UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q



☒	Quarterly report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the quarterly period ended ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020



☐	Transition report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 for the transition period from _______ to _______

Commission File Number: 001-36777

JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDINGS, LTD.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)



Bermuda		98-0585280
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

Wellesley House, 2nd Floor, 90 Pitts Bay Road, Pembroke HM08, Bermuda

(Address of principal executive offices)

(Zip Code)

(441) 278-4580

(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:



Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Names of each exchange on which registered
Common Shares, par value $0.0002 per share	JRVR		NASDAQ	Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.



Large accelerated filer	x	Accelerated filer	☐	Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐	Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

Yes ☐ No x

Number of shares of the registrant's common shares outstanding at ~~July 31, 2019: 30,376,675~~April 28, 2020: 30,520,428

James River Group Holdings, Ltd.

Form 10-Q

Index



		Page Number
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.	Financial Statements

	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets—~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 and December 31, ~~2018~~2019	5

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of (Loss) Income and Comprehensive (Loss) Income—Three ~~and Six~~ Months Ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019 ~~and 2018~~	7

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity—Three ~~and Six~~ Months Ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019 ~~and 2018~~	8

	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows—~~Six~~Three Months Ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019 ~~and 2018~~	109

	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	1110

Item 2.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	3129

	Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates	3129

Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	5150

Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	5150

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	5150
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	5150
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	5152
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	5152
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosure	5152
Item 5.	Other Information	5152
Item 6.	Exhibits	5253

Signatures		5354

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, or Quarterly Report, contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. These statements may be identified by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. You may identify forward-looking statements in this Quarterly Report by the use of words such as “anticipates,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans”, “seeks” and “believes,” and similar expressions or future or conditional verbs such as “will,” “should,” “would,” “may” and “could.” These forward-looking statements include, among others, all statements relating to our future financial performance, our business prospects and strategy, anticipated financial position, liquidity and capital needs and other similar matters. These forward-looking statements are based on management’s current expectations and assumptions about future events, which are inherently subject to uncertainties, risks and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict.

Our actual results may differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, the forward-looking statements included in this Quarterly Report as a result of various factors, many of which are beyond our control, including, among others:

the inherent uncertainty of estimating reserves and the possibility that incurred losses may be greater than our loss and loss adjustment expense reserves;

inaccurate estimates and judgments in our risk management may expose us to greater risks than intended;

the potential loss of key members of our management team or key employees and our ability to attract and retain personnel;

adverse economic factors resulting in the sale of fewer policies than expected or an increase in the frequency or severity of claims, or both;

a decline in our financial strength rating resulting in a reduction of new or renewal business;

reliance on a select group of brokers and agents for a significant portion of our business and the impact of our potential failure to maintain, such relationships;

reliance on a select group of customers for a significant portion of our business and the impact of our potential failure to maintain, or decision to terminate, such relationships;

losses resulting from reinsurance counterparties failing to pay us on reinsurance claims, insurance companies with whom we have a fronting arrangement failing to pay us for claims, or an insured group of companies with whom we have an indemnification arrangement failing to perform their reimbursement obligations;

changes in laws or government regulation, including tax or insurance law and regulations;

the ongoing effect of Public Law No. 115-97, informally titled the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which may have a significant effect on us including, among other things, by potentially increasing our tax rate, as well as taxes on our shareholders;

in the event we do not qualify for the insurance company exception to the passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) rules and are therefore considered a PFIC, there could be material adverse tax consequences to an investor that is subject to U.S. federal income taxation;

the Company or any of its foreign subsidiaries becoming subject to U.S. federal income taxation;

a failure of any of the loss limitations or exclusions we utilize to shield us from unanticipated financial losses or legal exposures, or other liabilities;

•

losses from catastrophic events, such as natural disasters and terrorist acts, which substantially exceed our expectations and/or exceed the amount of reinsurance we have purchased to protect us from such events;


•	the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated government actions on our operations and financial performance;

potential effects on our business of emerging claim and coverage issues;

exposure to credit risk, interest rate risk and other market risk in our investment portfolio;

our ability to obtain reinsurance coverage at prices and on terms that allow us to transfer risk and adequately protect our company against financial loss;

the potential impact of internal or external fraud, operational errors, systems malfunctions or cyber security incidents;

our ability to manage our growth effectively;

inadequacy of premiums we charge to compensate us for our losses incurred;


•	failure to maintain effective internal controls in accordance with Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended (“Sarbanes-Oxley”); and

changes in our financial condition, regulations or other factors that may restrict our subsidiaries’ ability to pay us dividends.

Additional information about these risks and uncertainties, as well as others that may cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements, is contained in our filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), including our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 27, ~~2019.~~2020.

Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Quarterly Report. Except as expressly required under federal securities laws and the rules and regulations of the SEC, we do not have any obligation, and do not undertake, to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances arising after the date of this Quarterly Report, whether as a result of new information or future events or otherwise. You should not place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements included in this Quarterly Report or that may be made elsewhere from time to time by us, or on our behalf. All forward-looking statements attributable to us are expressly qualified by these cautionary statements.

Table of Contents

PART 1. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDINGS, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets


	(Unaudited) June 30, 2019		December 31, 2018		(Unaudited) March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019
	(in thousands)				(in thousands)
Assets
Invested assets:
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost: 2019 – $1,302,946; 2018 – $1,199,409)	$	1,332,042	$	1,184,202
Equity securities, at fair value (cost: 2019 – $80,846; 2018 – $77,152)	87,528		78,385
Bank loan participations held-for-investment, at amortized cost, net of allowance	251,472		260,972
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost: 2020 – $1,540,822; 2019 – $1,398,533)					$	1,570,605	$	1,433,626
Equity securities, at fair value (cost: 2020 – $77,218; 2019 – $73,244)					71,394		80,735
Bank loan participations (2020: at fair value; 2019: held-for-investment, at amortized cost, net of allowance)					202,888		260,864
Short-term investments	24,463		81,966		71,058		156,925
Other invested assets	70,419		72,321		47,697		61,210
Total invested assets	1,765,924		1,677,846		1,963,642		1,993,360

Cash and cash equivalents	169,125		172,457		291,223		206,912
Restricted cash equivalents					1,107,321		1,199,164
Accrued investment income	13,073		11,110		13,781		13,597
Premiums receivable and agents’ balances, net	398,514		307,899		312,842		369,462
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses	545,404		467,371
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses, net					691,669		668,045
Reinsurance recoverable on paid losses	39,777		18,344		42,201		33,221
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	143,172		112,498		205,175		178,976
Deferred policy acquisition costs	58,294		54,450		58,618		62,006
Intangible assets, net	37,239		37,537		36,791		36,940
Goodwill	181,831		181,831		181,831		181,831
Other assets	98,754		95,433		91,716		80,891
Total assets	$	3,451,107	$	3,136,776	$	4,996,810	$	5,024,405

See accompanying notes.

Table of Contents

JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDINGS, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (continued)


	(Unaudited) June 30, 2019		December 31, 2018			(Unaudited) March 31, 2020		December 31, 2019
	(in thousands, except share amounts)					(in thousands, except share amounts)
Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity
Liabilities:
Reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	1,783,334	$	1,661,459		$	2,043,358	$	2,045,506
Unearned premiums	474,430		386,473			539,564		524,377
Payables to reinsurers	104,882		61,662			109,499		108,059
Funds held						1,107,321		1,199,164
Senior debt	98,300		118,300			277,300		158,300
Junior subordinated debt	104,055		104,055			104,055		104,055
Accrued expenses	52,846		51,792			51,808		58,416
Other liabilities	42,210		43,794			43,588		47,947
Total liabilities	2,660,057		2,427,535			4,276,493		4,245,824
Commitments and contingent liabilities						—		—
Shareholders’ equity:
Common Shares – 2019 and 2018: $0.0002 par value; 200,000,000 shares authorized; 30,330,675 and 29,988,460 shares issued and outstanding, respectively	6		6
Preferred Shares – 2019 and 2018: $0.00125 par value; 20,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding	—		—
Common Shares – 2020 and 2019: $0.0002 par value; 200,000,000 shares authorized; 30,520,428 and 30,424,391 shares issued and outstanding, respectively						6		6
Preferred Shares – 2020 and 2019: $0.00125 par value; 20,000,000 shares authorized; no shares issued and outstanding						—		—
Additional paid-in capital	653,151		645,310			657,704		657,875
Retained earnings	112,729		79,753			35,412		89,586
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	25,164		(15,828		)
Accumulated other comprehensive income						27,195		31,114
Total shareholders’ equity	791,050		709,241			720,317		778,581
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	3,451,107	$	3,136,776		$	4,996,810	$	5,024,405

See accompanying notes.

Table of Contents

JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDINGS, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of (Loss) Income and Comprehensive (Loss) Income (Unaudited)


	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,						Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018			2019			2018			2020			2019
	(in thousands, except share amounts)												(in thousands, except share amounts)
Revenues
Gross written premiums	$	380,003		$	293,378		$	707,337		$	591,494		$	283,841		$	327,334
Ceded written premiums	(140,093		)	(104,772		)	(259,686		)	(191,910		)	(149,187		)	(119,593		)
Net written premiums	239,910			188,606			447,651			399,584			134,654			207,741
Change in net unearned premiums	(40,796		)	19,604			(58,385		)	9,568			11,264			(17,589		)
Net earned premiums	199,114			208,210			389,266			409,152			145,918			190,152
Net investment income	17,535			16,135			36,966			29,391			20,836			19,431
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments	1,063			(64		)	2,688			(874		)
Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains on investments													(58,407		)	1,625
Other income	2,662			3,760			5,581			8,716			1,937			2,919
Total revenues	220,374			228,041			434,501			446,385			110,284			214,127
Expenses
Losses and loss adjustment expenses	147,053			154,595			286,980			298,367			96,856			139,927
Other operating expenses	44,843			51,751			90,595			106,534			51,621			45,752
Other expenses	683			93			683			97
Interest expense	2,684			2,946			5,492			5,468			2,876			2,808
Amortization of intangible assets	149			149			298			298			149			149
Total expenses	195,412			209,534			384,048			410,764			151,502			188,636
Income before taxes	24,962			18,507			50,453			35,621
Income tax expense	4,655			1,523			7,418			3,004
Net income	20,307			16,984			43,035			32,617
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Net unrealized gains (losses), net of taxes of $1,865 and $3,311 in 2019 and $(183) and $(727) in 2018	20,732			(6,558		)	40,992			(25,105		)
Total comprehensive income	$	41,039		$	10,426		$	84,027		$	7,512
(Loss) income before taxes													(41,218		)	25,491
Income tax (benefit) expense													(4,403		)	2,763
Net (loss) income													(36,815		)	22,728
Other comprehensive (loss) income:
Net unrealized (losses) gains, net of taxes of $(1,391) in 2020 and $1,446 in 2019													(3,919		)	20,260
Total comprehensive (loss) income													$	(40,734	)	$	42,988
Per share data:
Basic earnings per share	$	0.67		$	0.57		$	1.43		$	1.09
Diluted earnings per share	$	0.66		$	0.56		$	1.41		$	1.08
Basic (loss) earnings per share													$	(1.21	)	$	0.76
Diluted (loss) earnings per share													$	(1.21	)	$	0.75
Dividend declared per share	$	0.30		$	0.30		$	0.60		$	0.60		$	0.30		$	0.30
Weighted-average common shares outstanding:
Basic	30,246,420			29,882,988			30,153,426			29,823,982			30,476,307			30,059,398
Diluted	30,689,074			30,293,933			30,581,205			30,243,946			30,476,307			30,472,304

See accompanying notes.

Table of Contents

JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDINGS, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity (Unaudited)

Number of
Common
Shares
Outstanding Common
Shares (Par) Preferred
Shares Additional
Paid-in
Capital Retained
Earnings Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income (Loss) Total
(in thousands, except share amounts)
Balances at March 31, 2019 30,162,045
$ 6
$ —
$ 648,242
$ 101,617
$ 4,432
$ 754,297
Net income —
—
—
—
20,307
—
20,307
Other comprehensive income —
—
—
—
—
20,732
20,732
Dividends —
—
—
—
(9,195 ) —
(9,195 )
Exercise of stock options 166,963
—
—
3,099
—
—
3,099
Vesting of RSUs 1,667
—
—
—
—
—
—
Compensation expense under share incentive plans —
—
—
1,810
—
—
1,810
Balances at June 30, 2019 30,330,675
$ 6
$ —
$ 653,151
$ 112,729
$ 25,164
$ 791,050

Balances at December 31, 2018 29,988,460
$ 6
$ —
$ 645,310
$ 79,753
$ (15,828 ) $ 709,241
Net income —
—
—
—
43,035
—
43,035
Other comprehensive income —
—
—
—
—
40,992
40,992
Dividends —
—
—
—
(18,339 ) —
(18,339 )
Exercise of stock options 265,938
—
—
5,731
—
—
5,731
Vesting of RSUs 76,277
—
—
(1,374 ) —
—
(1,374 )
Compensation expense under share incentive plans —
—
—
3,484
—
—
3,484
Adoption of ASU No. 2016-02, derecognition of build-to-suit lease, (see Note 1)

—
—
—
—
8,280
—
8,280
Balances at June 30, 2019 30,330,675
$ 6
$ —
$ 653,151
$ 112,729
$ 25,164
$ 791,050



	Number of Common Shares Outstanding	Common Shares (Par)		Preferred Shares		Additional Paid-in Capital			Retained Earnings			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Total
	(in thousands, except share amounts)
Balances at December 31, 2019	30,424,391	$	6	$	—	$	657,875		$	89,586		$	31,114		$	778,581
Net loss	—	—		—		—			(36,815		)	—			(36,815		)
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—		—			—			(3,919		)	(3,919		)
Dividends	—	—		—		—			(9,267		)	—			(9,267		)
Vesting of RSUs	96,037	—		—		(2,038		)	—			—			(2,038		)
Compensation expense under share incentive plans	—	—		—		1,867			—			—			1,867
Cumulative effect of fair value option election (see Note 1)	—	—		—		—			(7,827		)	—			(7,827		)
Cumulative effect of adoption of ASU No. 2016-13 (see Note 1)	—	—		—		—			(265		)	—			(265		)
Balances at March 31, 2020	30,520,428	$	6	$	—	$	657,704		$	35,412		$	27,195		$	720,317

~~See accompanying notes.~~

~~Table of Contents~~

~~JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDINGS, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES~~

~~Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity (Unaudited)~~


	Number of Common Shares Outstanding	Common Shares (Par)		Preferred Shares		Additional Paid-in Capital			Retained Earnings			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Total
	(in thousands, except share amounts)
Balances at March 31, 2018	29,866,705	$	6	$	—	$	639,183		$	58,753		$	(12,172	)	$	685,770
Balances at December 31, 2018																		29,988,460	$	6	$	—	$	645,310		$	79,753		$	(15,828	)	$	709,241
Net income	—	—		—		—			16,984			—			16,984			—	—		—		—			22,728			—			22,728
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—		—			—			(6,558		)	(6,558		)
Other comprehensive income																		—	—		—		—			—			20,260			20,260
Dividends	—	—		—		—			(9,060		)	—			(9,060		)	—	—		—		—			(9,144		)	—			(9,144		)
Exercise of stock options	50,639	—		—		448			—			—			448			98,975	—		—		2,632			—			—			2,632
Vesting of RSUs	477	—		—		(1		)	—			—			(1		)	74,610	—		—		(1,374		)	—			—			(1,374		)
Compensation expense under share incentive plans	—	—		—		1,660			—			—			1,660			—	—		—		1,674			—			—			1,674
Balances at June 30, 2018	29,917,821	$	6	$	—	$	641,290		$	66,677		$	(18,730	)	$	689,243

Balances at December 31, 2017	29,696,682	$	6	$	—	$	636,149		$	48,198		$	10,346		$	694,699
Net income	—	—		—		—			32,617			—			32,617
Other comprehensive loss	—	—		—		—			—			(25,105		)	(25,105		)
Dividends	—	—		—		—			(18,109		)	—			(18,109		)
Exercise of stock options	177,835	—		—		2,803			—			—			2,803
Vesting of RSUs	43,304	—		—		(777		)	—			—			(777		)
Compensation expense under share incentive plans	—	—		—		3,115			—			—			3,115
Cumulative effect of adoption of ASU No. 2016-01, net of taxes	—	—				—			4,682			(4,682		)	—
Cumulative effect of adoption of ASU No. 2018-02	—	—		—		—			(711		)	711			—
Balances at June 30, 2018	29,917,821	$	6	$	—	$	641,290		$	66,677		$	(18,730	)	$	689,243
Adoption of ASU No. 2016-02, derecognition of build-to-suit lease																		—	—				—			8,280			—			8,280
Balances at March 31, 2019																		30,162,045	$	6	$	—	$	648,242		$	101,617		$	4,432		$	754,297

See accompanying notes.

Table of Contents

JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDINGS, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)


	Six Months Ended June 30,						Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018			2020			2019
	(in thousands)						(in thousands)
Operating activities
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	68,123		$	164,086
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities							$	(65,305	)	$	35,450
Investing activities
Securities available-for-sale:
Purchases – fixed maturity securities	(260,853		)	(178,600		)	(182,205		)	(130,362		)
Sales – fixed maturity securities	91,537			65,275			4,513			45,466
Maturities and calls – fixed maturity securities	64,905			81,138			34,861			39,215
Purchases – equity securities	(3,977		)	(5,949		)	(7,435		)	(2,753		)
Sales – equity securities	263			3,179			3,295			263
Bank loan participations:
Purchases	(46,327		)	(121,285		)	(18,408		)	(21,746		)
Sales	27,920			77,933			9,735			6,602
Maturities	25,565			28,053			13,220			11,355
Other invested assets:
Purchases	—			(6,993		)	(438		)	—
Return of capital	1,266			308			253			260
Redemptions	3,000			—			13,133			—
Short-term investments, net	57,503			11,664			85,867			(10,168		)
Securities receivable or payable, net	1,925			2,015			(5,770		)	14,643
Purchases of property and equipment	(197		)	(470		)	(342		)	(144		)
Net cash used in investing activities	(37,470		)	(43,732		)	(49,721		)	(47,369		)
Financing activities
Senior debt repayment	(20,000		)	—
Senior debt issuances							119,000			—
Senior debt repayments							—			(20,000		)
Dividends paid	(18,342		)	(18,042		)	(9,468		)	(9,244		)
Issuance of common shares under equity incentive plans	6,493			3,900			—			2,632
Common share repurchases	(2,136		)	(1,874		)	(2,038		)	(1,374		)
Other financing activities	—			(466		)
Net cash used in financing activities	(33,985		)	(16,482		)
Change in cash and cash equivalents	(3,332		)	103,872
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	172,457			163,495
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	169,125		$	267,367
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities							107,494			(27,986		)
Change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash equivalents							(7,532		)	(39,905		)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash equivalents at beginning of period							1,406,076			172,457
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash equivalents at end of period							$	1,398,544		$	132,552
Supplemental information
Interest paid	$	6,499		$	5,368		$	3,248		$	3,339

See accompanying notes.

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDING, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

1. Accounting Policies

Organization

James River Group Holdings, Ltd. (referred to as “JRG Holdings” or, with its subsidiaries, the “Company”) is an exempted holding company registered in Bermuda, organized for the purpose of acquiring and managing insurance and reinsurance entities.

The Company owns ~~five~~5 insurance companies based in the United States (“U.S.”) focused on specialty insurance niches and ~~two~~2 Bermuda-based reinsurance companies as described below:

James River Group Holdings UK Limited (“James River UK”) is an insurance holding company formed in 2015 in the United Kingdom (“U.K.”). JRG Holdings contributed James River Group, Inc. (“James River Group”), a U.S. insurance holding company, to James River UK in 2015.

James River Group is a Delaware domiciled insurance holding company formed in 2002 which owns all of the Company’s U.S.-based subsidiaries, either directly or indirectly through one of its wholly-owned U.S. subsidiaries. James River Group oversees the Company’s U.S. insurance operations and maintains all of the outstanding debt in the U.S.

James River Insurance Company is an Ohio domiciled excess and surplus lines insurance company that, with its wholly-owned insurance subsidiary, James River Casualty Company, a Virginia domiciled company, is authorized to write business in every state and the District of Columbia.

Falls Lake National Insurance Company (“Falls Lake National”) is an Ohio domiciled insurance company which wholly owns Stonewood Insurance Company (“Stonewood Insurance”), a North Carolina domiciled company, and Falls Lake Fire and Casualty Company, a California domiciled company. Falls Lake National and its subsidiaries primarily write specialty admitted fronting and program business and individual risk workers' compensation insurance.

JRG Reinsurance Company Ltd. (“JRG Re”) was formed in 2007 and commenced operations in 2008. JRG Re, a Bermuda domiciled reinsurer, primarily provides non-catastrophe casualty reinsurance to U.S. third parties and, through December 31, 2017, to the Company’s U.S.-based insurance subsidiaries.

Carolina Re Ltd (“Carolina Re”) was formed in 2018 and as of January 1, 2018 provides reinsurance to the Company’s U.S.-based insurance subsidiaries. Carolina Re is also the cedent on a stop loss reinsurance treaty with JRG Re.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements and notes have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and do not contain all of the information and footnotes required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements. The condensed consolidated financial statements include the results of the Company and its subsidiaries from their respective dates of inception or acquisition, as applicable. Readers are urged to review the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2018~~2019 for a more complete description of the Company’s business and accounting policies. In the opinion of management, all adjustments necessary for a fair presentation of the condensed consolidated financial statements have been included. Such adjustments consist only of normal recurring items. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results of operations for the full year. The consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, ~~2018~~2019 was derived from the Company’s audited annual consolidated financial statements.

Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.

Estimates and Assumptions

Preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying disclosures. Those estimates are inherently subject to change, and actual results may ultimately differ from those estimates.

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDING, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

Variable Interest Entities

Entities that do not have sufficient equity at risk to allow the entity to finance its activities without additional financial support or in which the equity investors, as a group, do not have the characteristic of a controlling financial interest are referred to as variable interest entities (“VIE”). A VIE is consolidated by the variable interest holder that is determined to have the controlling financial interest (primary beneficiary) as a result of having both the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The Company determines whether it is the primary beneficiary of an entity subject to consolidation based on a qualitative assessment of the VIE’s capital structure, contractual terms, nature of the VIE’s operations

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~~JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDING, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES~~

~~Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)~~

and purpose, and the Company’s relative exposure to the related risks of the VIE on the date it becomes initially involved in the VIE. The Company reassesses its VIE determination with respect to an entity on an ongoing basis.

The Company holds interests in VIEs through certain equity method investments included in “other invested assets” in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company has determined that it should not consolidate any of the VIEs as it is not the primary beneficiary in any of the relationships. Although the investments resulted in the Company holding variable interests in the entities, they did not empower the Company to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the entities. The Company’s investments related to these VIEs totaled ~~$30.4~~$31.3 million and ~~$29.8~~$31.2 million as of ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, respectively, representing the Company’s maximum exposure to loss.

Income Tax Expense

~~Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU~~ ~~2018-02,~~ ~~Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income.~~ ~~This update was issued as a result~~outbreak of the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 ("TCJA"). The ASU allows for the option to reclassify the stranded tax effects resulting from the implementation of the TCJA out of accumulated other comprehensive income and into retained earnings. The reclassification resulted in a $711,000 decrease to the Company's retained earnings with a corresponding increase to accumulated other comprehensive incomecoronavirus pandemic in the first quarter of ~~2018~~2020 led to significant unrealized losses in ~~connection with~~our investment portfolio that were recognized in earnings. As a result, the ~~Company's adoption~~Company had a pre-tax loss of ~~this ASU.~~$41.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and recorded a U.S. federal income tax benefit of $4.4 million. For the three months ended March 31, 2019, our U.S. federal income tax expense was 10.8% of income before taxes.

Adopted Accounting Standards

~~Effective~~On January 1, ~~2019,~~2020, the Company adopted ~~ASU 2016-02,~~ ~~Leases (Topic 842). This update requires the recognition of a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability, discounted to the present value, for all leases that extend beyond 12 months.~~ The Company adopted the new standard using a modified retrospective transition method, applying the transition provisions at the beginning of the period of adoption. The Company elected the package of practical expedients permitted under the transition guidance within the new standard and did not elect to use hindsight in determining the lease term. Upon adoption of the new standard, the Company derecognized assets of $22.6 million and liabilities of $30.9 million associated with a lease that was designated as build-to-suit under the previous guidance, and recorded a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings of $8.3 million.

The Company recorded right-of-use assets of $17.2 million and lease liabilities of $17.8 million at adoption of the new standard associated with operating leases for office space in Bermuda, North Carolina, Virginia, Arizona, and Georgia. The new standard did not materially impact the Company's results of operations, earnings per share, or cash flows, and did not impact compliance under the covenants of our current credit agreements.

~~At June 30, 2019, right-of-use assets and lease liabilities were $16.9 million and $17.8 million, respectively. Operating lease costs were $1.2 million and $2.5 million in the three and six~~ ~~months ended~~ ~~June 30, 2019, respectively, compared to $1.1 million and $2.2 million in the respective prior year periods.~~ ~~The weighted-average discount rate and weighted average remaining lease term for operating leases was 4.3% and 5.7 years, respectively, as of June 30, 2019.~~

The table below summarizes maturities of the Company’s operating lease liabilities as of June 30, 2019, which reconciles to total lease liabilities included in other liabilities on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet.

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~~JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDING, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES~~

~~Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)~~

Years ending December 31, (in thousands)
2019 $ 1,864
2020 3,680
2021 3,491
2022 3,293
2023 3,099
Thereafter 4,706
Total lease payments 20,133
Less imputed interest (2,347 )
Total operating lease liabilities $ 17,786

~~Prospective Accounting Standards~~

~~In June 2016, the FASB issued~~ ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial ~~Instruments.~~Instruments ~~Current GAAP~~, using the modified retrospective approach, by which a cumulative-effect adjustment was made to retained earnings as of the date of adoption. This update requires ~~the recognition of credit losses when it is probable a loss has been incurred. The update will require~~ financial assets measured at amortized cost, such as bank loan participations held for investment, to be presented at the net amount expected to be collected by means of an allowance for credit losses that is reflected in net income. Credit losses relating to available-for-sale debt securities ~~will also be~~are recorded through an allowance for credit losses, with the amount of the allowance limited to the amount by which fair value is below amortized cost. ~~This~~

In connection with the adoption of this ASU, isthe Company elected the fair value option in accounting for bank loan participations effective January 1, 2020. The targeted transition relief offered by ASU 2019-05, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Targeted Transition Relief was applied to elect the fair value option to account for ~~annual~~bank loan participations already held at the January 1, 2020 date of adoption. Under the fair value option, bank loan participations are measured at fair value, and ~~interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019.~~ changes in unrealized gains and losses in bank loan participations are reported in our income statement as net realized and unrealized (losses) gains on investments. At adoption on January 1, 2020, the Company reduced the carrying value of its bank loan portfolio to fair value through an $8.4 million adjustment with a $7.8 million (net of tax) cumulative effect adjustment to reduce retained earnings.

Upon adoption of this ASU, ~~will be applied using~~ the ~~modified-retrospective approach, by which~~Company established an allowance for uncollectible reinsurance balances through a ~~cumulative-effect~~$265,000 (net of tax) cumulative effect adjustment ~~will be made~~ to retained ~~earnings as~~earnings. Because we purchase reinsurance from financially strong reinsurers or we have collateral securing the recoverables, the effect of ~~the beginning of the first reporting period presented. The Company is in the process of analyzing how adopting this ASU will affect the Company’s~~adoption was not material to our financial ~~statements.~~position.

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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

2. Investments

The Company’s available-for-sale fixed maturity securities are summarized as follows:


	Cost or Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Cost or Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
	(in thousands)									(in thousands)
June 30, 2019
March 31, 2020
Fixed maturity securities:
State and municipal	$	130,215	$	8,041	$	(6	)	$	138,250	$	173,919	$	8,007	$	(551	)	$	181,375
Residential mortgage-backed	249,452		2,212		(1,906		)	249,758		298,904		9,366		(831		)	307,439
Corporate	590,233		16,672		(631		)	606,274		669,191		19,583		(3,753		)	685,021
Commercial mortgage and asset-backed	216,771		3,808		(503		)	220,076		274,448		3,790		(9,259		)	268,979
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations guaranteed by the U.S. government	114,250		1,454		(71		)	115,633		122,335		3,688		—			126,023
Redeemable preferred stock	2,025		26		—			2,051		2,025		—		(257		)	1,768
Total fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale	$	1,302,946	$	32,213	$	(3,117	)	$	1,332,042	$	1,540,822	$	44,434	$	(14,651	)	$	1,570,605
December 31, 2018
December 31, 2019
Fixed maturity securities:
State and municipal	$	147,160	$	3,422	$	(1,287	)	$	149,295	$	159,894	$	7,949	$	(742	)	$	167,101
Residential mortgage-backed	208,869		577		(5,337		)	204,109		261,524		3,244		(622		)	264,146
Corporate	534,024		1,516		(10,772		)	524,768		611,304		21,306		(389		)	632,221
Commercial mortgage and asset-backed	199,528		310		(2,813		)	197,025		249,309		3,954		(806		)	252,457
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations guaranteed by the U.S. government	107,803		235		(845		)	107,193		114,477		1,229		(39		)	115,667
Redeemable preferred stock	2,025		—		(213		)	1,812		2,025		9		—			2,034
Total fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale	$	1,199,409	$	6,060	$	(21,267	)	$	1,184,202	$	1,398,533	$	37,691	$	(2,598	)	$	1,433,626

The amortized cost and fair value of available-for-sale investments in fixed maturity securities at ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 are summarized, by contractual maturity, as follows:


	Cost or Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Cost or Amortized Cost		Fair Value
	(in thousands)				(in thousands)
One year or less	$	46,982	$	47,016	$	108,264	$	108,823
After one year through five years	481,646		490,856		472,749		484,651
After five years through ten years	210,431		218,335		253,007		260,236
After ten years	95,639		103,950		131,425		138,709
Residential mortgage-backed	249,452		249,758		298,904		307,439
Commercial mortgage and asset-backed	216,771		220,076		274,448		268,979
Redeemable preferred stock	2,025		2,051		2,025		1,768
Total	$	1,302,946	$	1,332,042	$	1,540,822	$	1,570,605

Actual maturities may differ for some securities because borrowers have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without penalties.

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDING, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

The following table shows the Company’s gross unrealized losses and fair value for available-for-sale securities aggregated by investment category and the length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position:


	Less Than 12 Months					12 Months or More					Total					Less Than 12 Months					12 Months or More					Total
	Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses
	(in thousands)															(in thousands)
June 30, 2019
March 31, 2020
Fixed maturity securities:
State and municipal																$	33,372	$	(551	)	$	—	$	—		$	33,372	$	(551	)
Residential mortgage-backed																27,670		(830		)	27		(1		)	27,697		(831		)
Corporate																157,118		(3,749		)	1,251		(4		)	158,369		(3,753		)
Commercial mortgage and asset-backed																109,143		(6,962		)	37,859		(2,297		)	147,002		(9,259		)
Redeemable preferred stock																1,768		(257		)	—		—			1,768		(257		)
Total fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale																$	329,071	$	(12,349	)	$	39,137	$	(2,302	)	$	368,208	$	(14,651	)
December 31, 2019
Fixed maturity securities:
State and municipal	$	170	$	—		$	2,317	$	(6	)	$	2,487	$	(6	)	$	30,028	$	(741	)	$	667	$	(1	)	$	30,695	$	(742	)
Residential mortgage-backed	8,983		(32		)	109,153		(1,874		)	118,136		(1,906		)	23,632		(78		)	37,363		(544		)	60,995		(622		)
Corporate	3,988		(6		)	67,981		(625		)	71,969		(631		)	45,550		(365		)	9,933		(24		)	55,483		(389		)
Commercial mortgage and asset-backed	21,557		(81		)	47,797		(422		)	69,354		(503		)	46,434		(406		)	56,720		(400		)	103,154		(806		)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations guaranteed by the U.S. government	—		—			19,775		(71		)	19,775		(71		)	8,474		(22		)	7,168		(17		)	15,642		(39		)
Total fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale	$	34,698	$	(119	)	$	247,023	$	(2,998	)	$	281,721	$	(3,117	)	$	154,118	$	(1,612	)	$	111,851	$	(986	)	$	265,969	$	(2,598	)
December 31, 2018
Fixed maturity securities:
State and municipal	$	19,733	$	(284	)	$	47,018	$	(1,003	)	$	66,751	$	(1,287	)
Residential mortgage-backed	49,180		(743		)	105,778		(4,594		)	154,958		(5,337		)
Corporate	243,384		(5,089		)	155,902		(5,683		)	399,286		(10,772		)
Commercial mortgage and asset-backed	106,423		(1,229		)	51,805		(1,584		)	158,228		(2,813		)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations guaranteed by the U.S. government	17,618		(51		)	54,201		(794		)	71,819		(845		)
Redeemable preferred stock	1,812		(213		)	—		—			1,812		(213		)
Total fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale	$	438,150	$	(7,609	)	$	414,704	$	(13,658	)	$	852,854	$	(21,267	)

The outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic in the first quarter of 2020 and uncertainty around the extent of its economic impact caused severe declines in financial markets which are reflected in the fair values of our investments. At March 31, 2020, the Company held fixed maturity securities of 77147 issuers that were in an unrealized loss position ~~at June 30, 2019~~ with a total fair value of ~~$281.7~~$368.2 million and gross unrealized losses of ~~$3.1~~$14.7 million. None of the fixed maturity securities with unrealized losses has ever missed, or been delinquent on, a scheduled principal or interest payment.

At ~~June 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, 99.6% of the Company’s fixed maturity security portfolio was rated “BBB-” or better (“investment grade”) by Standard & Poor’s or received an equivalent rating from another nationally recognized rating agency. Fixed maturity securities with ratings below investment grade by Standard & Poor’s or another nationally recognized rating agency at ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 had an aggregate fair value of ~~$5.3~~$5.6 million and an aggregate net unrealized gain of ~~$48,000.~~$17,000.

~~At March 31, 2019,~~The Company adopted ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments on January 1, 2020. This update changed the impairment model for available-for-sale fixed maturities and requires the Company to determine whether unrealized losses on available-for-sale fixed maturities are due to credit-related factors. An allowance for credit losses is established for any credit-related impairments, limited to the amount by which fair value is below amortized cost. Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recognized in earnings and included in net realized and unrealized (losses) gains on investments. Unrealized losses that are not credit-related will continue to be recognized in other comprehensive income.

The Company considers the extent to which fair value is below amortized cost in determining whether a credit-related loss exists. The Company also considers the credit quality rating of the security, with a special emphasis on securities downgraded below investment grade. A comparison is made between the present value of expected future cash flows for a security and its amortized cost. If the present value of future expected cash flows is less than amortized cost, a credit loss is presumed to exist and an allowance for credit losses is established. Management may conclude that a qualitative analysis is sufficient to support its conclusion that the present value of the expected cash flows equals or exceeds a security’s amortized cost. As a result of this review, management concluded that ~~three~~there were no credit-related impairments of fixed maturity securities ~~from one issuer that we intended to sell~~ at ~~a loss in the second quarter were impaired. The Company recorded impairment losses on these securities of $271,000 in the three months ended~~ March 31, ~~2019. Management concluded that none of the fixed maturity securities with an unrealized loss at~~2020. ~~June 30, 2019~~ ~~or December 31, 2018 had experienced an other-than-temporary impairment. For fixed maturity securities available-for-sale that are not other-than-temporarily impaired at June 30, 2019, management~~Management does not intend to sell the securities in an unrealized loss position, and it is not “more likely than not” that the Company will be required to sell these securities before a recovery in their value to their amortized cost basis occurs.

Management concluded that two loans from one issuer in the Company's bank loan portfolio were impaired at June 30, 2019. At June 30, 2019, the impaired loans had a carrying value of $3.4 million, unpaid principal of $3.6 million, and an allowance for credit losses of $231,000. Management concluded that none of the loans in the Company's bank loan portfolio were impaired at December 31, 2018. The aggregate allowance for credit losses on impaired loans was $1.2 million at June 30, 2018 and $3.2 million at December 31, 2017.

At December 31, 2017, the Company held a participation in a loan with unpaid principal of $807,000 issued by a company that produces and supplies power to Puerto Rico through a power purchase agreement with Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority, a public corporation and governmental agency of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Management concluded that an allowance

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDING, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

Management concluded that none of the fixed maturity securities with an unrealized loss at December 31, 2019 had experienced an other-than-temporary impairment. At March 31, 2019, management concluded that 3 fixed maturity securities from one issuer that we intended to sell at a loss in the second quarter were impaired. The Company recorded impairment losses on these securities of $271,000 in the three months ended March 31, 2019.

In connection with the adoption of ASU 2016-13, the Company elected the fair value option in accounting for bank loan participations effective January 1, 2020. The targeted transition relief offered by ASU 2019-05, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Targeted Transition Relief was applied to elect the fair value option to account for bank loan participations already held at the January 1, 2020 date of adoption. Under the fair value option, bank loan participations are measured at fair value, and changes in unrealized gains and losses in bank loan participations are reported in our income statement as net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments. At adoption on January 1, 2020, the Company applied the amendments on a modified retrospective basis, reducing the carrying value of its bank loan portfolio to fair value through an $8.4 million adjustment with a $7.8 million (net of tax) cumulative effect adjustment to reduce retained earnings.

Applying the fair value option to the bank loan portfolio will increase volatility in the Company's financial statements, but management believes it is less subjective and less burdensome to implement and maintain than ASU 2016-13, which would have otherwise been required. At March 31, 2020, the Company's bank loan portfolio had an aggregate fair value of $202.9 million and unpaid principal of $260.2 million. Interest income on bank loan participations included in net investment income was $4.1 million and $5.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains on investments includes losses of $43.9 million related to changes in unrealized gains and losses on bank loan participations in the three months ended March 31, 2020 and management concluded that $5.0 million of those losses were due to credit-related impairments. Losses due to credit-related impairments were determined based upon consultations and advice from the Company's specialized investment manager and consideration of any adverse situations that could affect the borrower's ability to repay, the estimated value of underlying collateral, and other relevant factors.

Prior to the election of the fair value option on January 1, 2020, bank loan participations were classified as held-for-investment and carried at amortized cost net of any allowance for credit losses. Under the prior accounting method, management concluded that 7 loans from 6 issuers in the Company's bank loan portfolio were impaired at December 31, 2019. At December 31, 2019, the impaired loans had a carrying value of $6.9 million, unpaid principal of $14.3 million, and an allowance for credit losses ~~should be established on~~of $7.2 million, $5.1 million of which related to 2 loans from 1 issuer who was experiencing liquidity concerns resulting from revenue declines and poor growth prospects in its most profitable segment. Management concluded that 2 of the loans in the Company’s loan portfolio were impaired at ~~December~~March 31, ~~2017 to reduce its~~2019. At March 31, 2019, the impaired loans had a carrying value ~~to $0. In the first quarter~~ of ~~2018, the full outstanding~~$4.4 million, unpaid principal ~~on the loan was repaid~~of $5.9 million, and ~~the Company recognized a realized gain~~an allowance for credit losses of ~~$807,000 on the repayment.~~$1.5 million.

Bank loan participations generally provide a higher yield than our portfolio of fixed maturities and have a credit rating that is below investment grade (i.e. below “BBB-” for Standard & Poor’s) at the date of purchase. These bank loans are primarily senior, secured floating-rate debt rated “BB”, “B”, or “CCC” by Standard & Poor’s or an equivalent rating from another nationally recognized rating agency. These bank loans include assignments of, and participations in, performing and non-performing senior corporate debt generally acquired through primary bank syndications and in secondary markets. Bank loans consist of, but are not limited to, term loans, the funded and unfunded portions of revolving credit loans, and other similar loans and investments. Management believed that it was probable at the time that these loans were acquired that the Company would be able to collect all contractually required payments receivable.

Interest income on bank loan participations is accrued on the unpaid principal balance, and discounts and premiums on bank loan participations are amortized to income using the interest method. Generally, the accrual of interest on a bank loan participation is discontinued when the contractual payment of principal or interest has become 90 days past due or management has serious doubts about further collectability of principal or interest. A bank loan participation may remain on accrual status if it is in the process of collection and is either guaranteed or well secured. Generally, bank loan participations are restored to accrual status when the obligation is brought current, has performed in accordance with the contractual terms for a reasonable period of time, and the ultimate collectability of the total contractual principal and interest is no longer in doubt. Interest received on nonaccrual loans generally is reported as investment income. There were no bank loans on nonaccrual status at ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 or December 31, ~~2018.~~

The allowance for credit losses is maintained at a level believed adequate by management to absorb estimated probable credit losses. Management’s periodic evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance is based on consultations and a~~dvice~~ of the Company’s independent investment manager, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, the estimated value of any underlying collateral, current economic conditions, and other relevant factors. When an observable market price for a loan is available, the Company has recorded an allowance equal to the difference between the fair value and the amortized cost of bank loans that it has determined to be impaired as a practical expedient for an estimate of probable future cash flows to be collected on those bank loans. Bank loans are charged off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote.2019.

The average recorded investment in impaired bank loans was ~~$1.7 million and $3.7~~$2.2 million during the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Investment~~March 31, 2019. No investment income ~~of $0 and $65,000, respectively,~~ was recognized during the ~~time within those periods~~period that the loans were ~~impaired. The Company recorded~~impaired and net realized investment losses of ~~$231,000 and $1.8~~$1.5 million were recorded in the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2019 ~~respectively,~~ for changes in the fair value of impaired bank ~~loans (net realized investment losses of $896,000 and $893,000 in three and six months ended June 30, 2018 respectively).~~loans.

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDING, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

The Company’s net realized and unrealized gains and losses on investments are summarized as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,						Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018			2019			2018			2020			2019
	(in thousands)												(in thousands)
Fixed maturity securities:
Gross realized gains	$	411		$	360		$	588		$	382		$	215		$	177
Gross realized losses	(80		)	(252		)	(485		)	(475		)	(1		)	(405		)
	331			108			103			(93		)	214			(228		)
Bank loan participations:
Gross realized gains	137			360			150			1,580			103			13
Gross realized losses	(1,308		)	(1,006		)	(3,000		)	(1,106		)	(1,309		)	(1,692		)
Changes in fair values of bank loan participations													(43,947		)	—
	(1,171		)	(646		)	(2,850		)	474			(45,153		)	(1,679		)
Equity securities:
Gross realized gains	—			—			—			—			—			—
Gross realized losses	—			(47		)	(18		)	(62		)	(170		)	(18		)
Changes in fair values of equity securities	1,900			521			5,449			(1,189		)	(13,315		)	3,549
	1,900			474			5,431			(1,251		)	(13,485		)	3,531
Short-term investments and other:
Gross realized gains	3			—			4			—			18			1
Gross realized losses	—			—			—			(4		)	(1		)	—
	3			—			4			(4		)	17			1
Total	$	1,063		$	(64	)	$	2,688		$	(874	)	$	(58,407	)	$	1,625

Realized investment gains or losses are determined on a specific identification basis.

The Company invests selectively in private debt and equity opportunities. These investments, which together comprise the Company’s other invested assets, are primarily focused in renewable energy, limited partnerships, and bank holding companies.


	Carrying Value				Investment Income									Carrying Value				Investment Income
	June 30,		December 31,		Three Months Ended June 30,					Six Months Ended June 30,				March 31,		December 31,		Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018		2019			2018		2019		2018		2020		2019		2020			2019
	(in thousands)													(in thousands)
Renewable energy LLCs (a)	$	30,449	$	29,795	$	(13	)	$	530	$	908	$	1,741	$	31,305	$	31,219	$	834		$	921
Renewable energy notes receivable (b)	8,750		8,750		328			328		656		625		2,680		8,750		166			328
Limited partnerships (c)	26,720		29,276		728			1,092		2,797		1,319		9,212		16,741		(569		)	2,069
Bank holding companies (d)	4,500		4,500		86			86		172		172		4,500		4,500		86			86
Total other invested assets	$	70,419	$	72,321	$	1,129		$	2,036	$	4,533	$	3,857	$	47,697	$	61,210	$	517		$	3,404

(a)

The Company’s Corporate and Other segment owns equity interests ranging from 2.6% to 32.2% in various LLCs whose principal objective is capital appreciation and income generation from owning and operating renewable energy production facilities (wind and solar). The LLCs are managed by an entity for which two ~~of our~~former directors ~~serve~~served as officers, and the Company’s ~~Non-Executive~~ Chairman and Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") has invested in certain of these LLCs. The equity method is used to account for the Company’s LLC investments. Income for the LLCs primarily reflects adjustments to the carrying values of investments in renewable energy projects to their determined fair values. The fair value adjustments are included in revenues for the LLCs. Expenses for the LLCs are not significant and are comprised of administrative and interest expenses. The Company received cash distributions from these investments totaling ~~$253,000~~$747,000 and ~~$2.1 million~~$253,000 in the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019, ~~and 2018,~~ respectively.


~~(b)~~	~~The Company's Corporate and Other segment has invested in notes receivable for renewable energy projects. At~~ ~~June 30, 2019, the Company holds an $8.8 million note issued by an~~ ~~entity for which two of our directors serve as officers. Interest on the note, which matures in 2021, is fixed at 15.0%. Interest income on the note was $328,000 and $656,000 for the three and six~~

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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

~~months ended June 30, 2019, respectively ($328,000 and $625,000 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively)~~

(b)

The Company's Corporate and Other segment has invested in notes receivable for renewable energy projects. At December 31, 2019, the Company held an $8.8 million note issued by an entity for which two of our former directors serve as officers. During the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company received repayment of $6.1 million of the original note principal. Interest on the note, which matures in 2021, is fixed at 15.0%. Interest income on the note was $166,000 and $328,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

(c)

The Company owns investments in limited partnerships that invest in concentrated portfolios including publicly-traded small cap equities, loans of middle market private equity sponsored companies, ~~equity tranches of collateralized loan obligations (~~“~~CLOs~~”), and tranches of distressed home loans. Income from the partnerships is recognized under the equity method of accounting. The Company’s Corporate and Other segment held an investment in a limited partnership with a carrying value of ~~$3.6~~$2.7 million at ~~June 30, 2019.~~March 31, 2020. The Company recognized investment losses of $710,000 and investment income of ~~$480,000 and $208,000~~$481,000 on the investment for the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 and ~~2018~~2019, respectively. The Company’s Excess and Surplus Lines segment holds investments in limited partnerships of ~~$23.2~~$6.5 million at ~~June 30, 2019.~~March 31, 2020. Investment income of ~~$2.3 million~~$141,000 and ~~$1.1~~$1.6 million was recognized on the investments for the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 and ~~2018~~2019, respectively. ~~At June 30, 2019, the Company’s Excess and Surplus Lines segment has outstanding commitments to invest another $625,000 in these limited partnerships.~~

(d)

The Company's Corporate and Other segment holds $4.5 million of subordinated notes issued by a bank holding company for which the Company’s ~~Non-Executive~~ Chairman and CEO was previously the Lead Independent Director and an investor and for which one of the Company’s directors was an investor and is currently a ~~lender~~holder of the subordinated notes (the "Bank Holding Company"). Interest on the notes, which mature on August 12, 2023, is fixed at 7.6% per annum. Interest income on the notes was ~~$172,000~~$86,000 in both the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019, ~~and 2018,~~ respectively.

At ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, the Company held an investment in a CLO where one of the underlying loans was issued by the Bank Holding Company. The investment, with a carrying value of ~~$3.4~~$2.3 million at ~~June 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, is classified as an available-for-sale fixed maturity.

3. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

On December 11, 2007, the Company completed an acquisition of James River Group by acquiring 100% of the outstanding shares of James River Group common stock, referred to herein as the “Merger”. The transaction was accounted for under the purchase method of accounting, and goodwill and intangible assets were recognized by the Company as a result of the transaction. Goodwill resulting from the Merger was $181.8 million at ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 and December 31, ~~2018.~~2019.

The gross carrying amounts and accumulated amortization for each major specifically identifiable intangible asset class were as follows:


		June 30, 2019				December 31, 2018					March 31, 2020				December 31, 2019
	Life (Years)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Life (Years)	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization
		($ in thousands)									($ in thousands)
Intangible Assets
Trademarks	Indefinite	$	22,200	$	—	$	22,200	$	—	Indefinite	$	22,200	$	—	$	22,200	$	—
Insurance licenses and authorities	Indefinite	8,964		—		8,964		—		Indefinite	8,964		—		8,964		—
Identifiable intangibles not subject to amortization		31,164		—		31,164		—			31,164		—		31,164		—
Broker relationships	24.6	11,611		5,536		11,611		5,238		24.6	11,611		5,984		11,611		5,835
Identifiable intangible assets subject to amortization		11,611		5,536		11,611		5,238			11,611		5,984		11,611		5,835
		$	42,775	$	5,536	$	42,775	$	5,238		$	42,775	$	5,984	$	42,775	$	5,835

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDING, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

4. Earnings Per Share

The following represents a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator of the basic and diluted earnings per share computations contained in the condensed consolidated financial statements:


	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,						Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018			2019			2018			2020			2019
	(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)												(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Net income to shareholders	$	20,307		$	16,984		$	43,035		$	32,617
Net (loss) income to shareholders													$	(36,815	)	$	22,728

Weighted average common shares outstanding:
Basic	30,246,420			29,882,988			30,153,426			29,823,982			30,476,307			30,059,398
Common share equivalents	442,654			410,945			427,779			419,964			—			412,906
Diluted	30,689,074			30,293,933			30,581,205			30,243,946			30,476,307			30,472,304

Earnings per share:
(Loss) earnings per share:
Basic	$	0.67		$	0.57		$	1.43		$	1.09		$	(1.21	)	$	0.76
Common share equivalents	(0.01		)	(0.01		)	(0.02		)	(0.01		)	—			(0.01		)
Diluted	$	0.66		$	0.56		$	1.41		$	1.08		$	(1.21	)	$	0.75

~~Common share equivalents relate to our outstanding equity awards (stock options and restricted share units ("RSUs")).~~ For the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019, common share equivalents of ~~9,735~~309,443 and ~~170,310~~171,509 shares, respectively, were excluded from the calculations of diluted earnings per share as their effects were ~~anti-dilutive (182,246 and 187,502 shares in the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively).~~anti-dilutive.

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDING, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

5. Reserve for Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending reserve balances for losses and loss adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance, to the gross amounts reported in the condensed consolidated balance sheets:


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,					Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018		2019		2018			2020		2019
	(in thousands)									(in thousands)
Reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses net of reinsurance recoverables at beginning of period	$	1,221,652	$	1,038,303	$	1,194,088	$	989,825		$	1,377,461	$	1,194,088
Add: Incurred losses and loss adjustment expenses net of reinsurance:
Current year	144,738		152,371		283,697		298,753			95,982		138,959
Prior years	2,315		2,224		3,283		(386		)	874		968
Total incurred losses and loss and adjustment expenses	147,053		154,595		286,980		298,367			96,856		139,927
Deduct: Loss and loss adjustment expense payments net of reinsurance:
Current year	20,575		20,577		25,254		32,754			4,271		4,679
Prior years	110,200		79,503		217,884		162,620			118,357		107,684
Total loss and loss adjustment expense payments	130,775		100,080		243,138		195,374			122,628		112,363
Reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses net of reinsurance recoverables at end of period	1,237,930		1,092,818		1,237,930		1,092,818			1,351,689		1,221,652
Add: Reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses at end of period	545,404		375,535		545,404		375,535			691,669		508,655
Reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses gross of reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses at end of period	$	1,783,334	$	1,468,353	$	1,783,334	$	1,468,353		$	2,043,358	$	1,730,307

The Company experienced ~~$2.3~~$874,000 of adverse reserve development in the three months ended March 31, 2020 on the reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses held at December 31, 2019. This reserve development included $3,000 of favorable development in the Excess and Surplus Lines segment, $1.0 million of favorable development in the Specialty Admitted Insurance segment due to favorable development in the workers' compensation business for prior accident years, and $1.9 million of adverse development in the Casualty Reinsurance segment.

The Company experienced $1.0 million of adverse reserve development in the three months ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2019 on the reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses held at December 31, 2018. This reserve development included ~~$1.2 million~~$10,000 of ~~adverse~~favorable development in the Excess and Surplus Lines ~~segment, as adverse development in the 2016 and 2017 accident years for commercial auto business were largely offset by favorable development in the 2018 accident year for commercial auto business.~~segment. The Specialty Admitted Insurance segment experienced ~~$1.2~~$2.0 million of favorable development due to favorable development in the workers' compensation business for prior accident years. The Company also experienced ~~$2.4 million of adverse development in the Casualty Reinsurance segment primarily related to losses from risk profiles and treaty structures that the Company no longer writes.~~

The Company experienced $2.2 million of adverse reserve development in the three months ended June 30, 2018 on the reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses held at December 31, 2017. This reserve development included $58,000 of favorable development in the Excess and Surplus Lines segment, primarily from $1.9 million of favorable development on the property catastrophe losses from the September 2017 storms coupled with adverse development in commercial auto business and favorable development in other core Excess and Surplus Lines. The Specialty Admitted Insurance segment experienced $167,000 of favorable development, primarily due to favorable development in the workers' compensation business for prior accident years, partially offset by adverse development on certain terminated program business. The Company also experienced $2.4 million of adverse development in the Casualty Reinsurance segment primarily related to losses from risk profiles and treaty structures that the Company no longer writes.

The Company experienced $3.3 million of adverse reserve development in the six months ended June 30, 2019 on the reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses held at December 31, 2018. This reserve development included $1.2 million of adverse development in the Excess and Surplus Lines segment, as adverse development in the 2016 and 2017 accident years for commercial auto business were largely offset by favorable development in the 2018 accident year for commercial auto business. The Specialty Admitted Insurance segment experienced $3.3 million of favorable development due to favorable development in the workers' compensation business for prior accident years. The Company also experienced $5.3$3.0 million of adverse development in the Casualty Reinsurance segment primarily related to losses from risk profiles and treaty structures that the Company no longer writes.

2018

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDING, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

The Company experienced $386,000 of favorable reserve development in the six months ended June 30, 2018 on the reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses held at December 31, 2017. This reserve development included $1.2 million of favorable development in the Excess and Surplus Lines segment, primarily from $1.9 million of favorable development on the property catastrophe losses from the September 2017 storms coupled with adverse development in commercial auto business and favorable development in other core Excess and Surplus Lines. The Specialty Admitted Insurance segment experienced $1.5 million of favorable development, primarily due to favorable development in the workers' compensation business for prior accident years, partially offset by adverse development on certain terminated program business. The Company also experienced $2.3 million of favorable development in the Casualty Reinsurance segment primarily related to losses from risk profiles and treaty structures that the Company no longer writes.

6. Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income ~~(Loss)~~

The following table summarizes the components of other comprehensive ~~income~~ (loss): income:


	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,						Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018			2019			2018			2020			2019
	(in thousands)												(in thousands)
Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period, before U.S. income taxes	$	22,928		$	(6,633	)	$	44,406		$	(25,925	)
Unrealized (losses) gains arising during the period, before U.S. income taxes													$	(5,096	)	$	21,478
U.S. income taxes	(1,908		)	155			(3,355		)	699			1,378			(1,447		)
Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period, net of U.S. income taxes	21,020			(6,478		)	41,051			(25,226		)
Unrealized (losses) gains arising during the period, net of U.S. income taxes													(3,718		)	20,031
Less reclassification adjustment:
Net realized investment gains (losses)	331			108			103			(93		)	214			(228		)
U.S. income taxes	(43		)	(28		)	(44		)	(28		)	(13		)	(1		)
Reclassification adjustment for investment gains (losses) realized in net income	288			80			59			(121		)	201			(229		)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	$	20,732		$	(6,558	)	$	40,992		$	(25,105	)
Other comprehensive (loss) income													$	(3,919	)	$	20,260

In addition to the ~~$331,000 and $103,000 of net realized investment gains on available-for-sale fixed maturity securities for the three and six~~ ~~months ended June 30, 2019, respectively ($108,000~~$214,000 of net realized investment gains and ~~$93,000~~$228,000 of net realized investment losses inon available-for-sale fixed maturities for the ~~respective prior year periods),~~three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, the Company also recognized ~~$1.2~~$45.2 million and ~~$2.9~~$1.7 million of net realized and unrealized investment losses in the respective periods on its investments in bank loan participations ~~($646,000~~and $13.5 million of net realized ~~investment~~and unrealized losses and ~~$474,000~~$3.5 million of net realized ~~investment gains in the respective prior year periods),~~ and ~~$1.9 million and $5.4 million of net realized~~unrealized gains in the respective periods ~~for the change~~on its investments in ~~fair values of~~ equity ~~securities ($521,000 of net realized gains and $1.2 million of net realized losses in the respective prior year periods).~~securities.

7. Contingent Liabilities

The Company is a party to various lawsuits arising in the ordinary course of its operations. The Company believes that the ultimate resolution of these matters will not materially impact its financial position, cash flows, or results of operations.

In response to the outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic in the first quarter of 2020, many state and local governments in the United States and around the world have instituted emergency restrictions that have substantially limited the operation of non-essential businesses and the activities of individuals. These restrictions could result in significant adverse effects on our policyholders and many different types of small and mid-sized businesses within the Company’s client base, particularly those in the retail, hospitality and food and beverage industries, among many others. The ultimate effect of COVID-19 on the economy is not known nor is the ultimate length of the restrictions and any accompanying effects. Moreover, the Federal Reserve has taken action to lower the Federal Funds rate and the U.S. equity markets have experienced substantial volatility in reaction to COVID-19, both of which have, along with other factors, placed pressure on net investment income and have resulted in material realized and unrealized losses in our investment portfolio.

The effect of COVID-19 and related events could have a negative effect on the Company, including as a result of quarantines, market volatility, market downturns, actions of lawmakers and regulators, changes in consumer behavior, business closures, deterioration in the credit quality of policyholders or the inability of policyholders to pay their premium and deductible obligations to the Company, and deterioration in the credit quality of reinsurers or insurance entities with which we have a fronting arrangement or the inability of insurers or the insurance entities for which we are fronting to pay their obligations to the Company. At the federal and state level, there have been proposals by lawmakers to retroactively amend business interruption insurance policies to cover claims related to COVID-19 when such insurance policies otherwise would exclude such risks. In addition, a number of states have instituted, and other states are considering instituting, changes designed to effectively expand workers’ compensation coverage by creating presumptions of compensability of claims for certain types of workers. If these efforts are successful and enforceable, the Company may be forced to pay claims under policies for which it received inadequate premiums to cover such risks, and therefore the Company’s reserves may be inadequate to pay such claims. At the state level, insurance departments throughout the country have issued bulletins and regulations urging or requiring insurers to extend grace periods for the payment of policy premiums and to refrain from canceling or non-renewing policies for the non-payment of policy premiums for policyholders adversely affected by COVID-19. It is uncertain what impact these government mandates may have on our ability to recover unpaid premiums on the affected policies or what our obligations may be for the payment of claims made under policies for which we have not received premium payments. Further, demand for the insurance policies that the Company offers is highly dependent upon the business environment in the markets in which the Company operates. Given the ongoing and dynamic nature of the circumstances, it is not possible to predict the ultimate impact of the coronavirus outbreak, but it could have a material adverse impact on the business prospects, financial condition or results of operations of the Company.

Table of Contents

JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDING, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

JRG Re has entered into three letter of credit facilities with banks as security to third-party reinsureds on reinsurance assumed by JRG Re. JRG Re has established custodial accounts to secure these letters of credit. Under a $75.0 million facility, ~~$48.2~~$20.5 million of letters of credit were issued through ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 which were secured by deposits of ~~$60.2~~$36.7 million. Under a $102.5 million facility, ~~$65.8~~$76.0 million of letters of credit were issued through ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 which were secured by deposits of ~~$86.8~~$95.5 million. Under a $100.0 million facility, ~~$5.3~~$25.7 million of letters of credit were issued through ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 which were secured by deposits of ~~$10.7~~$52.0 million. JRG Re has also established trust accounts to secure its obligations to selected reinsureds. The total amount deposited in the trust accounts for the benefit of third-party reinsureds was ~~$294.7~~$294.9 million at ~~June 30, 2019.~~March 31, 2020.

The Company ~~is a party to~~previously issued a set of insurance contracts ~~with an insured group of companies~~to Rasier LLC and its affiliates (collectively, “Rasier”) under which the Company pays losses and loss adjustment expenses on the ~~contract.~~contracts. The Company has indemnity agreements with ~~this group of insured parties~~Rasier (non-insurance entities) and is contractually entitled to receive reimbursement for a significant portion of the losses and loss adjustment expenses paid on behalf of ~~the insured parties~~Rasier and other expenses incurred by the Company. ~~The insured parties are~~Rasier is required to collateralize all amounts currently due to the Company and to provide additional collateral sufficient to cover the amounts that may be recoverable under the indemnity ~~agreement,~~agreements, including, among other things, case loss and loss adjustment expense reserves, IBNR loss and loss adjustment expense reserves, extra contractual obligations and excess of policy limits

~~Table of Contents~~

~~JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDING, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES~~

~~Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)~~

liabilities. The collateral is ~~currently~~ provided through a collateral trust arrangement established in favor of the Company by a captive insurance company affiliate of Rasier.

As permitted under our indemnification agreements with Rasier and the ~~insured group. At June 30, 2019, the cash equivalent collateral held in~~associated trust agreement, we have withdrawn the collateral posted to the trust ~~arrangement was approximately $1,162.7 million, which exceeds~~account. At March 31, 2020, the ~~amount~~Company held collateral funds of ~~claims receivable~~$1,107.3 million. The funds withdrawn from the trust account, currently invested in short term securities and ~~unpaid reported~~included in restricted cash equivalents on the Company's consolidated balance sheet, will be used to reimburse the Company for the losses and loss adjustment expenses ~~outstanding.~~ paid on behalf of Rasier and other related expenses incurred by the Company to the extent not paid as required under the indemnity agreements.

The Company has ongoing exposure to estimated losses and expenses on these contracts growing at a faster pace than growth in our collateral balances. In addition, we have credit exposure if our estimates of future losses and loss adjustment expenses and other amounts recoverable, which are the basis for establishing collateral balances, are lower than actual amounts paid or payable. The amount of our credit exposure in any of these instances could be material. To mitigate these risks, we closely and frequently monitor our exposure compared to our collateral held, and we request additional collateral when our analysis indicates that we have uncollateralized exposure.

~~Table of Contents~~

~~JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDING, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES~~

~~Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)~~

8. Segment Information

The Company has ~~four~~4 reportable segments: the Excess and Surplus Lines segment, the Specialty Admitted Insurance segment, the Casualty Reinsurance segment, and the Corporate and Other segment. Segment profit (loss) is measured by underwriting profit (loss), which is generally defined as net earned premiums less loss and loss adjustment expenses and other operating expenses of the operating segments. ~~Gross~~Included in “other income” on the condensed consolidated statements of (loss) income and comprehensive (loss) income is gross fee income of ~~the Excess and Surplus Lines segment is included in that segment’s underwriting profit. Gross fee income of $2.3~~$1.6 million and ~~$3.7~~$2.7 million ~~was~~that is included in underwriting profit for the three months ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019, ~~and 2018, respectively ($5.0 million and $8.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively).~~respectively. Segment results are reported prior to the effects of intercompany reinsurance agreements among the Company’s insurance subsidiaries.

~~The following table summarizes the Company’s segment results:~~

Excess and
Surplus
Lines

Specialty
Admitted
Insurance

Casualty
Reinsurance

Corporate
and
Other
Total
(in thousands)
Three Months Ended June 30, 2019
Gross written premiums $ 260,277
$ 89,472
$ 30,254
$ —
$ 380,003
Net earned premiums 150,921
13,086
35,107
—
199,114
Underwriting profit (loss) of insurance segments 15,810
1,298
(100 ) —
17,008
Net investment income 4,229
918
11,986
402
17,535
Interest expense —
—
—
2,684
2,684
Segment revenues 158,574
14,940
46,318
542
220,374
Segment goodwill 181,831
—
—
—
181,831
Segment assets 1,122,080
721,506
1,544,565
62,956
3,451,107

Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
Gross written premiums $ 165,398
$ 97,100
$ 30,880
$ —
$ 293,378
Net earned premiums 139,127
14,266
54,817
—
208,210
Underwriting profit of insurance segments 10,117
988
1,729
—
12,834
Net investment income 4,350
839
9,662
1,284
16,135
Interest expense —
—
—
2,946
2,946
Segment revenues 147,012
15,436
64,254
1,339
228,041
Segment goodwill 181,831
—
—
—
181,831
Segment assets 907,314
566,196
1,378,305
85,561
2,937,376

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDING, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

The following table summarizes the Company’s segment results:


	Excess and Surplus Lines		Specialty Admitted Insurance		Casualty Reinsurance		Corporate and Other		Total		Excess and Surplus Lines		Specialty Admitted Insurance			Casualty Reinsurance		Corporate and Other		Total
	(in thousands)										(in thousands)
Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
Three Months Ended March 31, 2020
Gross written premiums											$	136,197	$	102,802		$	44,842	$	—	$	283,841
Net earned premiums											99,739		13,283			32,896		—		145,918
Underwriting profit (loss) of insurance segments											8,112		(988		)	207		—		7,331
Net investment income											7,941		928			11,604		363		20,836
Interest expense											—		—			—		2,876		2,876
Segment revenues											83,829		12,673			13,280		502		110,284
Segment goodwill											181,831		—			—		—		181,831
Segment assets											2,293,444		829,699			1,824,729		48,938		4,996,810

Three Months Ended March 31, 2019
Gross written premiums	$	446,826	$	192,425	$	68,086	$	—	$	707,337	$	186,549	$	102,953		$	37,832	$	—	$	327,334
Net earned premiums	292,593		25,446		71,227		—		389,266		141,672		12,360			36,120		—		190,152
Underwriting profit of insurance segments	28,912		2,921		227		—		32,060		13,102		1,623			327		—		15,052
Net investment income	9,773		1,815		23,158		2,220		36,966		5,544		897			11,172		1,818		19,431
Interest expense	—		—		—		5,492		5,492		—		—			—		2,808		2,808
Segment revenues	311,011		28,676		92,328		2,486		434,501		152,437		13,736			46,010		1,944		214,127
Segment goodwill	181,831		—		—		—		181,831		181,831		—			—		—		181,831
Segment assets	1,122,080		721,506		1,544,565		62,956		3,451,107		1,013,069		706,451			1,517,142		62,589		3,299,251

Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Gross written premiums	$	332,884	$	184,501	$	74,109	$	—	$	591,494
Net earned premiums	269,098		27,606		112,448		—		409,152
Underwriting profit of insurance segments	21,416		2,611		3,473		—		27,500
Net investment income	7,392		1,550		17,679		2,770		29,391
Interest expense	—		—		—		5,468		5,468
Segment revenues	284,339		29,391		129,780		2,875		446,385
Segment goodwill	181,831		—		—		—		181,831
Segment assets	907,314		566,196		1,378,305		85,561		2,937,376

The following table reconciles the underwriting profit (loss) of the operating segments by individual segment to consolidated income before taxes:


	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,						Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018			2019			2018			2020			2019
	(in thousands)												(in thousands)
Underwriting profit (loss) of the insurance segments:
Excess and Surplus Lines	$	15,810		$	10,117		$	28,912		$	21,416		$	8,112		$	13,102
Specialty Admitted Insurance	1,298			988			2,921			2,611			(988		)	1,623
Casualty Reinsurance	(100		)	1,729			227			3,473			207			327
Total underwriting profit of insurance segments	17,008			12,834			32,060			27,500			7,331			15,052
Other operating expenses of the Corporate and Other segment	(7,433		)	(7,307		)	(15,339		)	(14,738		)	(8,279		)	(7,906		)
Underwriting profit	9,575			5,527			16,721			12,762
Underwriting (loss) profit													(948		)	7,146
Net investment income	17,535			16,135			36,966			29,391			20,836			19,431
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments	1,063			(64		)	2,688			(874		)
Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains on investments													(58,407		)	1,625
Amortization of intangible assets	(149		)	(149		)	(298		)	(298		)	(149		)	(149		)
Other income and expenses	(378		)	4			(132		)	108			326			246
Interest expense	(2,684		)	(2,946		)	(5,492		)	(5,468		)	(2,876		)	(2,808		)
Income before taxes	$	24,962		$	18,507		$	50,453		$	35,621
(Loss) income before taxes													$	(41,218	)	$	25,491

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDING, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

9. Other Operating Expenses ~~and Other Expenses~~

Other operating expenses consist of the following:


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,				Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018		2019		2018		2020		2019
	(in thousands)								(in thousands)
Amortization of policy acquisition costs	$	23,150	$	28,672	$	41,771	$	58,870	$	24,116	$	18,621
Other underwriting expenses of the operating segments	14,260		15,772		33,485		32,926		19,226		19,225
Other operating expenses of the Corporate and Other segment	7,433		7,307		15,339		14,738		8,279		7,906
Total	$	44,843	$	51,751	$	90,595	$	106,534	$	51,621	$	45,752

Other expenses of $683,000 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 consist of employee severance costs. Other expenses of $93,000 and $97,000 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 primarily consist of legal and professional services and other costs related to secondary share offerings.

10. Fair Value Measurements

Three levels of inputs are used to measure fair value of financial instruments: (1) Level 1: quoted price (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets, (2) Level 2: inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the instrument, and (3) Level 3: inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable for the asset or liability.

Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date.

To measure fair value, the Company obtains quoted market prices for its investment securities from its outside investment ~~managers.~~managers, who utilize independent pricing services. If a quoted market price is not available, the Company uses prices of similar securities. Values for U.S. Treasury and publicly-traded equity securities are generally based on Level 1 inputs which use the market approach valuation technique. The values for all other fixed maturity securities (including state and municipal securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies) and bank loan participations generally incorporate significant Level 2 inputs, and in some cases, Level 3 inputs, using the market approach and income approach valuation techniques. There have been no changes in the Company’s use of valuation techniques since December 31, ~~2017.~~2018.

The Company reviews fair value prices provided by its outside investment managers for reasonableness by comparing the fair values provided by the managers to those provided by its investment ~~custodian.~~custodian or other alternative sources. The Company also reviews and monitors changes in unrealized gains and losses. The Company has not historically adjusted security prices. The Company obtains an understanding of the methods, models and inputs used by the investment managers and independent pricing services, and controls are in place to validate that prices provided represent fair values. The Company’s control process includes, but is not limited to, initial and ongoing evaluation of the methodologies used, a review of specific securities and an assessment for proper classification within the fair value hierarchy, and obtaining and reviewing internal control reports for our investment ~~manager~~managers that ~~obtains~~obtain fair values from independent pricing services.

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JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDING, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 are summarized below:


	Fair Value Measurements Using								Fair Value Measurements Using
	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets Level 1		Significant Other Observable Inputs Level 2		Significant Unobservable Inputs Level 3		Total		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets Level 1		Significant Other Observable Inputs Level 2		Significant Unobservable Inputs Level 3		Total
	(in thousands)								(in thousands)
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale:
State and municipal	$	—	$	138,250	$	—	$	138,250	$	—	$	181,375	$	—	$	181,375
Residential mortgage-backed	—		249,758		—		249,758		—		307,439		—		307,439
Corporate	—		606,274		—		606,274		—		685,021		—		685,021
Commercial mortgage and asset-backed	—		220,076		—		220,076		—		268,979		—		268,979
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations guaranteed by the U.S. government	115,094		539		—		115,633		125,580		443		—		126,023
Redeemable preferred stock	—		2,051		—		2,051		—		1,768		—		1,768
Total fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale	$	115,094	$	1,216,948	$	—	$	1,332,042	$	125,580	$	1,445,025	$	—	$	1,570,605
Equity securities:
Preferred stock	—		67,255		—		67,255		—		60,861		—		60,861
Common stock	15,413		1,761		3,099		20,273		7,980		2,549		4		10,533
Total equity securities	$	15,413	$	69,016	$	3,099	$	87,528	$	7,980	$	63,410	$	4	$	71,394
Bank loan participations									$	—	$	201,860	$	1,028	$	202,888
Short-term investments	$	—	$	24,463	$	—	$	24,463	$	—	$	71,058	$	—	$	71,058

Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, ~~2018~~2019 are summarized below:


	Fair Value Measurements Using								Fair Value Measurements Using
	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets Level 1		Significant Other Observable Inputs Level 2		Significant Unobservable Inputs Level 3		Total		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets Level 1		Significant Other Observable Inputs Level 2		Significant Unobservable Inputs Level 3		Total
	(in thousands)								(in thousands)
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale:
State and municipal	$	—	$	149,295	$	—	$	149,295	$	—	$	167,101	$	—	$	167,101
Residential mortgage-backed	—		204,109		—		204,109		—		264,146		—		264,146
Corporate	—		524,768		—		524,768		—		632,221		—		632,221
Commercial mortgage and asset-backed	—		192,797		4,228		197,025		—		252,457		—		252,457
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations guaranteed by the U.S. government	106,651		542		—		107,193		115,173		494		—		115,667
Redeemable preferred stock	—		1,812		—		1,812		—		2,034		—		2,034
Total fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale	$	106,651	$	1,073,323	$	4,228	$	1,184,202	$	115,173	$	1,318,453	$	—	$	1,433,626
Equity securities:
Preferred stock	—		60,740		—		60,740		—		62,747		—		62,747
Common stock	16,674		757		214		17,645		14,669		3,276		43		17,988
Total equity securities	$	16,674	$	61,497	$	214	$	78,385	$	14,669	$	66,023	$	43	$	80,735
Short-term investments	$	1,250	$	80,716	$	—	$	81,966	$	—	$	156,925	$	—	$	156,925

Table of Contents

JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDING, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of available-for-sale fixed maturity securities, equity securities, and bank loan participations measured at fair value on a recurring basis (as a result of the fair value option effective January 1, 2020) using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) is shown below:



	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2020			March 31, 2019
	(in thousands)
Beginning balance	$	43		$	4,442
Transfers out of Level 3	—			(4,228		)
Transfers in to Level 3	358			—
Purchases	703			—
Sales	—			—
Maturities, calls and paydowns	(17		)	—
Amortization of discount	3			—
Total gains or losses (realized/unrealized):				—
Included in earnings	(58		)	(37		)
Included in other comprehensive income	—			—
Ending balance	$	1,032		$	177

The Company held one available-for-sale fixed maturity security at December 31, 2018 for which the fair value was determined using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3). A market approach using prices in trades of comparable securities was utilized to determine a fair value of $4.2 million for the security at December 31, 2018. ~~A principal payment of $456,000 was received on the available-for-sale fixed maturity security in the three months ended March 31, 2019.~~ The Company was able to obtain a quoted price from a pricing vendor for the available-for-sale fixed maturity security at March 31, 2019 and it was transferred to Level 2.

~~Table of Contents~~

~~JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDING, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES~~

~~Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)~~

At ~~June 30, 2019 and December~~March 31, ~~2018,~~2020, the Company held three bank loan participations and two equity securities for which the fair value was determined using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3). InAt December 31, 2019, the ~~three months ended June 30, 2019,~~Company held one equity security for which the fair value was ~~transferred from Level 1~~determined using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3). A market approach using prices in trades of comparable securities was utilized to ~~Level 3 as~~determine a fair value for the securities of $1.0 million at March 31, 2020 and $43,000 at December 31, 2019. At March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the Company held one equity security for which the fair value was ~~no longer actively traded.~~determined using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3). A market approach using prices in trades of comparable securities was utilized to determine a fair value for the equity securities of ~~$3.1 million~~$177,000 at ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2019 and $214,000 at December 31, 2018. ~~There were no purchases or sales of Level 3 securities for the six months ended June 30, 2019 or 2018. There were no transfers involving Level 3 securities for the six months ended June 30, 2018.~~

Transfers out of Level 3 occur when the Company is able to obtain reliable prices from pricing vendors for securities for which the Company was previously unable to obtain reliable prices. Transfers in to Level 3 occur when the Company is unable to obtain reliable prices for securities from pricing vendors and instead must use broker price quotes to value the securities.

There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 or ~~2018.~~2019. The Company recognizes transfers between levels at the beginning of the reporting period.

~~There were no realized gains or losses included~~In connection with the adoption of ASU 2016-13, the Company elected the fair value option in ~~earnings~~accounting for ~~the six months ended June 30, 2019 attributable~~bank loan participations effective January 1, 2020. Prior to the ~~change in unrealized gains or losses relating~~election, bank loan participations were classified as held-for-investment and carried at amortized cost net of any allowance for credit losses. Prior to ~~Level 3 assets valued at fair value on a recurring basis that are still held at June 30, 2019.~~

~~The~~January 1, 2020, the Company ~~measures~~measured certain bank loan participations at fair value on a non-recurring basis ~~during the year~~ as part of the Company’s impairment evaluation when loans ~~are~~were determined by management to be impaired.

~~Assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis are summarized below:~~

Fair Value Measurements Using
Quoted Prices
In Active
Markets for
Identical Assets
Level 1 Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
Level 2 Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
Level 3 Total
(in thousands)
June 30, 2019

Bank loan participations held-for-investment $ —
$ —
$ 3,359
$ 3,359
December 31, 2018

Bank loan participations held-for-investment $ —
$ —
$ —
$ —

Bank loan participations held-for-investment that were determined to be impaired were written down to their fair value ~~of $3.4 million~~at ~~June 30, 2019.~~ ~~Management concluded that none of the bank loan participations held-for-investment were impaired as of~~ December 31, ~~2018~~2019 as shown below:

.Table of Contents

JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDING, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)



	Fair Value Measurements Using
	Quoted Prices In Active Markets for Identical Assets Level 1		Significant Other Observable Inputs Level 2		Significant Unobservable Inputs Level 3		Total
	(in thousands)
December 31, 2019
Bank loan participations held-for-investment	$	—	$	—	$	6,949	$	6,949

In the determination of the fair value for bank loan participations, ~~and certain high yield bonds,~~ the Company’s investment manager endeavors to obtain data from multiple external pricing sources. External pricing sources may include brokers, dealers and price data vendors that provide a composite price based on prices from multiple dealers. Such external pricing sources typically provide valuations for normal institutional size trading units of such securities using methods based on market transactions for comparable securities, and various relationships between securities, as generally recognized by institutional dealers. For investments in which the investment manager determines that only one external pricing source is appropriate or if only one external price is available, the relevant investment is generally recorded at fair value based on such price.

Investments for which external sources are not available or are determined by the investment manager not to be representative of fair value are recorded at fair value as determined by the Company, with input from its investment managers and valuation specialists as considered necessary. In determining the fair value of such investments, the Company considers one or more of the following factors: type of security held, convertibility or exchangeability of the security, redeemability of the security (including the timing of redemptions), application of industry accepted valuation models, recent trading activity, liquidity, estimates of liquidation value, purchase cost, and prices received for securities with similar terms of the same issuer or similar issuers. At ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, there were no investments for which external sources were unavailable to determine fair value.

~~Table of Contents~~

~~JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDING, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES~~

~~Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)~~

The carrying values and fair values of financial instruments are summarized below:


	June 30, 2019				December 31, 2018				March 31, 2020				December 31, 2019
	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
	(in thousands)								(in thousands)
Assets
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale	$	1,332,042	$	1,332,042	$	1,184,202	$	1,184,202	$	1,570,605	$	1,570,605	$	1,433,626	$	1,433,626
Equity securities	87,528		87,528		78,385		78,385		71,394		71,394		80,735		80,735
Bank loan participations held-for-investment	251,472		243,962		260,972		250,697
Bank loan participations									202,888		202,888		260,864		252,423
Cash and cash equivalents	169,125		169,125		172,457		172,457		291,223		291,223		206,912		206,912
Restricted cash equivalents									1,107,321		1,107,321		1,199,164		1,199,164
Short-term investments	24,463		24,463		81,966		81,966		71,058		71,058		156,925		156,925
Other invested assets – notes receivable	13,250		18,785		13,250		18,687		7,180		11,458		13,250		18,756
Liabilities
Senior debt	98,300		100,459		118,300		118,317		277,300		257,965		158,300		158,043
Junior subordinated debt	104,055		122,807		104,055		117,057		104,055		106,618		104,055		122,193

The fair values of fixed maturity securities, ~~and~~ equity securities, and bank loan participations have been determined by independent pricing services using quoted market prices for securities traded in the public market or prices using bid or closing prices for securities not traded in the public marketplace. The fair values of cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments approximate their carrying values due to their short-term maturity.

The fair values of other invested assets-notes receivable, senior debt, and junior subordinated debt at ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 and December 31, ~~2018~~2019 were determined by calculating the present value of expected future cash flows under the terms of the note agreements or debt agreements, as applicable, discounted at an estimated market rate of interest at ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, respectively.

The fair values of ~~bank loan participations held-for-investment,~~ senior debt and junior subordinated debt at ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 and December 31, ~~2018~~2019 were determined using inputs to the valuation methodology that are unobservable (Level 3).

~~11. Capital Stock and Equity Awards~~

The Company issued 342,215 common shares in the six months ended June 30, 2019 with 265,938 of the new shares related to stock option exercises and 76,277 of the new shares related to vesting of RSUs. The total common shares outstanding increased from 29,988,460 at December 31, 2018 to 30,330,675 at June 30, 2019.

~~The Company declared the following dividends during the first six months of 2019 and 2018:~~

Date of Declaration Dividend per Common Share Payable to Shareholders of Record on Payment Date Total Amount

2019
February 20, 2019 $ 0.30
March 11, 2019 March 29, 2019 $ 9,146,357
April 30, 2019 $ 0.30
June 10, 2019 June 28, 2019 $ 9,204,804
$ 0.60
$ 18,351,161

2018
February 22, 2018 $ 0.30
March 12, 2018 March 30, 2018 $ 9,049,476
May 1, 2018 $ 0.30
June 11, 2018 June 29, 2018 $ 9,066,023
$ 0.60
$ 18,115,499

Included in the total dividends for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 are $216,000 and $197,000, respectively, of dividend equivalents on unvested RSUs. The balance of dividends payable on unvested RSUs was $554,000 at June 30, 2019 and $557,000 at December 31, 2018.

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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)


11.	Senior Debt

In the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company drew $60.0 million on the $212.5 million unsecured revolving facility in its $315.0 million senior revolving credit facility (as amended or amended and restated, the "2013 Facility”). The borrowing was a precautionary measure to increase the Company's cash position and preserve financial flexibility in light of current uncertainty in the global markets resulting from the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. At March 31, 2020, the Company had a drawn balance of $193.3 million outstanding on the unsecured revolver. The 2013 Facility contains certain financial and other covenants (including minimum net worth, maximum ratio of total adjusted debt outstanding to total capitalization, and financial strength ratings) with which the Company was in compliance, at March 31, 2020.

Also in the three months ended March 31, 2020, the Company drew $59.0 million of unsecured capacity on a credit agreement (the "2017 Facility") that provides the Company with a revolving line of credit of up to $100 million, which may be used for loans and letters of credit made or issued, at the borrowers' option, on a secured or unsecured basis. The borrowing was a precautionary measure to increase the Company's cash position and preserve financial flexibility in light of current uncertainty in the global markets resulting from the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. At March 31, 2020, unsecured loans of $69.0 million and secured letters of credit totaling $25.7 million were outstanding under the facility. The 2017 Facility contains certain financial and other covenants which we are in compliance with at March 31, 2020.

12. Capital Stock and Equity Awards

The Company issued 96,037 common shares in the three months ended March 31, 2020. The new shares were related to vesting restricted share units (“RSUs”). The total common shares outstanding increased from 30,424,391 at December 31, 2019 to 30,520,428 at March 31, 2020.

The Company declared the following dividends during the first three months of 2020 and 2019:



Date of Declaration	Dividend per Common Share		Payable to Shareholders of Record on	Payment Date	Total Amount (thousands)

2020
February 19, 2020	$	0.30	March 16, 2020	March 31, 2020	$	9,269

2019
February 20, 2019	$	0.30	March 11, 2019	March 29, 2019	$	9,146

Included in the total dividends for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 are $113,000 and $107,000, respectively, of dividend equivalents on unvested RSUs. The balance of dividends payable on unvested RSUs was $422,000 at March 31, 2020 and $623,000 at December 31, 2019.

Equity Incentive Plans

The Company’s shareholders have approved various equity incentive plans, including the Amended and Restated 2009 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Legacy Plan”), the 2014 Long Term Incentive Plan (“2014 LTIP”), and the 2014 Non-Employee Director Incentive Plan (“2014 Director Plan”) (collectively, the “Plans”). All awards issued under the Plans are issued at the discretion of the Board of Directors. Under the Legacy Plan, employees received non-qualified stock options. Options are outstanding under the Legacy Plan; however, no additional awards may be granted.

Employees are eligible to receive non-qualified stock options, incentive stock options, share appreciation rights, performance shares, restricted shares, RSUs, and other awards under the 2014 LTIP. The maximum number of shares available for issuance under the 2014 LTIP is 4,171,150, and at ~~June 30, 2019, 1,573,528~~March 31, 2020, 1,404,379 shares are available for grant.

Non-employee directors of the Company are eligible to receive non-qualified stock options, share appreciation rights, performance shares, restricted shares, RSUs, and other awards under the 2014 Director Plan. At the 2019 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders of the Company held on April 30, 2019, the Company's shareholders approved an amendment to the 2014 Director Plan. The Board of Directors of the Company had previously approved the amendment. The amendment increased the number of the Company's common shares authorized for issuance under the 2014 Director Plan by 100,000 shares. The maximum number of shares available for issuance under the 2014 Director Plan is 150,000, and at ~~June 30, 2019, 108,594~~March 31, 2020, 101,746 shares are available for grant.

Table of Contents

JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDING, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

Generally, awards issued under the 2014 LTIP and 2014 Director Plan vest immediately in the event that an award recipient is terminated without Cause (as defined in the applicable plans), and in the case of the 2014 LTIP for Good Reason (as defined in the applicable plans), at any time following a Change in Control (as defined in the applicable plans).

Options

The following table summarizes option activity:


	Six Months Ended June 30,								Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019				2018				2020			2019
	Shares		Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Shares		Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Shares	Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Shares		Weighted- Average Exercise Price
Outstanding:
Beginning of period	1,115,324		$	29.02	1,479,236		$	27.81	643,851	$	30.41	1,115,324		$	29.02
Granted	—		$	—	—		$	—	—	$	—	—		$	—
Exercised	(336,350	)	$	26.22	(255,609	)	$	21.14	—	$	—	(125,349	)	$	29.47
Forfeited	(5,395	)	$	38.13	(29,446	)	$	36.26	—	$	—	(3,759	)	$	36.37
End of period	773,579		$	30.18	1,194,181		$	29.04	643,851	$	30.41	986,216		$	28.94
Exercisable, end of period	717,610		$	29.24	876,816		$	26.59	640,606	$	30.35	926,166		$	28.07

All of the outstanding options vest over three to four years and have a contractual life of seven years from the original date of grant. All of the outstanding options have an exercise price equal to the fair value of the underlying shares at the date of grant. The weighted-average remaining contractual life of the options outstanding and options exercisable at ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 was ~~3.4~~2.7 years and ~~3.3~~2.7 years, respectively.

~~Table of Contents~~

~~JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDING, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES~~

~~Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)~~

RSUs

The following table summarizes RSU activity:


	Six Months Ended June 30,								Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019				2018				2020				2019
	Shares		Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value		Shares		Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value		Shares		Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value		Shares		Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value

Unvested, beginning of period	300,142		$	39.22	178,882		$	37.93	340,368		$	41.50	300,142		$	39.22
Granted	178,556		$	42.08	214,907		$	39.81	179,016		$	43.55	167,295		$	42.07
Vested	(111,212	)	$	39.90	(63,191	)	$	40.92	(142,830	)	$	41.16	(109,545	)	$	39.93
Forfeited	(9,555	)	$	40.84	(4,454	)	$	41.04	(1,188	)	$	42.07	(1,398	)	$	40.26
Unvested, end of period	357,931		$	40.39	326,144		$	38.55	375,366		$	42.61	356,494		$	40.33

The vesting period of RSUs granted to employees range from one to ~~five~~three years and vest ratably over the respective vesting period, and the majority vest in three years. All RSUs granted to date to non-employee directors had a one year vesting period. The holders of RSUs are entitled to dividend equivalents. The dividend equivalents are settled in cash at the same time that the underlying RSUs vest and are subject to the same risk of forfeiture as the underlying shares. The fair value of the RSUs granted is based on the market price of the underlying shares at the date of grant.

Table of Contents

JAMES RIVER GROUP HOLDING, LTD. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (continued)

Compensation Expense

Share based compensation expense is recognized on a straight line basis over the vesting period. The amount of expense and related tax benefit is summarized below:


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,				Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018		2019		2018		2020		2019
	(in thousands)								(in thousands)
Share based compensation expense	$	1,810	$	1,660	$	3,484	$	3,115	$	1,867	$	1,674
U.S. tax benefit on share based compensation expense	220		198		420		371		250		200

As of ~~June 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, the Company had ~~$12.0~~$14.5 million of unrecognized share based compensation expense expected to be charged to earnings over a weighted-average period of ~~2.0~~2.2 years.

~~12.~~13. Subsequent Events

On ~~July 30, 2019,~~April 28, 2020, the Board of Directors declared a cash dividend of $0.30 per common share. The dividend is payable on ~~September~~June 30, ~~2019~~2020 to shareholders of record on ~~September 16, 2019~~June 15, 2020.

On July 30, 2019, the Board of Directors granted awards under the 2014 LTIP to the Company’s employees. RSUs for 522 shares were awarded with a fair value on the date of grant of $47.89 per share. The RSUs vest over three years.

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors. Factors that could cause such differences are discussed in the sections entitled “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and Part II, Item 1A “Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, or “Quarterly Report”, and Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2018.~~2019. The results of operations for the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the full year ending December 31, ~~2019,~~2020, or for any other future period. The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report, and in conjunction with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2018.~~2019.

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes have been prepared in accordance with United States (“U.S.”) generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and include the accounts of James River Group Holdings, Ltd. and its subsidiaries. Unless the context indicates or suggests otherwise, references to “the Company”, “we”, “us” and “our” refer to James River Group Holdings, Ltd. and its subsidiaries.

Our Business

James River Group Holdings, Ltd. is a Bermuda-based holding company. We own and operate a group of specialty insurance and reinsurance companies with the objective of generating compelling returns on tangible equity while limiting underwriting and investment volatility. We seek to accomplish this by consistently earning profits from insurance and reinsurance underwriting and generating meaningful risk-adjusted investment returns while managing our capital opportunistically.

Our underwriting profit for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 was $9.6 million and $16.7 million, respectively. In the prior year, for the same periods, we had an underwriting profit of $5.5 million and $12.8 million, respectively.

We are organized into four reportable segments, which are separately managed business units:

The Excess and Surplus Lines segment offers commercial excess and surplus lines liability and property insurance in every U.S. state, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands through James River Insurance Company and its wholly-owned subsidiary, James River Casualty Company;

The Specialty Admitted Insurance segment focuses on niche classes within the standard insurance markets, such as workers’ compensation coverage for residential contractors, light manufacturing operations, transportation workers and healthcare workers and fronting business, where we retain a small percentage of the risk and seek to earn fee income by allowing other carriers and producers to use our licensure, ratings, expertise and infrastructure. This segment has admitted licenses and the authority to write excess and surplus lines insurance in 4950 states and the District of Columbia;

•

The Casualty Reinsurance segment primarily provides proportional and working layer casualty reinsurance to third parties (primarily through reinsurance intermediaries) and stop loss reinsurance to Carolina Re Ltd (“Carolina Re”), through JRG Reinsurance Company Ltd. (“JRG Re”), both Bermuda-based reinsurance companies. JRG Re has also in the past provided reinsurance to the Company's U.S. based insurance subsidiaries through a quota-share reinsurance agreement; Carolina Re was formed in 2018 to do this as well; and

The Corporate and Other segment consists of the management and treasury activities of our holding companies, interest expense associated with our debt, and expenses of our holding companies, including public company expenses, that are not reimbursed by our insurance segments.

All of our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries have financial strength ratings of “A” (Excellent) from A.M. Best Company.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

In preparing the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, we are required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses for the reporting period. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

The most critical accounting policies involve significant estimates and include those used in determining the reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses, investment valuation and impairment, and assumed reinsurance premiums. For a detailed discussion of each of these policies, refer to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2018.~~2019. There have been no significant changes to any of these policies during the current year.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic

The Company is continually monitoring the impact that the outbreak of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic may be having on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. The Company closed its offices except for certain essential functions, and directed its employees to work from their homes or other locations where they could ‘shelter in place’. While the Company’s investment portfolio was impacted by the recent volatility in the global financial markets as discussed in “-Results of

Operations-Investing Results”, to date the Company has not experienced a decline in gross written premiums or a material increase in total claims as a result of the coronavirus pandemic. However, in light of the uncertainty in the global financial markets resulting from COVID-19, the Company has taken precautionary measures to preserve financial flexibility by borrowing under its existing credit facilities as discussed in “-Liquidity and Capital Resources-Sources and Uses of Funds”, and the Company is continually evaluating whether additional measures, including but not limited to reducing compensation expenses, may be prudent to protect the Company’s financial condition and results of operations in the current economic environment. In addition, we are closely monitoring a number of risks that COVID-19 poses to the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. For a description of these risks, see “Part II-Item 1A. Risk Factors” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following table summarizes our results:


	Three Months Ended June 30,						%		Six Months Ended June 30,						%		Three Months Ended March 31,						%
	2019			2018			Change		2019			2018			Change		2020			2019			Change
	($ in thousands)																($ in thousands)
Gross written premiums	$	380,003		$	293,378		29.5	%	$	707,337		$	591,494		19.6	%	$	283,841		$	327,334		(13.3	)%
Net retention (1)	63.1		%	64.3		%			63.3		%	67.6		%			47.4		%	63.5		%
Net written premiums	$	239,910		$	188,606		27.2	%	$	447,651		$	399,584		12.0	%	$	134,654		$	207,741		(35.2	)%
Net earned premiums	$	199,114		$	208,210		(4.4	)%	$	389,266		$	409,152		(4.9	)%	$	145,918		$	190,152		(23.3	)%
Losses and loss adjustment expenses	(147,053		)	(154,595		)	(4.9	)%	(286,980		)	(298,367		)	(3.8	)%	(96,856		)	(139,927		)	(30.8	)%
Other operating expenses	(42,486		)	(48,088		)	(11.6	)%	(85,565		)	(98,023		)	(12.7	)%	(50,010		)	(43,079		)	16.1	%
Underwriting profit (2), (3)	9,575			5,527			73.2	%	16,721			12,762			31.0	%
Underwriting (loss) profit (2), (3)																	(948		)	7,146			‒
Net investment income	17,535			16,135			8.7	%	36,966			29,391			25.8	%	20,836			19,431			7.2	%
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments	1,063			(64		)	‒		2,688			(874		)	‒
Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains on investments																	(58,407		)	1,625			‒
Other income and expense	(378		)	4			‒		(132		)	108			‒		326			246			32.5	%
Interest expense	(2,684		)	(2,946		)	(8.9	)%	(5,492		)	(5,468		)	0.4	%	(2,876		)	(2,808		)	2.4	%
Amortization of intangible assets	(149		)	(149		)	‒		(298		)	(298		)	‒		(149		)	(149		)	‒
Income before taxes	24,962			18,507			34.9	%	50,453			35,621			41.6	%
Income tax expense	4,655			1,523			205.6	%	7,418			3,004			146.9	%
Net income	$	20,307		$	16,984		19.6	%	$	43,035		$	32,617		31.9	%
(Loss) income before taxes																	(41,218		)	25,491			‒
Income tax (benefit) expense																	(4,403		)	2,763			‒
Net (loss) income																	$	(36,815	)	$	22,728		‒
Adjusted net operating income (4)	$	20,177		$	17,569		14.8	%	$	41,890		$	34,138		22.7	%	$	15,418		$	21,713		(29.0	)%
Ratios:
Loss ratio	73.9		%	74.2		%			73.7		%	72.9		%			66.4		%	73.6		%
Expense ratio	21.3		%	23.1		%			22.0		%	24.0		%			34.2		%	22.6		%
Combined ratio	95.2		%	97.3		%			95.7		%	96.9		%			100.6		%	96.2		%


(1)	Net retention is defined as the ratio of net written premiums to gross written premiums.


(2)	Underwriting (loss) profit is a non-GAAP measure. See “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures” for a reconciliation to income before tax and for additional information.


(3)	Included in underwriting results for the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019 is gross fee income of ~~$6.2~~$5.5 million and ~~$12.6~~$6.4 million, ~~respectively ($7.4 million and $15.6 million for the same periods in the prior year).~~respectively.


(4)	Adjusted net operating income is a non-GAAP measure. See “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures” for reconciliation to net income and for additional information.

Three Months Ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019 ~~and 2018~~

The Company had an underwriting ~~profit~~loss of ~~$9.6 million~~$948,000 for the three months ended ~~June 30, 2019.~~March 31, 2020. This compares to an underwriting profit of ~~$5.5~~$7.1 million for the same period in the prior year. Underwriting results for the three months ended March 31, 2020 were negatively impacted by $874,000 of net adverse reserve development on prior accident years, including $3,000 of net favorable reserve development from the Excess and Surplus Lines segment, $1.0 million of net favorable reserve development from the Specialty Admitted Insurance segment, and $1.9 million of net adverse reserve development from the Casualty Reinsurance segment.

The results for the three months ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019 ~~and 2018~~also include certain non-operating items that are significant to the Company. These items (on a pre-tax basis) include:

•

Net realized and unrealized investment (losses) gains of $(58.4) million and $1.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic in the first quarter of 2020 and uncertainty around the extent of its economic impact caused severe declines in financial markets. For our equity securities and bank loan participations (accounted for at fair value pursuant to the Company's election of the fair value option on January 1, 2020), the declines in fair values led to significant net unrealized losses recognized in earnings. For the three months ended March 31, 2020, net realized and unrealized losses on investments include losses of $13.3 million and $43.9 million related to changes in unrealized gains and losses on equity securities and bank loan participations,

~~Net~~

respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2019, net realized and unrealized ~~investment~~ gains ~~(losses)~~on investments included gains of ~~$1.1~~$3.5 million related to changes in unrealized gains and ~~$(64,000) for the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively.~~ losses on equity securities. See “— Investing Results" for more information on these realized and unrealized investment ~~gains~~ (losses).

•

Interest expense of $457,000 for the three months ended June 30, 2018 relating to finance expenses in connection with a minority interest in a real estate partnership pursuant to which we were previously deemed an owner for accounting purposes. Effective with the Company's adoption of gains.~~ASU 2016-02,~~ ~~Leases (Topic 842)~~ ~~on January 1, 2019, the Company is no longer deemed the~~ ~~owner for accounting purposes and there is no comparable expense for the three months ended June 30, 2019.~~

We define adjusted net operating income as net (loss) income excluding certain non-operating expenses such as net realized and unrealized investment gains and losses on investments, expenses related to due diligence costs for various merger and acquisition activities, professional service fees related to the filing of registration statements for the offering of securities, and severance costs associated with terminated ~~employees, and interest expense and other income and expenses on a leased building that we were previously deemed to own for accounting purposes.~~employees. We use adjusted net operating income as an internal performance measure in the management of our operations because we believe it gives our management and other users of our financial information useful insight into our results of operations and our underlying business performance. Adjusted net operating income should not be viewed as a substitute for net income calculated in accordance with GAAP, and our definition of adjusted net operating income may not be comparable to that of other companies.

Our (loss) income before taxes and net (loss) income reconcile to our adjusted net operating income as follows:

Three Months Ended June 30,
2019 2018
Income
Before
Taxes Net
Income Income
Before
Taxes Net
Income
($ in thousands)
Income as reported $ 24,962
$ 20,307
$ 18,507
$ 16,984
Net realized and unrealized investment (gains) losses (1,063 ) (670 ) 64
98
Other expenses 683
540
93
126
Interest expense on leased building the Company was previously deemed to own for accounting purposes —
—
457
361
Adjusted net operating income $ 24,582
$ 20,177
$ 19,121
$ 17,569



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020						2019
	(Loss) Income Before Taxes			Net (Loss) Income			Income Before Taxes			Net Income
	($ in thousands)
(Loss) income as reported	$	(41,218	)	$	(36,815	)	$	25,491		$	22,728
Net realized and unrealized investment losses (gains)	58,407			52,233			(1,625		)	(1,015		)
Adjusted net operating income	$	17,189		$	15,418		$	23,866		$	21,713

Combined Ratios

The combined ratio is a measure of underwriting performance and represents the relationship of incurred losses, loss adjustment expenses and other operating expenses to net earned premiums. Our combined ratio for the three months ended ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 was ~~95.2%~~100.6%. A combined ratio of less than 100% indicates an underwriting profit, while a combined ratio greater than 100% reflects an underwriting loss. The combined ratio for the three months ended ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 includes ~~$2.3 million,~~$874,000, or ~~1.2~~0.6 percentage points, of net adverse reserve development on prior accident years, including ~~$1.2 million~~$3,000 of net ~~adverse~~favorable reserve development from the Excess and Surplus Lines segment, ~~$1.2~~$1.0 million of net favorable reserve development from the Specialty Admitted Insurance segment, and ~~$2.4~~$1.9 million of net adverse reserve development from the Casualty Reinsurance segment.

The combined ratio for the three months ended ~~June 30, 2018~~March 31, 2019 was ~~97.3%~~96.2%. The combined ratio for the three months ended ~~June 30, 2018~~March 31, 2019 includes ~~$2.2 million,~~$968,000, or ~~1.1~~0.5 percentage points, of net adverse reserve development on prior accident years, including ~~$58,000~~$10,000 of net favorable reserve development from the Excess and Surplus Lines segment, ~~$167,000~~$2.0 million of net favorable reserve development from the Specialty Admitted Insurance segment, and ~~$2.4~~$3.0 million of net adverse reserve development from the Casualty Reinsurance segment.

All of the Company’s U.S.-domiciled insurance subsidiaries are party to an intercompany pooling agreement that distributes the net underwriting results among the group companies based on their approximate pro-rata level of statutory capital and surplus to the total Company statutory capital and surplus. Additionally, each of the Company’s U.S.-domiciled insurance subsidiaries is a party to a quota share reinsurance agreement that in periods prior to January 1, 2018 ceded 70% of their premiums and losses to JRG Re, and starting January 1, 2018, ceded 70% of their premiums and losses to Carolina Re, an entity domiciled in Bermuda that made an irrevocable election to be taxed as a U.S. domestic corporation under Section 953(d) of the Code effective January 1, ~~2018.~~2018 . JRG Re also provides stop loss reinsurance to Carolina Re. We report all segment information in this ‘‘Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations’’ prior to the effects of intercompany reinsurance, consistent with the manner in which we evaluate the operating performance of our reportable segments.

Expense Ratios

Our expense ratio ~~improved~~increased from ~~23.1%~~22.6% for the three months ended ~~June 30, 2018~~March 31, 2019 to ~~21.3%~~34.2% for the three months ended ~~June 30, 2019.~~March 31, 2020. The ~~improvement is due to an 8.5%~~increase reflects the termination of the Rasier business effective December 31, 2019 (the Rasier business carried higher loss ratios, but lower expense ratios), partially offset by a 47.5% increase in the non-commercial auto net earned premiums of the Excess and Surplus Lines segment including in lines ~~of business which carry relatively low expenses or~~ that have meaningful ceding commissions. Our Excess and Surplus Lines segment has significant scale and produces a lower expense ratio than our other operating segments. The Excess and Surplus Lines segment is our largest segment and makes up ~~75.8%~~68.4% of consolidated net earned premiums for the three months ended ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 compared to ~~66.8%~~74.5% for three months ended ~~June 30, 2018.~~March 31, 2019. Gross fee income for the Company declined from ~~$7.4~~$6.4 million for the three months ended ~~June 30, 2018~~March 31, 2019 to ~~$6.2~~$5.5 million for the three months ended ~~June 30, 2019.~~

~~Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 and 2018~~

~~The Company had an underwriting profit of $16.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019. This compares to an underwriting profit of $12.8 million for the same period in the prior year.~~

~~The results for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018 include certain non-operating items that are significant to the Company. These items (on a pre-tax basis) include:~~

Net realized and unrealized investment gains (losses) of $2.7 million and $(874,000) for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively. See “— Investing Results" for more information on these realized and unrealized investment gains (losses).

•

Interest expense of $775,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2018 relating to finance expenses in connection with a minority interest in a real estate partnership pursuant to which we were previously deemed an owner for accounting purposes. Effective with the Company's adoption of ~~ASU 2016-02,~~ ~~Leases (Topic 842)~~ ~~on January 1, 2019, the Company is no longer deemed the~~ ~~owner for accounting purposes and there is no comparable expense for the six months ended June 30, 2019.~~

~~Our income before taxes and net income reconcile to our adjusted net operating income as follows:~~

Six Months Ended June 30,
2019 2018
Income
Before
Taxes Net
Income Income
Before
Taxes Net
Income
($ in thousands)
Income as reported $ 50,453
$ 43,035
$ 35,621
$ 32,617
Net realized and unrealized investment (gains) losses (2,688 ) (1,685 ) 874
763
Other expenses 683
540
97
146
Interest expense on leased building the Company was previously deemed to own for accounting purposes —
—
775
612
Adjusted net operating income $ 48,448
$ 41,890
$ 37,367
$ 34,138

~~Combined Ratios~~

Our combined ratio for the six months ended June 30, 2019 was 95.7%. The combined ratio for the six months ended June 30, 2019 includes $3.3 million, or 0.8 percentage points, of net adverse reserve development on prior accident years, including $1.2 million of net adverse reserve development from the Excess and Surplus Lines segment, $3.3 million of net favorable reserve development from the Specialty Admitted Insurance segment, and $5.3 million of net adverse reserve development from the Casualty Reinsurance segment.

The combined ratio for the six months ended June 30, 2018 was 96.9%. The combined ratio for the six months ended June 30, 2018 includes $386,000, or 0.1 percentage points, of net favorable reserve development on prior accident years, including $1.2 million of net favorable reserve development from the Excess and Surplus Lines segment, $1.5 million of net favorable reserve development from the Specialty Admitted Insurance segment, and $2.3 million of net adverse reserve development from the Casualty Reinsurance segment.

~~Expense Ratios~~

Our expense ratio improved from 24.0% for the six months ended June 30, 2018 to 22.0% for the six months ended June 30, 2019. The improvement is due to an 8.7% increase in the net earned premiums of the Excess and Surplus Lines segment including in lines of business which carry relatively low expenses or that have meaningful ceding commissions. Our Excess and Surplus Lines segment has significant scale and produces a lower expense ratio than our other operating segments. The Excess and Surplus Lines segment is our largest segment and makes up 75.2% of consolidated net earned premiums for the six months ended June 30, 2019 compared to 65.8% for the six months ended June 30, 2018. Gross fee income for the Company declined from $15.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 to $12.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2019.March 31, 2020.

Premiums

Insurance premiums are earned ratably over the terms of our insurance policies, generally twelve months. Reinsurance premiums assumed are earned over the terms of the underlying policies or reinsurance contracts. Reinsurance contracts written on a “losses occurring” basis cover claims that may occur during the term of the contract or underlying insurance policy, which is typically twelve months. Reinsurance contracts which are written on a “risks attaching” basis cover claims which attach to the underlying insurance policies written during the terms of such contracts. Premiums earned on such contracts usually extend beyond the original term of the reinsurance contract, typically resulting in recognition of premiums earned over a 24-month period in proportion to the level of underlying exposure.

The following table summarizes the change in premium volume by component and business segment:


	Three Months Ended June 30,				%		Six Months Ended June 30,				%		Three Months Ended March 31,				%
	2019		2018		Change		2019		2018		Change		2020		2019		Change
	($ in thousands)												($ in thousands)
Gross written premiums:
Excess and Surplus Lines	$	260,277	$	165,398	57.4	%	$	446,826	$	332,884	34.2	%	$	136,197	$	186,549	(27.0	)%
Specialty Admitted Insurance	89,472		97,100		(7.9	)%	192,425		184,501		4.3	%	102,802		102,953		(0.1	)%
Casualty Reinsurance	30,254		30,880		(2.0	)%	68,086		74,109		(8.1	)%	44,842		37,832		18.5	%
	$	380,003	$	293,378	29.5	%	$	707,337	$	591,494	19.6	%	$	283,841	$	327,334	(13.3	)%
Net written premiums:
Excess and Surplus Lines	$	195,624	$	143,235	36.6	%	$	350,485	$	297,166	17.9	%	$	92,206	$	154,861	(40.5	)%
Specialty Admitted Insurance	14,034		14,487		(3.1	)%	29,055		28,305		2.6	%	13,356		15,021		(11.1	)%
Casualty Reinsurance	30,252		30,884		(2.0	)%	68,111		74,113		(8.1	)%	29,092		37,859		(23.2	)%
	$	239,910	$	188,606	27.2	%	$	447,651	$	399,584	12.0	%	$	134,654	$	207,741	(35.2	)%
Net earned premiums:
Excess and Surplus Lines	$	150,921	$	139,127	8.5	%	$	292,593	$	269,098	8.7	%	$	99,739	$	141,672	(29.6	)%
Specialty Admitted Insurance	13,086		14,266		(8.3	)%	25,446		27,606		(7.8	)%	13,283		12,360		7.5	%
Casualty Reinsurance	35,107		54,817		(36.0	)%	71,227		112,448		(36.7	)%	32,896		36,120		(8.9	)%
	$	199,114	$	208,210	(4.4	)%	$	389,266	$	409,152	(4.9	)%	$	145,918	$	190,152	(23.3	)%

Gross written premiums for the Excess and Surplus Lines segment (which represents ~~63.2%~~48.0% of our consolidated gross written premiums in the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30, 2019) increased 57.4% and 34.2% over~~March 31, 2020) decreased 27.0% from the corresponding three ~~and six~~ month ~~periods~~period in the prior year. The decrease was largely due to the termination of the Rasier commercial auto business in the fourth quarter of 2019. On October 8, 2019, the Company delivered a notice of early cancellation, effective December 31, 2019, of all insurance policies issued to its largest customer, Rasier. A majority of the insurance policies were due to expire on February 29, 2020. The significant decline in gross written premium for the Commercial Auto underwriting division in the three months ended March 31, 2020 from the three months ended March 31, 2019 is a result of the Rasier cancellation. Excluding commercial auto policies, gross written premiums increased ~~81.2% and 41.7%~~36.9% over the corresponding three ~~and six~~ month ~~periods~~period in the prior year. Policy submissions excluding commercial auto policies were ~~18.7%~~19.8% higher and ~~22.9%~~18.1% more policies were bound in the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 than in the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30, 2018. Rates~~March 31, 2019. Renewal rates for the Excess and Surplus Lines segment excluding commercial auto were up ~~4.2%~~12.9% compared to the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30, 2018.~~March 31, 2019. The change in gross written premiums compared to the same periods in ~~2018~~2019 was notable in several divisions as shown below:

Three Months Ended
June 30, % Six Months Ended
June 30, %
2019 2018 Change 2019 2018 Change
($ in thousands)
Commercial Auto $ 107,543
$ 81,127
32.6 % $ 199,545
$ 158,339
26.0 %
General Casualty 43,697
16,726
161.3 % 64,980
31,278
107.7 %
Manufacturers & Contractors 28,026
22,034
27.2 % 51,537
39,634
30.0 %
Excess Casualty 31,476
14,870
111.7 % 46,646
24,666
89.1 %
Excess Property 12,483
6,116
104.1 % 17,260
9,535
81.0 %
Energy 10,712
6,607
62.1 % 17,119
18,127
(5.6 )%
Allied Health 5,377
2,421
122.1 % 14,633
23,543
(37.8 )%
All other divisions 20,963
15,497
35.3 % 35,106
27,762
26.5 %
Excess and Surplus Lines gross written premium $ 260,277
$ 165,398
57.4 % $ 446,826
$ 332,884
34.2 %

The Commercial Auto division is focused on underwriting the hired and non-owned auto liability exposures for a variety of industry segments with a particular niche for insuring organizations that operate networks connecting independent contractors with customers.



	Three Months Ended March 31,				%
	2020		2019		Change
	($ in thousands)
Excess Casualty	$	34,207	$	15,170	125.5	%
Manufacturers & Contractors	28,330		23,511		20.5	%
General Casualty	25,722		21,283		20.9	%
Energy	10,919		6,407		70.4	%
All other non-commercial auto divisions	30,284		28,176		7.5	%
Total non-commercial auto divisions	129,462		94,547		36.9	%
Commercial Auto	6,735		92,002		(92.7	)%
Excess and Surplus Lines gross written premium	$	136,197	$	186,549	(27.0	)%

The components of gross written premiums for the Specialty Admitted Insurance segment (which represents ~~27.2%~~36.2% of our consolidated gross written premiums for the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30, 2019)~~March 31, 2020) are as follows:

Three Months Ended
June 30, % Six Months Ended
June 30, %
2019 2018 Change 2019 2018 Change
($ in thousands)
Individual risk workers’ compensation premium $ 15,988
$ 12,808
24.8 % $ 32,981
$ 25,395
29.9 %
Fronting and program premium 73,484
84,292
(12.8 )% 159,444
159,106
0.2 %
Specialty Admitted gross written premium $ 89,472

$ 97,100
(7.9 )% $ 192,425
$ 184,501
4.3 %

~~Individual risk workers’ compensation premium growth was driven by exposure growth from higher payrolls of our insureds in a strong economy and increased submission flow.~~



	Three Months Ended March 31,				%
	2020		2019		Change
	($ in thousands)
Individual risk workers’ compensation premium	$	17,480	$	16,993	2.9	%
Fronting and program premium	85,322		85,960		(0.7	)%
Specialty Admitted gross written premium	$	102,802	$	102,953	(0.1	)%

Our fronting business saw ~~growth in three~~two new fronting relationships ~~that generated $21.7 million and $49.6~~generate $6.7 million of gross written premium in the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30, 2019, respectively, compared to $3.8 million for both~~March 31, 2020 (none in the comparable three ~~and six months ended June 30, 2018.~~month period of the prior year). Our largest ~~agency~~fronted relationship experienced a decline in production ~~in 2019 producing $37.5 million and $77.7~~with $32.7 million of gross written premium for the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30, 2019, respectively, (down~~March 31, 2020 down from ~~$57.9 million and $106.7~~$40.2 million for the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30, 2018)~~March 31, 2019 and representing ~~40.4%~~31.9% of the segment's gross written premium in the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 down from ~~57.8%~~39.1% in the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30, 2018.~~March 31, 2019.

Gross written premiums for the Casualty Reinsurance segment (which represents ~~9.6%~~15.8% of our consolidated gross written premiums in the first ~~six~~three months of ~~2019) decreased 2.0% and 8.1%~~2020) increased 18.5% from the corresponding three ~~and six~~ month ~~periods~~period in the prior year. The ~~reduction~~increase in gross written premium in this segment was primarily due to the change in ~~line with our expectations and is consistent with our planned reductions for~~renewal date of a fronted business where the ~~Casualty Reinsurance segment as we redeploy our capital to where we believe we can make the highest operating returns on tangible equity.~~Company retains no net underwriting risk. The Casualty Reinsurance segment generally writes large casualty-focused treaties that are expected to have lower volatility relative to property and catastrophe treaties. We rarely write stand-alone property reinsurance. When treaties that include property exposure are written, we utilize property occurrence caps, inuring reinsurance protection and low individual risk limits to minimize exposure.

Net Retention

The ratio of net written premiums to gross written premiums is referred to as our net premium retention. Our net premium retention is summarized by segment as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,				Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018		2019		2018		2020		2019
Excess and Surplus Lines	75.2	%	86.6	%	78.4	%	89.3	%	67.7	%	83.0	%
Specialty Admitted Insurance	15.7	%	14.9	%	15.1	%	15.3	%	13.0	%	14.6	%
Casualty Reinsurance	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%	64.9	%	100.1	%
Total	63.1	%	64.3	%	63.3	%	67.6	%	47.4	%	63.5	%

The net premium retention for the Excess and Surplus Lines segment decreased for the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 as compared to the prior year periods due to growth in written premium in the Excess Casualty and Excess Property underwriting divisions, which have higher percentages of ceded premium than our other ~~divisions, and due to~~divisions. Additionally, ceded premiums for the ~~segment ceding $26.5~~Commercial Auto underwriting division were $11.1 million ~~and $37.6 million of commercial auto written premium~~for the three months ended March 31, 2019. The Company terminated its relationship with Rasier in the ~~three and six months ended June 30,~~fourth quarter of 2019, ~~respectively, compared~~delivering a notice of early cancellation, effective December 31, 2019, of all insurance policies issued to ~~$2.3 million in both the three and six months ended June 30, 2018.~~Rasier.

The net premium retention for the Specialty Admitted Insurance segment ~~has been relatively stable~~declined for the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 as compared to the respective ~~periods~~period in the prior year. The fronting business generally has much lower net premium retention than our individual risk workers’ compensation business. The net retention on the segment’s fronting business was ~~9.4%~~9.6% and ~~9.0%~~8.7% for the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, ~~(9.9% and 10.2% for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively),~~ while the net retention on the individual risk workers’ compensation business was ~~44.5% for both the three~~29.3% and ~~six months ended June 30, 2019 (48.0% and 47.4%~~44.5% for the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30, 2018, respectively).~~March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, reflecting an increase in the percentage of premiums ceded under a third-party quota share reinsurance treaty from 50% in 2019 to 70% in 2020.

The net premium retention for the Casualty Reinsurance segment decreased for the three months ended March 31, 2020 as compared to the prior year period due to the change in renewal date of a retrocessional treaty/fronting arrangement under which 100% of the premiums are ceded. Ceded written premiums under the treaty were $15.8 million in the three months ended March 31, 2020.

Underwriting Results

The following table compares our combined ratios by segment:


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,				Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018		2019		2018		2020		2019
Excess and Surplus Lines	89.5	%	92.7	%	90.1	%	92.0	%	91.9	%	90.8	%
Specialty Admitted Insurance	90.1	%	93.1	%	88.5	%	90.5	%	107.4	%	86.9	%
Casualty Reinsurance	100.3	%	96.8	%	99.7	%	96.9	%	99.4	%	99.1	%
Total	95.2	%	97.3	%	95.7	%	96.9	%	100.6	%	96.2	%

Excess and Surplus Lines Segment

Results for the Excess and Surplus Lines segment are as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30,						%		Six Months Ended June 30,						%		Three Months Ended March 31,						%
	2019			2018			Change		2019			2018			Change		2020			2019			Change
	($ in thousands)																($ in thousands)
Gross written premiums	$	260,277		$	165,398		57.4	%	$	446,826		$	332,884		34.2	%	$	136,197		$	186,549		(27.0	)%
Net written premiums	$	195,624		$	143,235		36.6	%	$	350,485		$	297,166		17.9	%	$	92,206		$	154,861		(40.5	)%
Net earned premiums	$	150,921		$	139,127		8.5	%	$	292,593		$	269,098		8.7	%	$	99,739		$	141,672		(29.6	)%
Losses and loss adjustment expenses	(115,637		)	(109,607		)	5.5	%	(223,842		)	(210,226		)	6.5	%	(65,529		)	(108,205		)	(39.4	)%
Underwriting expenses	(19,474		)	(19,403		)	0.4	%	(39,839		)	(37,456		)	6.4	%	(26,098		)	(20,365		)	28.2	%
Underwriting profit (1), (2)	$	15,810		$	10,117		56.3	%	$	28,912		$	21,416		35.0	%	$	8,112		$	13,102		(38.1	)%
Ratios:
Loss ratio	76.6		%	78.8		%			76.5		%	78.1		%			65.7		%	76.4		%
Expense ratio	12.9		%	13.9		%			13.6		%	13.9		%			26.2		%	14.4		%
Combined ratio	89.5		%	92.7		%			90.1		%	92.0		%			91.9		%	90.8		%


(1)	Underwriting Profit is a non-GAAP Measure. See “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures” for a reconciliation to (loss) income before tax and for additional information.


(2)	Underwriting results include gross fee income of $1.3 million and $2.7 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

The loss ratio of 65.7% for the three months endedMarch 31, 2020 includes $3,000 of net favorable reserve development in our loss estimates for prior accident years. The loss ratio of 76.4% for the three months endedMarch 31, 2019 includes $10,000 of net favorable reserve development in our loss estimates for prior accident years.

The expense ratio for this segment increased from 14.4% for the three months endedMarch 31, 2019 to 26.2% for the three months endedMarch 31, 2020 due to the termination of the Rasier commercial auto business effective December 31, 2019 (the Rasier business carried higher loss ratios, but lower expense ratios), partially offset by a 47.5% increase in the non-commercial auto net earned premiums of the Excess and Surplus Lines segment including in lines that have meaningful ceding commissions. Commercial auto made up 8.1% of the segment’s net earned premiums for the three months endedMarch 31, 2020, down from 56.1% in the prior year. Gross fee income contributed to a reduction in the expense ratio of 1.3 and 1.9 percentage points for the three months endedMarch 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

As a result of the items discussed above, the underwriting profit of the Excess and Surplus Lines segment decreased 38.1%, from $13.1 million for the three months endedMarch 31, 2019 to $8.1 million for the three months endedMarch 31, 2020.

Specialty Admitted Insurance Segment

Results for the Specialty Admitted Insurance segment are as follows:



	Three Months Ended March 31,						%
	2020			2019			Change
	($ in thousands)
Gross written premiums	$	102,802		$	102,953		(0.1	)%
Net written premiums	$	13,356		$	15,021		(11.1	)%
Net earned premiums	$	13,283		$	12,360		7.5	%
Losses and loss adjustment expenses	(9,905		)	(7,202		)	37.5	%
Underwriting expenses	(4,366		)	(3,535		)	23.5	%
Underwriting (loss) profit (1), (2)	$	(988	)	$	1,623		‒
Ratios:
Loss ratio	74.6		%	58.3		%
Expense ratio	32.8		%	28.6		%
Combined ratio	107.4		%	86.9		%


(1)	Underwriting (Loss) Profit is a non-GAAP Measure. See “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures” for a reconciliation to income before tax and for additional information.


(2)	Underwriting results include gross fee income of ~~$2.3~~$4.2 million and ~~$5.0~~$3.8 million for the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019, ~~respectively ($3.7 million and $8.5 million for the same periods in the prior year).~~respectively.

The loss ratio of ~~76.6% and 76.5%~~74.6% for the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30, 2019 each include $1.2~~March 31, 2020 includes $1.0 million ~~(0.8 and 0.4~~(7.6 percentage ~~points, respectively)~~points), of net ~~adverse~~favorable development in our loss estimates for prior accident years. The loss ratio of ~~78.8% and 78.1%~~58.3% for the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30, 2018~~March 31, 2019 includes ~~$58,000 and $1.2~~$2.0 million ~~(0.0 and 0.4~~(16.2 percentage points), ~~respectively,~~ of net favorable reserve development in our loss estimates for prior accident years. The favorable reserve development for both periods reflects the fact that actual loss emergence of the workers’ compensation book has been better than expected.

The expense ratio ~~for this~~of the Specialty Admitted Insurance segment ~~decreased from 13.9%~~was 32.8% for ~~both~~ the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30, 2018~~March 31, 2020 compared to ~~12.9% and 13.6%~~the prior year ratio of 28.6%. Gross fee income from the fronting business increased 11.6% for the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30, 2019, respectively, as~~March 31, 2020 compared to the ~~growth in net earned premium~~same period in the prior year as a result of a mix shift to fronting arrangements with higher fees.

Underwriting results for the Specialty Admitted Insurance segment in the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30, 2019 exceeded the growth~~March 31, 2020 were negatively impacted by higher reported losses on involuntary assigned risk pools for workers' compensation and an accrual for ceded minimum premium on one fronting arrangement, resulting in ~~underwriting expenses. Gross fee income contributed to a reduction in the expense~~an additional 7.0 combined ratio ~~of 1.5 and 1.7 percentage points for the three and six months endedJune 30, 2019, respectively (2.6 and 3.2 percentage points for the same periods in the prior year).~~

Our commercial auto business generally has a lower expense ratio and higher loss ratio than the other underwriting divisions in the segment. Commercial auto made up 53.1% and 54.6% of the segment’s net earned premiums for the three and six months ended~~June 30, 2019, respectively (57.3% and 57.0% for the same periods in the prior year).~~points.

As a result of the items discussed above, the Specialty Admitted Insurance segment had an underwriting loss of $988,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2020 compared to an underwriting profit of ~~the Excess and Surplus Lines segment increased 56.3% and 35.0%, from $10.1 million and $21.4~~$1.6 million for the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30, 2018, respectively, to $15.8 million and $28.9 million for the three and six months ended~~March 31, 2019.~~June 30, 2019, respectively.~~

~~Specialty Admitted Insurance~~Casualty Reinsurance Segment

Results for the ~~Specialty Admitted Insurance~~Casualty Reinsurance segment are as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30,						%		Six Months Ended June 30,						%		Three Months Ended March 31,						%
	2019			2018			Change		2019			2018			Change		2020			2019			Change
	($ in thousands)																($ in thousands)
Gross written premiums	$	89,472		$	97,100		(7.9	)%	$	192,425		$	184,501		4.3	%	$	44,842		$	37,832		18.5	%
Net written premiums	$	14,034		$	14,487		(3.1	)%	$	29,055		$	28,305		2.6	%	$	29,092		$	37,859		(23.2	)%
Net earned premiums	$	13,086		$	14,266		(8.3	)%	$	25,446		$	27,606		(7.8	)%	$	32,896		$	36,120		(8.9	)%
Losses and loss adjustment expenses	(8,402		)	(9,426		)	(10.9	)%	(15,604		)	(17,037		)	(8.4	)%	(21,422		)	(24,520		)	(12.6	)%
Underwriting expenses	(3,386		)	(3,852		)	(12.1	)%	(6,921		)	(7,958		)	(13.0	)%	(11,267		)	(11,273		)	(0.1	)%
Underwriting profit (1), (2)	$	1,298		$	988		31.4	%	$	2,921		$	2,611		11.9	%
Underwriting profit (1)																	$	207		$	327		(36.7	)%
Ratios:
Loss ratio	64.2		%	66.1		%			61.3		%	61.7		%			65.1		%	67.9		%
Expense ratio	25.9		%	27.0		%			27.2		%	28.8		%			34.3		%	31.2		%
Combined ratio	90.1		%	93.1		%			88.5		%	90.5		%			99.4		%	99.1		%


(1)	Underwriting Profit is a non-GAAP Measure. See “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures” for a reconciliation to ~~income before tax and for additional information.~~


~~(2)~~	~~Underwriting results include gross fee income of $3.8 millionand$7.6 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively ($3.7 million and $7.1 million for the same periods in the prior year).~~

~~The loss ratio of 64.2% and 61.3% for the three and six months ended~~June 30, 2019 includes $1.2 million and $3.3 million (9.5 and 12.8 percentage points), respectively, of net favorable development in our loss estimates for prior accident years. The favorable reserve development in 2019 reflects the fact that actual loss emergence of the workers’ compensation book has been better than expected. The loss ratio of 66.1% and 61.7% for the three and six months ended~~June 30, 2018 includes $167,000 and $1.5 million (1.2 and 5.4 percentage points), respectively, of net favorable reserve development in our loss estimates for prior accident years.~~

~~The expense ratio of the Specialty Admitted Insurance segment was 25.9% and 27.2% for the three and six months endedJune 30, 2019 compared to the prior year ratios of 27.0% and 28.8%, respectively. Gross fee income from the fronting business increased 2.9% and 7.8% for the three and six months endedJune 30, 2019 compared to the same periods in the prior year.~~

As a result of the items discussed above, the underwriting profit of the Specialty Admitted Insurance segment increased 31.4% and 11.9% from $988,000 and $2.6 million for the three and six months ended~~June 30, 2018, respectively, to $1.3 million and $2.9 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, respectively.~~

~~Casualty Reinsurance Segment~~

~~Results for the Casualty Reinsurance segment are as follows:~~

Three Months Ended
June 30, % Six Months Ended
June 30, %
2019 2018 Change 2019 2018 Change
($ in thousands)
Gross written premiums $ 30,254
$ 30,880
(2.0 )% $ 68,086
$ 74,109
(8.1 )%
Net written premiums $ 30,252
$ 30,884
(2.0 )% $ 68,111
$ 74,113
(8.1 )%
Net earned premiums $ 35,107
$ 54,817
(36.0 )% $ 71,227
$ 112,448
(36.7 )%
Losses and loss adjustment expenses (23,014 ) (35,562 ) (35.3 )% (47,534 ) (71,104 ) (33.1 )%
Underwriting expenses (12,193 ) (17,526 ) (30.4 )% (23,466 ) (37,871 ) (38.0 )%
Underwriting (loss) profit (1)
$ (100 ) $ 1,729
‒
$ 227
$ 3,473
(93.5 )%
Ratios:

Loss ratio 65.6 % 64.9 % 66.7 % 63.2 %
Expense ratio 34.7 % 31.9 % 33.0 % 33.7 %
Combined ratio 100.3 % 96.8 % 99.7 % 96.9 %


~~(1)~~	~~Underwriting Profit is a non-GAAP Measure. See “Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Measures” for a reconciliation to~~(loss) income before tax and for additional information.

The Casualty Reinsurance segment focuses on lower volatility, proportional reinsurance which requires larger ceding commissions resulting in a higher commission expense than in our other segments.

The loss ratio of ~~65.6% and 66.7%~~65.1% for the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 includes ~~$2.4~~$1.9 million ~~and $5.3 million (6.7 and 7.5~~(5.7 percentage points)~~, respectively,~~ of net adverse development in our loss estimates for prior accident years. The ~~adverse reserve development was primarily related to losses from risk profiles and treaty structures that we no longer underwrite. The~~ loss ratio of ~~64.9% and 63.2%~~67.9% for the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30, 2018~~March 31, 2019 includes ~~$2.4~~$3.0 million ~~and $2.3 million (4.5 and 2.0~~(8.3 percentage points)~~, respectively,~~ of net adverse reserve development in our loss estimates for prior accident years.

The expense ratio of the Casualty Reinsurance segment was ~~34.7% and 33.0%~~34.3% for the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30, 2019, respectively, compared to~~March 31, 2020, up from 31.2% in the prior year ~~ratios of 31.9% and 33.7%, respectively.~~principally due to higher reductions in sliding scale commission expense in the prior year associated with the higher adverse reserve development in 2019.

As a result of the items discussed above, underwriting ~~(loss)~~ profit for the Casualty Reinsurance segment was ~~$(100,000) and $227,000~~$207,000 for the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 compared to ~~$1.7 million and $3.5 million~~$327,000 for the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30, 2018.~~March 31, 2019.

Reserves

An indicator of reserve strength that we monitor closely is the percentage of our gross and net loss reserves that are comprised of incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) reserves.

The Company’s gross reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses at ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 was ~~$1,783.3~~$2,043.4 million. Of this amount, 62.5% relates to amounts that are IBNR. This amount was ~~62.4%~~63.1% at December 31, ~~2018.~~2019. The Company’s gross reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses by segment are summarized as follows:


	Gross Reserves at June 30, 2019						Gross Reserves at March 31, 2020
	Case		IBNR		Total		Case		IBNR		Total
	($ in thousands)						($ in thousands)
Excess and Surplus Lines	$	393,962	$	651,291	$	1,045,253	$	455,934	$	770,380	$	1,226,314
Specialty Admitted Insurance	167,970		297,180		465,150		199,699		330,962		530,661
Casualty Reinsurance	106,538		166,393		272,931		110,060		176,323		286,383
Total	$	668,470	$	1,114,864	$	1,783,334	$	765,693	$	1,277,665	$	2,043,358

At ~~June 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, the amount of net reserves prior to the $335,000 allowance for uncollectible reinsurance recoverables of ~~$1,237.9~~$1,351.4 million that related to IBNR was ~~59.4%~~59.7%. This amount was ~~61.5%~~60.3% at December 31, ~~2018.~~2019. The Company’s net reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses by segment are summarized as follows:


	Net Reserves at June 30, 2019						Net Reserves at March 31, 2020
	Case		IBNR		Total		Case		IBNR		Total
	($ in thousands)						($ in thousands)
Excess and Surplus Lines	$	364,208	$	514,965	$	879,173	$	398,228	$	581,030	$	979,258
Specialty Admitted Insurance	34,549		55,281		89,830		38,729		52,360		91,089
Casualty Reinsurance	103,539		165,388		268,927		107,665		173,342		281,007
Total	$	502,296	$	735,634	$	1,237,930	$	544,622	$	806,732	$	1,351,354

Other Operating Expenses

In addition to the underwriting, acquisition, and insurance expenses of the Excess and Surplus Lines segment, the Specialty Admitted Insurance segment, and the Casualty Reinsurance segment discussed previously, other operating expenses also include the expenses of the Corporate and Other segment.

Corporate and Other Segment

Other operating expenses for the Corporate and Other segment include personnel costs associated with the Bermuda and U.S. holding companies, professional fees, and various other corporate expenses that are included in our calculation of our expense ratio and our combined ratio. Other operating expenses of the Corporate and Other segment represent the expenses of both the Bermuda and U.S. holding companies that were not reimbursed by our subsidiaries, including costs associated with our internal quota share, rating agencies and strategic initiatives. These costs vary from period-to-period based on the status of these initiatives.

Total operating expenses of the Corporate and Other segment were ~~$7.4~~$8.3 million and ~~$15.3~~$7.9 million for the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019, ~~respectively, representing increases of 1.7% and 4.1% over the $7.3 million and $14.7 million of operating~~respectively.

expenses in the comparable prior year periods. The increases were largely driven by compensation costs, including share-based compensation expenses, associated with increases in headcount, partially offset by a decline in professional fees resulting from bringing certain legal and tax functions that were previously outsourced in-house.

Investing Results

Net investment income was ~~$17.5 million and $37.0~~$20.8 million for the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 compared to ~~$16.1 million and $29.4~~$19.4 million for the same ~~periods~~period in the prior year. The change in our net investment income is as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30,							Six Months Ended June 30,						Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018		% Change		2019		2018		% Change		2020			2019		% Change
	($ in thousands)													($ in thousands)
Renewable energy LLCs	$	(13	)	$	530	‒		$	908	$	1,741	(47.8	)%	$	834		$	921	(9.4	)%
Other private investments	1,142			1,506		(24.2	)%	3,625		2,116		71.3	%	(317		)	2,483		‒
Other invested assets	1,129			2,036		(44.5	)%	4,533		3,857		17.5	%	517			3,404		(84.8	)%
All other net investment income	16,406			14,099		16.4	%	32,433		25,534		27.0	%	20,319			16,027		26.8	%
Total net investment income	$	17,535		$	16,135	8.7	%	$	36,966	$	29,391	25.8	%	$	20,836		$	19,431	7.2	%

The Company's private investments generated income of ~~$1.1 million~~$517,000 and ~~$4.5~~$3.4 million for the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019, ~~respectively (compared to income of $2.0 million and $3.9 million in the respective prior year periods).~~respectively. Excluding private investments, our net investment income increased by ~~16.4% and 27.0% for the three and six months ending June 30, 2019~~26.8% over the ~~same periods in the~~ prior ~~year. This increase in net investment income reflects~~year driven by asset growth in our ~~fixed~~portfolio and income ~~portfolio of bonds and bank loans and higher investment yields.~~on restricted cash equivalents. The average duration of our fixed maturity portfolio was ~~3.5~~3.6 years at ~~June 30, 2019.~~March 31, 2020.

Major categories of the Company’s net investment income are summarized as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,						Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018			2019			2018			2020			2019
	($ in thousands)												($ in thousands)
Fixed maturity securities	$	10,157		$	7,733		$	19,647		$	15,101		$	11,074		$	9,492
Bank loan participations	5,162			5,435			10,226			8,552			4,148			5,064
Equity securities	1,295			1,346			2,632			2,674			1,166			1,337
Other invested assets	1,129			2,036			4,533			3,857			517			3,404
Cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments, and other	992			639			2,306			1,228
Cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash equivalents and short-term investments													5,159			1,312
Gross investment income	18,735			17,189			39,344			31,412			22,064			20,609
Investment expense	(1,200		)	(1,054		)	(2,378		)	(2,021		)	(1,228		)	(1,178		)
Net investment income	$	17,535		$	16,135		$	36,966		$	29,391		$	20,836		$	19,431

The following table summarizes our investment returns:


	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,				Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019		2018		2019		2018		2020		2019
Annualized gross investment yield on:
Average cash and invested assets	3.9	%	4.1	%	4.2	%	3.8	%	3.2	%	4.4	%
Average fixed maturity securities	3.8	%	4.0	%	3.9	%	3.7	%	3.4	%	3.8	%

Of our total cash and invested assets of ~~$1,935.0~~$2,254.9 million at ~~June 30, 2019, $169.1~~March 31, 2020 (excluding restricted cash equivalents), $291.2 million represents the cash and cash equivalents portion of the portfolio. The majority of the portfolio, or ~~$1,332.0~~$1,570.6 million, is comprised of fixed maturity securities that are classified as available-for-sale and carried at fair value with unrealized gains and losses on these securities reported, net of applicable taxes, as a separate component of accumulated comprehensive income or loss. Also included in our investments are ~~$251.5~~$202.9 million of bank loan participations, ~~$87.5~~$71.4 million of equity securities, ~~$24.5~~$71.1 million of short-term investments, and ~~$70.4~~$47.7 million of other invested assets.

~~The $251.5 million~~In connection with the adoption of ASU 2016-13 on January 1, 2020, the Company elected the fair value option in accounting for its portfolio of bank loan participations. Under the fair value option, bank loan participations are measured at fair value, and changes in unrealized gains and losses in bank loan participations are reported in our ~~investment portfolio are~~income statement as net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments. Prior to January 1, 2020, bank loans were classified as held-for-investment and reported at amortized cost, net of any allowance for credit losses. Changes in ~~this~~the credit allowance ~~are~~were included in net realized and unrealized gains ~~or losses.~~

(losses). At ~~June 30,~~December 31, 2019, ~~there was~~management concluded that seven loans from six issuers in the Company's bank loan portfolio were impaired. The impaired loans had a ~~$231,000~~carrying value of $6.9 million, unpaid principal of $14.3 million, and an allowance for credit ~~losses. These bank~~losses of $7.2 million, $5.1 million of which related to two loans from one issuer who was experiencing liquidity concerns resulting from revenue declines and poor growth prospects in its most profitable segment.

Bank loan participations generally provide a higher yield than our portfolio of fixed maturity securities and are primarily senior, secured floating-rate debt rated “BB”, “B”, or “CCC” by Standard & Poor’s or an equivalent rating from another nationally recognized statistical rating organization, and are therefore below investment grade. Bank loans include assignments of and participations in, performing and non-performing senior corporate debt generally acquired through primary bank syndications and in secondary markets. They consist of, but are not limited to, term loans, the funded and unfunded portions of revolving credit loans, and similar loans and investments. At ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, the fair market value of these securities was ~~$244.0~~$202.9 million and ~~$250.7~~$252.4 million, respectively.

The outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic in the first quarter of 2020 and uncertainty around the extent of its economic impact caused severe declines in financial markets. For our equity securities and bank loan participations (accounted for at fair value pursuant to the Company's election of the fair vale option on January 1, 2020), the declines in fair values led to significant net unrealized losses recognized in earnings. For the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, the Company recognized net realized and unrealized investment ~~gains~~losses of ~~$2.7~~$58.4 million ~~($1.1~~including $43.9 million of ~~realized and~~net unrealized ~~investment gains for the three months ended June 30, 2019) including $5.4~~losses on bank loan participations, $13.3 million of ~~gains~~losses for the change in the fair value of equity securities, ~~$1.8 million of realized losses for changes in the allowance for credit losses on impaired bank loans, $1.1~~$1.2 million of net realized investment losses on the sale of bank loan securities, and ~~$374,000~~$214,000 of net realized investment gains on the sale of fixed maturity securities.

For the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30, 2018,~~March 31, 2019, the Company recognized net realized and unrealized investment ~~losses~~gains of ~~$874,000 ($64,000 of realized and unrealized investment losses for the three months ended June 30, 2018),~~$1.6 million, including ~~$1.2~~$3.5 million of ~~losses~~gains for the change in the fair value of equity securities, $1.5 million of realized losses to

establish credit allowances on two impaired bank loans, $271,000 of impairment losses on fixed maturity securities, and ~~$893,000~~$136,000 of net realized investment losses ~~for changes in the allowance for credit losses on impaired bank loans, partially offset by $1.4 million of net realized investment gains~~ on the sale of bank loan ~~securities (including an $807,000 realized gain on the repayment of the loan to the producer and supplier of power in Puerto Rico described below).~~securities.

In conjunction with its outside investment managers, the Company performs quarterly reviews of all securities within its investment portfolio to determine whether any impairment has occurred.

Management concluded that two loans from one issuer in the Company's bank loan portfolio were impaired as of June 30, 2019. At June 30, 2019, the impaired loans had a carrying value of $3.4 million, unpaid principal of $3.6 million, and an allowance for credit losses of $231,000. Management concluded that none of ~~the loans in the Company's bank loan portfolio~~its fixed maturity securities were impaired at March 31, 2020 or December 31, ~~2018.~~

2019. At ~~December~~March 31, 2017, the Company held a participation in a loan issued by a company that produces and supplies power to Puerto Rico through a power purchase agreement with Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority, a public corporation and governmental agency of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Management concluded that the loan was impaired at December 31, 2017 and established an allowance for credit losses on the loan to reduce the loan's carrying value to zero at December 31, 2017. The unpaid principal on the loan was $807,000 at December 31, 2017. ~~In the first quarter of 2018, the full outstanding principal on the loan was repaid and the Company recognized a realized gain of $807,000 on the repayment.~~

~~At June 30, 2019,~~2020, 99.6% of the Company’s fixed maturity security portfolio was rated “BBB-” or better (“investment grade”) by Standard & Poor’s or received an equivalent rating from another nationally recognized rating agency.

Management does not intend to sell ~~other~~ available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position, and it is not “more likely than not” that the Company will be required to sell these ~~other~~ securities before a recovery in their value to their amortized cost basis occurs.

The amortized cost and fair value of our available-for-sale fixed maturity securities were as follows:


	June 30, 2019						December 31, 2018						March 31, 2020						December 31, 2019
	Cost or Amortized Cost		Fair Value		% of Total Fair Value		Cost or Amortized Cost		Fair Value		% of Total Fair Value		Cost or Amortized Cost		Fair Value		% of Total Fair Value		Cost or Amortized Cost		Fair Value		% of Total Fair Value
	($ in thousands)												($ in thousands)
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale:
State and municipal	$	130,215	$	138,250	10.4	%	$	147,160	$	149,295	12.6	%	$	173,919	$	181,375	11.5	%	$	159,894	$	167,101	11.7	%
Residential mortgage-backed	249,452		249,758		18.8	%	208,869		204,109		17.2	%	298,904		307,439		19.6	%	261,524		264,146		18.4	%
Corporate	590,233		606,274		45.4	%	534,024		524,768		44.3	%	669,191		685,021		43.7	%	611,304		632,221		44.1	%
Commercial mortgage and asset-backed	216,771		220,076		16.5	%	199,528		197,025		16.6	%	274,448		268,979		17.1	%	249,309		252,457		17.6	%
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations guaranteed by the U.S. government	114,250		115,633		8.7	%	107,803		107,193		9.1	%	122,335		126,023		8.0	%	114,477		115,667		8.1	%
Redeemable preferred stock	2,025		2,051		0.2	%	2,025		1,812		0.2	%	2,025		1,768		0.1	%	2,025		2,034		0.1	%
Total fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale	$	1,302,946	$	1,332,042	100.0	%	$	1,199,409	$	1,184,202	100.0	%	$	1,540,822	$	1,570,605	100.0	%	$	1,398,533	$	1,433,626	100.0	%

The following table sets forth the composition of the Company’s portfolio of available-for-sale fixed maturity securities by rating as of ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020:


Standard & Poor’s or Equivalent Designation	Fair Value		% of Total		Fair Value		% of Total
	($ in thousands)				($ in thousands)
AAA	$	224,134	16.8	%	$	275,788	17.6	%
AA	518,320		38.9	%	614,317		39.1	%
A	460,757		34.6	%	535,708		34.1	%
BBB	123,533		9.3	%	139,237		8.9	%
Below BB and unrated	5,298		0.4	%
Below BBB and unrated					5,555		0.3	%
Total	$	1,332,042	100.0	%	$	1,570,605	100.0	%

At ~~June 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, our portfolio of fixed maturity securities contained corporate fixed maturity securities (available-for-sale) with a fair value of ~~$606.3~~$685.0 million. A summary of these securities by industry segment is shown below as of ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020:


Industry	Fair Value		% of Total		Fair Value		% of Total
	($ in thousands)				($ in thousands)
Industrials and Other	$	141,454	23.3	%	$	169,337	24.7	%
Financial	160,736		26.5	%	181,356		26.5	%
Consumer Discretionary	85,891		14.2	%	98,819		14.4	%
Health Care	91,673		15.1	%	81,766		11.9	%
Consumer Staples	63,368		10.5	%	69,830		10.2	%
Utilities	63,152		10.4	%	83,913		12.3	%
Total	$	606,274	100.0	%	$	685,021	100.0	%

Corporate fixed maturity securities ~~(both available-for-sale and trading)~~(available-for-sale) include publicly traded securities and privately placed bonds as shown below as of ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020:


Public/Private	Fair Value		% of Total		Fair Value		% of Total
	($ in thousands)				($ in thousands)
Publicly traded	$	539,740	89.0	%	$	626,149	91.4	%
Privately placed	66,534		11.0	%	58,872		8.6	%
Total	$	606,274	100.0	%	$	685,021	100.0	%

The amortized cost and fair value of our available-for-sale investments in fixed maturity securities summarized by contractual maturity are as follows:


	June 30, 2019						March 31, 2020
	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		% of Total Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value		% of Total Value
	($ in thousands)						($ in thousands)
Due in:
One year or less	$	46,982	$	47,016	3.5	%	$	108,264	$	108,823	6.9	%
After one year through five years	481,646		490,856		36.8	%	472,749		484,651		30.9	%
After five years through ten years	210,431		218,335		16.4	%	253,007		260,236		16.6	%
After ten years	95,639		103,950		7.8	%	131,425		138,709		8.8	%
Residential mortgage-backed	249,452		249,758		18.8	%	298,904		307,439		19.6	%
Commercial mortgage and asset-backed	216,771		220,076		16.5	%	274,448		268,979		17.1	%
Redeemable preferred stock	2,025		2,051		0.2	%	2,025		1,768		0.1	%
Total	$	1,302,946	$	1,332,042	100.0	%	$	1,540,822	$	1,570,605	100.0	%

At ~~June 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, the Company had no investments in securitizations of alternative-A mortgages or sub-prime mortgages.

Interest Expense

Interest expense was ~~$2.7~~$2.9 million and ~~$2.9~~$2.8 million for the three months ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019, ~~and 2018, respectively ($5.5 million for each of the respective six month periods).~~respectively. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Sources and Uses of Funds” for more information regarding our senior bank debt facilities and trust preferred securities.

Amortization of Intangibles

The Company recorded $149,000 ~~and $298,000~~ of amortization of intangible assets for each of the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019, ~~and 2018,~~ respectively.

Income Tax Expense

Our effective tax rate fluctuates from period to period based on the relative mix of income reported by country and the respective tax rates imposed by each tax jurisdiction. For the three months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, our U.S. federal income tax expense was 18.6% and 8.2% of income before taxes, respectively (14.7% and 8.4% for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, respectively). The effective tax rates for the three and six months ended June 30, 2019 were elevated due to changes in reserve estimates between accident years in the commercial auto business, and the related impact on the mix of income reported by country. For U.S.-sourced income, the Company’s U.S. federal income tax expense differs from the amounts computed by applying the federal statutory income tax rate to income before taxes due primarily to interest income on tax-advantaged state and municipal securities, dividends received income, and excess tax benefits on share based compensation. The outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic in the first quarter of 2020 led to significant unrealized losses in our investment portfolio that were recognized in earnings. As a result, the Company had a pre-tax loss of $41.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020 and recorded a U.S. federal income tax benefit of $4.4 million. For the three months ended March 31, 2019, our U.S. federal income tax expense was 10.8% of income before taxes.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Sources and Uses of Funds

Dividends

We are organized as a Bermuda holding company with our operations conducted by our wholly-owned subsidiaries. Accordingly, our holding company may receive cash through loans from banks, issuance of common shares, borrowings on our credit facilities, corporate service fees or dividends received from our subsidiaries, and/or other transactions. Our U.S. holding company may receive cash in a similar manner and also through payments from our subsidiaries pursuant to our U.S. consolidated tax allocation agreement.

The payment of dividends by our subsidiaries to us is limited by statute. In general, the laws and regulations applicable to our domestic insurance subsidiaries limit the aggregate amount of dividends or other distributions that they may declare or pay within any 12-month period without advance regulatory approval. Generally, the limitations are based on the greater of statutory net income for the preceding year or 10.0% of statutory surplus at the end of the preceding year. In addition, insurance regulators have broad powers to prevent the reduction of statutory surplus to inadequate levels and could refuse to permit the payment of dividends calculated under any applicable formula. The maximum amount of dividends available to the U.S. holding company from our U.S. insurance subsidiaries during ~~2019~~2020 without regulatory approval is ~~$24.2~~$26.7 million.

The Bermuda Insurance Act of 1978 prohibits an insurer from declaring or paying a dividend if it is in breach of its minimum solvency margin, its enhanced capital requirement, or its minimum liquidity ratio, or if the declaration or payment of such dividend would cause such a breach. An insurer can declare or pay dividends without prior regulatory approval up to 25% of the total statutory capital and surplus. The maximum combined amount of dividends and return of capital available to us from our Bermuda insurers in ~~2019~~2020 is calculated to be approximately ~~$109.8~~$125.6 million. However, any dividend payment is contingent upon continued compliance with Bermuda regulatory requirements, including but not limited to the enhanced solvency requirement calculations.

At ~~June 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, the Bermuda holding company had ~~$2.0~~$2.9 million of cash and cash equivalents. The U.S. holding company had ~~$52.3~~$46.2 million of cash and invested assets, comprised of cash and cash equivalents of ~~$5.0~~$5.1 million and other invested assets of ~~$47.3~~$41.2 million, which are not subject to regulatory restrictions. Additionally, our U.K. intermediate holding company had no invested assets and cash of less than ten thousand dollars at ~~June 30, 2019.~~

Our net written premium to surplus ratio (defined as the ratio of net written premiums to regulatory capital and surplus) is reviewed by management as well as our rating agency as a measure of leverage and efficiency of deployed capital. For the six months ended June 30, 2019 and 2018, our annualized net written premium to surplus ratio was 1.2 to 1.0 and 1.1 to 1.0, respectively.March 31, 2020.

Credit Agreements

The Company has a ~~$215.0~~$315.0 million senior revolving credit facility (as amended or amended and restated, the “2013 Facility”). The 2013 Facility is comprised of the following at ~~June 30, 2019:~~March 31, 2020:

A $102.5 million secured revolving facility used by JRG Re to issue letters of credit for the benefit of third-party reinsureds. This portion of our credit facility is secured by our investment securities. At ~~June 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, the Company had ~~$65.8~~$76.0 million of letters of credit issued under the secured facility.

A ~~$112.5~~$212.5 million unsecured revolving facility to meet the working capital needs of the Company. All unpaid principal on the revolver is due at maturity. Interest accrues quarterly and is payable in arrears at 3-month LIBOR plus a margin which is currently ~~1.5%~~1.375% and is subject to change according to terms in the credit agreement. At ~~June 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, the Company had a drawn balance of ~~$73.3~~$193.3 million outstanding on the unsecured revolver. We drew $60.0 million on this credit facility in the three months ended March 31, 2020 as a precautionary measure to increase our cash position and preserve financial flexibility in light of current uncertainty in the global markets resulting from the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak.

The 2013 Facility has been amended from time to time since its inception in 2013. On ~~December 7, 2016,~~November 8, 2019, the Company entered into ana Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement for the 2013 Facility which, among other things, extended the maturity date of the 2013 Facility until ~~December 7, 2021 and modified other terms including reducing the rate of interest and reducing the number of financial covenants. On June~~November 8, ~~2017, the Company entered into a First Amendment to the 2013 Facility, which among other things, modified the financial covenants and~~2024, increased the amount available under the unsecured revolving credit facility to $212.5 million, lowered the applicable interest rate and letter of ~~additional debt the Company may incur under new financings, subject~~credit fees, and modified certain negative covenants to ~~compliance with certain conditions.~~be less restrictive.

The 2013 Facility contains certain financial and other covenants (including ~~risk-based capital,~~ minimum ~~shareholders’ equity levels,~~net worth, maximum ~~ratios~~ratio of total adjusted debt outstanding to total capitalization, and ~~minimum fixed charge coverage ratios)~~financial strength ratings) with which the Company iswas in compliance at ~~June 30, 2019.~~March 31, 2020.

On August 2, 2017, the Company, and its wholly-owned subsidiary, JRG Re, together as borrowers, entered into a credit agreement (the "2017 Facility") that provides the Company with a revolving line of credit of up to $100 million, which may be used for loans and letters of credit made or issued, at the borrowers' option, on a secured or unsecured basis. Obligations under the 2017 Facility carry a variable rate of interest subject to terms in the credit agreement and will mature 30 days after notice of termination from the lender. The 2017 Facility contains certain financial and other covenants with which we are in compliance at ~~June 30, 2019.~~March 31, 2020. The loans and letters of credit made or issued under the revolving line of credit of the 2017 Facility may be used to finance the borrowers' general corporate purposes. On November 8, 2019, the Company entered into a First Amendment to Credit Agreement which, among other things, lowered the applicable interest rate and modified certain negative covenants to be less restrictive. Interest accrues quarterly and is payable in arrears at variable rates which are subject to change according to terms in the credit agreement. At ~~June 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, unsecured loans of ~~$10.0~~$69.0 million and secured letters of credit totaling ~~$5.3~~$25.7 million were outstanding on the 2017 Facility. We drew $59.0 million of unsecured capacity on this credit facility in the three months ended March 31, 2020 as a precautionary measure to increase our cash position and preserve financial flexibility in light of current uncertainty in the global markets resulting from the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak.

In May 2004, we issued $15.0 million of senior debt due April 29, 2034. The senior debt is not redeemable by the holder or subject to sinking fund requirements. Interest accrues quarterly and is payable in arrears at a floating rate per annum equal to the 3-month LIBOR plus 3.85%. This senior debt is redeemable at par prior to its stated maturity at our option in whole or in part.

The terms of the senior debt contain certain covenants, with which we are in compliance at ~~June 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, and which, among other things, restrict our ability to assume senior indebtedness secured by our U.S. holding company’s common stock or its subsidiaries’ capital stock or to issue shares of its subsidiaries’ capital stock.

From May 2004 through January 2008, we sold trust preferred securities through five Delaware statutory trusts sponsored and wholly-owned by the Company or its subsidiaries. Each trust used the net proceeds from the sale of its trust preferred securities to purchase our floating-rate junior subordinated debt.

The following table summarizes the nature and terms of the junior subordinated debt and trust preferred securities outstanding at ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 (including the Company’s repurchases of a portion of these trust preferred securities):



	James River Capital Trust I	James River Capital Trust II	James River Capital Trust III	James River Capital Trust IV	Franklin Holdings II (Bermuda) Capital Trust I
	($ in thousands)
Issue date	May 26, 2004	December 15, 2004	June 15, 2006	December 11, 2007	January 10, 2008
Principal amount of trust preferred securities	$7,000	$15,000	$20,000	$54,000	$30,000
Principal amount of junior subordinated debt	$7,217	$15,464	$20,619	$55,670	$30,928
Carrying amount of junior subordinated debt net of repurchases	$7,217	$15,464	$20,619	$44,827	$15,928
Maturity date of junior subordinated debt, unless accelerated earlier	May 24, 2034	December 15, 2034	June 15, 2036	December 15, 2037	March 15, 2038
Trust common stock	$217	$464	$619	$1,670	$928
Interest rate, per annum	Three-Month LIBOR plus 4.0%	Three-Month LIBOR plus 3.4%	Three-Month LIBOR plus 3.0%	Three-Month LIBOR plus 3.1%	Three-Month LIBOR plus 4.0%

All of the junior subordinated debt is currently redeemable at 100.0% of the unpaid principal amount at our option.

The junior subordinated debt contains certain covenants with which we are in compliance as of ~~June 30, 2019.~~March 31, 2020.

At ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 and December 31, ~~2018,~~2019, the ratio of total debt outstanding, including both senior debt and junior subordinated debt, to total capitalization (defined as total debt plus total stockholders’ equity) was ~~20.4%~~34.6% and ~~23.9%~~25.2%, respectively. Having debt as part of our capital structure allows us to generate a higher return on equity and greater book value per share results than we could by using equity capital alone.

Ceded Reinsurance

Our insurance segments enter into reinsurance contracts to limit our exposure to potential losses arising from large risks, to protect against the aggregation of several risks in a common loss occurrence, and to provide additional capacity for growth. Our reinsurance is contracted under excess of loss and quota share reinsurance contracts. In excess of loss reinsurance, the reinsurer agrees to assume all or a portion of the ceding company’s losses in excess of a specified amount. The premiums payable to the reinsurer are negotiated by the parties based on their assessment of the amount of risk being ceded to the reinsurer because the reinsurer does not share proportionately in the ceding company’s losses. In quota share reinsurance, the reinsurer agrees to assume a specified percentage of the ceding company’s losses arising out of a defined class of business in exchange for a corresponding percentage of premiums. For the three months ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019, ~~and 2018,~~ our net premium retention was ~~63.1%~~47.4% and ~~64.3%~~63.5%, ~~respectively (63.3% and 67.6% for the six month periods, respectively).~~respectively.

The following is a summary of our Excess and Surplus Lines segment’s net retention after reinsurance as of ~~June 30, 2019:~~March 31, 2020:



		Company Retention
Casualty
Primary Specialty Casualty, including Professional Liability		Up to $1.0 million per occurrence, subject to a $1.0 million aggregate deductible.(1)
Primary Casualty		Up to $2.0 million per occurrence. ~~(1)~~(2)
Excess Casualty		Up to $1.0 million per occurrence. ~~(2)~~(3)
Property		Up to $5.0 million per event. ~~(3)~~(4)


(1)	Except for Life Sciences quota share carve out, which is up to $2.0 million per occurrence


(2)	Total exposure to any one claim is generally $1.0 million.


~~(2)~~(3)	For policies with an occurrence limit up to $10.0 million, the excess casualty treaty is set such that our retention is no more than $1.0 million.


~~(3)~~(4)	The property catastrophe reinsurance treaty has a limit of $40.0 million with one reinstatement.

We use catastrophe modeling software to analyze the risk of severe losses from hurricanes and earthquakes on our exposure. We utilize the model in our risk selection, pricing, and to manage our overall portfolio probable maximum loss (“PML”) accumulations. A PML is an estimate of the amount we would expect to pay in any one catastrophe event within a given annual probability of occurrence (i.e. a return period or loss exceedance probability).

In our Excess and Surplus Lines segment, we write a small book of excess property insurance, but we do not write primary property insurance. The Excess and Surplus Lines segment has a surplus share reinsurance treaty in effect that was specifically designed to cover property risks. The surplus share treaty along with facultative reinsurance helps ensure that our net retained limit per risk will be $5.0 million or less.

Based upon the modeling of our Excess and Surplus Lines ~~segment, a $45.0 million gross catastrophe loss~~and Specialty Admitted segments, it would ~~exceed~~take an event beyond our 1 in ~~1,000~~1000 year ~~PML.~~PML to exhaust our $45.0 million property catastrophe treaty. In the event of a catastrophe loss exhausting our $45.0 million ~~gross~~ property catastrophe ~~loss to the Excess and Surplus Lines segment,~~treaty, we estimate our pre-tax cost at approximately $7.1 million, including reinstatement premiums and net retentions. In addition to this retention, we would retain any losses in excess of our reinsurance coverage limits.

Effective March 1, 2019, Rasier, our largest Commercial Auto ~~ride share~~ account, iswas subject to an auto liability quota share reinsurance contract that ~~contains~~contained a $10.0 million occurrence cap and an annual aggregate of 200% of subject premium. In conjunction with the termination of the Rasier account, effective December 31, 2019, we simultaneously canceled our quota share reinsurance contract that protected this portfolio.

The following is a summary of our Specialty Admitted Insurance segment’s ceded reinsurance in place as of ~~June 30, 2019:~~March 31, 2020:



Line of Business		Coverage
Casualty
Workers’ Compensation		Quota share coverage for ~~50%~~70% of the first ~~$600,000.~~$1.0 million.⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾ Excess of loss coverage for ~~$29.4~~$29.0 million in excess of ~~$600,000.~~$1.0 million.⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾
Auto Programs		Quota share coverage for 85-90% of limits up to $1.5 million liability and $5.0 million physical damage per ~~occurrence~~occurrence.
General Liability & Professional Liability – Programs		Quota share coverage for ~~90%~~87.5% - 100% of limits up to $2.0 million per occurrence.
Umbrella and Excess Casualty - Programs		Quota share coverage for 92.5%-100% of limits up to $10.0 million per occurrence, and excess of loss coverage for $5.0 million in excess of $10.0 million.
Property
~~Commercial~~ Property within Package - Programs		Quota share coverage for 100% of limits up to $25.0 million per occurrence.⁽³⁾
Catastrophe Coverage		Excess of Loss coverage for $44.0 million in excess of $1.0 million per occurrence.


(1)	Excluding one program which has quota share coverage for 89% of the first $1.0 million per occurrence and excess of loss coverage for $49.0 million in excess of $1.0 million per occurrence.


(2)	Includes any residual market pools.

~~(1) Excluding one program which has quota share coverage for 89% of the first $1.0 million per occurrence and excess of loss coverage for $49.0 million in excess of $1.0 million.~~

~~(2) Includes any residual market pools.~~


(3)	Excluding one program which has quota share coverage for 80% of the first $500,000 and excess of loss coverage for $39.5 million in excess of $500,000 per risk per occurrence.

Our Specialty Admitted Insurance segment purchases reinsurance for at least ~~50%~~70% of the exposed limits on specialty admitted property-casualty business. The segment enters into reinsurance contracts for the individual risk workers’ compensation business as well as fronting and program business. While the segment focuses on casualty business, incidental property risk is incurred in the fronting and program business. The segment is covered for $44.0 million in excess of $1.0 million per occurrence to manage its property exposure to an approximate 1 in 1,000 year PML.

In our Casualty Reinsurance segment, we also have limited property catastrophe exposure, primarily through auto physical damage coverage. In the aggregate, we believe our pre-tax group-wide PML from a 1 in 1,000 year property catastrophe event would not exceed $10.0 million, inclusive of reinstatement premiums payable.

We also have a clash and contingency reinsurance treaty to cover both the Excess and Surplus Lines and Specialty Admitted Insurance segments in the event of a claims incident involving more than one of our insureds. The treaty covers $10.0 million in excess of a $2.0 million retention for loss occurrences within the treaty term. This coverage has two reinstatements in the event we exhaust any of the coverage. As of ~~June 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, our average net retained limit per risk is $2.5 million.

Effective January 1, 2020, we purchased an additional $10.0 million in claims made coverage for excess policy limits and extra contractual obligations exposures above the clash and contingency treaty for the period 2014 to present. This treaty has one reinstatement.

The Company’s insurance segments remain liable to policyholders if its reinsurers are unable to meet their contractual obligations under applicable reinsurance agreements. We establish allowances for amounts considered uncollectible. At ~~June 30, 2019, there was no~~March 31, 2020, the allowance for such uncollectible reinsurance ~~recoverables.~~recoverables was $335,000. To minimize exposure to significant losses from reinsurance insolvencies, the Company evaluates the financial condition of its reinsurers and monitors concentrations of credit risk. The Company generally seeks to purchase reinsurance from reinsurers with A.M. Best financial strength ratings of “A-” (Excellent) or better. The Company’s reinsurance contracts generally require reinsurers that are not authorized as reinsurers under U.S. state insurance regulations or that experience rating downgrades from rating agencies below specified levels to fund their share of the Company’s ceded outstanding losses and loss adjustment expense reserves, typically through the use of irrevocable and unconditional letters of credit. In fronting arrangements, which the Company conducts through its Specialty Admitted Insurance

segment, we are subject to credit risk with regard to insurance companies who act as reinsurers for us in such arrangements. We customarily require a collateral trust arrangement to secure the obligations of the insurance entity for whom we are fronting.

At ~~June 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, we had reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses of ~~$545.4~~$691.7 million and reinsurance recoverables on paid losses of ~~$39.8~~$42.2 million, and all material recoverable amounts were from companies with A.M. Best ratings of “A-” or better or collateral had been posted by the reinsurer for our benefit.

Amounts Recoverable from an Indemnifying Party

The Company ~~is a party to~~previously issued a set of insurance contracts ~~with an insured group of companies~~to Rasier under which the Company pays losses and loss adjustment expenses on the ~~contract.~~contracts. The Company has indemnity agreements with ~~this group of insured parties~~Rasier (non-insurance entities) and is contractually entitled to receive reimbursement for a significant portion of the losses and loss adjustment expenses paid on behalf of ~~the insured parties~~Rasier and other expenses incurred by the Company. ~~The insured parties are~~Rasier is required to collateralize all amounts currently due to the Company and to provide additional collateral sufficient to cover the amounts that may be recoverable under the indemnity agreements, including, among other things, case loss and loss adjustment expense reserves, IBNR loss and loss adjustment expense reserves, extra contractual obligations and excess of policy limits liabilities. The collateral is ~~currently~~ provided through a collateral trust arrangement established in favor of the Company by a captive insurance company affiliate of Rasier.

Cash Flows

Our sources of funds consist primarily of premiums written, investment income, reinsurance recoveries, proceeds from sales and redemptions of investments, borrowings on our credit facilities, and the issuance of common shares. We use operating cash flows primarily to pay operating expenses, losses and loss adjustment expenses, reinsurance premiums, and income taxes. The following table summarizes our cash flows:


	Six Months Ended June 30,						Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018			2020			2019
	($ in thousands)						($ in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents provided by (used in):
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash equivalents (used in) provided by:
Operating activities	$	68,123		$	164,086		$	(65,305	)	$	35,450
Investing activities	(37,470		)	(43,732		)	(49,721		)	(47,369		)
Financing activities	(33,985		)	(16,482		)	107,494			(27,986		)
Change in cash and cash equivalents	$	(3,332	)	$	103,872
Change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash equivalents							$	(7,532	)	$	(39,905	)

Cash used in operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2020 primarily reflects decreasing amounts of restricted cash equivalents as the collateral funds required on the terminated Rasier account declines as the outstanding claims on this business are settled (see Amounts Recoverable from an Indemnifying Party above). During the quarter, the Company returned $91.8 million to its former insured, per the terms of the collateral trust. Excluding the reduction in the collateral funds, cash provided by operating activities was $26.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2020. Cash provided by operating activities for the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2019 ~~and 2018 reflects the~~reflected growth in our U.S. segments and the ~~fact that we are collecting~~collection of premiums receivable at a quicker rate than ~~we are paying~~payments of loss and loss adjustment expenses. ~~Cash provided by operating activities has declined compared to the prior year due in part to reduced business writings in our Casualty Re segment.~~

Cash used in investing activities reflects our efforts to enhance the yield in our investment portfolio by investing available cash and cash equivalents into higher yielding ~~fixed maturity securities and bank loan participations.~~investments. Cash and cash equivalents (excluding restricted cash equivalents) comprised ~~8.7%~~12.9% and ~~15.5%~~7.0% of total cash and invested assets at ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019, ~~and 2018,~~ respectively.

Cash used in financing activities for the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019 ~~and 2018~~ included ~~$18.3~~$9.5 million and ~~$18.0~~$9.2 million of dividends paid to shareholders, respectively. In addition, we drew $119.0 million on our senior credit facilities in the three months ended March 31, 2020 as a precautionary measure to increase our cash position and preserve financial flexibility in light of current uncertainty in the global markets resulting from the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. We repaid $20.0 million on our 2017 Facility in the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2019.

Ratings

The A.M. Best financial strength rating for our group’s regulated insurance subsidiaries is “A” (Excellent). This rating reflects A.M. Best’s opinion of our insurance subsidiaries’ financial strength, operating performance and ability to meet obligations to policyholders and is not an evaluation directed towards the protection of investors. The rating for our operating insurance and

reinsurance companies of “A” (Excellent) is the third highest rating of the thirteen ratings issued by A.M. Best and is assigned to insurers that have, in A.M. Best’s opinion, an excellent ability to meet their ongoing obligations to policyholders.

The financial strength ratings assigned by A.M. Best have an impact on the ability of our regulated subsidiaries to attract and retain agents and brokers and on the risk profiles of the submissions for insurance that our subsidiaries receive. The “A” (Excellent) ratings assigned to our insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries are consistent with our business plans and we believe allow our subsidiaries to actively pursue relationships with the agents and brokers identified in their marketing plans.

EQUITY

The Company issued ~~342,215~~96,037 common shares in the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30, 2019 with 265,938 of the~~March 31, 2020. The new shares ~~related to stock option exercises and 76,277 of the new shares~~were related to vesting of RSUs. The total common shares outstanding increased from ~~29,988,460~~30,424,391 at December 31, ~~2018~~2019 to ~~30,330,675~~30,520,428 at ~~June 30, 2019.~~March 31, 2020.

Share Based Compensation Expense

For the three months ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019, ~~and 2018,~~ the Company recognized ~~$1.8~~$1.9 million and $1.7 million ~~respectively,~~ of share based compensation expense, ~~($3.5 million and $3.1 million for the respective six month periods).~~respectively. As of ~~June 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, the Company had ~~$12.0~~$14.5 million of unrecognized share based compensation expense expected to be charged to earnings over a weighted-average period of ~~2.0~~2.2 years.

Equity Incentive Plans

Options

The following table summarizes option activity:


	Six Months Ended June 30,								Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019				2018				2020			2019
	Shares		Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Shares		Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Shares	Weighted- Average Exercise Price		Shares		Weighted- Average Exercise Price
Outstanding:
Beginning of period	1,115,324		$	29.02	1,479,236		$	27.81	643,851	$	30.41	1,115,324		$	29.02
Granted	—		$	—	—		$	—	—	$	—	—		$	—
Exercised	(336,350	)	$	26.22	(255,609	)	$	21.14	—	$	—	(125,349	)	$	29.47
Forfeited	(5,395	)	$	38.13	(29,446	)	$	36.26	—	$	—	(3,759	)	$	36.37
End of period	773,579		$	30.18	1,194,181		$	29.04	643,851	$	30.41	986,216		$	28.94
Exercisable, end of period	717,610		$	29.24	876,816		$	26.59	640,606	$	30.35	926,166		$	28.07

All of the outstanding options vest over three or four years and have a contractual life of seven years from the original date of grant.

RSUs

The following table summarizes RSU activity:


	Six Months Ended June 30,								Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019				2018				2020				2019
	Shares		Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value		Shares		Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value		Shares		Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value		Shares		Weighted- Average Grant Date Fair Value

Unvested, beginning of period	300,142		$	39.22	178,882		$	37.93	340,368		$	41.50	300,142		$	39.22
Granted	178,556		$	42.08	214,907		$	39.81	179,016		$	43.55	167,295		$	42.07
Vested	(111,212	)	$	39.90	(63,191	)	$	40.92	(142,830	)	$	41.16	(109,545	)	$	39.93
Forfeited	(9,555	)	$	40.84	(4,454	)	$	41.04	(1,188	)	$	42.07	(1,398	)	$	40.26
Unvested, end of period	357,931		$	40.39	326,144		$	38.55	375,366		$	42.61	356,494		$	40.33

RECONCILIATION OF NON-GAAP MEASURES

Reconciliation of Underwriting Profit

We believe that the disclosure of underwriting profit by individual segment and of the Company as a whole is useful to investors, analysts, rating agencies and other users of our financial information in evaluating our performance because our objective is to consistently earn underwriting profits. We evaluate the performance of our segments and allocate resources based primarily on underwriting profit. Our definition of underwriting profit may not be comparable to that of other companies.

The following table reconciles the underwriting profit (loss) by individual segment and for the entire Company to consolidated (loss) income before U.S. Federal income taxes:


	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,						Three Months Ended March 31,
	2019			2018			2019			2018			2020			2019
	(in thousands)												(in thousands)
Underwriting profit (loss) of the insurance segments:
Excess and Surplus Lines	$	15,810		$	10,117		$	28,912		$	21,416		$	8,112		$	13,102
Specialty Admitted Insurance	1,298			988			2,921			2,611			(988		)	1,623
Casualty Reinsurance	(100		)	1,729			227			3,473			207			327
Total underwriting profit of insurance segments	17,008			12,834			32,060			27,500			7,331			15,052
Other operating expenses of the Corporate and Other segment	(7,433		)	(7,307		)	(15,339		)	(14,738		)	(8,279		)	(7,906		)
Underwriting profit (1)	9,575			5,527			16,721			12,762
Underwriting (loss) profit (1)													(948		)	7,146
Net investment income	17,535			16,135			36,966			29,391			20,836			19,431
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on investments	1,063			(64		)	2,688			(874		)
Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains on investments													(58,407		)	1,625
Amortization of intangible assets	(149		)	(149		)	(298		)	(298		)	(149		)	(149		)
Other income and expenses	(378		)	4			(132		)	108			326			246
Interest expense	(2,684		)	(2,946		)	(5,492		)	(5,468		)	(2,876		)	(2,808		)
Income before taxes	$	24,962		$	18,507		$	50,453		$	35,621
(Loss) income before taxes													$	(41,218	)	$	25,491


(1)	Included in underwriting results for the three ~~and six~~ months ended ~~June 30,~~March 31, 2020 and 2019 is gross fee income of ~~$6.2 million~~ ~~and~~ $~~12.6 million, respectively ($7.4~~5.5 million and ~~$15.6~~$6.4 million, ~~for the same periods in the prior year).~~respectively.

Reconciliation of Adjusted Net Operating Income

We define adjusted net operating income as net (loss) income excluding certain non-operating expenses such as net realized and unrealized investment gains and losses, expenses related to due diligence costs for various merger and acquisition activities, professional service fees related to the filing of registration statements for the offering of securities, and severance costs associated with terminated ~~employees and interest expense and other income and expenses on a leased building that we were previously deemed to own for accounting purposes.~~employees. We use adjusted net operating income as an internal performance measure in the management of our operations because we believe it gives our management and other users of our financial information useful insight into our results of operations and our underlying business performance. Adjusted net operating income should not be viewed as a substitute for net income calculated in accordance with GAAP, and our definition of adjusted net operating income may not be comparable to that of other companies.

Our (loss) income before taxes and net (loss) income reconcile to our adjusted net operating income as follows:



	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2020						2019
	(Loss) Income Before Taxes			Net (Loss) Income			Income Before Taxes			Net Income
	($ in thousands)
(Loss) income as reported	$	(41,218	)	$	(36,815	)	$	25,491		$	22,728
Net realized and unrealized investment losses (gains)	58,407			52,233			(1,625		)	(1,015		)
Adjusted net operating income	$	17,189		$	15,418		$	23,866		$	21,713

Six Months Ended June 30,
2019 2018

Income
Before
Taxes

Net
Income

Income
Before
Taxes

Net
Income
($ in thousands)
Income as reported $ 50,453
$ 43,035
$ 35,621
$ 32,617
Net realized and unrealized investment (gains) losses (2,688 ) (1,685 ) 874
763
Other expenses 683
540
97
146
Interest expense on leased building the Company was previously deemed to own for accounting purposes —
—
775
612
Adjusted net operating income $ 48,448
$ 41,890
$ 37,367
$ 34,138

Tangible Equity (per Share) and Pre Dividend Tangible Equity (per Share)

Key financial measures that we use to assess our longer term financial performance include the percentage growth in our tangible equity per share and our return on tangible equity. We believe tangible equity is a good measure to evaluate the strength of our balance sheet and to compare returns relative to this measure. For the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, our tangible equity per share ~~increased~~decreased by ~~15.4%~~10.7%. Absent the ~~$18.3~~$9.3 million in dividends to shareholders in the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, our tangible equity per share ~~increased~~decreased by ~~19.1%~~9.0% for the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30, 2019.~~March 31, 2020. The outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic in the first quarter of 2020 and uncertainty around the extent of its economic impact caused severe declines in financial markets. The significant declines in the fair values of our investments reduced tangible equity through earnings with $13.3 million of net unrealized losses on equity securities and $43.9 million of net unrealized losses on bank loan participations (as discussed in Investing Results). Our operating return on tangible shareholders’ equity was ~~15.7%~~11.6% for the ~~six~~three months ended ~~June 30, 2019.~~March 31, 2020.

We define tangible equity as the sum of shareholders’ equity less goodwill and intangible assets (net of amortization). Our definition of tangible equity may not be comparable to that of other companies, and it should not be viewed as a substitute for shareholders’ equity calculated in accordance with GAAP. The following table reconciles shareholders’ equity to tangible equity as of ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 and December 31, ~~2018~~2019 and reconciles tangible equity to pre-dividend tangible equity ~~before dividends~~ as of ~~June 30, 2019:~~March 31, 2020:


	June 30, 2019				December 31, 2018				March 31, 2020				December 31, 2019
	Equity		Equity per Share		Equity		Equity per Share		Equity		Equity per Share		Equity		Equity per Share
	($ in thousands, except share amounts)								($ in thousands, except share amounts)
Shareholders’ equity	$	791,050	$	26.08	$	709,241	$	23.65	$	720,317	$	23.60	$	778,581	$	25.59
Less:
Goodwill	181,831		5.99		181,831		6.06		181,831		5.96		181,831		5.98
Intangible assets	37,239		1.23		37,537		1.25		36,791		1.20		36,940		1.21
Tangible equity	$	571,980	$	18.86	$	489,873	$	16.34	$	501,695	$	16.44	$	559,810	$	18.40
Dividends to shareholders for the six months ended June 30, 2019	18,339		0.60
Dividends to shareholders for the three months ended March 31, 2020									9,267		0.30
Pre-dividend tangible equity	$	590,319	$	19.46					$	510,962	$	16.74

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Market risk is the risk of economic losses due to adverse changes in the estimated fair value of a financial instrument as the result of changes in equity prices, interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and commodity prices. Our consolidated balance sheets include assets and liabilities with estimated fair values that are subject to market risk. Our primary market risks have been interest rate risk associated with investments in fixed maturities and equity price risk associated with investments in equity securities. We do not have material exposure to foreign currency exchange rate risk or commodity risk.

There have been no material changes in market risk from the information provided in Item 7A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2018.~~2019.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required financial disclosure. In connection with the preparation of this quarterly report on Form 10-Q, our management carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including the CEO and CFO, as of ~~June 30, 2019,~~March 31, 2020, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined under Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act. Based upon this evaluation, our CEO and CFO concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of ~~June 30, 2019.~~March 31, 2020.

Changes in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during our quarter ended ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls

The effectiveness of any system of controls and procedures is subject to certain limitations, and, as a result, there can be no assurance that our controls and procedures will detect all errors or fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system will be attained.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

We are party to legal proceedings which arise in the ordinary course of business. We believe that the outcome of such matters, individually and in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes in our risk factors in the quarter ended ~~June 30, 2019~~March 31, 2020 from those disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2018.~~2019, except as follows:

The recent global coronavirus outbreak could harm business and results of operations of the Company.

In December 2019, a coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak was reported in China, and, in March 2020, the World Health Organization declared it a pandemic. The coronavirus has spread throughout the United States, including states in which the Company operates. In response, many governments, including Bermuda, the state and local governments of the States of Virginia and North Carolina, and governments in many other states in which our policyholders are located, have instituted emergency restrictions that have substantially limited the operation of non-essential businesses and the activities of individuals. These restrictions could result in significant adverse effects on our policyholders and many different types of small and mid-sized businesses within the Company’s client base, particularly those in the retail, hospitality and food and beverage industries, among many others. The ultimate effect of COVID-19 on the economy is not known nor is the ultimate length of the restrictions and any accompanying effects.

The effect of COVID-19 and related events, including those described above and those not yet known or knowable, began to impact our results of operations in March 2020 and could have a negative effect on the stock price, business prospects, financial condition and results of operations of the Company, including as a result of quarantines, market volatility, market downturns, actions of lawmakers and regulators, changes in consumer behavior, business closures, deterioration in the credit quality of policyholders or the inability of policyholders to pay their premium and deductible obligations to the Company, and deterioration

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in the credit quality of reinsurers or insurance entities with which we have a fronting arrangement or the inability of reinsurers or the insurance entities for which we are fronting to pay their obligations to the Company.

The uncertainty around the extent of the economic impact of COVID-19 caused severe volatility in global financial markets in February and March 2020. As a result of this volatility, the Company experienced net realized and unrealized losses on investments in its senior secured bank loan portfolio and its equity portfolio. Further disruptions in global financial markets could result in additional net realized and unrealized investment losses, including potential impairments in our fixed income portfolio. Moreover, the Federal Reserve has taken action to lower the Federal Funds rate, which, along with other factors, has placed pressure on net investment income by causing the yields on many of the types of investments that we make to decline. For further discussion of risks related to our investment portfolio see “Our investment portfolio is subject to significant market and credit risks, which could result in a material adverse impact on our financial condition and results of operations” in “Part I-Item 1A-Risk Factors” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.

The outbreak has resulted in authorities implementing numerous measures in an attempt to contain the virus, such as quarantines and shelter in place orders. These measures may remain in place for a significant period of time and adversely affect the business, operations and financial condition of our policyholders and business partners and therefore our business, operations and financial condition. The Company may be materially affected by a downturn in the economic well-being of policyholders and business partners and the economy in general in numerous ways, including without limitation as follows:

Collection of premiums, deductibles or self-insured retentions from our policyholders and reinsurance recoverables from our reinsurers may become increasingly difficult. We have incurred, and may continue to incur, increased estimated credit losses on premiums receivable.

A material portion of the Company’s premiums are calculated based on policyholder payroll costs or revenues, and therefore such premiums will decrease, perhaps materially so, when policyholders reduce staffing levels or suffer declines in revenue.

Declines in certain sectors of the economy may have an especially negative impact on the Company due to the concentration of premiums written in such sectors. For example, a material portion of the Company’s direct written premiums are related in various ways to construction. A decline in construction activity or employment would have a material adverse effect on the Company’s premium volume.

Demand for the insurance policies that the Company offers is highly dependent upon the business environment in the markets in which the Company operates. Suppressed demand for the Company’s insurance policies may lead to reduced premium rates on new or renewal policies or on reinsurance contracts and such reduced rates may not be appropriate for the risks we insure, which in turn may adversely affect the number of policies or contracts we can write.

Claims frequency and/or severity may increase in certain lines of business, such as, but not exclusively, workers’ compensation, and therefore we may incur increased losses and loss adjustment expenses.

A reduction in premium volume would increase the Company’s expense ratio and, combined with an increase in losses and loss adjustment expenses, would negatively affect the ability of the Company to earn an underwriting profit. For a further discussion of these risks, see “Adverse economic factors, including recession, inflation, periods of high unemployment or lower economic activity could result in the sale of fewer policies than expected or an increase in frequency or severity in claims and premium defaults or both, which, in turn, could affect our growth and profitability” in “Part I-Item 1A-Risk Factors” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Efforts of lawmakers at the federal and state level to address the effects of COVID-19 on businesses may have an adverse effect on the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. At the federal and state level, there have been proposals by lawmakers to retroactively amend business interruption insurance policies to cover claims related to COVID-19 when such insurance policies otherwise would exclude such risks. In addition, a number of states have instituted, and other states are considering instituting, changes designed to effectively expand workers’ compensation coverage by creating presumptions of compensability of claims for certain types of workers. If these efforts are successful and enforceable, the Company may be forced to pay claims under policies for which it received inadequate premiums to cover such risks, and therefore the Company’s reserves may be inadequate to pay such claims. At the state level, insurance departments throughout the country have issued bulletins and regulations urging or requiring insurers to extend grace periods for the payment of policy premiums and to refrain from canceling or non-renewing policies for the non-payment of policy premiums for policyholders adversely affected by COVID-19. It is uncertain what impact these government mandates may have on our ability to recover unpaid premiums on the affected policies or what our obligations may be for the payment of claims made under policies for which we have not received premium payments. At least one state regulator has issued an order requiring insurers to issue premium refunds, and regulators in other states could take similar actions. It is not yet clear the extent of impact on the Company these new regulations will have or what other actions may be taken by government bodies, both legislative and regulatory, in reaction to COVID-19. For further discussion on risks related to emerging claim and coverage issues see “The effect of emerging claim and coverage issues on our business is uncertain” and “If

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we are unable to underwrite risks accurately and charge competitive yet profitable rates to our policyholders, our business, financial condition and results of operations will be materially adversely affected” in “Part I-Item 1A-Risk Factors” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.

The spread of the virus has caused us to modify our business practices (including employee work locations and cancellation of physical participation in meetings) in ways that might become detrimental to the operation of our business (including working remotely and its attendant cybersecurity risks). We may take further actions as may be required by government authorities or that we determine are in the best interests of our employees and policyholders. There is no certainty that such measures will be sufficient to mitigate the risks posed by the virus or otherwise be satisfactory to government authorities. Our operations could be disrupted if key members of our senior management or a significant percentage of our workforce or the workforce of our agents, brokers or service providers are unable to continue to work because of illness, government directives or otherwise. For a further discussion of these risks, see “We rely on our systems and employees, and those of certain third-party vendors and service providers in conducting our operations, and certain failures, including internal or external fraud, operational errors, systems malfunctions, or cybersecurity incidents, could materially adversely affect our operations” in “Part I-Item 1A-Risk Factors” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Given the ongoing and dynamic nature of the circumstances, it is not possible to predict the ultimate impact of the coronavirus outbreak on the stock price, business prospects, financial condition or results of operations of the Company. Notwithstanding any actions by national, state and local governments to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 or by the Company to address the adverse impacts of COVID-19, there can be no assurance that any of the foregoing activities will be successful in mitigating or preventing significant adverse effects on the Company. The Company may also incur additional costs to remedy damages caused by such disruptions, which could adversely affect its financial condition and results of operations.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

None.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other information

None.

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Item 6. Exhibits



Exhibit Number		Description
3.1		Certificate of Incorporation of James River Group Holdings, Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of the Registration Statement on Form S-1, Registration No. 333-199958, filed with the Commission on November 7, 2014)

3.2		Certificate of Incorporation on Change of Name (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Registration Statement on Form S-1, Registration No. 333-199958, filed with the Commission on November 7, 2014)

3.3		Memorandum of Association of James River Group Holdings, Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 of the Registration Statement on Form S-1, Registration No. 333-199958, filed with the Commission on November 7, 2014)

3.4		Certificate of Deposit of Memorandum of Increase of Share Capital, dated December 24, 2007 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4 of the Registration Statement on Form S-1, Registration No. 333-199958, filed with the Commission on November 7, 2014)

3.5		Certificate of Deposit of Memorandum of Increase of Share Capital, dated October 7, 2009 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.5 of the Registration Statement on Form S-1, Registration No. 333-199958, filed with the Commission on November 7, 2014)

3.6		Third Amended and Restated Bye-Laws of James River Group Holdings, Ltd. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.6 to the Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 12, 2015, Commission File No. 001-36777)

~~10.1~~		Amendment to the 2014 Non-Employee Director Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of the Current Report on Form 8-K filed on May 1, 2019, Commission File No. 001-36777)*

31.1		Chief Executive Officer Certification pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)

31.2		Chief Financial Officer Certification pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)

32		Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

101.INS		Inline XBRL Instance Document

101.SCH		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

104		Cover Page Interactive Data File - the cover page XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document in Exhibit 101.

* Denotes a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

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Signatures

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.



		James River Group Holdings, Ltd.

Date:	~~August 2, 2019~~April 30, 2020	By:	/s/ ~~Robert P. Myron~~J. Adam Abram
			~~Robert P. Myron~~J. Adam Abram
			~~President and~~ Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board
			(Principal Executive Officer)

Date:	~~August 2, 2019~~April 30, 2020	By:	/s/ Sarah C. Doran
			Sarah C. Doran
			Chief Financial Officer
			(Principal Financial Officer)

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