~~Table of Contents~~

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549



	FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)



x	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

FOR THE QUARTERLY PERIOD ENDED ~~SEPTEMBER 30, 2017~~MARCH 31, 2019



¨	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM TO

Commission file number: 001-35670



	Regulus Therapeutics Inc. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)



Delaware		26-4738379
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

~~10614~~10628 Science Center Drive San Diego, CA		92121
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)		(Zip Code)

858-202-6300

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically ~~and posted on its corporate Web site, if any,~~ every Interactive Data File required to be submitted ~~and posted~~ pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit ~~and post~~ such files). Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and ~~"emerging~~“emerging growth ~~company"~~company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. x¨

Indicate by check mark whether registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No ý

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:



Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share	RGLS	The Nasdaq Capital Market

As of ~~November 3, 2017,~~May 7, 2019, the registrant ~~had 103,955,147~~hand 20,548,450 shares of Common Stock ($0.001 par value) outstanding.

REGULUS THERAPEUTICS INC.

TABLE OF CONTENTS




PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements	3
Condensed Balance Sheets as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 (Unaudited) and December 31, ~~2016~~2018	3
Condensed Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and ~~2016~~2018 (Unaudited)	3
Condensed Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity (Deficit) for the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018 (Unaudited)	4
Condensed Statements of Cash Flows for the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and ~~2016~~2018 (Unaudited)	5
Notes to Condensed Financial Statements (Unaudited)	6
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	1619
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	2225
Item 4. Controls and Procedures	2326
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings	2326
Item 1A. Risk Factors	2427
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	4756
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities	4756
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures	4756
Item 5. Other Information	4856
Item 6. Exhibits	4957

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION


ITEM 1.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Regulus Therapeutics Inc.

CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except share and per share data)


	September 30, 2017			December 31, 2016			March 31, 2019			December 31, 2018
	(Unaudited)						(Unaudited)
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	20,222		$	14,941		$	10,320		$	13,935
Short-term investments	51,148			61,170
Contract and other receivables	532			1,657			2,792			26
Prepaid materials, net	5,912			5,552			3,826			4,194
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	1,752			4,154			801			1,140
Total current assets	79,566			87,474			17,739			19,295
Property and equipment, net	10,172			11,830			1,598			7,806
Intangibles, net	802			1,015			407			500
Other assets	307			342			133			326
Total assets	$	90,847		$	100,661		$	19,877		$	27,927
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity
Liabilities and stockholders’ deficit
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	5,229		$	5,840		$	2,650		$	1,714
Accrued liabilities	4,770			5,577			1,745			1,625
Accrued compensation	1,687			2,318			1,915			1,601
Current portion of deferred revenue	72			72
Current portion of term loan, less debt issuance costs							15,225			16,575
Current portion of contract liabilities							60			2,572
Other current liabilities							3,245			2,559
Total current liabilities	11,758			13,807			24,840			26,646
Term loan, less debt issuance costs	19,845			19,802
Deferred revenue, less current portion	1,939			1,993
Contract liabilities, less current portion							—			6
Deferred rent, less current portion	8,372			8,840			—			6,820
Other long-term liabilities	351			144			1,106			309
Total liabilities	42,265			44,586			25,946			33,781
Commitments and Contingencies
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 200,000,000 shares authorized, 103,955,147 and 52,924,805 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2017 (unaudited) and December 31, 2016, respectively	104			53
Stockholders’ deficit:
Common stock, $0.001 par value; 200,000,000 shares authorized, 10,817,916 and 8,818,019 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2019 (unaudited) and December 31, 2018, respectively							11			9
Additional paid-in capital	379,992			329,496			389,903			386,860
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(104		)	(123		)
Accumulated deficit	(331,410		)	(273,351		)	(395,983		)	(392,723		)
Total stockholders’ equity	48,582			56,075
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	90,847		$	100,661
Total stockholders’ deficit							(6,069		)	(5,854		)
Total liabilities and stockholders’ deficit							$	19,877		$	27,927

See accompanying notes to these condensed financial statements.

Regulus Therapeutics Inc.

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(In thousands, except share and per share data)


	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,						Three months ended March 31,
	2017			2016			2017			2016			2019			2018
	(Unaudited)												(Unaudited)
Revenues:
Revenue under strategic alliances and collaborations	$	18		$	204		$	54		$	1,176		$	6,778		$	18
Total revenues	18			204			54			1,176			6,778			18
Operating expenses:
Research and development	12,697			14,554			42,727			49,326			5,983			11,828
General and administrative	2,736			4,842			13,752			13,609			3,533			3,773
Total operating expenses	15,433			19,396			56,479			62,935			9,516			15,601
Loss from operations	(15,415		)	(19,192		)	(56,425		)	(61,759		)	(2,738		)	(15,583		)
Other income (expense):
Interest and other income	160			237			559			608			56			164
Interest and other expense	(580		)	(560		)	(1,730		)	(674		)	(578		)	(605		)
Loss before income taxes	(15,835		)	(19,515		)	(57,596		)	(61,825		)	(3,260		)	(16,024		)
Income tax benefit (expense)	7			(4		)	139			9
Income tax expense													—			(1		)
Net loss	$	(15,828	)	$	(19,519	)	$	(57,457	)	$	(61,816	)	$	(3,260	)	$	(16,025	)
Other comprehensive loss:
Unrealized (loss) gain on short-term investments, net	(16		)	(30		)	19			20
Unrealized gain on short-term investments, net													—			7
Comprehensive loss	$	(15,844	)	$	(19,549	)	$	(57,438	)	$	(61,796	)	$	(3,260	)	$	(16,018	)
Net loss per share, basic and diluted	$	(0.18	)	$	(0.37	)	$	(0.88	)	$	(1.17	)	$	(0.31	)	$	(1.85	)
Weighted average shares used to compute basic and diluted net loss per share	90,072,045			52,835,414			65,550,749			52,776,459			10,379,830			8,668,695

See accompanying notes to these condensed financial statements.

Regulus Therapeutics Inc.

STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (DEFICIT)

(In thousands, except share data)



	Common stock			Additional paid-in capital		Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)			Accumulated deficit			Total stockholders’ equity (deficit)
	Shares	Amount		Additional paid-in capital		Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)			Accumulated deficit			Total stockholders’ equity (deficit)
Balance at December 31, 2018	8,818,019	$	9	$	386,860	$	—		$	(392,723	)	$	(5,854	)
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock units	93,648	—		—		—			—			—
Stock-based compensation expense	—	—		959		—			—			959
Issuance of common stock under Employee Stock Purchase Plan	2,369	—		2		—			—			2
Issuance of common stock	1,903,880	2		2,082		—			—			2,084
Net loss	—	—		—		—			(3,260		)	(3,260		)
Balance at March 31, 2019	10,817,916	$	11	$	389,903	$	—		$	(395,983	)	$	(6,069	)

Balance at December 31, 2017	8,662,435	$	9	$	381,199	$	(134	)	$	(345,858	)	$	35,216
Issuance of common stock upon exercise of options	328	—		1		—			—			1
Issuance of common stock upon vesting of restricted stock units	8,660	—		—		—			—			—
Stock-based compensation expense	—	—		1,627		—			—			1,627
Cumulative effect of accounting change (ASU 2014-09)	—	—		—		—			1,843			1,843
Issuance of common stock under Employee Stock Purchase Plan	21,377	—		207		—			—			207
Unrealized gain on short-term investments	—	—		—		7			—			7
Net loss	—	—		—		—			(16,025		)	(16,025		)
Balance at March 31, 2018	8,692,800	$	9	$	383,034	$	(127	)	$	(360,040	)	$	22,876

Regulus Therapeutics Inc.

CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands)


	Nine months ended September 30,						Three months ended March 31,
	2017			2016			2019			2018
	(Unaudited)						(Unaudited)
Operating activities
Net loss	$	(57,457	)	$	(61,816	)	$	(3,260	)	$	(16,025	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities
Depreciation and amortization expense	1,942			1,589			502			563
Stock-based compensation	6,531			9,453			959			1,627
Amortization of premium on investments, net	271			525			—			47
Gain on reduction of lease liability							1,317			—
Other	206			338			139			93
Change in operating assets and liabilities:
Contracts and other receivables	1,124			9,735			(2,766		)	185
Prepaid materials	(360		)	(1,329		)	368			128
Prepaid expenses and other assets	2,405			(634		)	532			26
Accounts payable	(579		)	3,007			936			(1,347		)
Accrued liabilities	(652		)	(1,187		)	120			377
Accrued compensation	(631		)	(102		)	314			(868		)
Deferred revenue	(54		)	(1,176		)
Contract liabilities							(2,518		)	(18		)
Deferred rent and other liabilities	(418		)	(178		)	—			(300		)
Other liabilities							(1,076		)	(90		)
Net cash used in operating activities	(47,672		)	(41,775		)	(4,433		)	(15,602		)
Investing activities
Purchases of short-term investments	(48,539		)	(60,716		)
Sales and maturities of short-term investments	58,310			81,437			—			11,439
Purchases of property and equipment	(217		)	(746		)
Acquisition of intangibles	(16		)	(48		)
Sales and disposals of property and equipment							161			—
Net cash provided by investing activities	9,538			19,927			161			11,439
Financing activities
Proceeds from borrowing under term loan, net	—			19,768
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net	43,411			641			2,086			208
Proceeds from exercise of common stock options	4			309			—			1
Principal payments on other long-term obligations	—			(124		)
Principal payments on term loan							(1,364		)	—
Proceeds from capital lease financing							—			492
Payments on financing leases							(65		)	—
Net cash provided by financing activities	43,415			20,594			657			701
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	5,281			(1,254		)
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents							(3,615		)	(3,462		)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	14,941			15,960			13,935			13,519
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	20,222		$	14,706		$	10,320		$	10,057
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information
Net changes in restricted cash	$	—		$	(1,176	)
Interest paid	$	(1,444	)	$	(518	)	$	(437	)	$	(506	)
Income taxes paid	$	(1	)	$	(1	)	$	—		$	(1	)
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing and financing activities
Allowance for tenant improvements	$	—		$	6,653
Amounts accrued for property and equipment	$	—		$	14
Amounts accrued for patent expenditures	$	—		$	5
Non-cash acquisition of property and equipment							$	—		$	191

See accompanying notes to these condensed financial statements.

Regulus Therapeutics Inc.

NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

1. Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In management’s opinion, the accompanying financial statements reflect all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, considered necessary for a fair presentation of the results for the interim periods presented.

Interim financial results are not necessarily indicative of results anticipated for the full year. These unaudited condensed financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and footnotes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2016,~~2018, from which the balance sheet information herein was derived.

We have incurred losses in each year since our inception. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future in connection with our research and preclinical and clinical development of our product candidates. In order to continue to fund our research and development activities, we will need to seek additional capital. This may occur through strategic alliance and licensing arrangements and/or future public or private debt or equity financings. Sufficient funding may not be available, or if available, may be on terms that significantly dilute or otherwise adversely affect the rights of existing stockholders. If adequate funds are not available in the future, we may need to delay, reduce the scope of or put on hold one or more or our clinical and/or preclinical programs while we seek strategic alternatives.

In ~~May 2017,~~July 2018, we implemented a corporate restructuring to ~~streamline our operations,~~ reduce ~~our~~ operating expenses ~~extend our cash runway~~ and focus our resources, ~~on our most promising programs. In connection with the restructuring, we committed to~~which involved a reduction in our ~~total workforce by approximately 30% percent, to approximately 65 employees. We completed the~~workforce. The workforce reduction was substantially completed in ~~June 2017. We recorded charges~~July 2018. As of ~~approximately $3.2 million~~March 31, 2019, we had 21 employees.

On October 2, 2018 we filed a Certificate of Amendment of Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation with the Secretary of State of the state of Delaware to effect a 1-for-12 reverse stock split of our issued and outstanding common stock. The reverse stock split became effective at 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time on October 3, 2018 and our common stock began trading on a split-adjusted basis on The Nasdaq Global Market on October 4, 2018. The accompanying condensed financial statements and notes thereto give retrospective effect to the reverse stock split for ~~employee severance~~all periods presented. All issued and outstanding common stock, options exercisable for common stock, restricted stock units, and per share amounts contained in our condensed financial statements have been retrospectively adjusted.

Liquidity

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared on a basis which assumes we are a going concern, and does not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classifications of liabilities that may result from any uncertainty related to our ability to continue as a going concern. Through the date of the issuance of these financial statements, we have principally been financed through proceeds received from the sale of our common stock and other ~~related termination benefits in the second quarter of 2017, including $1.3 million in net adjustments to non-cash stock-based compensation. All~~equity securities, debt financings, up-front payments ~~associated with the corporate restructuring were paid in full as of June 30, 2017.~~

and milestones received from collaboration agreements. As of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, we had approximately $10.3 million of cash and cash equivalents. Based on our operating plans, we believe our cash and cash equivalents ~~and short-term investments~~may not be sufficient to fund our operations for the period one year following the issuance of ~~$71.4 million under Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, 2014-15,~~ ~~Presentation of Financial Statements - Going Concern. We have evaluated and concluded that~~these financial statements. As a result, there ~~are no conditions or events, considered individually or in the aggregate, that raise~~is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going ~~concern for~~concern. All amounts due under the Term Loan (see note 5) have been classified as a ~~period~~current liability as of ~~one year following~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 due to the considerations discussed above and the assessment that the material adverse change clause under the Term Loan is not within our control. We have not been notified of an event of default by the Lender as of the date ~~that these~~of the filing of this Form 10-Q.

We intend to seek additional capital through equity and/or debt financings, collaborative or other funding arrangements with partners or through other sources of financing. Should we seek additional financing from outside sources, we may not be able to raise such financing on terms acceptable to us, or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when required or on acceptable terms, we may be required to scale back or discontinue the advancement of product candidates, reduce headcount, file for bankruptcy, reorganize, merge with another entity, or cease operations.

If we become unable to continue as a going concern, we may have to liquidate our assets, and might realize significantly less than the values at which they are carried on our financial statements, ~~are issued.~~and stockholders may lose all or part of their investment in our common stock.

Use of Estimates

Our condensed financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP, which requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets

and liabilities in our financial statements and accompanying notes. An estimated loss contingency is accrued in our financial statements if it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Although these estimates are based on our knowledge of current events and actions we may undertake in the future, actual results may ultimately differ from these estimates and assumptions.

Revenue Recognition

Our revenues generally consist of upfront payments for licenses or options to obtain licenses in the future, milestone payments and payments for other research services under strategic ~~alliance~~alliances and collaboration agreements.

We recognize ~~revenues~~revenue when ~~all four~~we transfer promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for contracts with customers we perform the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligation(s) in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligation(s) in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) we satisfy the performance obligation(s). At contract inception, we assess the goods or services promised within each contract, assess whether each promised good or service is distinct and identify those that areperformance obligations. We recognize as revenue the amount of the ~~following criteria are met: (1) persuasive evidence~~transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied.

Collaborative Arrangements

We enter into collaborative arrangements with partners that typically include payment to us of ~~an arrangement exists; (2) delivery~~one of more of the ~~products and/~~following: (i) license fees; (ii) payments related to the achievement of developmental, regulatory, or ~~services has occurred; (3)~~commercial milestones; and (iii) royalties on net sales of licensed products. Where a portion of non-refundable up-front fees or other payments received are allocated to continuing performance obligations under the terms of a collaborative arrangement, they are recorded as contract liabilities and recognized as revenue when (or as) the underlying performance obligation is satisfied.

As part of the accounting for these arrangements, we must develop estimates and assumptions that require judgment to determine the underlying stand-alone selling price for each performance obligation which determines how the transaction price is ~~fixed or determinable; and (4) collectability is reasonably assured.~~

~~Multiple element arrangements,~~allocated among the performance obligation(s). The stand-alone selling price may include items such as forecasted revenues, development timelines, discount rates, and probabilities of technical and regulatory success. We evaluate each performance obligation to determine if it can be satisfied at a point in time, or over time. In addition, variable consideration must be evaluated to determine if it is constrained and, therefore, excluded from the transaction price.

License Fees

If a license to our ~~strategic alliance agreement~~intellectual property is determined to be distinct from the other performance obligations identified in the arrangement, we recognize revenues from non-refundable, up-front fees allocated to the license when the license is transferred to the licensee and the licensee is able to use and benefit from the license. For licenses that are bundled with ~~Sanofi, are analyzed~~other performance obligations, we use judgment to assess the nature of the combined performance obligation to determine whether it is satisfied over time or at a point in time and, if over time, the ~~deliverables within~~appropriate method of measuring progress for purposes of recognizing revenue. We evaluate the ~~agreement can be separated or~~measure of progress each reporting period and, if necessary, adjust the measure of performance and related revenue recognition.

Milestone Payments

At the inception of each arrangement that includes milestone payments (variable consideration), we evaluate whether ~~they must be accounted for as a single unit of accounting. Deliverables under~~ the agreement will be accounted for as separate units of accounting provided that (i) a delivered item has value to the customer on a stand-alone basis; and (ii) if the agreement includes a general right of return relative to the delivered item, delivery or performance of the undelivered item ismilestones are considered probable of being reached and ~~substantially~~estimate the amount to be included in the ~~control of the vendor. The~~

~~allocation of consideration amongst the deliverables under the agreement~~transaction price. If it is ~~derived using~~probable that a “best estimate of selling price” if vendor specific objective evidence and third-party evidence of fair value is not available. If the delivered element does not have stand-alone value, the arrangement is then accounted for as a single unit of accounting, and we recognize the consideration received under the arrangement as revenue on a straight-line basis, which approximates effort over our estimated period of performance, which for us is typically the expected term of the research and development plan.

~~Milestones~~

We apply the milestone method of accounting to recognize revenue from milestone payments when earned, as evidenced by written acknowledgment from the collaborator or other persuasive evidence that the milestone has been achieved and the payment is non-refundable, provided that the milestone event is substantive. A milestone event is defined as an event (i) that can only be achieved based in whole or in part on either our performance or on the occurrence of a specific outcome resulting from our performance; (ii) for which there is substantive uncertaintywould occur at the inception of an arrangement, the ~~arrangement~~associated milestone value is included in the transaction price. Milestone payments that are contingent upon the ~~event will be achieved;~~achievement of events that are uncertain or not controllable, such as regulatory approvals, are generally not considered probable of being achieved until those approvals are received, and ~~(iii)~~therefore not included in the transaction price. The transaction price is then allocated to each performance obligation on a relative stand-alone selling price basis, for which we recognize revenue as or when the performance obligations under the contract are satisfied. At the end of each reporting period, we evaluate the probability of achievement of such milestones and any related constraint(s), and if necessary, may adjust our estimate of the overall transaction price. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis, which could affect license, collaboration or other revenues and earnings in the period of adjustment.

Royalties

For arrangements that ~~would result in additional~~include sales-based royalties, including milestone payments ~~being due to us. Events~~based on the level of sales, and for which the ~~occurrence~~license is ~~either contingent solely upon the passage of time or the result of a counterparty’s performance are not considered~~deemed to be ~~milestone events. A milestone event is substantive if~~the predominant item to which the royalties relate, we recognize revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the following conditions are met: (i) the consideration is commensurate with either our performance to achieve the milestone, or the enhancement of the value to the delivered item(s) as a result of a specific outcomeroyalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied). To date, we have not recognized any royalty revenue resulting from any of our performance to achieve the milestone; (ii) the consideration relates solely to past performance; and (iii) the consideration is reasonable relative to all the deliverables and payment terms (including other potential milestone consideration) within the arrangement.

We assess whether a milestone is substantive at the inception of each arrangement. If a milestone is deemed non-substantive, we will account for that milestone payment using a method consistent with the related units of accounting for the arrangement over the estimated performance period.

~~Deferred Revenue~~

Amounts received prior to satisfying the above revenue recognition criteria are recorded as deferred revenue in the accompanying balance sheets. Amounts not expected to be recognized within the next 12 months are classified as non-current deferred revenue.collaborative arrangements.

Stock-Based Compensation

We account for stock-based compensation expense related to stock options granted to employees and members of our board of directors by estimating the fair value of each stock option on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. We recognize stock-based compensation expense using the accelerated multiple-option approach. Under the accelerated multiple-option approach (also known as the graded-vesting method), we recognize compensation expense over the requisite service period for each separately vesting tranche of the award as though the award was in substance multiple awards, resulting in accelerated expense recognition over the vesting period. For performance-based awards granted to employees (i) the fair value of the award is determined on the grant date, (ii) we assess the probability of the individual milestones under the award being achieved and (iii) the fair value of the shares subject to the milestone is expensed over the implicit service period commencing once management believes the performance criteria is probable of being met.

We account for restricted stock ~~options granted to non-employees using~~units by determining the fair value ~~approach. Stock options granted to non-employees are subject to periodic revaluation~~of each restricted stock unit based on the closing market price of our common stock on the date of grant. We recognize stock-based compensation expense using the accelerated multiple-option approach over ~~their vesting terms.~~the requisite service periods of the awards.

Clinical Trial and Preclinical Study Accruals

We make estimates of our accrued expenses for clinical trial and preclinical study activities as of each balance sheet date in our financial statements based on the facts and circumstances known to us at that time. These accruals are based upon estimates of costs incurred and fees that may be associated with services provided by clinical trial investigational sites, clinical research organizations (“CROs”) and for other clinical trial-related activities. Payments under certain contracts with such parties depend on factors such as successful enrollment of patients, site initiation and the completion of clinical trial milestones. In accruing for these services, we estimate the time period over which services will be performed and the level of effort to be expended in each period. If possible, we obtain information regarding unbilled services directly from these service providers. However, we may be required to estimate these services based on other information available to us. If we underestimate or overestimate the activities or fees associated with a study or service at a given point in time, adjustments to research and development expenses may be necessary in future periods. Historically, our estimated accrued liabilities have approximated actual expense incurred. Subsequent changes in estimates may result in a material change in our accruals.

Prepaid Materials

We capitalize the purchase of certain raw materials and related supplies for use in the manufacturing of drug product in our clinical development programs, as we have determined that these materials have alternative future use. We can use these raw materials and related supplies in multiple clinical drug products, and therefore have future use independent of the development status of any particular drug program until it is utilized in the manufacturing process. We expense the cost of materials when used. We periodically review these capitalized materials for continued alternative future use and write down the asset to its net realizable value in the period in which it is identified. ~~As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, our net prepaid materials balance was $5.9 million and $5.6 million, respectively.~~

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

~~In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09,~~ ~~Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)~~, which outlines a single comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers and supersedes most current revenue recognition guidance, including industry-specific guidance. ASU 2014-09 outlines a five-step process for revenue recognition that focuses on transfer of control, as opposed to transfer of risk and rewards, and also requires enhanced disclosures regarding the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenues and cash flows from contracts with customers. Major provisions include determining which goods and services are distinct and require separate accounting (performance obligations), how variable consideration (which may include change orders and claims) is recognized, whether revenue should be recognized at a point in time or over time and ensuring the time value of money is considered in the transaction price.

~~The FASB issued supplemental adoption guidance and clarification to ASU No. 2014-09 in March 2016, April 2016 and May 2016 within ASU No. 2016-08,~~ ~~Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Principal vs. Agent Considerations, ASU No. 2016-10,~~ ~~Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing~~ ~~and ASU No. 2016-12,~~ ~~Revenue from Contracts with Customers: Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients~~, respectively. ASU No. 2014-09 and the related supplemental ASUs are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017 and interim periods therein. The ASU permits two methods of adoption: the full retrospective method or the modified retrospective method. We plan to apply the modified retrospective method upon adoption in the first quarter of 2018 and currently do not anticipate that the adoption of this ASU will have a material impact with regard to our current contracts.

~~In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01,~~ ~~Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities~~, which eliminates the requirement for public companies to disclose the method(s) and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value for financial instruments measured at amortized cost on the balance sheet. Additionally, the standard requires public companies to use the exit price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes. Furthermore, the standard requires presentation of financial assets and liabilities by measurement category and form of financial asset on the balance sheet or accompanying notes to the financial statements. The standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those annual reporting periods. Early application is permitted. The adoption of this guidance will have no impact on our financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases, which increases transparency and comparability among organizations by requiring recognition of lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosure of key information about leasing arrangements. Since ASU 2016-02 was issued, several additional ASUs have been issued to clarify various elements of the guidance. The standard is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those annual reporting periods. ~~Early application is permitted.~~ We adopted the new lease standard on January 1, 2019, using the alternative modified transition method provided by the standard and did not retrospectively apply to prior periods. We elected the “package of practical expedients” (excluding the hindsight practical expedient) permitted under the transition guidance which allows us not to reassess our historical assessment of whether existing contracts are ~~currently evaluating~~or contain a lease and the ~~impact~~classification of existing lease arrangements. As a result of the adoption of the new standard, we recognized operating lease right-of-use assets ("ROU assets") of $3.3 million and operating lease liabilities of $11.3 million on our ~~financial statements.~~unaudited condensed

balance sheet as of January 1, 2019. Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recorded separately on our unaudited condensed balance sheets. There was no change upon adoption to our capital leases, referred to as finance leases under the new lease standard. Our finance lease ROU asset and liability balances were each $0.6 million as of January 1, 2019. Finance lease ROU assets are recorded in property and equipment, net and current and non-current finance lease liabilities are recorded in other current liabilities and other long-term liabilities, respectively, in our unaudited condensed balance sheets. The adoption of the new lease standard had no impact on our accumulated deficit. The adoption of the new lease standard had an immaterial impact on our results of operations and cash flows. See Note 8, Leases, for further detail.

In ~~March~~June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. ~~2016-09,~~2016-13, ~~Compensation – Stock Compensation: Improvements~~Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The amendments in this update replace the incurred loss impairment methodology in current GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to ~~Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting,~~ ~~which was intended to simplify various aspects of accounting for share-based payment transactions. The~~inform credit loss estimates. Entities will apply the new guidance ~~requires immediate recognition~~as a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of ~~all excess tax benefits and deficiencies~~the beginning of the first reporting period in which the income statement, requires classification of excess tax benefits as an operating activity as opposed to a financing activity in the statements of cash flows and allows the Company to make an accounting policy election to either estimate the number of awards expected to vest or account for forfeitures when they occur. The standardguidance is adopted. This update is effective for annual ~~reporting~~ periods beginning after December 15, ~~2016,~~2019, and interim periods within those ~~annual reporting~~ periods. ~~We applied~~Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this ~~standard in the first quarter of 2017 using the modified retrospective method of adoption. In conjunction with this adoption, we made~~guidance is not anticipated to have an ~~accounting policy election to account for forfeitures as they occur.~~impact on our financial statements.

Upon adoption, we reversed a deferred tax asset related to the balance of unrecognized excess tax benefits of $7.4 million, with an offsetting adjustment to the valuation allowance. Under the modified retrospective method of adoption, we recorded an adjustment of $0.6 million to accumulated deficit with a corresponding offset to additional paid-in capital.

In ~~August 2016,~~June 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. ~~2016-15,~~2018-07, ~~Statement of Cash Flows: Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments~~Compensation - Stock Compensation: Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting, which ~~addresses~~aligns the ~~presentation~~measurement and classification ~~of certain cash receipts and cash~~guidance for share-based payment to non-employees with the guidance for share-based payments into employees. Under the ~~statement of cash flows under Accounting Standards Codification 230. The standard~~new guidance, the measurement period for equity-classified non-employee awards will be fixed at the grant date. This update is effective for annual ~~reporting~~ periods beginning after December 15, ~~2017,~~2018, and interim periods within those ~~annual reporting~~ periods. The adoption of this guidance ~~will have~~had no impact on our financial statements.

In ~~November 2016,~~August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. ~~2016-18,~~2018-13, ~~Statement of Cash Flows: Restricted Cash~~Fair Value Measurement: Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, which ~~requires restricted cash~~updates and ~~restricted cash equivalents~~modifies the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements in Topic 820, primarily in relation to ~~be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. The standard~~Level 3 fair value measurements. This update is effective for annual ~~reporting~~ periods beginning after December 15, ~~2017,~~2019, and interim periods within those ~~annual reporting~~ periods. Early ~~application~~adoption is permitted. ~~Upon its~~The adoption ~~in 2018, we will include $1.3 million~~ of ~~restricted cash in our disclosed balance of cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the period for 2016. We do~~this guidance is not ~~expect any additional~~anticipated to have an impact on our financial statements.

In ~~May 2017,~~November 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. ~~2017-09,~~2018-18, ~~Compensation - Stock Compensation: Scope of Modification Accounting~~Collaborative Arrangements, which ~~provides clarity~~clarifies the interaction between Topic 808, Collaborative Arrangements and Topic 606, including clarification around certain transactions between collaborative arrangement participants and adding unit-of-account guidance ~~around which changes~~ to ~~the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award require an entity to apply modification accounting in~~ Topic ~~718. The standard~~808. This update is effective for annual ~~reporting~~ periods beginning after December 15, ~~2017,~~2019, and interim periods within those ~~annual reporting~~ periods. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this guidance ~~will~~is not anticipated to have noan impact on our financial ~~statements unless we have modification accounting in accordance with Topic 718.~~statements.

2. Net Loss Per Share

Basic net loss per share is calculated by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period, without consideration for common stock equivalents. Diluted net loss per share is calculated by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of common share equivalents outstanding for the period determined using the treasury-stock method. Dilutive common stock equivalents are comprised of options outstanding under our stock option plans. For all periods presented, there is no difference in the number of shares used to calculate basic and diluted net loss per share.

Potentially dilutive securities not included in the calculation of diluted net loss per share because to do so would be anti-dilutive consisted of ~~1,281,022~~zero and ~~2,531,362~~672,310 shares attributable to common stock options and restricted stock units ("RSUs") for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2017, respectively, compared to 3,131,911~~March 31, 2019 and ~~3,762,952 shares attributable to common stock options for the same periods in 2016.~~2018, respectively.

3. Investments

We ~~invest~~have historically invested our excess cash primarily in ~~commercial paper and~~ debt instruments of financial institutions, corporations, U.S. government-sponsored agencies and the U.S. Treasury. We generally hold our investments to maturity and do not sell our investments before we have recovered our amortized cost basis. As of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018, our ~~short-term investments had a weighted average maturity~~cash balance was comprised entirely of ~~less than two years.~~

~~The following tables summarize our short-term investments (in thousands):~~

Maturity
(in years)

Amortized
cost
Unrealized
Estimated
fair value
Gains Losses
As of September 30, 2017
Corporate debt securities 1 or less $ 38,736
$ 1
$ (30 ) $ 38,707
Certificates of deposit 2 or less 6,450
—
—
6,450
U.S. Treasury securities 2 or less 4,502

—

(6 )
4,496
Debt securities of U.S. government-sponsored agencies 1 or less 1,497

—

(2 )
1,495
Total $ 51,185
$ 1
$ (38 ) $ 51,148

Maturity
(in years)

Amortized
cost
Unrealized
Estimated
fair value
Gains Losses
As of December 31, 2016
Corporate debt securities 2 or less $ 49,185
$ 12
$ (77 ) $ 49,120
Certificates of deposit 1 or less 9,291
—
—
9,291
Commercial paper 1 or less 1,247
—
—
1,247
U.S. Treasury securities 1 or less 1,001
—
(1 ) 1,000
Debt securities of U.S. government-sponsored agencies 1 or less 512

—

—

512
Total $ 61,236
$ 12
$ (78 ) $ 61,170
cash and cash equivalents and there was no unrealized gain or loss in either period.

4. Fair Value Measurements

We have certain financial assets recorded at fair value which have been classified as Level 1, 2, or 3 within the fair value hierarchy as described in the accounting standards for fair value measurements.

Accounting standards define fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants as of the measurement date. Market participants are buyers and sellers in the principal market that are (i) independent, (ii) knowledgeable, (iii) able to transact, and (iv) willing to transact. The accounting standards provide an established hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the most observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in valuing the asset or liability and are developed based on market data obtained from independent sources. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect our assumptions about the factors that market participants would use in valuing the asset or liability. The accounting standards prioritize the inputs used in measuring the fair value into the following hierarchy:

Level 1 includes financial instruments for which quoted market prices for identical instruments are available in active markets.

Level 2 includes financial instruments for which there are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the instrument such as quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets with insufficient volume or infrequent transactions (less active markets) or model-driven valuations in which significant inputs are observable or can be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data.

Level 3 includes financial instruments for which fair value is derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs are unobservable, including management’s own assumptions.

Financial Assets Measured at Fair Value

The following table presents our fair value hierarchy for assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, ~~2016~~2018 (in thousands):

Fair value as of September 30, 2017
Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Assets:
Cash equivalents $ 18,078
$ 18,078
$ —
$ —
Corporate debt securities 38,707
—
38,707
—
Certificates of deposit 6,450
—
6,450
—
U.S. treasury securities 4,496
—
4,496
—
Debt securities of U.S. government-sponsored agencies 1,495
—
1,495
—
$ 69,226

$ 18,078
$ 51,148
$ —



	Fair value as of March 31, 2019
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
Cash equivalents (money market funds)	$	8,228	$	8,228	$	—	$	—
	$	8,228	$	8,228	$	—	$	—

Fair value as of December 31, 2016
Total Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Assets:
Cash equivalents $ 13,578
$ 13,578
$ —
$ —
Corporate debt securities 49,120
—
49,120
—
Certificates of deposit 9,291
—
9,291
—
Commercial paper 1,247
—
1,247
—
U.S. treasury securities 1,000
—
1,000
—
Debt securities of U.S. government-sponsored agencies 512
—
512
—
$ 74,748
$ 13,578
$ 61,170
$ —



	Fair value as of December 31, 2018
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
Cash equivalents (money market funds)	$	11,173	$	11,173	$	—	$	—
	$	11,173	$	11,173	$	—	$	—

We obtain pricing information from quoted market prices or quotes from brokers/dealers. We ~~generally determine~~have historically determined the fair value of our investment securities using standard observable inputs, including reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, bids and/or offers. ~~Refer to Note 3 for information regarding our investments.~~

5. Term Loan

On June 17, 2016, we entered into a loan and security agreement ("(“Loan ~~Agreement"~~Agreement”) with Oxford Finance, LLC, ~~("Oxford"~~(“Oxford” or sometimes referred to as the “Lender”), pursuant to which Oxford agreed to lend us up to $30.0 million, issuable in two separate term loans of $20.0 million (the ~~"Term~~“Term A ~~Loan"~~Loan”) and $10.0 million (the ~~"Term~~“Term B ~~Loan"~~Loan”). On June 22, 2016, we received $20.0 million in proceeds from the Term A Loan, net of debt issuance costs. The ability to borrow on the Term B Loan expired on March 31, ~~2017.~~2017, and no amounts were borrowed under the Term B Loan. We refer to all amounts outstanding under the Loan Agreement as the Term Loan.

The outstanding Term Loan will mature on ~~June~~May 1, ~~2020~~2022 (the “Maturity Date”) and ~~we will have interest-only payments through June 1, 2018, followed by 24 equal monthly payments of principal and unpaid accrued interest. The Term Loan will bear~~bears interest at a floating per annum rate equal to (i) 8.51% plus (ii) the greater of (a) the 30 day U.S. Dollar LIBOR rate reported in The Wall Street Journal on the last business day of the month that immediately precedes the month in which the interest will accrue and (b) 0.44%. Under the original Loan Agreement, we were required to make interest-only payments through June 1, 2018, followed by 24 equal monthly payments of principal and unpaid accrued interest.

WeIn August 2018, we and Oxford entered into an amendment to our Loan Agreement, providing for a modification of the loan amortization period. Under the terms of the amendment, principal amortization and repayment was deferred between August 2018 through October 2018, and during this period, we were required to make payments of interest-only. Amortization payments recommenced in November 2018. Pursuant to the amendment, we granted the Lender a security interest in our intellectual property as additional collateral for the repayment of the Term Loan.

In November 2018, and in connection with the 2018 Sanofi Amendment, we entered into a fourth amendment to the Term Loan with the Lender (the "Fourth Amendment"). Under the terms of the Fourth Amendment, the Lender has consented to the 2018 Sanofi Amendment and our license, assignment and transfer to Sanofi of certain of our intellectual property, as required to be delivered to Sanofi under the 2018 Sanofi Amendment (the “Assigned Assets”), which previously served as collateral under the Loan Agreement, and has released its liens in the Assigned Assets, provided that the Lender will continue to have liens on all proceeds received by us pursuant to the Sanofi License. Under the terms of the Fourth Amendment, we have the option to prepay ~~all, but not less than all, of the borrowed amount, provided that we will be obligated to pay a prepayment fee equal to (i) 2% of the outstanding principal balance~~part of the Term Loan ~~if prepayment is made~~at any time and in any amount after 10 days’ prior written notice. We are also required to prepay a portion of the Term Loan with 25% of certain payments we receive under the 2018 Sanofi Amendment, which payments consist of the Upfront Amendment Payments and the first development milestone payment in the amount of $10.0 million. In accordance with this term, we prepaid $0.6 million pursuant to our receipt of $2.5 million in Upfront Amendment Payments in November 2018. Additionally, we prepaid $0.4 million in March 2019 pursuant to our receipt of $1.8 million in Upfront Amendment Payments in March 2019. We are required to pay the applicable 5.5% final payment fee related to each such 2018 Sanofi Amendment prepayment.

On January 31, 2019, we entered into a fifth amendment to the ~~second anniversary~~Term Loan with the Lender (the "Fifth Amendment"). Under the terms of the ~~funding~~Fifth Amendment, our required monthly payment to the Lender for the month of February 2019 was comprised of interest only. On March 7, 2019, we entered into a sixth amendment to the Term Loan with the Lender (the "Sixth Amendment"). Under the terms of the Sixth Amendment, our required monthly payment to the Lender for the month of March 2019 was comprised of interest only.

As discussed in Note 9, the maturity date of the Term Loan ~~or (ii) 1% of the Term Loan prepaid thereafter and prior~~was extended from June 1, 2020 to May 1, 2022 pursuant to the ~~Maturity Date. We will be required~~Eighth Amendment to ~~make a final payment of 5.5% of the principal balance outstanding, payable on the earlier of (i) the Maturity Date, (ii) acceleration of the Term Loan, or (iii) the prepayment of~~ the Term Loan.

We ~~may use~~used the proceeds from the Term Loan solely for working capital and to fund our general business requirements. Our obligations under the Loan Agreement are secured by a first priority security interest in substantially all of our current and future assets, other than our intellectual ~~property.~~property and certain assets under capital lease obligations. We have also agreed not to encumber our intellectual property assets, except as permitted by the Loan Agreement. The Loan Agreement ~~defines certain~~includes customary events of default, including instances of a material adverse change in our operations, that may require prepayment of the outstanding Term Loan. ~~No such events~~All amounts due under the Term Loan have ~~occurred or are anticipated~~been classified as a current liability as of ~~September 30, 2017.~~March 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 due to the considerations discussed in Note 1 and the assessment that the material adverse change clause under the Term Loan is not within our control. We have not been notified of an event of default by the Lender as of the date of the filing of this Form 10-Q and as of March 31, 2019 we were in compliance with all covenants under the Loan Agreement.

As of ~~September 30, 2017, we had $20.0~~March 31, 2019, $15.2 million was outstanding under the Term Loan. The Term Loan was recorded at its initial carrying value of $20.0 million, less debt issuance costs of approximately $0.2 million. In connection with the Term Loan, the debt issuance costs have been recorded as a debt discount in our consolidated balance sheets, which are being accreted to interest expense over the life of the Term Loan using an effective interest rate of 8.98%. The exit ~~fee is~~fees are being accrued over the life of the Term Loan through interest expense.

~~As of September 30, 2017, we were in compliance with all covenants under the Loan Agreement.~~

~~Future~~As of March 31, 2019, future principal payments for the Term Loan due under the Loan Agreement are as follows (in thousands):


2017	$	—
2018	5,000
2019	10,000		9,176
2020	5,000		6,118
	$	20,000	$	15,294

6. Stockholders’ Equity

Exchange Offer

On October 15, 2018, we filed a tender offer statement on Schedule TO with the Securities and Exchange Commission related to an offer by us to certain eligible optionholders, subject to specified conditions, to exchange some or all of their outstanding options to purchase shares of our common stock for new RSUs (the "Exchange Offer").

The exchange ratio for each option eligible for exchange was determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model and was based on, among other things, the fair market value of a share of our common stock, the volatility of our common stock, U.S. treasury rates, the exercise prices of such options, the remaining terms of such options and the term of the new RSUs. There were a total of 915,009 options eligible for exchange in the Exchange Offer by 31 eligible optionholders, all of which were exchanged for 603,058 RSUs. Of the 603,058 RSUs issued in the Exchange Offer, 514,955 contain certain performance conditions requisite for vesting commencement. Incremental stock-based compensation cost associated with the Exchange Offer was $0.4 million.

Sales of Common Stock

On December 12, 2018, we entered into a Common Stock Sales Agreement (the “Stock Sales Agreement”) with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (“HCW”), pursuant to which we may sell and issue shares of our common stock (the “Shares”) from time to time through HCW, as our sales agent (the “ATM Offering”). We have no obligation to sell any of the Shares, and may at any time suspend offers under the Stock Sales Agreement or terminate the Stock Sales Agreement. Subject to the terms and conditions of the Stock Sales Agreement, HCW will use its commercially reasonable efforts to sell the Shares from time to time based upon our instructions (including any price, time or size limits or other parameters or conditions the we may impose). We will pay HCW a commission of 3.0% of the gross sales price of any Shares sold under the Stock Sales Agreement. A total of 1,903,880 shares were sold for proceeds of $2.1 million (net of approximately $0.1 million in commissions) under the ATM Offering during the three months ended March 31, 2019.

Shares Reserved for Future Issuance

The following shares of common stock were reserved for future issuance as of ~~September 30, 2017:~~March 31, 2019 (in thousands):



Common stock options outstanding	~~10,483,174~~390
RSUs outstanding	790
Common stock available for future grant under 2012 Equity Incentive Plan	~~1,240,667~~193
Common stock available for future grant under 2015 Inducement Plan	~~41,948~~83
Employee Stock Purchase Plan	~~1,675,110~~195
Total common shares reserved for future issuance	~~13,440,899~~1,651

The following table summarizes our stock option and RSU activity (together Stock Awards) under all equity incentive plans for the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 (shares in thousands):

Number of
options

Weighted
average
exercise
price
Options outstanding at December 31, 2016 8,931
$ 6.70
Granted 4,523
$ 1.41
Exercised (11 ) $ 0.38
Canceled/forfeited/expired (2,960 ) $ 6.03
Options outstanding at September 30, 2017 10,483
$ 4.62



	Number of options	Weighted average exercise price		Number of RSUs		Weighted average grant date fair value
Stock Awards outstanding at December 31, 2018	59	$	45.60	606		$	1.58
Granted	331	$	0.95	287		$	0.95
Exercised (options) or Vested (RSUs)	—	$	—	(94	)	$	1.08
Canceled/forfeited/expired	0	$	4.56	(4	)	$	1.50
Stock Awards outstanding at March 31, 2019	390			795		$	1.41

Stock-Based Compensation

The following table summarizes the weighted average assumptions used to estimate the fair value of stock options and performance stock awards granted to employees under our 2012 Equity Incentive Plan and 2015 Inducement Plan and the shares purchasable under our Employee Stock Purchase Plan during the periods presented:


	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,				Three months ended March 31,
	2017		2016		2017		2016		2019		2018
Stock options
Risk-free interest rate	1.9	%	1.5	%	2.0	%	1.4	%	2.6	%	2.6	%
Volatility	89.5	%	80.0	%	89.4	%	79.9	%	93.8	%	87.9	%
Dividend yield	—		—		—		—		—		—
Expected term (years)	6.1		5.7		6.1		5.9		6.1		6.1
Performance stock options
Risk-free interest rate	—		—		2.1	%	1.4	%	2.6	%	2.7	%
Volatility	—		—		89.9	%	79.3	%	93.8	%	87.4	%
Dividend yield	—		—		—		—		—		—
Expected term (years)	0		0		5.6		6.0		6.1		5.7
Employee stock purchase plan shares
Risk-free interest rate	1.0	%	0.5	%	0.8	%	0.5	%	2.4	%	1.4	%
Volatility	104.5	%	94.5	%	110.7	%	85.4	%	119.4	%	89.0	%
Dividend yield	—		—		—		—		—		—
Expected term (years)	0.5		0.5		0.5		0.5		0.5		0.5

The following table summarizes the allocation of our stock-based compensation expense for all stock awards during the periods presented ~~including the adjustments to stock-based compensation expense associated with our May 2017 corporate restructuring~~ (in thousands):


	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,					Three months ended March 31,
	2017		2016		2017			2016		2019		2018
Research and development	$	653	$	1,199	$	2,411		$	3,931	$	471	$	666
Research and development-restructuring related adjustments	—		—		(1,399		)	—
General and administrative	631		2,268		2,840			5,522		488		961
General and administrative-restructuring related adjustments	—		—		2,679			—
Total	$	1,284	$	3,467	$	6,531		$	9,453	$	959	$	1,627

In connection with our May 2017 corporate restructuring we recorded a reversal of stock-based compensation in research and development expenses of $1.4 million as a result of the cancellation of unvested stock options. Additionally, we recorded additional stock-based compensation in general and administrative expenses of $2.7 million as a result of termination provisions within certain employment agreements. These amounts were recorded in the second quarter of 2017.

~~Public Offering~~

In July 2017, we completed an underwritten public offering of 50,600,000 shares of common stock at an offering price of $0.91 per share. We received net proceeds from the offering of $43.0 million after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and other offering expenses payable by us.

7. Strategic Alliances and Collaborations

~~The following table summarizes our total revenues~~Revenue recognized from our strategic alliances and collaborations ~~during~~was $6.8 million and less than $0.1 million for the ~~periods presented (in thousands):~~three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Three months ended
September 30, Nine months ended
September 30,
2017 2016 2017 2016
Sanofi $ 18
$ 18
$ 54
$ 54
AstraZeneca —
186
—
1,122
Total $ 18
$ 204
$ 54
$ 1,176

Sanofi

In July 2012, we amended and restated our collaboration and license agreement with Sanofi to expand the potential therapeutic applications of the microRNA alliance targets to be developed under such agreement. We determined that the elements within the strategic alliance agreement with Sanofi should be treated as a single unit of accounting because the delivered elements did not have stand-alone value to Sanofi. The following elements were delivered as part of the strategic alliance with Sanofi: (1) a license for up to four microRNA targets; and (2) a research license under our technology alliance.

In June 2013, the original research term expired, upon which we and Sanofi entered into an option agreement pursuant to which Sanofi was granted an exclusive right to negotiate the co-development and commercialization of certain of our unencumbered microRNA programs and we were granted the exclusive right to negotiate with Sanofi for co-development and commercialization of certain miR-21 anti-miRs in oncology and Alport syndrome. In July 2013, we received an upfront payment of $2.5 million, of which $1.25 million is creditable against future amounts payable by Sanofi to us under any future co-development and commercialization agreement we enter pursuant to the option agreement. Revenue associated with the creditable portion of this option payment ~~remained~~was deferred as of ~~September 30,~~December 31, 2017 and ~~will remain deferred until its application~~recorded as an adjustment to ~~a creditable transaction.~~accumulated deficit upon our adoption of Topic 606 on January 1, 2018. The non-creditable portion of this payment, $1.25 million, was recognized as revenue over the option period from the effective date of the option agreement in June 2013 through the expiration of the option period in January 2014.

In February 2014, we and Sanofi entered into a second amended and restated collaboration and license agreement (the “2014 Sanofi Amendment”) to renew our strategic alliance to discover, develop and commercialize microRNA therapeutics to focus on specific orphan disease and oncology targets. Under the terms of ~~our renewed alliance,~~the 2014 Sanofi ~~will have~~Amendment, Sanofi had opt-in rights to our clinical fibrosis program targeting miR-21 for the treatment of Alport syndrome, our preclinical program targeting miR-21 for oncology indications, and our preclinical program targeting miR-221/222 for hepatocellular carcinoma (“HCC”). We ~~are~~were responsible for developing each of these programs to proof-of-concept, at which time Sanofi ~~has~~had an exclusive option on each program. If Sanofi chooses to exercise its option on any of these programs, Sanofi ~~will~~would reimburse us for a significant portion of our preclinical and clinical development costs and ~~will~~would also pay us an option exercise fee for any such program, provided that $1.25 million of the $2.5 million upfront option fee paid to us by Sanofi in connection with the June 2013 option agreement will be creditable against such option exercise fee. We are eligible to receive royalties on microRNA therapeutic products commercialized by Sanofi and will have the right to co-promote these ~~products.~~products relating to our preclinical program targeting miR-221/222. As indicated below, we entered into an additional amendment with Sanofi in November 2018, under which Sanofi's opt-in rights to our miR-21 programs under the 2014 Sanofi Amendment were relinquished. Sanofi's opt-in rights with regard to our miR-221/222 preclinical program under the 2014 Sanofi Amendment remained unchanged.

In connection with the 2014 Sanofi Amendment, we entered into a Common Stock Purchase Agreement (the ~~“Purchase~~“Sanofi Purchase Agreement”), pursuant to which we sold 1,303,780 shares of our common stock to Aventisub LLC ~~(formerly Aventis Holdings, Inc.)~~ (“Aventis”), an entity affiliated with Sanofi, in a private placement at a price per share of $7.67 for an aggregate purchase price of $10.0 million. Under the terms of the Sanofi Purchase Agreement, Aventis was not permitted to sell, transfer, make any short sale of, or grant any option for the sale of any common stock for the 12-month period following its effective date. The Sanofi Purchase Agreement and the 2014 Sanofi Amendment were negotiated concurrently and were therefore evaluated as a single agreement. Based upon restricted stock studies of similar duration and a Black-Scholes valuation to measure the discount for lack of marketability, approximately $0.4 million of the proceeds from the Sanofi Purchase Agreement was attributed to the 2014 Sanofi Amendment, and represents consideration for the value of the program targeting miR-221/222 for HCC. ~~As this element does not have stand-alone value, we~~We are recognizing the $0.4 million allocated consideration into revenue ratably over the estimated period of performance of the miR-221/222 program. As of ~~September 30, 2017, deferred revenue~~March 31, 2019, contract liability associated with the Sanofi Purchase Agreement and the 2014 Sanofi Amendment was ~~$0.2~~$0.1 million, which we are expecting to recognize over the remaining estimated period of performance of approximately ~~two years.~~one year.

We are eligible to receive milestone payments related to the development and commercialization of miR-221/222 for HCC of up to ~~$101.8~~$38.8 million for proof-of-concept option exercise fees (net of $1.25 million creditable, as noted above), ~~$15.0~~$40.0 million for clinical milestones and up to ~~$300.0~~$130.0 million for regulatory and commercial milestones. In addition, we are entitled to receive royalties based on a percentage of net sales of any products from the ~~miR-21 and~~ miR-221/222 ~~programs~~program which, in the case of sales in the United States, will be in the middle of the 1010% to 20% range, and, in the case of sales outside of the United States, will range from the low end to the middle of the 1010% to 20% range, depending upon the volume of sales. If we exercise our option to co-promote a miR-221/222 product, we will continue to be eligible to

receive royalties on net sales of each product in the United States at the same rate, unless we elect to share a portion of Sanofi’s profits from sales of such product in the United States in lieu of royalties.

~~We have evaluated the contingent event-based payments under~~

In November 2018, we entered into an amendment to the 2014 Sanofi Amendment with Sanofi to modify the parties’ rights and determined that the milestone payments meet the definition of substantive milestones. Accordingly, revenue for these achievements will be recognized in their entirety in the period when the milestone is achieved and collectability is reasonably assured. Other contingent event-based payments under the 2014obligations with respect to our miR-21 programs, including our RG-012 program (the “2018 Sanofi Amendment for which payment is contingent upon the results of Sanofi’s performance will not be accounted for using the milestone method. Such payments will be recognized as revenue over the remaining estimated period of performance, if any, and when collectability is reasonably assured.

~~AstraZeneca~~

~~In August 2012, we entered into a collaboration and license agreement with AstraZeneca.~~Amendment”). Under the terms of the ~~agreement,~~2018 Sanofi Amendment, we ~~agreed~~have granted Sanofi a worldwide, royalty-free, fee-bearing, exclusive license, with the right to ~~collaborate with AstraZeneca to identify, research~~grant sublicenses, under our know-how and ~~develop compounds targeting three~~ ~~microRNA alliance targets primarily in the fields of cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases and oncology. Pursuant to the agreement, we granted AstraZeneca an exclusive, worldwide license~~patents to develop ~~manufacture~~ and commercialize ~~lead~~miR-21 compounds ~~designated by AstraZeneca in the course of the collaboration activities against the alliance targets~~and products for all ~~human therapeutic uses.~~indications, including Alport Syndrome. Sanofi will control and will assume all responsibilities and obligations for developing and commercializing each of our miR-21 programs, including our obligations regarding the administration and expense of clinical trials and all other costs, including in-license royalties and other in-license payments, related to our miR-21 programs. Under the terms of the ~~agreement~~2018 Sanofi Amendment, we ~~were~~have assigned to Sanofi certain agreements, product-specific patents and all materials directed to miR-21 or to any miR-21 compound or product and are required to ~~use commercially~~provide reasonable ~~efforts~~technical assistance to ~~perform all research, development and manufacturing activities described in~~Sanofi for a period of 24 months after the ~~research plan, at our cost, until the acceptance of an investigational new drug application ("IND") or the end~~date of the ~~research term, which expired in August 2016.~~

2018 Sanofi Amendment. Under the terms of the ~~agreement,~~2018 Sanofi Amendment, we ~~received an upfront payment of $3.0~~are eligible to receive approximately$6.8 million in ~~October 2012. We determined the elements within the agreement should be treated as a single unit of accounting because the delivered element,~~upfront payments for the license ~~did not have stand-alone value.~~and for miR-21 program-related materials (collectively, the “Upfront Amendment Payments”). We are also eligible to receive up to$40.0 million in development milestone payments. In addition, Sanofi has agreed to reimburse us for certain out-of-pocket transition activities and assume our upstream license royalty obligations. We and Sanofi also agreed to a general release of claims against each other for any claims that arose at any time prior to the date of the 2018 Sanofi Amendment, or that thereafter could arise based on anything that occurred prior to the date of the 2018 Sanofi Amendment. We received $2.5 million and $1.8 million in Upfront Amendment Payments under the 2018 Sanofi Amendment in November 2018 and March 2019, respectively. As ~~a result,~~the performance obligations associated with these Upfront Amendment Payments had been satisfied under Topic 606 as of March 31, 2019, both amounts were recognized as revenue in the first quarter of 2019. Additionally, we recognized an additional $2.5 million as revenue in the first quarter of 2019 for the final Upfront Amendment Payment allowable under the 2018 Sanofi Amendment, as the performance obligations associated with the final Upfront Amendment Payment were also satisfied under Topic 606 as of March 31, 2019. We received the final $2.5 million Upfront Amendment Payment in April 2019. As of March 31, 2019, the $40.0 million in development milestone payments (variable consideration) are not deemed probable of being achieved and therefore, the related consideration is fully constrained.

8. Leases

At the inception of a contractual arrangement, we determine whether the contract contains a lease by assessing whether there is an identified asset and whether the contract conveys the right to control the use of the identified asset in exchange for consideration over a period of time. For operating leases with an initial term greater than 12 months, we recognize operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term at the commencement date. Operating lease ROU assets are comprised of the lease liability plus any lease payments made and excludes lease incentives. Lease terms include options to renew or terminate the lease when we are reasonably certain that the renewal option will be exercised or when it is reasonably certain that the termination option will not be exercised. For our operating leases, we generally cannot determine the interest rate implicit in the lease, in which case we use our incremental borrowing rate as the discount rate for the lease. We estimate our incremental borrowing rate for our operating leases based on what we would normally pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term for an amount equal to the ~~upfront payment~~lease payments. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the ~~period~~lease term.Leases with a lease term of ~~performance,~~12 months or less are not recorded on the unaudited condensed balance sheet. Instead, we recognize lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Our lease agreements do not contain any material variable lease payments, residual value guarantees or restrictive covenants. Certain leases require us to pay taxes, insurance, utilities, and maintenance costs for the building, which do not represent lease components. We elected to not separate lease and non-lease components.

In July 2015, we entered into an operating lease agreement (the "Prior Lease") for approximately 59,248 square feet of office and laboratory facility space located at 10614 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121. The lease term was 96 months from the lease commencement date, and we moved our headquarters into this facility in May 2016. In conjunction with the lease, we received $1.4 million of lease incentives and $8.2 million of tenant improvement allowance, which was ~~four years based~~to be used for non-structural leasehold improvements. The lease incentives and tenant improvement allowance were included within deferred rent. Our deferred rent balance as of December 31, 2018 was $8.0 million. The Prior Lease agreement was with ARE SD Region No. 44 LLC (“Landlord”).

On February 19, 2019, we entered into an agreement, the (“Space Swap Agreement"), with Nitto Biopharma, Inc. ("Nitto"), pursuant to which we agreed, contingent upon the execution of a new lease agreement (the "Lease") for Nitto's space with Landlord and the termination of the Prior Lease, to, among other things, (i) swap buildings with Nitto, and (ii) sell, convey and transfer all right, title and interest in certain furniture, fixtures and equipment to Nitto, as set forth in the Space Swap Agreement. Under the Space Swap Agreement, we will pay Nitto (a) a relocation assistance payment in the amount of $0.1 million; (b) $0.2 million representing the difference between the security deposits under the Prior Lease and Nitto’s prior lease, and (c) $1.3 million as reimbursement for the six monthly installments of base monthly rent due pursuant to the new lease between Nitto and Landlord, subject to certain adjustments, which reimbursements are to be paid as rent comes due for Nitto under its new lease.

On February 25, 2019, we and Landlord entered into a second amendment (the “Lease Amendment”) to the Prior Lease. Under the terms of the Lease Amendment, the expiration date of the Prior Lease was accelerated from April 30, 2024 to March 31, 2019 and the Prior Lease terminated on April 1, 2019. The Lease Amendment eliminated all further cash payments due under the Prior Lease, including aggregate base rent over its remaining term of approximately $14.4 million.

On February 25, 2019, we entered into the Lease with Landlord, for the lease of approximately 24,562 square feet of rentable area of the building located at 10628 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California, 92121 (the "Premises"), which Premises were previously occupied by Nitto. The commencement date of the Lease was April 1, 2019 (the “Commencement Date”). The Premises serve as our new principal executive offices and as a laboratory for research and development, manufacturing and other related uses. The term of the Lease (“Initial Term”) is 51 months, ending June 30, 2023. The aggregate base rent due over the Initial Term is approximately $4.8 million. We will also be responsible for the payment of additional rent to cover our share of the annual operating expenses, the annual tax expenses and the annual utilities costs related to the Lease. The base rent payments due are: $0.6 million in 2019, $1.2 million in 2020, $1.2 million in 2021, $1.2 million in 2022, and $0.6 million in 2023. We have not recorded a ROU asset and lease liability for the Lease as of March 31, 2019, as the Commencement Date was April 1, 2019.

The execution of the Lease and Lease Amendment resulted in a modification which was not accounted for as a separate contract. Rather, we accounted for the two contracts with Landlord in combination as they were entered into at the same time and negotiated as a package to achieve the same commercial objective. The leasehold improvements under the Prior Lease were accounted for as non-cash consideration of $5.6 million paid by us upon termination of the Prior Lease to the Landlord. We accounted for a $1.3 million portion of the reduction in the lease liability for the Prior Lease as a non-cash gain in the unaudited condensed statement of operations due to the reduction in lease term and leased space with Landlord and a $0.9 million portion of the reduction of the lease liability as a deferred credit that will be amortized as a reduction to rent expense over the term of the ~~research~~Lease. The $1.6 million obligation to reimburse Nitto for six monthly installments of base rent of the Prior Lease and ~~development plan which expired~~certain other costs were accounted for as cost of terminating the Prior Lease in ~~August 2016.~~the unaudited condensed statement of operations. The net impact of the modification was a $0.4 million charge in the unaudited condensed statement of operations. As of March 31, 2019, we had a $1.3 million liability for the payments due to Nitto recorded in other current liabilities and a $0.9 million deferred credit recorded within other non-current liabilities in the unaudited condensed balance sheet. No other assets or liabilities remain with respect to the Prior Lease as of March 31, 2019.

InThe table below summarizes our lease liabilities and corresponding ROU assets as of March 31, 2019 (in thousands):



Assets
Operating	$	—
Financing	603
Total ROU assets	$	603

Liabilities
Current:
Operating	$	—
Financing	287
Long-term:
Operating	—
Financing	245
Total lease liabilities	$	532

The table below summarizes our lease costs from its unaudited condensed statement of operations, cash payments from its unaudited condensed statement of cash flows, and other non-cash information under its operating and financing lease obligations during the three months ended March 31, 2019 (in thousands, except years and rates):



Lease cost:
Operating lease cost	$	326
Finance lease cost:
Amortization of right-of-use assets	46
Interest expense on lease liabilities	6
Total lease cost	$	378

Cash payment information:
Operating cash used for operating leases	$	651
Operating cash used for finance leases	7
Financing cash used for finance leases	65
Total cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities	$	723

Supplemental non-cash information:
Operating lease liabilities arising from obtaining right-of-use assets	$	—

Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) - operating leases	—
Weighted-average remaining lease term (years) - finance leases	2
Weighted-average discount rate - operating leases	—
Weighted-average discount rate - finance leases	4.9		%

The commencement date of the Lease did not occur until April 1, 2019 and therefore, as of March 31, 2019, the lease liability for the Lease is zero.

Our future lease payments under finance leases at March 31, 2019 are as follows (in thousands):



	Finance Leases
Remaining 2019	$	215
2020	287
2021	57
Total lease payments	$	559
Less: amount representing interest	(27		)
Present value of obligations under leases	532
Less: current portion	(287		)
Long-term finance lease obligations	$	245

9. Subsequent Events

Seventh Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement

On April 9, 2019 we entered into a seventh amendment to the Term Loan with the Lender (the "Seventh Amendment"). Pursuant to the terms of the Seventh Amendment, our required monthly payments to the Lender will be comprised of interest only through and including the payment date immediately preceding the following date (the “Second Amortization Date”): (i) April 1, 2019, if we do not receive unrestricted gross cash proceeds of not less than $10 million on or before April 30, 2019 from (a) the issuance and sale of our unsecured subordinated convertible debt and/or equity securities and/or (b) “up front” or milestone payments in connection with a joint venture, collaboration or other partnering transaction other than pursuant to our Second Amended and Restated Collaboration and License Agreement (the “Sanofi License”), dated February 5, 2014, with Sanofi, as amended (the receipt of such net proceeds, a “Capital Event”), and (ii) May 1, 2019, if the ~~collaboration~~Capital Event occurs.

Commencing on the Second Amortization Date, and ~~license agreement~~continuing on each successive payment date thereafter, we are required to make consecutive equal monthly payments of principal, together with applicable interest, in arrears, to the Lender; provided, however, that we are required to make the monthly principal payment due April 1, 2019 on May 1, 2019 (in addition to all other payments due on May 1, 2019) if the Capital Event does not occur.

The Seventh Amendment also provides that we can irrevocably elect to increase the prepayment percentage for the funds that we are required to prepay under the Term Loan in the event we receive $10.0 million from the first development milestone under the Sanofi License from 25% to 75% (the “Applicable Sanofi Percentage”). Under the Seventh Amendment, we are required to maintain cash in a collateral account controlled by the Lender of (i) $10.0 million if the Applicable Sanofi Percentage is 25% and ~~concurrently~~if we have not prepaid an aggregate of $5 million under the Term Loan (which amount shall not include any Sanofi License prepayments) on or before April 30, 2019 (such prepayment, the “Principal Paydown Event”), (ii) $5.0 million if the Applicable Sanofi Percentage is 75% and the Principal Paydown Event has not occurred and (iii) zero if the Principal Paydown Event has occurred.

Private Placement of Common Stock, Non-Voting Preferred Stock and Warrants

On May 3, 2019, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with ~~our initial public offering,~~certain institutional and other accredited investors (the “Purchasers”), pursuant to which we ~~sold AstraZeneca 6,250,000~~agreed to sell and issue shares of our common stock, shares of our newly designated non-voting convertible preferred stock, and warrants to purchase common stock, in up to two closings, in a private placement transaction (the “Private Placement”).

At an initial closing under the Purchase Agreement that occurred on May 7, 2019 (the “Initial Closing”), we sold and issued to the Purchasers (i) 9,730,534 shares of common stock and accompanying warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 9,730,534 shares of common stock at a combined purchase price of $1.205 per share, and (ii) 415,898 shares of non-voting Class A-1 convertible preferred stock, in lieu of shares of common stock, at a price of $10.80 per share, and accompanying warrants to purchase an aggregate of 4,158,980 shares of common stock at a price of $0.125 for each share of common stock underlying such warrants. Total gross proceeds from the Initial Closing were approximately $16.7 million, which does not include any proceeds that may be received upon exercise of the warrants. Each share of non-voting Class A-1 convertible preferred stock is convertible into 10 shares of Common Stock, subject to certain beneficial ownership conversion limitations. The warrants will be exercisable for a period of five years following the date of issuance and will have an exercise price of $1.08 per share, subject to proportional adjustments in the event of stock splits or combinations or similar events. The warrants are exercisable on a net exercise "cashless" basis.

Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, in the event our Board of Directors unanimously resolves to recommence our Phase 1 multiple ascending dose clinical trial of our RGLS4326 product candidate for the treatment of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease ("ADPKD") (the “Phase 1 Trial”) based on correspondence from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s Division of Cardiovascular and Renal Products, and thereafter but on or before December 31, 2019 we make a public announcement of its plan to recommence the Phase 1 Trial (the “Public Announcement”), we have agreed to sell and the Purchasers have agreed to purchase, at a second closing under the Purchase Agreement (“Milestone Closing”), shares of our non-voting convertible preferred stock and accompanying warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock (collectively, “Milestone Securities”) having an aggregate purchase price of approximately $25.1 million, excluding the exercise price of the warrants. The additional shares of non-voting convertible preferred stock will each be convertible into 10 shares of common stock, subject to certain beneficial ownership conversion limitations. In the event the volume-weighted average price per share of ~~$4.00. Under~~common stock on the ~~terms~~Nasdaq Stock Market (“VWAP”) during the five full trading days following the Public Announcement is at least $1.08, the non-voting convertible preferred stock to be sold the Milestone Closing will be Class A-1 convertible preferred stock and will be sold at a price of $10.80 per share. In the event the VWAP during the five full trading days following the Public Announcement is less than $1.08, the sale and issuance of the ~~Common Stock Purchase Agreement ("CSPA"~~Milestone Securities will be subject to stockholder approval under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635 (“Stockholder Approval”), ~~AstraZeneca could not sell, transfer, make any short sale of, or grant any option for~~which must be obtained no later than March 31, 2020 (provided we shall use our best efforts to obtain the ~~sale of any common stock for a 365-day period~~Stockholder Approval by no later than 45 days following the ~~effective date of our initial public offering. The CSPA~~Public Announcement), and ~~collaboration~~the non-voting preferred stock to be sold in the Milestone Closing will be newly designated Class A-2 convertible preferred stock and ~~license agreement were negotiated concurrently and were therefore evaluated as~~will have a ~~single agreement. Based upon restricted stock studies of similar duration and a Black-Scholes valuation to measure a discount for lack of marketability, $4.3 million was attributed~~purchase price equal to the ~~collaboration and license agreement. We recognized~~“Alternative Milestone Price” as defined under the ~~$4.3 million into revenue ratably~~Purchase Agreement. The Alternative Milestone Price per share of Class A-2 convertible preferred stock will, (a) if the Stockholder Approval is obtained prior to the Public Announcement, 10 multiplied by the VWAP over the ~~period~~five full trading days immediately following the Public Announcement or (b) if the Stockholder Approval is obtained after the Public Announcement, the price that is the lower of ~~performance of~~(i) 10 multiplied by the ~~research~~VWAP over the five full trading days immediately following the Public Announcement and ~~development plan under~~(ii) 10 multiplied by the ~~collaboration, which expired in August 2016.~~

~~In March 2015, we earned a $2.5 million preclinical milestone and in December 2015, we earned a $10.0 million clinical milestone. We determined~~VWAP over the ~~milestones to be substantive and recognized revenue upon achievement of each milestone.~~

In June 2017, AstraZeneca delivered written notice of their election to terminate the collaboration and license agreement. Effective upon the termination of the agreement, AstraZeneca’s rights with respect to RG-125(AZD4076) will revert back to us. In accordance with the Agreement, the termination will become effective in June 2018, 12 monthsfive full trading days immediately following the date on which the Stockholder Approval is obtained. In the event the relevant VWAP used for the Alternative Minimum Price is less than $0.50 per share, the Milestone Closing will not occur. The accompanying warrants will be sold at a price of ~~delivery~~ $0.125 for each share of common stock underlying the warrants, will have an exercise price equal to 100%

of the ~~notice by AstraZeneca.~~

~~8. Related Party Transactions~~

~~We have entered into certain agreements with related parties~~purchase price of the non-voting convertible preferred stock sold in the ~~ordinary course~~Milestone Closing (priced on an as-converted to common stock basis), subject to proportional adjustments in the event of ~~business~~stock splits or combinations or similar events, and will have an exercise term of five years from the date of issuance. The warrants will be exercisable on a net exercise "cashless" basis.

Eighth Amendment to ~~license intellectual property~~Loan and ~~to procure research and development support services.~~Security Agreement

~~In September 2014,~~Concurrently with the Purchase Agreement, on May 3, 2019, we entered into an ~~agreement with Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH (“Sanofi Deutschland”), a contract manufacturing subsidiary of Sanofi, for~~eighth amendment to the ~~manufacture of certain drug substance requirements and other services to support our preclinical and clinical activities associated~~Term Loan with the ~~RG-012 program.~~Lender (the "Eighth Amendment"). Pursuant to this agreement, we engaged Sanofi Deutschland to manufacture RG-012 drug product and perform stability studies on our behalf. Expenses incurred under the agreement for services performed or out-of-pocket expenses were less than $0.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, compared to $0.2 million and $1.0 million for the same periods in 2016.

In February 2015, we entered into a letter agreement with Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. ("Alnylam") pursuant to which we and Alnylam agreed to the financial terms for certain technology acquired by Alnylam within the licensed patent rights under our Amended and Restated License and Collaboration Agreement (the “Additional Patent Rights”) with Alnylam and Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. In addition to any royalties payable by us to Alnylam pursuant to the terms of the ~~Amended~~Eighth Amendment and

~~Restated License~~ as a result of the completion of the Initial Closing, our required monthly payments to the Lender will be comprised of interest only from May 2019 through and ~~Collaboration Agreement, we agreed~~including the payment to ~~pay Alnylam~~be made in April 2020, in exchange for an interest only period extension fee of $0.1 million. Additionally, under the Eighth Amendment, the Term Loan maturity date was extended from June 2020 to May 2022, in exchange for a maturity date extension fee of $0.7 million. Pursuant to the Eighth Amendment, if an additional ~~low single-digit royalty~~$20.0 million in capital is received by us on ~~net sales~~or before December 31, 2019 (the “Capital Event”), our required monthly payments to the Lender will be comprised of ~~certain products utilizing~~interest only through and including the ~~Additional Patent Rights,~~payment to be made in April 2021.

Commencing in May 2020, or, if the Capital Event occurs, May 2021, and continuing on each successive payment date thereafter, we are required to make consecutive equal monthly payments of principal, together with applicable interest, in arrears, to the ~~exact royalty~~Lender.

The Eighth Amendment also provides that we have increased the prepayment percentage payable being dependent on the total amount of net sales during the calendar year. We also agreed to pay Alnylam milestone payments on certain products utilizing the additional patent rights of up to $33.0 million per product upon the achievement of certain regulatory milestone events. There was no activity under this agreement for the ~~three or nine months ended September 30, 2017~~funds that it is required to prepay under the Term Loan, in the event that we receive the $10.0 million first development milestone payment (the “Milestone Payment”) under the 2018 Sanofi Amendment from 75% to 100% of the Milestone Payment. Upon payment of the Milestone Payment to the Lender, we will no longer be required to maintain cash in a collateral account controlled by Lender and ~~2016.~~the lien on our intellectual property will be released.

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The interim unaudited condensed financial statements and this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, ~~2016~~2018 and the related Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, both of which are contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, ~~2016,~~2018, or Annual Report, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March ~~3, 2017.~~18, 2019. Past operating results are not necessarily indicative of results that may occur in future periods.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This quarterly report on Form 10-Q and the documents incorporated by reference herein may contain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of ~~the~~ federal securities laws made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth below under Part II, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update these forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. These statements, which represent our current expectations or beliefs concerning various future events, may contain words such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “estimate” or other words indicating future results, though not all forward-looking statements necessarily contain these identifying words. Such statements may include, but are not limited to, statements concerning the following:

the initiation, cost, timing, progress and results of, and our expected ability to undertake certain activities and accomplish certain goals with respect to our research and development activities, preclinical studies and clinical trials;

our ability to obtain and maintain regulatory approval of our product candidates, and any related restrictions, limitations, and/or warnings in the label of an approved product candidate;

our ability to obtain funding for our operations;

our plans to research, develop and commercialize our product candidates;

~~our~~the potential election of any strategic alliance ~~partners’ election~~or collaboration partner to pursue development and commercialization of any programs or product candidates that are subject to ~~our~~a collaboration ~~and license agreements~~ with such ~~partners;~~partner;

our ability to attract collaborators with relevant development, regulatory and commercialization expertise;

future activities to be undertaken by our strategic alliance partners, collaborators and other third parties;

our ability to obtain and maintain intellectual property protection for our product candidates;

the size and growth potential of the markets for our product candidates, and our ability to serve those markets;

our ability to successfully commercialize, and our expectations regarding future therapeutic and commercial potential with respect to our product candidates;

the rate and degree of market acceptance of our product candidates;

our ability to develop sales and marketing capabilities, whether alone or with potential future collaborators;

regulatory developments in the United States and foreign countries;

the performance of our third-party suppliers and manufacturers;

the success of competing therapies that are or may become available;

the loss of key scientific or management personnel;

our ability to successfully secure and deploy capital;

our ability to satisfy our debt obligations;

the ~~expected benefits to be achieved from our May 2017 restructuring, including with respect to the expected reduction in our operating expenses and the extension of our cash runway;~~

~~our expectations regarding the time during which we will be an emerging growth company under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the JOBS Act;~~

~~the~~ accuracy of our estimates regarding future expenses, future revenues, capital requirements and need for additional financing; and

the risks and other forward-looking statements described under the caption “Risk Factors” under Part II, Item 1A of this quarterly report on Form 10-Q.

In addition, statements that “we believe” and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to us as of the date of this report, and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements.

OVERVIEW

We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on discovering and developing first-in-class drugs targeting microRNAs to treat diseases with significant unmet medical need. We were formed in 2007 when Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Alnylam, and Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Ionis, contributed significant intellectual property, know-how and financial and human capital to pursue the development of drugs targeting microRNAs pursuant to a license and collaboration agreement. Our most advanced ~~program, under our strategic alliance with Sanofi,~~product candidates are RG-012 and RGLS4326. RG-012 is ~~RG-012,~~ an anti-miR targeting miR-21 for the treatment of Alport syndrome, a life-threatening kidney disease ~~driven by genetic mutations, currently~~ with no approved therapy available. In November 2018, we and Sanofi agreed to transition further development activities of our miR-21 programs, including our RG-012 program, to Sanofi, who will be responsible for all costs incurred in the development of our miR programs. As of March 31, 2019, the transition activities were substantially complete. RGLS4326 is an anti-miR targeting miR-17 for the treatment of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, or ADPKD. In addition to these clinical programs, we continue to develop a pipeline of preclinical drug product candidates.

microRNAs are naturally occurring ribonucleic acid, or RNA, molecules that play a critical role in regulating key biological pathways. Scientific research has shown that an imbalance, or dysregulation, of microRNAs is directly linked to many diseases. Furthermore, many different infectious pathogens interact and bind to host ~~microRNA~~microRNA to survive. To date, over 500 microRNAs have been identified in humans, each of which can bind to multiple messenger RNAs that control key aspects of cell biology. Since many diseases are multi-factorial, involving multiple targets and pathways, the ability to modulate multiple pathways by targeting a single microRNA provides a new therapeutic approach for treating complex diseases.

RNA plays an essential role in the process used by cells to encode and translate genetic information from deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, to proteins. RNA is comprised of subunits called nucleotides and is synthesized from a DNA template by a process known as transcription. Transcription generates different types of RNA, including messenger RNAs that carry the information for proteins in the sequence of their nucleotides. In contrast, microRNAs are RNAs that do not code for proteins but rather are responsible for regulating gene expression by modulating the translation and decay of target messenger RNAs. By interacting with many messenger RNAs, a single microRNA can regulate the expression of multiple genes involved in the normal function of a biological pathway. Many pathogens, including viruses, bacteria and parasites, also use host microRNAs to regulate the cellular environment for survival. In some instances, the host microRNAs are essential for the replication and/or survival of the pathogen. For example, miR-122 is a microRNA expressed in human hepatocytes and is a key factor for the replication of the hepatitis C virus, or HCV.

We believe that microRNA therapeutics have the potential to become a new and major class of drugs with broad therapeutic application for the following reasons:

microRNAs play a critical role in regulating biological pathways by controlling the translation of many target genes;

microRNA therapeutics regulate disease pathways which may result in more effective treatment of complex multi-factorial diseases;

many human pathogens, including viruses, bacteria and parasites, use microRNAs (host and pathogen encoded) to enable their replication and suppression of host immune responses; and

microRNA therapeutics may be synergistic with other therapies because of their different mechanism of action.

We ~~believe we~~ have assembled ~~the leading position~~significant expertise in the microRNA field, including expertise in microRNA biology and oligonucleotide chemistry, a broad intellectual property estate, relationships with key opinion leaders and a disciplined drug discovery and development process. We are using our microRNA expertise to develop chemically modified, single-stranded oligonucleotides that we call anti-miRs to modulate microRNAs and address underlying disease. We believe microRNAs may play a critical role in complex disease and that targeting them with anti-miRs may become a source of a new and major class of drugs with broad therapeutic application, much like small molecules, biologics and monoclonal antibodies.

We believe that microRNA biomarkers may be used to select optimal patient segments in clinical trials and to monitor disease progression or relapse. We believe these microRNA biomarkers can be applied toward drugs that we develop and drugs developed by other companies with which we partner or collaborate. We

Since our inception through March 31, 2019, we have ~~completed a~~received $302.2 million from the sale of our equity and convertible debt securities $89.3 million from our strategic alliances and collaborations, principally from upfront payments, research ~~collaboration with Biogen Inc. focused on the discovery~~funding and preclinical and clinical milestones, and $19.8 million in net proceeds from our Term Loan. As of ~~microRNAs as biomarkers for multiple sclerosis~~March 31, 2019, we had cash, cash equivalents and ~~have also completed research for another~~

~~leading, commercial-stage pharmaceutical company to explore~~ ~~microRNAs as biomarkers for specific patient populations. We also maintain several academic research collaborations focused on the identification~~short-term investments of ~~microRNAs as biomarkers in multiple disease areas.~~$10.3 million.

Development Stage Pipeline

We currently have multiple programs in various stages of clinical ~~and preclinical~~ development.

RG-012: In 2015, we completed a Phase I study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics, or PK, of subcutaneous dosing of RG-012 in healthy volunteers. Forty healthy volunteer subjects were enrolled in this first-in-human, single ascending dose study. In May 2017, we completed a Phase I multiple-ascending dose, or MAD, ~~study~~clinical trial in 24 healthy volunteers (six-week repeat dosing) to determine safety, tolerability and PK of RG-012 prior to chronic dosing in patients. In ~~both~~ Phase I ~~studies,~~clinical trials to date, RG-012 was well-tolerated, and there were no serious adverse events, or SAEs, reported. In the third quarter of 2017, we initiated HERA, the Phase II randomized (1:1), double-blinded, placebo-controlled ~~study~~clinical trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of RG-012 in 40 Alport syndrome patients. In parallel, a renal biopsy study was also initiated in the third quarter of 2017 to evaluate RG-012 renal tissue pharmacokinetics, or PK, target engagement and downstream effects on genomic disease biomarkers. ~~Data from the renal biopsy study is anticipated in the first quarter of 2018 and an interim analysis from HERA is anticipated to be performed in the third quarter of 2018.~~ In ~~connection with the initiation of HERA and the renal biopsy study,~~December 2017, we ~~will discontinue enrollment of additional Alport syndrome patients in~~concluded our global ATHENA natural history of disease study. Preliminary results from the first patients through the renal biopsy study are encouraging, with kidney tissue concentrations achieved that would be predictive of therapeutic benefit based on animal disease models. In addition, modulation of the target, miR-21, was observed. RG-012 has received orphan designation in both the United States and Europe. In November 2018, we and Sanofi agreed to transition further development activities of our miR-21 programs, including our RG-012 program to Sanofi, who will be responsible for all costs incurred in the development of these miR-21 programs. As of March 31, 2019, the transition activities, including the transfer of the investigational new drug application ("IND"), were substantially complete.

RGLS4326: ~~Recently,~~RGLS4326 is a novel oligonucleotide designed to inhibit miR-17 using a unique chemistry designed to preferentially deliver to the kidney. Preclinical studies with RGLS4326 have demonstrated a reduction in kidney cyst formation, improved kidney weight/body weight ratio, decreased cyst cell proliferation and preserved kidney function in mouse models of ADPKD. In March 2018, we ~~filed an investigational~~completed dose escalation of a Phase I single ascending dose, or SAD, clinical trial in healthy volunteers and found RGLS4326 was well tolerated and no SAEs were reported. In April 2018, we initiated a Phase I randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, MAD clinical trial in healthy volunteers designed to characterize the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of multiple doses of RGLS4326. In July 2018, we voluntarily paused this study due to unexpected observations in our 27-week mouse chronic toxicity study, which was designed to support the Phase II proof-of-concept clinical trial in ADPKD previously planned to start in mid-2019. The observations in the mouse chronic toxicity study were unexpected, given the favorable safety profile of RGLS4326 in previous 7-week non-GLP and GLP toxicity studies in mouse and non-human primates required for Phase I testing, which had no significant findings across similar dose levels and frequencies. In September 2018, we initiated a new ~~drug, or IND, package~~mouse chronic toxicity study with several changes believed to address the ~~U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, for RGLS4326, targeting microRNA-17 (miR-17) for~~unexpected findings in the ~~treatment of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, or ADPKD.~~earlier terminated chronic mouse toxicity study.

~~RG-101~~:

In ~~July 2017,~~January 2019, we ~~discontinued clinical development of RG-101 for the treatment of chronic HCV infection. Comprehensive preclinical investigation and detailed~~announced data from a planned interim analysis of ~~clinical~~this study after 13 weeks of dosing in which no adverse or other significant findings across the range of doses tested were shown. In January 2019, we submitted a comprehensive data package for RGLS4326 to FDA that included the results from the planned 13-week interim analysis of the ongoing repeat mouse chronic toxicity study, as well as results from additional investigations, analytical testing, additional data from the RG-101 program had identified the direct inhibition of a hepatocyte conjugated bilirubin transporter as the likely mechanism for the cases of hyperbilirubinemia in the RG-101 program. We believe that a combination of factors, including inhibition of conjugated bilirubin transport by RG-101, impaired baseline bilirubin transport in HCV patients and the preferential uptake of RG-101 by hepatocytes contributed to this mechanism. Additional patient-specific contributing factors cannot be excluded. Applying the learningspreviously terminated mouse chronic toxicity study, data from the ~~RG-101 program, alternative compounds targeting miR-122 have been identified that maintain potent HCV antiviral activity while lacking inhibition~~completed Phase I SAD study and data from the first cohort of the ~~bilirubin transporter. We believe these compounds have~~Phase I MAD study to support our plan to resume the ~~potential for rapid clinical proof-of-concept of a novel, markedly shortened treatment regimen for HCV and will be considered for further development.~~Phase I MAD study.

RG-125(AZD4076): In June 2017, AstraZeneca AB, or AstraZeneca, delivered written notice of their election to terminate the collaboration and license agreement. Effective upon the termination of the agreement, AstraZeneca’s rights with respect to RG-125(AZD4076) for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, or NASH, in Type 2 Diabetes/Pre-diabetes will revert to us. In ~~accordance with~~May 2018, AstraZeneca requested to extend the Collaboration and License Agreement ~~the~~ termination ~~will become~~ effective ~~in June 2018, which is~~date by an additional 12 months ~~following~~to allow AstraZeneca to complete all activities involving AZD4076. By the end of this 12-month extension, the parties will complete the transfer activities contemplated by the agreement. The new termination effective date ~~of delivery of~~pursuant to the ~~notice by AstraZeneca.~~ extension will be June 2019.

Preclinical Pipeline

A major focus of our preclinical research ~~is targeting~~has historically targeted dysregulated microRNAs implicated in diseases of high unmet medical need where we know we can effectively deliver to the target tissue or organ, such as the liver and kidney. ~~Multiple~~ ~~micro~~RNAs have been identified as being dysregulated in NASH and these are in the process of target validation including the evaluation of tool compounds in animal models of NASH. Profiling of primary tumor cells from glioblastoma multiforme, or GBM, a rapidly fatal form of brain cancer, has identified miR-10b as a ~~micro~~RNA target with the potential to inhibit tumor growth. We are investigating local and systemic delivery of anti-miR-10b oligonucleotides in preclinical models to evaluate potential for advancing this program to clinical testing in GBM. We also have early discovery programs investigating additional microRNA targets for infectious diseases, immunology and indications for which there is microRNA ~~dysregulation.~~dysregulation or in disease settings where the host microRNAs are essential for the replication and/or survival of the pathogen.

We currently have multiple programs in various stages of preclinical development.

Glioblastoma multiforme program: In January 2019, we announced RGLS5579 as a clinical candidate in our glioblastoma multiforme (“GBM”) program. RGLS5579, which targets microRNA-10b, demonstrated statistically significant improvements in survival as both a monotherapy as well as in combination with temozolamide ("TMZ") in an orthotopic glioblastoma multiforme animal model. In combination with TMZ, the addition of a single dose of anti-mir-10b, delivered intracranially, led to a more than two-fold improvement in survival compared to TMZ alone. These, and additional survival data on RGLS5579, were presented in November 2018 at the Society for Neuro-Oncology Meeting in New Orleans, Louisiana. We plan to seek a partner to further advance development of RGLS5579.

Hepatitis B virus program: We have determined that advancing our preclinical programs targeting the Hepatitis B virus ("HBV") represents an attractive opportunity in our pipeline for investment, affecting an estimated 350 million people worldwide. We have identified several microRNA targets that serve as host factors for the virus. Our lead compound directed to one of the host microRNAs has demonstrated sub-nanomolar potency against HBV DNA replication and more than 95% reduction in Hepatitis B surface antigen in in vitro studies. We believe that targeting a host factor in the liver represents a unique mechanism of action for treatment of the virus compared to other programs in development and holds the potential for achieving a functional cure.

Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis program: Across multiple animal models of NASH, our lead candidate has demonstrated improvement in key endpoints, including NAFLD Activity Score (NAS), liver transaminases, hyperglycemia, and disease-related gene expression. In the diet-induced NASH mouse model (Amylin model) after two to four weekly doses, early onset of improvement across multiple disease parameters including liver triglycerides and blood levels of transaminases was observed. After nine weeks of treatment, there was evidence of sustained benefit with significant improvement of liver fibrosis and hyperglycemia compared to control-treated animals. We believe that targeting dysregulated microRNA in a complex disease like NASH may offer a unique mechanism of action from other programs in development. We plan to seek a partner to further advance its development.

FINANCIAL OPERATIONS OVERVIEW

Revenue

In the future, we may generate revenue from a combination of license fees and other upfront payments, payments for research and development services, milestone payments, product sales and royalties in connection with ~~our existing~~ strategic ~~alliance with Sanofi or future strategic alliances for one or more of our programs we establish, if any.~~alliances. We

expect that any revenue we generate will fluctuate from quarter-to-quarter as a result of the timing of our achievement of preclinical, clinical, regulatory and commercialization milestones, if at all, the timing and amount of payments relating to such milestones and the extent to which any of our products are approved and successfully commercialized by us or ~~any~~our strategic alliance ~~partner.~~partners. If ~~Sanofi does~~our current or future strategic alliance partners do not elect or otherwise agree to fund our development costs ~~for our RG-012 program for the treatment of Alport syndrome~~ pursuant to our ~~strategic alliance agreement,~~current or ~~if we or any potential~~ future strategic alliance agreements, or we or our strategic alliance partner ~~fail~~fails to develop product candidates in a timely manner or obtain regulatory approval for them, our ability to generate future revenues, and our results of operations and financial position would be adversely affected.

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses consist of costs associated with our research activities, including our drug discovery efforts and the development of our therapeutic programs. Our research and development expenses include:

employee-related expenses, including salaries, benefits, travel and stock-based compensation expense;

external research and development expenses incurred under arrangements with third parties, such as contract research organizations, or CROs, contract manufacturing organizations, or CMOs, other clinical trial related vendors, consultants and our scientific advisors;

license fees; and

facilities, depreciation and other allocated expenses, which include direct and allocated expenses for rent and maintenance of facilities, depreciation of leasehold improvements and equipment, and laboratory and other supplies.

We expense research and development costs as incurred. We account for nonrefundable advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities as expenses when the service has been performed or when the goods have been received. Certain of the raw materials used in the process of manufacturing drug product are capitalized upon their acquisition and expensed upon usage, as we have determined these materials have alternative future use.

To date, we have conducted research on many different microRNAs with the goal of understanding how they function and identifying those that might be targets for therapeutic modulation. At any given time we are working on multiple targets, primarily within our therapeutic areas of focus. Our organization is structured to allow the rapid deployment and shifting of resources to focus on the ~~best known~~most promising targets based on our ongoing research. As a result, in the early phase of our development programs, our research and development costs are not tied to any specific target. However, we are currently spending the vast majority of our research and development resources on our lead ~~clinical~~ development ~~program, RG-012 for the treatment of Alport syndrome, and preclinical pipeline.~~programs.

Since our ~~conversion to a corporation in January 2009,~~inception, we ~~have grown from 15 research and development personnel to 48 and~~ have spent a total of approximately ~~$301.3~~$351.7 million in research and development expenses through ~~September 30, 2017.~~

March 31, 2019.

The process of conducting clinical trials and preclinical studies necessary to obtain regulatory approval is costly and time consuming. We, or our strategic alliance partners, may never succeed in achieving marketing approval for any of our product candidates. The probability of success for each product candidate may be affected by numerous factors, including preclinical data, clinical data, competition, manufacturing capability and commercial viability. Under our strategic alliance with Sanofi, we are responsible for the development of product candidates through proof-of-concept, after which time Sanofi would be responsible for the costs of clinical development and commercialization and all related costs, in the event it exercises its option to such program. We also have several independent programs for which we are responsible for all of the research and development costs, unless and until we partner any of these programs in the future.

Successful development of future product candidates is highly uncertain and may not result in approved products. Completion dates and completion costs can vary significantly for each future product candidate and are difficult to predict. We anticipate we will make determinations as to which programs to pursue and how much funding to direct to each program on an ongoing basis in response to our ability to maintain or enter into new strategic alliances with respect to each program or potential product candidate, the scientific and clinical success of each future product candidate, as well as ongoing assessments as to each future product candidate’s commercial potential. We will need to raise additional capital and may seek additional strategic alliances in the future in order to advance our various programs.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related benefits, including stock-based compensation, related to our executive, finance, legal, business development and support functions. Other general and administrative expenses include allocated facility-related costs not otherwise included in research and development expenses and professional fees for auditing, tax and legal ~~services. We expect that general and administrative expenses will increase in the future~~services, some of which are incurred as ~~we expand our operating activities and incur additional costs associated with~~a result of being a ~~publicly traded~~publicly-traded company. ~~These costs will likely include legal fees, Sarbanes-Oxley compliance and other accounting fees and directors’ and officers’ liability insurance premiums.~~

Other income (expense), net

Other income (expense) consists primarily of interest income and expense and various income or expense items of a non-recurring nature. We earn interest income from interest-bearing accounts and money market funds for cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities, such as interest-bearing bonds, for our short-term investments. Interest expense is primarily attributable to interest charges associated with borrowings under our secured ~~term loan from Oxford.~~Term Loan.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

There have been no significant changes to our critical accounting policies since December 31, ~~2016.~~2018, with the exception of changes made upon adoption of ASU No. 2016-02 and the related supplemental ASUs. For a description of critical accounting policies that affect our significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements, refer to Item 7 in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Note 1 to our financial statements contained in our Annual Report and Note 1 to our condensed financial statements contained in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q. For a description of accounting policy changes resulting from the adoption of ASU No. 2016-02 and the related supplemental ASUs, refer to Note 1 to our condensed financial statements contained in this quarterly report on Form 10-Q.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Comparison of the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and ~~2016~~2018

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and ~~2016~~2018 (in thousands):


	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,						Three months ended March 31,
	2017			2016			2017			2016			2019			2018
Revenue under strategic alliances and collaborations	$	18		$	204		$	54		$	1,176		$	6,778		$	18
Research and development expenses	12,697			14,554			42,727			49,326			5,983			11,828
General and administrative expenses	2,736			4,842			13,752			13,609			3,533			3,773
Interest and other expenses, net	(420		)	(323		)	(1,171		)	(66		)	(522		)	(441		)

Revenue under strategic alliances and collaborations

Our revenues are generated from ongoing strategic alliance and collaborations, and generally consist of upfront payments for licenses or options to obtain licenses in the future, milestone payments and payments for other research services. ~~The following table summarizes~~Revenue under our ~~total revenues~~strategic alliance with Sanofi was $6.8 million for the ~~periods indicated (in thousands):~~

Three months ended
September 30, Nine months ended
September 30,
2017 2016 2017 2016
Sanofi $ 18
$ 18
$ 54
$ 54
AstraZeneca —
186
—
1,122
Total revenues under strategic alliances and collaborations $ 18
$ 204
$ 54
$ 1,176

~~Revenue under strategic alliances was~~three months ended March 31, 2019, compared to less than ~~$0.1 million and~~ $0.1 million for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2017, respectively, compared~~March 31, 2018. The increase was attributable to ~~$0.2 million and $1.2 million for~~recognizing all of the Upfront Amendment Payments under the 2018 Sanofi Amendment as revenue during the three ~~and nine~~ months ended September 30, 2016, respectively. The reduction in revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 was the result of the expiration of the AstraZeneca research and development plan under the collaboration in August 2016.

March 31, 2019. As of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, we had ~~$2.0~~$0.1 million of ~~deferred revenue,~~contract liabilities, which consisted of payments received through our strategic ~~alliances~~alliance that have not yet been recognized in accordance with our revenue recognition policies.

Research and development expenses

The following tables summarize the components of our research and development expenses for the periods indicated, together with year-over-year changes (dollars in thousands):


									Increase (decrease)													Increase (decrease)
	Three months ended September 30, 2017		% of total		Three months ended September 30, 2016		% of total		$			%		Three months ended March 31, 2019		% of total		Three months ended March 31, 2018		% of total		$			%
Research and development
Personnel and internal expenses	$	4,530	36	%	$	6,469	44	%	$	(1,939	)	(30	)%	$	2,795	47	%	$	4,643	39	%	$	(1,848	)	(40	)%
Third-party and outsourced expenses	7,046		55	%	6,331		44	%	715			11	%	2,519		42	%	6,291		53	%	(3,772		)	(60	)%
Non-cash stock-based compensation	653		5	%	1,199		8	%	(546		)	(46	)%	489		8	%	666		6	%	(177		)	(27	)%
Depreciation	488		4	%	555		4	%	(67		)	(12	)%	180		3	%	228		2	%	(48		)	(21	)%
Total research and development expenses	$	12,717	100	%	$	14,554	100	%	$	(1,837	)			$	5,983	100	%	$	11,828	100	%	$	(5,845	)	(49	)%

Increase (decrease)
Nine months ended September 30, 2017 % of total Nine months ended September 30, 2016 % of total $ %
Research and development
Personnel and internal expenses $ 17,231
40 % $ 17,964
36 % $ (733 ) (4 )%
Third-party and outsourced expenses 22,873
54 % 26,046
53 % (3,173 ) (12 )%
Non-cash stock-based compensation 1,012
2 % 3,931
8 % (2,919 ) (74 )%
Depreciation 1,631
4 % 1,385
3 % 246
18 %
Total research and development expenses $ 42,747
100 % $ 49,326
100 % $ (6,579 )

Research and development expenses were ~~$12.7~~$6.0 million ~~and $42.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, compared to $14.6 million and $49.3 million for the three and nine months ended~~

~~September 30, 2016, respectively. The aggregate decrease in research and development expenses~~ for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019, compared to $11.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018. The aggregate decrease was driven by a $3.8 million decrease in external development expenses during the three months ended March 31, 2019, primarily attributable to the pausing of the RGLS4326 program in the third quarter of 2018 and commencement of the transfer of the RG-012 program to Sanofi under the 2018 Sanofi Amendment in the fourth quarter of 2018. Additionally, the decrease for the three months ended March 31, 2019 as compared to the three months ended ~~September 30, 2016~~March 31, 2018 was driven by a $1.9 million reduction in personnel and internal ~~costs,~~expenses, primarily attributable to a reduction in costs subsequent to our May 2017 corporate restructuring. The aggregate decrease in research and development expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was driven by a $3.2 million reduction in external development costs, primarily driven by the wind-down of clinical activities related to the RG-101 program subsequent to the FDA clinical hold. Additionally, non-cash stock-based compensation decreased by $2.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2016. This decrease was driven by a $1.4 million reversal of stock-based compensation as a result of the cancellation of unvested stock options in connection with our May 2017 corporate restructuring in ~~addition to a reduction in grant date fair value, and resulting non-cash stock-based compensation expense,~~the third quarter of ~~stock options granted in 2017 versus the comparative period.~~2018.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses were $2.7 million and $13.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, compared to $4.8 million and $13.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively. The decrease of $2.1$3.5 million for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019, compared to $3.8 million for the three months ended ~~September 30, 2016 was primarily driven by a reduction in non-cash stock-based compensation of $1.6 million, attributable to a reduction in grant date fair value,~~March 31, 2018. These amounts reflect personnel-related and ~~resulting non-cash stock-based compensation expense, of stock options granted in 2017 versus the comparative period.~~ongoing general business operating costs.

Interest and other expenses, net

Net interest and other expenses were ~~$0.4 million and $1.2~~$0.5 million for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2017, respectively,~~March 31, 2019, compared to ~~$0.3 million and $0.1~~$0.4 million for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2016, respectively. The net increase for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 compared~~March 31, 2018, primarily related to ~~the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was driven by~~ interest charges associated with our outstanding ~~$20.0 million secured term loan from Oxford, which we borrowed in June 2016.~~Term Loan.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Since our inception through ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, we have received ~~$85.1 million principally from upfront payments, research funding and preclinical milestones from our strategic alliances and collaborations, $300.1~~$302.2 million from the sale of our equity and convertible debt securities ~~(including $70.0~~$89.3 million ~~in net proceeds~~ from our ~~initial public offering~~strategic alliances and ~~concurrent private placement of our common stock in October 2012, $45.8 million in net proceeds~~collaborations, principally from ~~our public offering in July 2013, $76.3 million in net proceeds from our public offering in November 2014~~upfront payments, research funding and ~~$43.0 million in net proceeds from our public offering in July 2017)~~preclinical and clinical milestones, and $19.8 million in net proceeds from our ~~June 2016 secured term loan.~~

Term Loan. As of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, we had cash, cash equivalents and ~~marketable securities~~short-term investments of ~~$71.4~~$10.3 million. In ~~July 2017,~~addition, on May 7, 2019, completed the Initial Closing under the Private Placement, pursuant to which we ~~completed an underwritten public offering~~sold and issued (i) 9,730,534 shares of ~~our~~ common stock and ~~received net~~accompanying warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 9,730,534 shares of common stock at a combined purchase price of $1.205 per share, and (ii) 415,898 shares of non-voting Class A-1 convertible preferred stock, in lieu of shares of common stock, at a price of $10.80 per share, and accompanying warrants to purchase an aggregate of 4,158,980 shares of common stock at a price of $0.125 for each share of common stock underlying such warrants. Total gross proceeds from the ~~offering~~Initial Closing were approximately $16.7 million, which does not include any proceeds that may be received upon exercise of ~~approximately $43.0 million after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and other offering expenses payable by us. We believe our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments as~~the warrants. Each share of ~~September 30, 2017~~non-voting Class A-1 convertible preferred stock is convertible into 10 shares of common stock, subject to certain beneficial ownership conversion limitations. The warrants will be ~~sufficient~~exercisable for a period of five years following the date of issuance and will have an exercise price of $1.08 per share, subject to ~~fund our operations for at least the next 12 months. We have evaluated and concluded that there are no conditions or events, considered individually or~~proportional adjustments in the ~~aggregate,~~event of stock splits or combinations or similar events. In addition, subject to our public announcement on or before December 31, 2019 of our plan to recommence the Phase 1 multiple ascending dose clinical trial of RGLS4326 based upon correspondence from FDA, the investors in the Private Placement agreed to purchase shares of non-voting convertible preferred stock and accompanying warrants to purchase shares of common stock the Milestone Closing, subject to certain closing conditions. If the Milestone Closing occurs, the gross proceeds from that closing will be approximately $25.1 million, excluding the exercise price of the warrants.

If we are unable to maintain sufficient financial resources, our business, financial condition and results of operations will be materially and adversely affected. There can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain the needed financing on acceptable terms or at all. Additionally, equity or debt financings may have a dilutive effect on the holdings of our existing stockholders. These factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going ~~concern~~concern.

Our future capital requirements are difficult to forecast and will depend on many factors, including:

whether and when we achieve any milestones under our strategic alliance agreement with Sanofi;

the terms and timing of any other strategic alliance, licensing and other arrangements that we may establish;

the initiation, progress, timing and completion of preclinical studies and clinical trials for ~~a period~~our development programs and product candidates, and associated costs;

the number and characteristics of ~~one year following~~ product candidates that we pursue;

the ~~date~~outcome, timing and cost of regulatory approvals;

delays that ~~these financial statements are issued.~~may be caused by changing regulatory requirements;

the cost and timing of hiring new employees;

the costs involved in filing and prosecuting patent applications and enforcing and defending patent claims;

the costs and timing of procuring clinical and commercial supplies of our product candidates;

the costs and timing of establishing sales, marketing and distribution capabilities;

the extent to which we acquire or invest in businesses, products or technologies; and

payments under our Term Loan.

The following table shows a summary of our cash flows for the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2017~~March 31, 2019 and ~~2016~~2018 (in thousands):


	Nine months ended September 30,						Three months ended March 31,
	2017			2016			2019			2018
	(unaudited)						(unaudited)
Net cash (used in) provided by:
Operating activities	$	(47,672	)	$	(41,775	)	$	(4,433	)	$	(15,602	)
Investing activities	9,538			19,927			161			11,439
Financing activities	43,415			20,594			657			701
Total	$	5,281		$	(1,254	)	$	(3,615	)	$	(3,462	)

Operating activities

Net cash used in operating activities was ~~$47.7~~$4.4 million for the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, compared to ~~$41.8~~$15.6 million for the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2016.~~March 31, 2018. The ~~increase~~decrease in net cash used in operating activities was primarily attributable to a net loss of $3.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, compared to a net loss of $16.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018. This decrease was partially offset by changes in working capital resulting in net cash ~~provided by~~used in operating activities of ~~$0.9~~$4.1 million for the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, compared to net cash ~~provided by~~used in operating activities of ~~$8.1~~$1.9 million for the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2016. Changes in working capital for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 included the receipt of a $10.0 million milestone payment under our strategic alliance with AstraZeneca.~~March 31, 2018.

Investing activities

~~Net~~The decrease in net cash provided by investing activities ~~for the periods presented primarily related to the~~was driven by net of purchases, sales and maturities of investments used to fund our operations. We invest cash in excess of our immediate operating requirements in a way that maturity is staggered and designed to optimize our return on investment, while satisfying our liquidity needs. Net cash provided by sales and disposals of property and equipment of $0.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2019, compared to net sales and maturities of short-term investments ~~was $9.8~~of $11.4 million for the ~~nine~~three months ended ~~September 30, 2017, compared to $20.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016.~~March 31, 2018.

Financing activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was ~~$43.4~~$0.7 million for each the ~~nine~~three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to $20.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The increase in net cash provided by financing activities was primarily attributable to $43.0 million in net proceeds received from our public offering in July 2017.March 31, 2019 and 2018. Net cash provided by financing activities for the ~~nine~~three months ~~ending September 30, 2016 included $19.8 million in net~~ended March 31, 2019 was primarily attributable to proceeds ~~received~~ from ~~borrowings~~the issuance of our common stock, partially offset by the remittance of principal amortization payments under our ~~secured term loan with Oxford in June 2016.~~Term Loan. Net cash provided by financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2018 was primarily attributable to proceeds from capital lease financing activities.

CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS AND COMMITMENTS

As of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, there have been no material changes, outside of the ordinary course of business, in our outstanding contractual obligations from those disclosed within ~~"Management's~~the contractual obligations table under “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of ~~Operations"~~Operations”, as contained in our Annual ~~Report.~~Report, other than the January 2019 and March 2019 amendments to our Loan Agreement (refer to Note 5 for information regarding these amendments) and the April 2019 and May 2019 amendments to our Loan Agreement (refer to Note 9 for information regarding these amendments).

~~Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements~~OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS

As of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements.

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Some of the securities that we invest in have market risk ~~in that~~where a change in prevailing interest rates may cause the principal amount of ~~the marketable securities~~short-term investments to fluctuate. Financial instruments that potentially subject us to significant concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments. We invest our excess cash primarily in ~~commercial paper and~~ debt instruments of financial institutions, corporations, U.S. government-sponsored agencies and the U.S. Treasury. The primary objectives of our investment activities are to ensure liquidity and to preserve principal while at the same time maximizing the income we receive from our ~~marketable securities~~short-term investments without significantly increasing risk. Additionally, we established guidelines regarding approved investments and maturities of investments, which are designed to maintain safety and liquidity.

Because of the short-term maturities of our cash equivalents and ~~marketable securities,~~short-term investments, we do not believe that an increase in market rates would have any significant impact on the realized value of our ~~marketable securities.~~short-term investments. If a 10% change in interest rates were to have occurred on ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, this change would not have had a material effect on the fair value of our investment portfolio as of that date.

We also have interest rate exposure as a result of our outstanding ~~$20.0 million secured term loan from Oxford.~~Term Loan. As of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, the outstanding principal amount of the ~~term loan~~Term Loan was ~~$20.0~~$15.3 million. The ~~term loan~~Term Loan bears interest at a floating per annum rate equal to (i) 8.51% plus (ii) the greater of (a) the 30 day U.S. Dollar LIBOR rate reported in The Wall Street Journal on the last business day of the month that immediately precedes the month in which the interest will accrue and (b) 0.44%. Changes in the U.S. Dollar LIBOR rate may therefore affect our interest expense associated with the ~~term loan.~~Term Loan.

If a 10% change in interest rates were to have occurred on ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, this change would not have had a material effect on our interest expense as of that date.

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ~~ensure~~provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in our periodic and current reports that we file with the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and our principal financial and accounting officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable and not absolute assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In reaching a reasonable level of assurance, management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. In addition, the design of any system of controls also is based, in part, upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

As of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and our principal financial and accounting officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. Based on this evaluation, our principal executive officer and our principal financial and accounting officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of ~~September 30, 2017.~~March 31, 2019.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act. An evaluation was also performed under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and our principal financial and accounting officer, of any change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our last fiscal quarter and that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. That evaluation did not identify any change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our latest fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

On January 31, 2017, a putative class action complaint was filed by Baran Polat in the United States District Court for the Southern District of California, or District Court, against us, Paul C. Grint (our former Chief Executive Officer), and Joseph P. Hagan (then our Chief Operating Officer and currently our President and Chief Executive Officer). The complaint includes claims asserted, on behalf of certain purchasers of our securities, under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. In general, the complaint alleges that, between January 21, 2016, and June 27, 2016, the defendants violated the federal securities laws by making materially false and misleading statements regarding our business and the prospects for RG-101, thereby artificially inflating the price of our securities. The plaintiff seeks unspecified monetary damages and other relief. On February 10, 2017, a second putative class action complaint was filed by Li Jin in the District Court against the Company, Mr. Hagan, Dr. Grint, and Timothy Wright, the Company’s Chief Research and Development Officer. The Complaint alleges claims similar to those asserted by Mr. Polat. The actions have been related. On ~~February17,~~February 17, 2017, the District Court entered an order stating that defendants need not answer, or otherwise respond, until the District Court enters an

order appointing, pursuant to the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, lead plaintiff and lead counsel, and the parties then submit a schedule to the District Court for the filing of an amended or consolidated complaint and the timing of

defendants’ answer or response. On April 3, 2017, two motions for consolidation of the two actions, appointment of lead plaintiff and approval of counsel were filed in the actions, or the Consolidation and Lead Plaintiff Motions. On October 26, 2017, the District Court entered an order consolidating the cases, appointing lead plaintiffs, and appointing lead counsel for lead plaintiffs. On December 22, 2017, lead plaintiffs filed a consolidated complaint against the Company, Dr. Grint, Mr. Hagan, and Michael Huang (our former Vice President of Clinical Development). The consolidated complaint alleges that between February 17, 2016 and June 12, 2017, the Defendants violated Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, by making materially false and misleading statements regarding RG-101. The consolidated complaint seeks unspecified monetary damages and an award of attorneys’ fees and costs. On February 6, 2018, defendants filed a Motion to Dismiss the Consolidated Complaint. On March 23, 2018, plaintiff filed their opposition to the motion and on April 24, 2018, defendants filed their response. No hearing date has been set. We intend to vigorously defend this matter.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

You should carefully consider the following risk factors, as well as the other information in this report, before deciding whether to purchase, hold or sell shares of our common stock. The occurrence of any of the following risks could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and/or growth prospects or cause our actual results to differ materially from those contained in forward-looking statements we have made in this report and those we may make from time to time. You should consider all the factors described when evaluating our business. The risk factors set forth below that are marked with an asterisk (*) ~~did not appear as separate risk factors in, or~~ contain changes to the similarly titled risk factors included in, Item 1A of our Annual Report. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition, results of operations and future growth prospects would likely be materially and adversely affected. In these circumstances, the market price of our common stock would likely decline.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR FINANCIAL CONDITION AND NEED FOR ADDITIONAL CAPITAL

We will need to raise additional capital, and if we are unable to do so when needed, we will not be able to continue as a going concern.*

This Form 10-Q includes disclosures regarding management’s assessment of our ability to continue as a going concern as our current liquidity position and recurring losses from operations since inception and negative cash flows from operating activities raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. As of March 31, 2019, we had approximately $10.3 million of cash and cash equivalents and we had $15.2 million of outstanding debt principal obligations under our Term Loan with Oxford. The Eighth Amendment provides that the Company has increased the prepayment percentage for the funds that it is required to prepay under the Term Loan in the event that the Company receives the $10.0 million first development milestone payment (the “Milestone Payment”) under the Second Amended and Restated Collaboration and License Agreement, dated February 5, 2014, with Sanofi, from 75% to 100% of the Milestone Payment (the “Sanofi Prepayment”). Under the Eighth Amendment, the Company is required to maintain cash in a collateral account controlled by the Lender (the “Minimum Cash Balance”) of $5.0 million if the Company has not yet paid the Sanofi Prepayment. Upon payment of the Sanofi Prepayment to the Lender, the Company will no longer be required to maintain the Minimum Cash Balance and the lien on the Company’s intellectual property will be released. We will need to raise additional capital to fund our operations and service our debt obligations, and if we are unable to raise additional capital when needed, we will not be able to continue as a going concern.

As we move future lead compounds through toxicology and other preclinical studies, also referred to as nonclinical studies, required to file an IND, and as we conduct clinical development of RGLS4326, RGLS5579 and any other future product candidates, we may have adverse results requiring mitigation strategies that may cause us to consume additional capital. For example, in July 2018 we voluntarily paused our Phase I MAD clinical trial for RGLS4326 due to unexpected observations in our 27-week mouse chronic toxicity study, which was designed to support the Phase II proof-of-concept clinical trial in ADPKD previously planned to start in mid-2019. In consultation with FDA, we initiated a new mouse chronic toxicity study in September 2018 with certain changes that are believed to address the unexpected observations. In January 2019, we announced data from a planned interim analysis of this study after 13 weeks of dosing in which no adverse or other significant findings across the range of doses tested were shown. In January 2019, we submitted a comprehensive data package for

RGLS4326 to the FDA that will include the results from the planned 13-week interim analysis of the ongoing repeat mouse chronic toxicity study, as well as results from additional investigations, analytical testing, additional data from the previously terminated mouse chronic toxicity study, data from the completed Phase I SAD study and data from the first cohort of the Phase I MAD study to support our plan to resume the Phase I MAD study; however, we cannot be certain FDA will permit the Phase I MAD study to resume based on our interim analysis. Additionally, our strategic alliance partners may not elect to pursue the development and commercialization of any of our microRNA product candidates that are subject to their respective strategic alliance agreements with us. Any of these events may increase our development costs more than we expect. For example, in June 2017, AstraZeneca terminated its development of RG-125(AZD4076). Upon the effective date of termination, in June 2019, AstraZeneca’s rights to the program will revert to us and we may decide to continue with its development but will then be responsible for any continuing costs of development. In November 2018, we and Sanofi agreed to transition further development activities of our miR-21 programs, including our RG-012 program, to Sanofi, which will be responsible for all costs incurred in the development of our miR-21 programs. As a result, we will not receive royalties in the event our miR-21 programs are eventually commercialized and will also receive significantly reduced milestones for these programs. We may need to raise additional capital or otherwise obtain funding through additional strategic alliances if we choose to initiate clinical trials for new product candidates other than programs currently partnered. In any event, we will require additional capital to obtain regulatory approval for, and to commercialize, future product candidates.

For the foreseeable future, we expect to rely primarily on equity and/or debt financings to fund our operations. Raising additional capital through the sale of securities could cause significant dilution to our stockholders. Any additional fundraising efforts may divert our management from their day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize our product candidates. Our ability to raise additional funds will depend, in part, on the success of our preclinical studies and clinical trials and other product development activities, regulatory events, our ability to identify and enter into licensing or other strategic arrangements, and other events or conditions that may affect our value or prospects, as well as factors related to financial, economic and market conditions, many of which are beyond our control. There can be no assurances that sufficient funds will be available to us when required or on acceptable terms, if at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when required or on acceptable terms, we may be required to:

significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development or commercialization of any future product candidates;

seek strategic alliances, or amend existing alliances, for research and development programs at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable or for the development of programs that we otherwise would have sought to develop independently, or on terms that are less favorable than might otherwise be available;

dispose of technology assets, or relinquish or license on unfavorable terms, our rights to technologies or any future product candidates that we otherwise would seek to develop or commercialize ourselves;

pursue the sale of our company to a third party at a price that may result in a loss on investment for our stockholders; or

file for bankruptcy or cease operations altogether.

Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and prospects.

In addition, under current SEC regulations, at any time during which the aggregate market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates, or our public float, is less than $75 million, the amount we can raise through primary public offerings of our securities in any twelve-month period using one or more registration statements on Form S-3, or shelf registration statements, including sales under our Common Stock Sales Agreement with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC, or the Sales Agreement, will be limited ~~operating history,~~to an aggregate of one-third of our public float. As of May 7, 2019, our public float was approximately $27.8 million, which means that we may only sell approximately $9.3 million of our securities using shelf registration statements. We sold zero shares of our common stock under the baby shelf rules in the twelve-month period ended May 7, 2019. Accordingly, we currently have the capacity to issue up to approximately $9.3 million worth of additional shares of our common stock pursuant to the Sales Agreement. If our public float decreases, the amount of securities we may sell under shelf registration statements, including sales under the Sales Agreement, will also decrease. Any limitations on our ability to use shelf registration statements may harm our ability to raise the capital we need to advance the development of our product candidates in an efficient manner or on acceptable terms and continue as a going concern.

Payments under the instruments governing our indebtedness may reduce our working capital. In addition, a default under our loan and security agreement could cause a material adverse effect on our financial position.*

In June 2016, we entered into a loan and security agreement with Oxford. Under the terms of the Loan Agreement, Oxford provided us with a Term Loan of $20.0 million. Our obligations under the Loan Agreement are secured by a first priority security interest in substantially all of our current and future assets, except for the Assigned Assets that were licensed, assigned and transferred to Sanofi pursuant to the 2018 Sanofi Amendment, provided that the Oxford will continue to have liens on all proceeds received by us pursuant to the Sanofi License. We have also agreed not to encumber our intellectual property assets, except as permitted by the Loan Agreement.

On August 6, 2018, we and Oxford entered into an amendment to the parties’ Loan Agreement. Under the terms of the amendment, we were required to make payments of interest-only for an additional three-month period, from August 2018 through October 2018. Amortization payments commenced in November 2018.

On November 5, 2018 and in connection with the 2018 Sanofi Amendment we entered into the Fourth Amendment. Under the terms of the Fourth Amendment, we are required to prepay part of the Term Loan with 25% of certain payments we receive under the 2018 Sanofi Amendment, which payments consist of the Upfront Amendment Payments and the first development milestone payment in the amount of $10.0 million. We will also be required to pay the applicable 5.5% final payment fee related to each such 2018 Sanofi Amendment prepayment.

On January 31, 2019, we and Oxford entered into the Fifth Amendment, under which our required monthly payment to Oxford for the month of February 2019 was comprised of interest only.

On March 7, 2019, we and Oxford entered into the Sixth Amendment, under which our required monthly payment to Oxford for the month of March 2019 was comprised of interest only.

On April 9, 2019, we and Oxford entered into the Seventh Amendment. Under the terms of the Seventh Amendment, our required monthly payments to the Lender will be comprised of interest only through and including the payment date immediately preceding the Second Amortization Date: (i) April 1, 2019, if we do not receive unrestricted gross cash proceeds of not less than $10 million on or before April 30, 2019 from (a) the issuance and sale of our unsecured subordinated convertible debt and/or equity securities and/or (b) “up front” or milestone payments in connection with a joint venture, collaboration or other partnering transaction other than pursuant to the Sanofi License (the receipt of such net proceeds, a “Capital Event”), and (ii) May 1, 2019, if the Capital Event occurs. Commencing on the Second Amortization Date, and continuing on each successive payment date thereafter, we are required to make consecutive equal monthly payments of principal, together with applicable interest, in arrears, to the Lender; provided, however, that we are required to make the monthly principal payment due April 1, 2019 on May 1, 2019 (in addition to all other payments due on May 1, 2019) if the Capital Event does not occur. Payments under the Loan Agreement could result in a significant reduction of our assets. The Seventh Amendment also provides that we can irrevocably elect to increase the prepayment percentage for the funds that we are required to prepay under the Term Loan in the event we receive $10.0 million from the first development milestone under the Sanofi License from 25% to 75% (the “Applicable Sanofi Percentage”). Under the Seventh Amendment, we are required to maintain cash in a collateral account controlled by the Lender of (i) $10.0 million if the Applicable Sanofi Percentage is 25% and if we have not prepaid an aggregate of $5 million under the Term Loan (which amount shall not include any Sanofi License prepayments) on or before April 30, 2019 (such prepayment, the “Principal Paydown Event”), (ii) $5.0 million if the Applicable Sanofi Percentage is 75% and the Principal Paydown Event has not occurred and (iii) zero if the Principal Paydown Event has occurred.

On May 3, 2019, we entered into the Eighth Amendment. Pursuant to the terms of the Eighth Amendment and as a result of the completion of the Initial Closing under the Private Placement, our required monthly payments to the Lender will be comprised of interest only from May 2019 through and including the payment to be made in April 2020, in exchange for an interest only period extension fee of $0.1 million. Additionally, under the Eighth Amendment, the Term Loan maturity date was extended from June 2020 to May 2022, in exchange for a maturity date extension fee of $0.7 million. Pursuant to the Eighth Amendment, if an additional $20.0 million in capital is received by us on or before December 31, 2019 (the “December Capital Event”), our required monthly payments to the Lender will be comprised of interest only through and including the payment to be made in April 2021. Commencing in May 2020, or, if the December Capital Event occurs, May 2021, and continuing on each successive payment date thereafter, we are required to make consecutive equal monthly payments of principal, together with applicable interest, in arrears, to the Lender. The Eighth Amendment also provides that we have increased the prepayment percentage for the funds that it is required to prepay under the Term Loan, in the event that we receive the $10.0 million first development milestone payment (the “Milestone Payment”) under the 2018 Sanofi Amendment from 75% to 100% of the Milestone Payment. Upon payment of the Milestone Payment to the Lender, we will no longer be required to maintain cash in a collateral account controlled by Lender and the lien on our intellectual property will be released.

Amounts outstanding under the Term Loan mature on May 1, 2022.

The Loan Agreement requires us, and any debt arrangements we may enter into in the future may require us, to comply with various covenants that limit our ability to, among other things:

dispose of assets;

complete mergers or acquisitions;

incur indebtedness;

encumber assets;

pay dividends or make other distributions to holders of our capital stock;

make specified investments; and

engage in transactions with our affiliates.

These restrictions could inhibit our ability to pursue our business strategies. If we default under our obligations under the Loan Agreement, the lender could proceed against the collateral granted to it to secure our indebtedness or declare all obligation under the Loan Agreement to be due and payable. In certain circumstances, procedures by the lenders could result in a loss by us of all of our equipment and inventory, which are included in the collateral granted to the lenders. If any indebtedness under the Loan Agreement were to be accelerated, there can be no assurance that our assets would be sufficient to repay in full that indebtedness. In addition, upon any distribution of assets pursuant to any liquidation, insolvency, dissolution, reorganization or similar proceeding, the holders of secured indebtedness will be entitled to receive payment in full from the proceeds of the collateral securing our secured indebtedness before the holders of other indebtedness or our common stock will be entitled to receive any distribution with respect thereto.

We may incur additional indebtedness in the future. The debt instruments governing such indebtedness may contain provisions that are as, or more, restrictive than the provisions governing our existing indebtedness under the Loan Agreement. If we are unable to repay, refinance or restructure our indebtedness when payment is due, the lenders could proceed against the collateral or force us into bankruptcy or liquidation.

We have incurred significant losses since our inception and anticipate that we will continue to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future.*

~~We are a biopharmaceutical company, formed in 2007, with a limited operating history.~~ Since inception, our operations have been primarily limited to acquiring and in-licensing intellectual property rights, developing our microRNA product platform, undertaking basic research around microRNA targets and conducting preclinical and clinical studies for our initial programs. We have not yet obtained regulatory approval for any product candidates. Consequently, any predictions about our future success or viability, or any evaluation of our business and prospects, may not be accurate.

We have incurred losses in each year since our inception in September 2007. Our net losses were ~~$15.8~~$3.3 million and ~~$57.5~~$16.0 million for the three ~~and nine~~ months ended ~~September 30, 2017, respectively, compared to $19.5 million~~March 31, 2019 and ~~$61.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016,~~2018, respectively. As of ~~September 30, 2017,~~March 31, 2019, we had an accumulated deficit of~~$331.4~~ $396.0 million.

We have devoted most of our financial resources to research and development, including our preclinical and clinical development activities. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through the sale of equity securities and convertible debt, through our ~~secured term loan from Oxford~~Term Loan and from revenue received from our strategic alliance partners. We have a strategic alliance with Sanofi relating to the development of our miR-21 programs for HCC and kidney fibrosis and our miR-221/222 program for oncology indications. ~~In June 2017, AstraZeneca provided notice to us of its election to discontinue the clinical development of RG-125(AZD4076) for NASH and terminated~~Under our collaboration and license ~~agreement. Under the agreement with AstraZeneca, the termination will become effective on June 9, 2018, at which time AstraZeneca's rights to RG-125(AZD4076) will revert to us. Under our~~ agreement with Sanofi, Sanofi has an option to obtain exclusive worldwide licenses for the development, manufacture and commercialization of ~~potential product candidates selected from~~ our ~~programs.~~preclinical program targeting miR-221/222 for HCC. If Sanofi exercises its option, ~~to obtain a license to develop, manufacture and commercialize any such product candidate,~~ it will assume responsibility for funding and conducting further clinical development and commercialization activities for such product candidate. However, if Sanofi does not exercise its option, ~~within the timeframes that we expect, or at all,~~ we will be responsible for funding further development of the applicable product candidate and may not have the resources to do so unless we are able to enter into another strategic alliance for such product candidate. In November 2018, we and Sanofi agreed to transition further development activities of our miR-21 programs, including our RG-012 program, to Sanofi, which will be responsible for all costs incurred in the development of our miR-21 programs. RG-012 transition activities are substantially complete. In June 2017, AstraZeneca provided notice to us of its election to discontinue the clinical development of RG-125(AZD4076) for NASH and terminated our collaboration and license agreement. Under the agreement with AstraZeneca, the termination was to become effective in June 2018. In May 2018, AstraZeneca requested to extend the agreement termination effective date by an additional 12 months to allow AstraZeneca to complete all activities involving AZD4076. By the end of this 12-month extension, the parties will complete the transfer activities contemplated by the agreement. The new termination effective date pursuant to the extension will be June 2019.

The size of our future net losses will depend, in part, on the rate of future expenditures and our ability to obtain funding through equity or debt financings, strategic alliances or grants. We ~~have filed an IND package with~~initiated clinical development of RGLS4326 for the ~~FDA for RGLS4326.~~treatment of ADPKD. We ~~have~~had also initiated clinical development of RG-012, ~~however,~~which we subsequently transferred to Sanofi, and it will be several years, if ever, before ~~we or our strategic alliance partners have~~Sanofi has a product candidate ready for commercialization. Even if we or our strategic alliance partners successfully obtain regulatory approval to market a product candidate, our revenues will also depend upon the size of any markets in which our product candidates have received market approval, and our ability to achieve sufficient market acceptance and adequate market share for our products.

We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and increasing operating losses for the foreseeable future. The net losses we incur may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter. We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially if and as we: continue our research and preclinical and clinical development of our product candidates, both independently and under our strategic alliance agreements; seek to identify additional microRNA targets and product candidates; acquire or in-license other products and technologies; continue with clinical development of our product candidates; seek marketing

approvals for our product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials; ultimately establish a sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure to commercialize any products for which we may obtain marketing approval; maintain, expand and protect our intellectual property portfolio; hire additional clinical, regulatory, research and administrative personnel; and create additional infrastructure to support our operations and our product development and planned future commercialization efforts.

We have never generated any revenue from product sales and may never be profitable.

Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability depends on our ability, alone or with strategic alliance partners, to successfully complete the development of, obtain the necessary regulatory approvals for and commercialize product candidates. We do not anticipate generating revenues from sales of products for the foreseeable future, if ever. Our ability to generate future revenues from product sales depends heavily on our success in:

identifying and validating new microRNAs as therapeutic targets;

completing our research and preclinical development of product candidates;

initiating and completing clinical trials for product candidates;

seeking and obtaining marketing approvals for product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials;

establishing and maintaining supply and manufacturing relationships with third parties;

launching and commercializing product candidates for which we obtain marketing approval, with an alliance partner or, if launched independently, successfully establishing a sales force, marketing and distribution infrastructure;

maintaining, protecting and expanding our intellectual property portfolio; and

attracting, hiring and retaining qualified personnel.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with pharmaceutical product development, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses and when we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability, if ever. In addition, our expenses could increase beyond expectations if we are required by the FDA or foreign regulatory agencies to perform studies and trials in addition to those that we currently anticipate.

Even if one or more of the product candidates that we independently develop is approved for commercial sale, we anticipate incurring significant costs associated with commercializing any approved product. Even if we are able to generate revenues from the sale of any approved products, we may not become profitable and may need to obtain additional funding to continue operations.

We may need to raise additional capital, which may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. *

Developing pharmaceutical products, including conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials, is expensive. We expect our research and development expenses to substantially increase in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we advance our product candidates towards or through clinical trials. We will need to raise additional capital to support our operations and such funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. We believe our existing capital resources will be sufficient to fund our planned operations and expenditures for at least the next 12 months. However, we cannot provide assurances that our plans will not change or that changed circumstances will not result in the depletion of our capital resources more rapidly than we currently anticipate.

As we move future lead compounds through toxicology and other preclinical studies, also referred to as nonclinical studies, required to file an IND, and as we conduct clinical development of RG-012, RGLS4326 and any other future product candidates, we may have adverse results requiring mitigation strategies that may cause us to consume additional capital. Additionally, our strategic alliance partners may not elect to pursue the development and commercialization of any of our ~~micro~~RNA product candidates that are subject to their respective strategic alliance agreements with us. Any of these events may increase our development costs more than we expect. For example, AstraZeneca terminated its development of RG-125(AZD4076). Upon the effective date of termination, AstraZeneca’s rights to the program will revert to us and we may decide to continue with its development but will then be responsible for any continuing costs of development. We may need to raise additional capital or otherwise obtain funding through additional strategic alliances if we choose to initiate clinical trials for new product candidates other than programs currently partnered. In any event, we will require additional capital to obtain regulatory approval for, and to commercialize, future product candidates.

If we are required to secure additional financing, such additional fundraising efforts may divert our management from our day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to develop and commercialize future product candidates. In

addition, we cannot guarantee that future financing will be available in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when required or on acceptable terms, we may be required to:

~~significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development or commercialization of any future product candidates;~~

~~seek strategic alliances for research and development programs at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable or on terms that are less favorable than might otherwise be available; or~~

~~relinquish or license on unfavorable terms, our rights to technologies or any future product candidates that we otherwise would seek to develop or commercialize ourselves.~~

If we are required to conduct additional fundraising activities and we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, we will be prevented from pursuing development and commercialization efforts, which will have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and prospects.

In June 2016, we entered into a loan and security agreement with Oxford. Under the terms of the loan agreement, Oxford provided us with a Term A Loan of $20.0 million, with an additional $10.0 million Term B Loan available to us upon the achievement of a milestone until the earlier of 60 days after the achievement of the milestone or March 31, 2017, subject to the non-occurrence of a prior event of default. The ability to borrow on the Term B Loan expired on March 31, 2017. Our obligations under the loan agreement are secured by a first priority security interest in substantially all of our current and future assets, other than our intellectual property. We have also agreed not to encumber our intellectual property assets, except as permitted by the loan agreement. Amounts outstanding under the loan agreement mature on June 1, 2020 and will be interest-only through June 1, 2018, followed by 24 equal monthly payments of principal and unpaid accrued interest. Payments under the loan agreement could result in a significant reduction of our working capital.

~~The loan agreement requires us, and any debt arrangements we may enter into in the future may require us, to comply with various covenants that limit our ability to, among other things:~~

~~dispose of assets;~~

~~complete mergers or acquisitions;~~

~~incur indebtedness;~~

~~encumber assets;~~

~~pay dividends or make other distributions to holders of our capital stock;~~

~~make specified investments; and~~

~~engage in transactions with our affiliates.~~

These restrictions could inhibit our ability to pursue our business strategies. If we default under our obligations under the loan agreement, the lender could proceed against the collateral granted to it to secure our indebtedness or declare all obligation under the loan agreement to be due and payable. In certain circumstances, procedures by the lenders could result in a loss by us of all of our equipment and inventory, which are included in the collateral granted to the lenders. If any indebtedness under the loan agreement were to be accelerated, there can be no assurance that our assets would be sufficient to repay in full that indebtedness. In addition, upon any distribution of assets pursuant to any liquidation, insolvency, dissolution, reorganization or similar proceeding, the holders of secured indebtedness will be entitled to receive payment in full from the proceeds of the collateral securing our secured indebtedness before the holders of other indebtedness or our common stock will be entitled to receive any distribution with respect thereto.

We may incur additional indebtedness in the future. The debt instruments governing such indebtedness may contain provisions that are as, or more, restrictive than the provisions governing our existing indebtedness under the loan agreement. If we are unable to repay, refinance or restructure our indebtedness when payment is due, the lenders could proceed against the collateral or force us into bankruptcy or liquidation.

RISKS RELATED TO THE DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCT CANDIDATES

The approach we are taking to discover and develop drugs is novel and may never lead to marketable products.

We have concentrated our therapeutic product research and development efforts on microRNA technology, and our future success depends on the successful development of this technology and products based on our microRNA product platform. Neither we, nor any other company, has received regulatory approval to market therapeutics targeting microRNAs. The scientific discoveries that form the basis for our efforts to discover and develop product candidates are relatively new. The scientific evidence to support the feasibility of developing product candidates based on these discoveries is both preliminary

and limited. If we do not successfully develop and commercialize product candidates based upon our technological approach, we may not become profitable and the value of our common stock may decline.

Further, our focus solely on microRNA technology for developing drugs as opposed to multiple, more proven technologies for drug development increases the risks associated with the ownership of our common stock. If we are not successful in developing any product candidates using microRNA technology, we may be required to change the scope and direction of our product development activities. In that case, we may not be able to identify and implement successfully an alternative product development strategy.

We may not be successful in our efforts to identify or discover potential product candidates.

The success of our business depends primarily upon our ability to identify, develop and commercialize microRNA therapeutics. Our research programs may initially show promise in identifying potential product candidates, yet fail to yield product candidates for clinical development for a number of reasons, including:

our research methodology or that of any strategic alliance partner may be unsuccessful in identifying potential product candidates;

potential product candidates may be shown to have harmful side effects or may have other characteristics that may make the products unmarketable or unlikely to receive marketing approval; or

our current or future strategic alliance partners may change their development profiles for potential product candidates or abandon a therapeutic area.

If any of these events occur, we may be forced to abandon our development efforts for a program or programs, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and could potentially cause us to cease operations. Research programs to identify new product candidates require substantial technical, financial and human resources. We may focus our efforts and resources on potential programs or product candidates that ultimately prove to be unsuccessful.

Preclinical and clinical studies of our product candidates may not be successful. If we are unable to generate successful results from our preclinical and clinical studies of our product candidates, or experience significant delays in doing so, our business may be materially harmed. *

We have invested a significant portion of our efforts and financial resources in the identification and development of product candidates that target microRNAs. Our ability to generate product revenues, which we do not expect will occur for many years, if ever, will depend heavily on the successful development and eventual commercialization of our product candidates.

The success of our product candidates will depend on several factors, including the following:

successfully designing preclinical studies which may be predictive of clinical outcomes;

successful results from preclinical and clinical studies;

receipt of marketing approvals from applicable regulatory authorities;

obtaining and maintaining patent and trade secret protection for future product candidates;

establishing and maintaining manufacturing relationships with third parties or establishing our own manufacturing capability; and

successfully commercializing our products, if and when approved, whether alone or in collaboration with others.

If we do not achieve one or more of these factors in a timely manner or at all, we could experience significant delays or an inability to successfully complete the development of, or commercialize, our product candidates, which would materially harm our business.

~~The approach we are taking to discover and develop drugs is novel and may never lead to marketable products.~~

~~We have concentrated our therapeutic product research and development efforts on~~ ~~microRNA technology, and our future success depends on the successful development of this technology and products based on our~~ ~~microRNA product platform. Neither we, nor any other company, has received regulatory approval to market therapeutics targeting~~ ~~micro~~RNAs. The scientific discoveries that form the basis for our efforts to discover and develop product candidates are relatively new. The scientific evidence to support the feasibility of developing product candidates based on these discoveries is both preliminary and limited. If we do not successfully develop and commercialize product candidates based upon our technological approach, we may not become profitable and the value of our common stock may decline.

~~Further, our focus solely on~~ ~~micro~~RNA technology for developing drugs as opposed to multiple, more proven technologies for drug development increases the risks associated with the ownership of our common stock. If we are not successful in developing any product candidates using ~~micro~~RNA technology, we may be required to change the scope and direction of our product development activities. In that case, we may not be able to identify and implement successfully an alternative product development strategy.

~~We may not be successful in our efforts to identify or discover potential product candidates.~~

~~The success of our business depends primarily upon our ability to identify, develop and commercialize~~ ~~micro~~RNA therapeutics. Our research programs may initially show promise in identifying potential product candidates, yet fail to yield product candidates for clinical development for a number of reasons, including:

~~our research methodology or that of our strategic alliance partners may be unsuccessful in identifying potential product candidates;~~

~~potential product candidates may be shown to have harmful side effects or may have other characteristics that may make the products unmarketable or unlikely to receive marketing approval; or~~

~~our strategic alliance partners may change their development profiles for potential product candidates or abandon a therapeutic area.~~

identify new product candidates require substantial technical, financial and human resources. We may focus our efforts and resources on potential programs or product candidates that ultimately prove to be unsuccessful.

If clinical trials of our product candidates fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of regulatory authorities or do not otherwise produce positive results, we may incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the development and commercialization of our product candidates.*

Before obtaining marketing approval from regulatory authorities for the sale of product candidates, we or ~~our~~a strategic alliance ~~partners~~partner must conduct extensive clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the product candidates in

humans. Clinical trials are expensive, difficult to design and implement, can take many years to complete and is uncertain as to outcome. A failure of one or more clinical trials can occur at any stage of testing. The outcome of preclinical studies and early clinical trials may not be predictive of the success of later clinical trials, and interim results of a clinical trial do not necessarily predict final results. Moreover, preclinical and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and many companies that have believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in preclinical studies and clinical trials have nonetheless failed to obtain marketing approval for their products.

Events which may result in a delay or unsuccessful completion of clinical development include:

delays in reaching an agreement with the FDA or other regulatory authorities on final trial design;

imposition of a clinical hold of our clinical trial operations or trial sites by the FDA or other regulatory authorities;

delays in reaching agreement on acceptable terms with prospective CROs and clinical trial sites;

our inability to adhere to clinical trial requirements directly or with third parties such as CROs;

delays in obtaining required institutional review board approval at each clinical trial site;

delays in recruiting suitable patients to participate in a trial;

delays in the testing, validation, manufacturing and delivery of the product candidates to the clinical sites;

delays in having patients complete participation in a trial or return for post-treatment follow-up;

delays caused by patients dropping out of a trial due to protocol procedures or requirements, product side effects or disease progression;

clinical sites dropping out of a trial to the detriment of enrollment;

time required to add new clinical sites; or

delays by our contract manufacturers to produce and deliver sufficient supply of clinical trial materials.

For example, in ~~June 2016,~~July 2018, we voluntarily paused our Phase I MAD clinical trial for RGLS4326 due to unexpected observations in our 27-week mouse chronic toxicity study, which was designed to support the Phase II proof-of-concept clinical trial in ADPKD previously planned to start in mid-2019. The observations in the mouse chronic toxicity study were unexpected, given the favorable safety profile of RGLS4326 in previous non-GLP and GLP toxicity studies at the same or similar doses supporting the IND and Phase I clinical trial. In consultation with the FDA, ~~placed~~we initiated a ~~full clinical hold~~new mouse chronic toxicity study with certain changes that are believed to address the unexpected observations. In January 2019, we announced data from a planned interim analysis of this study after 13 weeks of dosing in which no adverse or other significant findings across the range of doses tested were shown. We plan to submit a comprehensive data package for RGLS4326 to the FDA that will include the results from the planned 13-week interim analysis of the ongoing repeat mouse chronic toxicity study, as well as results from additional investigations, analytical testing, additional data from the previously terminated mouse chronic toxicity study, data from the completed Phase I SAD study and data from the first cohort of the Phase I MAD study to support our plan to resume the Phase I MAD study; however, we cannot be certain FDA will permit the Phase I MAD study to resume based on our RG-101 clinical program after a second patient experienced an SAE of jaundice. In July 2016, we received a formal clinical hold letter from the FDA requesting additional studies, expert opinion and detailed safety data analysis. In December 2016, we submitted a complete response to the FDA’s initial request for information, however, the FDA later informed us that the full clinical hold placed on our RG-101 clinical development program in June 2016 would remain in effect pending the FDA’s review of all requested data. We thereafter decided to discontinue clinical development of RG-101 upon completion of the one remaining clinical study since our evaluation of the clinical data from RG-101 led to the identification of a bilirubin transport mechanism as the likely cause for the cases of SAEs of jaundice. As a result, our progress in the development of this program was significantly slowed and the associated costs increased, potentially adversely affecting our business and causing a drop in our stock price.interim analysis

If we or our current or future strategic alliance partners are required to conduct additional clinical trials or other testing of any product candidates beyond those that are currently contemplated, are unable to successfully complete clinical trials of any such product candidates or other testing, or if the results of these trials or tests are not positive or are only ~~modestly~~moderately positive or if there are safety concerns, we or our current or future strategic alliance partners may:

be delayed in obtaining marketing approval for our future product candidates;

not obtain marketing approval at all;

obtain approval for indications or patient populations that are not as broad as originally intended or desired;

obtain approval with labeling that includes significant use or distribution restrictions or safety warnings;

be subject to additional post-marketing testing requirements; or

have the product removed from the market after obtaining marketing approval.

Our product development costs will also increase if we experience delays in testing or marketing approvals. We do not know whether any clinical trials will begin as planned, will need to be restructured or will be completed on schedule, or at all. Significant clinical trial delays also could shorten any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our product candidates or allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do, which would impair our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates and may harm our business and results of operations. Any inability to successfully complete preclinical and clinical development, whether independently or with ~~our~~a strategic alliance ~~partners,~~partner, could result in additional costs to us or impair our ability to generate revenues from product sales, regulatory and commercialization milestones and royalties.

Any of our product candidates may cause adverse effects or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval or limit the scope of any approved label or market acceptance.

Adverse events, or AEs, caused by our product candidates could cause us, other reviewing entities, clinical trial sites or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials and could result in the denial of regulatory approval. Certain oligonucleotide therapeutics have shown injection site reactions and pro-inflammatory effects and may also lead to impairment of kidney or liver function. There is a risk that our future product candidates may induce similar AEs.

If AEs are observed in any clinical trials of our product candidates, including those that ~~our~~a strategic ~~partners~~alliance partner may develop under ~~our alliance agreements,~~an agreement with us, our or our partners’ ability to obtain regulatory approval for product candidates may be negatively impacted.

Further, if any of our future products, if and when approved for commercial sale, cause serious or unexpected side effects, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including:

regulatory authorities may withdraw their approval of the product or impose restrictions on its distribution in the form of a modified risk evaluation and mitigation strategy;

regulatory authorities may require the addition of labeling statements, such as warnings or contraindications;

we may be required to change the way the product is administered or conduct additional clinical trials;

we could be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients; or

our reputation may suffer.

Any of these events could prevent us or our partners from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the affected product and could substantially increase the costs of commercializing our future products and impair our ability to generate revenues from the commercialization of these products either ~~by us~~on our own or ~~by our~~with a strategic alliance ~~partners.~~partner.

Even if we complete the necessary preclinical studies and clinical trials, we cannot predict whether or when we will obtain regulatory approval to commercialize a product candidate and we cannot, therefore, predict the timing of any revenue from a future product.

Neither we nor ~~our~~any strategic alliance ~~partners~~partner can commercialize a product until the appropriate regulatory authorities, such as the FDA, have reviewed and approved the product candidate. The regulatory agencies may not complete their review processes in a timely manner, or we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval. Additional delays may result if an FDA Advisory Committee recommends restrictions on approval or recommends non-approval. In addition, we or ~~our~~a strategic alliance ~~partners~~partner may experience delays or rejections based upon additional government regulation from future legislation or administrative action, or changes in regulatory agency policy during the period of product development, clinical trials and the review process.

Even if we obtain regulatory approval for a product candidate, we will still face extensive regulatory requirements and our products may face future development and regulatory difficulties.

Even if we obtain regulatory approval in the United States, the FDA may still impose significant restrictions on the indicated uses or marketing of our product candidates, or impose ongoing requirements for potentially costly post-approval studies or post-market surveillance. The holder of an approved NDA is obligated to monitor and report AEs and any failure of a

product to meet the specifications in the NDA. The holder of an approved NDA must also submit new or supplemental applications and obtain FDA approval for certain changes to the approved product, product labeling or manufacturing process.

Advertising and promotional materials must comply with FDA rules and are subject to FDA review, in addition to other potentially applicable federal and state laws.

In addition, drug product manufacturers and their facilities are subject to payment of user fees and continual review and periodic inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities for compliance with current good manufacturing practices, or cGMP, and adherence to commitments made in the NDA. If we or a regulatory agency discovers previously unknown problems with a product such as AEs of unanticipated severity or frequency, or problems with the facility where the product is manufactured, a regulatory agency may impose restrictions relative to that product or the manufacturing facility, including requiring recall or withdrawal of the product from the market or suspension of manufacturing.

If we or our partners fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements following approval of any of our product candidates, a regulatory agency may:

issue a warning letter asserting that we are in violation of the law;

seek an injunction or impose civil or criminal penalties or monetary fines;

suspend or withdraw regulatory approval;

suspend any ongoing clinical trials;

refuse to approve a pending NDA or supplements to an NDA submitted by us;

seize product; or

refuse to allow us to enter into supply contracts, including government contracts.

Moreover, the FDA closely regulates the marketing, labeling, advertising and promotion of pharmaceutical products. A company can make only those claims relating to safety and efficacy, purity and potency that are approved by the FDA and in accordance with the provisions of the approved label. Companies may also share truthful and not misleading information that is otherwise consistent with the labeling. The FDA and other agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses. Failure to comply with these requirements can result in significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties. Physicians may prescribe legally available products for uses that are not described in the product’s labeling and that differ from those tested by us and approved by the FDA. Such off-label uses are common across medical specialties. Physicians may believe that such off-label uses are the best treatment for many patients in varied circumstances. The FDA does not regulate the behavior of physicians in their choice of treatments. The FDA does, however, restrict manufacturer’s communications on the subject of off-label use of their products.

Any government investigation of alleged violations of law could require us to expend significant time and resources in response and could generate negative publicity. The occurrence of any event or penalty described above may inhibit our ability to commercialize our future products and generate revenues.

We may not be successful in obtaining or maintaining necessary rights to microRNA targets, drug compounds and processes for our development pipeline through acquisitions and in-licenses.

Presently we have rights to the intellectual property, through licenses from third parties and under patents that we own, to modulate only a subset of the known microRNA targets. Because our programs may involve a range of microRNA targets, including targets that require the use of proprietary rights held by third parties, the growth of our business will likely depend in part on our ability to acquire, in-license or use these proprietary rights. In addition, our product candidates may require specific formulations to work effectively and efficiently and these rights may be held by others. We may be unable to acquire or in-license any compositions, methods of use, processes or other third-party intellectual property rights from third parties that we identify. The licensing and acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights is a competitive area, and a number of more established companies are also pursuing strategies to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights that we may consider attractive. These established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, cash resources and greater clinical development and commercialization capabilities.

For example, we may collaborate with U.S. and foreign academic institutions to accelerate our preclinical research or development under written agreements with these institutions. Typically, these institutions provide us with an option to negotiate a license to any of the institution’s rights in technology resulting from the collaboration. Regardless of such right of first negotiation for intellectual property, we may be unable to negotiate a license within the specified time frame or under terms that are acceptable to us. If we are unable to do so, the institution may offer the intellectual property rights to other parties, potentially blocking our ability to pursue our program.

In addition, companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us. We also may be unable to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights on terms that would allow us to make an appropriate return on our investment. If we are unable to successfully obtain rights to required third-party intellectual property rights, our business, financial condition and prospects for growth could suffer.

We may use our financial and human resources to pursue a particular research program or product candidate and fail to capitalize on programs or product candidates that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.

Because we have limited financial and human resources, ~~we intend to leverage~~ our existing ~~strategic alliance agreements and may enter into new~~strategy is to pursue strategic alliance agreements for the development and commercialization of our programs and potential product candidates in indications with potentially large commercial markets such as ADPKD, HCC, fibrosis, HCV, and ~~HCV,~~HBV, while focusing our internal development resources and any internal sales and marketing organization that we may establish on research programs and product candidates for selected markets, such as orphan diseases. As a result, we may forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with other programs or product candidates or for other indications that later prove to have greater commercial potential. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities. Our spending on research and development programs and product candidates for specific indications may not yield any commercially viable products. If we do not accurately evaluate the commercial potential or target market for a particular product candidate, we may relinquish valuable rights to that product candidate through strategic alliance, licensing or other royalty arrangements in cases in which it would have been more advantageous for us to retain sole development and commercialization rights to such product candidate, or we may allocate internal resources to a product candidate in a therapeutic area in which it would have been more advantageous to enter into a partnering arrangement.

If we fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could have a material adverse effect on the success of our business.

We are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures and the handling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. Our operations involve the use of hazardous and flammable materials, including chemicals and biological materials. Our operations also produce hazardous waste products. We generally contract with third parties for the disposal of these materials and wastes. We cannot eliminate the risk of contamination or injury from these materials. In the event of contamination or injury resulting from our use of hazardous materials, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources. We also could incur significant costs associated with civil or criminal fines and penalties.

Although we maintain workers’ compensation insurance to cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees resulting from the use of hazardous materials or other work-related injuries, this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. In addition, we may incur substantial costs in order to comply with current or future environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. These current or future laws and regulations may impair our research, development or production efforts. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations also may result in substantial fines, penalties or other sanctions.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR RELIANCE ON THIRD PARTIES

We will depend upon ~~our~~ strategic alliances for the development and eventual commercialization of certain microRNA product candidates. If these strategic alliances are unsuccessful or are terminated, we may be unable to commercialize certain product candidates and we may be unable to generate revenues from our development programs. *

We are likely to depend upon third party strategic alliance partners for financial and scientific resources for the clinical development and commercialization of certain of our microRNA product candidates. These strategic alliances will likely provide us with limited control over the course of development of a microRNA product candidate, especially once a candidate has reached the stage of clinical development. For example, in our alliance with Sanofi, Sanofi has the option to obtain an exclusive worldwide license to develop, manufacture and commercialize ~~product candidates~~our preclinical program targeting miR-221/222 for HCC upon the achievement of relevant endpoints in clinical trials. However, Sanofi is not under any obligation to exercise ~~these options to progress any of our~~ ~~microRNA development candidates.~~this option. While Sanofi has development obligations with respect to programs that it may elect to pursue under our agreement, our ability to ultimately recognize revenue from this and future relationships will depend upon the ability and willingness of our alliance partners to successfully meet their respective responsibilities under our agreements with them. In November 2018, we and Sanofi agreed to transition further development activities of our miR-21 programs, including our RG-012 program, to Sanofi, which will be responsible for all costs incurred in the development of our miR-21 program. As a result, we will not

receive royalties in the event our miR-21 programs are eventually commercialized and will also receive significantly reduced milestones for these programs.

Our ability to recognize revenues from successful strategic alliances may be impaired by several factors including:

an alliance partner may shift its priorities and resources away from our programs due to a change in business strategies, or a merger, acquisition, sale or downsizing of its company or business unit;

an alliance partner may cease development in therapeutic areas which are the subject of our strategic alliances;

an alliance partner may change the success criteria for a particular program or potential product candidate thereby delaying or ceasing development of such program or candidate;

a significant delay in initiation of certain development activities by an alliance partner will also delay payment of milestones tied to such activities, thereby impacting our ability to fund our own activities;

an alliance partner could develop a product that competes, either directly or indirectly, with an alliance product;

an alliance partner with commercialization obligations may not commit sufficient financial or human resources to the marketing, distribution or sale of a product;

an alliance partner with manufacturing responsibilities may encounter regulatory, resource or quality issues and be unable to meet demand requirements;

an alliance partner may exercise its rights under the agreement to terminate a strategic alliance;

a dispute may arise between us and an alliance partner concerning the research, development or commercialization of a program or product candidate resulting in a delay in milestones, royalty payments or termination of a program and possibly resulting in costly litigation or arbitration which may divert management attention and resources; and

an alliance partner may use our proprietary information or intellectual property in such a way as to invite litigation from a third party or fail to maintain or prosecute intellectual property rights such that our rights in such property are jeopardized.

Specifically, with respect to termination rights, Sanofi may terminate the entire alliance or its current alliance target program for any or no reason upon 30 days’ written notice to us. The agreement with Sanofi may also be terminated by either party for material breach by the other party, including a failure to comply with such party’s diligence obligations that remains uncured after 120 days. Depending on the timing of any such termination, we may not be entitled to receive the option exercise fees or milestone payments, as these payments terminate with termination of the respective program or agreement. In June 2017, AstraZeneca provided notice to us of its election to terminate our collaboration and license agreement in its entirety, which termination ~~will~~was to become effective in June 2018. ~~Upon expiration~~In May 2018, AstraZeneca requested to extend the collaboration and license agreement termination effective date by an additional 12 months to allow AstraZeneca to complete all activities involving AZD4076. By the end of this 12-month extension, the parties will complete the transfer activities contemplated by the agreement. The new termination ~~period, AstraZeneca’s rights~~effective date pursuant to ~~RG-125(AZD4076)~~the extension will ~~revert to us.~~be June 2019. We will be responsible for any further development costs at that time.

If any of our alliance partners do not elect to pursue the development and commercialization of our microRNA development candidates or if they terminate the strategic alliance, then, depending on the event:

in the case of Sanofi, under certain circumstances, we may owe Sanofi royalties with respect to product candidates covered by our agreement with Sanofi that we elect to continue to commercialize, depending upon the stage of development at which such product commercialization rights reverted back to us, or additional payments if we license such product candidates to third parties;

product candidates subject to the Sanofi agreement, as applicable, may be terminated or significantly delayed;

our cash expenditures could increase significantly if it is necessary for us to hire additional employees and allocate scarce resources to the development and commercialization of product candidates that were previously funded, or expected to be funded, by AstraZeneca or Sanofi, as applicable;

we would bear all of the risks and costs related to the further development and commercialization of product candidates that were previously the subject of the AstraZeneca agreement or the Sanofi agreement, as applicable, including the reimbursement of third parties; for example, upon expiration of the AstraZeneca termination period, we will be responsible for any further costs of development. In addition, we may owe AstraZeneca certain consideration for use of any intellectual property generated by AstraZeneca; and

in order to fund further development and commercialization, we may need to seek out and establish alternative strategic alliances with third-party partners; this may not be possible, or we may not be able to do so on terms which are acceptable to us, in which case it may be necessary for us to limit the size or scope of one or more of our programs or increase our expenditures and seek additional funding by other means.

Any of these events would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

We rely on third parties to conduct some aspects of our compound formulation, research and preclinical studies, and those third parties may not perform satisfactorily, including failing to meet deadlines for the completion of such formulation, research or testing.

We do not expect to independently conduct all aspects of our drug discovery activities, compound formulation research or preclinical studies of product candidates. We currently rely and expect to continue to rely on third parties to conduct some aspects of our preclinical studies and formulation development.

Any of these third parties may terminate their engagements with us at any time. If we need to enter into alternative arrangements, it would delay our product development activities. Our reliance on these third parties for research and development activities will reduce our control over these activities but will not relieve us of our responsibilities. For example, for product candidates that we develop and commercialize on our own, we will remain responsible for ensuring that each of our IND-enabling studies and clinical trials are conducted in accordance with the study plan and protocols for the trial.

If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, meet expected deadlines or conduct our studies in accordance with regulatory requirements or our stated study plans and protocols, we will not be able to complete, or may be delayed in completing, the necessary preclinical studies to enable us or our strategic alliance partners to select viable product candidates for IND submissions and will not be able to, or may be delayed in our efforts to, successfully develop and commercialize such product candidates.

We rely on third-party manufacturers to produce our preclinical and clinical product candidates, and we intend to rely on third parties to produce future clinical supplies of product candidates that we advance into clinical trials and commercial supplies of any approved product candidates.

Reliance on third-party manufacturers entails risks, including risks that we would not be subject to if we manufactured the product candidates ourselves, including:

the inability to meet any product specifications and quality requirements consistently;

a delay or inability to procure or expand sufficient manufacturing capacity;

manufacturing and product quality issues related to scale-up of manufacturing;

costs and validation of new equipment and facilities required for scale-up;

a failure to comply with cGMP and similar foreign standards;

the inability to negotiate manufacturing or supply agreements with third parties under commercially reasonable terms;

termination or nonrenewal of manufacturing agreements with third parties in a manner or at a time that is costly or damaging to us;

the reliance on a limited number of sources, and in some cases, single sources for raw materials, such that if we are unable to secure a sufficient supply of these product components, we will be unable to manufacture and sell future product candidates in a timely fashion, in sufficient quantities or under acceptable terms;

the lack of qualified backup suppliers for any raw materials that are currently purchased from a single source supplier;

operations of our third-party manufacturers or suppliers could be disrupted by conditions unrelated to our business or operations, including the bankruptcy of the manufacturer or supplier;

carrier disruptions or increased costs that are beyond our control; and

the failure to deliver products under specified storage conditions and in a timely manner.

Any of these events could lead to clinical study delays or failure to obtain regulatory approval, or impact our ability to successfully commercialize future products. Some of these events could be the basis for FDA action, including injunction, recall, seizure or total or partial suspension of production.

We rely on limited sources of supply for the drug substance of product candidates and any disruption in the chain of supply may cause a delay in developing and commercializing these product candidates.*

We have established manufacturing relationships with a limited number of suppliers to manufacture raw materials and the drug substance of any product candidate for which we are responsible for preclinical or clinical development. Each supplier may require licenses to manufacture such components if such processes are not owned by the supplier or in the public domain. As part of any marketing approval, a manufacturer and its processes are required to be qualified by the FDA prior to commercialization. If supply from the approved vendor is interrupted, there could be a significant disruption in commercial supply. An alternative vendor would need to be qualified through an NDA supplement which could result in further delay. The FDA or other regulatory agencies outside of the United States may also require additional studies if a new supplier is relied upon for commercial production. Switching vendors may involve substantial costs and is likely to result in a delay in our desired clinical and commercial timelines.

In addition, if our alliance partners elect to pursue the development and commercialization of certain programs, we will lose control over the manufacturing of the product candidate subject to the agreement. For example, ifin November 2018, we and Sanofi ~~elects~~agreed to ~~develop and commercialize a product candidate targeting~~transition further development activities of our miR-21 ~~or miR-221/222 for oncology indications or~~programs, including our RG-012 ~~for kidney fibrosis under its strategic alliance with us,~~program, to Sanofi, ~~will be~~who is responsible for all costs incurred in the ~~manufacture~~development of our miR-21 programs. As a result, we will no longer be involved in the ~~product candidates for further clinical trials.~~development or commercialization of our miR-21 programs. Sanofi will be free to use a manufacturer of its own choosing or manufacture the product candidates in its own manufacturing facilities. In such a case, we will have no control over Sanofi’s processes or supply chains to ensure the timely manufacture and supply of the product candidates. In addition, we will not be able to ensure that the product candidates will be manufactured under the correct conditions to permit the product candidates to be used in such clinical trials.

These factors could cause the delay of clinical trials, regulatory submissions, required approvals or commercialization of our product candidates, delay milestone payments owed to us or cause us to incur higher costs and prevent us from commercializing our products successfully. Furthermore, if our suppliers fail to deliver the required commercial quantities of active pharmaceutical ingredients on a timely basis and at commercially reasonable prices, and we are unable to secure one or more replacement suppliers capable of production in a timely manner at a substantially equivalent cost, our clinical trials may be delayed or we could lose potential revenue.

Manufacturing issues may arise that could increase product and regulatory approval costs or delay commercialization.

As we scale-up manufacturing of product candidates and conduct required stability testing, product, packaging, equipment and process-related issues may require refinement or resolution in order to proceed with any clinical trials and obtain regulatory approval for commercial marketing. We may identify significant impurities, which could result in increased scrutiny by the regulatory agencies, delays in clinical programs and regulatory approval, increases in our operating expenses, or failure to obtain or maintain approval for product candidates or any approved products.

We rely on third parties to conduct, supervise and monitor our clinical trials, and if those third parties perform in an unsatisfactory manner, it may harm our business.

We or our strategic alliance partners rely on CROs and clinical trial sites to ensure the proper and timely conduct of our clinical trials. While we will have agreements governing their activities, we and our strategic alliance partners have limited influence over their actual performance. We control only certain aspects of our CROs’ activities. Nevertheless, we or our strategic alliance partners are responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical trials are conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol, legal, regulatory and scientific standards and our reliance on the CROs does not relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities.

We, our alliance partners and our CROs are required to comply with the FDA’s or other regulatory agency’s good clinical practices, or GCPs, for conducting, recording and reporting the results of IND-enabling studies and clinical trials to assure that data and reported results are credible and accurate and that the rights, integrity and confidentiality of clinical trial participants are protected. The FDA and non-U.S. regulatory agencies enforce these GCPs through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators and clinical trial sites. If we or our CROs fail to comply with applicable GCPs, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA or applicable non-U.S. regulatory agency may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving any marketing applications for the relevant jurisdiction. Upon inspection,

the FDA or applicable non-U.S. regulatory agency may determine that our clinical trials did not comply with GCPs. In addition, our clinical trials will require a sufficiently large number of test subjects to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of a potential drug product. Accordingly, if our CROs fail to comply with these regulations or fail to recruit a sufficient number of patients, we may be required to repeat such clinical trials, which would delay the regulatory approval process.

Our CROs will not be our employees, and we will not be able to control whether or not they devote sufficient time and resources to our clinical and nonclinical programs. These CROs may also have relationships with other commercial entities, including our competitors, for whom they may also be conducting clinical trials, or other drug development activities which could harm our competitive position. If our CROs do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations, fail to meet expected deadlines, or if the quality or accuracy of the clinical data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols or regulatory requirements, or for any other reasons, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for, or successfully commercialize our product candidates. As a result, our financial results and the commercial prospects for such products and any product candidates that we develop would be harmed, our costs could increase, and our ability to generate revenues could be delayed.

We also rely on other third parties to store and distribute drug products for any clinical trials that we may conduct. Any performance failure on the part of our distributors could delay clinical development or marketing approval of our product candidates or commercialization of our products, if approved, producing additional losses and depriving us of potential product revenue.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

If we are unable to obtain or protect intellectual property rights related to our future products and product candidates, we may not be able to compete effectively in our markets.

We rely upon a combination of patents, trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect the intellectual property related to our future products and product candidates. The strength of patents in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical field involves complex legal and scientific questions and can be uncertain. The patent applications that we own or in-license may fail to result in patents with claims that cover the products in the United States or in other countries. There is no assurance that all of the potentially relevant prior art relating to our patents and patent applications has been found; such prior art can invalidate a patent or prevent a patent from issuing based on a pending patent application. Even if patents do successfully issue, third parties may challenge their validity, enforceability or scope, which may result in such patents being narrowed or invalidated. Furthermore, even if they are unchallenged, our patents and patent applications may not adequately protect our intellectual property or prevent others from designing around our claims.

If the patent applications we hold or have in-licensed with respect to our programs or product candidates fail to issue or if their breadth or strength of protection is threatened, it could dissuade companies from collaborating with us to develop product candidates, and threaten our ability to commercialize, future products. We cannot offer any assurances about which, if any, patents will issue or whether any issued patents will be found invalid and unenforceable or will be threatened by third parties. A patent may be challenged through one or more of several administrative proceedings including post-grant challenges, re-examination or opposition before the U.S. PTO or foreign patent offices. For example, re-examination of, or oppositions to, patents owned by or licensed to us have previously been initiated, and while we believe these concluded proceedings did not result in a commercially relevant impact on the individual patents, any successful challenge of patents or any other patents owned by or licensed to us could deprive us of rights necessary for the successful commercialization of any product candidates that we or our strategic alliance partners may develop.

Since patent applications in the United States and most other countries are confidential for a period of time after filing, and some remain so until issued, we cannot be certain that we were the first to file any patent application related to a product candidate. Furthermore, in certain situations, if we and one or more third parties have filed patent applications in the United States and claiming the same subject matter, an administrative proceeding, known as an interference, can be initiated to determine which applicant is entitled to the patent on that subject matter. Such an interference proceeding provoked by third parties or brought by us may be necessary to determine the priority of inventions with respect to our patents or patent applications, or those of our alliance partners or licensors. An unfavorable outcome could require us to cease using the related technology or to attempt to license rights to it from the prevailing party. Our business could be harmed if the prevailing party does not offer us a license on commercially reasonable terms. Our defense of a patent or patent application in such a proceeding may not be successful and, even if successful, may result in substantial costs and distract our management and other employees.

In addition, patents have a limited lifespan. In the United States, the natural expiration of a patent is generally 20 years after it is filed. Various extensions may be available however the life of a patent, and the protection it affords, is limited. Once

the patent life has expired for a product, we may be open to competition from generic medications. Further, if we encounter delays in regulatory approvals, the period of time during which we could market a product candidate under patent protection could be reduced.

In addition to the protection afforded by patents, we rely on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements to protect proprietary know-how that is not patentable, processes for which patents are difficult to enforce and any other elements of our drug discovery and development processes that involve proprietary know-how, information or technology that is not covered by patents. Although each of our employees agrees to assign their inventions to us through an employee inventions agreement, and all of our employees, consultants, advisors and any third parties who have access to our proprietary know-how, information or technology to enter into confidentiality agreements, we cannot provide any assurances that all such agreements have been duly executed or that our trade secrets and other confidential proprietary information will not be disclosed or that competitors will not otherwise gain access to our trade secrets or independently develop substantially equivalent information and techniques. In addition, others may independently discover our trade secrets and proprietary information. For example, the FDA, as part of its Transparency Initiative, is currently considering whether to make additional information publicly available on a routine basis, including information that we may consider to be trade secrets or other proprietary information, and it is not clear at the present time how the FDA’s disclosure policies may change in the future, if at all.

Further, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent or in the same manner as the laws of the United States. As a result, we may encounter significant problems in protecting and defending our intellectual property both in the United States and abroad. If we are unable to prevent material disclosure of the non-patented intellectual

property related to our technologies to third parties, and there is no guarantee that we will have any such enforceable trade secret protection, we may not be able to establish or maintain a competitive advantage in our market, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Third-party claims of intellectual property infringement may prevent or delay our development and commercialization efforts.

Our commercial success depends in part on our avoiding infringement of the patents and proprietary rights of third parties. There is a substantial amount of litigation, both within and outside the United States, involving patent and other intellectual property rights in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, including patent infringement lawsuits. Numerous U.S. and foreign issued patents and pending patent applications, which are owned by third parties, exist in the fields in which we and our strategic alliance partners are pursuing development candidates. For example, we are aware that Roche Innovation Center Copenhagen has patents and patent applications in the microRNA therapeutics space, including patents and patent applications related to targeting microRNAs, such as miR-122, for the treatment of disease. As the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries expand and more patents are issued, the risk increases that our product candidates may be subject to claims of infringement of the patent rights of third parties.

Third parties may assert that we are employing their proprietary technology without authorization. There may be third-party patents or patent applications with claims to materials, formulations, methods of manufacture or methods for treatment related to the use or manufacture of our product candidates. Because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be currently pending patent applications which may later result in patents that our product candidates may infringe. In addition, third parties may obtain patents in the future and claim that use of our technologies infringes upon these patents. If any third-party patents were held by a court of competent jurisdiction to cover the manufacturing process of any of our product candidates, any molecules formed during the manufacturing process or any final product itself, the holders of any such patents may be able to block our ability to commercialize such product candidate unless we obtained a license under the applicable patents, or until such patents expire. Similarly, if any third-party patents were held by a court of competent jurisdiction to cover aspects of our formulations, processes for manufacture or methods of use, including combination therapy, the holders of any such patents may be able to block our ability to develop and commercialize the applicable product candidate unless we obtained a license or until such patent expires. In either case, such a license may not be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

Parties making claims against us may obtain injunctive or other equitable relief, which could effectively block our ability to further develop and commercialize one or more of our product candidates. Defense of these claims, regardless of their merit, would involve substantial litigation expense and would be a substantial diversion of employee resources from our business. In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us, we may have to pay substantial damages, including treble damages and attorneys’ fees for willful infringement, pay royalties, redesign our infringing products or obtain one or more licenses from third parties, which may be impossible or require substantial time and monetary expenditure.

If we fail to comply with our obligations in the agreements under which we license intellectual property rights from third parties or otherwise experience disruptions to our business relationships with our licensors, we could lose license rights that are important to our business.

We are a party to a number of intellectual property license agreements that are important to our business and expect to enter into additional license agreements in the future. Our existing license agreements impose, and we expect that future license agreements will impose, various diligence, milestone payment, royalty and other obligations on us. For example, under our exclusive license agreement for ~~Max-Planck-Innovation GmbH’s~~Stanford's proprietary technology and know-how covering microRNA ~~sequences,~~targets, we are required to use commercially reasonable diligence to develop and commercialize a product and to satisfy specified payment obligations. If we fail to comply with our obligations under our agreement with ~~Max-Planck-Innovation GmbH~~Stanford or our other license agreements, or we are subject to a bankruptcy, the licensor may have the right to terminate the license, in which event we, or our strategic alliance partners, would not be able to market products covered by the license. In addition, our exclusive license agreements with our founding companies, Alnylam and Ionis, provide us with rights to nucleotide technologies in the field of microRNA therapeutics based on oligonucleotides that modulate microRNAs. Some of these technologies, such as intellectual property relating to the chemical modification of oligonucleotides, are relevant to our product candidate development programs. If our license agreements with Alnylam or Ionis are terminated, or our business relationships with either of these companies or our other licensors are disrupted by events that may include the acquisition of either company, our access to critical intellectual property rights will be materially and adversely affected.

We may need to obtain licenses from third parties to advance our research or allow commercialization of our product candidates, and we have done so from time to time. We may fail to obtain any of these licenses at a reasonable cost or on

reasonable terms, if at all. In that event, we would be unable to further develop and commercialize one or more of our product candidates, which could harm our business significantly. We cannot provide any assurances that third-party patents do not exist which might be enforced against our future products, resulting in either an injunction prohibiting our sales, or, with respect to our sales, an obligation on our part to pay royalties and/or other forms of compensation to third parties.

We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or the patents of our licensors, which could be expensive, time consuming and unsuccessful.

Competitors may infringe our patents or the patents of our licensors. To counter infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to file infringement claims, which can be expensive and time-consuming. In addition, in an infringement proceeding, a court may decide that a patent of ours or our licensors is not valid or is unenforceable, or may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that our patents do not cover the technology in question. An adverse result in any litigation or defense proceedings could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and could put our patent applications at risk of not issuing.

Our defense in a litigation may fail and, even if successful, may result in substantial costs and distract our management and other employees. We may not be able to prevent, alone or with our licensors, misappropriation of our intellectual property rights, particularly in countries where the laws may not protect those rights as fully as in the United States.

Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. There could also be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a material adverse effect on the price of our common stock.

We may be subject to claims that our employees, consultants or independent contractors have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information of third parties.

We employ individuals who were previously employed at other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies. We may be subject to claims that we or our employees, consultants or independent contractors have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed confidential information of our employees’ former employers or other third parties. We may also be subject to claims that former employers or other third parties have an ownership interest in our patents. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. There is no guarantee of success in defending these claims, and if we are successful, litigation could result in substantial cost and be a distraction to our management and other employees.

RISKS RELATED TO COMMERCIALIZATION OF PRODUCT CANDIDATES

The commercial success of our programs that are part of our strategic alliance agreements with Sanofi or others will depend in large part on the development and marketing efforts of our alliance partners. If our alliance partners are unable or unwilling to perform in accordance with the terms of our agreements, our potential to generate future revenue from these programs would be significantly reduced and our business would be materially and adversely harmed.*

~~If or when~~In November 2018, we and Sanofi ~~elects~~agreed to transition further ~~pursue~~development activities of our miR-21 programs, including our RG-012 program, to Sanofi, who will be responsible for all costs incurred in the development ~~and commercialization~~ of ~~any of the~~ ~~microRNA product candidates that~~our miR-21 programs. The transition activities are ~~subject to its strategic alliance agreement with us,~~substantially complete. As a result, we ~~will~~ have ~~limited~~no influence and/or control over their approaches to development and ~~commercialization.~~commercialization of our miR-21 programs. If Sanofi or any potential future strategic alliance partners do not perform in the manner that we expect or fail to fulfill their responsibilities in a timely manner, or at all, the clinical development, regulatory approval and commercialization efforts related to product candidates we have licensed to such strategic alliance partners could be delayed or terminated. If we terminate any of our strategic alliances or any program thereunder due to a material breach by Sanofi, and except in the case of RG-012, we have the right to assume the responsibility at our own expense for the development of the applicable microRNA product candidates. Assuming sole responsibility for further development will increase our expenditures and may mean we will need to limit the size and scope of one or more of our programs, seek additional funding and/or choose to stop work altogether on one or more of the affected product candidates. This could result in a limited potential to generate future revenue from such microRNA product candidates and our business could be materially and adversely affected. Further, under certain circumstances, we may owe Sanofi royalties on any product candidate that we may successfully commercialize.

We face significant competition from other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies and our operating results will suffer if we fail to compete effectively.

The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are intensely competitive. We have competitors both in the United States and internationally, including major multinational pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies and universities and other research institutions. Our competitors may have substantially greater financial, technical and other resources, such as larger research and development staff and experienced marketing and manufacturing organizations. Additional mergers and acquisitions in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries may result in even more resources being concentrated in our competitors. Competition may increase further as a result of advances in the commercial applicability of technologies and greater availability of capital for investment in these industries. Our competitors may succeed in developing, acquiring or licensing on an exclusive basis, drug products that are more effective or less costly than any product candidate that we may develop.

Most of our programs are targeted toward indications for which there are approved products on the market or product candidates in clinical development. We will face competition from other drugs currently approved or that will be approved in the future for the same therapeutic indications. Our ability to compete successfully will depend largely on our ability to leverage our experience in drug discovery and development to:

discover and develop therapeutics that are superior to other products in the market;

attract qualified scientific, product development and commercial personnel;

obtain patent and/or other proprietary protection for our microRNA product platform and future product candidates;

obtain required regulatory approvals; and

successfully collaborate with pharmaceutical companies in the discovery, development and commercialization of new therapeutics.

The availability of our competitors’ products could limit the demand, and the price we are able to charge, for any products that we may develop and commercialize. We will not achieve our business plan if the acceptance of any of these products is inhibited by price competition or the reluctance of physicians to switch from existing drug products to our products, or if physicians switch to other new drug products or choose to reserve our future products for use in limited circumstances. The inability to compete with existing or subsequently introduced drug products would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and prospects.

Established pharmaceutical companies may invest heavily to accelerate discovery and development of novel compounds or to in-license novel compounds that could make our product candidates less competitive. In addition, any new product that competes with an approved product must demonstrate compelling advantages in efficacy, convenience, tolerability and safety in order to overcome price competition and to be commercially successful. Accordingly, our competitors may succeed in obtaining patent protection, receiving FDA approval or discovering, developing and commercializing product candidates before we do, which would have a material adverse impact on our business.

The commercial success of our product candidates will depend upon the acceptance of these product candidates by the medical community, including physicians, patients and healthcare payors. *

The degree of market acceptance of any product candidates will depend on a number of factors, including:

demonstration of clinical safety and efficacy compared to other products;

the relative convenience, ease of administration and acceptance by physicians, patients and healthcare payors;

the prevalence and severity of any AEs;

limitations or warnings contained in the FDA-approved label for such products;

availability of alternative treatments;

pricing and cost-effectiveness;

the effectiveness of our or any collaborators’ sales and marketing strategies;

our ability to obtain hospital formulary approval;

our ability to obtain and maintain sufficient third party coverage orand adequate reimbursement; and

the willingness of patients to pay out-of-pocket in the absence of third party coverage.

Unless other formulations are developed in the future, we expect our compounds to be formulated in an injectable form. Injectable medications may be disfavored by patients or their physicians in the event drugs which are easy to administer, such as oral medications, are available. If a product is approved, but does not achieve an adequate level of acceptance by physicians, patients and healthcare payors, we may not generate sufficient revenues from such product and we may not become or remain profitable. For example, several new antivirals and antiviral combinations have been approved for the treatment of the ~~Hepatitis C infection~~HCV since we commenced our HCV program. Such increased competition may decrease any future potential revenue for future product candidates due to increasing pressure for lower pricing and higher discounts in the commercialization of our product.

If we are unable to establish sales and marketing capabilities or enter into agreements with third parties to market and sell our product candidates, we may be unable to generate any revenues. *

We currently do not have an organization for the sales, marketing and distribution of pharmaceutical products and the cost of establishing and maintaining such an organization may exceed the cost-effectiveness of doing so. In order to market any products that may be approved, we must build our sales, marketing, managerial and other non-technical capabilities or make arrangements with third parties to perform these services. For example, in order to exercise our co-promotion rights with Sanofi with respect to our ~~miR-21 and~~ miR-221/222 ~~programs,~~program, we would need to build our sales, marketing, managerial and other non-technical capabilities in order to effectively carry out sales or co-promotion activities with respect to any approved products that are developed through these programs. With respect to certain of our current programs as well as future programs, we may rely completely on an alliance partner for sales and marketing. In addition, we intend to enter into strategic alliances with third parties to commercialize other product candidates, including in markets outside of the United States or for other large markets that are beyond our resources. Although we intend to establish a sales organization if we are able to obtain approval to market any product candidates for niche markets in the United States, we will also consider the option to enter into strategic alliances for future product candidates in the United States if commercialization requirements exceed our available resources. This will reduce the revenue generated from the sales of these products.

Our current and any future strategic alliance partners may not dedicate sufficient resources to the commercialization of our product candidates or may otherwise fail in their commercialization due to factors beyond our control. If we are unable to establish effective alliances to enable the sale of our product candidates to healthcare professionals and in geographical regions, including the United States, that will not be covered by our own marketing and sales force, or if our potential future strategic alliance partners do not successfully commercialize the product candidates, our ability to generate revenues from product sales will be adversely affected.

If we are unable to establish adequate sales, marketing and distribution capabilities, whether independently or with third parties, we may not be able to generate sufficient product revenue and may not become profitable. We will be competing with many companies that currently have extensive and well-funded marketing and sales operations. Without an internal team or the support of a third party to perform marketing and sales functions, we may be unable to compete successfully against these more established companies.

If we obtain approval to commercialize any approved products outside of the United States, a variety of risks associated with international operations could materially adversely affect our business. *

~~Under our existing strategic alliance agreement, Sanofi will be responsible for the commercialization of current and any future product candidates developed under our programs.~~

If any ~~other~~ product candidates that we develop are approved for commercialization, we may also enter into agreements with third parties to market them on a worldwide basis or in more limited geographical regions. We expect that we will be subject to additional risks related to entering into international business relationships, including:

different regulatory requirements for drug approvals in foreign countries;

reduced protection for intellectual property rights;

unexpected changes in tariffs, trade barriers and regulatory requirements;

economic weakness, including inflation, or political instability in particular foreign economies and markets;

compliance with tax, employment, immigration and labor laws for employees living or traveling abroad;

foreign taxes, including withholding of payroll taxes;

foreign currency fluctuations, which could result in increased operating expenses and reduced revenues, and other obligations incident to doing business in another country;

workforce uncertainty in countries where labor unrest is more common than in the United States;

production shortages resulting from any events affecting raw material supply or manufacturing capabilities abroad; and

business interruptions resulting from geopolitical actions, including war and terrorism, or natural disasters including earthquakes, typhoons, floods and fires.

Coverage and adequate reimbursement may not be available for our product candidates, which could make it difficult for us to sell products profitably.

Market acceptance and sales of any product candidates that we develop will depend on coverage and reimbursement policies and may be affected by future healthcare reform measures. Government authorities and third party payors, such as private health insurers, government payors and health maintenance organizations, decide which drugs they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. We cannot be sure that coverage and adequate reimbursement will be available for any future product candidates. Also, inadequate reimbursement amounts may reduce the demand for, or the price of, our future products. Further, one payor’s determination to provide coverage for a product does not assure that other payors will also provide coverage for the product. If reimbursement is not available, or is available only at limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize product candidates that we develop.

In addition, we cannot be certain if and when we will obtain formulary approval to allow us to sell any products that we may develop and commercialize into our target markets. Obtaining formulary approval from hospitals and from payors can be an expensive and ~~time consuming~~time-consuming process. Failure to obtain timely formulary approval will limit our commercial success.

There have been a number of legislative and regulatory proposals to change the healthcare system in the United States and in some foreign jurisdictions that could affect our ability to sell products profitably. These legislative and/or regulatory changes may negatively impact the reimbursement for drug products, following approval. The availability of numerous generic treatments may also substantially reduce the likelihood of reimbursement for our future products. The potential application of user fees to generic drug products may expedite the approval of additional generic drug treatments. We expect to experience pricing pressures in connection with the sale of any products that we develop, due to the trend toward managed healthcare, the increasing influence of health maintenance organizations and additional legislative changes. If we fail to successfully secure and maintain reimbursement coverage for our future products or are significantly delayed in doing so, we will have difficulty achieving market acceptance of our future products and our business will be harmed.

In addition, in some non-U.S. jurisdictions, the proposed pricing for a drug must be approved before it may be lawfully marketed. The requirements governing drug pricing vary widely from country to country. For example, the EU provides options for its member states to restrict the range of medicinal products for which their national health insurance systems provide reimbursement and to control the prices of medicinal products for human use. A member state may approve a specific price for the medicinal product or it may instead adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on the profitability of the company placing the medicinal product on the market. There can be no assurance that any country that has price controls or reimbursement limitations for pharmaceutical products will allow favorable reimbursement and pricing arrangements for any of our products. Historically, products launched in the EU do not follow price structures of the U.S. and generally tend to be priced significantly lower.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS OPERATIONS AND INDUSTRY

Our future success depends on our ability to retain key executives and to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel.

We are highly dependent on principal members of our executive team, the loss of whose services may adversely impact the achievement of our objectives. While we have entered into employment agreements with each of our executive officers, any of them could leave our employment at any time, as all of our employees are “at will” employees. Recruiting and retaining other qualified employees for our business, including scientific and technical personnel, will also be critical to our success. There is currently a shortage of skilled executives in our industry, which is likely to continue. As a result, competition for skilled personnel is intense and the turnover rate can be high. We may not be able to attract and retain personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous pharmaceutical companies for individuals with similar skill sets. In addition, failure to succeed in preclinical studies and clinical trials may make it more challenging to recruit and retain qualified personnel. The inability to recruit or loss of the services of any executive or key employee might impede the progress of our research, development and commercialization objectives.

We may need to expand our organization and may experience difficulties in managing this growth, which could disrupt our operations.*

~~As of September 30, 2017~~In early July 2018, we ~~had 61 employees. In connection with our May 2017~~implemented a corporate restructuring ~~plan, we committed to~~which involved a reduction in our total workforce by approximately ~~30% percent to 65~~60%. The workforce reduction was substantially completed in July 2018. As of March 31, 2019, we had 24 employees. In the future, we may need to expand our ~~employee base to increase our managerial, scientific, operational, commercial, financial and other resources and to hire more consultants and contractors.~~ organization.

Future growth would impose significant additional responsibilities on our management, including the need to identify, recruit, maintain, motivate and integrate additional employees, consultants and contractors. Also, our management may need to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from our day-to-day activities and devote a substantial amount of time to managing these growth activities. We may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations, which may result in weaknesses in our infrastructure, give rise to operational mistakes, loss of business opportunities, loss of employees and reduced productivity among remaining employees. Our expected growth could require significant capital expenditures and may divert financial resources from other projects, such as the development of additional product candidates. Moreover, if our management is unable to effectively manage our growth, our expenses may increase more than expected, our ability to generate and/or grow revenues could be reduced, and we may not be able to implement our business strategy. Our future financial performance and our ability to commercialize product candidates and compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage any future growth.

Our employees may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements and insider trading.

We are exposed to the risk of employee fraud or other misconduct. Misconduct by employees could include intentional failures to comply with the regulations of the FDA and non-U.S. regulators, provide accurate information to the FDA and non-U.S. regulators, comply with healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations in the United States and abroad, report financial information or data accurately or disclose unauthorized activities to us. In particular, sales, marketing and business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, misconduct, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Employee misconduct could also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and cause serious harm to our reputation. We have adopted a code of conduct, but it is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with these laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including the imposition of significant ~~fines or other~~civil, criminal and administrative sanctions.

We may undertake internal restructuring activities ~~in the future~~ that could result in disruptions to our business or otherwise materially harm our results of operations or financial condition.*

From time to time we may undertake internal restructuring activities as we continue to evaluate and attempt to optimize our cost and operating structure in light of developments in our business strategy and long-term operating plans. For example, we initiated a corporate restructuring in May 2017 ~~that~~and in July 2018, each of which resulted in a reduction in our workforce. Any such restructuring activities may result in write-offs or other restructuring charges. There can be no assurance that any restructuring activities that we have undertaken or undertake in the future will achieve the cost savings, operating efficiencies or other benefits that we may initially expect. Restructuring activities may also result in a loss of continuity, accumulated

knowledge and inefficiency during transitional periods and thereafter. In addition, internal restructurings can require a significant amount of time and focus from management and other employees, which may divert attention from commercial operations. If any internal restructuring activities we have undertaken or undertake in the future fail to achieve some or all of the expected benefits therefrom, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

Certain current and future relationships with customers and third party payors as well as certain of our business operations may be subject, directly or indirectly, to federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws, false claims laws and health information privacy and security laws. If we are unable to comply, or have not fully complied, with such laws, we could face criminal sanctions, civil penalties, contractual damages, reputational harm and diminished profits and future earnings.

~~If we obtain FDA approval for any of our product candidates and begin commercializing those products in the United States, our~~Our operations may be directly, or indirectly through our relationships with customers, ~~further~~third party payors, healthcare providers, and others subject to various federal and state fraud and abuse laws, including, without limitation, the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and the federal False Claims Act. These laws may impact, among other things, our proposed sales, marketing and education programs. In addition, we may be subject to patient

privacy regulation by the federal government and by the U.S. states and foreign jurisdictions in which we conduct our business. The healthcare laws and regulations that may affect our ability to operate include:

the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons and entities from knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or paying remuneration, directly or indirectly, to induce, or in return for, either the referral of an individual, or the purchase or recommendation of an item or service for which payment may be made under a federal healthcare program, such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs;

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federal civil and criminal false claims laws and civil monetary penalty laws, including the civil False Claims Act, which prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment to the federal government, including Medicare or Medicaid, that are false or fraudulent;

the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, which created additional federal criminal statutes that prohibit, among other things, executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program and making false statements relating to healthcare matters;

HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009, or HITECH, and their implementing regulations, which imposes certain requirements on certain types of individuals and entities relating to the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information;

the European General Data Protection Regulation, or GDPR, adopted by the European Union, or EU, in May 2018, which contains provisions specifically directed at the processing of health information, higher sanctions and extra-territoriality measures intended to bring non-EU companies under the regulation; we anticipate that over time we may expand our business operations to include additional operations in the EU, including potentially conducting preclinical and clinical trials and, with such expansion, we would be subject to increased governmental regulation in the EU countries in which we might operate, including the GDPR;

California recently enacted legislation that has been dubbed the first “GDPR-like” law in the United States. Known as the California Consumer Privacy Act, or CCPA, it will create new individual privacy rights for consumers (as that word is broadly defined in the law) and place increased privacy and security obligations on entities handling personal data of consumers or households. When it goes into effect on January 1, 2020, the CCPA will require covered companies to provide new disclosures to California consumers, provide such consumers new ways to opt-out of certain sales of personal information, and allow for a new cause of action for data breaches. Legislators have stated that amendments will be proposed to the CCPA before it goes into effect, but it remains unclear what, if any, modifications will be made to this legislation or how it will be interpreted. As currently written, the CCPA will likely impact (possibly significantly) our business activities and exemplifies the vulnerability of our business to not only cyber threats but also the evolving regulatory environment related to personal data and protected health information;

the federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act, which requires certain manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program, with specific exceptions, to report annually to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, information related to payments or other transfers of value made to physicians, and further

requires applicable manufacturers and applicable group purchasing organizations to report annually to CMS ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members; and

state and foreign law equivalents of each of the above federal laws, such as: anti-kickback and false claims laws which may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third party payor, including commercial insurers; state laws that require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government; state laws that require drug manufacturers to report information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and other healthcare providers or marketing expenditures; state laws that require the reporting of information related to drug pricing; state and local laws that require the registration of pharmaceutical sales representatives; and state and foreign laws governing the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and may not have the same effect, thus complicating compliance efforts.

If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including, without limitation, civil, criminal and ~~criminal~~administrative penalties, damages, fines, possible exclusion from Medicare, Medicaid and other government healthcare programs, disgorgement, imprisonment, additional reporting requirements and/or oversight if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or similar agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, and curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations.

Recent and future healthcare legislation may further impact our business operations.

The United States and some foreign jurisdictions are considering or have enacted a number of legislative and regulatory proposals to change the healthcare system in ways that could affect our ability to sell our products profitably. Among policy makers and payors in the United States and elsewhere, there is significant interest in promoting changes in healthcare systems with the stated goals of containing healthcare costs, improving quality or expanding access. In the United States, the pharmaceutical industry has been a particular focus of these efforts and has been significantly affected by major legislative initiatives.

For example, in March 2010 the ACA was passed and includes measures to significantly change the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers. Since its enactment, there have been judicial and Congressional challenges to certain aspects of the ACA, as well as recent efforts by the Trump administration to repeal or replace certain aspects of the ACA. Since January 2017, President Trump has signed two Executive Orders and other directives designed to delay the implementation of certain provisions of the ACA or otherwise circumvent some of the requirements for health insurance mandated by the ACA. Concurrently, Congress has considered legislation that would repeal or repeal and replace all or part of the ACA. While Congress has not passed comprehensive repeal legislation, two bills affecting the implementation of certain taxes under the ACA have been signed into law. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act includes a provision which repealed, effective January 1, 2019, the tax-based shared responsibility payment imposed by the ACA on certain individuals who fail to maintain qualifying health coverage for all or part of a year that is commonly referred to as the “individual mandate”. On January 23, 2018, President Trump signed a continuing resolution on appropriations for fiscal year 2018 that delayed the implementation of certain ACA-mandated fees, including the so-called “Cadillac” tax on certain high cost employer-sponsored insurance plans, the annual fee imposed on certain health insurance providers based on market share, and the medical device excise tax on non-exempt medical devices. In July 2018, CMS published a final rule permitting further collections and payments to and from certain ACA-qualified health plans and health insurance issuers under the ACA risk adjustment program in response to the outcome of federal district court litigation regarding the method CMS uses to determine this risk adjustment. On December 14, 2018, a Texas U.S. District Court Judge ruled that the ACA is unconstitutional in its entirety because the “individual mandate” was repealed by Congress as part of the Tax Act. While the Texas U.S. District Court Judge, as well as the Trump administration and CMS, have stated that the ruling will have no immediate effect pending appeal of the decision, it is unclear how this decision, subsequent appeals, and other efforts to repeal and replace the ACA will impact the ACA and our business.

Other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the ACA was enacted. These changes include aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to providers of 2% per fiscal year pursuant to the Budget Control Act of 2011, which began in 2013 and, due to subsequent legislative amendments to the statute, will remain in effect through 2027 unless additional Congressional action is taken. The American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, among other things, further reduced Medicare payments to several providers, including hospitals and cancer treatment centers and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years.

Further, there has been heightened governmental scrutiny in the United States of pharmaceutical pricing practices in light of the rising cost of prescription drugs and biologics. Such scrutiny has resulted in several recent Congressional inquiries and federal and state legislative activity designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to product pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for products. For example, at the federal level, the Trump administration released a “Blueprint” to lower drug prices and reduce out of pocket costs of drugs that contains additional proposals to increase manufacturer competition, increase the negotiating power of certain federal healthcare programs, incentivize manufacturers to lower the list price of their products and reduce the out of pocket costs of drug products paid by consumers. On January 31, 2019, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General proposed modifications to federal Anti-Kickback Statute safe harbors which, among other things, will affect rebates paid by manufacturers to Medicare Part D plans, the purpose of which is to further reduce the cost of drug products to consumers. While some of these and other proposed measures may require authorization through additional legislation to become effective, Congress and the Trump administration have each indicated that it will continue to seek new legislative and/or administrative measures to control drug costs. At the state level, legislatures have increasingly passed legislation and implemented regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing.

We expect that healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future may result in more rigorous coverage criteria and lower reimbursement, and in additional downward pressure on the price that we receive for any approved product. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government-funded programs may result in a similar reduction in payments from private payors.

We cannot predict what healthcare reform initiatives may be adopted in the future. Further federal, state and foreign legislative and regulatory developments are likely, and we expect ongoing initiatives to increase pressure on drug pricing. Such reforms could have an adverse effect on anticipated revenues from product candidates that we may successfully develop and for which we may obtain regulatory approval and may affect our overall financial condition and ability to develop product candidates.

We face potential product liability, and, if successful claims are brought against us, we may incur substantial liability and costs.

The use of our product candidates in clinical trials and the sale of any products for which we obtain marketing approval exposes us to the risk of product liability claims. Product liability claims might be brought against us by consumers, healthcare providers, pharmaceutical companies or others selling or otherwise coming into contact with our products. Certain oligonucleotide therapeutics have shown injection site reactions and pro-inflammatory effects and may also lead to impairment of kidney or liver function. There is a risk that our current and future product candidates may induce similar adverse events. If we cannot successfully defend against product liability claims, we could incur substantial liability and costs. In addition, regardless of merit or eventual outcome, product liability claims may result in:

impairment of our business reputation;

withdrawal of clinical trial participants;

costs due to related litigation;

distraction of management’s attention from our primary business;

substantial monetary awards to patients or other claimants;

the inability to commercialize our product candidates; and

decreased demand for our product candidates, if approved for commercial sale.

We maintain product liability insurance relating to the use of our therapeutics in clinical trials. However, such insurance coverage may not be sufficient to reimburse us for any expenses or losses we may suffer. Moreover, insurance coverage is becoming increasingly expensive and in the future we may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in sufficient amounts to protect us against losses due to liability. If and when we obtain marketing approval for product candidates, we intend to expand our insurance coverage to include the sale of commercial products; however, we may be unable to obtain product liability insurance on commercially reasonable terms or in adequate amounts. On occasion, large judgments have been awarded in class action lawsuits based on drugs that had unanticipated adverse effects. A successful product liability claim or series of claims brought against us could cause our stock price to decline and, if judgments exceed our insurance coverage, could adversely affect our results of operations and business.

~~Cyber security~~

Cybersecurity risks and the failure to maintain the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our computer hardware, software, and Internet applications and related tools and functions could result in damage to our reputation and/or subject us to costs, fines or lawsuits.

Our business requires manipulating, analyzing and storing large amounts of data. In addition, we rely on a global enterprise software system to operate and manage our business. We also maintain personally identifiable information about our employees. Our business therefore depends on the continuous, effective, reliable, and secure operation of our computer hardware, software, networks, Internet servers, and related infrastructure. To the extent that our hardware or software malfunctions or access to our data by internal research personnel is interrupted, our business could suffer. The integrity and protection of our employee and company data is critical to our business and employees have a high expectation that we will adequately protect their personal information. The regulatory environment governing information, security and privacy laws is increasingly demanding and continues to evolve. Maintaining compliance with applicable security and privacy regulations may increase our operating costs. Although our computer and communications hardware is protected through physical and software safeguards, it is still vulnerable to fire, storm, flood, power loss, earthquakes, telecommunications failures, physical or software break-ins, software viruses, and similar events. These events could lead to the unauthorized access, disclosure and use of non-public information. The techniques used by criminal elements to attack computer systems are sophisticated, change frequently and may originate from less regulated and remote areas of the world. As a result, we may not be able to address these techniques proactively or implement adequate preventative measures. If our computer systems are compromised, we could be subject to fines, damages, litigation and enforcement actions, and we could lose trade secrets, the occurrence of which could harm our business. In addition, any sustained disruption in internet access provided by other companies could harm our business.

Changes in funding for FDA, the SEC and other government agencies could hinder their ability to hire and retain key leadership and other personnel, prevent new products and services from being developed or commercialized in a timely manner or otherwise prevent those agencies from performing normal functions on which the operation of our business may rely, which could negatively impact our business.

The ability of the FDA to review and approve new products can be affected by a variety of factors, including government budget and funding levels, ability to hire and retain key personnel and accept payment of user fees, and statutory, regulatory, and policy changes. Average review times at the agency have fluctuated in recent years as a result. In addition, government funding of the SEC and other government agencies on which our operations may rely, including those that fund research and development activities is subject to the political process, which is inherently fluid and unpredictable.

Disruptions at the FDA and other agencies may also slow the time necessary for new drugs to be reviewed and/or approved by necessary government agencies, which would adversely affect our business. For example, over the last several years, including beginning on December 22, 2018, the U.S. government has shut down several times and certain regulatory agencies, such as the FDA and the SEC, have had to furlough critical FDA, SEC and other government employees and stop critical activities. If a prolonged government shutdown occurs, it could significantly impact the ability of the FDA to timely review and process our regulatory submissions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Further, future government shutdowns could impact our ability to access the public markets and obtain necessary capital in order to properly capitalize and continue our operations.

Business interruptions could delay us in the process of developing our future products.

Our headquarters are located in San Diego County. We are vulnerable to natural disasters such as earthquakes and wild fires, as well as other events that could disrupt our operations. We do not carry insurance for earthquakes or other natural disasters and we may not carry sufficient business interruption insurance to compensate us for losses that may occur. Any losses or damages we incur could have a material adverse effect on our business operations.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR COMMON STOCK

The market price of our common stock may be highly volatile.*

~~Since~~From January 1, ~~2014, our~~2015 through May 7, 2019, the closing ~~stock price as reported on The NASDAQ Global Market has ranged from $0.83 to $22.08, through November 3, 2017. The trading~~ price of our common stock ~~is likely~~as reported on The Nasdaq Stock Market has ranged from $0.84 to ~~continue to be volatile.~~$253.56, as adjusted for our 1-for-12 reverse stock split that became effective on October 3, 2018.

Our stock price could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to a variety of factors, including the following:

adverse results or delays in preclinical studies or clinical trials;

inability to obtain additional funding;

any delay in filing an IND or NDA for any of our product candidates and any adverse development or perceived adverse development with respect to the FDA’s review of that IND or NDA;

failure to maintain our existing strategic alliances or enter into new alliances;

failure of our strategic alliance partners to elect to develop and commercialize product candidates under our alliance agreements or the termination of any programs under our alliance agreements;

failure by us or our licensors and strategic alliance partners to prosecute, maintain or enforce our intellectual property rights;

failure to successfully develop and commercialize our product candidates;

changes in laws or regulations applicable to our preclinical and clinical development activities, product candidates or future products;

inability to obtain adequate product supply for our product candidates or the inability to do so at acceptable prices;

adverse regulatory decisions;

introduction of new products, services or technologies by our competitors;

failure to meet or exceed financial projections we may provide to the public;

failure to meet or exceed the estimates and projections of the investment community;

the perception of the pharmaceutical industry by the public, legislatures, regulators and the investment community;

announcements of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments by us, our strategic alliance partners or our competitors;

disputes or other developments relating to proprietary rights, including patents, litigation matters and our ability to obtain patent protection for our technologies;

additions or departures of key scientific or management personnel;

significant lawsuits, including patent or stockholder litigation;

changes in the market valuations of similar companies;

sales of our common stock by us or our stockholders in the future; and

trading volume of our common stock.

In addition, companies trading in the stock market in general, and The ~~NASDAQ Global~~Nasdaq Capital Market in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. Broad market and industry factors may negatively affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance.

~~We are an “emerging growth company,” and the reduced reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies could make our common stock less attractive to investors.~~

We are currently an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act. As an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies,” including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding

advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We will likely be an "emerging growth company" through December 31, 2017, at which time we will lose that status. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.

Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can also delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards and, therefore, will be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.

The requirements of being a publicly traded company may strain our resources and divert management’s attention.

As a publicly traded company, we have incurred, and will continue to incur, significant legal, accounting and other ~~expenses that we did not incur as a private company.~~expenses. In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and The ~~NASDAQ Global~~Nasdaq Capital Market have imposed various requirements on public companies. In July 2010, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, or the Dodd-Frank Act, was enacted. There are significant corporate governance and executive compensation related provisions in the Dodd-Frank Act that require the SEC to adopt additional rules and regulations in these areas such as “say on pay” and proxy access. As an “emerging growth company” we are permitted to implement many of these requirements over a longer period and up to five years from the pricing of our initial public offering. We have taken advantage of this new legislation but cannot guarantee that we will not be required to implement these requirements sooner than budgeted or planned and thereby incur unexpected expenses. Stockholder activism, the current political environment and the current high level of government intervention and regulatory reform may lead to substantial new regulations and disclosure obligations, which may lead to additional compliance costs and impact the manner in which we operate our business in ways we cannot currently anticipate. Our management and other personnel have devoted and will need to continue to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, these rules and regulations will increase our legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly. ~~For example, we expect these rules~~

Changes or modifications in financial accounting standards, including those related to revenue recognition, may harm our results of operations.

From time to time, the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, either alone or jointly with other organizations, promulgates new accounting principles that could have an adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations or

reported cash flows. In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue when promised goods or services are transferred to customers. The standard requires a company to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in the amount that reflects the consideration it expects to be entitled to receive in exchange for those goods or services. The FASB subsequently issued amendments to ASU No. 2014-09 that have the same effective date and ~~regulations to make it more difficult and more expensive~~transition date. These new standards became effective for us on January 1, 2018 and were adopted using the modified retrospective method through a cumulative-effect adjustment directly to ~~obtain director~~accumulated deficit of $1.8 million.

Any difficulties in adopting or implementing any new accounting standard could result in our failure to meet our financial reporting obligations, which could result in regulatory discipline and ~~officer liability insurance and~~harm investors’ confidence in us. Finally, if we ~~may~~were to change our critical accounting estimates, including those related to the recognition of collaboration revenue, our operating results could be ~~required to incur substantial costs to maintain our current levels of such coverage.~~significantly affected.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market by our existing stockholders could cause our stock price to fall. *

Substantially all of our outstanding shares of common stock are available for public sale, subject in some cases to volume and other limitations. If our existing stockholders ~~sell, or indicate an intention to~~ sell substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market, or the market perceives that such sales may occur, the trading price of our common stock could decline. In addition, shares of common stock that are either subject to outstanding options or reserved for future issuance under our employee benefit plans are or may become eligible for sale in the public market to the extent permitted by the provisions of various vesting schedules and Rule 144 under the Securities Act. If these additional shares of common stock are sold, or if it is perceived that they will be sold, in the public market, the trading price of our common stock could decline.

Certain holders of our securities are entitled to rights with respect to the registration of their shares under the Securities Act. Registration of these shares under the Securities Act would result in the shares becoming freely tradable without restriction under the Securities Act, except for shares held by our affiliates as defined in Rule 144 under the Securities Act. Pursuant to our registration statements on Form S-3 which became effective in April 2014 and in April 2015, up to 1,272,000 shares held by certain of our stockholders remain available for resale thereunder. We may file additional registration statements in the future to provide for the further sale of shares of common stock by our stockholders. Any further sales of securities by these stockholders could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our common stock.

Future sales and issuances of our common stock or rights to purchase common stock, including pursuant to our equity incentive plans, could result in additional dilution of the percentage ownership of our stockholders and could cause our stock price to fall.*

We expect that significant additional capital will be needed in the future to continue our planned operations. To the extent we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities, our stockholders may experience substantial dilution. We may sell common stock, preferred stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in one or more transactions at prices and in a manner we determine from time to time, any of which may result in material dilution to investors and/or our existing stockholders. New investors could also be issued securities with rights superior to those of our existing stockholders.

For example, on May 7, 2019, we completed the Initial Closing of the Private Placement, pursuant to which we sold and issued (i) 9,730,534 shares of common stock and accompanying warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 9,730,534 shares of common stock at a combined purchase price of $1.205 per share, and (ii) 415,898 shares of non-voting Class A-1 convertible preferred stock, in lieu of shares of common stock, at a price of $10.80 per share, and accompanying warrants to purchase an aggregate of 4,158,980 shares of common stock at a price of $0.125 for each share of common stock underlying such warrants. Each share of non-voting Class A-1 convertible preferred stock is convertible into 10 shares of common stock, subject to certain beneficial ownership conversion limitations. The warrants will be exercisable for a period of five years following the date of issuance and will have an exercise price of $1.08 per share, subject to proportional adjustments in the event of stock splits or combinations or similar events. In addition, subject to our public announcement on or before December 31, 2019 of our plan to recommence the Phase 1 multiple ascending dose clinical trial of RGLS4326 based upon correspondence from FDA, the investors in the Private Placement agreed to purchase shares of non-voting convertible preferred stock and accompanying warrants to purchase shares of common stock at the Milestone Closing, subject to certain closing conditions. If the Milestone Closing occurs, the gross proceeds from that closing will be approximately $25.1 million, excluding the exercise price of the warrants. Current stockholders may be diluted by the completion of Milestone Closing and the exercise of the warrants issued in the Private Placement

Pursuant to our 2012 Equity Incentive Plan ~~or the 2012 Plan,~~(the "2012 Plan"), our management is authorized to grant stock options and other equity-based awards to our employees, directors and consultants. The number of shares available for future grant under the 2012 Plan will automatically increase each year by up to 4% of all shares of our capital stock outstanding as of December 31st of the preceding calendar year, subject to the ability of our board of directors to take action to reduce the size of the increase in any given year. In addition, we may grant or provide for the grant of rights to purchase shares of our common stock pursuant to our 2012 Employee Stock Purchase Plan or ("the ~~ESPP.~~ESPP"). The number of shares of our common stock reserved for issuance under the ESPP will automatically increase on January 1 of each calendar year by the lessor of 1% of the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding on December 31st of the preceding calendar year and ~~500,000~~41,666 shares, subject to the ability of our board of directors to take action to reduce the size of the increase in any given year. ~~Any such increase, of the maximum amount or a lesser amount, may cause our stockholders to experience additional dilution, which could cause our stock price to fall.~~ Currently, we plan to register the increased number of shares available for issuance under the 2012 Plan and the ESPP each year. In addition,

we will likely pursue a separate share reserve increase under the 2012 Plan in the future or request our shareholders to approve a new plan with a larger share reserve in order to have sufficient shares to incentivize, retain and motivate employees and other service providers. Any such increase may cause our stockholders to experience additional dilution, which could cause our stock price to fall.

In addition, we previously adopted an Inducement Plan in 2015 (the “Inducement Plan”) pursuant to which our management had the ability to grant stock options exercisable for up to an aggregate of ~~1,000,000~~83,333 shares of our common stock to new employees as inducements material to such new employees entering into employment with us. The number of shares which may be granted under the Inducement Plan may be increased in the future by our board of directors. In the event we increase the number of shares which may be granted under the Inducement Plan, or adopt another inducement plan for which no stockholder approval is required under applicable rules and regulations, and grant options pursuant to such plan, our stockholders may experience additional dilution, which could cause our stock price to fall.

On November 12, 2018, we completed the Exchange Offer pursuant to which certain eligible optionholders, subject to specified conditions, were able to exchange some or all of their outstanding options to purchase shares of our common stock for new RSUs. Shares of our common stock underlying eligible options granted under our 2009 Equity Incentive Plan or the 2012 Plan that were properly exchanged in the Exchange Offer returned to our 2012 Plan and become available for issuance under new stock award grants under our 2012 Plan, including the new RSUs. Shares of our common stock underlying eligible options granted under the Inducement Plan that were properly exchanged in the Exchange Offer are not available for grant under the 2012 Plan or otherwise.

The purpose of the Exchange Offer was to revitalize the incentive value of our outstanding equity awards to retain and motivate employees and directors and recreate a personal stake in the long term financial success of our company, and thereby align their interests with those of our other stockholders. Equity awards are a critical component of our compensation philosophy, the focal point of which is to increase long-term stockholder value. During the past several fiscal years, our stock price has declined. As of October 15, 2018, 100% of our outstanding stock options were “out-of-the-money,” meaning the exercise price of each of those options is greater than our current stock price, with exercise prices ranging from $4.56 to over $200 per share; a significant portion of these options have been “out-of-the-money” for more than two years. Specifically, all stock options granted between February 2012 and October 2016 have been “out-of-the-money” in their entirety for more than two years. This means that our historically granted stock options may have little or no perceived value to those who hold them and therefore may no longer be effective as incentives to motivate and retain these individuals. One hundred percent of eligible options were exchanged by eligible optionholders in the Exchange Offer. However, there is no guarantee that our employees and directors who participated in the Exchange Offer will continue to be properly incentivized in the long term.

We may be unable to comply with the applicable continued listing requirements of The ~~NASDAQ Global~~Nasdaq Capital Market.*

Our common stock is currently listed on The ~~NASDAQ~~Nasdaq Capital Market. Prior to January 11, 2019, our common stock was listed on The Nasdaq Global ~~Market, or NASDAQ.~~Market. In order to maintain this listing, we must satisfy minimum financial and other continued listing requirements and standards, including a minimum closing bid price requirement for our common stock of $1.00 per ~~share.~~ share and a minimum stockholders’ equity requirement of $2.5 million. In December 2017, we received a letter from The Nasdaq Stock Market advising us that for 30 consecutive trading days preceding the date of the letter, the bid price of our common stock had closed below the $1.00 per share minimum required for continued listing on The Nasdaq Global Market, and therefore we could become subject to delisting if we did not regain compliance within the compliance period. In January 2018, we were notified by The Nasdaq Stock Market that for a period of 10 consecutive trading days, we had maintained a closing bid above $1.00 and therefore had regained compliance with Nasdaq listing rules. In April 2018, we again received a letter from The Nasdaq Stock Market advising us that for 30 consecutive trading days preceding the date of the letter, the bid price of our common stock had closed below the $1.00 per share minimum price required for continued listing on The Nasdaq Global Market, and therefore we could become subject to delisting if our common stock does not meet the $1.00 minimum bid price for 10 consecutive trading days within the 180-day period following the date of the letter. On October 2, 2018 we filed a Certificate of Amendment of Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation with the Secretary of State of the state of Delaware to effect a 1-for-12 reverse stock split of our issued and outstanding common stock. The reverse stock split became effective at 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time on October 3, 2018 and our shares of common stock began trading on a split-adjusted basis on The Nasdaq Global Market on October 4, 2018. On October 18, 2018, we were notified by The Nasdaq Stock Market that as of October 17, 2018 we had maintained a closing bid above $1.00 for a period of 10 consecutive trading days and therefore had regained compliance with Nasdaq listing rules. On November 13, 2018, we were notified by The Nasdaq Stock Market that we failed to comply with the listing rules of The Nasdaq Global Market as we did not maintain a minimum of $10 million in stockholder equity and therefore could be subject to delisting if we did not submit a plan to regain compliance. In December 2018, we submitted a plan to The Nasdaq Global Market to regain compliance with the Nasdaq Listing Rules, which included, among other specific measures, transferring our listing from The Nasdaq Global Market to The Nasdaq Capital Market, which has a lower minimum stockholders’ equity requirement of $2.5 million. On January 11, 2019, our transfer to The Nasdaq

Capital Market became effective. Based upon the transfer to The Nasdaq Capital Market, and the other specific measures outlined in our plan, Nasdaq approved our plan and provided us with an extension to May 13, 2019 to comply with the trading rules of The Nasdaq Capital Market , provided Nasdaq required that we also evidence compliance with the minimum stockholders’ equity requirement at the time we file our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019. On May 9, 2019, we sent a letter to The Nasdaq Stock Market notifying them that we completed the Initial Closing of the Private Placement on May 7, 2019, pursuant to which we raised net proceeds of approximately $15.7 million. Pursuant to such financing, we believe, as of the date of this report, that we have regained compliance with the minimum stockholders’ equity requirement. Even though we believe we have regained compliance with the minimum stockholders’ equity requirement, Nasdaq will continue to monitor our ongoing compliance with such requirement and, if at the time we file our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2019, we do not evidence compliance, we may be subject to delisting.

There can be no assurance that we will continue to be ~~able to comply~~in compliance with the ~~applicable listing standards. For example, if we were to fail to meet the~~$1.00 minimum bid price requirement, ~~for 30 consecutive business days,~~the minimum stockholders’ equity requirement or Nasdaq's other continued listing standards in the future. If we ~~could become subject~~are not able to ~~delisting. Although NASDAQ may provide us with a compliance period in which to regain~~maintain compliance with the ~~minimum bid price requirement,~~stockholders' equity requirements at the time we ~~cannot assure you that we would be able to regain compliance within~~file our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the ~~period provided by NASDAQ. In order to regain compliance with such requirement, the closing bid price of our common stock would need to meet~~quarter ended June 30, 2019 or exceed $1.00 per share for at least 10 consecutive business days during the compliance period. If we were not able to regain compliance within the allotted compliance period for this requirement or any other applicable listing standard, including any extensions that may be granted by NASDAQ,thereafter, our shares of common stock would be subject to delisting. In the event that our common stock is delisted from ~~NASDAQ~~Nasdaq and is not eligible for quotation or listing on another market or exchange, trading of our common stock could be conducted only in the over-the-counter market or on an electronic bulletin board established for unlisted securities such as the Pink Sheets or the OTC Bulletin Board. In such event, it could become more difficult to dispose of, or obtain accurate price quotations for our common stock and there would likely also be a reduction in our coverage by securities analysts and the news media, which could cause the price of our common stock to decline further. In addition, the delisting of our common stock from The Nasdaq Capital Market would constitute an event of default under our Loan Agreement with Oxford.

We are the subject of a putative securities class action lawsuit, and additional securities litigation may be brought against us in the future. *

In the past, securities class action litigation has often been brought against a company following a decline in the market price of its securities. This risk is especially relevant for us because pharmaceutical companies have experienced significant stock price volatility in recent years. On January 31, 2017, a putative class action complaint was filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of California against us, Paul C. Grint (our former Chief Executive Officer) and Joseph P. Hagan (then our Chief Operating Officer and currently our President and Chief Executive Officer). The complaint includes claims asserted, on behalf of certain purchasers of our securities, under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. In general, the complaint alleges that between January 21, 2016, and June 27, 2016, the defendants violated the federal securities laws by making materially false and misleading statements regarding our business and the prospects for RG-101, thereby artificially inflating the price of our securities. A second action has subsequently been filed making the same allegations but extending the period of alleged violations to January 27, 2017 and also naming our Chief Research & Development Officer, Timothy M. Wright, as a defendant. These actions were consolidated and on December 22, 2017, lead plaintiffs filed a consolidated complaint against the Company, Dr. Grint, Mr. Hagan, and Michael Huang (our former Vice President of Clinical Development). The ~~plaintiffs seek~~consolidated complaint alleges that between February 17, 2016 and June 12, 2017, the Defendants violated Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, by making materially false and misleading statements regarding RG-101. The consolidated complaint seeks unspecified monetary damages and ~~other relief.~~an award of attorneys’ fees and costs. On February 6, 2018, defendants filed a Motion to Dismiss the consolidated complaint. On March 23, 2018, plaintiff filed their opposition to the motion and on April 24, 2018, defendants filed their response. No hearing date has been set. We are not able to predict or reasonably estimate the ultimate outcome or possible losses relating to these claims. It is possible that additional lawsuits will be filed, or allegations made by stockholders, with respect to these same or other matters and also naming us and/or our officers and directors as defendants. ~~Due to the early stage of these proceedings, we are not able to predict or reasonably estimate the ultimate outcome or possible losses relating to these claims.~~ While we carry liability insurance, there is no assurance that any losses we incur in connection with the current lawsuits or any future lawsuits will be covered or that coverage, if any, will be sufficient. In addition, the current lawsuits and similar future litigation could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could harm our business.

U.S. federal income tax reform could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

On December 22, 2017, U.S. federal income tax legislation was signed into law (H.R. 1, “An Act to provide for reconciliation pursuant to titles II and V of the concurrent resolution on the budget for fiscal year 2018”), informally titled the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, that significantly revises the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, among other things, contains significant changes to corporate taxation, including reduction of the corporate tax rate from a top marginal rate of 35% to a flat rate of 21%, repeal of the alternative minimum tax for corporations, limitation of the tax deduction for interest expense to 30% of adjusted taxable income (except for certain small businesses), limitation of the deduction for net operating losses carried forward from taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 to 80% of current

year taxable income and elimination of net operating loss carrybacks, one-time taxation of offshore earnings at reduced rates regardless of whether they are repatriated, elimination of U.S. tax on foreign earnings (subject to certain important exceptions), immediate deductions for certain new investments instead of deductions for depreciation expense over time, and modifying or repealing many business deductions and credits. Notwithstanding the reduction in the corporate income tax rate, the overall impact of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act is uncertain and our business and financial condition could be adversely affected. In addition, it is uncertain if and to what extent various states will conform to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. The impact of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act on holders of our common stock is also uncertain and could be adverse.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.

As of December 31, 2018, we had federal and California net operating loss, or "NOL", carryforwards of $305.3 million and $255.5 million, respectively. The federal and California NOL carryforwards will begin to expire, if not utilized, in 2030 and 2031. These NOL carryforwards could expire unused and be unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities. Under ~~Section~~the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, federal NOLs incurred in taxable years ending after December 31, 2017 may be carried forward indefinitely, but the deductibility of federal NOLs generated in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017 is limited. It is uncertain if and to what extent various states will conform to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. In addition, under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and corresponding provisions of state law, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” which is generally defined as a greater than 50% change (by value) in its equity ownership over a ~~three year~~three-year period, the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change ~~net operating loss~~NOL carryforwards ~~or NOLs,~~ and other pre-change tax attributes (such as research tax credits) to offset its post-change income may be limited. We triggered an “ownership change” limitation at the completion of our initial public offering in October 2012 and again in July 2015. We may also experience ownership changes in the future as a result of subsequent shifts in our stock ~~ownership.~~ownership, some of which may be outside of our control. As a result, if we earn net taxable income, our ability to use our ~~pre-change net operating loss~~pre-ownership change NOL carryforwards to offset U.S. federal taxable income may be subject to limitations, which could potentially result in increased future tax liability to us. In addition, at the state level, there may be periods during which the use of NOLs is suspended or otherwise limited, which could accelerate or permanently increase state taxes owed.

We do not intend to pay dividends on our common stock so any returns will be limited to the value of our stock.

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock. We currently anticipate that we will retain future earnings for the development, operation and expansion of our business and do not anticipate declaring or paying any cash dividends for the foreseeable future. In addition, our ability to pay cash dividends is currently prohibited by the terms of our secured debt, and any future debt financing arrangement may contain terms prohibiting or limiting the amount of dividends that may be declared or paid on our common stock. Any return to stockholders will therefore be limited to the appreciation of their stock.

Provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws, as well as provisions of Delaware law, could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us or increase the cost of acquiring us, even if doing so would benefit our stockholders or remove our current management.

Some provisions of our charter documents and Delaware law may have anti-takeover effects that could discourage an acquisition of us by others, even if an acquisition would be beneficial to our stockholders and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management. These provisions include:

authorizing the issuance of “blank check” preferred stock, the terms of which may be established and shares of which may be issued without stockholder approval;

prohibiting stockholder action by written consent, thereby requiring all stockholder actions to be taken at a meeting of our stockholders;

eliminating the ability of stockholders to call a special meeting of stockholders;

establishing the state of Delaware as the sole forum for certain legal actions against the Company, its officers and directors; and

establishing advance notice requirements for nominations for election to the board of directors or for proposing matters that can be acted upon at stockholder meetings.

In addition, we are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which generally prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any of a broad range of business combinations with an interested stockholder for a

period of three years following the date on which the stockholder became an interested stockholder, unless such transactions are approved by our board of directors. This provision could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control, whether or not it is desired by or beneficial to our stockholders. Further, other provisions of Delaware law may also discourage, delay or prevent someone from acquiring us or merging with us.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

None.

ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

None.

ITEM 6. EXHIBITS



Exhibit Number	Description

3.1		Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-35670), filed with the SEC on August 3, 2016).

3.2		Certificate of Amendment of Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Regulus Therapeutics Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (file No. 001-35670), filed with the SEC on October 2, 2018).

3.3		Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-35670), filed with the SEC on June 8, 2016).

3.4		Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of Class A-1 Convertible Preferred Stock (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (file No. 001-35670), filed with the SEC on May 9, 2019).

4.1		Reference is made to Exhibits 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 and ~~3.2.~~3.4.

4.2		Form of ~~Common Stock Certificate~~common stock certificate of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit ~~4.1~~4.2 to the Registrant’s ~~Registration Statement~~Quarterly Report on Form ~~S-1, as amended~~10-Q (File No. ~~333-183384)~~001-35670), ~~originally~~ filed with the SEC on ~~August 17, 2012)~~November 9, 2018).

4.3		Form of Common Stock Purchase Warrant (incoporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (file No. 001-35670), filed with the SEC on May 9, 2019).

10.1*		Employment Agreement between the Registrant and Christopher Aker, dated July 24, 2018.

10.2		Fifth Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement, dated January 31, 2019, by and between the Registrant and Oxford Finance LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 001-35670), filed with the SEC on February 1, 2019).

10.3		Lease Agreement, dated February 25, 2019, by and between the Registrant and ARE-SD Region No. 44 LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.41 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-35670), filed with the SEC on March 18, 2019).

10.4		Agreement, dated February 19, 2019, by and between the Registrant and Nitto Biopharma, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.42 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-35670), filed with the SEC on March 18, 2019).

10.5		Second Amendment to Lease Agreement, dated February 25, 2019, by and between the Registrant and ARE-SD Region No. 44 LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.43 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-35670), filed with the SEC on March 18, 2019).

10.6		Sixth Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement, dated March 7, 2019, by and between the Registrant and Oxford Finance LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.44 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-35670), filed with the SEC on March 18, 2019).

10.7		Seventh Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement, dated April 9, 2019, by and between the Registrant and Oxford Finance LLC.



10.8		Securities Purchase Agreement, dated May 3, 2019, by and among the Registrant and the Purchasers listed on Exhibit A thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (file No. 001-35670), filed with the SEC on May 9, 2019).

10.9		Eighth Amendment to Loan and Security Agreement, dated May 3, 2019, by and between the Registrant and Oxford Finance LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K (file No. 001-35670), filed with the SEC on May 9, 2019).

31.1		Certification of the Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

31.2		Certification of the Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) or 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

32.1**		Certification of the Principal Executive Officer and the Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

101.INS		XBRL Instance Document.

101.SCH		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.

101.CAL		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.

101.DEF		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.

101.LAB		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.

101.PRE		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.



*	Indicates management contract or compensatory plan.
**	These certifications are being furnished solely to accompany this quarterly report pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, and are not being filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Registrant, whether made before or after the date hereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.



	Regulus Therapeutics Inc.
Date: ~~November 7, 2017~~May 9, 2019	By:	/s/ Joseph P. Hagan
		Joseph P. Hagan
		President and Chief Executive Officer
		(Principal Executive Officer)

Date: ~~November 7, 2017~~May 9, 2019	By:	/s/ Daniel R. Chevallard
		Daniel R. Chevallard
		Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

5058



	Maturity (in years)	Amortized cost		Unrealized					Estimated fair value
	Maturity (in years)	Amortized cost		Gains		Losses			Estimated fair value
As of September 30, 2017
Corporate debt securities	1 or less	$	38,736	$	1	$	(30	)	$	38,707
Certificates of deposit	2 or less	6,450		—		—			6,450
U.S. Treasury securities	2 or less	4,502		—		(6		)	4,496
Debt securities of U.S. government-sponsored agencies	1 or less	1,497		—		(2		)	1,495
Total		$	51,185	$	1	$	(38	)	$	51,148



	Fair value as of September 30, 2017
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
Cash equivalents	$	18,078	$	18,078	$	—	$	—
Corporate debt securities	38,707		—		38,707		—
Certificates of deposit	6,450		—		6,450		—
U.S. treasury securities	4,496		—		4,496		—
Debt securities of U.S. government-sponsored agencies	1,495		—		1,495		—
	$	69,226	$	18,078	$	51,148	$	—



	Fair value as of December 31, 2016
	Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
Cash equivalents	$	13,578	$	13,578	$	—	$	—
Corporate debt securities	49,120		—		49,120		—
Certificates of deposit	9,291		—		9,291		—
Commercial paper	1,247		—		1,247		—
U.S. treasury securities	1,000		—		1,000		—
Debt securities of U.S. government-sponsored agencies	512		—		512		—
	$	74,748	$	13,578	$	61,170	$	—



	Number of options		Weighted average exercise price
Options outstanding at December 31, 2016	8,931		$	6.70
Granted	4,523		$	1.41
Exercised	(11	)	$	0.38
Canceled/forfeited/expired	(2,960	)	$	6.03
Options outstanding at September 30, 2017	10,483		$	4.62



									Increase (decrease)
	Nine months ended September 30, 2017		% of total		Nine months ended September 30, 2016		% of total		$			%
Research and development
Personnel and internal expenses	$	17,231	40	%	$	17,964	36	%	$	(733	)	(4	)%
Third-party and outsourced expenses	22,873		54	%	26,046		53	%	(3,173		)	(12	)%
Non-cash stock-based compensation	1,012		2	%	3,931		8	%	(2,919		)	(74	)%
Depreciation	1,631		4	%	1,385		3	%	246			18	%
Total research and development expenses	$	42,747	100	%	$	49,326	100	%	$	(6,579	)

Large accelerated filer

Accelerated filer

Non-accelerated filer

¨ ~~(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)~~

Smaller reporting company

Emerging growth company