UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM10-Q
(Mark One)


☒QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 28,September 26, 2020
OR
☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from                     to                       
Commission file numbers:
001-36873 (Summit Materials, Inc.)
333-187556 (Summit Materials, LLC)
SUMMIT MATERIALS, INC.
SUMMIT MATERIALS, LLC
(Exact name of registrants as specified in their charters)

Delaware (Summit Materials, Inc.)
Delaware (Summit Materials, LLC)
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
1550 Wynkoop Street,, 3rd Floor
Denver,, Colorado
(Address of principal executive offices)


47-1984212

47-1984212
26-4138486
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
80202
(Zip Code)




Registrants’ telephone number, including area code: (303) (303) 893-0012
Not Applicable
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Common Stock (par value $.01 per share)SUMNew York Stock Exchange
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Class A Common Stock (par value $.01 per share)SUMNew York Stock Exchange
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Summit Materials, Inc.Yes☒No☐
Summit Materials, LLCYes☒No☐
Summit Materials, LLCYes☒No☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S‑T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
Summit Materials, Inc.Yes☒No☐
Summit Materials, LLCYes☒No☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Summit Materials, Inc.
Large accelerated filer☒Accelerated filer☐
Non-accelerated filer☐Smaller reporting company
☐
Emerging growth company
☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.☐
Summit Materials, LLC
Large accelerated filer☐Accelerated filer☐
Non-accelerated filer☒Smaller reporting company
☐
Emerging growth company
☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Summit Materials, Inc.Yes☐No☒
Summit Materials, LLCYes☐No☒
As of April 27,October 26, 2020, the number of shares of Summit Materials, Inc.’s outstanding Class A and Class B common stock, par value $0.01 per share for each class, was 114,110,597114,127,616 and 99, respectively.
As of April 27,October 26, 2020, 100% of Summit Materials, LLC’s outstanding limited liability company interests were held by Summit Materials Intermediate Holdings, LLC, its sole member and an indirect subsidiary of Summit Materials, Inc.



EXPLANATORY NOTE
 
This quarterly report on Form 10-Q (this “report”) is a combined quarterly report being filed separately by two registrants: Summit Materials, Inc. and Summit Materials, LLC. Each registrant hereto is filing on its own behalf all of the information contained in this report that relates to such registrant. Each registrant hereto is not filing any information that does not relate to such registrant, and therefore makes no representation as to any such information. We believe that combining the quarterly reports on Form 10-Q of Summit Materials, Inc. and Summit Materials, LLC into this single report eliminates duplicative and potentially confusing disclosure and provides a more streamlined presentation since a substantial amount of the disclosure applies to both registrants.
 
Unless stated otherwise or the context requires otherwise, references to “Summit Inc.” mean Summit Materials, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and references to “Summit LLC” mean Summit Materials, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company. The references to Summit Inc. and Summit LLC are used in cases where it is important to distinguish between them. We use the terms “we,” “our,” “us” or “the Company” to refer to Summit Inc. and Summit LLC together with their respective subsidiaries, unless otherwise noted or the context otherwise requires.
 
Summit Inc. was formed on September 23, 2014 to be a holding company. As of March 28,September 26, 2020, its sole material asset was a 97.4% economic interest in Summit Materials Holdings L.P., a Delaware limited partnership (“Summit Holdings”). Summit Inc. has 100% of the voting rights of Summit Holdings, which is the indirect parent of Summit LLC. Summit LLC is a co-issuer of our outstanding 65 1/8% senior notes due 2023 (“2023 Notes”), our 5 1/8% senior notes due 2025 (“2025 Notes”) and, our 6 1/2 % senior notes due 2027 (“2027 Notes”) and our 5 1/4% senior notes due 2029 (“2029 Notes” and collectively with the 20232025 Notes and 2025the 2027 Notes, the “Senior Notes”). Summit Inc.’s only revenue for the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020 was that generated by Summit LLC and its consolidated subsidiaries. Summit Inc. controls all of the business and affairs of Summit Holdings and, in turn, Summit LLC.

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
 
This report includes “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the federal securities laws, which involve risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements include all statements that do not relate solely to historical or current facts, and you can identify forward-looking statements because they contain words such as “believes,” “expects,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “seeks,” “intends,” “trends,” “plans,” “estimates,” “projects” or “anticipates” or similar expressions that concern our strategy, plans, expectations or intentions. All statements made relating to our estimated and projected earnings, margins, costs, expenditures, cash flows, growth rates and financial results are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. We derive many of our forward-looking statements from our operating budgets and forecasts, which are based upon many detailed assumptions. While we believe that our assumptions are reasonable, it is very difficult to predict the effect of known factors, and, of course, it is impossible to anticipate all factors that could affect our actual results. In light of the significant uncertainties inherent in the forward-looking statements included herein, the inclusion of such information should not be regarded as a representation by us or any other person that the results or conditions described in such statements or our objectives and plans will be realized. Important factors could affect our results and could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in our forward-looking statements, including but not limited to the factors discussed in the section entitled “Risk Factors” in Summit Inc.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 28, 2019 (the “Annual Report”), and Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal period ended March 28, 2020, each as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), theany factors discussed in the section entitled “Risk Factors” of this report and the following:

•the impact of the coronavirus (“COVID-19”) pandemic, or any similar crisis, on our business;
•our dependence on the construction industry and the strength of the local economies in which we operate;
•the cyclical nature of our business;
•risks related to weather and seasonality;
•risks associated with our capital-intensive business;
•competition within our local markets;
•our ability to execute on our acquisition strategy, successfully integrate acquisitions with our existing operations and retain key employees of acquired businesses;


•our dependence on securing and permitting aggregate reserves in strategically located areas;

•declines in public infrastructure construction and delays or reductions in governmental funding, including the funding by transportation authorities and other state agencies;
•our reliance on private investment in infrastructure, which may be adversely affected by periods of economic stagnation and recession;
•environmental, health, safety and climate change laws or governmental requirements or policies concerning zoning and land use;
•costs associated with pending and future litigation;
•rising prices for commodities, labor and other production and delivery costsinputs as a result of inflation or otherwise;
•conditions in the credit markets;
•our ability to accurately estimate the overall risks, requirements or costs when we bid on or negotiate contracts that are ultimately awarded to us;
•material costs and losses as a result of claims that our products do not meet regulatory requirements or contractual specifications;
•cancellation of a significant number of contracts or our disqualification from bidding for new contracts;
•special hazards related to our operations that may cause personal injury or property damage not covered by insurance;
•unexpected factors affecting self-insurance claims and reserve estimates;
•our substantial current level of indebtedness;indebtedness, including our exposure to variable interest rate risk;
•our dependence on senior management and other key personnel, and our ability to retain and attract other qualified personnel;
•supply constraints or significant price fluctuations in the electricity and petroleum-based resources that we use, including diesel and liquid asphalt;
•climate change and climate change legislation or regulations;
•unexpected operational difficulties;
•interruptions in our information technology systems and infrastructure;infrastructure, including cybersecurity and data leakage risks; and
•potential labor disputes.disputes, strikes, other forms of work stoppage or other union activities.

All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us, or persons acting on our behalf, are expressly qualified in their entirety by these cautionary statements.
 
Any forward-looking statement that we make herein speaks only as of the date of this report. We undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law.

 CERTAIN DEFINITIONS
 
As used in this report, unless otherwise noted or the context otherwise requires:
 
•“EBITDA” refers to net income (loss) before interest expense (income), income tax expense (benefit) and depreciation, depletion and amortization;
•“Finance Corp.” refers to Summit Materials Finance Corp., an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Summit LLC and the co-issuer of the Senior Notes;
•“Issuers” refers to Summit LLC and Finance Corp. as co‑issuers of the Senior Notes;  
“IPO” refers to the March 2015 initial public offering of Summit Inc.;
•“LP Units” refers to the Class A limited partnership units of Summit Holdings; and
•“TRA” refers to tax receivable agreement between Summit Inc. and certain current and former holders of LP Units and their permitted assignees.



Corporate Structure
The following chart summarizes our organizational structure, equity ownership and our principal indebtedness as of March 28,September 26, 2020. This chart is provided for illustrative purposes only and does not show all of our legal entities or all obligations of such entities.
corpstructurea18.jpgsum-20200926_g1.jpg
(1)SEC registrant.
(2)The shares of Class B Common Stock are currently held by pre-IPO investors, including certain members of management or their family trusts that directly hold LP Units.  A holder of Class B Common Stock is entitled, without regard to the number of shares of Class B Common Stock held by such holder, to a number of votes that is equal to the aggregate number of LP Units held by such holder.
(3)Guarantor under the senior secured credit facilities, but not the Senior Notes.
(4)Summit LLC and Finance Corp are the issuers of the Senior Notes and Summit LLC is the borrower under our senior secured credit facilities. Finance Corp. was formed solely for the purpose of serving as co-issuer or guarantor of certain indebtedness, including the Senior Notes. Finance Corp. does not and will not have operations of any kind and does not and will not have revenue or assets other than as may be incidental to its activities as a co-issuer or guarantor of certain indebtedness.

(1)SEC registrant.
(2)The shares of Class B Common Stock are currently held by pre-IPO investors, including certain members of management or their family trusts that directly hold LP Units.  A holder of Class B Common Stock is entitled, without regard to the number of shares of Class B Common Stock held by such holder, to a number of votes that is equal to the aggregate number of LP Units held by such holder.
(3)Guarantor under the senior secured credit facilities, but not the Senior Notes.
(4)Summit LLC and Finance Corp are the issuers of the Senior Notes and Summit LLC is the borrower under our senior secured credit facilities. Finance Corp. was formed solely for the purpose of serving as co-issuer or guarantor of certain indebtedness, including the Senior Notes. Finance Corp. does not and will not have operations of any kind and does not and will not have revenue or assets other than as may be incidental to its activities as a co-issuer or guarantor of certain indebtedness.

Table of Contents
SUMMIT MATERIALS, INC.
SUMMIT MATERIALS, LLC 
FORM 10-Q 
TABLE OF CONTENTS  
Page No.
PART I—Financial Information 
1
1
2
3
4
5
67
1922
1922
3540
3540
PART II — Other Information 
3641
3641
3741
3741
3741
3741
3842
3944



Table of Contents
PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
SUMMIT MATERIALS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Consolidated Balance Sheets 
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)
March 28, 2020 December 28, 2019 September 26, 2020December 28, 2019
(unaudited) (audited) (unaudited)(audited)
Assets 
  
Assets  
Current assets: 
  
Current assets:  
Cash and cash equivalents$199,114
 $311,319
Cash and cash equivalents$288,757 $311,319 
Accounts receivable, net231,215
 253,256
Accounts receivable, net309,377 253,256 
Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings11,319
 13,088
Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings44,001 13,088 
Inventories231,413
 204,787
Inventories209,774 204,787 
Other current assets15,195
 13,831
Other current assets13,632 13,831 
Total current assets688,256
 796,281
Total current assets865,541 796,281 
Property, plant and equipment, less accumulated depreciation, depletion and amortization (March 28, 2020 - $1,000,745 and December 28, 2019 - $955,815)1,768,703
 1,747,449
Property, plant and equipment, less accumulated depreciation, depletion and amortization (September 26, 2020 - $1,088,710 and December 28, 2019 - $955,815)Property, plant and equipment, less accumulated depreciation, depletion and amortization (September 26, 2020 - $1,088,710 and December 28, 2019 - $955,815)1,763,066 1,747,449 
Goodwill1,195,557
 1,199,699
Goodwill1,303,086 1,199,699 
Intangible assets, less accumulated amortization (March 28, 2020 - $11,071 and December 28, 2019 - $10,366)22,793
 23,498
Deferred tax assets, less valuation allowance (March 28, 2020 - $1,675 and December 28, 2019 - $1,675)237,922
 212,333
Intangible assets, less accumulated amortization (September 26, 2020 - $12,467 and December 28, 2019 - $10,366)Intangible assets, less accumulated amortization (September 26, 2020 - $12,467 and December 28, 2019 - $10,366)37,923 23,498 
Deferred tax assets, less valuation allowance (September 26, 2020 - $1,675 and December 28, 2019 - $1,675)Deferred tax assets, less valuation allowance (September 26, 2020 - $1,675 and December 28, 2019 - $1,675)241,900 212,333 
Operating lease right-of-use assets30,527
 32,777
Operating lease right-of-use assets28,551 32,777 
Other assets48,510
 55,519
Other assets52,103 55,519 
Total assets$3,992,268
 $4,067,556
Total assets$4,292,170 $4,067,556 
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity   Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities:   Current liabilities:
Current portion of debt$7,942
 $7,942
Current portion of debt$7,942 $7,942 
Current portion of acquisition-related liabilities30,923
 32,700
Current portion of acquisition-related liabilities31,968 32,700 
Accounts payable122,350
 116,359
Accounts payable149,475 116,359 
Accrued expenses102,460
 120,005
Accrued expenses144,064 120,005 
Current operating lease liabilities8,131
 8,427
Current operating lease liabilities8,193 8,427 
Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings14,022
 13,864
Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings14,225 13,864 
Total current liabilities285,828
 299,297
Total current liabilities355,867 299,297 
Long-term debt1,850,289
 1,851,057
Long-term debt1,893,212 1,851,057 
Acquisition-related liabilities13,024
 19,801
Acquisition-related liabilities12,876 19,801 
Tax receivable agreement liability327,957
 326,965
Tax receivable agreement liability327,957 326,965 
Noncurrent operating lease liabilities23,280
 25,381
Noncurrent operating lease liabilities21,327 25,381 
Other noncurrent liabilities96,031
 100,282
Other noncurrent liabilities111,435 100,282 
Total liabilities2,596,409
 2,622,783
Total liabilities2,722,674 2,622,783 
Commitments and contingencies (see note 16)


 


Commitments and contingencies (see note 12)Commitments and contingencies (see note 12)
Stockholders’ equity:   Stockholders’ equity:
Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share; 1,000,000,000 shares authorized, 114,110,597 and 113,309,385 shares issued and outstanding as of March 28, 2020 and December 28, 2019, respectively1,142
 1,134
Class B common stock, par value $0.01 per share; 250,000,000 shares authorized, 99 shares issued and outstanding as of March 28, 2020 and December 28, 2019—
 —
Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share; 1,000,000,000 shares authorized, 114,123,911 and 113,309,385 shares issued and outstanding as of September 26, 2020 and December 28, 2019, respectivelyClass A common stock, par value $0.01 per share; 1,000,000,000 shares authorized, 114,123,911 and 113,309,385 shares issued and outstanding as of September 26, 2020 and December 28, 2019, respectively1,142 1,134 
Class B common stock, par value $0.01 per share; 250,000,000 shares authorized, 99 shares issued and outstanding as of September 26, 2020 and December 28, 2019Class B common stock, par value $0.01 per share; 250,000,000 shares authorized, 99 shares issued and outstanding as of September 26, 2020 and December 28, 20190 0 
Additional paid-in capital1,239,271
 1,234,020
Additional paid-in capital1,257,506 1,234,020 
Accumulated earnings143,826
 188,805
Accumulated earnings291,620 188,805 
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income(2,645) 3,448
Accumulated other comprehensive incomeAccumulated other comprehensive income975 3,448 
Stockholders’ equity1,381,594
 1,427,407
Stockholders’ equity1,551,243 1,427,407 
Noncontrolling interest in Summit Holdings14,265
 17,366
Noncontrolling interest in Summit Holdings18,253 17,366 
Total stockholders’ equity1,395,859
 1,444,773
Total stockholders’ equity1,569,496 1,444,773 
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$3,992,268
 $4,067,556
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$4,292,170 $4,067,556 
See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

1
Table of Contents
SUMMIT MATERIALS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Operations
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts) 
 Three months endedNine months ended
 September 26, 2020September 28, 2019September 26, 2020September 28, 2019
Revenue:    
Product$540,904 $554,721 $1,334,471 $1,293,999 
Service104,342 111,126 228,421 230,389 
Net revenue645,246 665,847 1,562,892 1,524,388 
Delivery and subcontract revenue64,373 66,235 144,926 141,224 
Total revenue709,619 732,082 1,707,818 1,665,612 
Cost of revenue (excluding items shown separately below):
Product331,853 338,119 857,912 846,702 
Service72,778 78,625 162,479 167,550 
Net cost of revenue404,631 416,744 1,020,391 1,014,252 
Delivery and subcontract cost64,373 66,235 144,926 141,224 
Total cost of revenue469,004 482,979 1,165,317 1,155,476 
General and administrative expenses81,499 62,344 218,267 190,915 
Depreciation, depletion, amortization and accretion58,054 55,127 163,760 164,140 
Transaction costs445 751 1,517 1,449 
Operating income100,617 130,881 158,957 153,632 
Interest expense24,623 28,917 78,049 88,423 
Loss on debt financings4,064 0 4,064 14,565 
Other income, net(1,226)(1,875)(2,753)(8,354)
Income from operations before taxes73,156 103,839 79,597 58,998 
Income tax (benefit) expense(19,613)45,602 (25,333)34,272 
Net income92,769 58,237 104,930 24,726 
Net income attributable to Summit Holdings2,039 2,480 2,115 1,331 
Net income attributable to Summit Inc.$90,730 $55,757 $102,815 $23,395 
Earnings per share of Class A common stock:
Basic$0.79 $0.50 $0.90 $0.21 
Diluted$0.79 $0.48 $0.90 $0.21 
Weighted average shares of Class A common stock:
Basic114,116,564 112,179,137 113,943,292 112,020,275 
Diluted114,472,171 115,505,122 114,457,276 112,497,610 
 Three months ended
 March 28, 2020 March 30, 2019
Revenue:   
Product$305,307
 $271,641
Service37,099
 34,309
Net revenue342,406
 305,950
Delivery and subcontract revenue24,784
 26,689
Total revenue367,190
 332,639
Cost of revenue (excluding items shown separately below):   
Product232,504
 213,726
Service28,867
 26,589
Net cost of revenue261,371
 240,315
Delivery and subcontract cost24,784
 26,689
Total cost of revenue286,155
 267,004
General and administrative expenses70,224
 67,610
Depreciation, depletion, amortization and accretion51,778
 55,388
Transaction costs753
 308
Operating loss(41,720) (57,671)
Interest expense27,818
 30,105
Loss on debt financings—
 14,565
Other loss (income), net89
 (2,803)
Loss from operations before taxes(69,627) (99,538)
Income tax benefit(22,901) (28,037)
Net loss(46,726) (71,501)
Net loss attributable to Summit Holdings(1,747) (2,729)
Net loss attributable to Summit Inc.$(44,979) $(68,772)
Loss per share of Class A common stock:   
Basic$(0.40) $(0.62)
Diluted$(0.40) $(0.62)
Weighted average shares of Class A common stock:   
Basic113,602,110
 111,811,679
Diluted113,602,110
 111,811,679

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

2
Table of Contents
SUMMIT MATERIALS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
(In thousands) 
 Three months endedNine months ended
 September 26, 2020September 28, 2019September 26, 2020September 28, 2019
Net income$92,769 $58,237 $104,930 $24,726 
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Foreign currency translation adjustment2,018 (1,328)(3,395)3,263 
Income (loss) on cash flow hedges0 155 0 (148)
Less tax effect of other comprehensive (loss) income items(494)284 831 (766)
Other comprehensive income (loss)1,524 (889)(2,564)2,349 
Comprehensive income94,293 57,348 102,366 27,075 
Less comprehensive income attributable to Summit Holdings2,091 2,444 2,024 1,423 
Comprehensive income attributable to Summit Inc.$92,202 $54,904 $100,342 $25,652 
 Three months ended
 March 28, 2020 March 30, 2019
Net loss$(46,726) $(71,501)
Other comprehensive income (loss):   
Foreign currency translation adjustment(8,359) 2,358
Income (loss) on cash flow hedges—
 (166)
Less tax effect of other comprehensive income (loss) items2,046
 (542)
Other comprehensive (loss) income(6,313) 1,650
Comprehensive loss(53,039) (69,851)
Less comprehensive loss attributable to Summit Holdings(1,967) (2,663)
Comprehensive loss attributable to Summit Inc.$(51,072) $(67,188)

See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

3
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SUMMIT MATERIALS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(In thousands) 
Three months ended Nine months ended
March 28, 2020 March 30, 2019 September 26, 2020September 28, 2019
Cash flow from operating activities:   Cash flow from operating activities:  
Net loss$(46,726) $(71,501)
Net incomeNet income$104,930 $24,726 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities:   Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation, depletion, amortization and accretion55,278
 57,039
Depreciation, depletion, amortization and accretion164,397 166,997 
Share-based compensation expense4,905
 5,906
Share-based compensation expense23,119 15,424 
Net gain on asset disposals(1,933) (1,735)Net gain on asset disposals(5,746)(8,030)
Non-cash loss on debt financings—
 2,850
Non-cash loss on debt financings4,064 2,850 
Change in deferred tax asset, net(24,194) (28,028)Change in deferred tax asset, net(28,968)32,736 
Other1,611
 47
Other760 (1,609)
Decrease (increase) in operating assets, net of acquisitions and dispositions:   Decrease (increase) in operating assets, net of acquisitions and dispositions:
Accounts receivable, net19,939
 20,118
Accounts receivable, net(48,361)(121,196)
Inventories(26,979) (705)Inventories(2,829)16,296 
Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings1,710
 1,541
Costs and estimated earnings in excess of billings(30,912)(31,085)
Other current assets(2,519) (3,447)Other current assets(75)5,635 
Other assets5,543
 2,576
Other assets8,367 4,992 
(Decrease) increase in operating liabilities, net of acquisitions and dispositions:   (Decrease) increase in operating liabilities, net of acquisitions and dispositions:
Accounts payable(2,712) (5,431)Accounts payable21,729 52,423 
Accrued expenses(20,776) (6,963)Accrued expenses3,164 8,447 
Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings245
 (1,195)Billings in excess of costs and estimated earnings395 618 
Tax receivable agreement liability993
 59
Tax receivable agreement liability993 424 
Other liabilities(3,316) (1,807)Other liabilities3,012 (5,805)
Net cash used in operating activities(38,931) (30,676)
Net cash provided by operating activitiesNet cash provided by operating activities218,039 163,843 
Cash flow from investing activities:   Cash flow from investing activities:
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired—
 (2,842)Acquisitions, net of cash acquired(123,195)(2,842)
Purchases of property, plant and equipment(61,829) (62,188)Purchases of property, plant and equipment(140,006)(139,762)
Proceeds from the sale of property, plant and equipment3,160
 2,797
Proceeds from the sale of property, plant and equipment8,848 13,035 
Other1,801
 (178)Other1,395 (207)
Net cash used for investing activities(56,868) (62,411)Net cash used for investing activities(252,958)(129,776)
Cash flow from financing activities:   Cash flow from financing activities:
Proceeds from debt issuances—
 300,000
Proceeds from debt issuances700,000 300,000 
Debt issuance costs—
 (5,774)Debt issuance costs(9,565)(6,312)
Payments on debt(5,493) (256,333)Payments on debt(666,892)(264,906)
Payments on acquisition-related liabilities(9,515) (8,933)Payments on acquisition-related liabilities(10,391)(11,000)
Proceeds from stock option exercises310
 766
Proceeds from stock option exercises329 2,559 
Other(908) (501)Other(908)(501)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities(15,606) 29,225
Net cash provided by financing activitiesNet cash provided by financing activities12,573 19,840 
Impact of foreign currency on cash(800) 191
Impact of foreign currency on cash(216)174 
Net decrease in cash(112,205) (63,671)
Net (decrease) increase in cashNet (decrease) increase in cash(22,562)54,081 
Cash and cash equivalents—beginning of period311,319
 128,508
Cash and cash equivalents—beginning of period311,319 128,508 
Cash and cash equivalents—end of period$199,114
 $64,837
Cash and cash equivalents—end of period$288,757 $182,589 
See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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SUMMIT MATERIALS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Unaudited Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity
(In thousands, except share amounts) 
 Summit Materials, Inc. 
 Accumulated
OtherClass AClass BAdditionalNoncontrollingTotal
AccumulatedComprehensiveCommon StockCommon StockPaid-inInterest inStockholders’
 EarningsincomeSharesDollarsSharesDollarsCapitalSummit HoldingsEquity
Balance — December 28, 2019$188,805 $3,448 113,309,385 $1,134 99 $0 $1,234,020 $17,366 $1,444,773 
Net loss(44,979)— — — — — — (1,747)(46,726)
LP Unit exchanges— — 196,542 2 — — 1,132 (1,134)0 
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax— (6,093)— — — — — (220)(6,313)
Stock option exercises— — 13,335 0 — — 310 — 310 
Share-based compensation— — — — — — 4,905 — 4,905 
Shares redeemed to settle taxes and other— — 591,335 6 — — (1,096)— (1,090)
Balance — March 28, 2020$143,826 $(2,645)114,110,597 $1,142 99 $0 $1,239,271 $14,265 $1,395,859 
Net loss57,064 — — — — — — 1,823 58,887 
Other comprehensive income, net of tax— 2,148 — — — — — 77 2,225 
Share-based compensation— — — — — — 4,892 — 4,892 
Shares redeemed to settle taxes and other— — 1,351 — — — 0 — 0 
Balance — June 27, 2020$200,890 $(497)114,111,948 $1,142 99 $0 $1,244,163 $16,165 $1,461,863 
Net income90,730 — — — — — — 2,039 92,769 
Other comprehensive income, net of tax— 1,472 — — — — — 52 1,524 
Stock option exercises— — 1,069 0 — — 18 — 18 
Share-based compensation— — — — — — 13,322 — 13,322 
Shares redeemed to settle taxes and other— — 10,894 0 — — 3 (3)0 
Balance - September 26, 2020$291,620 $975 114,123,911 $1,142 99 $0 $1,257,506 $18,253 $1,569,496 
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 Summit Materials, Inc.  
   Accumulated              
   Other Class A Class B Additional Noncontrolling Total
 Accumulated Comprehensive Common Stock Common Stock Paid-in Interest in Stockholders’
 Earnings (loss) income Shares Dollars Shares Dollars Capital Summit Holdings Equity
Balance — December 28, 2019$188,805
 $3,448
 113,309,385
 $1,134
 99
 $—
 $1,234,020
 $17,366
 $1,444,773
Net loss(44,979) —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 (1,747) (46,726)
LP Unit exchanges—
 —
 196,542
 2
 —
 —
 1,132
 (1,134) —
Other comprehensive income, net of tax—
 (6,093) —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 (220) (6,313)
Stock option exercises—
 —
 13,335
 —
 —
 —
 310
 —
 310
Share-based compensation—
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 4,905
 —
 4,905
Shares redeemed to settle taxes and other—
 —
 591,335
 6
 —
 —
 (1,096) —
 (1,090)
Balance - March 28, 2020$143,826
 $(2,645) 114,110,597
 $1,142
 99
 $—
 $1,239,271
 $14,265
 $1,395,859
 Summit Materials, Inc.  
   Accumulated              
   Other Class A Class B Additional Noncontrolling Total
 Accumulated Comprehensive Common Stock Common Stock Paid-in Interest in Stockholders’
 Earnings (loss) income Shares Dollars Shares Dollars Capital Summit Holdings Equity
Balance — December 29, 2018$129,739
 $2,681
 111,658,927
 $1,117
 99
 $—
 $1,194,204
 $14,404
 $1,342,145
Net loss(68,772) —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 (2,729) (71,501)
LP Unit exchanges—
 —
 17,500
 —
 —
 —
 122
 (122) —
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax—
 1,584
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 66
 1,650
Stock option exercises—
 —
 43,142
 1
 —
 —
 766
 —
 767
Share-based compensation—
 —
 —
 —
 —
 —
 5,906
 —
 5,906
Shares redeemed to settle taxes and other—
 —
 347,962
 3
 —
 —
 (495) —
 (492)
Balance — March 30, 2019$60,967
 $4,265
 112,067,531
 $1,121
 99
 $—
 $1,200,503
 $11,619
 $1,278,475

Summit Materials, Inc.
Accumulated
OtherClass AClass BAdditionalNoncontrollingTotal
AccumulatedComprehensiveCommon StockCommon StockPaid-inInterest inStockholders’
EarningsincomeSharesDollarsSharesDollarsCapitalSummit HoldingsEquity
Balance — December 29, 2018$129,739 $2,681 111,658,927 $1,117 99 $0 $1,194,204 $14,404 $1,342,145 
Net loss(68,772)— — — — — — (2,729)(71,501)
LP Unit exchanges— — 17,500 0 — — 122 (122)0 
Other comprehensive income, net of tax— 1,584 — — — — — 66 1,650 
Stock option exercises— — 43,142 1 — — 766 — 767 
Share-based compensation— — — — — — 5,906 — 5,906 
Shares redeemed to settle taxes and other— — 347,962 3 — — (495)— (492)
Balance — March 30, 2019$60,967 $4,265 112,067,531 $1,121 99 $0 $1,200,503 $11,619 $1,278,475 
Net income36,410 — — — — — — 1,580 37,990 
Other comprehensive income, net of tax— 1,526 — — — — — 62 1,588 
Stock option exercises— — 1,019 0 — — 17 — 17 
Share-based compensation— — — — — — 4,699 — 4,699 
Shares redeemed to settle taxes and other— — 4,944 1 — — 2 (1)2 
Balance — June 29, 2019$97,377 $5,791 112,073,494 $1,122 99 $0 $1,205,221 $13,260 $1,322,771 
Net income55,757 — — — — — — 2,480 58,237 
LP Unit exchanges— — 89,836 1 — — 361 (362)0 
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax— (853)— — — — — (36)(889)
Stock option exercises— — 99,344 1 — — 1,774 — 1,775 
Share-based compensation— — — — — — 4,819 — 4,819 
Shares redeemed to settle taxes and other— — 13,324 — — — 65 — 65 
Balance — September 28, 2019$153,134 $4,938 112,275,998 $1,124 99 $0 $1,212,240 $15,342 $1,386,778 
See notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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SUMMIT MATERIALS, INC.
 
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 
(Dollars in tables in thousands, except per share amounts or otherwise noted)
 
1.SUMMARY OF ORGANIZATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
1.SUMMARY OF ORGANIZATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
 
Summit Materials, Inc. (“Summit Inc.” and, together with its subsidiaries, “Summit,” “we,” “us,” “our” or the “Company”) is a vertically-integrated construction materials company. The Company is engaged in the production and sale of aggregates, cement, ready-mix concrete, asphalt paving mix and concrete products and owns and operates quarries, sand and gravel pits, 2 cement plants, cement distribution terminals, ready-mix concrete plants, asphalt plants and landfill sites. It is also engaged in paving and related services. The Company’s 3 operating and reporting segments are the West, East and Cement segments.
 
Substantially all of the Company’s construction materials, products and services are produced, consumed and performed outdoors, primarily in the spring, summer and fall. Seasonal changes and other weather-related conditions can affect the production and sales volumes of its products and delivery of services. Therefore, the financial results for any interim period are typically not indicative of the results expected for the full year. Furthermore, the Company’s sales and earnings are sensitive to national, regional and local economic conditions, weather conditions and to cyclical changes in construction spending, among other factors.
 
Summit Inc. is a holding corporation operating and controlling all of the business and affairs of Summit Materials Holdings L.P. (“Summit Holdings”) and its subsidiaries and, through Summit Holdings, conducts its business. Summit Inc. owns the majority of the partnership interests of Summit Holdings (see Note 9, Stockholders’ Equity). Summit Materials, LLC (“Summit LLC”) an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Summit Holdings, conducts the majority of our operations. Summit Materials Finance Corp. (“Summit Finance”), an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Summit LLC, has jointly issued our Senior Notes as described below.
 
Basis of Presentation—These unaudited consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information, without audit, pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). Certain information and footnote disclosures typically included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. These unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the Company's audited consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto as of and for the year ended December 28, 2019. The Company continues to follow the accounting policies set forth in those audited consolidated financial statements.
 
Management believes that these consolidated interim financial statements include all adjustments, normal and recurring in nature, that are necessary to present fairly the financial position of the Company as of March 28,September 26, 2020, the results of operations for the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020 and March 30,September 28, 2019 and cash flows for the threenine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020 and March 30,September 28, 2019.
 
Principles of Consolidation—The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Summit Inc. and its majority owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.
 
For a summary of the changes in Summit Inc.’s ownership of Summit Holdings, see Note 9, Stockholders’ Equity.

Use of Estimates—Preparation of these consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions. These estimates and the underlying assumptions affect the amounts of assets and liabilities reported, disclosures about contingent assets and liabilities and reported amounts of revenue and expenses. Such estimates include the valuation of accounts receivable, inventories, valuation of deferred tax assets, goodwill, intangibles and other long-lived assets, the tax receivable agreement ("TRA") liability, pension and other postretirement obligations and asset retirement obligations. Estimates also include revenue earned on contracts and costs to complete contracts. Most of the Company’s paving and related services are performed under fixed unit-price contracts with state and local governmental entities. Management regularly evaluates its estimates and assumptions based on historical experience and other factors, including the current economic environment. As future events and their effects cannot be determined with precision, actual results can differ significantly from estimates made. Changes in estimates, including

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those resulting from continuing changes in the economic environment, are reflected in the Company’s consolidated financial statements when the change in estimate occurs.
 
Business and Credit Concentrations—The Company’s operations are conducted primarily across 23 U.S. states and in British Columbia, Canada, with the most significant revenue generated in Texas, Kansas, Utah and Missouri. The Company’s accounts receivable consist primarily of amounts due from customers within these areas. Therefore, collection of these accounts is dependent on the economic conditions in the aforementioned states, as well as specific situations affecting individual customers. Credit granted within the Company’s trade areas has been granted to many customers, and management does not believe that a significant concentration of credit exists with respect to any individual customer or group of customers. No single customer accounted for more than 10% of the Company’s total revenue in the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020 or March 30,September 28, 2019.

Revenue Recognition—We earn revenue from the sale of products, which primarily include aggregates, cement, ready-mix concrete and asphalt, but also include concrete products, and from the provision of services, which are primarily paving and related services.
Products: Revenue for product sales is recognized when evidence of an arrangement exists and when control passes, which generally is when the product is shipped. 
Services: We earn revenue from the provision of services, which are primarily paving and related services, which are typically calculated using monthly progress based on the percentage of completion or a customer’s engineer review of progress.
The majority of our construction service contracts are completed within one year, but may occasionally extend beyond this time frame. The majority of our construction service contracts are for work that occurs mostly during the spring, summer and fall. We generally measure progress toward completion on long-term paving and related services contracts based on the proportion of costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion.
The percentage of completion method of accounting involves the use of various estimating techniques to project costs at completion, and in some cases includes estimates of recoveries asserted against the customer for changes in specifications or other disputes.
 
Earnings per Share—The Company computes basic earnings per share attributable to stockholders by dividing income attributable to Summit Inc. by the weighted-average shares of Class A common stock outstanding. Diluted earnings per share reflects the potential dilution beyond shares for basic earnings per share that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised, converted into common stock, or resulted in the issuance of common stock that would have shared in the Company’s earnings. Since the Class B common stock has no economic value, those shares are not included in the weighted-average common share amount for basic or diluted earnings per share. In addition, as the shares of Class A common stock are issued by Summit Inc., the earnings and equity interests of noncontrolling interests are not included in basic earnings per share.
 
Tax Receivable Agreement—When Class A limited partnership units of Summit Holdings (“LP Units”) are exchanged for shares of Class A common stock of Summit Inc. or Summit Inc. purchases LP Units for cash, this results in increases in Summit Inc.’s share of the tax basis of the tangible and intangible assets, which increases the tax depreciation and amortization deductions that otherwise would not have been available to Summit Inc. These increases in tax basis and tax depreciation and amortization deductions are expected to reduce the amount of cash taxes that we would otherwise be required to pay in the future. Prior to our initial public offering (“IPO”), we entered into a TRA with the pre-IPO owners that requires us to pay the pre-IPO owners or their permitted assignees 85% of the amount of cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state, and local income tax that we actually realize as a result of these exchanges. These benefits include (1) increases in the tax basis of tangible and intangible assets of Summit Holdings and certain other tax benefits related to entering into the TRA, (2) tax benefits attributable to payments under the TRA, or (3) under certain circumstances such as an early termination of the TRA, we are deemed to realize, as a result of the increases in tax basis in connection with exchanges by the pre-IPO owners described above and certain other tax benefits attributable to payments under the TRA.
 
We periodically evaluate the realizability of the deferred tax assets resulting from the exchange of LP Units for Class A common stock. If the deferred tax assets are determined to be realizable, we then assess whether payment of amounts under the TRA have become probable. If so, we record a TRA liability equal to 85% of such deferred tax assets, and the remaining 15% as an increase to additional paid-in capital. If a deferred tax asset subject to the TRA is determined not to be realizable and therefore subject to a valuation allowance, we do not record a TRA liability for such deferred tax assets. In subsequent periods, we assess the realizability of all of our deferred tax assets subject to the TRA. Should we determine

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a deferred tax asset with a valuation allowance is realizable in a subsequent period, the related valuation allowance will be released and consideration of a corresponding TRA liability will be assessed. The realizability of deferred tax assets, including those subject to the TRA, is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those deferred tax assets become deductible and consideration of prudent and feasible tax-planning strategies.
 
The measurement of the TRA liability is accounted for as a contingent liability. Therefore, once we determine that a payment to a pre-IPO owner has become probable and can be estimated, the estimate of payment will be accrued.
 
New Accounting Standards — 

In August 2018, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2018-15, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other-Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract, which reduces the accounting complexity of implementing a cloud computing service arrangement. The ASU aligns the capitalization of implementation costs among hosting arrangements and costs incurred to develop internal-use software. We adopted this ASU in the first quarter of 2020 and the adoption of this ASU did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

2.GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLES
2.ACQUISITIONS, GOODWILL AND INTANGIBLES
 
The Company has completed numerous acquisitions since its formation, which have been financed through a combination of debt and equity funding.funding and available cash. The operations of each acquisition have been included in the Company’s consolidated results of operations since the respective closing dates of the acquisitions. The Company measures all assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their acquisition-date fair value. Goodwill acquired during a business combination has an indefinite life and is not amortized. The following table summarizes the Company’s acquisitions by region and period:

Nine months endedYear ended
September 26, 2020December 28, 2019
West22
East10 

The purchase price allocation, primarily the valuation of property, plant and equipment for the acquisitions completed during the nine months ended September 26, 2020, as well as the acquisitions completed during 2019 that occurred after September 28, 2019, have not yet been finalized due to the recent timing of the acquisitions, status of the valuation of property, plant and equipment and finalization of related tax returns. The following table summarizes aggregated information regarding the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the respective acquisition dates:

Nine months endedYear ended
September 26, 2020    December 28, 2019
Financial assets$8,866 $0 
Inventories2,328 52 
Property, plant and equipment17,069 3,542 
Other assets758 0 
Financial liabilities(3,980)(36)
Other long-term liabilities(6,473)0 
Net assets acquired18,568 3,558 
Goodwill105,280 1,834 
Purchase price123,848 5,392 
Other(652)0 
Net cash paid for acquisitions$123,196 $5,392 

Changes in the carrying amount of goodwill, by reportable segment, from December 28, 2019 to March 28,September 26, 2020 are summarized as follows: 
 West East Cement 
Total  
Balance—December 28, 2019$584,617
 $410,426
 $204,656
 $1,199,699
Foreign currency translation adjustments(4,142) —
 —
 (4,142)
Balance—March 28, 2020$580,475
 $410,426
 $204,656
 $1,195,557
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 WestEastCement
Total  
Balance—December 28, 2019$584,617 $410,426 $204,656 $1,199,699 
Acquisitions (1)105,298 0 0 105,298 
Foreign currency translation adjustments(1,911)0 0 (1,911)
Balance—September 26, 2020$688,004 $410,426 $204,656 $1,303,086 

(1) Reflects goodwill from acquisitions completed during the nine months ended September 26, 2020 and working capital adjustments from prior year acquisitions.

The Company’s intangible assets subject to amortization are primarily composed of goodwill,operating permits, mineral lease agreements and reserve rights. Operating permits relate to permitting and zoning rights acquired outside of a business combination. The assets related to mineral lease agreements reflect the submarket royalty rates paid under agreements, primarily for extracting aggregates. The values were determined as of the respective acquisition dates by a comparison of market-royalty rates. The reserve rights relate to aggregate reserves to which the Company has the rights of ownership, but does not own the reserves. The intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the lives of the leases.leases or permits. The following table shows intangible assets by type and in total:
 March 28, 2020 December 28, 2019
 
Gross
 Carrying
 Amount
 
Accumulated
 Amortization
 
Net
 Carrying
 Amount
 
Gross
 Carrying
 Amount
 
Accumulated
 Amortization
 
Net
 Carrying
 Amount
Mineral leases$19,064
 $(6,690) $12,374
 $19,064
 $(6,408) $12,656
Reserve rights6,234
 (2,323) 3,911
 6,234
 (2,248) 3,986
Trade names1,000
 (983) 17
 1,000
 (958) 42
Other7,566
 (1,075) 6,491
 7,566
 (752) 6,814
Total intangible assets$33,864
 $(11,071) $22,793
 $33,864
 $(10,366) $23,498

 September 26, 2020December 28, 2019
 Gross
Carrying
Amount		Accumulated
Amortization		Net
Carrying
Amount		Gross
Carrying
Amount		Accumulated
Amortization		Net
Carrying
Amount
Operating permits$23,345 $(1,162)$22,183 $6,609 $(290)$6,319 
Mineral leases19,225 (7,286)11,939 19,064 (6,408)12,656 
Reserve rights6,234 (2,444)3,790 6,234 (2,248)3,986 
Trade names1,000 (1,000)0 1,000 (958)42 
Other586 (575)11 957 (462)495 
Total intangible assets$50,390 $(12,467)$37,923 $33,864 $(10,366)$23,498 
 
Amortization expense totaled $0.7 million and $0.4$2.3 million for the three and nine months ended MarchSeptember 26, 2020, respectively, and $0.6 million and $1.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 28, 2020 and March 30, 2019, respectively. The estimated amortization expense for the intangible assets for each of the five years subsequent to March 28,September 26, 2020 is as follows:

2020 (three months)$686 
20212,719 
20222,723 
20232,590 
20242,495 
20252,450 
Thereafter24,260 
Total$37,923 
2020 (nine months)$1,823
20212,147
20222,142
20232,009
20241,914
20251,869
Thereafter10,889
Total$22,793


3.REVENUE RECOGNITION
3.REVENUE RECOGNITION
 
We derive our revenue predominantly by selling construction materials, products and providing paving and related services. Construction materials consist of aggregates and cement. Products consist of related downstream products, including ready-mix concrete, asphalt paving mix and concrete products. Paving and related service revenue is generated primarily from the asphalt paving services that we provide.
 
Revenue by product for the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020 and March 30,September 28, 2019 is as follows:
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Three months ended Three months endedNine months ended
March 28, 2020 March 30, 2019 September 26, 2020September 28, 2019September 26, 2020September 28, 2019
Revenue by product*:   Revenue by product*:    
Aggregates$96,161
 $87,872
Aggregates$136,396 $137,528 $362,546 $354,050 
Cement32,863
 32,499
Cement82,698 92,482 188,854 202,780 
Ready-mix concrete141,704
 117,320
Ready-mix concrete179,124 172,758 488,710 444,258 
Asphalt23,206
 23,038
Asphalt128,125 137,753 255,992 254,156 
Paving and related services33,426
 34,345
Paving and related services136,191 138,083 280,446 267,732 
Other39,830
 37,565
Other47,085 53,478 131,270 142,636 
Total revenue$367,190
 $332,639
Total revenue$709,619 $732,082 $1,707,818 $1,665,612 
*Revenue from liquid asphalt terminals is included in asphalt revenue.
 
Accounts receivable, net consisted of the following as of March 28,September 26, 2020 and December 28, 2019: 
 March 28, 2020 December 28, 2019
Trade accounts receivable$195,623
 $191,672
Construction contract receivables22,074
 47,966
Retention receivables18,141
 17,808
Receivables from related parties1,585
 1,596
Accounts receivable237,423
 259,042
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts(6,208) (5,786)
Accounts receivable, net$231,215
 $253,256

 September 26, 2020December 28, 2019
Trade accounts receivable$231,663 $191,672 
Construction contract receivables62,183 47,966 
Retention receivables18,501 17,808 
Receivables from related parties1,918 1,596 
Accounts receivable314,265 259,042 
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts(4,888)(5,786)
Accounts receivable, net$309,377 $253,256 
 
Retention receivables are amounts earned by the Company but held by customers until paving and related service contracts and projects are near completion or fully completed. Amounts are generally billed and collected within one year.

4.INVENTORIES
4.INVENTORIES
 
Inventories consisted of the following as of March 28,September 26, 2020 and December 28, 2019: 
 September 26, 2020December 28, 2019
Aggregate stockpiles$143,271 $140,461 
Finished goods31,657 33,023 
Work in process10,062 7,664 
Raw materials24,784 23,639 
Total$209,774 $204,787 
 March 28, 2020 December 28, 2019
Aggregate stockpiles$152,238
 $140,461
Finished goods44,357
 33,023
Work in process7,628
 7,664
Raw materials27,190
 23,639
Total$231,413
 $204,787


5.ACCRUED EXPENSES
5.ACCRUED EXPENSES
 
Accrued expenses consisted of the following as of March 28,September 26, 2020 and December 28, 2019:
 September 26, 2020December 28, 2019
Interest$11,413 $26,892 
Payroll and benefits37,862 29,356 
Finance lease obligations24,868 16,007 
Insurance16,888 14,968 
Non-income taxes18,949 7,666 
Deferred asset purchase payments9,686 3,525 
Professional fees788 902 
Other (1)23,610 20,689 
Total$144,064 $120,005 
(1)Consists primarily of current portion of asset retirement obligations and miscellaneous accruals.

11
 March 28, 2020 December 28, 2019
Interest$15,852
 $26,892
Payroll and benefits18,797
 29,356
Finance lease obligations20,724
 16,007
Insurance13,870
 14,968
Non-income taxes10,377
 7,666
Professional fees1,189
 902
Other (1)21,651
 24,214
Total$102,460
 $120,005
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6.DEBT
(1)Consists primarily of subcontractor and working capital settlement accruals.

6.DEBT
 
Debt consisted of the following as of March 28,September 26, 2020 and December 28, 2019: 
 March 28, 2020 December 28, 2019
Term Loan, due 2024:   
$622.7 million and $624.3 million, net of $1.1 million discount at March 28, 2020 and December 28, 2019, respectively$621,608
 $623,140
61⁄8% Senior Notes, due 2023:
   
$650.0 million, net of $0.8 million and $0.9 million discount at March 28, 2020 and December 28, 2019, respectively649,194
 649,133
51⁄8% Senior Notes, due 2025
300,000
 300,000
61⁄2% Senior Notes, due 2027
300,000
 300,000
Total1,870,802
 1,872,273
Current portion of long-term debt7,942
 7,942
Long-term debt$1,862,860
 $1,864,331

 September 26, 2020December 28, 2019
Term Loan, due 2024:  
$619.5 million and $624.3 million, net of $0.9 million and $1.1 million discount at September 26, 2020 and December 28, 2019, respectively$618,545 $623,140 
61⁄8% Senior Notes, due 2023:
$650.0 million, net of $0.9 million discount at December 28, 20190 649,133 
51⁄8% Senior Notes, due 2025
300,000 300,000 
61⁄2% Senior Notes, due 2027
300,000 300,000 
51⁄4% Senior Notes, due 2029
700,000 0 
Total1,918,545 1,872,273 
Current portion of long-term debt7,942 7,942 
Long-term debt$1,910,603 $1,864,331 
 
The contractual payments of long-term debt, including current maturities, for the five years subsequent to March 28,September 26, 2020, are as follows: 

2020 (nine months)$6,354
20216,353
20226,354
2023656,354
2024597,253
2025300,000
Thereafter300,000
Total1,872,668
Less: Original issue net discount(1,866)
Less: Capitalized loan costs(12,571)
Total debt$1,858,231

2020 (three months)$3,177 
20216,353 
20226,354 
20236,354 
2024597,253 
2025300,000 
Thereafter1,000,000 
Total1,919,491 
Less: Original issue net discount(946)
Less: Capitalized loan costs(17,391)
Total debt$1,901,154 
 
Senior Notes—On March 15, 2019,August 11, 2020, Summit LLC and Summit Finance (together, the “Issuers”) issued $300.0$700.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.500%5.250% senior notes due MarchJanuary 15, 20272029 (the “2027“2029 Notes”). The 20272029 Notes were issued at 100.0% of their par value with proceeds of $296.3$690.4 million, net of related fees and expenses. The 20272029 Notes were issued under an indenture dated March 25, 2019August 11, 2020 (the "2019"2020 Indenture"). The 20192020 Indenture contains covenants limiting, among other things, Summit LLC and its restricted subsidiaries’ ability to incur additional indebtedness or issue certain preferred shares, pay dividends, redeem stock or make other distributions, make certain investments, sell or transfer certain assets, create liens, consolidate, merge, sell or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of its assets, enter into certain

transactions with affiliates, and designate subsidiaries as unrestricted subsidiaries. The 20192020 Indenture also contains customary events of default. Interest on the 2029 Notes is payable semi-annually on January 15 and July 15 of each year commencing on January 15, 2021.

In August 2020, using the proceeds from the 2029 Notes, all of the outstanding $650.0 million 6.125% senior notes due 2023 (the “2023 Notes”) were redeemed at a price equal to par and the indenture under which the 2023 Notes were issued was satisfied and discharged. As a result of the extinguishment, charges of $4.1 million were recognized in the quarter ended September 26, 2020, which included charges of $0.8 million for the write-off of original issue discount and $3.3 million for the write-off of deferred financing fees.

On March 15, 2019, the Issuers issued $300.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 6.500% senior notes due March 15, 2027 (the “2027 Notes”). The 2027 Notes were issued at 100.0% of their par value with proceeds of $296.3 million, net of related fees and expenses. The 2027 Notes were issued under an indenture dated March 25, 2019, the terms of which are generally consistent with the 2020 Indenture. Interest on the 2027 Notes is payable semi-annually on March 15 and September 15 of each year commencing on September 15, 2019.

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In March 2019, using the proceeds from the 2027 Notes, all of the outstanding $250.0 million 8.500% senior notes due 2022 (the “2022 Notes”) were redeemed at a price equal to par plus an applicable premium and the indenture under which the 2022 Notes were issued was satisfied and discharged. As a result of the extinguishment, charges of $14.6 million were recognized in the quarter ended March 30, 2019, which included charges of $11.7 million for the applicable redemption premium and $2.9 million for the write-off of deferred financing fees.

In 2017, the Issuers issued $300.0 million of 5.125% senior notes due June 1, 2025 (the “2025 Notes”). The 2025 Notes were issued at 100.0% of their par value with proceeds of $295.4 million, net of related fees and expenses. The 2025 Notes were issued under an indenture dated June 1, 2017, the terms of which are generally consistent with the 20192020 Indenture. Interest on the 2025 Notes is payable semi-annually on June 1 and December 1 of each year commencing on December 1, 2017.
 
In 2015, the Issuers issued $650.0 million of 6.125% senior notes due July 2023 (the “2023 Notes” and collectively with the 2025 Notes and the 2027 Notes, the “Senior Notes”). Of the aggregate $650.0 million of 2023 Notes, $350.0 million were issued at par and $300.0 million were issued at 99.375% of par. The 2023 Notes were issued under an indenture dated July 8, 2015, the terms of which are generally consistent with the 20192020 Indenture. Interest on the 2023 Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on January 15 and July 15 of each year.

As of March 28,September 26, 2020 and December 28, 2019, the Company was in compliance with all financial covenants under the applicable indentures.
 
Senior Secured Credit Facilities— Summit LLC has credit facilities that provide for term loans in an aggregate amount of $650.0 million and revolving credit commitments in an aggregate amount of $345.0 million (the “Senior Secured Credit Facilities”). Under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities, required principal repayments of 0.25% of the refinanced aggregate amount of term debt are due on the last business day of each March, June, September and December commencing with the March 2018 payment. The unpaid principal balance is due in full on the maturity date, which is November 21, 2024.

On February 25, 2019, Summit LLC entered into Incremental Amendment No. 4 to the credit agreement governing the Senior Secured Credit Facilities (the “Credit Agreement”) which, among other things, increased the total amount available under the revolving credit facility to $345.0 million and extended the maturity date of the Credit Agreement with respect to the revolving credit commitments to February 25, 2024. During 2018 and 2017, Summit LLC entered into three different amendments to the Credit Agreement, which among other things, reduced the applicable margin in respect to the outstanding principal amount at the time of the respective amendments.
 
The revolving credit facility bears interest per annum equal to, at Summit LLC’s option, either (i) a base rate determined by reference to the highest of (a) the federal funds rate plus 0.50%, (b) the prime rate of Bank of America, N.A. and (c) LIBOR plus 1.00%, plus an applicable margin of 2.00% for base rate loans or (ii) a LIBOR rate determined by reference to Reuters prior to the interest period relevant to such borrowing adjusted for certain additional costs plus an applicable margin of 3.00% for LIBOR rate loans.
 
There were 0 outstanding borrowings under the revolving credit facility as of March 28,September 26, 2020 and December 28, 2019, with borrowing capacity of $329.0$329.1 million remaining as of March 28,September 26, 2020, which is net of $16.0$15.9 million of outstanding letters of credit. The outstanding letters of credit are renewed annually and support required bonding on construction projects, large leases, workers compensation claims and the Company’s insurance liabilities.
 
Summit LLC’s Consolidated First Lien Net Leverage Ratio, as such term is defined in the Credit Agreement, should be no greater than 4.75:1.0 as of each quarter-end. As of March 28,September 26, 2020 and December 28, 2019, Summit LLC was in compliance with all financial covenants.
 
Summit LLC’s wholly-owned domestic subsidiary companies, subject to certain exclusions and exceptions, are named as subsidiary guarantors of the Senior Notes and the Senior Secured Credit Facilities. In addition, Summit LLC has pledged substantially all of its assets as collateral, subject to certain exclusions and exceptions, for the Senior Secured Credit Facilities.

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The following table presents the activity for the deferred financing fees for the threenine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020 and March 30,September 28, 2019:
 Deferred financing fees
Balance—December 28, 2019$15,436
Amortization(833)
Balance—March 28, 2020$14,603
  
  
Balance—December 29, 2018$15,475
Loan origination fees5,774
Amortization(998)
Write off of deferred financing fees(2,851)
Balance—March 30, 2019$17,400
 Deferred financing fees
Balance—December 28, 2019$15,436 
Loan origination fees9,565 
Amortization(2,499)
Write off of deferred financing fees(3,338)
Balance—September 26, 2020$19,164 
Balance—December 29, 2018$15,475 
Loan origination fees6,312 
Amortization(2,668)
Write off of deferred financing fees(2,851)
Balance—September 28, 2019$16,268 

Other—On January 15, 2015, the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary in British Columbia, Canada entered into an agreement with HSBC Bank Canada for a (i) $6.0 million Canadian dollar (“CAD”) revolving credit commitment to be used for operating activities that bears interest per annum equal to the bank’s prime rate plus 0.20%, (ii) $0.5 million CAD revolving credit commitment to be used for capital equipment that bears interest per annum at the bank’s prime rate plus 0.90% and (iii) $0.3 million CAD revolving credit commitment to provide guarantees on behalf of that subsidiary. There were 0 amounts outstanding under this agreement as of March 28,September 26, 2020 or December 28, 2019.

7.INCOME TAXES
7.INCOME TAXES
 
Summit Inc.’s tax provision includes its proportional share of Summit Holdings’ tax attributes. Summit Holdings’ subsidiaries are primarily limited liability companies but do include certain entities organized as C corporations and a Canadian subsidiary. The tax attributes related to the limited liability companies are passed on to Summit Holdings and then to its partners, including Summit Inc. The tax attributes associated with the C corporation and Canadian subsidiaries are fully reflected in the Company’s accounts.
 
Our income tax benefit was $(22.9)$(19.6) million and $(28.0)$(25.3) million in the three and nine months ended MarchSeptember 26, 2020, respectively, and our income tax expense was $45.6 million and $34.3 million in the three and nine months ended September 28, 2020 and March 30, 2019, respectively. The effective tax rate for Summit Inc. differs from the federal rate primarily due to (1) unrecognized tax benefits, (2) state taxes, (3) tax depletion expense in excess of the expense recorded under U.S. GAAP, (4) the minority interest in the Summit Holdings partnership that is allocated outside of the Company and (5) various other items such as limitations on meals and entertainment, certain stock compensation and other costs. In the three months ended March 28,first quarter of 2020, we recorded the increase in the Company's effective tax rate, and related income tax expense, over the prior year is in response to provisionsimpact of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Stability Act ("CARES Act") enacted into law in late March 2020. Among other things,2020, which reduced our unrecognized tax benefits by approximately $9.5 million. In the CARES Act temporarily amended provisionsthird quarter of 2020, final regulations were issued clarifying portions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 ("TCJA") related to limitations on the deductibility of interest expense. The Company’s income tax provision is calculated under. Under the provisions of the proposed TCJA regulations, as amended by the CARES Act, which will limit our ability to deduct interest expense in calculating our taxable income. Once the final regulations, are issued,we reversed our unrecognized tax benefits of $32.9 million in the Company will adjust its calculations, if necessary.third quarter 2020.
  
As of March 28,September 26, 2020 and December 28, 2019, Summit Inc. had a valuation allowance of $1.7 million, which relates to certain deferred tax assets in taxable entities where realization is not more likely than not.

In the three months ended March 28, 2020, we adjusted our unrecognized tax benefits previously reported for provisions in the CARES Act enacted in March 2020. We did not recognize interest or penalties related to this amount as it is offset by other attributes. NaN material interest or penalties were recognized in income tax expense during the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020 and March 30,September 28, 2019.

Tax Receivable Agreement—The Company is party to a TRA with certain current and former holders of LP Units that provides for the payment by Summit Inc. to exchanging holders of LP Units of 85% of the benefits, if any, that Summit Inc. actually realizes (or, under certain circumstances such as an early termination of the TRA, is deemed to realize) as a result of increases in the tax basis of tangible and intangible assets of Summit Holdings and certain other tax benefits related to entering into the TRA, including tax benefits attributable to payments under the TRA. 
 
In the threenine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020, 196,542 LP Units were acquired by Summit Inc. in exchange for an equal number of newly-issued shares of Summit Inc.’s Class A common stock. These exchanges resulted in net new deferred tax

assets of approximately $1.2 million. As we determined that the deferred tax assets created from these exchanges are
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realizable and payment under the TRA is considered probable, we have recorded 85% of the increase in deferred tax assets as TRA liability and the remainder as an adjustment to additional paid in capital. As of March 28,September 26, 2020 and December 28, 2019, we had recorded $328.0 million and $327.0 million of TRA liability, respectively.
 
Tax Distributions – The holders of Summit Holdings’ LP Units, including Summit Inc., incur U.S. federal, state and local income taxes on their share of any taxable income of Summit Holdings. The limited partnership agreement of Summit Holdings provides for pro rata cash distributions (“tax distributions”) to the holders of the LP Units in an amount generally calculated to provide each holder of LP Units with sufficient cash to cover its tax liability in respect of the LP Units. In general, these tax distributions are computed based on Summit Holdings’ estimated taxable income allocated to Summit Inc. multiplied by an assumed tax rate equal to the highest effective marginal combined U.S. federal, state and local income tax rate in New York, New York. Summit Holdings did 0t make any tax distributions in the threenine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020 and March 30,September 28, 2019.

8.EARNINGS PER SHARE
8.EARNINGS PER SHARE
 
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net earnings by the weighted average common shares outstanding and diluted net earnings is computed by dividing net earnings, adjusted for changes in the earnings allocated to Summit Inc. as a result of the assumed conversion of LP Units, by the weighted-average common shares outstanding assuming dilution.

The following table shows the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share:
 Three months ended
 March 28, 2020 March 30, 2019
Net loss attributable to Summit Inc.$(44,979) $(68,772)
Weighted average shares of Class A stock outstanding113,602,110
 111,811,679
Basic and diluted loss per share$(0.40) $(0.62)

 Three months endedNine months ended
 September 26, 2020September 28, 2019September 26, 2020September 28, 2019
Net income attributable to Summit Inc.$90,730 $55,757 $102,815 $23,395 
Weighted average shares of Class A stock outstanding
Add: Nonvested restricted stock awards of retirement eligible shares320,343 0 145,155 0 
Add: Weighted average shares of Class A stock outstanding114,116,564 112,179,137 113,943,292 112,020,275 
Weighted average basic shares outstanding114,436,907 112,179,137 114,088,447 112,020,275 
Basic earnings per share$0.79 $0.50 $0.90 $0.21 
Diluted net income attributable to Summit Inc.$90,730 $55,757 $102,815 $23,395 
Weighted average shares of Class A stock outstanding114,116,564 112,179,137 113,943,292 112,020,275 
Add: weighted average of LP Units0 0 0 0 
Add: stock options0 2,788,221 0 216,165 
Add: warrants0 100,037 0 0 
Add: restricted stock units263,886 384,571 450,353 222,533 
Add: performance stock units91,721 53,156 63,631 38,637 
Weighted average dilutive shares outstanding114,472,171 115,505,122 114,457,276 112,497,610 
Diluted earnings per share$0.79 $0.48 $0.90 $0.21 
 
Excluded from the above calculations were the shares noted below as they were antidilutive:
 Three months endedNine months ended
 September 26, 2020September 28, 2019September 26, 2020September 28, 2019
Antidilutive shares:    
LP Units3,053,115 3,368,058 3,086,819 3,404,231 
Time-vesting stock options2,095,929 0 2,095,929 0 
Warrants100,037 0 100,037 100,037 
 Three months ended
 March 28, 2020 March 30, 2019
Antidilutive shares:   
LP Units3,154,228
 3,418,018
Time-vesting stock options2,109,465
 3,192,674
Warrants100,037
 100,037
Time-vesting restricted stock units1,666,365
 1,589,396
Market-based restricted stock units446,670
 419,247




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9.STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY


9.STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
During 2020 and 2019, certain limited partners of Summit Holdings exchanged their LP Units for shares of Class A common stock of Summit Inc. The following table summarizes the changes in our ownership of Summit Holdings:
 Summit Inc.
Shares (Class A)		 LP Units Total Summit Inc.
Ownership
Percentage
Balance — December 28, 2019113,309,385
 3,249,657
 116,559,042
 97.2%
Exchanges during period196,542
 (196,542) —
  
Stock option exercises13,335
 —
 13,335
  
Other equity transactions591,335
 —
 591,335
  
Balance — March 28, 2020114,110,597
 3,053,115
 117,163,712
 97.4%
        
        
Balance — December 29, 2018111,658,927
 3,435,518
 115,094,445
 97.0%
Exchanges during period17,500
 (17,500) —
  
Other equity transactions391,104
 —
 391,104
  
Balance — March 30, 2019112,067,531
 3,418,018
 115,485,549
 97.0%


 Summit Inc.
Shares (Class A)		LP UnitsTotalSummit Inc.
Ownership
Percentage
Balance — December 28, 2019113,309,385 3,249,657 116,559,042 97.2 %
Exchanges during period196,542 (196,542)0 
Stock option exercises14,404 — 14,404 
Other equity transactions603,580 — 603,580 
Balance — September 26, 2020114,123,911 3,053,115 117,177,026 97.4 %
Balance — December 29, 2018111,658,927 3,435,518 115,094,445 97.0 %
Exchanges during period107,336 (107,336)0 
Other equity transactions509,735 — 509,735 
Balance — September 28, 2019112,275,998 3,328,182 115,604,180 97.1 %
 
As a result of the Reorganization, Summit Inc. is Summit Holdings’ primary beneficiary and thus consolidates Summit Holdings in its consolidated financial statements with a corresponding noncontrolling interest reclassification, which was 2.6% and 2.8% as of March 28,September 26, 2020 and December 28, 2019, respectively.
 
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) —The changes in each component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) consisted of the following:
 Change in
retirement plans		Foreign currency
translation
adjustments		Cash flow hedge
adjustments		Accumulated
other
comprehensive
income (loss)
Balance — December 28, 2019$2,171 $1,277 $0 $3,448 
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax— (2,473)— (2,473)
Balance — September 26, 2020$2,171 $(1,196)$0 $975 
Balance — December 29, 2018$3,573 $(2,147)$1,255 $2,681 
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax— 2,364 — 2,364 
Loss on cash flow hedges, net of tax— — (107)(107)
Balance — September 28, 2019$3,573 $217 $1,148 $4,938 
 
Change in
 retirement plans
 
Foreign currency
 translation
 adjustments
 
Cash flow hedge
 adjustments
 
Accumulated
 other
 comprehensive
 income (loss)
Balance — December 28, 2019$2,171
 $1,277
 $—
 $3,448
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax—
 (6,093) —
 (6,093)
Balance - Balance — March 28, 2020$2,171
 $(4,816) $—
 $(2,645)
        
        
Balance — December 29, 2018$3,573
 $(2,147) $1,255
 $2,681
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of tax—
 1,704
 —
 1,704
Loss on cash flow hedges, net of tax—
 —
 (120) (120)
Balance — March 30, 2019$3,573
 $(443) $1,135
 $4,265


10.SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION
10.SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION
 
Supplemental cash flow information is as follows:
 Nine months ended
 September 26, 2020September 28, 2019
Cash payments:  
Interest$86,427 $89,759 
Payments (refunds) for income taxes, net1,131 (912)
Operating cash payments on operating leases8,372 8,188 
Operating cash payments on finance leases2,402 2,322 
Finance cash payments on finance leases11,528 9,806 
Non cash financing activities:
Right of use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations$2,931 $4,387 
Right of use assets obtained in exchange for finance leases obligations17,605 18,586 
Exchange of LP Units to shares of Class A common stock4,648 1,995 
 Three months ended
 March 28, 2020 March 30, 2019
Cash payments:   
Interest$36,310
 $21,126
Refunds for income taxes, net(298) (20)
Operating cash payments on operating leases2,948
 2,837
Operating cash payments on finance leases794
 699
Finance cash payments on finance leases3,883
 2,580
Non cash financing activities:   
Right of use assets obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations$577
 $1,608
Right of use assets obtained in exchange for finance leases obligations6,267
 9,442
Exchange of LP Units to shares of Class A common stock4,648
 277
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11.LEASES
11.LEASES

We lease construction and office equipment, distribution facilities and office space. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less, including month to month leases, are not recorded on the balance sheet. Lease expense for short-term leases is recognized on a straight line basis over the lease term. For lease agreements entered into or reassessed after the adoption of Topic 842, we combine lease and nonlease components. While we also own mineral leases for mining operations, those leases are outside the scope of Topic 842. Assets acquired under finance leases are included in property, plant and equipment.

Many of our leases include options to purchase the leased equipment. The depreciable life of assets and leasehold improvements are limited by the expected lease term, unless there is a transfer of title or purchase option reasonably certain of exercise. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. The components of lease expense were as follows:

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Three months endedNine months ended
September 26, 2020September 28, 2019September 26, 2020September 28, 2019
Operating lease cost$2,478 $2,608 $7,576 $7,757 
Variable lease cost90 151 253 366 
Short-term lease cost14,335 11,871 33,369 28,043 
Financing lease cost:
Amortization of right-of-use assets3,439 2,612 9,307 7,905 
Interest on lease liabilities780 773 2,329 2,404 
Total lease cost$21,122 $18,015 $52,834 $46,475 
September 26, 2020December 28, 2019
Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases:
Operating leases:
Operating lease right-of-use assets$28,551 $32,777 
Current operating lease liabilities$8,193 $8,427 
Noncurrent operating lease liabilities21,327 25,381 
Total operating lease liabilities$29,520 $33,808 
Finance leases:
Property and equipment, gross$92,873 $82,660 
Less accumulated depreciation(29,663)(24,907)
Property and equipment, net$63,210 $57,753 
Current finance lease liabilities$24,868 $16,007 
Long-term finance lease liabilities34,913 40,410 
Total finance lease liabilities$59,781 $56,417 
Weighted average remaining lease term (years):
Operating leases9.08.6
Finance lease2.62.6
Weighted average discount rate (%):
Operating leases5.4 %5.5 %
Finance lease5.2 %5.5 %
Maturities of lease liabilities were as follows:
Operating LeasesFinance Leases
2020 (three months)$2,444 $4,995 
20218,818 26,169 
20225,475 18,519 
20234,243 6,867 
20242,547 3,207 
20251,507 2,573 
Thereafter12,808 2,831 
Total lease payments37,842 65,161 
Less imputed interest(8,322)(5,380)
Present value of lease payments$29,520 $59,781 
 Three months ended
 March 28, 2020 March 30, 2019
Operating lease cost$2,607
 $2,455
Variable lease cost57
 72
Short-term lease cost8,620
 6,581
Financing lease cost:   
Amortization of right-of-use assets2,739
 2,623
Interest on lease liabilities771
 755
Total lease cost$14,794
 $12,486
   
 March 28, 2020 December 28, 2019
Supplemental balance sheet information related to leases:   
Operating leases:   
Operating lease right-of-use assets$30,527
 $32,777
    
Current operating lease liabilities$8,131
 $8,427
Noncurrent operating lease liabilities23,280
 25,381
Total operating lease liabilities$31,411
 $33,808
Finance leases:   
Property and equipment, gross$87,377
 $82,660
Less accumulated depreciation(27,251) (24,907)
Property and equipment, net$60,126
 $57,753
    
Current finance lease liabilities$20,724
 $16,007
Long-term finance lease liabilities37,300
 40,410
Total finance lease liabilities$58,024
 $56,417
 
Weighted average remaining lease term (years):
Operating leases8.6
 8.6
Finance lease2.5
 2.6
 
Weighted average discount rate (%):
Operating leases5.5% 5.5%
Finance lease5.5% 5.5%
 
Maturities of lease liabilities were as follows:
 Operating Leases Finance Leases
2020 (nine months)$7,116
 $14,513
20218,033
 23,292
20224,920
 16,428
20233,877
 4,472
20242,232
 2,277
20251,414
 1,104
Thereafter12,613
 1,743
Total lease payments40,205
 63,829
Less imputed interest(8,794) (5,805)
Present value of lease payments$31,411
 $58,024


12.COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
12.COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
 
The Company is party to certain legal actions arising from the ordinary course of business activities. Accruals are recorded when the outcome is probable and can be reasonably estimated. While the ultimate results of claims and litigation cannot be predicted with certainty, management expects that the ultimate resolution of all current pending or threatened claims and

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and litigation will not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations or liquidity. The Company records legal fees as incurred.

In March 2018, we were notified of an investigation by the Canadian Competition Bureau (the “CCB”) into pricing practices by certain asphalt paving contractors in British Columbia, including Winvan Paving, Ltd. (“Winvan”). We believe the investigation is focused on time periods prior to our April 2017 acquisition of Winvan and we are cooperating with the CCB. Although we currently do not believe this matter will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations, we are currently not able to predict the ultimate outcome or cost of the investigation.

Environmental Remediation and Site Restoration —The Company’s operations are subject to and affected by federal, state, provincial and local laws and regulations relating to the environment, health and safety and other regulatory matters. These operations require environmental operating permits, which are subject to modification, renewal and revocation. The Company regularly monitors and reviews its operations, procedures and policies for compliance with these laws and regulations. Despite these compliance efforts, risk of environmental liability is inherent in the operation of the Company’s business, as it is with other companies engaged in similar businesses and there can be no assurance that environmental liabilities or noncompliance will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.
 
The Company has asset retirement obligations arising from regulatory and contractual requirements to perform reclamation activities at the time certain quarries and landfills are closed. As of March 28,September 26, 2020 and December 28, 2019, $31.5$33.2 million and $28.8 million, respectively, were included in other noncurrent liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets and $5.0$6.9 million and $7.9 million, respectively, were included in accrued expenses for future reclamation costs. The total undiscounted anticipated costs for site reclamation as of March 28,September 26, 2020 and December 28, 2019 were $96.7$106.9 million and $97.4 million, respectively.
 
Other—The Company is obligated under various firm purchase commitments for certain raw materials and services that are in the ordinary course of business. Management does not expect any significant changes in the market value of these goods and services during the commitment period that would have a material adverse effect on the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the Company. The terms of the purchase commitments generally approximate one year.

13.FAIR VALUE
13.FAIR VALUE
 
Fair Value Measurements—Certain acquisitions made by the Company require the payment of contingent amounts of purchase consideration. These payments are contingent on specified operating results being achieved in periods subsequent to the acquisition and will only be made if earn-out thresholds are achieved. Contingent consideration obligations are measured at fair value each reporting period. Any adjustments to fair value are recognized in earnings in the period identified.

The fair value of contingent consideration as of March 28,September 26, 2020 and December 28, 2019 was:
 March 28, 2020 December 28, 2019
Current portion of acquisition-related liabilities and Accrued expenses:   
Contingent consideration$525
 $1,967
Acquisition-related liabilities and Other noncurrent liabilities:   
Contingent consideration$1,231
 $1,302

 September 26, 2020December 28, 2019
Current portion of acquisition-related liabilities and Accrued expenses:  
Contingent consideration$525 $1,967 
Acquisition-related liabilities and Other noncurrent liabilities:
Contingent consideration$1,303 $1,302 
 
The fair value of contingent consideration was based on unobservable, or Level 3, inputs, including projected probability-weighted cash payments and a 10.0%9.5% discount rate, which reflects a market discount rate. Changes in fair value may occur as a result of a change in actual or projected cash payments, the probability weightings applied by the Company to projected payments or a change in the discount rate. Significant increases or decreases in any of these inputs in isolation could result in a lower, or higher, fair value measurement. There were 0 material valuation adjustments to contingent consideration as of March 28,September 26, 2020 and March 30,September 28, 2019.
 
Financial Instruments—The Company’s financial instruments include debt and certain acquisition-related liabilities (deferred consideration and noncompete obligations). The carrying value and fair value of these financial instruments as of March 28,September 26, 2020 and December 28, 2019 was:

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 March 28, 2020 December 28, 2019
 Fair Value Carrying Value Fair Value Carrying Value
Level 2       
Long-term debt(1)$1,699,541
 $1,870,802
 $1,918,720
 $1,872,273
Level 3       
Current portion of deferred consideration and noncompete obligations(2)30,398
 30,398
 30,733
 30,733
Long term portion of deferred consideration and noncompete obligations(3)11,793
 11,793
 18,499
 18,499
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(1)$7.9 million was included in current portion of debt as of March 28, 2020 and December 28, 2019.
(2)Included in current portion of acquisition-related liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.
(3)Included in acquisition-related liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.
 September 26, 2020December 28, 2019
 Fair ValueCarrying ValueFair ValueCarrying Value
Level 2    
Long-term debt(1)$1,939,247 $1,918,545 $1,918,720 $1,872,273 
Level 3
Current portion of deferred consideration and noncompete obligations(2)31,443 31,443 30,733 30,733 
Long term portion of deferred consideration and noncompete obligations(3)11,573 11,573 18,499 18,499 
(1)$7.9 million was included in current portion of debt as of September 26, 2020 and December 28, 2019.
(2)Included in current portion of acquisition-related liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.
(3)Included in acquisition-related liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

The fair value of debt was determined based on observable, or Level 2, inputs, such as interest rates, bond yields and quoted prices in inactive markets. The fair values of the deferred consideration and noncompete obligations were determined based on unobservable, or Level 3, inputs, including the cash payment terms in the purchase agreements and a discount rate reflecting the Company’s credit risk. The discount rate used is generally consistent with that used when the obligations were initially recorded.
 
Securities with a maturity of three months or less are considered cash equivalents and the fair value of these assets approximates their carrying value.

14.SEGMENT INFORMATION
14.SEGMENT INFORMATION
 
The Company has 3 operating segments: West, East and Cement, which are its reporting segments. These segments are consistent with the Company’s management reporting structure.
 
The operating results of each segment are regularly reviewed and evaluated by the Chief Executive Officer, our Company’s Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”). The CODM primarily evaluates the performance of the Company’s segments and allocates resources to them based on a segment profit metric that we call Adjusted EBITDA, which is computed as earnings from operations before interest, taxes, depreciation, depletion, amortization, accretion, share-based compensation, and transaction costs, as well as various other non-recurring, non-cash amounts.
 
The West and East segments have several acquired subsidiaries that are engaged in various activities including quarry mining, aggregate production and contracting. The Cement segment is engaged in the production of Portland cement. Assets employed by each segment include assets directly identified with those operations. Corporate assets consist primarily of cash, property, plant and equipment for corporate operations and other assets not directly identifiable with a reportable business segment. The accounting policies applicable to each segment are consistent with those used in the consolidated financial statements.
The following tables display selected financial data for the Company’s reportable business segments as of March 28,September 26, 2020 and December 28, 2019 and for the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020 and March 30,September 28, 2019:
 
 Three months endedNine months ended
 September 26, 2020September 28, 2019September 26, 2020September 28, 2019
Revenue*:    
West$390,310 $366,504 $919,016 $848,661 
East234,435 266,587 590,341 596,107 
Cement84,874 98,991 198,461 220,844 
Total revenue$709,619 $732,082 $1,707,818 $1,665,612 
 Three months ended
 March 28, 2020 March 30, 2019
Revenue*:   
West$196,225
 $181,945
East133,040
 113,388
Cement37,925
 37,306
Total revenue$367,190
 $332,639
*Intercompany sales are immaterial and the presentation above only reflects sales to external customers.
 

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Three months endedNine months ended
Three months ended September 26, 2020September 28, 2019September 26, 2020September 28, 2019
March 28, 2020 March 30, 2019
Loss from operations before taxes$(69,627) $(99,538)
Income from operations before taxesIncome from operations before taxes$73,156 $103,839 $79,597 $58,998 
Interest expense27,818
 30,105
Interest expense24,623 28,917 78,049 88,423 
Depreciation, depletion and amortization51,201
 54,807
Depreciation, depletion and amortization57,364 54,575 161,912 162,417 
Accretion577
 581
Accretion690 552 1,848 1,723 
Loss on debt financings—
 14,565
Loss on debt financings4,064 0 4,064 14,565 
Transaction costs753
 308
Transaction costs445 751 1,517 1,449 
Non-cash compensation4,905
 5,906
Non-cash compensation13,322 4,819 23,119 15,424 
Other787
 (146)Other4,083 (136)4,287 (2,628)
Total Adjusted EBITDA$16,414
 $6,588
Total Adjusted EBITDA$177,747 $193,317 $354,393 $340,371 
   
Total Adjusted EBITDA by Segment:   Total Adjusted EBITDA by Segment:
West$22,468
 $14,298
West$95,470 $81,936 $196,881 $151,054 
East9,573
 3,242
East56,943 76,825 119,900 134,479 
Cement(7,561) (2,587)Cement35,086 42,683 63,172 75,537 
Corporate and other(8,066) (8,365)Corporate and other(9,752)(8,127)(25,560)(20,699)
Total Adjusted EBITDA$16,414
 $6,588
Total Adjusted EBITDA$177,747 $193,317 $354,393 $340,371 
 
Three months ended Nine months ended
March 28, 2020 March 30, 2019 September 26, 2020September 28, 2019
Purchases of property, plant and equipment   Purchases of property, plant and equipment  
West$18,896
 $30,375
West$51,148 $61,679 
East37,081
 24,428
East75,006 61,830 
Cement5,399
 6,893
Cement12,097 15,087 
Total reportable segments61,376
 61,696
Total reportable segments138,251 138,596 
Corporate and other453
 492
Corporate and other1,755 1,166 
Total purchases of property, plant and equipment$61,829
 $62,188
Total purchases of property, plant and equipment$140,006 $139,762 
 
 Three months endedNine months ended
 September 26, 2020September 28, 2019September 26, 2020September 28, 2019
Depreciation, depletion, amortization and accretion:    
West$23,117 $23,307 $67,082 $70,156 
East22,803 19,668 65,293 59,719 
Cement11,155 11,111 28,425 31,280 
Total reportable segments57,075 54,086 160,800 161,155 
Corporate and other979 1,041 2,960 2,985 
Total depreciation, depletion, amortization and accretion$58,054 $55,127 $163,760 $164,140 
 Three months ended
 March 28, 2020 March 30, 2019
Depreciation, depletion, amortization and accretion:   
West$21,800
 $23,925
East21,096
 20,211
Cement7,893
 10,300
Total reportable segments50,789
 54,436
Corporate and other989
 952
Total depreciation, depletion, amortization and accretion$51,778
 $55,388

 March 28, 2020 December 28, 2019
Total assets:   
West$1,368,542
 $1,379,684
East1,307,709
 1,288,835
Cement869,026
 868,528
Total reportable segments3,545,277
 3,537,047
Corporate and other446,991
 530,509
Total$3,992,268
 $4,067,556


 September 26, 2020December 28, 2019
Total assets:  
West$1,540,792 $1,379,684 
East1,347,883 1,288,835 
Cement868,458 868,528 
Total reportable segments3,757,133 3,537,047 
Corporate and other535,037 530,509 
Total$4,292,170 $4,067,556 
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SUMMIT MATERIALS, LLC AND SUBSIDIARIES
 
UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 
The unaudited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for Summit Materials, LLC and subsidiaries are included as Exhibit 99.1 to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and are incorporated by reference herein.

ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
 
This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is intended to assist in understanding and assessing the trends and significant changes in our results of operations and financial condition. Historical results may not be indicative of future performance. Forward-looking statements reflect our current views about future events, are based on assumptions and are subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contemplated by these statements. Factors that may cause differences between actual results and those contemplated by forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, those discussed in the section entitled “Risk Factors” in the Annual Report, and anyour Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal period ended March 28, 2020, and factors discussed in the sectionssection entitled “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” of this report.Statements.” This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated interim financial statements and the related notes and other information included in this report.
 
Overview

We are one of the fastest growing construction materials companies in the United States. Within our markets, we offer customers a single-source provider for construction materials and related downstream products through our vertical integration. Our materials include aggregates, which we supply across the United States, and in British Columbia, Canada, and cement, which we supply to surrounding states along the Mississippi River from Minnesota to Louisiana. In addition to supplying aggregates to customers, we use a portion of our materials internally to produce ready-mix concrete and asphalt paving mix, which may be sold externally or used in our paving and related services businesses. Our vertical integration creates opportunities to increase aggregates volumes, optimize margin at each stage of production and provide customers with efficiency gains, convenience and reliability, which we believe gives us a competitive advantage.
 
Since our inception in 2009, we have completed dozens of acquisitions, which are organized into 11 operating companies that make up our three distinct operating segments: West, East and Cement, which are also our reporting segments. We operate in 23 U.S. states and in British Columbia, Canada and currently have assets in 22 U.S. states and in British Columbia, Canada. The map below illustrates our geographic footprint.

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sum-20200926_g2.jpg
Business Trends and Conditions
 
The U.S. construction materials industry is composed of four primary sectors: aggregates; cement; ready-mix concrete; and asphalt paving mix. Each of these materials is widely used in most forms of construction activity. Participants in these sectors typically range from small, privately-held companies focused on a single material, product or market to publicly traded multinational corporations that offer a wide array of construction materials and services. Competition is constrained in part by the distance materials can be transported efficiently, resulting in predominantly local or regional operations. Due to the lack of product differentiation, competition for all of our products is predominantly based on price and, to a lesser extent, quality of products and service. As a result, the prices we charge our customers are not likely to be materially different from the prices charged by other producers in the same markets. Accordingly, our profitability is generally dependent on the level of demand for our materials and products and our ability to control operating costs.

Our revenue is derived from multiple end-use markets including public infrastructure construction and private residential and nonresidential construction. Public infrastructure includes spending by federal, state, provincial and local governments for roads, highways, bridges, airports and other infrastructure projects. Public infrastructure projects have historically been a relatively stable portion of state and federal budgets. Residential and nonresidential construction consists of new construction and repair and remodel markets. Any economic stagnation or decline, which could vary by local region and market, could affect our results of operations. Our sales and earnings are sensitive to national, regional and local economic conditions and particularly to cyclical changes in construction spending, especially in the private sector. During the first quarter of 2020, from a macroeconomic view, we sawWe continue to see positive indicators for the construction sector, including positive trends in

highway obligations, housing starts, and highway construction employment.letting
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activity in many of the states in which we operate. However, given the onsetongoing nature of the COVID - 19COVID-19 pandemic discussed below, we are closely monitoring these indicators for the impact on our business in subsequent quarters.
 
Transportation infrastructure projects, driven by both federal and state funding programs, represent a significant share of the U.S. construction materials market. Federal funds are allocated to the states, which are required to match a portion of the federal funds they receive. Federal highway spending uses funds predominantly from the Federal Highway Trust Fund, which derives its revenue from taxes on diesel fuel, gasoline and other user fees. The dependability of federal funding allows the state departments of transportation to plan for their long-term highway construction and maintenance needs. FundingThrough a continuing resolution signed by the President in October 2020, funding for the existing federal transportation funding program extends through 2020.September 2021. Historically, Congress has maintained infrastructure spending via various means upon the expiration of federal transportation funding programs, but there is no assurance that this will continue to be the case. With the nation’s infrastructure aging, there is increased demand by states and municipalities for long-term federal funding to support the construction of new roads, highways and bridges in addition to the maintenance of the existing infrastructure.

In addition to federal funding, state, county and local agencies provide highway construction and maintenance funding. Our four largest states by revenue, Texas, Kansas, Utah and Missouri, represented approximately 22%, 13%, 12% and 10%, respectively, of our total revenue in 2019. The following is a summary of key funding initiatives in those states:
 
•According to the Texas Department of Transportation (“TXDOT”), annual funding available for transportation infrastructure, including state and federal funding, is estimated to average $16.2$15.0 billion in total for fiscal year 20202021 (which commenced September 1, 2019)2020) and fiscal year 20212022 combined. Further, the 20202021 Unified Transportation Program (“UTP”) approved by the Texas Transportation Commission in September 20192020 provides for $77$75 billion through fiscal year 20292030 to fund transportation projects; thiswhich is an increase from $75 billion in fiscal year 2019 and more than double the fiscal year 2016 level, which was prior to the Proposition 1 and Proposition 7 funding initiatives. The funding available in any given year is separate and distinct from lettings, or the process of providing notice, issuing proposals, receiving proposals, and awarding contracts. In AprilSeptember 2020, TXDOT updated its fiscal year 20202021 lettings estimate to $8.2$10.2 billion up from $7.5 billion in fiscal year 2020 and $8.9 billion in fiscal year 2019. Longer-term,Longer term, TXDOT has indicated a target of $8 billion per year in total state and local lettings. Despite revenue shortfalls due to COVID-19 it is expected that the state highway fund will be granted its full allotment of $2.5 billion for fiscal year 2021 from Proposition 7 funding.

•In April 2020, Kansas passed a new 10-year, $10 billion transportation bill. The program will select new modernization and expansion projects every two years, requires previously selected projects under the prior T-Works program be let prior to July 1, 2023 and levies 16.2% of the sales tax for the benefit of the State Highway Fund ("SHF"). The new transportation bill is a result of the legislative task force that was convened in May 2018 to evaluate the condition and funding of Kansas’ transportation system. The task force released its formal report in January 2019, concluding that it is imperative that the State of Kansas provides consistent, stable funding in order to maintain a quality transportation system; highlighting the negative impacts of $2.1 billion in transfers out of the SHF since 2011; and recommending that the state legislature review new potential sources of additional funding, including increasing registration fees, motor fuels taxes and fees for oversize vehicles and implementing new fees specific to alternative-fuel vehicles.  Prior to the new transportation bill, and also based on the task force’s recommendations, in March 2019, the Kansas State Legislature approved the Governor’s fiscal year 2020 budget with $1.5 billion in transportation funding, a 32% increase from fiscal year 2019, with the further plan to eliminate all transfers out of the SHF by 2023, starting with a $108 million reduction in fiscal year 2020 transfers. The elimination of transfers out of the SHF is expected to help pave the way for the issuance of new transportation bonds. Additionally, in December 2019, the Governor authorized an additional $216 million in sales tax revenue to remain in the SHF in fiscal year 2020 to help restore the bridge replacement program and the Kansas Department of Transportation pledged to complete $435 million worth of transportation projects promised under the T-Works program by fiscal year 2023. In May 2020, Kansas estimated the impact of COVID-19 on the transportation fund to be between $100 million - $450 million.

•In December 2019, Utah passed new legislation imposing a 4.85% sales tax on gas purchases and a 6 cents per gallon increase to the diesel tax, with an additional 4 cents per gallon diesel tax increase in 2022. The tax is estimated to generate an additional $170 million for transportation investment in 2021. Furthermore, inIn January 2019, Utah’s2020, the Utah Department of Transportation Governance and Funding Task Force, appointed by the state legislature in 2017, released draft legislation that would increaseincreased fees on electric and hybrid vehicles by 50% in 2020 and create a hotel room taxby 33% in 2021 and local option sales taxlaunched an alternative to aid in transit development. The proposal would also authorize the Utah Department of Transportation to begin a study on a road usage charge pilot program.program for those vehicles in the form of a pay per mile charge. In May 2020, Utah estimated the impact of COVID-19 on the state transportation fund to be between $25 million and $68 million.

In April 2020, the•The Missouri Governor announced that due to the coronavirus pandemic the Department of Transportation wouldannounced that while they have its budgetnot stopped any construction projects that are underway, they reduced project bid lettings by about 30% from expected levels for the months of May, June, August and that some projects will likely be delayed. In JanuarySeptember 2020. A July 2020 Missouri lawmakers proposed four new bills aimed at increasingletting was not scheduled. They also announced their plan to continue the gas tax, although three of which would require statewide votes. The fourth bill, which does not require a statewide vote, includes a $450 million bond directed toward repairing road infrastructure and would increaseconstruction program using the gas tax from 17 cents per gallon to 19 cents per gallon from January 2021 until December 2030 and then decrease it back to 18 cents per gallon thereafter. The increased gas tax is expected to

generate around $60 million per year to pay off the bond over a 10-year period. In July 2019,2020-2024 Statewide Transportation Improvement Program ("STIP") approved by the Missouri Highways and Transportation Commission approvedand the Federal Highway Administration, and last amended by the commission in April 2020. For fiscal year 2021, which begins July 1, 2020, Statewidethey will use the established amendment process to make additions or changes to the STIP to keep critical projects and functions moving forward. As of October 2020, COVID-19’s impact on the Missouri Department of Transportation Improvement Program (“STIP”), which increased fundingwas estimated at $38 million due to $4.6 billion for highwaylower fuel tax revenues, licensing, registration and bridge construction through 2024 from $4.5 billion in the 2019 STIPvehicle fees and $4.2 billion in the 2018 STIP.taxes.

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Use and consumption of our products fluctuate due to seasonality. Nearly all of the products used by us, and by our customers, in the private construction and public infrastructure industries are used outdoors. Our highway operations and production and distribution facilities are also located outdoors. Therefore, seasonal changes and other weather-related conditions, in particular extended rainy and cold weather in the spring and fall, andas well as major weather events such as hurricanes, tornadoes, tropical storms, heavy snows and flooding, can adversely affect our business and operations through a decline in both the use of our products and demand for our services. In addition, construction materials production and shipment levels follow activity in the construction industry, which typically occurs in the spring, summer and fall. Warmer and drier weather during the second and third quarters of our fiscal year typically result in higher activity and revenue levels during those quarters. The first quarter of our fiscal year typically has lower levels of activity due to weather conditions.conditions, and the third quarter of our fiscal year typically has the highest levels of activity.
 
We are subject to commodity price risk with respect to price changes in liquid asphalt and energy, including fossil fuels and electricity for aggregates, cement, ready-mix concrete and asphalt paving mix production, natural gas for hot mix asphalt production and diesel fuel for distribution vehicles and production related mobile equipment. Liquid asphalt escalator provisions in most of our private and commercial contracts limit our exposure to price fluctuations in this commodity. We often obtain similar escalators on public infrastructure contracts. In addition, we enter into various firm purchase commitments, with terms generally less than one year, for certain raw materials.
 
Backlog
 
Our products are generally delivered upon receipt of orders or requests from customers, or shortly thereafter. Accordingly, the backlog associated with product sales is converted into revenue within a relatively short period of time. Inventory for products is generally maintained in sufficient quantities to meet rapid delivery requirements of customers. Therefore, a period-over-period increase or decrease of backlog does not necessarily result in an improvement or a deterioration of our business. Our backlog includes only those products and projects for which we have obtained a purchase order or a signed contract with the customer and does not include products purchased and sold or services awarded and provided within the period.
 

Financial Highlights
    
The principal factors in evaluating our financial condition and operating results as of and for the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020 as compared to the three and nine months ended March 30,September 28, 2019, and certain other highlights include:
 
•Net revenue decreased $20.6 million and increased $36.5$38.5 million in the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020, respectively, primarily resulting from organic growth.decline in the third quarter 2020 and organic growth in the first half of 2020, respectively.
•Our operating income decreased $30.3 million and increased $16.0$5.3 million in the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020, respectively, as revenue increasesdecreased more than the cost of revenue decreased, along with increased general and administrative expenses, and revenue exceeded the increases in cost of revenue.revenue, respectively.
•In August 2020, we issued $700.0 million of 5.250% senior notes due 2029 (the “2029 Notes”), resulting in net proceeds of $690.4 million, after related fees and expenses. The proceeds from the 2029 Notes were used to redeem the $650.0 million of 6.125% senior notes due 2023 (the “2023 Notes”) at par.
•In March 2019, we issued $300.0 million of 6.500% senior notes due 2027 (the “2027 Notes”), resulting in net proceeds of $296.3 million, after related fees and expenses. The proceeds from the 2027 Notes were used to redeem the $250.0 million of 8.500% senior notes due 2022 (the “2022 Notes”).
•In February 2019, we entered into Incremental Amendment No. 4 to the Credit Agreement (as defined below) increasing the size of our revolving credit facility to $345.0 million and extending the maturity date with respect to the revolving credit commitments to February 25, 2024.

Results of Operations
 
In late 2019, a novel strain of the coronavirus ("COVID-19") virus began spreadingwas first reported to have surfaced. COVID-19 has since spread globally, and is now inincluding to every state in the United States. In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak a global pandemic. While COVID-19 did not havepandemic and the United States declared a significant impact onnational emergency with respect to COVID-19. As construction activities were deemed essential businesses in all of our business inmarkets, we continued to operate while many businesses were forced to close or reduce operations. During the firstthird quarter 2020 given the timing of when the effects of the pandemic began impacting2020, our operating markets remained substantially
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unaffected by COVID-19, except for Kentucky and to a lesser degree, Vancouver, British Columbia. However, we believe its impact willmay negatively affect our operations in subsequent periods if construction activity in future periods slows due to COVID-19. Residential construction activity remains strong, particularly in the Houston and Salt Lake City areas, two of our largest metro areas where we operate. We believe residential activity in our key markets will continue to be a driver for volumes in future periods. The impact on future results, however, is uncertain.While the Commonwealth of Kentucky had experienced fiscal shortfalls prior to COVID-19, those shortfalls were extended by COVID-19, and subsequently, Kentucky suspended lettings of department of transportation projects for May and June, and subsequent lettings have been significantly reduced from prior levels. In the Vancouver, British Columbia area, the provincial government has cancelled or delayed certain infrastructure projects. Our cement sales volumes has also been impacted by lower sales volumes, which we believe to be related to COVID-19, notably in our southern markets. In most of our other markets, we have not experienced any significant delays or cancellations of projects. We expect state revenues to decrease as the amount of work we do for the residential end markets toeconomy slows, and ultimately, some infrastructure projects may be impacted first.delayed or cancelled, which would reduce our revenues in future periods. In 2019, approximately 62% of our revenue was derived from the private construction market,

of which and the remaining revenue from the public markets. As expected, we estimate approximately 50% is residential. We are also anticipatingcontinue to experience a decrease in demand in our cement segment and accordingly, have decreased production by approximately 5% in April.segment. Our annual cement price increases were delayed from April 1 to June 1 due to COVID-19. We continue to monitor our operations, operations of our customers, and the recommendations of the various national, state and local governments in the areas in which we operate. We have implemented work-from-home protocols at all of our administrative locations late in the first quarter of 2020, and while some locations have returned, other locations, including our headquarters location, continue to work remotely. In addition, we implemented additional safety measures specific to COVID-19 at all of our operating locations.locations, which did not significantly increase our costs. The extent to which the spread of COVID-19 pandemic impacts the national and local economies in which we operate, and ultimately our business, will depend on numerous developments, which are highly uncertain and difficult to predict. These events, as they continue to develop, could result in business disruption, including reduced revenues, profitability and cash flow.

As of March 28,September 26, 2020, we had $199.1$288.8 million in cash and cash equivalents, and we have remaining borrowing capacity on our senior secured revolving credit facility was $329.0of $329.1 million, providing us with liquidity that we believe to be adequate to meet our obligations duringfor the balance of 2020.next twelve months.
    
The following discussion of our results of operations is focused on the key financial measures we use to evaluate the performance of our business from both a consolidated and operating segment perspective. Operating income and margins are discussed in terms of changes in volume, pricing and mix of revenue source (i.e., type of product, sales or service revenue). We focus on operating margin, which we define as operating income as a percentage of net revenue, as a key metric when assessing the performance of the business, as we believe that analyzing changes in costs in relation to changes in revenue provides more meaningful insight into the results of operations than examining costs in isolation.
 
Operating income (loss) reflects our profit from operations after taking into consideration cost of revenue, general and administrative expenses, depreciation, depletion, amortization and accretion and transaction costs. Cost of revenue generally increases ratably with revenue, as labor, transportation costs and subcontractor costs are recorded in cost of revenue. In periods where our revenue growth occurs primarily through acquisitions, general and administrative expenses and depreciation, depletion, amortization and accretion have historically grown ratably with revenue. However, as organic volumes increase, we expect these costs as a percentage of revenue, to decrease. General and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenue vary throughout the year due to the seasonality of our business. Our transaction costs fluctuate withbased on the level of acquisition activity each year.
The table below includes revenue and operating income (loss) by segment for the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020 and March 30,September 28, 2019. Operating income (loss) by segment is computed as earnings before interest, taxes and other income/expense.
 Three months endedNine months ended
 September 26, 2020September 28, 2019September 26, 2020September 28, 2019
($ in thousands)RevenueOperating income (loss)RevenueOperating income (loss)RevenueOperating income (loss)RevenueOperating income (loss)
West$390,310 $72,280 $366,504 $58,501 $919,016 $129,288 $848,661 $78,503 
East234,435 29,296 266,587 55,521 590,341 49,014 596,107 71,927 
Cement84,874 23,975 98,991 31,504 198,461 34,579 220,844 44,074 
Corporate (1)— (24,934)— (14,645)— (53,924)— (40,872)
Total$709,619 $100,617 $732,082 $130,881 $1,707,818 $158,957 $1,665,612 $153,632 
(1)Corporate results primarily consist of compensation and office expenses for employees included in the Company's headquarters.
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 Three months ended
 March 28, 2020 March 30, 2019
($ in thousands)Revenue Operating
income (loss)		 Revenue Operating
income (loss)
West$196,225
 $354
 $181,945
 $(11,622)
East133,040
 (11,764) 113,388
 (17,256)
Cement37,925
 (15,490) 37,306
 (12,910)
Corporate (1)—
 (14,820) —
 (15,883)
Total$367,190
 $(41,720) $332,639
 $(57,671)
(1)Corporate results primarily consist of compensation and office expenses for employees included in the Company's headquarters.

Consolidated Results of Operations
 
The table below sets forth our consolidated results of operations for the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020 and March 30,September 28, 2019. 

 Three months endedNine months ended
 September 26, 2020September 28, 2019September 26, 2020September 28, 2019
($ in thousands)
Net revenue$645,246 $665,847 $1,562,892 $1,524,388 
Delivery and subcontract revenue64,373 66,235 144,926 141,224 
Total revenue709,619 732,082 1,707,818 1,665,612 
Cost of revenue (excluding items shown separately below)469,004 482,979 1,165,317 1,155,476 
General and administrative expenses81,499 62,344 218,267 190,915 
Depreciation, depletion, amortization and accretion58,054 55,127 163,760 164,140 
Transaction costs445 751 1,517 1,449 
Operating income100,617 130,881 158,957 153,632 
Interest expense (1)24,623 28,917 78,049 88,423 
Loss on debt financings4,064 — 4,064 14,565 
Other income, net(1,226)(1,875)(2,753)(8,354)
Income from operations before taxes73,156 103,839 79,597 58,998 
Income tax (benefit) expense(19,613)45,602 (25,333)34,272 
Net income$92,769 $58,237 $104,930 $24,726 
 Three months ended
 March 28, 2020 March 30, 2019
($ in thousands)   
Net revenue$342,406
 $305,950
Delivery and subcontract revenue24,784
 26,689
Total revenue367,190
 332,639
Cost of revenue (excluding items shown separately below)286,155
 267,004
General and administrative expenses70,224
 67,610
Depreciation, depletion, amortization and accretion51,778
 55,388
Transaction costs753
 308
Operating loss(41,720) (57,671)
Interest expense (1)27,818
 30,105
Loss on debt financings—
 14,565
Other loss (income), net89
 (2,803)
Loss from operations before taxes(69,627) (99,538)
Income tax benefit(22,901) (28,037)
Net loss$(46,726) $(71,501)
(1)The statement of operations above is based on the financial results of Summit Inc. and its subsidiaries. The statement of operations of Summit LLC and its subsidiaries differs from Summit Inc. in that Summit LLC has $0.1 million and $0.2 million less interest expense than Summit Inc. in the three and nine months ended September 26, 2020, respectively. The additional interest expense for Summit Inc. is associated with a deferred consideration obligation of Summit Holdings, which is excluded from Summit LLC’s consolidated interest expense.
(1)The statement of operations above is based on the financial results of Summit Inc. and its subsidiaries. The statement of operations of Summit LLC and its subsidiaries differs from Summit Inc. in that Summit LLC has $0.1 million less interest expense than Summit Inc. in the three months ended March 28, 2020. The additional interest expense for Summit Inc. is associated with a deferred consideration obligation of Summit Holdings, which is excluded from Summit LLC’s consolidated interest expense.

Three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020 compared to the three and nine months ended March 30,September 28, 2019
 
 Three months ended  Nine months ended  
($ in thousands)September 26, 2020September 28, 2019VarianceSeptember 26, 2020September 28, 2019Variance
Net revenue$645,246 $665,847 $(20,601)(3.1)%$1,562,892 $1,524,388 $38,504 2.5 %
Operating income100,617 130,881 (30,264)(23.1)%158,957 153,632 5,325 3.5 %
Operating margin percentage15.6 %19.7 %10.2 %10.1 %
Adjusted EBITDA (1)$177,747 $193,317 $(15,570)(8.1)%$354,393 $340,371 $14,022 4.1 %
(1)Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure that we find helpful in monitoring the performance of our business. See "Non-GAAP Performance Measures" below for a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income, which is the most directly comparable GAAP measure.
 Three months ended    
($ in thousands)March 28, 2020 March 30, 2019 Variance
Net revenue$342,406
 $305,950
 $36,456
 11.9%
Operating loss(41,720) (57,671) 15,951
 27.7%
Operating margin percentage(12.2)% (18.8)%    
Adjusted EBITDA (1)$16,414
 $6,588
 $9,826
 149.1%

    
(1)Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure that we find helpful in monitoring the performance of our business. See "Non-GAAP Performance Measures" below for a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income, which is the most directly comparable GAAP measure.

Net revenue increased $36.5decreased $20.6 million in the three months ended March 28,September 26, 2020, as lower revenues in the East and Cement segments more than offset increases in the West segment. Net revenue decreased by $10.9 million, $2.9 million and $6.8 million from reduced sales of materials, products and services, respectively. We experienced organic volume decline of 5.1%, 11.3%, 1.0% and 6.4% in aggregates, cement, ready-mix concrete and asphalt lines of business, respectively. We had organic price growth across all lines of business during the third quarter of 2020. Aggregate average sales prices were impacted by decreases in the East related to changes in product mix. Additional discussion about the impact of acquisitions on each segment is presented in more detail below.    

    Net revenue increased $38.5 million in the nine months ended September 26, 2020, primarily resulting from organic growth in our aggregates and asphaltready-mix concrete operations. Of the increase in net revenue, $8.7$45.9 million was from increased sales of materials, $25.0products, offset by $5.4 million from increaseddecreased sales of productsmaterials and $2.8$2.0 million from increaseddecreased service revenue. We
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generated organic volume growth of 9.7%, 0.7%1.3% and 14.0%4.5% in aggregates cement and ready-mix concrete, respectively, during the first threenine months of 2020 over the prior year period, while our organic asphaltcement volumes decreased 2.9%declined 7.4% compared to the first threenine months of 2019. Organic asphalt volumes remained flat. We had organic price growth in our aggregate, cement, ready-mix and asphalt lines of business of 2.2%0.6%, 2.6%1.1%, 6.0%5.2% and 4.1%1.2%, respectively, during the first threenine months of 2020.

    Operating income decreased by $30.3 million in the third quarter of 2020 as compared to the third quarter of 2019, primarily as our net revenue gains trailed increases in our cost of revenue and general and administrative expenses. Our operating income in East segment was reduced as costs of revenue, notably in Kentucky, did not keep pace with increases in net revenue. Our general and administrative expenses increased in the three and nine month periods ended September 26, 2020 due to increases in labor and stock compensation expense, partially offset by reductions in travel and entertainment expenses. During the third quarter of 2020, we recorded an additional $10.6 million of CEO transition costs and related stock compensation expenses, including an adjustment related to equity based compensation grants where recipients were eligible for continued vesting of grants after they retired.
 
Operating loss decreasedincome increased by $16.0$5.3 million in the first threenine months of 2020 as compared to the first threenine months of 2019, primarily as we produced net revenue gains exceeded increases in excess of our costs of revenue.revenue and general and administrative expenses. In addition, depreciation, depletion, amortization and accretion expense decreased by $3.6$0.4 million as our capital expenditures in prior periods have been decreasing.

Our operating margin percentage for the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020 decreased from 19.7% to 15.6% and increased from (18.8)%10.1% to (12.2)%10.2%, respectively, from the comparable period a year ago, due to the itemsfactors noted above. Adjusted EBITDA, as defined in "Non-GAAP Performance Measures" below, decreased by $15.6 million and increased by $9.8$14.0 million in the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020, respectively, due to the factors noted above.


As a vertically-integrated company, we include intercompany sales from materials to products and from products to services when assessing the operating results of our business. We refer to revenue inclusive of intercompany sales as gross revenue. These intercompany transactions are eliminated in the consolidated financial statements. Gross revenue by product was as follows: 
 Three months ended  Nine months ended  
($ in thousands)September 26, 2020September 28, 2019VarianceSeptember 26, 2020September 28, 2019Variance
Revenue by product*:
Aggregates$178,377 $176,929 $1,448 0.8 %$465,498 $447,159 $18,339 4.1 %
Cement85,108 95,486 (10,378)(10.9)%195,972 209,334 (13,362)(6.4)%
Ready-mix concrete179,261 173,035 6,226 3.6 %489,034 444,702 44,332 10.0 %
Asphalt137,685 152,821 (15,136)(9.9)%275,150 283,225 (8,075)(2.9)%
Paving and related services232,514 243,039 (10,525)(4.3)%470,648 451,133 19,515 4.3 %
Other(103,326)(109,228)5,902 5.4 %(188,484)(169,941)(18,543)(10.9)%
Total revenue$709,619 $732,082 $(22,463)(3.1)%$1,707,818 $1,665,612 $42,206 2.5 %
 Three months ended    
($ in thousands)March 28, 2020 March 30, 2019 Variance
Revenue by product*:       
Aggregates$121,473
 $108,388
 $13,085
 12.1 %
Cement34,758
 33,600
 1,158
 3.4 %
Ready-mix concrete141,809
 117,428
 24,381
 20.8 %
Asphalt25,946
 26,397
 (451) (1.7)%
Paving and related services46,074
 45,627
 447
 1.0 %
Other(2,870) 1,199
 (4,069) (339.4)%
Total revenue$367,190
 $332,639
 $34,551
 10.4 %
*Revenue by product includes intercompany and intracompany sales transferred at market value. The elimination of intracompany transactions is included in Other. Revenue from the liquid asphalt terminals is included in asphalt revenue.
 
Detail of our volumes and average selling prices by product in the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020 and March 30,September 28, 2019 were as follows:   

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Three months ended     Three months ended  
March 28, 2020 March 30, 2019     September 26, 2020September 28, 2019  
Volume(1)   Volume(1)   Percentage Change inVolume(1)Volume(1)Percentage Change in
(in thousands) Pricing(2) (in thousands) Pricing(2) Volume Pricing(in thousands)Pricing(2)(in thousands)Pricing(2)VolumePricing
Aggregates11,193
 $10.85
 10,207
 $10.62
 9.7 % 2.2%Aggregates16,383 $10.89 15,895 $11.13 3.1 %(2.2)%
Cement299
 116.21
 297
 113.31
 0.7 % 2.6%Cement733 116.17 826 115.54 (11.3)%0.5 %
Ready-mix concrete1,244
 114.04
 1,091
 107.62
 14.0 % 6.0%Ready-mix concrete1,531 117.12 1,546 111.94 (1.0)%4.6 %
Asphalt409
 56.86
 421
 54.62
 (2.9)% 4.1%Asphalt2,118 60.40 2,263 60.40 (6.4)%— %
Nine months ended  
September 26, 2020September 28, 2019  
Volume(1)Volume(1)Percentage Change in
(in thousands)Pricing(2)(in thousands)Pricing(2)VolumePricing
AggregatesAggregates42,476 $10.96 40,630 $11.01 4.5 %(0.5)%
CementCement1,686 116.22 1,821 114.95 (7.4)%1.1 %
Ready-mix concreteReady-mix concrete4,217 115.97 4,035 110.22 4.5 %5.2 %
AsphaltAsphalt4,281 59.69 4,280 59.00 — %1.2 %
(1)Volumes are shown in tons for aggregates, cement and asphalt and in cubic yards for ready-mix concrete.
(2)Pricing is shown on a per ton basis for aggregates, cement and asphalt and on a per cubic yard basis for ready-mix concrete.
    
(1)Volumes are shown in tons for aggregates, cement and asphalt and in cubic yards for ready-mix concrete.
(2)Pricing is shown on a per ton basis for aggregates, cement and asphalt and on a per cubic yard basis for ready-mix concrete.
    
Revenue from aggregates increased $13.1$1.4 million and $18.3 million in the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020, respectively. In the third quarter of 2020, increases in our northern Texas and Virginia markets were partially offset by organic aggregate volumes declines in Missouri as flood repair work in 2020 was less than in 2019, and lower volumes in Kentucky due to COVID-19 impacts. Our average sales price in the third quarter of 2020 decreased over 2019 as the product mix shifted away from higher priced flood repair products to lower priced products. In the nine month period ended September 26, 2020, our aggregate volumes increased primarily due to acquisition volumes, and to a lesser extent, due to increased volumes and improved average sales prices.organic volumes. Aggregate volumes growth was attributable to organic growth in both the West and East segments. Organic aggregate volumes increased 9.7%1.3% in the first threenine months of 2020 as compared to the same period a year ago, primarily due to increases in Missouri,Texas, Intermountain West and Kansas and Texas markets. Aggregate average sales prices of $10.85$10.96 per ton increased 2.2%decreased 0.5% in the first threenine months of 2020 as compared to the first threenine months of 2019, supported by strong increasesprimarily due to lower priced products in Missouri.our Missouri markets noted above.  
    
Revenue from cement increased $1.2decreased $10.4 million and $13.4 million in the three and nine months ended March 28, 2020.September 26, 2020, respectively. In the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020, organic cement volumes increased 0.7%decreased 11.3% and 7.4%, respectively, and organic cement average sales prices increased 2.6%0.5% and 1.1%, respectively, as compared to the same period in the prior year.

Revenue from ready-mix concrete increased $24.4$6.2 million and $44.3 million in the three and nine months ended March 28, 2020.September 26, 2020, respectively. In the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020, our ready-mix volumes decreased 1.0% and increased 14.0%4.5%, respectively, and our average sales prices increased 6.0%.4.6% and 5.2%, respectively. These volume and price increases for the nine months ended September 26, 2020 occurred in both the West and East segments. Volumes in the TexasKansas and Intermountain regionsgeographies were impacted by more favorable weather conditions during the first threenine months of 2020 as compared to 2019.
 
Revenue from asphalt decreased $0.5$15.1 million and $8.1 million in the three and nine months ended March 28, 2020.September 26, 2020, respectively. In the first threenine months of 2020, organic pricing increased 4.1%1.2%, with strong pricing gains in the Kansas and Texas andgeographies. Further, in the Intermountain geographies. The increasefirst nine months of 2020, we had strong volume increases in average sales price for asphalt was more thannorth Texas offset however, by a decreasedecreases in sales volume.Kentucky due to COVID-19 impacts.



Other Financial Information
 
Loss on Debt Financings

    In August 2020, we used the net proceeds from the offering of the 2029 Notes to redeem all of the outstanding 2023 Notes. In connection with that transaction, charges of $4.1 million were recognized in the three and nine months ended
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September 26, 2020. The fees included $0.8 million for the write-off of unamortized original issue discount and $3.3 million for the write-off of unamortized deferred financing fees.

In March 2019, we used the net proceeds from the offering of the 2027 Notes to redeem all of the outstanding 2022 Notes. In connection with that transaction, charges of $14.6 million were recognized in the three and nine months ended March 30,September 28, 2019. The fees included $11.7 million for the applicable prepayment premium and $2.9 million for the write-off of unamortized deferred financing fees.

Income Tax Expense
 
Our income tax benefit was $22.9$19.6 million and $25.3 million in the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020, respectively, and our income tax benefitexpense was $28.0$45.6 million and $34.3 million in the three and nine months ended March 30, 2019. OurSeptember 28, 2019, respectively. The effective tax rate for Summit Inc. differs from the federal rate primarily due to (1) unrecognized tax benefits, (2) state taxes, (3) tax depletion expense in excess of the expense recorded under U.S. GAAP, (4) the minority interest in the Summit Holdings partnership that is allocated outside of the Company and (5) various other items such as limitations on meals and entertainment, certain stock compensation and other costs. The increaseAdditionally, in the Company's effective tax rate, and related income tax benefit, overfirst quarter of 2020, we recorded the prior year is in response to provisionsimpact of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Stability Act ("CARES Act") enacted into law in late March 2020. Among other things,2020, which reduced our unrecognized tax benefits by approximately $9.5 million. In the CARES Act amended provisionsthird quarter of 2020, final regulations were issued clarifying portions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 ("TCJA") related to limitations on the deductibility of interest expense. The Company’s income tax provision is calculated under. Under the provisions of the proposed TCJA regulations, as amended by the CARES Act, which will limit our ability to deduct interest expense in calculating our taxable income. Once the final regulations, are issued,we reversed our remaining unrecognized tax benefit of $32.9 million in the Company will adjust its calculations, if necessary.third quarter 2020.
 
The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible, as well as consideration of tax-planning strategies we may seek to utilize net operating loss carryforwards that begin to expire in 2030.
    
As of March 28,September 26, 2020 and December 28, 2019, Summit Inc. had a valuation allowance of $1.7 million, which relates to certain deferred tax assets in taxable entities where realization is not more likely than not.

Segment results of operations
 
West Segment

 Three months ended  Nine months ended  
($ in thousands)September 26, 2020September 28, 2019VarianceSeptember 26, 2020September 28, 2019Variance
Net revenue$351,510 $331,501 $20,009 6.0 %$835,026 $773,036 $61,990 8.0 %
Operating income72,280 58,501 13,779 23.6 %129,288 78,503 50,785 64.7 %
Operating margin percentage20.6 %17.6 %15.5 %10.2 %
Adjusted EBITDA (1)$95,470 $81,936 $13,534 16.5 %$196,881 $151,054 $45,827 30.3 %
 Three months ended    
($ in thousands)March 28, 2020 March 30, 2019 Variance
Net revenue$184,492
 $168,229
 $16,263
 9.7 %
Operating income (loss)354
 (11,622) 11,976
 (103.0)%
Operating margin percentage0.2% (6.9)%    
Adjusted EBITDA (1)$22,468
 $14,298
 $8,170
 57.1 %
(1)Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure that we find helpful in monitoring the performance of our business. See "Non-GAAP Performance Measures" below for a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income, which is the most directly comparable GAAP measure.

    
(1)Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure that we find helpful in monitoring the performance of our business. See "Non-GAAP Performance Measures" below for a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income, which is the most directly comparable GAAP measure.

Net revenue in the West segment increased $16.3$20.0 million and $62.0 million in the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020, respectively, primarily due to increases in net revenues from aggregates and ready-mix concrete.in all lines of business. Organic aggregate volumes increased 9.2%0.3% in the first threenine months of 2020 as compared to the first threenine months of 2019, and organic aggregates average sales prices decreased 1.5%increased 1.9%, primarily due to product mix. Organic ready-mix concrete volumes increased 5.2% while1.0% and our organic ready-mix concrete average sales prices increased 6.3%5.2%.
 
The West segment’s operating income increased $12.0$13.8 million and $50.8 million in the three and nine months ended March 28, 2020.September 26, 2020, respectively. Adjusted EBITDA increased $8.2$13.5 million and $45.8 million in the three and nine months ended March 28, 2020.September 26, 2020, respectively. The increases in operating income and Adjusted EBITDA occurred as the weather conditions in 2020 have improved overin general been more favorable as compared to 2019, which has resulted in operational efficiencies and increased sales volumes. The operating margin percentage in the West segment increased in the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020 as compared to the three and nine months ended March 30,September 28, 2019, due to the impact of the same itemsfactors noted above.


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Gross revenue by product/ service was as follows:  
 Three months ended  Nine months ended  
($ in thousands)September 26, 2020September 28, 2019VarianceSeptember 26, 2020September 28, 2019Variance
Revenue by product*:
Aggregates$81,981 $73,063 $8,918 12.2 %$199,506 $185,789 $13,717 7.4 %
Ready-mix concrete132,847 128,243 4,604 3.6 %361,541 340,349 21,192 6.2 %
Asphalt100,409 99,023 1,386 1.4 %205,041 194,121 10,920 5.6 %
Paving and related services159,307 142,115 17,192 12.1 %324,880 273,356 51,524 18.8 %
Other(84,234)(75,940)(8,294)(10.9)%(171,952)(144,954)(26,998)(18.6)%
Total revenue$390,310 $366,504 $23,806 6.5 %$919,016 $848,661 $70,355 8.3 %
 Three months ended    
($ in thousands)March 28, 2020 March 30, 2019 Variance
Revenue by product*:       
Aggregates$51,601
 $47,989
 $3,612
 7.5 %
Ready-mix concrete106,227
 95,008
 11,219
 11.8 %
Asphalt23,430
 24,301
 (871) (3.6)%
Paving and related services33,267
 30,774
 2,493
 8.1 %
Other(18,300) (16,127) (2,173) (13.5)%
Total revenue$196,225
 $181,945
 $14,280
 7.8 %
*Revenue by product includes intercompany and intracompany sales transferred at market value. The elimination of intracompany transactions is included in “Other.” Revenue from the liquid asphalt terminals is included in asphalt revenue.
 
The West segment’s percent changes in sales volumes and pricing in the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020 from the three and nine months ended March 30,September 28, 2019 were as follows:  
Three months ended Three months endedNine months ended
Percentage Change inPercentage Change inPercentage Change in
Volume PricingVolumePricingVolumePricing
Aggregates9.2 % (1.5)%Aggregates12.8 %(0.6)%7.4 %— %
Ready-mix concrete5.2 % 6.3 %Ready-mix concrete(0.3)%3.9 %1.0 %5.2 %
Asphalt(4.9)% 3.7 %Asphalt(1.0)%2.4 %4.1 %2.5 %
 
Gross revenue    Revenue from aggregates in the West segment increased $3.6$8.9 million and $13.7 million in the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020, respectively, due to an increase in sales volumes that more than offset a slight decreases in average sales price for the three months and nine months ended September 26, 2020. In the three months ended September 26, 2020, aggregate volumes increased 12.8%, primarily due to acquisition related volumes in Texas and Vancouver, as well as organic volumes. Thevolume increases in our Intermountain markets, partially offset by decreases in organic volumes in Vancouver, Canada. In the nine months ended September 26, 2020, the 7.4% increase in aggregates volumes was primarily in our Texas markets which had organic growth coupled with increased acquisition volumes, and increased organic volumes in our Intermountain markets. For the three and nine months ended September 26, 2020, organic aggregate volumes decreased in the Vancouver, British Columbia area due to COVID-19 related delays in projects. Aggregates pricing for the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020 decreased 1.5%,0.6% and remained flat, respectively, when compared to the same period in 2019 due to product mix primarily in our Texas markets.markets, resulting from the impact of lower prices on acquisition related volumes.
 
Revenue from ready-mix concrete in the West segment increased $11.2$4.6 million and $21.2 million in the three and nine months ended March 28, 2020.September 26, 2020, respectively. For the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020, organic ready-mix concrete prices increased 6.3%.3.9% and 5.2%, respectively. For the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020, our ready-mix concrete organic volumes decreased 0.3% and increased 5.2%1.0%, respectively, as weather conditionsvolume increases in the Intermountain geographies in the first three months ofended September 26, 2020 were more favorable thanoffset by volume decreases in 2019.Texas. We continue to see strong residential volumes in the Houston area, while volumes in the Permian basin area have decreased due to an economic slowdown in that area.
 
Revenue from asphalt in the West segment decreased $0.9increased $1.4 million and $10.9 million in the three and nine months ended March 28, 2020. Our first quarterSeptember 26, 2020, respectively. For the three months ended September 26, 2020, asphalt volumes decreased 4.9% below1.0% while in the comparable period in 2019.nine months ended September 26, 2020, asphalt volumes increased 4.1%. Average sales prices for asphalt increased 3.7%2.4% and 2.5% in the three and nine months ended March 28, 2020.September 26, 2020, respectively. Revenue for paving and related services in the West segment increased by $2.5$17.2 million and $51.5 million, respectively, in the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020, due to a shift towards more private sector projectshigher organic volumes in the Utah market.our north Texas markets, partially offset by lower organic volumes in our Intermountain geography and in Vancouver, British Columbia.

Prior to eliminations of intercompany transactions, the net effect of volume and pricing changes on gross revenue in the threenine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020 was approximately $8.1$24.2 million and $5.9$21.6 million, respectively.
 
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Our Austin business operates a liquid asphalt terminal in the Houston area which was damaged by Hurricane Harvey in 2017. The terminal commenced limited operations in the third quarter of 2018. In the threenine months ended March 30,September 28, 2019, we received $1.9 million related to our business interruption claim, which is included in other income, net. 

East Segment

 Three months ended  Nine months ended  
($ in thousands)September 26, 2020September 28, 2019VarianceSeptember 26, 2020September 28, 2019Variance
Net revenue$208,862 $235,355 $(26,493)(11.3)%$529,405 $530,508 $(1,103)(0.2)%
Operating income29,296 55,521 (26,225)(47.2)%49,014 71,927 (22,913)(31.9)%
Operating margin percentage14.0 %23.6 %9.3 %13.6 %
Adjusted EBITDA (1)$56,943 $76,825 $(19,882)(25.9)%$119,900 $134,479 $(14,579)(10.8)%
 Three months ended    
($ in thousands)March 28, 2020 March 30, 2019 Variance
Net revenue$119,989
 $100,415
 $19,574
 19.5%
Operating loss(11,764) (17,256) 5,492
 31.8%
Operating margin percentage(9.8)% (17.2)%    
Adjusted EBITDA (1)$9,573
 $3,242
 $6,331
 195.3%
(1)Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure that we find helpful in monitoring the performance of our business. See "Non-GAAP Performance Measures" below for a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income, which is the most directly comparable GAAP measure.


(1)Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure that we find helpful in monitoring the performance of our business. See "Non-GAAP Performance Measures" below for a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income, which is the most directly comparable GAAP measure.

Net revenue in the East segment increased $19.6decreased $26.5 million and $1.1 million in the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020, respectively, as compared to the same period a year ago, primarilyas the decrease in asphalt and paving and services revenues exceeded the increase in ready-mix concrete revenues. Our asphalt volumes have decreased in both the three and nine month periods ended September 26, 2026 due to organic growthweakness in our aggregatesKentucky geography. Operating income decreased $26.2 million and ready-mix concrete businesses, both in volumes and average sales prices. Operating loss decreased $5.5$22.9 million in the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020, respectively, over the same period a year ago. The decrease in operating lossincome for the three months ended March 28,September 26, 2020 wasis primarily due to the items noted abovelower margins on our asphalt and paving business, which exceeded increasesresulted from decreased activity in generalKentucky, as well as decreases in aggregate sales prices due mainly to product mix in Missouri and administrative expenses and depreciation, deletion, amortization and accretion.Kentucky. Adjusted EBITDA increased $6.3decreased $19.9 million and $14.6 million in the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020, respectively, due to the items relating to operating income noted above.
 
Operating margin percentage for the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020 increaseddecreased to (9.8)%14.0% from (17.2)%23.6% and decreased to 9.3% from 13.6%, respectively, from the comparable period a year ago, as average sales prices increased more than our cost of revenues.due to the items noted above.
 
Gross revenue by product/ service was as follows:  
 Three months ended  Nine months ended  
($ in thousands)September 26, 2020September 28, 2019VarianceSeptember 26, 2020September 28, 2019Variance
Revenue by product*:
Aggregates$96,396 $103,866 $(7,470)(7.2)%$265,992 $261,370 $4,622 1.8 %
Ready-mix concrete46,414 44,792 1,622 3.6 %127,493 104,353 23,140 22.2 %
Asphalt37,276 53,798 (16,522)(30.7)%70,109 89,104 (18,995)(21.3)%
Paving and related services73,207 100,924 (27,717)(27.5)%145,768 177,777 (32,009)(18.0)%
Other(18,858)(36,793)17,935 48.7 %(19,021)(36,497)17,476 47.9 %
Total revenue$234,435 $266,587 $(32,152)(12.1)%$590,341 $596,107 $(5,766)(1.0)%
 Three months ended    
($ in thousands)March 28, 2020 March 30, 2019 Variance
Revenue by product*:       
Aggregates$69,872
 $60,399
 $9,473
 15.7 %
Ready-mix concrete35,582
 22,420
 13,162
 58.7 %
Asphalt2,516
 2,096
 420
 20.0 %
Paving and related services12,807
 14,853
 (2,046) (13.8)%
Other12,263
 13,620
 (1,357) (10.0)%
Total revenue$133,040
 $113,388
 $19,652
 17.3 %
*Revenue by product includes intercompany and intracompany sales transferred at market value. The elimination of intracompany transactions is included in Other. Revenue from the liquid asphalt terminals is included in asphalt revenue.

The East segment’s percent changes in sales volumes and pricing in the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020 from the three and nine months ended March 30,September 28, 2019 were as follows:   
Three months ended Three months endedNine months ended
Percentage Change inPercentage Change inPercentage Change in
Volume PricingVolumePricingVolumePricing
Aggregates10.0% 5.2%Aggregates(5.0)%(2.3)%2.2 %(0.3)%
Ready-mix concrete53.8% 3.5%Ready-mix concrete(2.9)%6.8 %15.9 %5.4 %
Asphalt21.2% 5.8%Asphalt(17.8)%(7.0)%(9.9)%(3.0)%
 
Gross revenue
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    Revenue from aggregates in the East segment increased $9.5decreased $7.5 million in the three months ended March 28,September 26, 2020 we achieved increasesand increased $4.6 million in boththe nine months ended September 26, 2020, respectively. In the three month period ended September 26, 2020, aggregate volumes and prices.average sales price were both below prior year amounts as our volumes in Missouri were higher in 2019, due to more flood repair work in 2019 than in 2020. Aggregate volumes in the first threenine months of 2020 increased 10.0%2.2%, primarily due to organic growth in our Kansas markets from wind farm and other large non-residential project activity, offset by volume decreases in our Missouri, market where significantKentucky and Virginia markets. Our volumes decreased in Kentucky as the state continues to deal with lower tax revenues that preceded COVID-19, and those revenues further decreased after the onset of COVID-19, while decreases in our Virginia markets were weather related. Aggregates organic pricing decreased 2.2% and 0.3% in the three and nine months ended September 26, 2020, respectively. The decrease in pricing in the three month period ended September 26, 2020 is primarily due to change in mix, with more higher priced products sold in the three months ended September 28, 2019 than in the current year period related to flood repair work continues to occur, as well as in Kansas. Aggregates organic pricingMissouri in 2019 and increased 5.2%by-product sales in the first quarter of 2020.Kentucky.
 
Revenue from ready-mix concrete in the East segment increased $13.2$1.6 million and $23.1 million in the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020, respectively, as compared to the same period in 2019.2019, as our realized price increases overcame volume decreases. In the three months ended March 28,September 26, 2020, ready-mix concrete volumes decreased 2.9%, compared to prior year levels primarily due to lower volumes in Arkansas, whereas our average sales price increased by 6.8%. In the nine months ended September 26, 2020, ready-mix concrete volumes increased 53.8% compared to prior year levels as weather conditions15.9%, which mostly occurred in the first quarter of 2020 were more favorable than a year ago. TheKansas and Missouri, where we also realized strong increases in ready-mix concrete volumes occurred primarily in Missouri and Kansas.our average sales price.
 
Revenue from asphalt increased $0.4decreased $16.5 million and $19.0 million in the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020, respectively, when compared to the comparablesame period ofin 2019. The increase wasdecreases were mainly attributable to improved pricing.lower volumes in Kentucky, due to the items mentioned above, which more than offset strong asphalt volumes in Kansas. Asphalt pricing increased 5.8%decreased 3.0% in the threenine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020, as the sales mix favored higher priced markets as well as increaseslower prices occurred in liquid asphalt volumes and pricing frommost of our terminals.markets. Paving and related service revenue decreased $2.0$27.7 million and $32.0 million in the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020, respectively, primarily due to the completion of two large projectslower activity in 2019 in our Kansas market.Kentucky as noted above.
 
Prior to eliminations of intercompany transactions, the net effect of volume and pricing changes on gross revenue in the threenine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020 was approximately $18.9$7.4 million and $4.1$1.3 million, respectively.


Cement Segment
 Three months ended  Nine months ended  
($ in thousands)September 26, 2020September 28, 2019VarianceSeptember 26, 2020September 28, 2019Variance
Net revenue$84,874 $98,991 $(14,117)(14.3)%$198,461 $220,844 $(22,383)(10.1)%
Operating income23,975 31,504 (7,529)(23.9)%34,579 44,074 (9,495)(21.5)%
Operating margin percentage28.2 %31.8 %17.4 %20.0 %
Adjusted EBITDA (1)$35,086 $42,683 $(7,597)(17.8)%$63,172 $75,537 $(12,365)(16.4)%
 Three months ended    
($ in thousands)March 28, 2020 March 30, 2019 Variance
Net revenue$37,925
 $37,306
 $619
 1.7 %
Operating loss(15,490) (12,910) (2,580) (20.0)%
Operating margin percentage(40.8)% (34.6)%    
Adjusted EBITDA (1)$(7,561) $(2,587) $(4,974) (192.3)%
(1)Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure that we find helpful in monitoring the performance of our business. See "Non-GAAP Performance Measures" below for a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income, which is the most directly comparable GAAP measure.

    
(1)Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure that we find helpful in monitoring the performance of our business. See "Non-GAAP Performance Measures" below for a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income, which is the most directly comparable GAAP measure.

Net revenue in the Cement segment increased $0.6decreased $14.1 million and $22.4 million primarily due to a 0.7% increase indecreased organic cement volumevolumes of 11.3% and 7.4% in the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020, respectively. In addition, due to an explosion in April 2020 that shut down our solid waste processing facility, revenue from that facility is below 2019 levels for both the three and nine month periods ended September 26, 2020.

The Cement segment’s operating loss increased approximately $2.6    Operating income decreased $7.5 million and $9.5 million during the three and nine months ended March 28, 2020.September 26, 2020, respectively. Adjusted EBITDA decreased $5.0$7.6 million and $12.4 million in the three and nine months ended March 28, 2020. Although net revenues increasedSeptember 26, 2020, respectively. Our overall operating costs decreased in 2020 as our sales volumes decreased. Our production volume was lower in the three month period ended March 28,third quarter of 2020 as compared to the same period in 2019, which resulted in higher per unit production costs included in cost of revenue. Our solid waste processing facility that provides fuel for one of our plants remained closed to processing solid waste due to an explosion in April 2020. We expect that facility to fully reopen during the prior year, operating loss increased as we incurred higher maintenance costs in 2020 as incremental maintenance activities were performed in 2020 as compared to those that occurred in 2019. These increases in costs were partially offset by lower depreciation expense compared to the prior year, related to the amountfourth quarter of depreciation that was capitalized into inventory.2020.

Operating margin percentage for the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020 decreased to (40.8)%28.2% from (34.6)%31.8% and decreased to 17.4% from 20.0%, respectively, from the comparable period a year ago. The increase in operating loss anddecreased operating margin for
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the threenine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020 was primarily due to the same itemsfactors noted above. Production levels in the first threenine months of 2020 were slightly higher than in 2019. In April 2020, we had an explosion at our facility that receives waste fuels that are converted to fuel for one of our cement plants. We are still assessing the damage, and the required repairs to our facility, which will dictate the time required to complete those repairs. We expect our ability to process solid waste fuels will be limited in the second quarter of 2020. Our preliminary estimates are that our operating income and Adjusted EBITDA will be reduced by approximately $2.0 to $4.0 million in the second quarter of 2020 as a result. If we are unable to resume operations at the facility by the end of the second quarter, there will be additional impact to subsequent quarters.

Gross revenue by product was as follows:  
 Three months ended  Nine months ended  
($ in thousands)September 26, 2020September 28, 2019VarianceSeptember 26, 2020September 28, 2019Variance
Revenue by product*:
Cement$85,108 $95,486 $(10,378)(10.9)%$195,972 $209,334 $(13,362)(6.4)%
Other(234)3,505 (3,739)(106.7)%2,489 11,510 (9,021)(78.4)%
Total revenue$84,874 $98,991 $(14,117)(14.3)%$198,461 $220,844 $(22,383)(10.1)%
 Three months ended    
($ in thousands)March 28, 2020 March 30, 2019 Variance
Revenue by product*:       
Cement$34,758
 $33,600
 $1,158
 3.4 %
Other3,167
 3,706
 (539) (14.5)%
Total revenue$37,925
 $37,306
 $619
 1.7 %
*Revenue by product includes intercompany and intracompany sales transferred at market value. Revenue from waste processing and the elimination of intracompany transactions is included in Other.
 
The Cement segment’s percent changes in sales volumes and pricing in the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020 from the three and nine months ended March 30,September 28, 2019 were as follows:
 Three months ended
 Percentage Change in
 Volume    Pricing
Cement0.7% 2.6%
 Three months endedNine months ended
Percentage Change inPercentage Change in
Volume    PricingVolume    Pricing
Cement(11.3)%0.5 %(7.4)%1.1 %
    
Revenue from cement increased $1.2decreased $10.4 million and $13.4 million in the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020, respectively, as volume decreases of 11.3% and 7.4%, respectively, were only partially offset by small organic cement pricing gains in the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020. We believe the decreases in volume are the result of COVID-19, and expect volumes for 2020 improved, and volumes increased 0.7%, respectively.to be below 2019 levels. Further, we have historically implemented cement pricing increases in April each year; however, in 2020, those increases were deferred until June 1 as a result of COVID-19.


Liquidity and Capital Resources
 
Our primary sources of liquidity include cash on-hand, cash provided by operations, amounts available for borrowing under our senior secured credit facilities and capital-raising activities in the debt and capital markets. As of March 28,September 26, 2020, we had $199.1$288.8 million in cash and cash equivalents and $402.4$509.7 million of working capital compared to $311.3 million and $497.0 million, respectively, at December 28, 2019. Working capital is calculated as current assets less current liabilities. There were no restricted cash balances as of March 28,September 26, 2020 or December 28, 2019. We had no outstanding borrowings on our senior secured revolving credit facility, which had borrowing capacity of $329.0$329.1 million as of March 28,September 26, 2020, which is net of $16.0$15.9 million of outstanding letters of credit and is fully available to us within the terms and covenant requirements of our credit agreement governing the senior secured credit facilities (the “Credit Agreement”).  
 
Given the seasonality of our business, we typically experience significant fluctuations in working capital needs and balances throughout the year. Our working capital requirements generally increase during the first half of the year as we build up inventory and focus on repair and maintenance and other set-up costs for the upcoming season. Working capital levels then decrease as the construction season winds down and we enter the winter months, which is when we see significant inflows of cash from the collection of receivables.
 
Our acquisition strategy has historically required us to raise capital through equity issuances or debt financings. As of March 28,September 26, 2020 and December 28, 2019, our long-term borrowings totaled $1.9 billion for which we incurred $24.5$21.5 million and $68.4 million of interest expense for the three and nine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020, respectively, and $26.3$25.3 million and $77.2 million for the three and nine months ended March 30, 2019.September 28, 2019, respectively. We expect that normal operating cash flow will be sufficient to fund our seasonal working capital needs and certain acquisitions. We had no outstanding borrowings on the revolving credit facility as of March 28,September 26, 2020.
 
Notwithstanding the anticipated challenges associated with COVID-19, we believe we have access to sufficient financial resources from our liquidity sources to fund our business and operations, including contractual obligations, capital expenditures and debt service obligations, for at least the next twelve months. Our growth strategy contemplates future acquisitions for which we believe we have sufficient access to capital.

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We and our affiliates may from time to time purchase our outstanding debt through open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions or otherwise. Purchases or retirement of debt, if any, will depend on prevailing market conditions, liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors. The amounts involved may be material.
 
Indebtedness
 
Please refer to the notes to the consolidated interim financial statements for detailed information about our long-term debt, scheduled maturities of long-term debt and affirmative and negative covenants, including the maximum allowable consolidated first lien net leverage ratio. As of March 28,September 26, 2020, we were in compliance with all debt covenants.
 
At March 28,September 26, 2020 and December 28, 2019, $1.9 billion of total debt was outstanding under our respective debt agreements. Summit LLC has senior secured credit facilities that provide for term loans in an aggregate amount of $650.0 million and revolving credit commitments in an aggregate amount of $345.0 million (the “Senior Secured Credit Facilities”). Summit LLC’s domestic wholly-owned subsidiary companies are named as guarantors of the Senior Notes and the Senior Secured Credit Facilities. Certain other partially-owned subsidiaries, and the wholly-owned Canadian subsidiary, Mainland Sand & Gravel ULC, do not guarantee the Senior Notes or Senior Secured Credit Facilities. Summit LLC has pledged substantially all of its assets as collateral for the Senior Secured Credit Facilities.

On February 28, 2019, Summit LLC entered into Incremental Amendment No. 4 to the Credit Agreement which, among other things, increased the total amount available under the revolving credit facility to $345.0 million and extended the maturity date of the Credit Agreement to February 2024.

On March 15, 2019, Summit LLC and Summit Finance (together, the “Issuers”) issued the 2027 Notes, at 100.0% of their par value with proceeds of $296.3 million, net of related fees and expenses. Interest on the 2027 Notes is payable semi-annually on March 15 and September 15 of each year commencing on September 15, 2019. In March 2019, using the proceeds from the 2027 Notes, all of the 2022 Notes were redeemed at a price equal to par plus an applicable premium and the indenture under which the 2022 Notes were issued was satisfied and discharged. As a result of the extinguishment, charges of $14.6 million were recognized in the quarter ended March 30, 2019, which included charges of $11.7 million for the applicable redemption premium and $2.9 million for the write-off of deferred financing fees.


    On August 11, 2020, the Issuers issued the 2029 Notes, at 100.0% of their par value with proceeds of $690.4 million, net of related fees and expenses. Interest on the 2029 Notes is payable semi-annually on January 15 and July 15 of each year commencing on January 15, 2021. In August 2020, using the proceeds from the 2029 Notes, all of the 2023 Notes were redeemed at a price equal to par and the indenture under which the 2023 Notes were issued was satisfied and discharged. As a result of the extinguishment, charges of $4.1 million were recognized in the quarter ended September 26, 2020, which included charges of $0.8 million for the write-off of original issue discount and $3.3 million for the write-off of deferred financing fees.


Cash Flows
 
The following table summarizes our net cash used in or provided by operating, investing and financing activities and our capital expenditures in the threenine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020 and March 30,September 28, 2019: 
Summit Inc. Summit Inc.
($ in thousands)March 28, 2020 March 30, 2019($ in thousands)September 26, 2020September 28, 2019
Net cash used in:   
Net cash provided by:Net cash provided by:
Operating activities$(38,931) $(30,676)Operating activities$218,039 $163,843 
Investing activities(56,868) (62,411)Investing activities(252,958)(129,776)
Financing activities(15,606) 29,225
Financing activities12,573 19,840 
 
Operating activities
 
During the threenine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020, cash used inprovided by operating activities was $38.9$218.0 million primarily as a result of:
 
•Net lossincome of $46.7$104.9 million, increased by non-cash expenses, including $55.3$164.4 million of depreciation, depletion, amortization and accretion expense and $4.9$23.1 million of share-based compensation.
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•Billed and unbilled accounts receivable decreasedincreased by $21.6$79.3 million in the first threenine months of 2020 as a result of the seasonality of our business. The majority of our sales occur in the spring, summer and fall and we typically incur an increase in accounts receivable (net billed and unbilled) during the second and third quarters of each year. This amount is typically converted to cash in the fourth and first quarters.  
•The timing of payments associated with accounts payable and accrued expenses of cash, which is consistent with the seasonality of our business whereby we build-up inventory levels and incur repairs and maintenance costs to ready the business for increased sales volumes in the summer and fall. These costs are typically incurred in the first half of the year and paid by year-end. In addition, we made $36.3$86.4 million of interest payments in the threenine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020.  

During the threenine months ended March 30,September 28, 2019, cash used inprovided by operating activities was $30.7$163.8 million primarily as a result of:

•Net lossincome of $71.5$24.7 million, decreasedincreased by non-cash expenses, including $57.0$167.0 million of depreciation, depletion, amortization and accretion expense and $5.9$15.4 million of share-based compensation.  
Additional investment in inventory of $0.7 million consistent with the seasonality of our business for which our inventory levels typically increase in the first half of the year and begin to decrease during the third quarter.
•Billed and unbilled accounts receivable decreasedincreased by $21.7$152.3 million in the first threenine months of 2019 as a result of the seasonality of our business. The majority of our sales occur in the spring, summer and fall and we typically incur an increase in accounts receivable (net billed and unbilled) during the second and third quarters of each year. This amount is typically converted to cash in the fourth and first quarters.
•The timing of payments associated with accounts payable and accrued expenses of cash, which is consistent with the seasonality of our business whereby we build-up inventory levels and incur repairs and maintenance costs to ready the business for increased sales volumes in the summer and fall. These costs are typically incurred in the first half of the year and paid by year-end. In addition, we made $21.1$89.8 million of interest payments in the threenine months ended March 30,September 28, 2019.
 
Investing activities
 
During the threenine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020, cash used for investing activities was $56.9$253.0 million, of which $61.8$123.2 million related to three acquisitions completed in the period and $140.0 million was invested in capital expenditures, which was partially offset by $3.2$8.8 million of proceeds from asset sales.
 
During the threenine months ended March 30,September 28, 2019, cash used for investing activities was $62.4$129.8 million, of which $2.8 million related to the one acquisition completed in the period and $62.2$139.8 million was invested in capital expenditures, which was partially offset by $2.8$13.0 million of proceeds from asset sales.
 

Financing activities
 
During the threenine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020, cash used inprovided by financing activities was $15.6$12.6 million. We madereceived $700.0 million from the issuance of the 2029 Notes, which was offset by $10.4 million payments on acquisition-related liabilities of $9.5and $666.9 million andof payments on debt, including the retirement of $5.5 million.the 2023 Notes.
 
During the threenine months ended March 30,September 28, 2019, cash provided by financing activities was $29.2$19.8 million. We received $0.8$2.6 million of proceeds from stock option exercises and $300.0 million from proceeds from debt issuance, which was offset by $8.9$11.0 million of payments on acquisition-related liabilities and $256.3$264.9 million of payments on debt.

Cash paid for capital expenditures
 
We paid cash of approximately $61.8$140.0 million in capital expenditures in the threenine months ended March 28,September 26, 2020 compared to $62.2$139.8 million in the threenine months ended March 30,September 28, 2019.
 
We have reduced the amount of capital expenditures we expect to invest as a result of COVID -19.    We currently estimate that we will invest between $145.0$175 million and $160.0to $185 million in capital expenditures in 2020, which includes $50$50 million to $60 million for our greenfield projects. We increased our capital expenditure estimate from previously disclosed amounts as we invested in reserves subsequent to quarter end, as well as incremental capital purchases to service demand in high growth markets. The timing of our greenfield expenditures is dependent upon the timing of when permits may be issued. We expect to fund our capital expenditure program through cash on hand, cash from operations, outside financing arrangements and available borrowings under our revolving credit facility.
 
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Tax Receivable Agreement
 
When the Company purchases LP Units for cash or LP Units are exchanged for shares of Class A common stock, this results in increases in the Company’s share of the tax basis of the tangible and intangible assets of Summit Holdings. These increases in tax basis may increase, for tax purposes, depreciation and amortization deductions and therefore reduce the amount of tax that Summit Inc. would otherwise be required to pay in the future. In connection with our IPO,initial public offering, we entered into a TRA with the holders of the LP Units that provides for the payment by Summit Inc. to exchanging holders of LP Units of 85% of the benefits, if any, that Summit Inc. actually realizes (or, under certain circumstances such as an early termination of the TRA is deemed to realize) as a result of these increases in tax basis and certain other tax benefits related to entering into the TRA, including tax benefits attributable to payments under the TRA. The increases in tax basis as a result of an exchange of LP Units for shares of Class A common stock, as well as the amount and timing of any payments under the TRA, are difficult to accurately estimate, as they will vary depending upon a number of factors, including the timing of the exchanges, the price of our Class A common stock at the time of the exchange, the extent to which the exchanges are taxable, the amount and timing of our income and the effective tax rate.
 
We anticipate funding payments under the TRA from cash flows from operations, available cash and available borrowings under our Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facilities. As of March 28,September 26, 2020, we had accrued $328.0 million as TRA liability in our consolidated financial statements. We do not expect significant payments on our TRA liability to occur within the next twelve months.
 
Based upon a $11.59$16.16 per share price of our Class A common stock, the closing price of our stock on the last trading day of the three months ended March 28,September 26, 2020, and a contractually defined discount rate of 1.96%1.57%, we estimate that if Summit Inc. were to exercise its right to terminate the TRA, the aggregate amount required to settle the TRA would be approximately $297.6$314.6 million. Estimating the amount and the timing of payments that may be made under the TRA is by its nature difficult and imprecise, insofar as the amounts payable depends on a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, the timing of future exchanges, our stock price at the date of the exchange and the timing of the generation of future taxable income. The increases in tax basis as a result of an exchange, as well as the amount and timing of any payments under the TRA, will vary depending on a variety of factors.

Commitments and contingencies
 
We are party to certain legal actions arising from the ordinary course of business activities. Accruals are recorded when the outcome is probable and can be reasonably estimated. While the ultimate results of claims and litigation cannot be predicted with certainty, management expects that the ultimate resolution of all pending or threatened claims and litigation will not have a material effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or liquidity. We record legal fees as incurred.
 
Environmental Remediation—Our operations are subject to and affected by federal, state, provincial and local laws and regulations relating to the environment, health and safety and other regulatory matters. These operations require

environmental operating permits, which are subject to modification, renewal and revocation. We regularly monitor and review its operations, procedures and policies for compliance with these laws and regulations. Despite these compliance efforts, risk of environmental liability is inherent in the operation of our business, as it is with other companies engaged in similar businesses and there can be no assurance that environmental liabilities and noncompliance will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations or liquidity.
Other—We are obligated under various firm purchase commitments for certain raw materials and services that are in the ordinary course of business. Management does not expect any significant changes in the market value of these goods and services during the commitment period that would have a material adverse effect on the financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows of the Company. The terms of the purchase commitments generally approximate one year.
 
Off-Balance sheet arrangements
As of March 28,September 26, 2020, we had no material off-balance sheet arrangements.
New Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted
In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-14, Compensation-Retirement Benefits-Defined Benefit Plans-General (Subtopic 715-20): Disclosure Framework-Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans, which modifies the disclosure requirements for employer sponsored defined benefit and other postretirement benefits plans. The ASU
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is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. We are evaluating the additional disclosure requirements and are beginning to assess the impact of adopting this ASU.


Non-GAAP Performance Measures
 
We evaluate our operating performance using metrics that we refer to as “Adjusted EBITDA,” “Adjusted Cash Gross Profit” and “Adjusted Cash Gross Profit Margin” which are not defined by U.S. GAAP and should not be considered as an alternative to earnings measures defined by U.S. GAAP. We define Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA, adjusted to exclude accretion, loss on debt financings, gain on sale of business, transaction costs, non-cash compensation and certain other non-cash and non-operating items. We define Adjusted Cash Gross Profit as operating income before general and administrative expenses, depreciation, depletion, amortization and accretion and transaction costs and Adjusted Cash Gross Profit Margin as Adjusted Cash Gross Profit as a percentage of net revenue.
 
We present Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Cash Gross Profit and Adjusted Cash Gross Profit Margin for the convenience of investment professionals who use such metrics in their analyses. The investment community often uses these metrics to assess the operating performance of a company’s business and to provide a consistent comparison of performance from period to period. We use these metrics, among others, to assess the operating performance of our individual segments and the consolidated company.
 
Non-GAAP financial measures are not standardized; therefore, it may not be possible to compare such financial measures with other companies’ non-GAAP financial measures having the same or similar names. We strongly encourage investors to review our consolidated financial statements in their entirety and not rely on any single financial measure.

The tables below reconcile our net income (loss) to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA, present Adjusted EBITDA by segment and reconcile operating income to Adjusted Cash Gross Profit for the periods indicated:


Reconciliation of Net Income (Loss) to Adjusted EBITDAThree months ended September 26, 2020
by SegmentWestEastCementCorporateConsolidated
($ in thousands)
Net income (loss)$72,871 $31,013 $27,324 $(38,439)$92,769 
Interest (income) expense (1)(1,192)(649)(3,393)29,857 24,623 
Income tax expense (benefit)937 (193)— (20,357)(19,613)
Depreciation, depletion and amortization22,973 22,346 11,066 979 57,364 
EBITDA$95,589 $52,517 $34,997 $(27,960)$155,143 
Accretion144 457 89 — 690 
Loss on debt financings— — — 4,064 4,064 
Transaction costs— — — 445 445 
Non-cash compensation— — — 13,322 13,322 
Other(263)3,969 — 377 4,083 
Adjusted EBITDA$95,470 $56,943 $35,086 $(9,752)$177,747 

Reconciliation of Net Income (Loss) to Adjusted EBITDANine months ended September 26, 2020
by SegmentWestEastCementCorporateConsolidated
($ in thousands)
Net income (loss)$130,409 $52,152 $44,432 $(122,063)$104,930 
Interest (income) expense (1)(2,479)(1,651)(9,685)91,864 78,049 
Income tax expense (benefit)1,524 (358)— (26,499)(25,333)
Depreciation, depletion and amortization66,707 64,080 28,165 2,960 161,912 
EBITDA$196,161 $114,223 $62,912 $(53,738)$319,558 
Accretion375 1,213 260 — 1,848 
Loss on debt financings— — — 4,064 4,064 
Transaction costs— — — 1,517 1,517 
Non-cash compensation— — — 23,119 23,119 
Other345 4,464 — (522)4,287 
Adjusted EBITDA$196,881 $119,900 $63,172 $(25,560)$354,393 

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Reconciliation of Net Income (Loss) to Adjusted EBITDAThree months ended March 28, 2020Reconciliation of Net Income (Loss) to Adjusted EBITDAThree months ended September 28, 2019
by SegmentWest East Cement Corporate Consolidatedby SegmentWestEastCementCorporateConsolidated
($ in thousands)         ($ in thousands)
Net income (loss)$498
 $(11,067) $(12,278) $(23,879) $(46,726)Net income (loss)$56,829 $56,640 $34,303 $(89,535)$58,237 
Interest (income) expense (1)(578) (569) (3,176) 32,141
 27,818
Income tax benefit(467) (129) —
 (22,305) (22,901)
Interest expense (income) (1)Interest expense (income) (1)411 182 (2,731)31,055 28,917 
Income tax expenseIncome tax expense1,144 26 — 44,432 45,602 
Depreciation, depletion and amortization21,684
 20,720
 7,808
 989
 51,201
Depreciation, depletion and amortization23,171 19,406 10,957 1,041 54,575 
EBITDA$21,137
 $8,955
 $(7,646) $(13,054) $9,392
EBITDA$81,555 $76,254 $42,529 $(13,007)$187,331 
Accretion116
 376
 85
 —
 577
Accretion136 262 154 — 552 
Transaction costs—
 —
 —
 753
 753
Transaction costs1 — — 750 751 
Non-cash compensation—
 —
 —
 4,905
 4,905
Non-cash compensation— — — 4,819 4,819 
Other1,215
 242
 —
 (670) 787
Other244 309 — (689)(136)
Adjusted EBITDA$22,468
 $9,573
 $(7,561) $(8,066) $16,414
Adjusted EBITDA$81,936 $76,825 $42,683 $(8,127)$193,317 

Reconciliation of Net Income (Loss) to Adjusted EBITDANine months ended September 28, 2019
by SegmentWestEastCementCorporateConsolidated
($ in thousands)
Net income (loss)$78,016 $73,448 $51,652 $(178,390)$24,726 
Interest expense (income) (1)1,905 2,237 (7,395)91,676 88,423 
Income tax expense1,478 144 — 32,650 34,272 
Depreciation, depletion and amortization69,751 58,851 30,830 2,985 162,417 
EBITDA$151,150 $134,680 $75,087 $(51,079)$309,838 
Accretion405 868 450 — 1,723 
Loss on debt financings— — — 14,565 14,565 
Transaction costs12 — — 1,437 1,449 
Non-cash compensation— — — 15,424 15,424 
Other(513)(1,069)— (1,046)(2,628)
Adjusted EBITDA$151,054 $134,479 $75,537 $(20,699)$340,371 
(1)The reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA is based on the financial results of Summit Inc. and its subsidiaries, which was $0.1 million and $0.2 million less than Summit LLC and its subsidiaries in the three and nine months ended September 26, 2020, respectively, and $0.1 million and $0.4 million less in the three and nine months ended September 28, 2019, respectively, due to interest expense associated with a deferred consideration obligation, which is an obligation of Summit Holdings and is thus excluded from Summit LLC’s consolidated interest expense.
Reconciliation of Net Loss to Adjusted EBITDAThree months ended March 30, 2019
by SegmentWest East Cement Corporate Consolidated
($ in thousands)         
Net loss$(9,552) $(18,367) $(10,568) $(33,014) $(71,501)
Interest expense (income) (1)743
 1,008
 (2,319) 30,673
 30,105
Income tax (benefit) expense(443) 54
 —
 (27,648) (28,037)
Depreciation, depletion and amortization23,796
 19,905
 10,154
 952
 54,807
EBITDA$14,544
 $2,600
 $(2,733) $(29,037) $(14,626)
Accretion129
 306
 146
 —
 581
Loss on debt financings—
 —
 —
 14,565
 14,565
Transaction costs—
 —
 —
 308
 308
Non-cash compensation—
 —
 —
 5,906
 5,906
Other(375) 336
 —
 (107) (146)
Adjusted EBITDA$14,298
 $3,242
 $(2,587) $(8,365) $6,588
(1)The reconciliation of net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA is based on the financial results of Summit Inc. and its subsidiaries, which was $0.1 million less than Summit LLC and its subsidiaries in the three months ended March 28, 2020, and $0.2 million less in the three months ended March 30, 2019, due to interest expense associated with a deferred consideration obligation, which is an obligation of Summit Holdings and is thus excluded from Summit LLC’s consolidated interest expense.
Reconciliation of Working CapitalMarch 28, 2020 December 28, 2019Reconciliation of Working CapitalSeptember 26, 2020December 28, 2019
($ in thousands)   ($ in thousands)
Total current assets$688,256
 $796,281
Total current assets$865,541 $796,281 
Less total current liabilities(285,828) (299,297)Less total current liabilities(355,867)(299,297)
Working capital$402,428
 $496,984
Working capital$509,674 $496,984 
 
 Three months endedNine months ended
Reconciliation of Operating Income to Adjusted Cash Gross ProfitSeptember 26, 2020September 28, 2019September 26, 2020September 28, 2019
($ in thousands)
Operating income$100,617 $130,881 $158,957 $153,632 
General and administrative expenses81,499 62,344 218,267 190,915 
Depreciation, depletion, amortization and accretion58,054 55,127 163,760 164,140 
Transaction costs445 751 1,517 1,449 
Adjusted Cash Gross Profit (exclusive of items shown separately)$240,615 $249,103 $542,501 $510,136 
Adjusted Cash Gross Profit Margin (exclusive of items shown separately) (1)37.3 %37.4 %34.7 %33.5 %
(1)Adjusted Cash Gross Profit Margin, which we define as Adjusted Cash Gross Profit as a percentage of net revenue.

39
 Three months ended
Reconciliation of Operating Loss to Adjusted Cash Gross ProfitMarch 28, 2020 March 30, 2019
($ in thousands)   
Operating loss$(41,720) $(57,671)
General and administrative expenses70,224
 67,610
Depreciation, depletion, amortization and accretion51,778
 55,388
Transaction costs753
 308
Adjusted Cash Gross Profit (exclusive of items shown separately)$81,035
 $65,635
Adjusted Cash Gross Profit Margin (exclusive of items shown separately) (1)23.7% 21.5%
Table of Contents
(1)Adjusted Cash Gross Profit Margin, which we define as Adjusted Cash Gross Profit as a percentage of net revenue.


ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
 
We are exposed to certain market risks arising from transactions that are entered into in the normal course of business. Our operations are highly dependent upon the interest rate-sensitive construction industry as well as the general economic environment. Consequently, these marketplaces could experience lower levels of economic activity in an environment of rising interest rates or escalating costs. For a discussion of quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk, please refer to the Annual Report from which our exposure to market risk has not materially changed.
 
ITEM  4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
 
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
 
Summit Inc.
 
Summit Inc. maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)), that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in Summit Inc.’s reports under the Exchange Act, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to Summit Inc.’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. Summit Inc.’s management, with the participation of its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of Summit Inc.’s disclosure controls and procedures as of March 28,September 26, 2020. Based upon that evaluation, Summit Inc.’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of March 28,September 26, 2020, Summit Inc.’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective to accomplish their objectives at the reasonable assurance level.
 
Summit LLC
 
Summit LLC maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in Summit LLC’s reports under the Exchange Act, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to Summit LLC’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. Summit LLC’s management, with the participation of its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of Summit LLC’s disclosure controls and procedures as of March 28,September 26, 2020. Based upon that evaluation, Summit LLC’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of March 28,September 26, 2020, Summit LLC’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective to accomplish their objectives at the reasonable assurance level.
 
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
 
Summit Inc.
 
There was no change in Summit Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during its last fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, Summit Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting.
 
Summit LLC
 
There was no change in Summit LLC’s internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during its last fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, Summit LLC’s internal control over financial reporting.


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PART II—OTHER INFORMATION
 
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
 
We are party to certain legal actions arising from the ordinary course of business activities. Accruals are recorded when the outcome is probable and can be reasonably estimated. While the ultimate results of claims and litigation cannot be predicted with certainty, management expects that the ultimate resolution of all current pending or threatened claims and litigation will not have a material effect on our results of operations, financial position or liquidity.
 
In March 2018, we were notified of an investigation by the Canadian Competition Bureau (the “CCB”) into pricing practices by certain asphalt paving contractors in British Columbia, including Winvan Paving, Ltd. (“Winvan”). We believe the investigation is focused on time periods prior to our April 2017 acquisition of Winvan and we are cooperating with the CCB. Although we currently do not believe this matter will have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations, we are currently not able to predict the ultimate outcome or cost of the investigation.

ITEM  1A. RISK FACTORS
 
ForIn addition to the other information regarding factors that could affect our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, seeset forth in this report, you should carefully consider the risk factors discussed in Part I, Item 1A.the section entitled “Risk Factors” in the Annual Report, as updated by the information disclosed in the section entitled “Risk Factors” in our AnnualQuarterly Report on Form 10-K10-Q for the fiscal yearperiod ended DecemberMarch 28, 2019 (the “Annual Report”).

In light of developments relating to2020, which could materially affect the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic occurring subsequent to the filing of our Annual Report, the Company is supplementing the risk factors discussed in the Annual Report with the following risk factor, which should be read in conjunction with the risk factors contained in the Annual Report. Company’s business, financial condition, operating results or liquidity or future results. The risks described in the Annual Report and in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal period ended March 28, 2020 are not the only risks facing the Company. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to the Company or that it currently deems to be immaterial also may materially adversely affect its results of operations, financial condition or liquidity.

The current outbreak of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has caused severe disruptions in the U.S. and global economy and is expected There have been no material changes to adversely impact our business, at least for the near term. While the full scale and scope of the effects of COVID-19 are unknown at this time, the overall impact on our business, operating results, cash flows and/or financial condition could be material.

In late 2019, COVID-19 began spreading globally and is now in every state in the United States. In March 2020, the World Health Organization designated COVID-19 as a pandemic, and numerous countries, including the United States, have declared national emergencies with respect to COVID-19. The global impact of the outbreak has been rapidly evolving, and as cases of COVID-19 have continued to be identified in additional countries, many countries have reacted by instituting quarantines and restrictions on travel, closing financial markets and/or restricting trading, and limiting operations of non-essential businesses. Such actions are creating disruption in global supply chains, and adversely impacting many industries. The outbreak could have a continued adverse impact on economic and market conditions and trigger a period of global economic slowdown. The outbreak of COVID-19 has had an adverse impact on the market price of our Class A common Stock and the extent of its impact on our future results of operations and overall financial performance remains uncertain.

The scale and scope of the COVID-19 pandemic may heighten the potential adverse effects on our business, operating results, cash flows and/or financial condition of the risks described in the risk factors containeddisclosed in ourthe Annual Report, includingas updated by the impact of:Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the fiscal period ended March 28, 2020.

potentially unfavorable economic conditions for our clients and customers, particularly in the residential and non-residential sectors, and the construction industry generally;
delays or cancellation of projects and delays in collecting on certain of our accounts receivable from our customers;
increased costs associated with compliance with new government regulations or restrictions, such as quarantines or social distancing mandates, which regulations or restrictions may curtail our normal operations in one or more of the markets in which we operate;
significant disruptions at one or more of our locations, which could disrupt our operations, raise costs and reduce revenue and earnings in the affected areas;
fluctuations in equity market prices (including that of our Class A common stock), interest rates and credit spreads limiting our ability to raise or deploy capital and affecting our overall liquidity: and
A sustained longer term reduction in cash flows may be an indication some or all of our goodwill may not be realizable.


In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic may adversely impact our business and financial condition in other areas, including as a result of:

increased costs, including as a result of implementing health and safety protocols at our locations;
disruptions to our supply and distribution channels, including delivery trucks; and
reduced state and local transportation budgets, particularly if such are not augmented by federal funding or if the federal government fails to act on a highway infrastructure bill.

The rapid development and fluidity of this situation precludes any prediction as to the ultimate adverse impact of COVID-19 on economic and market conditions, and, as a result, present material uncertainty and risk with respect to our business. The duration and extent of the impact from the COVID-19 pandemic depends on future developments that cannot be accurately predicted at this time, such as the severity and transmission rate of the virus, the extent and effectiveness of containment actions and the impact of these and other factors on our employees, customers, suppliers and partners. It is also possible that negative consequences of the pandemic may continue once the pandemic is controlled.

The adverse impact on our business, financial condition, operating results or liquidity or future results from the COVID - 19 pandemic, or any similar future crisis could be material. The inherent uncertainty surrounding COVID-19, and likewise any similar crisis, also makes it more challenging for our management to estimate the future performance of our business and develop strategies to generate growth or achieve our objectives for fiscal 2020.

ITEM  2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
 
None.
 
ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
 
None.
 
ITEM  4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
 
The information concerning mine safety violations and other regulatory matters required by Section 1503(a) of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and Item 104 of Regulation S-K (17 CFR 229.104) is included in Exhibit 95.1 to this report.
 
ITEM  5. OTHER INFORMATION
None.


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ITEM  6. EXHIBITS
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
31.1*4.1
4.2
10.1*†
10.2*†
10.3†
10.4†
10.5†
31.1*
31.2*
31.3*
31.4*
32.1**
32.2**
32.3**
32.4**
95.1*
99.1*
101.INS*Inline XBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because XBRL tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document
101.SCH*Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL*Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF*Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB*Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
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101.PRE*Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104.1*

Cover Page from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 28,September 26, 2020,
formatted in Inline XBRL (and contained in Exhibit 101).

*     Filed herewith
**   Furnished herewith
†Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement
The agreements and other documents filed as exhibits to this report are not intended to provide factual information or other disclosure other than with respect to the terms of the agreements or other documents themselves, and you should not rely on them other than for that purpose. In particular, any representations and warranties made by us in these agreements or other documents were made solely within the specific context of the relevant agreement or document and may not describe the actual state of affairs as of the date they were made or at any other time.


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SIGNATURES
 
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrants have duly caused this report to be signed on their behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
 
SUMMIT MATERIALS, INC.
SUMMIT MATERIALS, LLC
Date: April 29,October 28, 2020By:/s/ Thomas W. HillAnne P. Noonan
Thomas W. HillAnne P. Noonan
Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)
Date: April 29,October 28, 2020By:/s/ Brian J. Harris
Brian J. Harris
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)


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