13,597	$	425	$	14,022

Estimated fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed in the Impendulo Purchase as of the acquisition date and including measurement period adjustments are provided in the following table (in thousands):

	Previously		Purchase Price Allocation
	Reported		Measurement Period		As
	As of December 31, 2020		Adjustment		Adjusted		Previously Reported As of December 31, 2020		Purchase Price Allocation Measurement Period Adjustment		As Adjusted
Assets acquired:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,347	$	—	$	1,347	$	1,347	$	—	$	1,347
Trade accounts receivable		371		—		371		371		—		371
Other assets		147		—		147		147		—		147
Developed technology, customer relationships, and other intangibles		3,617		—		3,617		3,617		—		3,617
Goodwill		10,217		425		10,642		10,217		425		10,642
Total assets acquired		15,699		425		16,124		15,699		425		16,124
Liabilities assumed:
Trade payables and accrued expenses		663		—		663		663		—		663
Deferred revenue and contract liabilities		694		—		694		694		—		694
Deferred tax liability		745		—		745		745		—		745
Total liabilities assumed		2,102		—		2,102		2,102		—		2,102
Net assets acquired	$	13,597	$	425	$	14,022	$	13,597	$	425	$	14,022

The carrying amount of trade accounts receivable acquired in the Impendulo Purchase approximate the fair value. The Company utilizes different valuation approaches and methodologies to determine the fair value of acquired intangible assets. The weighted-average amortization period for all intangibles acquired in the Impendulo Purchase is 5.9 years. A summary of the valuation methodologies, significant assumptions, and estimated useful lives of acquired intangible assets in the Impendulo Purchase are provided in the below table (in thousands):

The excess of the purchase price over the net identified tangible and intangible assets is $10.6 million and has been recorded as goodwill,, which includes synergies expected from the combined service offerings and the value of the assembled workforce. The goodwill is not expected to be deductible for tax purposes.

The unaudited pro forma financial information in the table below summarizes the combined results of operations for Avalara, Inposia, and Davo (which are considered relevant for the purposes of unaudited pro forma financial information disclosure) as though the companies were combined as of January 1, 2020. The unaudited pro forma financial information presented also includes certain business combination accounting effects resulting from the acquisitions, including amortization charges from acquired intangible assets, but does not include the fair value adjustment for deferred revenue and contract liabilities. The unaudited pro forma financial information as presented below is for informational purposes only and is not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that would have been achieved if the acquisitions had taken place as of January 1, 2020.

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,						For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2021			2020			2021			2020
Total revenue	$	328,007		$	232,446		$	511,837		$	362,729
Net loss		(59,030	)		(27,597	)		(92,837	)		(41,664	)

See Note 2 for a description of the Company’s revenue recognition accounting policy.

The following table disaggregates revenue generated within the United States (U.S.) from revenue generated from customers outside of the U.S. Revenue for transaction tax compliance in the U.S. is further disaggregated based on the solutions or services purchased by customers. Total revenues consisted of the following (in thousands):

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,				For the Three Months Ended September 30,
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Revenue (U.S.):
Subscription and returns
Tax calculations	$	159,763	$	120,672	$	91,539	$	65,312
Tax returns and compliance management		109,599		80,297		58,846		46,087
Interest income on funds held for customers		342		584
Interest income on funds held from customers						215		118
Total subscription and returns		269,704		201,553		150,600		111,517
Professional services		27,859		12,793		15,440		8,186
Total revenue (U.S.)		297,563		214,346		166,040		119,703
Total revenue (non-U.S.)		25,105		13,584		15,127		8,176
Total revenue	$	322,668	$	227,930	$	181,167	$	127,879

Timing may differ between the satisfaction of performance obligations and the invoicing and collection of amounts related to contracts with customers. Liabilities are recorded for amounts that are collected in advance of the satisfaction of performance obligations. To the extent a contract exists, as defined by ASC 606, these liabilities are classified as current and non-current deferred revenue. To the extent that a contract does not exist, as defined by ASC 606 (e.g., customer agreements with non-standard termination rights), these liabilities are classified as contract liabilities. Contract liabilities are transferred to deferred revenue at the point in time when the criteria that establish the existence of a contract are met.

A summary of the activity impacting the contract liabilities during the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 and 2020 is presented below (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended June 30,						For the Three Months Ended September 30,
	2021			2020			2021			2020
Contract liabilities:
Balance beginning of period	$	12,466		$	6,330		$	11,406		$	6,195
Contract liabilities transferred to deferred revenue		(5,265	)		(2,716	)		(6,420	)		(2,737	)
Addition to contract liabilities		4,205			2,581			3,611			4,215
Balance end of period	$	11,406		$	6,195		$	8,597		$	7,673


	For the Six Months Ended June 30,						For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2021			2020			2021			2020

Contract liabilities:
Balance beginning of period	$	10,134		$	5,197		$	10,134		$	5,197
Contract liabilities transferred to deferred revenue		(9,131	)		(5,254	)		(15,550	)		(7,992	)
Addition to contract liabilities		10,403			6,252			14,013			10,468
Balance end of period	$	11,406		$	6,195		$	8,597		$	7,673

As of ~~June~~September 30, 2021, contract liabilities are expected to be transferred to deferred revenue within the next 12 months and therefore are included in accrued expenses on the consolidated balance sheets.

A summary of the activity impacting deferred revenue balances during the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 and 2020 is presented below (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended June 30,						For the Three Months Ended September 30,
	2021			2020			2021			2020
Deferred revenue:
Balance beginning of period	$	225,531		$	165,369		$	239,395		$	167,719
Revenue recognized		(169,067	)		(116,487	)		(181,167	)		(127,879	)
Additional amounts deferred		182,931			118,837			199,655			140,800
Balance end of period	$	239,395		$	167,719		$	257,883		$	180,640


	For the Six Months Ended June 30,						For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2021			2020			2021			2020

Deferred revenue:
Balance beginning of period	$	209,690		$	161,241		$	209,690		$	161,241
Revenue recognized		(322,668	)		(227,930	)		(503,835	)		(355,809	)
Additional amounts deferred		352,373			234,408			552,028			375,208
Balance end of period	$	239,395		$	167,719		$	257,883		$	180,640

As of ~~June~~September 30, 2021, ~~$237.5~~$256.2 million of deferred revenue is expected to be recognized within the next 12 months and is included in current liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The remaining amount of deferred revenue is included in noncurrent liabilities and is expected to be recognized within the next 18 months.

Assets are recognized for the incremental costs of obtaining a contract with a customer if the benefit of those costs is expected to be longer than one year. These deferred commissions are amortized over an expected period of benefit of generally six years.

A summary of the activity impacting the deferred commissions during the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 and 2020 is presented below (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended June 30,						For the Three Months Ended September 30,
	2021			2020			2021			2020
Deferred commissions:
Balance beginning of period	$	53,230		$	40,666		$	60,643		$	43,356
Additional commissions deferred		10,907			5,515			6,997			5,406
Amortization of deferred commissions		(3,494	)		(2,825	)		(4,009	)		(2,921	)
Balance end of period	$	60,643		$	43,356		$	63,631		$	45,841


	For the Six Months Ended June 30,						For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2021			2020			2021			2020
Deferred commissions:
Balance beginning of period	$	50,870		$	38,416		$	50,870		$	38,416
Additional commissions deferred		16,602			10,412			23,599			15,818
Amortization of deferred commissions		(6,829	)		(5,472	)		(10,838	)		(8,393	)
Balance end of period	$	60,643		$	43,356		$	63,631		$	45,841

As of ~~June~~September 30, 2021, ~~$14.8~~$15.7 million of deferred commissions are expected to be amortized within the next 12 months and are included in current assets on the consolidated balance sheets. The remaining amount of deferred commissions is included in noncurrent assets. There were 0 impairments of assets related to deferred commissions during the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 or

2020. There were 0 assets recognized related to the costs to fulfill contracts during the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 or 2020 as these costs were not material.

Contracts with customers include amounts allocated to performance obligations that will be satisfied at a later date. These amounts include deferred revenue that has been invoiced and non-cancellable amounts that will be invoiced and recognized as revenue in future periods. As of ~~June~~September 30, 2021, the remaining performance obligations to which enforceable rights exist are $~~294.8~~344.8 million, of which ~~$290.8~~$322.1 million is expected to be recognized as revenue over the next 12 months with the remaining amount thereafter. Of the remaining performance obligations as of ~~June~~September 30, 2021, ~~$55.4~~$87.0 million relates to non-cancellable amounts that have not yet been invoiced, of which ~~$53.3~~$66.0 million is expected to be recognized as revenue over the next 12 months with the remaining amount thereafter.

		June 30, 2021									September 30, 2021
	Average Useful Life (Years)	Gross		Accumulated Amortization			Net			Average Useful Life (Years)	Gross		Accumulated Amortization			Net
Backlog	3	$	3,300	$	(871	)	$	2,429		3	$	3,300	$	(1,288	)	$	2,012
Customer relationships	3 to 10		65,335		(18,961	)		46,374		3 to 10		68,506		(21,279	)		47,227
Developed technology ⁽¹⁾	3 to 8		65,724		(32,340	)		33,384		3 to 8		66,882		(34,568	)		32,314
Noncompetition agreements	3 to 5		4,565		(1,145	)		3,420		3 to 5		5,073		(1,404	)		3,669
Tradename and trademarks	1 to 4		7,006		(2,942	)		4,064		1 to 4		7,023		(3,828	)		3,195
		$	145,930	$	(56,259	)	$	89,671			$	150,784	$	(62,367	)	$	88,417
⁽¹⁾Developed technology intangible assets include IPR&D of $0.6M as of June 30, 2021, which is not subject to amortization.
⁽¹⁾Developed technology intangible assets include IPR&D of $0.4 million as of September 30, 2021, which is not subject to amortization.									⁽¹⁾Developed technology intangible assets include IPR&D of $0.4 million as of September 30, 2021, which is not subject to amortization.

		December 31, 2020									December 31, 2020
	Average Useful Life (Years)	Gross		Accumulated Amortization			Net			Average Useful Life (Years)	Gross		Accumulated Amortization			Net
Backlog	3	$	5,800	$	(937	)	$	4,863		3	$	5,800	$	(937	)	$	4,863
Customer relationships	3 to 10		64,302		(14,890	)		49,412		3 to 10		64,302		(14,890	)		49,412
Developed technology ⁽¹⁾	3 to 8		52,144		(27,646	)		24,498		3 to 8		52,144		(27,646	)		24,498
Noncompetition agreements	3 to 5		3,062		(766	)		2,296		3 to 5		3,062		(766	)		2,296
Tradename and trademarks	1 to 4		6,679		(1,235	)		5,444		1 to 4		6,679		(1,235	)		5,444
		$	131,987	$	(45,474	)	$	86,513			$	131,987	$	(45,474	)	$	86,513
⁽¹⁾Developed technology intangible assets include IPR&D of $0.6M as of December 31, 2020, which is not subject to amortization.
⁽¹⁾Developed technology intangible assets include IPR&D of $0.6 million as of December 31, 2020, which is not subject to amortization.									⁽¹⁾Developed technology intangible assets include IPR&D of $0.6 million as of December 31, 2020, which is not subject to amortization.

Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful life. Finite-lived intangible assets amortization expense was ~~$6.2~~$6.3 million and ~~$10.6~~$17.0 million for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021, respectively, and ~~$1.6~~$1.5 million and ~~$3.5~~$4.9 million for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020, respectively.

In May 2018, the Company acquired developed technology to facilitate cross-border transactions (e.g., tariffs and duties), from Tradestream Technologies Inc. and Wise 24 Inc. (the “Sellers”) for cash and common stock. Total consideration for the purchase includes an earnout computed on future billings recognized by the Company over the next six years, up to a maximum of $30.0 million. The earnout is payable in cash or common stock at the end of each six-month measurement period ending on June 30 or December 31 through ~~2023.Through June~~2023. Through September 30, 2021, the sellers have earned approximately ~~$1.6~~$1.9 million under the earnout provision since the acquisition date. An earnout liability of ~~$0.6~~$0.3 million was recorded within the current portion of accrued earnout liabilities as of ~~June~~September 30, 2021 for the earnout period ending ~~June 30,~~December 31, 2021 and is expected to be paid in cash to the sellers in the ~~third~~first quarter of ~~2021.~~2022.

Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 are summarized as follows (in thousands):

Balance—December 31, 2020	$	513,234			$	513,234
Measurement period adjustment - acquisition of Transaction Tax Resources		8,526
Measurement period adjustment - acquisition of Business Licenses		(1,634	)
Measurement period adjustment - acquisition of Impendulo		425
Measurement period adjustment - 2020 acquisitions ⁽¹⁾						7,317
Acquisition of Davo		48,426				49,931
Acquisition of Inposia		27,702				26,216
Acquisition of 3CE						8,290
Cumulative translation adjustments		(5	)			(1,220	)
Balance—June 30, 2021	$	596,674
Balance—September 30, 2021					$	603,768
⁽¹⁾See Note 5 for measurement period adjustment details				⁽¹⁾See Note 5 for measurement period adjustment details

Goodwill is tested for impairment annually on October 31 at the reporting unit level or whenever circumstances occur indicating goodwill might be impaired. The impairment test involves comparing the fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. Fair value reflects the price a market participant would be willing to pay in a potential sale of the reporting unit. If the fair value exceeds carrying value, the Company will conclude that 0 goodwill impairment has occurred. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, the Company will recognize an impairment loss in an amount equal to the excess, not to exceed the carrying value. The Company has 3 reporting units for goodwill impairment testing consisting of its U.S., European, and Brazilian operations. As of ~~June~~September 30, 2021, the Brazilian reporting unit had 0 associated goodwill.

Total lease cost, net of sublease income, was ~~$4.4~~$4.1 million and ~~$8.3~~$12.4 million for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021, respectively, and ~~$3.9~~$4.1 million and ~~$7.7~~$11.8 million for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020, ~~respectively.~~respectively Sublease income was $0.4 million and ~~$0.8~~$1.2 million for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021, respectively and $0.4 million and ~~$0.8~~$1.1 million for the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020, respectively. Leases that commenced in the first ~~half~~nine months of 2021 increased operating lease right-of-use assets by ~~$1.7~~$1.8 million.

Loss contingencies may arise in connection with the ordinary conduct of the Company’s business activities. The Company considers all loss contingencies on a quarterly basis and based on known facts assesses whether potential losses are considered reasonably possible, probable, and estimable. The Company establishes an accrual for loss contingencies when the loss is both probable and reasonably estimable. If the estimated loss is a range of potential outcomes and there is no better estimate within the range, management accrues the amount at the low end of the range. These accruals represent management’s estimate of probable losses and, in such cases, there may be an exposure to loss in excess of the amounts accrued. Significant judgment is required to determine both likelihood of there being a probable loss and the estimated amount of a loss. If a loss contingency is not both probable and reasonably estimable, the Company does not establish an accrual, but will evaluate other disclosure requirements and continue to monitor the matter for developments that would make the loss contingency both probable and reasonably estimable. The ultimate outcome of any litigation relating to a loss contingency is uncertain and, regardless of outcome, litigation can have an adverse impact on the Company because of defense costs, negative publicity, diversion of management resources and other factors.

In its standard subscription agreements, the Company has agreed to indemnification provisions with respect to certain matters. Further, from time to time, the Company has also assumed indemnification obligations through its acquisition activity. These indemnification provisions can create a liability to the Company if its services do not appropriately calculate taxes due to tax jurisdictions, or if the Company is delinquent in the filing of returns on behalf of its customers. Although the Company’s agreements have disclaimers of warranties that limit its liability (beyond the amounts the Company agrees to pay pursuant to its indemnification obligations and guarantees, as applicable), a court could determine that such disclaimers and limitations are unenforceable as a matter of law and hold the Company liable for certain errors. Further, in some instances the Company has negotiated agreements with specific customers or assumed agreements in connection with the Company’s acquisitions that do not limit this liability or disclaim these warranties. It is not possible to reasonably estimate the potential loss under these indemnification arrangements.

In August 2021, the Company completed a private offering of $977.5 million principal amount of 0.25% convertible senior notes due 2026 (the “2026 Notes”). The 2026 Notes are unsecured obligations and bear interest at a fixed rate of 0.25% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on February 1 and August 1 of each year, commencing on February 1, 2022. The 2026 Notes will mature on August 1, 2026, unless earlier converted, redeemed or repurchased. The Company incurred $17.6 million of debt issuance costs in connection with the 2026 Notes offering consisting of the initial purchasers’ commissions and legal, accounting, and other direct costs of the offering. The total proceeds from the offering, net of the debt issuance costs, were $959.9 million. The Company used $75.3 million of the net proceeds from the sale of the 2026 Notes to pay the premiums of the capped call options described further below.

The Company may not redeem the 2026 Notes prior to August 6, 2024. The Company may redeem all or any portion of the 2026 Notes, at the Company’s option, on or after August 6, 2024, through the 41st scheduled trading day immediately prior to the maturity date, if the common stock price is at least 130% of the conversion price then in effect for at least 20 of any 30 consecutive trading day period. The Company may redeem all or part of the 2026 Notes at a redemption price equal to the principal amount plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the redemption date, with not less than 50 nor more than 60 scheduled trading days’ notice to holders.

The 2026 Notes are convertible at an initial conversion rate of 4.1940 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of 2026 Notes, which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $238.44 per share of common stock. The conversion rate is subject to customary adjustments for certain events as described in the indenture governing the 2026 Notes. The Company may settle the conversion option obligation with cash, shares of the Company’s common stock, or any combination of cash and shares of the Company’s common stock. On or after February 1, 2026, until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date, holders of the 2026 Notes may convert their notes at their option. Prior to the close of business on the business day immediately preceding February 1, 2026, the 2026 Notes are convertible at the option of the holders of such notes only under the following circumstances:

Upon the occurrence of a make‑whole fundamental change or the exercise of the Company’s redemption option, the Company will, under certain circumstances, increase the applicable conversion rate for a holder that elects to convert its 2026 Notes. As of September 30, 2021, none of the conditions of the 2026 Notes to early convert have been met.

As discussed in Note 2, the Company early adopted ASU No. 2020‑06 as of January 1, 2021 and concluded that the 2026 Notes will be accounted for as debt, with no bifurcation of the embedded conversion feature. Debt issuance costs were recorded as a direct deduction from the related liability in the consolidated balance sheet and are amortized to interest expense over the term of the 2026 Notes. The effective interest rate for the 2026 Notes is 0.6%.

The following table sets forth the interest expense recognized related to the 2026 Notes:

In connection with the offering of the 2026 Notes, the Company purchased capped calls from certain financial institutions with respect to its common stock. The capped calls each have an initial strike price of $238.44 per share of the Company’s common stock, which corresponds to the initial conversion price of the 2026 Notes. The capped calls each have an initial cap price of $323.30 per share and expire in incremental components on each trading date beginning on June 4, 2026 and ending on July 30, 2026. The capped calls are intended to offset potential dilution to the Company’s common stock or offset any cash payments the Company is required to make in excess of the principal amount, as the case may be, with such reduction or offset subject to the cap price. The capped calls are subject to adjustments for certain corporate events and standard anti-dilution provisions.

The Company paid an aggregate amount of $75.3 million for the capped calls, covering approximately 4.1 million shares of the Company’s common stock. As the capped calls are both legally detachable and separately exercisable from the 2026 Notes, the Company accounts for the capped calls separately from the 2026 Notes. The capped calls are indexed to the Company’s own common stock and classified in stockholders’ equity. As such, the premiums paid for the capped calls have been included as a net reduction to additional paid-in capital in the consolidated balance sheet.

Under the Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation, which became effective in June 2018, the Company is authorized to issue 2 classes of stock designated as common stock and preferred stock. The Company’s total authorized capital stock is 620,000,000 shares, consisting of 600,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, and 20,000,000 shares of undesignated preferred stock, $0.0001 par value per share.

The changes to the Company’s shareholders’ equity during the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 is as follows (in thousands, except share data):

							Accumulated																Accumulated
					Additional		Other						Total							Additional			Other						Total
	Common Stock				Paid-In		Comprehensive			Accumulated			Shareholders’			Common Stock				Paid-In			Comprehensive			Accumulated			Shareholders’
	Shares		Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)			Deficit			Equity			Shares		Amount		Capital			Loss			Deficit			Equity
Balance at January 1, 2021		85,057,727	$	9	$	1,640,867	$	(1,339	)	$	(559,377	)	$	1,080,160			85,057,727	$	9	$	1,640,867		$	(1,339	)	$	(559,377	)	$	1,080,160
Exercise of stock options		296,226				5,529								5,529			296,226				5,529									5,529
Vesting of restricted stock units		346,008															346,008
Stock-based compensation cost						19,047								19,047							19,047									19,047
Shares issued under employee stock purchase plan		60,064				7,088								7,088			60,064				7,088									7,088
Loss on translation adjustment								(390	)					(390	)									(390	)					(390	)
Net loss											(29,988	)		(29,988	)												(29,988	)		(29,988	)
Balance at March 31, 2021		85,760,025	$	9	$	1,672,531	$	(1,729	)	$	(589,365	)	$	1,081,446			85,760,025	$	9	$	1,672,531		$	(1,729	)	$	(589,365	)	$	1,081,446
Exercise of stock options		253,395				4,668								4,668			253,395				4,668									4,668
Vesting of restricted stock units		75,571												—			75,571													—
Stock-based compensation cost						23,592								23,592							23,592									23,592
Shares issued for acquisitions of businesses		164,416				22,971								22,971			164,416				22,971									22,971
Gain on translation adjustment								322						322										322						322
Net loss											(27,650	)		(27,650	)												(27,650	)		(27,650	)
Balance at June 30, 2021		86,253,407	$	9	$	1,723,762	$	(1,407	)	$	(617,015	)	$	1,105,349			86,253,407	$	9	$	1,723,762		$	(1,407	)	$	(617,015	)	$	1,105,349
Exercise of stock options																	488,992				7,950									7,950
Vesting of restricted stock units																	43,374													—
Stock-based compensation cost																					23,777									23,777
Shares issued under employee stock purchase plan																	56,817				7,358									7,358
Purchase of capped calls																					(75,268	)								(75,268	)
Loss on translation adjustment																								(1,172	)					(1,172	)
Net loss																											(32,546	)		(32,546	)
Balance at September 30, 2021																	86,842,590	$	9	$	1,687,579		$	(2,579	)	$	(649,561	)	$	1,035,448

The changes to the Company’s shareholders’ equity for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020 is as follows (in thousands, except share data):

							Accumulated																Accumulated
					Additional		Other						Total							Additional			Other						Total
	Common Stock				Paid-In		Comprehensive			Accumulated			Shareholders’			Common Stock				Paid-In			Comprehensive			Accumulated			Shareholders’
	Shares		Amount		Capital		Income (Loss)			Deficit			Equity			Shares		Amount		Capital			Income (Loss)			Deficit			Equity
Balance at January 1, 2020		77,447,620	$	8	$	976,627	$	(2,719	)	$	(510,194	)	$	463,722			77,447,620	$	8	$	976,627		$	(2,719	)	$	(510,194	)	$	463,722
Exercise of stock options		532,848				7,928								7,928			532,848				7,928									7,928
Vesting of restricted stock units		186,475															186,475
Stock-based compensation cost						9,749								9,749							9,749									9,749
Shares issued under employee stock purchase plan		81,894				5,716								5,716			81,894				5,716									5,716
Shares issued related to business combination earnouts		44,659				3,750								3,750			44,659				3,750									3,750
Shares issued to purchase intangible assets		1,191				87								87			1,191				87									87
Gain on translation adjustment								625						625										625						625
Net loss											(15,283	)		(15,283	)												(15,283	)		(15,283	)
Balance at March 31, 2020		78,294,687	$	8	$	1,003,857	$	(2,094	)	$	(525,477	)	$	476,294			78,294,687	$	8	$	1,003,857		$	(2,094	)	$	(525,477	)	$	476,294
Exercise of stock options		1,117,805				17,495								17,495			1,117,805				17,495									17,495
Vesting of restricted stock units		57,832												—			57,832													—
Stock-based compensation cost						12,368								12,368							12,368									12,368
Shares issued related to business combination earnouts		44,659				3,750								3,750			44,659				3,750									3,750
Gain on translation adjustment								435						435										435						435
Net loss											(10,140	)		(10,140	)												(10,140	)		(10,140	)
Balance at June 30, 2020		79,514,983	$	8	$	1,037,470	$	(1,659	)	$	(535,617	)	$	500,202			79,514,983	$	8	$	1,037,470		$	(1,659	)	$	(535,617	)	$	500,202
Proceeds from common stock offering, net of underwriting discounts																	4,527,558				556,312									556,312
Public offering costs																					(701	)								(701	)
Exercise of stock options																	333,977				5,294									5,294
Vesting of restricted stock units																	19,178													—
Stock-based compensation cost																					12,916									12,916
Shares issued under employee stock purchase plan																	75,811				5,621									5,621
Loss on translation adjustment																								(225	)					(225	)
Net loss																											(12,729	)		(12,729	)
Balance at September 30, 2020																	84,471,507	$	8	$	1,616,912		$	(1,884	)	$	(548,346	)	$	1,066,690

The Company has stock-based compensation plans that provide for the award of equity incentives, including stock options, stock awards, RSUs, PSUs, and purchase rights. As of ~~June~~September 30, 2021, the Company had stock options outstanding under the 2018 Plan and the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2006 Plan”), RSUs and PSUs outstanding under the 2018 Plan, and purchase rights issued under the ESPP. The 2018 Plan became effective in connection with the Company’s IPO at which time the 2006 Plan was terminated. Outstanding awards under the 2006 Plan continue to be subject to the terms and conditions of the 2006 Plan.

As of ~~June~~September 30, 2021, ~~4,046,624~~4,035,218 shares were subject to outstanding awards and ~~12,213,759~~12,158,970 shares were available for issuance under the 2018 Plan. As of ~~June~~September 30, 2021, ~~1,814,676~~1,348,505 shares were subject to outstanding stock options under the 2006 Plan.

The Company recognized total stock-based compensation cost related to equity incentive awards as follows (in thousands):

	For the Three Months Ended June 30,				For the Six Months Ended June 30,				For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2021		2020		2021		2020		2021		2020		2021		2020
Stock-based compensation cost:
Stock options	$	3,074	$	4,159	$	6,297	$	8,008	$	2,913	$	3,749	$	9,210	$	11,757
Restricted stock units		14,937		7,487		26,626		12,420		14,993		8,052		41,618		20,472
Performance share units		4,632		0		7,464		0		4,683		0		12,148		0
Employee stock purchase plan		949		722		2,252		1,689		1,188		1,115		3,440		2,804
Total stock-based compensation cost	$	23,592	$	12,368	$	42,639	$	22,117	$	23,777	$	12,916	$	66,416	$	35,033

A small portion of stock-based compensation cost above is capitalized in accordance with the accounting guidance for internal-use software. The Company uses the straight-line attribution method for recognizing stock-based compensation expense.

The following table summarizes stock option activity for the Company’s stock-based compensation plans for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021:

						Weighted									Weighted
				Weighted		Average		Aggregate					Weighted		Average		Aggregate
				Average		Remaining		Intrinsic					Average		Remaining		Intrinsic
				Exercise		Contractual		Value					Exercise		Contractual		Value
	Shares			Price		Life (in Years)		(in thousands)		Shares			Price		Life (in Years)		(in thousands)
Options outstanding as of January 1, 2021		3,537,014		$	28.17		6.89	$	483,577		3,537,014		$	28.17		6.89	$	483,577
Options granted		—		$	—						—		$	—
Options exercised		(549,621	)	$	18.55						(1,038,613	)	$	17.47
Options cancelled or expired		(20,359	)	$	16.50						(24,525	)	$	16.65
Options outstanding as of June 30, 2021		2,967,034		$	30.03		6.53	$	390,958
Options exercisable as of June 30, 2021		2,013,423		$	22.96		6.02	$	279,544
Options outstanding as of September 30, 2021											2,473,876		$	32.78		6.45	$	351,272
Options exercisable as of September 30, 2021											1,741,687		$	26.18		6.07	$	258,789

A summary of options outstanding and vested as of ~~June~~September 30, 2021 is as follows:

	Options Outstanding				Options Vested and Exercisable				Options Outstanding				Options Vested and Exercisable
Exercise	Number		Weighted Average		Number Vested		Weighted Average		Number		Weighted Average		Number Vested		Weighted Average
Prices	Outstanding		Life (in Years)		and Exercisable		Life (in Years)		Outstanding		Life (in Years)		and Exercisable		Life (in Years)
$1.50 to $1.90		3,075		0.4		3,075		0.4
$2.86 to $6.40		25,055		1.6		25,055		1.6
$1.90 to $6.40										23,065		1.3		23,065		1.3
$8.04 to $11.72		173,006		2.7		173,006		2.7		79,506		2.5		79,506		2.5
$12.20 to $15.06		667,470		5.3		665,341		5.3		491,764		5.0		491,764		5.0
$16.06 to $24.00		946,070		6.6		642,801		6.6		754,170		6.3		578,159		6.3
$31.99 to $42.21		669,063		7.5		349,041		7.5		658,855		7.2		392,185		7.2
$55.10 to $99.65		441,140		8.3		152,773		8.3		424,361		8.0		167,684		7.8
$124.35 to $151.76		42,155		9.2		2,331		9.1		42,155		6.6		9,324		5.9
		2,967,034				2,013,423				2,473,876				1,741,687

The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 and 2020 was ~~$70.7~~$148.4 million and ~~$131.2~~$168.3 million, respectively.

There were 0 options granted during the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021. The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted during the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020 was ~~$30.06~~$32.87 per share. During the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021, ~~623,337~~1,080,356 options vested. There were ~~953,611~~732,189 options unvested as of ~~June~~September 30, 2021.

As of ~~June~~September 30, 2021, ~~$17.2~~$14.3 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to stock options was expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately ~~1.9~~1.8 years.

All options ~~given~~granted to participants, including employees and non-employee directors, are measured based on the grant date fair value of the awards and recognized in the consolidated statements of operations over the period during which the participant is required to perform services in exchange for the award. The vesting period is generally four years for employees and one year for non-employee directors. For the options granted during the periods presented, the fair value ~~of options~~ was estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions:

Options are granted with an exercise price per share not less than the per share fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the grant date. The fair market value per share of the Company’s common stock for purposes of determining stock-based compensation is the closing price of the Company’s common stock as reported on the applicable grant date.

Expected volatility for stock options is based on a combination of annualized daily historical volatility of the Company’s stock price and the historical and implied volatility of comparable publicly traded companies over a similar expected term.

The expected term represents the period that the Company’s stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding. Given the Company’s relative inexperience of significant exercise activity, the expected term assumptions were determined based on application of the simplified method of expected term calculation by averaging the contractual life of option grants and the vesting period of such grants. This application, when coupled with the contractual life of ten years and average vesting term of four years for employees and one year for non-employee directors, creates an expected term of six years and five years, respectively.

The risk-free interest rate was based on the rate for a U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issue with a term that closely approximates the expected life of the option grant at the date nearest the option grant date.

The following table summarizes RSU activity for the Company’s stock-based compensation plans for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021:

				Weighted					Weighted
				Average					Average
				Grant Date Fair					Grant Date Fair
	Restricted Stock Units			Value Per Share		Restricted Stock Units			Value Per Share
RSUs outstanding as of January 1, 2021		2,359,063		$	70.17		2,359,063		$	70.17
RSUs granted		949,563			131.96		1,068,582			136.76
RSUs vested		(421,579	)		60.76		(464,953	)		65.29
RSUs cancelled		(113,413	)		73.04		(173,477	)		81.12
RSUs outstanding as of June 30, 2021		2,773,634		$	92.63
RSUs outstanding as of September 30, 2021							2,789,215		$	95.81

Stock-based compensation cost for RSUs is recognized on a straight-line basis in the consolidated statements of operations over the period during which the participant is required to perform services in exchange for the award, based on the fair value of the Company’s underlying common stock on the grant date. The vesting period of each RSU grant is generally four years for employees and one year for non-employee directors.

As of ~~June~~September 30, 2021, ~~$231.5~~$231.6 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to RSUs was expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately ~~3.1~~2.9 years.

The following table summarizes PSU activity for the Company’s stock-based compensation plans for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021:

			Weighted				Weighted
			Average				Average
			Grant Date Fair				Grant Date Fair
	Performance Share Units		Value Per Share		Performance Share Units		Value Per Share
PSUs outstanding as of January 1, 2021		—	$	—		—	$	—
PSUs granted		120,632		147.39		120,632		147.39
PSUs vested		—		—		—		—
PSUs cancelled		—		—		—		—
PSUs outstanding as of June 30, 2021		120,632	$	147.39
PSUs outstanding as of September 30, 2021						120,632	$	147.39

During the first quarter of 2021, PSUs were granted for the first time and are intended to replace stock option grants for executives. Stock-based compensation cost for PSUs is recognized on a graded vesting basis in the consolidated statements of operations over the period during which the participant is required to perform services in exchange for the award, based on the fair value of the Company’s underlying common stock on the grant date and the number of PSUs expected to be earned over the service period. Each PSU grant will vest in annual tranches over a three-year service period. Total units earned for grants made in 2021 may vary between 0% and 250% of the units granted based on the attainment of company-specific performance targets during the related three-year period and continued service. The performance targets are established by the Compensation and Leadership Development Committee of the Board of Directors. All of the PSUs earned will be settled through the issuance of an equivalent number of shares of the Company’s common stock based on the payout level achieved.

As of ~~June~~September 30, 2021, ~~$30.3~~$25.6 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to PSUs was expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately ~~2.1~~2.0 years.

During the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021, ~~60,064~~116,881 shares of common stock were purchased under the ESPP.

As of ~~June~~September 30, 2021, there was approximately ~~$0.4~~$1.6 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to the ESPP that is expected to be recognized over the remaining term of the offering period that began on ~~February~~August 1, 2021 and will end on ~~July~~January 31, ~~2021.~~2022.

For the periods presented, the fair value of ESPP purchase rights was estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions:

	For the Three and Six Months Ended June 30,				For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2021		2020		2021		2020		2021	2020
Fair market value of common stock	$	152.35	$	85.14	$	166.84	$	138.83	$152.35 to $166.84	$87.23 to $138.83
Volatility	34%		32%		31%		49%		31% to 34%	32% to 49%
Expected term	0.5 years		0.5 years		0.5 years		0.5 years		0.5 years	0.5 years
Expected dividend yield	n/a		n/a		n/a		n/a		n/a	n/a
Risk-free interest rate	0.08%		1.54%		0.06%		0.11%		0.06% to 0.08%	0.11% to 1.54%

The Company calculates basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common shareholders in conformity with the two-class method required for companies with participating securities.

The diluted net loss per share attributable to common shareholders is computed by giving effect to all potential dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding for the period. The Company uses the if-converted method for calculating any potential dilutive effect of the convertible senior notes on diluted net loss per share. For purposes of this calculation, all common stock equivalents have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common shareholders as their effect is antidilutive. As a result, basic and diluted net loss per common share was the same for each period presented.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per common share (in thousands, except per share data):

The following weighted-average outstanding shares of common stock equivalents were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common shareholders for the periods presented because the impact of including them would have been antidilutive (in thousands):

	For the Three Months Ended June 30,				For the Six Months Ended June 30,				For the Three Months Ended September 30,				For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2021		2020		2021		2020		2021		2020		2021		2020
Options to purchase common shares		3,115		4,928		3,255		5,296		2,750		4,229		3,085		4,938
Unvested restricted stock units		2,746		2,204		2,504		1,879		2,748		2,267		2,586		2,009
Unvested performance share units		121		0		98		0		121		0		106		0
ESPP shares		38		50		22		30		4		5		4		2
Convertible senior notes (if converted)										2,184		0		736		0
Total		6,020		7,182		5,879		7,205		7,807		6,501		6,517		6,949

On October 1, 2021, the Company acquired substantially all of the assets of Track1099 and on October 18, 2021, the Company acquired substantially all of the assets of CrowdReason and CorrelationAdvisors. See discussion in Note 5.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with the consolidated financial statements and related notes that are included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our 2020 Annual Report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors,” in Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our 2020 Annual Report. See “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” above.

We are a leading provider of tax compliance automation for businesses of all sizes. The Avalara Compliance Cloud includes calculation, returns, compliance document management, licensing and registration, fiscal representation, and tax content and insight solutions. We sell our solutions primarily on a subscription basis through our sales force, which focuses on selling to qualified leads provided by our marketing efforts and by partner referrals.

We focus on maintaining and expanding our partner network, which has been and will continue to be an essential part of our growth. We continue to increase the available number of partner integrations, which are designed to link the Avalara Compliance Cloud to a wide variety of business applications, including accounting, ERP, ecommerce, marketplace, POS, recurring billing, and CRM systems. Through marketing activities, we generate awareness from many businesses, both large and small, and enhance communications with our existing customers.

We make substantial investments by increasing headcount, investing in better software tools and technologies, and making strategic acquisitions to continuously improve the Avalara Compliance Cloud. With these investments, we will continue scaling our platform for continued growth, adding new features and functionality, supporting new products and content types, and improving the user experience. We expect to continue to make significant investments, both organically and through acquisitions, to gain new and relevant content, technology, and expertise that best serve the transaction tax needs of our customers.

Our business is impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, which began during the first quarter of 2020 and has resulted in authorities implementing numerous preventative measures to contain or mitigate the extent of the impact, including travel bans and restrictions, limitations on business activity, quarantines, and shelter-in-place orders. These measures have caused, and may continue to cause, business slowdowns or shutdowns in affected areas. ~~Almost all~~Even though we have begun to re-open certain of our office locations, the vast majority of our employees ~~currently~~continue to work ~~offsite~~from home and we expect these arrangements to continue for ~~the majority~~most of our workforce for the remainder of 2021. During the second quarter of 2021, some of the geographic areas we serve and work from began to loosen travel bans and restrictions, and, where it is safe to do so, we have resumed some in-person customer activities and events. However, aswe continue to host many customer activities and events virtually and continue to limit employee travel. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to ~~evolve,~~progress, the extent and timing of the broader impact of the pandemic on our results of operations, overall financial performance and operating cash flows remains uncertain, including the impact on our future revenue growth, the timing of the resumption of normal operating expenses, and the extent to which any incremental expenses associated with the preventative and precautionary measures will be necessary.

We regularly review several metrics to evaluate growth trends, measure our performance, formulate financial projections, and make strategic decisions. We discuss revenue and the components of operating results under the section of this report titled, “Key Components of Consolidated Statements of Operations,” and we discuss other key business metrics below.

	Jun 30, 2021			Mar 31, 2021			Dec 31, 2020			Sep 30, 2020			Jun 30, 2020			Mar 31, 2020			Dec 31, 2019 (3)			Sep 30, 2019 (3)			Sep 30, 2021			Jun 30, 2021			Mar 31, 2021			Dec 31, 2020			Sep 30, 2020			Jun 30, 2020			Mar 31, 2020			Dec 31, 2019 (3)
Number of core customers (as of end of period) - legacy		16,410			15,580			14,890			14,180			13,560			12,940			12,150			11,400			17,230			16,410			15,580			14,890			14,180			13,560			12,940			12,150
Number of core customers (as of end of period) - revised⁽¹⁾		16,570			15,730			15,020			14,300			13,640			13,000			12,240			11,440
Number of core customers (as of end of period) - revised⁽¹⁾																										17,400			16,570			15,730			15,020			14,300			13,640			13,000			12,240
Net revenue retention rate - legacy		110	%		107	%		104	%		108	%		107	%		109	%		111	%		113	%		112	%		110	%		107	%		104	%		108	%		107	%		109	%		111	%
Net revenue retention rate - revised⁽²⁾		116	%		113	%		115	%		116	%		114	%		117	%	N/A			N/A
Net revenue retention rate - revised⁽²⁾																										116	%		116	%		113	%		115	%		116	%		114	%		117	%	N/A

⁽¹⁾ During the second quarter of 2021, we revised the methodology for calculating core customers to include revenue from SST (see Number of Core Customers below for details). The table above includes the number of core customers using both the legacy and the revised methodologies.

⁽²⁾ During the second quarter of 2021, we revised the methodology for calculating net revenue retention rate to include revenue from SST. In addition, professional services revenue is no longer included in the revised calculation methodology, as these services tend to be more one-time in nature (see Net Revenue Retention Rate below for details). The table above includes the net revenue retention rate using both the legacy and the revised methodologies.

⁽³⁾ Net revenue retention rate - revised is not presented for the ~~periods~~period ended December 31, ~~2019 and September 30,~~ 2019 due to certain prior period data needed to complete the calculation being unavailable.

We believe core customers is a key indicator of our market penetration, growth, and potential future revenue. The small and mid-market customer segments have been and remain our primary target market segments for marketing and selling our solutions. We use core customers as a metric to focus our customer count reporting on our primary target market segment. During the second quarter of 2021, we revised our core customer calculation methodology to include revenue from our Streamlined Sales Tax solution (SST), which results in additional customers being included in reported core customers. Under the revised calculation methodology, we had as of ~~June~~September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, approximately ~~16,570~~17,400 and 15,020 core customers, respectively.

Currently, our core customer count includes only customers with unique account identifiers in our primary U.S. billing systems and does not include customers that subscribe to our solutions through our international subsidiaries and certain legacy and acquired billing systems that have not yet been integrated into our primary U.S. billing systems (e.g., recent acquisitions and our lodging tax compliance solution). As we increase our international operations and sales in future periods, we may add customers billed from our international subsidiaries to the core customer metric.

As noted above, we revised our core customer calculation methodology during the second quarter of 2021. Under the prior methodology, revenue from SST was not included in our calculation of total revenue during the previous 12 months. This meant customers that would have otherwise met the definition of a core customer, with inclusion of attributable SST revenue, were excluded

from our core customer count as well as our disclosures on the percentage of total revenue attributable to core customers. The revised methodology for core customers includes revenue from SST.

We believe these changes improve the usefulness of this key business metric, which is to measure both the growth of existing customers into core customers and the acquisition of new customers of a certain size.

We also have a substantial number of customers of various sizes that do not meet the revenue threshold to be considered a core customer. Many of these customers are in the emerging and small business segment of the marketplace, which represents strategic value and a growth opportunity for us. Customers who do not meet the revenue threshold to be considered a core customer provide us with market share and awareness, and we anticipate that some may grow into core customers. In addition, we have numerous enterprise-level customers that only utilize our services for small segments of their business, providing opportunities over time for us to extend our relationship and make them core customers.

In addition to customers with whom we have a direct relationship, some of our customers are business application publishers (including ecommerce platforms) that include automated tax determination powered by Avalara. While those platform providers may be core customers to Avalara, their end-user customers generally are not.

We believe that our net revenue retention rate provides insight into our ability to retain and grow revenue from our customers, as well as their potential long-term value to us. We also believe it reflects the stability of our revenue base, which is one of our core competitive strengths. We calculate our net revenue retention rate by dividing (a) total subscription and returns revenue in the current quarter from any billing accounts that generated revenue during the corresponding quarter of the prior year by (b) total subscription and returns revenue in such corresponding quarter from those same billing accounts. This calculation includes changes during the period for such billing accounts, such as additional solutions purchased, changes in pricing and transaction volume, and terminations, but does not reflect revenue for new billing accounts added during the one-year period.

Currently, our net revenue retention rate includes only customers with unique account identifiers in our primary U.S. billing systems and does not include customers who subscribe to our solutions through our international subsidiaries or certain legacy billing systems that have not been integrated into our primary U.S. billing systems.

During the second quarter of 2021, we revised our net revenue retention rate calculation methodology. Under the prior methodology, revenue from our SST solution was not included in net revenue retention rate. This means that revenue expansion from existing customers adopting our SST solution was not included, while revenue contraction from customers replacing one or more of Avalara’s other solutions with SST was included. The revised calculation methodology for net revenue retention rate includes revenue from SST. In addition, professional services revenue is no longer included in the revised calculation methodology, as these services tend to be more one-time in nature. Under the revised calculation methodology, our net revenue retention rate was 116% for the quarter ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 and on average has been 115% over the last four quarters ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021. Under the legacy calculation methodology, our net revenue retention rate was ~~110%~~112% for the quarter ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 and on average has been ~~107%~~108% over the last four quarters ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021.

We generate revenue from two primary sources: (1) subscription and returns; and (2) professional services. Subscription and returns revenue are driven primarily by the acquisition of customers, customer renewals, and additional service offerings purchased by existing customers. Revenue from subscription and returns comprised approximately ~~90%~~91% of our revenue for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 and 94% of our revenue for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020.

Subscription and Returns Revenue. Subscription and returns revenue primarily consist of fees paid by customers to use our solutions. Subscription plan customers select a price plan that includes an allotted maximum number of transactions over the subscription term. Unused transactions are not carried over to the customer’s next subscription term, and our customers are not entitled to any refund of fees paid or relief from fees due if they do not use the allotted number of transactions. If a subscription plan customer exceeds the selected maximum transaction level, we will generally upgrade the customer to a higher tier or, in some cases, charge overage fees on a per transaction or return basis. Customers purchase tax return preparation on a subscription basis for an allotted number of returns. Fees paid for subscription services to tax content vary depending on the volume of tax information accessible to the customer.

Our standard subscription contracts are generally non-cancelable after the first 60 days of the contract term. Cancellations under our standard subscription contracts are not material, and do not have a significant impact on revenue recognized. We generally invoice our subscription customers for the initial term at contract signing and upon renewal. Our initial terms generally range from 12 to 18 months, and renewal periods are typically one year. Amounts that have been invoiced are initially recorded as deferred revenue or contract liabilities. Subscription revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the service term of the arrangement beginning on the date that our solution is made available to the customer and ending at the expiration of the subscription term.

Currently a small component of our total revenue, we offer SST services to businesses that are registered to participate in the program. We earn a fee (SST revenue) from participating state and local governments based on a percentage of the sales tax reported and paid, and as a result, we generally provide SST services at no cost to the seller. During the first quarter of 2021, we renewed our agreement with the SST Governing Board to provide SST services at a lower percentage rate than we previously earned.

Subscription and returns revenue also include interest income generated on funds held ~~for~~from customers. In order to provide tax remittance services to customers, we hold funds from customers in advance of remittance to tax authorities. These funds are held in trust accounts at FDIC-insured institutions. Prior to remittance, we earn interest on these funds.

Professional Services. We generate professional services revenue from providing tax analysis and services, including tax registrations, voluntary disclosure agreements, nexus studies, and back filing services. We also provide configurations, data migrations, integration, and training, for our subscriptions and returns products. Our 2020 acquisitions of TTR and Business Licenses expanded the scope of professional services we offer to include business licenses and registration services and tax refund claims and recovery assistance. We bill for service arrangements on a fixed fee, milestone, or time and materials basis, and we recognize the transaction price allocated to professional services performance obligations as revenue as services are performed and are collectable under the terms of the associated contracts.

Cost of Revenue. Cost of revenue consists of costs related to providing the Avalara Compliance Cloud and supporting our customers and includes employee-related expenses, including salaries, benefits, bonuses, and stock-based compensation and the amortization of capitalized software development costs. In addition, cost of revenue includes direct costs associated with information technology, such as data center and software hosting costs, tax content maintenance, and certain services provided by third parties. Cost of revenue also includes allocated costs for certain information technology and facility expenses, along with depreciation of equipment and amortization of intangibles such as acquired technology from acquisitions. We plan to continue to significantly expand our infrastructure and personnel to support our future growth, including through acquisitions, which we expect to result in higher cost of revenue in absolute dollars.

Research and Development. Research and development expenses consist primarily of employee-related expenses for our research and development staff, including salaries, benefits, bonuses, and stock-based compensation, and the cost of third-party developers. Research and development costs, other than software development expenses qualifying for capitalization, are expensed as incurred. Capitalized software development costs, which consist primarily of employee-related costs, are amortized as cost of subscription and returns revenue. Research and development expenses also include allocated costs for certain information technology and facility expenses, along with depreciation of equipment.

We devote substantial resources to enhancing and maintaining the Avalara Compliance Cloud, developing new and enhancing existing solutions, conducting quality assurance testing, and improving our core technology. We expect research and development expenses to increase in absolute dollars.

Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of employee-related expenses for our sales and marketing staff, including salaries, benefits, bonuses, sales commissions, and stock-based compensation, integration and referral partner commissions, costs of marketing and promotional events, corporate communications, online marketing, solution marketing, and other brand-building activities. As a result of the current COVID-19 pandemic, we suspended in-person promotional and customer events and converted many of these activities to virtual events, which temporarily reduced these types of marketing expenses. We have begun to resume limited in-person marketing activities in the second half of 2021 where it is safe to do so. Sales and marketing expenses include allocated costs for certain information technology and facility expenses, along with depreciation of equipment and amortization of intangibles such as customer relationships, customer lists, and backlog from acquisitions.

We defer the portion of sales commissions that is considered a cost of obtaining a new contract with a customer in accordance with the revenue recognition standard and amortize these deferred costs over the period of benefit, currently six years. We expense the remaining sales commissions as incurred. Sales commissions are earned when a sales order is completed. For most sales orders,

deferred revenue is recorded when a sales order is invoiced, and the related revenue is recognized ratably over the subscription term. The rates at which sales commissions are earned varies depending on a variety of factors, including the nature of the sale (new, renewal, or add-on service offering), the type of service or solution sold, and the sales channel. At the beginning of each year, we set group and individual sales targets and update targets during the year as appropriate. Sales commissions are generally earned based on achievement against these targets.

We defer the portion of partner commissions costs that are considered a cost of obtaining a contract with a customer in accordance with the revenue recognition standard and amortize these deferred costs over the period of benefit. The period of benefit is separately determined for each partner and is either six years or corresponds with the contract term. We expense the remaining partner commissions costs as incurred. Our partner commission expense has historically been, and will continue to be, impacted by many factors, including the proportion of new and renewal sales, the nature of the partner relationship, and the sales mix among partners during the period. In general, integration partners are paid a higher commission for the initial sale to a new customer and a lower commission for renewal sales. Additionally, we have several types of partners (e.g., integration and referral) that each earn different commission rates.

We intend to continue to invest in sales and marketing and expect spending in these areas to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to expand our business. We expect sales and marketing expenses to continue to be among the most significant components of our operating expenses.

General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses consist primarily of employee-related expenses for administrative, finance, information technology, legal, and human resources staff, including salaries, benefits, bonuses, and stock-based compensation, professional fees, insurance premiums, and other corporate expenses that are not allocated to the above expense categories. General and administrative expenses include amortization of intangibles such as tradenames and noncompetition agreements from acquisitions.

We expect our general and administrative expenses to increase in absolute dollars as we continue to expand our operations, hire and train additional personnel, evaluate and integrate acquisitions, and incur costs as a public company. Specifically, we expect to continue to incur increased expenses related to accounting, tax and auditing activities, legal, insurance, acquisition evaluation and execution, SEC compliance, and internal control compliance.

Total other (income) expense, net consists of interest income on cash and cash equivalents, quarterly remeasurement of earnout liabilities for acquisitions accounted for as business combinations, foreign currency gains and losses, interest expense related to our 2026 Notes, and other ~~nonoperating~~non-operating gains and losses.

The following sets forth our results of operations for the periods presented and as a percentage of our total revenue for those periods. The period-to-period comparison of financial results is not necessarily indicative of financial results to be achieved in future periods.

The comparability of periods covered by our financial statements is impacted by recent acquisitions. In the fourth quarter of 2020, we acquired the outstanding equity of TTR, substantially all the assets of Business Licenses, and the outstanding equity of Impendulo. During the second quarter of 2021, we acquired substantially all the assets of Davo and the outstanding equity of ~~Inposia (See~~Inposia. During the third quarter of 2021, we acquired substantially all of the assets of 3CE Technologies (see Note 5 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements).


		For the Three Months Ended June 30,							For the Three Months Ended September 30,
		2021			2020				2021			2020
		(in thousands)							(in thousands)
Revenue:
Subscription and returns		$	152,442		$	108,519			$	164,237		$	119,193
Professional services			16,625			7,968				16,930			8,686
Total revenue			169,067			116,487				181,167			127,879
Cost of revenue:
Subscription and returns			40,983			28,779				44,824			31,155
Professional services			7,692			4,551				8,216			3,777
Total cost of revenue⁽¹⁾			48,675			33,330
Total cost of revenue⁽¹⁾										53,040			34,932
Gross profit			120,392			83,157				128,127			92,947
Operating expenses:
Research and development⁽¹⁾			40,111			26,844
Sales and marketing⁽¹⁾			71,897			46,040
General and administrative⁽¹⁾			35,244			20,322
Research and development⁽¹⁾										42,574			32,562
Sales and marketing⁽¹⁾										75,867			49,057
General and administrative⁽¹⁾										35,887			23,885
Total operating expenses			147,252			93,206				154,328			105,504
Operating loss			(26,860	)		(10,049	)			(26,201	)		(12,557	)
Other (income) expense, net			938			(46	)			6,955			(221	)
Loss before income taxes			(27,798	)		(10,003	)			(33,156	)		(12,336	)
(Benefit from) provision for income taxes			(148	)		137				(610	)		393
Net loss		$	(27,650	)	$	(10,140	)		$	(32,546	)	$	(12,729	)

(1) The stock-based compensation expense included above was as follows:	(1) The stock-based compensation expense included above was as follows:							(1) The stock-based compensation expense included above was as follows:

		For the Three Months Ended June 30,							For the Three Months Ended September 30,
		2021			2020				2021			2020
		(in thousands)							(in thousands)
Cost of revenue		$	2,444		$	1,477			$	2,733		$	1,591
Research and development			6,069			3,080				6,234			3,781
Sales and marketing			5,201			2,956				5,448			3,157
General and administrative			9,521			4,734				8,903			4,292
Total stock-based compensation		$	23,235		$	12,247			$	23,318		$	12,821

The amortization of acquired intangibles included above was as follows:	The amortization of acquired intangibles included above was as follows:							The amortization of acquired intangibles included above was as follows:

		For the Three Months Ended June 30,							For the Three Months Ended September 30,
		2021			2020				2021			2020
		(in thousands)							(in thousands)
Cost of revenue		$	2,394		$	1,065			$	2,314		$	1,007
Research and development			—			—				—			—
Sales and marketing			2,905			549				3,096			447
General and administrative			894			4				930			4
Total amortization of acquired intangibles		$	6,193		$	1,618			$	6,340		$	1,458

		For the Six Months Ended June 30,							For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
		2021			2020				2021			2020
		(in thousands)							(in thousands)
Revenue:
Subscription and returns		$	291,760		$	214,065			$	455,997		$	333,258
Professional services			30,908			13,865				47,838			22,551
Total revenue			322,668			227,930				503,835			355,809
Cost of revenue:
Subscription and returns			79,146			58,296				123,970			89,451
Professional services			14,200			9,288				22,416			13,065
Total cost of revenue⁽¹⁾			93,346			67,584
Total cost of revenue⁽¹⁾										146,386			102,516
Gross profit			229,322			160,346				357,449			253,293
Operating expenses:
Research and development⁽¹⁾			79,267			52,691
Sales and marketing⁽¹⁾			136,201			95,674
General and administrative⁽¹⁾			66,095			41,710
Research and development⁽¹⁾										121,841			85,253
Sales and marketing⁽¹⁾										212,068			144,731
General and administrative⁽¹⁾										101,982			65,595
Total operating expenses			281,563			190,075				435,891			295,579
Operating loss			(52,241	)		(29,729	)			(78,442	)		(42,286	)
Other (income) expense, net			3,188			(4,860	)			10,143			(5,081	)
Loss before income taxes			(55,429	)		(24,869	)			(88,585	)		(37,205	)
Provision for income taxes			2,209			554				1,599			947
Net loss		$	(57,638	)	$	(25,423	)		$	(90,184	)	$	(38,152	)

(1) The stock-based compensation expense included above was as follows:	(1) The stock-based compensation expense included above was as follows:							(1) The stock-based compensation expense included above was as follows:

		For the Six Months Ended June 30,							For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
		2021			2020				2021			2020
		(in thousands)							(in thousands)
Cost of revenue		$	4,651		$	2,673			$	7,384		$	4,264
Research and development			11,355			5,474				17,589			9,255
Sales and marketing			9,467			5,771				14,915			8,928
General and administrative			16,539			8,060				25,442			12,352
Total stock-based compensation		$	42,012		$	21,978			$	65,330		$	34,799

The amortization of acquired intangibles included above was as follows:	The amortization of acquired intangibles included above was as follows:							The amortization of acquired intangibles included above was as follows:

		For the Six Months Ended June 30,							For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
		2021			2020				2021			2020
		(in thousands)							(in thousands)
Cost of revenue		$	4,414		$	2,295			$	6,728		$	3,302
Research and development			—			—				—			—
Sales and marketing			4,445			1,156				7,541			1,603
General and administrative			1,755			8				2,685			12
Total amortization of acquired intangibles		$	10,614		$	3,459			$	16,954		$	4,917

The following sets forth our results of operations for the periods presented as a percentage of our total revenue for those periods:

	For the Three Months Ended June 30,
	2021			2020			For the Three Months Ended September 30,
							2021			2020
Revenue:
Subscription and returns		90	%		93	%		91	%		93	%
Professional services		10	%		7	%		9	%		7	%
Total revenue		100	%		100	%		100	%		100	%
Cost of revenue:
Subscription and returns		24	%		25	%		25	%		24	%
Professional services		5	%		4	%		5	%		3	%
Total cost of revenue		29	%		29	%		29	%		27	%
Gross profit		71	%		71	%		71	%		73	%
Operating expenses:
Research and development		24	%		23	%		23	%		25	%
Sales and marketing		43	%		40	%		42	%		38	%
General and administrative		21	%		17	%		20	%		19	%
Total operating expenses		87	%		80	%		85	%		83	%
Operating loss		(16	)%		(9	)%		(14	)%		(10	)%
Other (income) expense, net		1	%		0	%		4	%		0	%
Loss before income taxes		(16	)%		(9	)%		(18	)%		(10	)%
(Benefit from) provision for income taxes		0	%		0	%		0	%		0	%
Net loss		(16	)%		(9	)%		(18	)%		(10	)%

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,						For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2021			2020			2021			2020
Revenue:
Subscription and returns		90	%		94	%		91	%		94	%
Professional services		10	%		6	%		9	%		6	%
Total revenue		100	%		100	%		100	%		100	%
Cost of revenue:
Subscription and returns		25	%		26	%		25	%		25	%
Professional services		4	%		4	%		4	%		4	%
Total cost of revenue		29	%		30	%		29	%		29	%
Gross profit		71	%		70	%		71	%		71	%
Operating expenses:
Research and development		25	%		23	%		24	%		24	%
Sales and marketing		42	%		42	%		42	%		41	%
General and administrative		20	%		18	%		20	%		18	%
Total operating expenses		87	%		83	%		87	%		83	%
Operating loss		(16	)%		(13	)%		(16	)%		(12	)%
Other (income) expense, net		1	%		(2	)%		2	%		(1	)%
Loss before income taxes		(17	)%		(11	)%		(18	)%		(10	)%
Provision for income taxes		1	%		0	%		0	%		0	%
Net loss		(18	)%		(11	)%		(18	)%		(11	)%

Three Months Ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 Compared to Three Months Ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020

	For the Three Months Ended June 30,				Change					For the Three Months Ended September 30,				Change
	2021		2020		Amount		Percentage			2021		2020		Amount		Percentage
	(dollars in thousands)									(dollars in thousands)
Revenue:
Subscription and returns	$	152,442	$	108,519	$	43,923		40	%	$	164,237	$	119,193	$	45,044		38	%
Professional services		16,625		7,968		8,657		109	%		16,930		8,686		8,244		95	%
Total revenue	$	169,067	$	116,487	$	52,580		45	%	$	181,167	$	127,879	$	53,288		42	%

Total revenue for the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 increased by ~~$52.6~~$53.3 million, or ~~45%~~42%, compared to the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020. Subscription and returns revenue for the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 increased by ~~$43.9~~$45.0 million, or ~~40%~~38%, compared to the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020. Professional services revenue for the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 increased by ~~$8.7~~$8.2 million, or ~~109%~~95%, compared to the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020.

Growth in total revenue was due primarily to increased demand for our services from new and existing customers and recent acquisitions. The increase in total revenue for the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 compared to the same period in 2020, was due primarily to ~~$15.7~~$16.7 million from recent acquisitions, $15.6 million from new U.S. customers, ~~$15.4 million from recent acquisitions, $11.6~~$13.9 million from existing U.S. customers, ~~$4.9 million from SST revenue growth, and $4.8~~$4.4 million from revenue growth in our international operations, and $2.7 million from SST revenue growth. Excluding recent acquisitions, total revenue for the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 increased by ~~$37.1~~$36.6 million, or ~~32%~~29%, compared to the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020. Of the growth from recent acquisitions, ~~$8.3~~$9.7 million was generated from subscriptions and returns and ~~$7.1~~$7.0 million from professional services. Despite lower transaction rates for the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021, SST revenue increased from the prior period due to higher transaction volume.

	For the Three Months Ended June 30,				Change					For the Three Months Ended September 30,				Change
	2021		2020		Amount		Percentage			2021		2020		Amount		Percentage
	(dollars in thousands)									(dollars in thousands)
Cost of revenue
Subscription and returns	$	40,983	$	28,779	$	12,204		42	%	$	44,824	$	31,155	$	13,669		44	%
Professional services		7,692		4,551		3,141		69	%		8,216		3,777		4,439		118	%
Total cost of revenue	$	48,675	$	33,330	$	15,345		46	%	$	53,040	$	34,932	$	18,108		52	%

Cost of revenue for the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 increased by ~~$15.3~~$18.1 million, or ~~46%~~52%, compared to the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020. The increase in cost of revenue was due primarily to an increase of ~~$10.7~~$11.3 million in employee-related costs from higher headcount, an increase of ~~$1.5~~$2.1 million in software hosting costs, an increase of ~~$1.3~~$1.6 million in ~~amortization expense,~~allocated overhead cost, an increase of $1.3 million in ~~allocated overhead cost,~~amortization expense, and an increase of ~~$0.5~~$1.1 million in depreciation expense.

Cost of revenue headcount increased approximately ~~48%~~51% from the ~~second~~third quarter of 2020 to the ~~second~~third quarter of 2021. Excluding the impact of recent acquisitions, cost of revenue headcount increased approximately ~~29%~~30% due to our continued growth to support our solutions. Employee-related costs increased due primarily to a ~~$7.5~~$8.5 million increase in salaries and benefits (including ~~$4.5~~$4.9 million from recent acquisitions), ~~$1.4~~a $1.1 million increase in stock-based compensation expense, a $0.8 million increase in contract and temporary employee costs, and a $0.8 million increase in compensation expense related to our bonus plans~~a $1.0 million increase in stock-based compensation expense, and a $0.8 million increase in contract and temporary employee costs.~~.

Software hosting costs increased due primarily to higher transaction volumes and incremental investment in data management and reporting tools. ~~Amortization expense increased due primarily to acquired intangible assets from our recent acquisitions.~~ Allocated overhead consists primarily of facility expenses and shared information technology expenses. Shared information technology expenses are higher compared to the prior period due primarily to higher headcount throughout our operations. Amortization expense increased due primarily to acquired intangible assets from our recent acquisitions. Depreciation expense increased due primarily to an increase in capitalized software costs for projects placed into service in ~~2020.~~2020 and the first half of 2021.

	For the Three Months Ended June 30,						Change					For the Three Months Ended September 30,						Change
	2021			2020			Amount		Percentage			2021			2020			Amount		Percentage
	(dollars in thousands)											(dollars in thousands)
Gross profit
Subscription and returns	$	111,459		$	79,740		$	31,719		40	%	$	119,413		$	88,038		$	31,375		36	%
Professional services		8,933			3,417			5,516		161	%		8,714			4,909			3,805		78	%
Total gross profit	$	120,392		$	83,157		$	37,235		45	%	$	128,127		$	92,947		$	35,180		38	%
Gross margin
Subscription and returns		73	%		73	%							73	%		74	%
Professional services		54	%		43	%							51	%		57	%
Total gross margin		71	%		71	%							71	%		73	%

Total gross profit for the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 increased by ~~$37.2~~$35.2 million, or ~~45%~~38%, compared to the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020. Total gross margin was 71% for ~~both~~ the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 ~~and~~compared to 73% for the same period of 2020.This decrease in total gross margin was due primarily to modestly lower gross margin from professional services combined with a small increase in gross profit from professional services as a percentage of total gross profit.

Research and development expenses for the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 increased by ~~$13.3~~$10.0 million, or ~~49%~~31%, compared to the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020. The increase was due primarily to an increase of ~~$11.1~~$7.7 million in employee-related costs from higher headcount, an increase of ~~$1.3~~$1.9 million in third-party purchased software costs, and an increase of ~~$0.7~~$0.4 million in outside professional services expense.

Research and development headcount increased approximately ~~41%~~43% from the ~~second~~third quarter of 2020 to the ~~second~~third quarter of 2021. Excluding the impact of recent acquisitions, research and development headcount increased approximately 31%. Employee-related costs increased due primarily to a ~~$6.0~~$5.0 million increase in salaries and benefits (including ~~$1.9~~$2.7 million from recent acquisitions), a ~~$3.0~~$2.5 million increase in stock-based compensation expense, including $0.8 million ~~of new~~for PSU grants for executives in 2021, and a ~~$2.1~~$0.6 million increase in compensation expense related to our bonus plans.

Software costs increased due primarily to additional investment in information technology security and reporting tools for product analysis, development, and testing activities. Outside professional services expense increased due primarily to an increase in third-party ~~information technology security services and third-party~~ developer services for product integrations maintenance and support.

Sales and marketing expenses for the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 increased by ~~$25.9~~$26.8 million, or ~~56%~~55%, compared to the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020. The increase was due primarily to an increase of ~~$14.1~~$16.3 million in employee-related costs, an increase of ~~$4.8~~$3.2 million for partner commission expense, an increase of $2.7 million in amortization expense, an increase of $2.7 million in marketing campaign expenses, an increase of ~~$2.6 million for partner commission expense, an increase of $2.4 million in amortization expense, an increase of $1.2~~$1.3 million in allocated overhead cost, and an increase of ~~$0.4~~$0.6 million in third-party purchased software costs.

primarily to a ~~$7.4~~$9.7 million increase in salaries and benefits (including ~~$1.7~~$2.3 million from recent acquisitions), a ~~$2.2~~$2.3 million increase in stock-based compensation expense, including $0.3 million for PSU grants for executives in 2021, a ~~$1.8~~$1.5 million increase in sales commission expense, a ~~$1.3~~$1.5 million increase in contract and temporary employee costs, ~~and~~ a ~~$1.3~~$0.8 million increase in compensation expense related to our bonus ~~plans.~~plans, and a $0.6 million increase in travel costs.

~~Marketing campaign expenses increased due primarily to~~ ~~increased spending on market research, brand awareness, online advertising and~~ ~~outbound direct mail advertising~~. Partner commission expense increased due primarily to higher revenues. Amortization expense increased due primarily to acquired intangible assets from our recent acquisitions. Marketing campaign expenses increased due primarily to increased spending on online advertising, market research, brand awareness, and outbound direct mail advertising. Third-party purchased software costs increased due primarily to additional investment in lead generation technology.

General and administrative expenses for the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 increased by ~~$14.9~~$12.0 million, or ~~73%~~50%, compared to the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020. The increase was due primarily to an increase of ~~$9.5~~$8.8 million in employee-related costs, ~~an increase of $3.0 million in outside professional services expense,~~ an increase of $0.9 million in amortization expense, an increase of ~~$0.5~~$0.8 million in third-party purchased software costs, an increase of $0.6 million in outside professional services expense, an increase of $0.4 million in merchant fees, and an increase of ~~$0.5~~$0.4 million in insurance, partially offset by a decrease of ~~$0.7~~$0.8 million in ~~non-income tax expense.~~impairment related to operating lease right-of-use assets and property and equipment impaired in the third quarter of 2020.

General and administrative headcount increased approximately ~~36%~~40% from the ~~second~~third quarter of 2020 to the ~~second~~third quarter of 2021. Excluding the impact of recent acquisitions, general and administrative headcount increased approximately ~~29%~~32%. Employee-related costs increased due primarily to a ~~$2.8~~$3.5 million increase in salaries and benefits (including ~~$0.9~~$0.6 million from recent acquisitions), a ~~$4.8~~$4.6 million increase in stock-based compensation expense, including $3.4 million offor PSU grants for executives ~~$1.5 million~~ ~~increase~~ in ~~compensation expense related to our bonus plans~~,2021, and a $0.4 million increase in contract and temporary employee costs.

Outside professional services expenses increased due primarily to increased investment in employee engagement, principally satisfaction surveys, recruiting services, and training programs and, to a lesser extent, acquisition related costs. Amortization increased due to acquired intangibles from our recent acquisitions. Software costs increased due primarily to an increase in the number of licenses purchased and higher subscription fees for key financial and human resources information system applications. Outside professional services expenses increased due primarily to increased investment in employee engagement, principally satisfaction surveys, recruiting services, and training programs, partially offset by higher acquisition related costs in the prior period.Merchant fees, which are credit card processing fees, increased due primarily to an increase in volume of credit card transactions. Insurance expenses increased due to higher insurance premiums in the current year. ~~Non-income tax expense~~Operating lease right-of-use asset and property and equipment impairment decreased due ~~primarily~~ to ~~lower state indirect taxes.~~the closure during the third quarter of 2020 of four offices in the U.S. and Canada that had remaining lease terms extending beyond the date we vacated the leased office space, with no comparable impairment in the current period.

	For the Three Months Ended June 30,						Change		For the Three Months Ended September 30,						Change
	2021			2020			Amount		2021			2020			Amount
	(dollars in thousands)								(dollars in thousands)
Other (income) expense, net
Interest income	$	(23	)	$	(168	)	$	145	$	(28	)	$	(36	)	$	8
Interest expense										815			—			815
Other (income) expense, net		961			122			839		6,168			(185	)		6,353
Total other (income) expense, net	$	938		$	(46	)	$	984	$	6,955		$	(221	)	$	7,176

Total other (income) expense, net for the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 was ~~$0.9~~$7.0 million of expense compared to ~~approximately breakeven~~$0.2 million of income for the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020. Interest ~~income decreased~~expense was $0.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021 compared to zero for the three months ended September 30, 2020. Interest expense increased due ~~primarily~~ to ~~a decline~~accrual of contractual interest and amortization of the issuance costs on our 2026 Notes issued in the ~~interest rate earned on our cash and cash equivalents.~~third quarter of 2021. Other (income) expense, net was ~~$1.0~~$6.2 million ~~other~~ expense for the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 compared to ~~$0.1~~$0.2 million other ~~expense~~income for the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020, due primarily to changes to our earnout liabilities. We estimate the fair value of earnout liabilities related to business combinations quarterly. During the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021, the adjustments to fair value increased the carrying value of the earnout liability for our acquisitions of TTR, Davo, and Business Licenses resulting in ~~other~~ expense of ~~$1.2~~$6.2 million.~~During the three months ended June 30, 2020,~~ ~~the adjustments to fair value increased the carrying value of the earnout liability for our acquisition of Portway, resulting in other expense~~ ~~of $0.2 million.~~

The benefit from income taxes for the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 was ~~$0.1~~$0.6 million compared to a provision for income taxes of ~~$0.1~~$0.4 million for the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020. The effective income tax rate was ~~0.5%~~1.8% for the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 compared to ~~(1.4)~~(3.2)% for the three months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020. The effective tax rate in both quarters differ from the U.S. Federal statutory rate due primarily to providing a valuation allowance on deferred tax assets. The decrease in expense and increase in effective rate is due primarily to ~~2021~~foreign tax ~~benefits resulting from the Inposia acquisition~~ ~~(see Note 5 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements).~~jurisdictions.

We have assessed our ability to realize our deferred tax assets and have recorded a valuation allowance against such assets to the extent that, based on the weight of all available evidence, it is more likely than not that all or a portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. In assessing the likelihood of future realization of our deferred tax assets, we placed significant weight on our history of generating tax losses in the U.S., ~~U.K,~~U.K., and Brazil, including in the first ~~half~~nine months of 2021. As a result, we have a full valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets, including net operating loss carryforwards, and research and development tax credits. We expect to maintain a full valuation allowance for the foreseeable future.

~~Six~~Nine Months Ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 Compared to ~~Six~~Nine Months Ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,				Change					For the Nine Months Ended September 30,				Change
	2021		2020		Amount		Percentage			2021		2020		Amount		Percentage
	(dollars in thousands)									(dollars in thousands)
Revenue:
Subscription and returns	$	291,760	$	214,065	$	77,695		36	%	$	455,997	$	333,258	$	122,739		37	%
Professional services		30,908		13,865		17,043		123	%		47,838		22,551		25,287		112	%
Total revenue	$	322,668	$	227,930	$	94,738		42	%	$	503,835	$	355,809	$	148,026		42	%

Total revenue for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 increased by ~~$94.7~~$148.0 million, or 42%, compared to the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020. Subscription and returns revenue for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 increased by ~~$77.7~~$122.7 million, or ~~36%~~37%, compared to the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020. Professional services revenue for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 increased by ~~$17.0~~$25.3 million, or ~~123%~~112%, compared to the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020.

Growth in total revenue was due primarily to increased demand for our services from new and existing customers and recent acquisitions. The increase in total revenue for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 compared to the same period in 2020, was due primarily to ~~$26.7~~$45.4 million from existing U.S. customers, $42.6 million from recent acquisitions, $34.0 million from new U.S. customers, ~~$26.0 million from recent acquisitions,~~ ~~$23.3 million from existing U.S. customers, $10.9~~$13.6 million from SST revenue growth, and ~~$8.2~~$12.6 million attributable to revenue growth in our international operations. Excluding recent acquisitions, total revenue for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 increased by ~~$68.9~~$105.4 million, or 30%, compared to the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020. Of the growth from recent acquisitions, ~~$14.0~~$23.6 million was generated from subscriptions and returns and ~~$12.0~~$19.0 million from professional services. Despite lower transaction rates for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021, SST revenue increased from the prior period due to higher transaction volume.

Cost of revenue for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 increased by ~~$25.8~~$43.9 million, or ~~38%~~43%, compared to the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020. The increase in cost of revenue in absolute dollars was due primarily to an increase of ~~$20.2~~$31.5 million in employee-related costs from higher headcount, an increase of ~~$2.1~~$3.4 million in amortization expense, an increase of ~~$1.9~~$3.4 million in allocated overhead cost, an increase of ~~$0.9~~$2.9 million in software hosting costs, and an increase of $2.0 million in depreciation expense ~~and~~ ~~an increase of $0.7 million in software hosting costs.~~.

Cost of revenue headcount increased approximately ~~48%~~51% from the ~~second~~third quarter of 2020 to the ~~second~~third quarter of 2021. Excluding the impact of recent acquisitions, cost of revenue headcount increased approximately ~~29%~~30% due to continued growth to support our solutions. Employee-related costs increased due primarily to a ~~$14.9~~$23.5 million increase in salaries and benefits (including ~~$8.0~~$12.8 million from recent acquisitions), ~~$2.4~~$3.2 million increase in compensation expense related to our bonus plans, a ~~$2.0~~$3.1 million increase in stock-based compensation expense, and a ~~$1.4~~$2.1 million increase in contract and temporary employee costs, partially offset by a $0.5 million decrease in travel costs. Travel costs decreased due primarily to cancelling all in-person customer meetings and events beginning in March of 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Amortization expense increased due primarily to acquired intangible assets from our recent acquisitions. Allocated overhead consists primarily of facility expenses and shared information technology expenses. Shared information technology expenses are higher compared to the prior period due primarily to higher headcount throughout our operations. ~~Depreciation expense increased due primarily to an increase in capitalized software costs for projects placed into service in 2020.~~ Software hosting costs increased due primarily to higher transaction volumes and incremental investment in data management and reporting tools. Depreciation expense increased due primarily to an increase in capitalized software costs for projects placed into service in 2020 and the first half of 2021.

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,						Change					For the Nine Months Ended September 30,						Change
	2021			2020			Amount		Percentage			2021			2020			Amount		Percentage
	(dollars in thousands)											(dollars in thousands)
Gross profit
Subscription and returns	$	212,614		$	155,769		$	56,845		36	%	$	332,027		$	243,807		$	88,220		36	%
Professional services		16,708			4,577			12,131		265	%		25,422			9,486			15,936		168	%
Total gross profit	$	229,322		$	160,346		$	68,976		43	%	$	357,449		$	253,293		$	104,156		41	%
Gross margin
Subscription and returns		73	%		73	%							73	%		73	%
Professional services		54	%		33	%							53	%		42	%
Total gross margin		71	%		70	%							71	%		71	%

Total gross profit for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 increased ~~$69.0~~$104.2 million, or ~~43%~~41% compared to the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020. Total gross margin was 71% for both the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 ~~compared to 70% for~~and the same period of 2020.~~This increase in gross margin was due primarily to improved service delivery and efficiency in U.S. professional services.~~

Research and development expenses for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 increased by ~~$26.6~~$36.6 million, or ~~50%~~43%, compared to the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020. The increase was due primarily to an increase of ~~$22.3~~$30.0 million in employee-related costs from higher headcount, an increase of ~~$3.4~~$5.3 million in third-party purchased software costs, and an increase of ~~$0.9~~$1.3 million in outside professional services expense.

Research and development headcount increased approximately ~~41%~~43% from the ~~second~~third quarter of 2020 to the ~~second~~third quarter of 2021. Excluding the impact of recent acquisitions, research and development headcount increased approximately 31%. Employee-related costs increased due primarily to a ~~$13.0~~$18.0 million increase in salaries and benefits (including ~~$2.9~~$5.7 million from recent acquisitions), ~~a $5.9~~an $8.3 million increase in stock-based compensation expense, including ~~$1.3~~$1.6 million offor PSU grants for executives in 2021, and a ~~$3.7~~$4.2 million increase in compensation expense related to our bonus plans, partially offset by a decrease of $0.4 million in travel costs and a decrease of $0.2 million in contract and temporary employee costs.

Software costs increased due primarily to additional investment in information technology security and reporting tools for product analysis, development, and testing activities. Outside professional services expense increased due primarily to an increase in third-party information technology security services and third-party developer services for product integrations maintenance and support.

Sales and marketing expenses for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 increased by ~~$40.5~~$67.3 million, or ~~42%~~47%, compared to the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020. The increase was due primarily to an increase of ~~$22.9~~$39.2 million in employee-related costs, an increase of $~~6.6~~9.3 million in marketing campaign expenses, an increase of ~~$4.1~~$7.3 million for partner commission expense, an increase of ~~$3.3~~$6.0 million in amortization expense, an increase of ~~$1.9~~$3.2 million in allocated overhead cost, an increase of $1.4 million in third-party purchased software costs, and an increase of $1.0 million in outside professional services ~~expense, and an increase of $0.8 million in third-party purchased software costs.~~expense.

Sales and marketing headcount increased approximately ~~41%~~50% from the ~~second~~third quarter of 2020 to the ~~second~~third quarter of 2021. Excluding the impact of recent acquisitions, sales and marketing headcount increased approximately ~~33%~~41%. Employee-related costs increased due primarily to a ~~$13.8~~$23.4 million increase in salaries and benefits (including ~~$2.7~~$5.1 million from recent acquisitions), a ~~$3.9~~$6.0 million increase in stock-based compensation expense, including $0.6 million for PSU grants for executives in 2021, a $5.4 million increase in sales commission expense, a ~~$3.7 million increase in stock-based compensation expense, a $2.4~~$3.9 million increase in contract and temporary employee costs, and a ~~$2.0~~$2.8 million increase in compensation expense related to our bonus plans, partially offset by a $~~2.9~~2.3 million decrease in travel costs. Travel costs decreased due primarily to cancelling all in-person customer activities and events beginning in March of 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic. During the ~~second half~~remainder of 2021, we expect to gradually resume in-person customer activities and events, where it is safe to do so, which will increase travel costs that were suspended during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Marketing campaign expenses increased due primarily to increased spending on market research, brand awareness, online advertising, and outbound direct mail advertising. Partner commission expense increased due primarily to higher revenues. Amortization expense increased due primarily to acquired intangible assets from our recent acquisitions. Third-party purchased software costs increased due primarily to increased investment in lead generation technology. Outside professional services expenses increased due primarily to increased third-party consulting services to improve the customer experience during onboarding, to develop prospective customer data, to produce brand recognition and positioning studies, and services to integrate websites of recent acquisitions. ~~Third-party purchased software costs increased due primarily to increased investment in~~ ~~lead generation technology.~~

General and administrative expenses for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 increased by ~~$24.4~~$36.4 million, or ~~58%~~55%, compared to the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020. The increase was due primarily to an increase of ~~$17.2~~$26.0 million in employee-related

costs, an increase of ~~$3.6~~$4.2 million in outside professional services expense, an increase of $2.7 million in amortization expense, an increase of $1.7 million in ~~amortization expense,~~third-party purchased software costs, an increase of $1.3 million in insurance, and aan increase of $0.9 million ~~increase~~ in ~~insurance,~~merchant fees, partially offset by a ~~$1.2~~decrease of $1.0 million ~~decrease~~ in non-income tax expense, a decrease of $0.8 million in impairment related to operating lease right-of-use assets and property and equipment, and a $0.7 million expense to settle a contract dispute in the prior year period.

General and administrative headcount increased approximately ~~36%~~40% from the ~~second~~third quarter of 2020 to the ~~second~~third quarter of 2021. Excluding the impact of recent acquisitions, general and administrative headcount increased approximately ~~29%~~32%. Employee-related costs increased due primarily to a ~~$6.3~~$13.1 million increase in stock-based compensation expense, including $1.6 million for PSU grants for executives in 2021, a $9.9 million increase in salaries and benefits (including ~~$1.8~~$2.5 million from recent acquisitions), ~~a $8.5 million increase in stock-based compensation expense, including $5.7 million of PSU grants for executives,~~ a $2.5 million increase in compensation expense related to our bonus plans, and a ~~$0.6~~$1.0 million increase in contract and temporary employee costs, partially offset by a $~~0.6~~0.5 million decrease in travel costs.

Outside professional services expenses increased due primarily to increased investment in employee engagement, principally satisfaction surveys, support services, recruiting services, and training, ~~programs and, to a lesser extent,~~partially offset by higher acquisition related ~~costs.~~costs in the prior period. Amortization increased due to acquired intangibles from our recent acquisitions. Software costs increased due primarily to an increase in the number of licenses purchased and higher subscription fees for key financial and human resources information system applications. Insurance expenses increased due to higher insurance premiums in the current year. Merchant fees, which are credit card processing fees, increased due primarily to an increase in volume of credit card transactions. Non-income tax expense decreased due primarily to lower state and foreign indirect taxes. Operating lease right-of-use asset and property and equipment impairment decreased due to the closure during the third quarter of 2020 of four offices in the U.S. and Canada that had remaining lease terms extending beyond the date we vacated the leased office space, with no comparable impairment in the current period.During the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020, we agreed to settle a contract dispute, with no comparable costs in the current period.

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,						Change		For the Nine Months Ended September 30,						Change
	2021			2020			Amount		2021			2020			Amount
	(dollars in thousands)								(dollars in thousands)
Other (income) expense, net
Interest income	$	(47	)	$	(1,610	)	$	1,563	$	(75	)	$	(1,646	)	$	1,571
Interest expense										815			—			815
Other (income) expense, net		3,235			(3,250	)		6,485		9,403			(3,435	)		12,838
Total other (income) expense, net	$	3,188		$	(4,860	)	$	8,048	$	10,143		$	(5,081	)	$	15,224

Total other income (expense), net for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 was ~~$3.2~~$10.1 million of expense compared to ~~$4.9~~$5.1 million of income for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020. Interest income decreased due to a decline in the interest rate earned on our cash and cash equivalents. Interest expense was $0.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2021 compared to zero for the three months ended September 30, 2020. Interest expense increased due to accrual of contractual interest and amortization of the issuance costs on our 2026 Notes issued in the third quarter of 2021. Other ~~income (expense),~~(income) expense, net was ~~$3.2~~$9.4 million of expense for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 compared to ~~$3.3~~$3.4 million of income for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020, due primarily to changes to our earnout liabilities. We estimate the fair value of earnout liabilities related to business combinations quarterly. During the ~~first half of~~nine months ended September 30, 2021, the adjustments to fair value increased the carrying value of the earnout liability for our acquisitions of TTR, Davo, and Business Licenses, resulting in ~~other~~ expense of $~~2.5~~8.7 million. During the ~~first half of~~nine months ended September 30, 2020, the adjustments to fair value decreased the carrying value of the earnout liability for our acquisition of Portway, resulting in ~~other~~ income of $2.3 million.

The provision for income taxes for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 was ~~$2.2~~$1.6 million compared to a provision for income taxes of ~~$0.6~~$0.9 million for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020. The effective income tax rate was ~~(4.0)~~(1.8)% for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 compared to ~~(2.2)~~(2.5)% for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020. The effective tax rate in both quarters differs from the U.S. Federal statutory rate due primarily to providing a valuation allowance on deferred tax assets. The increase in tax expense ~~and increase in effective rate~~ is due primarily to measurement period adjustments related to the 2020 acquisition of TTR recorded during the first quarter of 2021 (see Note 5 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements).

We require cash to fund our operations, including outlays for infrastructure growth, acquisitions, geographic expansion, expanding our sales and marketing activities, research and development efforts, and working capital for our growth. We have financed our operations primarily through cash received from customers for our solutions, ~~and~~ public offerings of our common ~~stock.~~stock, and a private offering of convertible senior notes. As of ~~June~~September 30, 2021, we had ~~$639.5 million~~$1.5 billion of cash and cash equivalents, most of which was held in money market accounts.

~~As of June 30,~~In August 2021, we ~~had no credit facilities~~completed a private offering of $977.5 million of convertible senior notes. The convertible senior notes are unsecured obligations and bear interest at a fixed rate of 0.25% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on February 1 and August 1 of each year, commencing on February 1, 2022. The initial conversion price of the convertible senior notes represented a premium of 47.5% over the closing price of our common stock on August 10, 2021, the date the convertible senior notes offering was priced. The net proceeds from the sale of the convertible senior notes were $959.9 million after deducting the issuance costs. The convertible senior notes will mature on August 1, 2026, unless earlier converted, redeemed, or ~~borrowings outstanding.~~repurchased.

We used $75.3 million of the net proceeds from the convertible senior notes offering to pay for the cost of the capped call transactions entered into with certain financial institutions. The capped call instruments are intended to offset potential dilution to our common stock or offset any cash payments we are required to make in excess of the principal amount, as the case may be, with such reduction or offset subject to a cap. The capped call instruments are subject to adjustments for certain corporate events and standard anti-dilution provisions.

As of ~~June~~September 30, 2021, our cash and cash equivalents included proceeds from our previous public offerings of common ~~stock.~~stock and our private offering of convertible senior notes. We intend to continue to increase our operating expenses and capital expenditures to support the growth in our business and operations. We expect to also use our cash and cash equivalents to continue to acquire complementary businesses, products, services, technologies, or other assets. We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents of ~~$639.5 million~~$1.5 billion as of ~~June~~September 30, 2021 will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs for at least the next 12 months. Our financial position and liquidity are, and will be, influenced by a variety of

factors, including our growth rate, the timing and extent of spending to support research and development efforts, the continued expansion of sales and marketing spending, the introduction of new and enhanced solutions, the cash paid for any acquisitions, and the continued market acceptance of our solutions.

The following table shows our cash flows from operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities for the stated periods:

	For the Six Months Ended June 30,						For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2021			2020			2021			2020
	(in thousands)						(in thousands)
Cash provided by (used in):
Operating Activities	$	(2,697	)	$	(16,974	)	$	8,725		$	11,060
Investing Activities		(34,532	)		(3,556	)		(49,507	)		(5,674	)
Financing Activities		(1,331	)		25,333			933,303			593,159

Our largest source of operating cash is cash collections from our customers for subscriptions and returns services. Our primary uses of cash from operating activities are for employee-related expenditures, commissions paid to our partners, marketing expenses, technology costs such as software hosting costs, and facilities expenses. Cash used in operating activities is comprised of our net loss adjusted for certain non-cash items, including stock-based compensation, depreciation and amortization, other non-cash income and expense items, and net changes in operating assets and liabilities.

For the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021, net cash ~~used in~~provided by operating activities was ~~$2.7~~$8.7 million compared to net cash ~~used~~provided of ~~$17.0~~$11.1 million for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020. ~~The decrease in cash used in operations of $14.3 million~~Cash provided by operating activities was ~~due primarily to~~essentially flat as an increase in cash collected from customers as(due to growing demand ~~for~~of our subscription ~~services continued~~services) was offset by increased cash expenditures to ~~grow~~fund our continuing product and ~~to extended payment terms in the prior year that were provided to some of our customers at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.~~customer expansion efforts.

Our investing activities primarily include cash outflows related to purchases of property and equipment, additions of capitalized software, and from time to-time, cash paid for asset and business acquisitions.

For the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021, cash used in investing activities was ~~$34.5~~$49.5 million, compared to cash used of ~~$3.6~~$5.7 million for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020. The increase in cash used in investing activities of ~~$31.0~~$43.8 million was due primarily to an increase in cash paid for acquisitions of businesses of ~~$24.0~~$33.6 million, an increase in additions of capitalized software of ~~$4.4~~$6.9 million, an increase in cash paid for acquired intangible assets of $1.5 million, ~~and~~ an increase in capital expenditures of ~~$1.1 million.~~$1.5 million, and $0.4 million cash paid for purchases of available-for-sale securities in 2021. In the first ~~half~~nine months of 2021, we acquired Inposia, Davo, and ~~Davo~~3CE for total cash consideration, net of cash acquired of ~~$22.1~~$31.7 million and paid $1.9 million of additional purchase price to finalize net working capital and other adjustments related to the 2020 acquisitions of TTR and Impendulo.

Our financing activities primarily include cash inflows and outflows from issuance and repurchases of capital stock, our private offering of convertible senior notes, our employee stock purchase plan, deferred cash payments made in connections with acquisitions of businesses, and changes in customer fund obligations.

For the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021, cash ~~used in~~provided by financing activities was ~~$1.3~~$933.3 million compared to cash provided of ~~$25.3~~$593.2 million for the ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2020. This increase in cash ~~used in~~provided by financing activities of ~~$26.6~~$340.1 million was due primarily to $977.5 million of proceeds from our private offering of convertible senior notes, a $36.3 million increase in net cash flows related to customer fund obligations in the first nine months of 2021 compared to the prior period, a $3.7 million decrease in deferred cash payments related to business combination earnouts, and a $3.1 million increase in cash proceeds from common stock purchased under our employee stock purchase plan. These cash inflows were partially offset by $556.3 million decrease in cash proceeds from offerings of our common stock, $75.3 million cash paid for purchases of capped calls and $17.3 million cash paid for debt issuance costs related to our private offering of convertible senior notes in 2021, $20.8 million cash paid in the ~~six~~first nine months ~~ended June 30,~~of 2021 for purchase price holdbacks related to the 2020 acquisition of TTR and the 2019 acquisition of Portway International Inc., compared to $2.8 million cash paid in the first nine months of 2020 for purchase price holdbacks related to the 2019 acquisitions of Compli and Indix, a ~~$15.2~~$12.6 million decrease in cash proceeds from exercise of stock options, and a ~~$0.6~~$1.2 million increase in deferred cash payments related to asset acquisition earnouts. ~~These cash outflows were partially offset by a $4.9 million increase in net cash flows related to~~Cash inflows from customer fund obligations increased in the first ~~half~~nine months of 2021 ~~compared~~due primarily to a state being unable to accept electronic tax remittance payments during August and September. This temporary interruption of payments resulted in approximately $37 million of additional funds held from customers as of September 30, 2021. During the prior period, a $3.8 million decrease in deferred cash payments related to business combination earnouts, and a $1.4 million increase in cash proceeds from common stock purchased under our employee stock purchase plan.fourth quarter, the state has resumed normal tax remittance payment activities.

We maintain trust accounts with FDIC-insured financial institutions, which allows our customers to outsource their tax remittance functions to us. We have legal ownership over the accounts utilized for this purpose. Funds held from customers are not commingled with our operating funds but are typically deposited with funds also held on behalf of our other customers. Funds held from customers

primarily represents restricted cash equivalents that, based upon our intent, are restricted solely for satisfying the obligations to remit funds relating to our tax remittance services. Changes in customer funds assets account that relate to activities paying for the trust operations, such as banking fees, are included as cash flows from operating activities.

Customer funds obligations represent our contractual obligations to remit collected funds to satisfy customer tax payments. Customer funds obligations are reported as a current liability on the consolidated balance sheets, as the obligations are expected to be settled within one year. Changes in customer funds obligations liability are presented as cash flows from financing activities.

~~During~~In August 2021, we issued convertible senior notes (see Note 10 in the ~~first half of~~Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements). In addition, during the nine months ended September 30, 2021, our purchase commitments increased approximately ~~$51.2~~$63.2 million compared to December 31, 2020, primarily related to software hosting and software license subscriptions that extend up to ~~three~~four years beyond ~~June~~September 30, 2021. There were no other material changes to our contractual obligations as of ~~June~~September 30, 2021 compared to December 31, 2020.

In addition to our results determined in accordance with GAAP, we have disclosed non-GAAP cost of revenue, non-GAAP gross profit, non-GAAP gross margin, non-GAAP research and development expense, non-GAAP sales and marketing expense, non-GAAP general and administrative expense, non-GAAP operating income (loss), non-GAAP net income (loss), free cash flow, and calculated billings, which are all non-GAAP financial measures. We have provided tabular reconciliations of each non-GAAP financial measure to its most directly comparable GAAP financial measure.

Management uses these non-GAAP financial measures to understand and compare operating results across accounting periods, for internal budgeting and forecasting purposes, and to evaluate financial performance and liquidity. We believe that non-GAAP financial measures provide useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our results, prospects, and liquidity period-over-period without the impact of certain items that do not directly correlate to our performance and that may vary significantly from period to period for reasons unrelated to our operating performance, as well as when comparing our financial results to those of other companies.

Our definitions of these non-GAAP financial measures may differ from the definitions used by other companies and therefore comparability may be limited. In addition, other companies may not publish these or similar metrics. Thus, our non-GAAP financial measures should be considered in addition to, not as a substitute for, or in isolation from, measures prepared in accordance with GAAP.

We encourage investors and others to review our financial information in its entirety, not to rely on any single financial measure and to view non-GAAP financial measures in conjunction with the related GAAP financial measure.

The following schedules reflect our non-GAAP financial measures and reconcile our non-GAAP financial measures to the related GAAP financial measures:

														For the Three Months Ended September 30,						For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	For the Three Months Ended June 30,						For the Six Months Ended June 30,							2021			2020			2021			2020
	2021			2020			2021			2020				(in thousands)
Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Cost of Revenue:
Cost of revenue	$	48,675		$	33,330		$	93,346		$	67,584			$	53,040		$	34,932		$	146,386		$	102,516
Stock-based compensation expense		(2,444	)		(1,477	)		(4,651	)		(2,673	)			(2,733	)		(1,591	)		(7,384	)		(4,264	)
Amortization of acquired intangibles		(2,394	)		(1,065	)		(4,414	)		(2,295	)			(2,314	)		(1,007	)		(6,728	)		(3,302	)
Non-GAAP Cost of Revenue	$	43,837		$	30,788		$	84,281		$	62,616			$	47,993		$	32,334		$	132,274		$	94,950

Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Gross Profit:
Gross Profit	$	120,392		$	83,157		$	229,322		$	160,346			$	128,127		$	92,947		$	357,449		$	253,293
Stock-based compensation expense		2,444			1,477			4,651			2,673				2,733			1,591			7,384			4,264
Amortization of acquired intangibles		2,394			1,065			4,414			2,295				2,314			1,007			6,728			3,302
Non-GAAP Gross Profit	$	125,230		$	85,699		$	238,387		$	165,314			$	133,174		$	95,545		$	371,561		$	260,859

Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Gross Margin:
Gross margin		71	%		71	%		71	%		70	%			71	%		73	%		71	%		71	%
Stock-based compensation expense as a percentage of revenue		1	%		1	%		1	%		1	%			2	%		1	%		1	%		1	%
Amortization of acquired intangibles as a percentage of revenue		1	%		1	%		1	%		1	%			1	%		1	%		1	%		1	%
Non-GAAP Gross Margin		74	%		74	%		74	%		73	%			74	%		75	%		74	%		73	%

Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Research and Development Expense:
Research and development	$	40,111		$	26,844		$	79,267		$	52,691			$	42,574		$	32,562		$	121,841		$	85,253
Stock-based compensation expense		(6,069	)		(3,080	)		(11,355	)		(5,474	)			(6,234	)		(3,781	)		(17,589	)		(9,255	)
Amortization of acquired intangibles		—			—			—			—				—			—			—			—
Non-GAAP Research and Development Expense	$	34,042		$	23,764		$	67,912		$	47,217			$	36,340		$	28,781		$	104,252		$	75,998

Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Sales and Marketing Expense:
Sales and marketing	$	71,897		$	46,040		$	136,201		$	95,674			$	75,867		$	49,057		$	212,068		$	144,731
Stock-based compensation expense		(5,201	)		(2,956	)		(9,467	)		(5,771	)			(5,448	)		(3,157	)		(14,915	)		(8,928	)
Amortization of acquired intangibles		(2,905	)		(549	)		(4,445	)		(1,156	)			(3,096	)		(447	)		(7,541	)		(1,603	)
Non-GAAP Sales and Marketing Expense	$	63,791		$	42,535		$	122,289		$	88,747			$	67,323		$	45,453		$	189,612		$	134,200

Reconciliation of Non-GAAP General and Administrative Expense:
General and administrative	$	35,244		$	20,322		$	66,095		$	41,710			$	35,887		$	23,885		$	101,982		$	65,595
Stock-based compensation expense		(9,521	)		(4,734	)		(16,539	)		(8,060	)			(8,903	)		(4,292	)		(25,442	)		(12,352	)
Amortization of acquired intangibles		(894	)		(4	)		(1,755	)		(8	)			(930	)		(4	)		(2,685	)		(12	)
Non-GAAP General and Administrative Expense	$	24,829		$	15,584		$	47,801		$	33,642			$	26,054		$	19,589		$	73,855		$	53,231

Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Operating Income (Loss):
Operating loss	$	(26,860	)	$	(10,049	)	$	(52,241	)	$	(29,729	)		$	(26,201	)	$	(12,557	)	$	(78,442	)	$	(42,286	)
Stock-based compensation expense		23,235			12,247			42,012			21,978				23,318			12,821			65,330			34,799
Amortization of acquired intangibles		6,193			1,618			10,614			3,459				6,340			1,458			16,954			4,917
Non-GAAP Operating Income (Loss)	$	2,568		$	3,816		$	385		$	(4,292	)		$	3,457		$	1,722		$	3,842		$	(2,570	)

Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Net Income (Loss):
Net loss	$	(27,650	)	$	(10,140	)	$	(57,638	)	$	(25,423	)		$	(32,546	)	$	(12,729	)	$	(90,184	)	$	(38,152	)
Stock-based compensation expense		23,235			12,247			42,012			21,978				23,318			12,821			65,330			34,799
Amortization of acquired intangibles		6,193			1,618			10,614			3,459				6,340			1,458			16,954			4,917
Non-GAAP Net Income (Loss)	$	1,778		$	3,725		$	(5,012	)	$	14			$	(2,888	)	$	1,550		$	(7,900	)	$	1,564

Free cash flow:
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities⁽¹⁾	$	25,550		$	7,497		$	(2,697	)	$	(16,974	)
Net cash provided by operating activities⁽¹⁾														$	11,422		$	28,034		$	8,725		$	11,060
Less: Purchases of property and equipment⁽²⁾		(1,704	)		(1,109	)		(3,070	)		(1,992	)			(1,393	)		(976	)		(4,463	)		(2,968	)
Less: Capitalized software development costs⁽²⁾		(3,642	)		(847	)		(5,953	)		(1,564	)			(3,655	)		(1,142	)		(9,608	)		(2,706	)
Free cash flow	$	20,204		$	5,541		$	(11,720	)	$	(20,530	)		$	6,374		$	25,916		$	(5,346	)	$	5,386
⁽¹⁾We have presented corrected net cash used in operating activities for the three and six months ended June 30, 2020. The correction to net cash used in operating activities resulted in a change of $0.7 million and $0.9 million for the three months and six months ended June 30, 2020, respectively. ⁽²⁾Capitalized software development costs were previously included in purchases of property and equipment and does not impact previously reported free cash flow.
⁽¹⁾We have presented corrected net cash used in operating activities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020. The correction to net cash used in operating activities resulted in a change of $0.1 million and $0.8 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively. ⁽²⁾Capitalized software development costs were previously included in purchases of property and equipment and does not impact previously reported free cash flow.													⁽¹⁾We have presented corrected net cash used in operating activities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020. The correction to net cash used in operating activities resulted in a change of $0.1 million and $0.8 million for the three months and nine months ended September 30, 2020, respectively. ⁽²⁾Capitalized software development costs were previously included in purchases of property and equipment and does not impact previously reported free cash flow.

The following table reflects calculated billings and reconciles to GAAP revenues. In addition to the defined reconciling items for calculated billings, the second and third quarter of 2021 and the fourth quarter of 2020 include reconciling adjustments to exclude the acquisition-date fair value of deferred revenue assumed in business combinations.

	Three Months Ended																								Three Months Ended
	Jun 30, 2021			Mar 31, 2021			Dec 31, 2020			Sep 30, 2020			Jun 30, 2020			Mar 31, 2020			Dec 31, 2019			Sep 30, 2019			Sep 30, 2021			Jun 30, 2021			Mar 31, 2021			Dec 31, 2020			Sep 30, 2020			Jun 30, 2020			Mar 31, 2020			Dec 31, 2019
				(in thousands)																					(in thousands)
Total revenue	$	169,067		$	153,601		$	144,760		$	127,879		$	116,487		$	111,443		$	107,627		$	98,525		$	181,167		$	169,067		$	153,601		$	144,760		$	127,879		$	116,487		$	111,443		$	107,627
Add:
Deferred revenue (end of period)		239,395			225,531			209,690			180,640			167,719			165,369			161,241			148,466			257,883			239,395			225,531			209,690			180,640			167,719			165,369			161,241
Contract liabilities (end of period)		11,406			12,466			10,134			7,673			6,195			6,330			5,197			4,843			8,597			11,406			12,466			10,134			7,673			6,195			6,330			5,197
Less:
Deferred revenue (beginning of period)		(225,531	)		(209,690	)		(180,640	)		(167,719	)		(165,369	)		(161,241	)		(148,466	)		(138,811	)		(239,395	)		(225,531	)		(209,690	)		(180,640	)		(167,719	)		(165,369	)		(161,241	)		(148,466	)
Contract liabilities (beginning of period)		(12,466	)		(10,134	)		(7,673	)		(6,195	)		(6,330	)		(5,197	)		(4,843	)		(4,508	)		(11,406	)		(12,466	)		(10,134	)		(7,673	)		(6,195	)		(6,330	)		(5,197	)		(4,843	)
Deferred revenue assumed in business combinations		(886	)		—			(9,194	)		—			—			—			—			—			(430	)		(886	)		—			(9,194	)		—			—			—			—
Calculated billings	$	180,985		$	171,774		$	167,077		$	142,278		$	118,702		$	116,704		$	120,756		$	108,515		$	196,416		$	180,985		$	171,774		$	167,077		$	142,278		$	118,702		$	116,704		$	120,756

There have been no material updates or changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates compared to the critical accounting policies and estimates described in our 2020 Annual Report.

For further information on recent accounting pronouncements, refer to Note 2 in the ~~consolidated financial statements~~Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained within this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

We had cash and cash equivalents of ~~$639.5~~$1,536.4 million and $673.6 million as of ~~June~~September 30, 2021 and December 31, 2020, respectively. We maintain our cash and cash equivalents in deposit accounts and money market funds with financial institutions. Due to the short-term nature of these instruments, we believe that we do not have any material exposure to changes in the fair value of our investment portfolio as a result of changes in interest rates.Declines in interest rates, however, would reduce future interest income.

At~~June~~In August 2021, we completed a private offering of convertible senior notes. As of September 30, 2021, we had ~~no credit facilities in place and had no borrowings outstanding. Any debt~~an outstanding principal balance on the convertible senior notes of $977.5 million. As the interest rate on the convertible senior notes is fixed, we ~~incur in the future may bear~~do not have exposure to interest ~~at variable rates and may expose us~~ ~~to risk related to changes in interest rates.~~rate risk.

Our revenue and expenses are primarily denominated in U.S. dollars. For our foreign operations, the majority of our revenues and expenses are denominated in other currencies, such as the Brazilian Real, British Pound, Euro, and Indian Rupee. Decreases in the relative value of the U.S. dollar as compared to these currencies may negatively affect our revenue and other operating results as expressed in U.S. dollars. For the three and ~~six~~nine months ended ~~June~~September 30, 2021 and 2020, approximately 8% and 6% of our revenues, respectively, were generated in currencies other than U.S. dollars. We have experienced and will continue to experience fluctuations in our net loss as a result of transaction gains or losses related to revaluing certain current asset and current liability balances that are denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the entities in which they are recorded. We recognized immaterial amounts of foreign currency gains and losses in each of the periods presented. We have not engaged in the hedging of our foreign currency transactions to date. We may in the future hedge selected significant transactions denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar as we expand our international operations and our risk grows.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation (pursuant to Rule 13a-15(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act as of ~~June~~September 30, 2021.

Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our company’s reports filed under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of ~~June~~September 30, 2021.

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting in connection with the evaluation required by Rules 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Management recognizes that a control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud or error, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

From time to time, we may become involved in other legal proceedings or be subject to claims arising in the ordinary course of our business. Regardless of the outcome of any existing or future litigation, litigation can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources, and other factors.

There have been no material changes to the Company’s Risk Factors as disclosed in our 2020 Annual Report.

~~In April 2021, as partial consideration for the acquisition~~There have been no recent sales of ~~the outstanding equity of Inposia, we issued 164,416 shares of common stock,~~unregistered securities not previously disclosed in a portion of which were issued to the sellers and a portion of which were issued to the Company as acquisition holdback, payable to the Inposia shareholders over the next 18 months, subject to reduction for certain indemnification and other potential obligations of the Inposia shareholders. The shares were issued in relianceCurrent Report on ~~exemption from the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933 pursuant to Section 4(a)(2) thereof because the issuance of securities did not involve a public offering.~~ Form 8-K.

In reviewing the agreements included as exhibits to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, please remember that they are included to provide you with information regarding their terms and are not intended to provide any other factual or disclosure information about the Company or the other parties to the agreement. The agreements may contain representations and warranties that the parties made to each other as of specific dates. The assertions embodied in those representations and warranties were made solely for purposes of the applicable agreement and may be subject to important qualifications and limitations agreed to by the parties in connection with negotiating the terms of such agreement. In addition, such representations and warranties: (i) may not be accurate or complete as of any specified date; (ii) are modified and qualified in important part by the underlying disclosure schedules; (iii) may be subject to a contractual standard of materiality different from those generally applicable to investors; or (iv) may have been used for the purpose of allocating risk among the parties to the applicable agreement, rather than establishing matters as facts. Moreover, information concerning the subject matter of the representations and warranties may change after the date of the applicable agreement, which subsequent information may or may not be fully reflected in Company’s public disclosures. For the foregoing reasons, the representations and warranties should not be relied upon as statements of factual information.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Washington			91-1995935
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)			(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

255 South King Street, Suite 1800 Seattle, WA			98104
(Address of principal executive offices)			(Zip Code)

Title of each class	Trading symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, Par Value $0.0001 Per Share	AVLR	New York Stock Exchange

Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Small reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

		Page
PART I	FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Financial Statements	3
	Consolidated Balance Sheets (unaudited)	3
	Consolidated Statements of Operations (unaudited)	4
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss (unaudited)	6
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited)	7
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)	9
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	3640
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	5459
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	5560
PART II	OTHER INFORMATION	61
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	5661
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	5661
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	5661
Item 6.	Exhibits	5762
Signatures		5864

	Previously Reported As of December 31, 2020		Purchase Price Allocation Measurement Period Adjustment			As Adjusted
Cash paid at closing	$	294,017	$	—		$	294,017
Fair value of holdbacks		57,477		(217	)		57,260
Fair value of earnout provision		15,740		3,131			18,871
Total consideration	$	367,234	$	2,914		$	370,148

Exhibit Number		Description

2.1		Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated October 5, 2020, by and among Avalara, Inc., Tannin Merger Sub, Inc., Transaction Tax Resources, Inc., and Northwest Cloud Co. LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K, filed October 6, 2020 (File No. 001-38525)).

2.2		Asset Purchase Agreement, dated November 5, 2020, by and among Avalara, Inc. and Business Licenses, LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K, filed November 5, 2020 (File No. 001-38525)).

3.1		Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q, filed August 10, 2018 (File No. 001-38525)).

3.2		Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant’s Form 10-Q, filed August 10, 2018 (File No. 001-38525)).

4.1		Indenture, dated as of August 13, 2021, by and between Avalara, Inc. and The Bank of New York Mellon Trust Company, N.A., as indenture trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K, filed August 13, 2021 (File No. 001-38525)).

4.2		Form of 0.25% Convertible Senior Note due 2026 (included in Exhibit 4.1)

10.1		Form of Capped Call Confirmation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Form 8-K, filed August 13, 2021 (File No. 001-38525)).

31.1*		Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2*		Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.1*		Certification of Principal Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.2*		Certification of Principal Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

101.INS		Inline XBRL Instance Document

101.SCH		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

Exhibit Number		Description

101.PRE		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

104		Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

	AVALARA, INC.

Date: ~~August 6,~~November 5, 2021	By:	/s/ Ross Tennenbaum
		Ross Tennenbaum
		Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (Principal Financial Officer)