UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10‑Q



(Mark One)
x	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the three months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017
OR
o	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from to

Commission file number 001‑37540

HOSTESS BRANDS, INC.

(f/k/a GORES HOLDINGS, INC.)

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)



Delaware (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	47‑4168492 (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
1 East Armour Boulevard Kansas City, MO (Address of principal executive offices)	64111 (Zip Code)

(816) 701‑4600

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of ~~Regulations~~Regulation S‑T (§229.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non‑accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b‑2 of the Exchange Act.:



Large accelerated filer o	Accelerated filer x	Non‑accelerated filer o (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)	Smaller reporting company o	Emerging growth company x

☐ If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b‑2 of the Act). Yes o No x

Shares of Class A common stock outstanding - ~~99,285,972~~99,632,183 shares at ~~May 5,~~November 3, 2017

Shares of Class B common stock outstanding - ~~31,104,988~~30,398,777 shares at ~~May 5,~~ November 3, 2017

HOSTESS BRANDS, INC.

FORM 10-Q

FOR THE QUARTER ENDED ~~MARCH 31,~~SEPTEMBER 30, 2017

INDEX



		Page
PART I - Financial Information
Item 1.	Financial Statements
	Consolidated Balance ~~Sheet~~Sheets (Unaudited)	4
	Consolidated ~~Statement~~Statements of Operations	5
	~~Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity~~ (Unaudited)	6
	Consolidated ~~Statement~~Statements of ~~Cash Flows~~Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)	7
	Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Unaudited)	8
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)	9
	Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements	810
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	2226
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	3447
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	3547
PART II - Other Information
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	3548
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	3548
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	3548
Item 3.	Default Upon Senior Securities	3649
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	3649
Item 5.	Other Information	3649
Item 6.	Exhibits	3649

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (“Quarterly Report”) contains statements reflecting our views about our future performance that constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements contained in this Quarterly Report other than statements of historical fact, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, our business strategy and plans, and our objectives for future operations, are forward-looking statements. Statements that constitute forward-looking statements are generally identified through the inclusion of words such as “believes,” “expects,” “intends,” “estimates,” “projects,” “anticipates,” “will,” “plan,” “may,” “should,” or similar language. Statements addressing our future operating performance and statements addressing events and developments that we expect or anticipate will occur are also considered as forward-looking statements. All forward‑looking statements included herein are made only as of the date hereof. It is routine for our internal projections and expectations to change throughout the year, and any forward-looking statements based upon these projections or expectations may change prior to the end of the next quarter or year. Readers of this Quarterly Report are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements. As a result of a number of known and unknown risks and uncertainties, our actual results or performance may be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Risks and uncertainties are identified and under “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, as updated by subsequent filings. All subsequent written or oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by these risk factors. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise. The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations included in Item 2- Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes included in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

HOSTESS BRANDS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Unaudited, ~~dollars~~amounts in thousands, except shares and per share data)


	March 31,		December 31,			September 30,			December 31,
ASSETS	2017		2016			2017			2016
	(Successor)		(Successor)			(Successor)			(Successor)
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	45,675	$	26,855		$	101,171		$	26,855
Accounts receivable, net	96,060		89,237			100,733			89,237
Inventories	32,089		30,444			33,812			30,444
Prepaids and other current assets	4,846		4,827			6,791			4,827
Total current assets	178,670		151,363			242,507			151,363
Property and equipment, net	158,173		153,224			166,931			153,224
Intangible assets, net	1,941,071		1,946,943			1,929,082			1,946,943
Goodwill	588,460		588,460			580,349			588,460
Other assets, net	7,784		7,902			7,804			7,902
Total assets	$	2,874,158	$	2,847,892		$	2,926,673		$	2,847,892

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Current liabilities:
Long-term debt and capital lease obligation payable within one year	$	11,496	$	11,496		$	11,357		$	11,496
Accounts payable	39,299		34,083			53,451			34,083
Customer trade allowances	36,413		36,691			35,150			36,691
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	15,594		21,656			11,051			21,656
Total current liabilities	102,802		103,926			111,009			103,926
Long-term debt and capital lease obligation	990,589		993,374			988,476			993,374
Tax receivable agreement	165,384		165,384			175,487			165,384
Deferred tax liability	359,252		353,797			366,457			353,797
Total liabilities	1,618,027		1,616,481			1,641,429			1,616,481
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 13)
Class A common stock, $0.0001 par value, 200,000,000 shares authorized, 98,685,917 and 98,250,917 shares issued and outstanding at March 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively	10		10
Class B common stock, $0.0001 par value, 50,000,000 shares authorized 31,704,988 issued and outstanding	3		3
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 14)
Class A common stock, $0.0001 par value, 200,000,000 shares authorized, 99,992,183 and 98,250,917 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively						10			10
Class B common stock, $0.0001 par value, 50,000,000 shares authorized, 30,398,777 and 31,704,988 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively						3			3
Additional paid in capital	913,345		912,824			923,739			912,824
Accumulated other comprehensive loss						(43		)	—
Retained earnings (accumulated deficit)	214		(15,618		)	28,593			(15,618		)
Stockholders’ equity	913,572		897,219			952,302			897,219
Non-controlling interest	342,559		334,192			332,942			334,192
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	2,874,158	$	2,847,892		$	2,926,673		$	2,847,892

See accompanying notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements.

HOSTESS BRANDS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(Unaudited, ~~dollars~~amounts in thousands, except shares and per share data)


					Three Months Ended					Nine Months Ended
	Three Months Ended March 31, 2017		Three Months Ended March 31, 2016		September 30, 2017		September 30, 2016			September 30, 2017		September 30, 2016
	(Successor)		(Predecessor)		(Successor)		(Predecessor)			(Successor)		(Predecessor)
Net revenue	$	184,538	$	160,217	$	192,250	$	196,197		$	579,967	$	548,757
Cost of goods sold	105,243		89,892		113,885		113,618			333,861		309,427
Gross profit	79,295		70,325		78,365		82,579			246,106		239,330
Operating costs and expenses:
Advertising and marketing	7,322		7,199		8,871		10,381			24,304		27,529
Selling expense	8,112		6,795		7,606		8,271			24,418		23,175
General and administrative	13,183		9,638		14,494		10,784			43,416		32,015
Amortization of customer relationships	5,872		156		5,994		156			17,860		468
Business combination transaction costs					—		4,049			—		7,065
Impairment of property and equipment	—		7,267		1,003		—			1,003		7,267
Loss on sale/abandonment of property and equipment and bakery shutdown costs	—		180
Business combination transaction costs	—		215
Related party expenses	83		1,235		92		1,058			284		3,431
Tax receivable agreement liability remeasurement					1,589		—			1,589		—
Recall and other costs (recoveries)					—		(3,787		)	—		473
Total operating costs and expenses	34,572		32,685		39,649		30,912			112,874		101,423
Operating income	44,723		37,640		38,716		51,667			133,232		137,907
Other expense:
Interest expense, net	9,830		17,849		9,966		18,004			29,831		53,746
Loss on modification of debt					2,122		—			1,948		—
Other expense	714		1,254		182		173			1,309		2,344
Total other expense	10,544		19,103		12,270		18,177			33,088		56,090
Income before income taxes	34,179		18,537		26,446		33,490			100,144		81,817
Income tax expense	9,980		—
Income tax expense (benefit)					10,316		(23		)	31,608		294
Net income	24,199		18,537		16,130		33,513			68,536		81,523
Less: Net income attributable to the non-controlling interest	8,367		928		6,581		2,329			24,325		4,110
Net income attributable to Class A shareholders/partners	$	15,832	$	17,609	$	9,549	$	31,184		$	44,211	$	77,413

Earnings per Class A share:
Basic	$	0.16			$	0.10				$	0.45
Diluted	$	0.15			$	0.09				$	0.42
Weighted-average shares outstanding:
Basic	98,250,917				99,557,183					98,920,808
Diluted	104,773,887				105,418,566					105,840,673

See accompanying notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements.

HOSTESS BRANDS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(Unaudited, amounts in thousands)



	Three Months Ended					Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2017			September 30, 2016		September 30, 2017			September 30, 2016
	(Successor)			(Predecessor)		(Successor)			(Predecessor)
Net income	$	16,130		$	33,513	$	68,536		$	81,523
Other comprehensive loss:
Unrealized income (loss) on interest rate swap contract designated as a cash flow hedge	565			—		(100		)	—
Income tax (expense) benefit	(172		)	—		31			—
Comprehensive income	16,523			33,513		68,467			81,523
Less: Comprehensive income attributed to non-controlling interest	6,712			2,329		24,299			4,110
Comprehensive income attributed to class A shareholders/partners	$	9,811		$	31,184	$	44,168		$	77,413

See accompanying notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements.

HOSTESS BRANDS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)

(Unaudited, ~~dollars~~amounts in thousands, except shares data)


Partners’ Equity (Deficit) Hostess Holdings, LP (Predecessor)	Partners’ Equity (Deficit) Hostess Holdings, LP (Predecessor)													Partners’ Equity (Deficit) Hostess Holdings, LP (Predecessor)
		Class A			Class C			Total Partners’ Equity (Deficit)			Non-controlling Interest				Class A			Class C			Total Partners’ Equity (Deficit)			Non-controlling Interest
Balance – December 31, 2015		$	(276,084	)	$	(346,046	)	$	(622,130	)	$	(37,991	)		$	(276,084	)	$	(346,046	)	$	(622,130	)	$	(37,991	)
Distributions to partners		(125		)	(180		)	(305		)	(10		)		(2,439		)	(8,134		)	(10,573		)	(555		)
Unit based compensation		75			75			150			—				345			344			689			—
Net income		8,805			8,804			17,609			928				38,707			38,706			77,413			4,110
Balance – March 31, 2016		$	(267,329	)	$	(337,347	)	$	(604,676	)	$	(37,073	)
Balance – September 30, 2016															$	(239,471	)	$	(315,130	)	$	(554,601	)	$	(34,436	)

																																						Stockholders’ Equity	Hostess Brands, Inc. (Successor)
	Class A Voting Common Stock			Class B Voting Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated losses / Retained Earnings			Total Stockholders’ Equity		Non-controlling Interest		Class A Voting Common Stock			Class B Voting Common Stock				Additional Paid-in Capital			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss			Accumulated Losses / Retained Earnings			Total Stockholders’ Equity			Non-controlling Interest
	Shares	Amount		Shares	Amount											Shares	Amount		Shares		Amount
Balance–December 31, 2016	98,250,917	$	10	31,704,988	$	3	$	912,824	$	(15,618	)	$	897,219	$	334,192	98,250,917	$	10	31,704,988		$	3	$	912,824		$	—		$	(15,618	)	$	897,219		$	334,192
Net income	—	—		—	—		—		15,832			15,832		8,367
Comprehensive income																—	—		—		—		—			(43		)	44,211			44,168			24,299
Share-based compensation	435,000	—		—	—		521		—			521		—		435,000	—		—		—		7,990			—			—			7,990			—
Balance–March 31, 2017	98,685,917	$	10	31,704,988	$	3	$	913,345	$	214		$	913,572	$	342,559
Exchanges																1,306,211	—		(1,306,211	)	—		12,609			—			—			12,609			(12,609		)
Distributions																—	—		—		—		—			—			—			—			(12,940		)
Exercise of public warrants																55	—		—		—		1			—			—			1			—
Tax receivable agreement arising from exchanges, net of income taxes of $1,845																—	—		—		—		(9,685		)	—			—			(9,685		)	—
Balance–September 30, 2017																99,992,183	$	10	30,398,777		$	3	$	923,739		$	(43	)	$	28,593		$	952,302		$	332,942

See accompanying notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements.

HOSTESS BRANDS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited, ~~dollars~~amounts in thousands)


											Nine Months Ended
			Three Months Ended March 31, 2017			Three Months Ended March 31, 2016					September 30, 2017			September 30, 2016
			(Successor)			(Predecessor)					(Successor)			(Predecessor)
Operating activities	Operating activities								Operating activities
	Net income		$	24,199		$	18,537		Net income		$	68,536		$	81,523
	Depreciation and amortization		9,266			2,677			Depreciation and amortization		28,576			9,054
	Impairment of property and equipment		—			7,267			Impairment of property and equipment		1,003			7,267
	Debt discount (premium) amortization		(248		)	830			Debt discount (premium) amortization		(647		)	2,486
	Stock-based compensation		521			150			Non-cash loss on debt modification		1,729			—
	Deferred taxes		5,455			—			Non-cash change in tax receivable agreement liability		1,589			—
	Change in operating assets and liabilities								Gain on sale of property and equipment		(10		)	(153		)
		Accounts receivable	(6,823		)	(12,690		)	Share-based compensation		7,990			689
		Inventories	(1,645		)	(1,347		)	Deferred taxes		19,993			237
		Prepaids and other current assets	(19		)	(638		)	Change in operating assets and liabilities
		Accounts payable and accrued expenses	(4,152		)	4,790				Accounts receivable	(11,496		)	(13,555		)
		Customer trade allowances	(278		)	(492		)		Inventories	(3,368		)	(1,850		)
		Other	(8		)	(75		)		Prepaids and other current assets	(1,950		)	(9,397		)
	Net cash provided by operating activities		26,268			19,009				Accounts payable and accrued expenses	7,369			17,098
										Customer trade allowances	(1,541		)	(4,316		)
										Other	—			430
									Net cash provided by operating activities		117,773			89,513

Investing activities	Investing activities								Investing activities
									Purchases of property and equipment		(22,755		)	(23,995		)
									Acquisition of Superior		—			(50,091		)
	Purchases of property and equipment		(4,519		)	(2,809		)	Proceeds from sale of assets		85			4,350
	Proceeds from sale of assets		54			—			Acquisition of software assets		(1,728		)	(1,917		)
	Acquisition and development of software assets		(446		)	(424		)	Net cash used in investing activities		(24,398		)	(71,653		)
	Net cash used in investing activities		(4,911		)	(3,233		)
Financing activities	Financing activities								Financing activities
	Repayments of long-term debt and capital lease obligation		(2,537		)	(2,312		)	Repayments of long-term debt and capital lease obligation		(5,103		)	(6,985		)
	Distributions to partners		—			(305		)	Debt fees		(1,017		)	—
	Distributions to non-controlling interest		—			(10		)	Distributions to partners		—			(10,573		)
	Net cash used in financing activities		(2,537		)	(2,627		)	Distributions to non-controlling interest		(12,940		)	(555		)
									Proceeds from the exercise of warrants		1			—
									Net cash used in financing activities		(19,059		)	(18,113		)
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		18,820			13,149			Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		74,316			(253		)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		26,855			64,467			Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		26,855			64,473
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	Cash and cash equivalents at end of period		$	45,675		$	77,616		Cash and cash equivalents at end of period		$	101,171		$	64,220


Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information:	Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information:					Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information:
Cash paid during the period for:	Cash paid during the period for:					Cash paid during the period for:
	Interest	$	14,759	$	16,959	Interest	$	35,085	$	50,799
	Taxes paid	—		—		Taxes paid	$	12,902	$	—
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing:	Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing:					Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing:
	Purchases of property and equipment funded by accounts payable	$	3,325	$	3,194	Purchases of property and equipment funded by accounts payable	$	932	$	2,072

See accompanying notes to the unaudited consolidated financial statements.

HOSTESS BRANDS, INC.

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Description of Business

Hostess Brands, Inc. is a Delaware corporation headquartered in Kansas City, Missouri. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Hostess Brands, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”). The Company is a leading packaged food company focused on developing, manufacturing, marketing, selling and distributing fresh sweet baked goods in the United States. The Hostess brand dates to 1919 when the Hostess CupCake was introduced to the public, followed by Twinkies® in 1930. In 2013, the Legacy Hostess Equityholders (as defined below) acquired the Hostess brand out of the bankruptcy liquidation proceedings of its prior owners, free and clear of all past liabilities. After a brief hiatus in production, the Company began providing Hostess products to consumers and retailers across the nation in July 2013. Today, the Company produces a variety of new and classic treats primarily under the Hostess® and Dolly Madison® group of brands, including Twinkies®, CupCakes, Ding Dongs®, HoHos®, Donettes® and Fruit Pies.

On November 4, 2016 (the “Closing Date”), in a transaction referred to as the “Business Combination,” the Company, then known as Gores Holdings, Inc. acquired a controlling interest in Hostess Holdings, L.P. (“Hostess Holdings”), an entity owned indirectly by C. Dean Metropoulos and certain equity funds managed by affiliates of Apollo Global Management, LLC (the “Apollo Funds”, and together with entities controlled by Mr. Metropoulos, the “Legacy Hostess Equityholders”). Our “Sponsor” refers to Gores Sponsor, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and the principal stockholder of Gores Holdings, Inc. prior to the Business Combination, and the “The Gores Group” refers to The Gores Group LLC, an affiliate of our Sponsor. In connection with the closing of the Business Combination, Gores Holdings, Inc. changed its name to “Hostess Brands, Inc.” and its trading symbols on NASDAQ from ~~“GRSH,”~~“GRSH” and “GRSHW,” to “TWNK” and “TWNKW”.

As a result of the Business Combination, for accounting purposes, Hostess Brands, Inc. is the acquirer and Hostess Holdings is the acquired party and accounting predecessor. Our financial statement presentation includes the financial statements of Hostess Holdings and its subsidiaries as “Predecessor” for periods prior to the completion of the Business Combination and of Hostess Brands, Inc., including the consolidation of Hostess Holdings and its subsidiaries, for periods from and after the Closing Date (referred to as the “Successor”). Unless the context requires otherwise, the “Company” refers to the Predecessor for periods prior to the Business Combination and to the Successor for periods after the Business Combination.

On May 10, 2016, the ~~Predecessor~~Company purchased the stock of Superior Cake Products, Inc. (“Superior”) located in Southbridge, Massachusetts. Superior manufactures and distributes eclairs, madeleines, brownies, and iced cookies sold in the “In-Store Bakery” section of retailers.

In the ~~Consolidated Statements~~consolidated statements of ~~Operations,~~operations, amortization of customer relationships (previously reported in the Predecessor’s unaudited quarterly financial statements within general and administrative) ~~have~~has been presented separately from general and administrative in the current period presentation, with conforming reclassifications made for the prior period ~~presentation.~~ presentation; recall and other costs (recoveries) (previously reported in the Predecessor‘s unaudited quarterly financial statements as a reduction of gross profit) have been presented as recall and other expenses along with amounts previously reported as loss on sale of property and equipment and bakery shutdown costs.

In the ~~Consolidated Balance Sheets,~~consolidated balance sheets, customer trade allowances (previously netted as an allowance against trade accounts receivable) are presented in current liabilities, with conforming reclassifications made for the prior period presentation.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company recorded adjustments to previously reported gains on debt modifications, resulting in a pre-tax charge of $2.1 million and $1.6 million, respectively. The Company has determined that these corrections of errors are immaterial to the current and prior reported periods.

The Company has two reportable segments: Sweet Baked Goods and Other.

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements included herein have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and the rules and regulations of Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). In the opinion of management, the unaudited consolidated financial statements include all adjustments ~~that are of a normal and recurring nature that are~~ necessary for the fair presentation of the Company’s financial position and of the results of operations and cash flows for the periods ~~presented.~~presented, all such adjustments were of a normal and recurring nature. The results of operations are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full fiscal year. The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016.

Principles of Consolidation

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and for the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Management utilizes estimates, including, but not limited to, valuation and useful lives of tangible and intangible assets, reserves for trade and promotional allowances, workers’ compensation and self-insured medical claims. Actual results could differ from these estimates. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform with current year presentation.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable represents amounts invoiced to customers for goods that have been received by the customer. As of ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company’s accounts receivable were ~~$96.1~~$100.7 million and $89.2 million, respectively, which have been reduced by allowances for damages occurring during shipment, quality claims and doubtful accounts in the amount of ~~$2.2~~$2.5 million and $1.9 million, respectively. In addition, there are customer trade allowances of ~~$36.4~~$35.2 million and $36.7 million as of ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, in current liabilities in the ~~Consolidated Balance Sheets.~~consolidated balance sheets.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market on a first-in first-out basis. ~~The Company estimates its costs for ingredients, packaging, direct labor and overhead prior to the beginning of each period for the Company’s expected production costs for its various products.~~

Abnormal amounts of idle facility expense, freight, handling costs, and wasted material (spoilage) are expensed in the period they are incurred.

The components of inventories are as follows:


(In thousands)	March 31, 2017		December 31, 2016		September 30, 2017		December 31, 2016
	(Successor)		(Successor)		(Successor)		(Successor)
Ingredients and packaging	$	13,855	$	12,712	$	14,474	$	12,712
Finished goods	15,363		14,229		16,441		14,229
Inventory in transit to customers	2,871		3,503		2,897		3,503
	$	32,089	$	30,444	$	33,812	$	30,444

Impairment of Property and Equipment

For the three and nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 (Successor), the Company ~~did not have any impairments. For~~recorded an impairment loss of $1.0 million related to a production line that was idled when the ~~three months ended March 31,~~related production was transitioned to a third party. During the first quarter of 2016 (Predecessor), the Company recorded an impairment loss of $7.3 million when it closed multiple production lines at the Indianapolis, Indiana bakery and transitioned production to other facilities. The ~~Company recorded an impairment loss of $7.3 million, related to equipment that the Company had idled, or which otherwise qualified for impairment. The~~ measurement of this loss was ~~considered to be~~ based on Level 3 inputs within the fair value measurement ~~hierarchy as defined in the accounting guidance.~~hierarchy.

Software Costs

Included in the caption “Other assets” in the ~~Consolidated Balance Sheets~~consolidated balance sheets is capitalized software in the amount of ~~approximately $7.3~~$7.3 million and $7.4 million at ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. Capitalized software costs are amortized over their estimated useful life of five years commencing when such assets are ready for their intended use. Software amortization expense included in general and administrative was ~~$0.6~~$0.6 million and ~~$0.4~~$1.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 (Successor), respectively, compared to $0.5 million and $1.4 million for the three and nine months ended ~~March 31, 2017 (Successor) and~~September 30, 2016 (Predecessor), respectively.

~~Bakery Shutdown Costs~~

On October 17, 2014 (Predecessor), the Company closed its Schiller Park, Illinois bakery and completed the sale of the bakery in May 2016. For the three months ended March 31, 2016 (Predecessor), the Company incurred $0.2 million in bakery shutdown costs associated with utilities, insurance, maintenance, and taxes related to the assets that were held for sale.

Concentrations

The Company has one customer that accounted for 10% or more of the Company’s total net revenue. The percentage of total net revenues for this customer is presented below by segment:


					Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
(% of Consolidated Net Revenues)	Three Months Ended March 31, 2017		Three Months Ended March 31, 2016		September 30, 2017		September 30, 2016		September 30, 2017		September 30, 2016
	(Successor)		(Predecessor)		(Successor)		(Predecessor)		(Successor)		(Predecessor)
Sweet Baked Goods	18.3	%	22.0	%	18.8	%	18.1	%	18.9	%	20.3	%
Other	0.7	%	—		0.9	%	3.1	%	0.8	%	1.5	%
Total	19.0	%	22.0	%	19.7	%	21.2	%	19.7	%	21.8	%

Advertising Costs

Advertising costs, ~~through~~through both national and regional media, are expensed in the period in which the advertisements are run. These costs totaled ~~$0.8~~$0.3 million and ~~$1.1~~$0.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 (Successor), and $0.4 million and $1.5 million for the three and nine months ended ~~March 31, 2017 (Successor), and~~September 30, 2016 (Predecessor), respectively. These costs are recorded within advertising and marketing expense on the consolidated statement of operations.

Derivatives

In April 2017, the Company entered into an interest rate swap contract to mitigate its exposure to changes in the variable interest rate on its long-term debt. This contract was designated as a cash flow hedge. Changes in the fair value of this instrument are recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss in the consolidated balance sheets and reclassified into earnings in the period in which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Hedging ineffectiveness, if any, is recognized in earnings in the consolidated statements of operations. Payments made under this contract are included in the supplemental disclosure of interest in the consolidated statement of cash flows.

New Accounting Pronouncements

In August 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-12 (“ASU 2017-12”), Derivatives and Hedging: Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities, which improves the financial reporting of hedging relationships to better portray the economic results of an entity's risk management activities in its financial statements and make certain targeted improvements to simplify the application of the hedge accounting guidance in current GAAP. The amendments in this update better align an entity's risk management activities and financial reporting for hedging relationships through changes to both the designation and measurement guidance for qualifying hedging relationships and presentation of hedge results. The effective date for the standard is for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company does not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material impact on its consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In May 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-9 (“ASU 2017-9”), Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting, which provides guidance about what changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award require an entity to apply modification accounting in Topic 718. Per ASU 2017-9, an entity should account for the effects of a modification unless all the following are met: (1) the fair value (or calculated value or intrinsic value, if such an alternative measurement method is used) of the modified award is the same as the fair value (or calculated value or intrinsic value, if such an alternative measurement method is used) of the original award immediately before the original award is modified. If the modification does not affect any of the inputs to the valuation technique that the entity uses to value the award, the entity is not required to estimate the value immediately before and after the modification, (2) the vesting conditions of the modified award are the same as the vesting conditions of the original award immediately before the original award is modified, and (3) the classification of the modified award as an equity instrument or a liability instrument is the same as the classification of the original award immediately before the original award is modified. The current disclosure requirements in Topic 718 apply regardless of whether an entity is required to apply modification accounting under the amendments in ASU 2017-9. The Company has early adopted ASU 2017-9 for the three months ended September 30, 2017. The adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

In January 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2017-4 (“ASU 2017-4”), Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill ~~Impairment.~~Impairment. ASU 2017-4 eliminates Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. Step 2 required an entity to determine the fair value at the impairment testing date of its assets and liabilities following the procedure that would be required in a business combination. Instead, an entity should perform its goodwill impairment test and recognize an impairment charge by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. ASU 2017-4 will become effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, ~~2020,~~2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company ~~has~~ early adopted ASU 2017-4 ~~as of March 31, 2017~~ and does not expect ~~the~~ adoption ~~of ASU 2017-4~~ to have a material impact on its consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Our goodwill impairment tests have not proceeded to Step 2 in any measurement period.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (“ASU 2016-02”), which is intended to improve financial reporting about leasing transactions. This standard requires a lessee to record on the balance sheet the assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by lease terms of more than 12 months. This standard will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, ~~2019,~~2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years, and early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact the adoption of ASU 2016-02 will have on its consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), (“ASU 2014-09”), which requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. The ASU will replace most existing revenue recognition guidance in U.S. GAAP when it becomes effective. The new standard is effective for the Company on January 1, ~~2019. Companies may elect to adopt this application as of the original effective date for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2016.~~2018. The standard permits adoption retrospectively to each prior report period presented, retrospectively to each prior report period presented utilizing practical expedient(s), or retrospectively with the ~~use of either the retrospective or~~ cumulative effect ~~transition method.~~of initially applying the standard at the date of initial application. In March 2016 and April 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-08 and ASU No. 2016-10, respectively, which clarifies the implementation guidance on principal versus agent considerations and also identifies performance obligations and the licensing implementation guidance, while retaining the related principles for those areas. ~~Based~~The Company is in the process of completing its review of customer contracts to determine the impact that Topic 606 will have on the ~~analysis conducted to date, the Company does not believe the impact upon adoption will be material to its~~Company's consolidated financial statements. The Company plans to adopt the standard in the first quarter of ~~2019 under~~2018 retrospectively with the cumulative effect ~~transition method.~~of initially applying the standard as of January 1, 2018.

The planned adoption dates for all standards not yet implemented are based on the Company’s ~~current classification~~assessment that it will lose its status as an Emerging Growth Company, as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (JOBS Act)~~. If this classification changes, we will reevaluate our timeline for implementing these standards.~~, as of December 31, 2017.

2. Business Combination

The purchase price for the Business Combination was allocated to the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on the preliminary valuations performed by the Company as of the Closing Date. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017 the Company revised its estimate of the future cash tax savings under the tax receivable agreement. This resulted in a $8.1 million decrease in goodwill, a decrease to the tax receivable agreement liability of $3.0 million, a $5.5 million decrease to deferred tax liabilities, and an increase to accrued expenses and other liabilities of $0.4 million.

23. Stock-Based Compensation

Hostess Brands, Inc. 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (Successor)

The Hostess Brands, Inc. 2016 Equity Incentive Plan (the ~~2016 Plan)~~“2016 Plan”) provides for the grant of various equity-based incentive awards to directors of the Company, certain members of Company management, and service providers to the Company. The types of equity-based awards that may be granted under the 2016 Plan include: stock options, stock appreciation rights (SARs), restricted stock, restricted stock units (RSUs), and other stock-based awards. There are 7,150,000 registered shares of Class A common stock reserved for issuance under the 2016 Plan. All awards issued under the 2016 Plan may only be settled in shares of Class A common stock.

Restricted Stock Units

During the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017, the following RSUs ~~have been~~were granted under the 2016 Plan:

~~On January 25, 2017, the Company granted~~ 22,732 RSUs to directors of the Company. The units vest on November 4, 2017. These awards only contain service conditions.

~~On March 23, 2017, the Company granted~~ 297,500 RSUs to certain members of management. One-third of the units vest at each of the following ~~dates;~~dates: January 1, 2018, November 4, 2018, and November 4, 2019. Vesting is dependent upon positive earnings per share for the fiscal year ending immediately prior to the vesting date. Management has determined it is probable that these performance conditions will be met.

~~On March 23, 2017,~~18,116 RSUs to certain members of management. One-third of the ~~Company granted 352,680~~units vest at each of the following dates: June 1 of each of 2018, 2019, and 2020.These awards only contain service conditions.

372,036 RSUs to certain members of management. One-third of the units vest at each of the following dates; November 4 of each of 2017, 2018 and 2019. These awards only contain service conditions.

~~On March 23, 2017 the Company granted 688,313~~715,406 RSUs to certain members of management. The units vest on December 31, 2019. At the end of each of three annual performance periods ending December 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, a portion of the units will be banked if the Company achieves certain EBITDA targets. Banked shares continue to be subject to continued service through the December 31, 2019 vesting date. Management has determined it is probable that a portion of the EBITDA target will be met for the 2017 annual performance period. Depending on actual performance during each performance period, ~~awardees~~award recipients have the opportunity to ~~bank~~receive up to 225% of the granted units.

For the three and nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 (Successor), ~~$0.3~~$1.8 million and $4.1 million of compensation expense related to the RSUs was recognized within general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statement of operations. If the vesting requirements of the RSUs are not satisfied, or the performance conditions are not attained, the award will be forfeited. The fair value of the RSUs was calculated based on the closing market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant and management’s assumption that there will be no forfeitures.operations, respectively.

The following table summarizes the activity of the Company’s unvested RSUs for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017:


	Restricted Stock Units		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Restricted Stock Units		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Granted January 25, 2017	$	22,732	$	14.72
Granted March 23, 2017	1,338,493		15.78
Unvested units as of December 31, 2016 (Successor)					—		$	—
Total Granted	1,361,225		15.76		1,425,790		15.77
Forfeited	—		—		(79,543	)	15.78
Vested	—		—		—		—
Unvested as of March 31, 2017	$	1,361,225	$	15.76
Unvested as of September 30, 2017 (Successor)					1,346,247		$	15.77

As of ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017, there was ~~$20.7~~$17.1 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested RSUs granted under the 2016 Plan; that cost is expected to be recognized over the vesting periods as described above.

Restricted Stock Awards

On March 23, 2017, the Company granted 435,000 shares of restricted stock to ~~a Company executive~~the Company’s Chief Executive Officer under the 2016 Plan. One-third of the shares vest on each of the following dates: January 1, 2018 and November 4 of each of 2018 and 2019. Vesting at each date is also dependent upon positive earnings per share for the fiscal year ending immediately prior to the vesting date. Each restricted stock award had a grant date fair value based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the grant date and management’s assumption that there will be no forfeitures.

Management has determined that the shares of restricted stock are unvested stock awards as defined by ~~ASC 718.~~accounting standards. If the vesting requirements of a restricted stock award are not satisfied, or the performance conditions not attained, the award will be forfeited and the shares of Class A common stock subject to the award shall be returned to the Company.

As of ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017, there was ~~$6.7~~$4.1 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to the non-vested restricted stock; that cost is expected to be recognized over the vesting periods described above. For the three and nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 (Successor), the Company recognized expense of ~~$0.2~~$1.3 million and $2.8 million related to the restricted stock awards within general and administrative expenses on the consolidated statement of ~~operations.~~operations, respectively.

The following table summarizes the activity of the Company’s restricted stock awards for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017:


	Shares of Restricted Stock	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value		Shares of Restricted Stock	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Granted March 23, 2017	435,000	$	15.78
Unvested units as of December 31, 2016 (Successor)				—	$	—
Granted				435,000	15.78
Forfeited	—	—		—	—
Vested	—	—		—	—
Unvested as of March 31, 2017	435,000	$	15.78
Unvested as of September 30, 2017 (Successor)				435,000	$	15.78

Stock Options

~~On March 23,~~During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company granted ~~1,004,050~~1,155,788 stock options to certain members of management under the Plan. The stock options vest in four equal installments on November 4, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020. The stock options expire on March 22, 2027. If the vesting requirements of a stock option are not satisfied, the stock option will be forfeited.

~~The~~weighted average grant date fair value of ~~$5.04~~$5.03 per option was estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model (level 3) with the following assumptions:



	~~Three~~Nine Months Ended ~~March 31,~~ September 30, 2017
Expected volatility ⁽¹⁾	~~27.57%~~27.53%
Expected dividend yield ⁽²⁾	—%
Expected option term ⁽³⁾	6.25 years
Risk-free rate ⁽⁴⁾	~~2.13%~~2.1%


(1)	The expected volatility assumption was calculated based on a peer group analysis of stock price volatility with a ~~6.25 year~~ look back period based on the expected term and ending on the grant date.


(2)	As of ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017, we have not paid any dividends on our common stock. As of the stock option grant date, we did not anticipate paying any dividends on our common stock over the term of the stock options. Option holders have no right to dividends prior to the exercise of the options.


(3)	We utilized the simplified method to determine the expected term of the stock options since we do not have sufficient historical exercise data to provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate expected term.


(4)	The risk-free interest rate was based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant which corresponds to the expected term of the stock options.

The stock options vest in four equal annual installments on varying dates through June 2021. As of ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017, there was ~~$5.1~~$4.5 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock options outstanding under the 2016 Plan; that cost is expected to be recognized over the vesting ~~periods described above.~~periods. For the three and nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 (Successor), there was ~~$8.0 thousand~~$0.6 million and $1.1 million, respectively, of expense related to the stock options recognized within general and administrative costs on the consolidated statement of operations.

The following table summarizes the activity of the Company’s unvested stock options for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 (Successor):

Number
of
Options
Weighted Average
Remaining
Contractual Life
(years)
Weighted
Average
Exercise Price
Weighted
Average Grant
Date Fair Value
Outstanding as of January 1, 2017 —

—

—

—
Granted March 23, 2017 1,004,050

6.25

$ 15.78

$ 5.04
Exercised —

—

—

—
Forfeited —

—

—

—
Outstanding as of March 31, 2017 1,004,050

6.25

$ 15.78

$ 5.04
Exercisable as of March 31, 2017 —

—

—

—

~~Related Party Stock Awards~~

~~See note 13 for information regarding additional equity awards not issued under the 2016 or 2013 Plans.~~



	Number of Options		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (years)	Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2016 (Successor)	—		—	$	—	$	—
Granted	1,155,788		5.77	15.85		5.03
Exercised	—		—	—		—
Forfeited	(44,371	)	5.75	15.78		5.03
Outstanding as of September 30, 2017 (Successor)	1,111,417		5.77	$	15.85	$	5.03
Exercisable as of September 30, 2017 (Successor)	—		—	—		—

Hostess Management, LLC Equity Interest Plan (Predecessor)

The ~~Predecessor~~Company established a profits interest plan under the 2013 Hostess Management, LLC (“Hostess Management”) Equity Incentive Plan (“2013 Plan”) to allow members of the management team to participate in the success of the ~~Predecessor.~~Company. The 2013 Plan consisted of an approximate 9% ownership interest in the ~~Predecessor’s~~Company’s subsidiary, New Hostess Holdco, LLC. Hostess Management had three classes of units and required certain returns to ranking classes before other classes participated in subsequent returns of Hostess Management.

The ~~Predecessor~~Company recognized unit-based compensation expense of ~~$0.2~~$0.3 million and $0.7 million for the three and nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2016 (Predecessor), within general and administrative expense on the consolidated statement of ~~operations.~~operations, respectively. All outstanding units under the 2013 Plan were redeemed and the 2013 Plan was terminated on November 4, 2016. As of December 31, 2016, ~~there~~there were no outstanding units.

Related Party Stock Awards

See note 15 for information regarding additional equity awards not issued under the 2016 or 2013 Plans.

3.4. Property and Equipment

Property and equipment consists of the following:


(In thousands)	March 31, 2017			December 31, 2016			September 30, 2017			December 31, 2016
	(Successor)			(Successor)			(Successor)			(Successor)
Land and buildings	$	30,712		$	30,275		$	31,296		$	30,275
Machinery and equipment	114,666			112,221			130,778			112,221
Construction in progress	17,239			12,334			15,363			12,334
	162,617			154,830			177,437			154,830
Less accumulated depreciation	(4,444		)	(1,606		)	(10,506		)	(1,606		)
	$	158,173		$	153,224		$	166,931		$	153,224

Depreciation expense was ~~$2.8~~$3.1 million and ~~$2.1~~$8.9 million for the three and nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 (Successor), and $2.5 million and $6.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 (Predecessor), respectively.

4.5. Segment Reporting

The Company has two reportable segments: Sweet Baked Goods and Other. The Company’s Sweet Baked Goods segment consists of sweet baked goods that are sold under the Hostess® and Dolly Madison® brands. Other consists of Hostess® branded bread and buns, frozen retail (which consists of deep-fried Twinkies®, launched in August 2016), “In-Store Bakery,” or “ISB” (which includes ~~Superior, which we purchased in May 2016,~~Superior) and ~~manufactures and distributes eclairs, madeleines, brownies, and iced cookies in the ISB section of retailers) and~~ licensing.

The Company evaluates performance and allocates resources based on net revenue and gross profit. Information regarding the operations of these reportable segments is as follows:


(In thousands)	Three Months Ended March 31, 2017		Three Months Ended March 31, 2016		Three Months Ended September 30, 2017		Three Months Ended September 30, 2016		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016
	(Successor)		(Predecessor)		(Successor)		(Predecessor)		(Successor)		(Predecessor)
Net revenue:
Sweet Baked Goods	$	168,432	$	154,727	$	173,552	$	174,473	$	524,731	$	508,288
Other	16,106		5,490		18,698		21,724		55,236		40,469
Net revenue	$	184,538	$	160,217	$	192,250	$	196,197	$	579,967	$	548,757

Depreciation and amortization:
Sweet Baked Goods	$	8,624	$	2,677	$	8,703	$	2,585	$	25,587	$	8,119
Other	642		—		1,019		583		2,989		935
Depreciation and amortization	$	9,266	$	2,677	$	9,722	$	3,168	$	28,576	$	9,054

Gross profit:
Sweet Baked Goods	$	74,876	$	68,393	$	72,965	$	76,777	$	230,217	$	227,322
Other	4,419		1,932		5,400		5,802		15,889		12,008
Gross profit	$	79,295	$	70,325	$	78,365	$	82,579	$	246,106	$	239,330

Capital expenditures (1):
Sweet Baked Goods	$	7,916	$	6,427	$	9,109	$	9,312	$	24,772	$	25,701
Other	374		—		205		161		643		211
Capital expenditures	$	8,290	$	6,427	$	9,314	$	9,473	$	25,415	$	25,912


(1)	Capital expenditures consists of purchases of property and equipment and acquisition and development of software assets paid in cash or acquired through accounts payable during the three and nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 (Successor) and 2016 (Predecessor).

Total assets by reportable segment isare as follows:


(In thousands)	March 31, 2017		December 31, 2016		September 30, 2017		December 31, 2016
	(Successor)		(Successor)		(Successor)		(Successor)
Total segment assets:
Sweet Baked Goods	$	2,662,118	$	2,633,758	$	2,719,743	$	2,633,758
Other	212,040		214,134		206,930		214,134
Total segment assets	$	2,874,158	$	2,847,892	$	2,926,673	$	2,847,892

5.6. Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill and intangible assets as of ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 were recognized as part of ~~preliminary~~the purchase price allocation of the Business Combination as of the Closing Date. The amount allocated to goodwill and other intangible assets is subject to final valuation adjustments. These adjustments could have a material impact on goodwill and other intangible assets. ~~For~~During the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017, ~~there were no adjustments to~~ the ~~preliminary~~ purchase price ~~allocation.~~allocation for the Business Combination was adjusted, resulting in a $8.1 million decrease to goodwill.

Activity of goodwill is presented below by reportable segment:



(In thousands)	Sweet Baked Goods			Other		Total
Balance as of December 31, 2016 (Successor)	$	518,759		$	69,701	$	588,460
Measurement period adjustment of the Business Combination	(8,111		)	—		(8,111		)
Balance as of September 30, 2017 (Successor)	$	510,648		$	69,701	$	580,349

Intangible assets consist of the following:


(In thousands)	March 31, 2017			December 31, 2016			September 30, 2017			December 31, 2016
	(Successor)			(Successor)			(Successor)			(Successor)
Intangible assets with indefinite lives (Trademarks and Trade Names)	$	1,408,848		$	1,408,848		$	1,408,848		$	1,408,848
Intangible assets with definite lives (Customer Relationships)	542,011			542,011			542,011			542,011
Less accumulated amortization (Customer Relationships)	(9,788		)	(3,916		)	(21,777		)	(3,916		)
Intangible assets, net	$	1,941,071		$	1,946,943		$	1,929,082		$	1,946,943

Amortization expense was ~~$5.9~~$6.0 million and ~~$0.2~~$17.9 million for the three and nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 (Successor) and $0.2 million and $0.5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 (Predecessor), respectively. The unamortized portion of customer relationships will be expensed over their remaining useful life, from 18 to 23 years. The weighted-average amortization period as of ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 for customer relationships was ~~22.3~~21.8 years. Future expected amortization expense is as follows:


(In thousands)
Remainder of 2017	$	17,983	$	5,994
2018	23,977		23,977
2019	23,977		23,977
2020	23,977		23,977
2021	23,977		23,977
2022 and thereafter	$	418,332	418,332

6.7. Accrued Expenses

Included in accrued expenses are the following:


(In thousands)	March 31, 2017		December 31, 2016		September 30, 2017		December 31, 2016
	(Successor)		(Successor)		(Successor)		(Successor)
Annual incentive bonuses	$	2,167	$	5,997	$	4,141	$	5,997
Payroll, vacation and other compensation	2,874		5,492		3,496		5,121
Self-insurance reserves	2,065		1,720		1,310		2,091
Accrued interest	112		4,885		224		4,885
Current income taxes payable	4,527		2		113		2
Workers compensation reserve	1,572		1,321		1,650		1,321
Interest rate swap contract					99		—
Litigation (Note 14)					—		1,100
Other	2,277		2,239		18		1,139
	$	15,594	$	21,656	$	11,051	$	21,656

7.8. Debt

On May 19, 2017, the Company’s subsidiary, Hostess Brands, LLC, and its lenders amended the New First Lien Term Loan (Second Amended First Lien Term Loan). The Second Amended First Lien Term Loan requires quarterly payments of interest at a rate of the greater of the applicable LIBOR or 0.75% per annum (LIBOR Floor) plus an applicable margin of 2.50% per annum or the base rate plus an applicable margin of 1.50% per annum. The principal is paid quarterly at a rate of 0.25% of the aggregate principal balance with the remaining principal amount due upon maturity on August 3, 2022. The Second Amended First Lien Term Loan is secured by substantially all the Company’s present and future assets through a guarantor agreement. The interest rate charged to the Company on the New First Lien Term Loan from January 1, 2017 through May 18, 2017 was 4.00%. From May 19, 2017 through September 30, 2017, the interest rate charged to the Company on the Second Amended First Lien Term Loan was 3.73%.

A summary of the carrying value of the debt and the capital lease obligation is as follows:


(In thousands)	March 31, 2017			December 31, 2016			September 30, 2017			December 31, 2016
	(Successor)			(Successor)			(Successor)			(Successor)
First Lien Term Loan (4.0% as of March 31, 2017)
Second Amended First Lien Term Loan (3.7% as of September 30, 2017)
Principal							$	993,763		$	—
Unamortized debt premium and issuance costs							5,462			—
							999,225			—
New First Lien Term Loan (4.0%)
Principal	$	996,253		$	998,750		—			998,750
Unamortized debt premium and issuance costs	5,146			5,396			—			5,396
	1,001,399			1,004,146			—			1,004,146
Capital lease obligation (6.8%)	686			724			608			724
Total debt and capital lease obligation	1,002,085			1,004,870			999,833			1,004,870
Less: Amounts due within one year	(11,496		)	(11,496		)	(11,357		)	(11,496		)
Long-term portion	$	990,589		$	993,374		$	988,476		$	993,374

At ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017, minimum debt repayments under the Second Amended First Lien Term Loan are due as follows:


(In thousands)
Remainder of 2017	$	7,491	$	2,491
2018	9,988		9,963
2019	9,988		9,963
2020	9,988		9,963
2021	9,988		9,963
2022 and thereafter	$	948,810	951,420

Revolving Credit Facility

The Company had no outstanding borrowings under its Revolving Credit Agreement (the “Revolver”) as of ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017. See Note ~~12.~~14. Commitments and Contingencies for information regarding the letters of credits, which reduce the amount available for borrowing under the Revolver. Interest expense from the Revolver debt fee amortization was $0.1 million and $0.3 million for the three and nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2016 ~~(Predecessor).~~(predecessor), respectively.

8.9.Interest Rate Swap

In April 2017, the Company entered into an interest rate swap contract with a counter party to make a series of payments based on a fixed interest rate of 1.78% and receive a series of payments based on the greater of LIBOR or 0.75%. Both the fixed and floating payment streams are based on a notional amount of $500 million at the inception of the contract and will be reduced by $100 million each year of the five-year contract. The Company entered into this transaction to reduce its exposure to changes in cash flows associated with its variable rate debt and has designated this derivative as a cash flow hedge. At September 30, 2017, the effective fixed interest rate on the long-term debt hedged by this contract was 4.28%.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, no amounts were recorded in the consolidated statements of operations for ineffectiveness and there were no reclassifications from accumulated other comprehensive loss into earnings. As of September 30, 2017, the fair value of the interest rate swap contract of $0.1 million was reported within accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet. $1.5 million of unrealized losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income as of September 30, 2017 are expected to be reclassified into interest expense through September 30, 2018. The fair value of the interest rate swap contract is measured on a recurring basis by netting the discounted future fixed cash payments and the discounted expected variable cash receipts. The variable cash receipts are based on the expectation of future interest rates (forward curves) derived from observed market interest rate curves (Level 2).

10. Equity

The Company’s authorized common shares consist of three classes: 200,000,000 shares of Class A common stock, 50,000,000 shares of Class B common stock, and 10,000,000 shares of Class F common stock (none of which were issued and outstanding at ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 or December 31, 2016). As of ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, there were ~~98,685,917~~99,992,183 and 98,250,917 shares of Class A common stock issued and outstanding, respectively. At ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 there were 30,398,777 and 31,704,988 shares of Class B common stock issued and ~~outstanding.~~outstanding, respectively.

Shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock have identical voting rights. However, shares of Class B common stock do not participate in earnings or dividends of the Company. Ownership of shares of Class B common stock is restricted to owners of Class B units in Hostess Holdings. Class B units in Hostess Holdings may be exchanged (together with the cancellation of an equivalent number of shares of Class B common stock) by the holders thereof for, at the election of the Company, shares of Class A common stock or the cash equivalent of such shares. During the three months ended September 30, 2017, there was no activity. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, 1,306,211 Class B shares were exchanged for Class A common shares.

As of ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, there were 37,499,890 and 37,500,000 public warrants, respectively, and 19,000,000 private placement warrants outstanding. Each warrant entitles its holder to purchase ~~one half~~one-half of one share of our Class A common stock at an exercise price of $5.75 per half share, to be exercised only for a whole number of shares of our Class A common stock. The warrants became exercisable 30on December 4, 2016 (30 days after the completion of the Business Combination on November 4, ~~2016~~2016) and expire ~~five years after that date,~~on December 4, 2021, or earlier upon redemption or liquidation. ~~Once the public warrants become exercisable, the~~The Company may call the outstanding warrants for redemption at a price of $0.01 per warrant, if the last sale price of the Company’s common stock equals or exceeds $24.00 per share for any 20 trading days within a 30 trading day period ending on the third business day before the Company sends the notice of redemption to the warrant holders. The private placement warrants, however, are nonredeemable so long as they are held by ~~our~~the Company’s Sponsor or its permitted transferees. During the three months ended September 30, 2017, the private placement warrants were registered with the SEC for future potential sales to the public. When sold to the public, the private placement warrants will become public warrants.

9.11. Earnings per Share

Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income attributable to the Company’s Class A shareholders for the period by the weighted average number of Class A common shares outstanding for the period excluding non-vested restricted stock awards. In computing dilutive earnings per share, basic earnings per share is adjusted for the assumed issuance of all applicable potentially dilutive share-based awards, including: public and private placement warrants, RSUs, restricted stock awards, and stock options.

Below are basic and diluted net ~~loss~~income per ~~share for the three months ended March 31, 2017 (Successor):~~share:


			Three Months Ended September 30, 2017		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
			(Successor)		(Successor)
Numerator:
Net income attributable to Class A shareholders (in thousands)	$	15,832	$	9,549	$	44,211
Denominator:
Weighted-average Class A shares outstanding - basic (excluding non-vested restricted stock awards)	98,250,917		99,557,183		98,920,808
Dilutive effect of warrants	6,521,341		5,717,416		6,844,613
Dilutive effect of restricted stock awards and RSUs	1,629		143,967		75,252
Weighted-average shares outstanding - diluted	104,773,887		105,418,566		105,840,673

Net income per Class A share - basic	$	0.16	$	0.10	$	0.45

Net income per Class A share - dilutive	$	0.15	$	0.09	$	0.42

~~The anti-dilutive effect of~~For both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, stock options ~~was~~were excluded from the computation of diluted net income per share because the assumed proceeds from the awards’ exercise was greater than the average market price of the common shares.

~~10.~~12. Income Taxes

The Company is subject to U.S. federal, ~~and~~ state and local taxes on its allocable portion of the income of Hostess Holdings, a partnership for U.S. federal and most applicable state and local taxes. As a partnership, Hostess Holdings is itself not ~~itself~~ subject to U.S. federal and certain state and local income taxes. The operations of Hostess Holdings include those of its C Corporation subsidiaries.

The income tax expense in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations is based on an estimate of the Company’s ~~annualized~~annual effective income tax ~~rate.~~rate and adjusted for discrete items, if any. TheCompany’s estimated annual effective tax rate based on annual projected earnings for the year ending December 31, 2017 is ~~estimated at 29.2%.~~projected to be 29.6% prior to adjusting for discrete items. During the three months ended September 30, 2017, the Company recorded a nonrecurring discrete charge of approximately $2.2 million related to a change in state tax law. The Company’s effective tax rate differs from the statutory rate primarily due to the portion of net income attributed to the non-controlling interest which represents an ownership interest in a partnership for income tax purposes.

Deferred income taxes are provided for the effects of temporary differences between the tax basis of an asset or liability and its reported amount in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The recognition of deferred tax assets is based on management’s belief that it is more likely than not that the tax benefits associated with temporary differences, net operating loss carryforwards and tax credits will be utilized. The Company is in an overall net deferred tax liability position of ~~$359.3~~$366.5 million and $353.8 million as of ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, primarily due to temporary differences in the book basis as compared to the tax basis of its investment in Hostess Holdings.

The Company does not believe it has any significant uncertain tax positions and therefore has no unrecognized tax benefits at ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017, that if recognized, would affect the annual effective tax rate. Interest and penalties related to income tax liabilities, if incurred, are included in income tax expense in the consolidated statement of operations.

~~11.~~13. Tax Receivable Agreement

The tax receivable agreement was entered into by the Company in connection with the Business Combination (the “Tax Receivable Agreement”) and generally provides for the payment by the Company to the Legacy Hostess Equityholders of 85% of the net cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax that the Company actually realizes (or is deemed to realize in certain circumstances) in periods after the closing of the Business Combination (which periods may extend, unless the Tax Receivable Agreement is terminated early in accordance with its terms, for more than 15 years following any exchange of Class B Units of Hostess Holdings for shares of the Company’s Class A common stock or the cash equivalent thereof) as a result of (i) certain increases in tax basis resulting from the Business Combination; (ii) certain tax attributes of Hostess Holdings and its subsidiaries existing prior to the Business Combination and prior to subsequent exchanges of Class B Units; (iii) certain increases in tax basis resulting from exchanges of Class B Units; (iv) imputed interest deemed to be paid by the Company as a result of payments it makes under the Tax Receivable Agreement; and (v) certain increases in tax basis resulting from payments the Company makes under the Tax Receivable Agreement. The Company will retain the benefit of the remaining 15% of these cash savings. Certain payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement will be made to Legacy Hostess Equityholders in accordance with specified percentages, regardless of the source of the applicable tax attribute. Significant inputs used to preliminarily estimate the future expected payments include a tax savings rate of approximately ~~40%~~37%.

The following table summarizes activity related to the tax receivable agreement for the nine months ended September 30, 2017:



(In thousands)
Balance December 31, 2016 (Successor)	$	165,384
Measurement period adjustment of the Business Combination	(3,016		)
Balance arising from exchanges of Class B units for Class A shares	11,530
Remeasurement due to change in state tax rate	1,589
Balance September 30, 2017 (Successor)	$	175,487

During the three months ended September 30, 2017, the Company remeasured the Tax Receivable Agreement due to a change in a state tax law. This resulted in $1.6 million of expense on the consolidated statement of operations.

As of ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 the future expected payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement are as follows:


(In thousands)
Remainder of 2017	$	—	$	—
2018	13,838		14,165
2019	9,744		10,375
2020	9,475		10,097
2021	9,236		9,845
Thereafter	$	123,091	131,005

~~12.~~14. Commitments and Contingencies

Accruals and the Potential Effect of Litigation

Liabilities related to legal proceedings are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the associated amount can be reasonably estimated. Where the estimated amount of loss is within a range of amounts and no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount, the minimum amount is accrued.

As additional information becomes available, the potential liabilities related to these matters are reassessed and the estimates revised, if necessary. These accrued liabilities are subject to change in the future based on new developments in each matter, or changes in circumstances, which could have a material effect on the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.

InDuring the ~~fourth quarter of 2015,~~three months ended September 30, 2017, the Company ~~gave notice of termination of its broker agreement with~~paid an award in the National Frozen Distribution Consultants, ~~LLC (“NFDC”) for cause under the terms of the agreement. Thereafter, the Company received a demand for~~Inc. (NFDC) arbitration ~~from NFDC claiming damages~~ of approximately $15.0 million plus attorney’s fees and costs for breach of a confidentiality agreement, violation of the Missouri Uniform Trade Secrets Act, breach of contract, breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing and breach of fiduciary duty and seeking a permanent injunction. Since that time, NFDC has dropped the Missouri Uniform Trade Secrets Act and breach of fiduciary duty claims and is now seeking damages of approximately $12.0 million plus attorney’s fees and costs. The Company initially filed counterclaims for negligent misrepresentation and unjust enrichment but has since dropped the unjust enrichment claim. The Company continues to vigorously defend this action.

$2.0 million.

From time to time, the Company is subject to various other legal actions, lawsuits, claims and proceedings related to products, employment, environmental regulations, and other matters incidental to its businesses.

Based upon information presently known, the Company does not believe that the ultimate resolution of such matters will have a material effect on the Company’s financial position, although the final resolution of such matters could have a material effect on its results of operations or cash flows in the period of ~~settlement.~~resolution.

Contractual Commitments

The Company ~~has entered into~~is a party to various long-term arrangements through advance purchase contracts to lock in prices for certain high-volume raw materials, packaging components and fuel for normal product production requirements. These advance purchase arrangements are contractual agreements and can only be canceled with a termination penalty that is based upon the current market price of the commodity at the time of cancellation. These agreements qualify for the “normal purchase” exception under ~~ASC 815;~~accounting standards; therefore, the purchases under these contracts are included as a component of cost of goods sold.

Contractual commitments were as follows:


(In millions)	Total Committed		Commitments within 1 year		Commitments beyond 1 year		Total Committed		Commitments within 1 year		Commitments beyond 1 year
Ingredients	$	83.6	$	63.0	$	20.6	$	82.4	$	69.2	$	13.2
Packaging	$	12.3	$	9.9	$	2.4	$	44.3	$	39.1	$	5.2

Letters of Credit

~~In April 2016 and April 2013, the~~The Company ~~entered into~~is a party to Letter of Credit arrangements to provide for the issuance of standby letters of credit in the amount of ~~$1.0~~$2.2 million and ~~$1.8~~$1.7 million, respectively. The arrangements support the collateral requirements for insurance. The Letters of Credit are 100% secured through our Revolver.

~~13.~~15. Related Party Transactions

Prior to the Business Combination, the Company was party to an agreement to employ Mr. Metropoulos as the Executive Chairman. The agreement, dated April 2013, included payment of an annual salary, a performance bonus at the discretion of the board of directors, and expenses related to the use of his personal aircraft. For the three and nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2016 (Predecessor), ~~$1.2~~$1.1 million and $3.4 million was expensed by the Company for this compensation agreement. The agreement with Mr. Metropoulos was terminated in connection with the Business Combination.

For periods prior to the Business Combination, related party expenses consisted of the normal annual cash payments associated with our employment arrangements with Mr. Metropoulos as Chief Executive Officer and/or Executive Chairman. In connection with the Business Combination, Mr. Metropoulos became party to new employment arrangements with the Company and its subsidiaries. For the Successor, related party expenses consisted of a grant of Class B units of Hostess Holdings and equivalent shares of Class B common stock of the Company awarded to Mr. Metropoulos under such new employment arrangements. Following the consummation of the Business Combination, the expense associated with Mr. Metropoulos’s employment arrangements ~~are~~is estimated to be approximately $0.3 million annually.

As part of the Business Combination, the Company agreed to grant ~~future~~ shares of Class A common stock or Class B units of Hostess Holdings and equivalent shares of Class B common stock of the Company to an entity owned by Mr. Metropoulos if certain EBITDA thresholds are met for the year ended December 31, 2017. The potential grants under this arrangement are between zero and 5.5 million shares. Based on the nature of the arrangement, for U.S. GAAP purposes the potential grants are considered to be compensation for future services to be provided by Mr. Metropoulos. In order to receive 2.75 million shares under this agreement, adjusted EBITDA, ~~(as~~as calculated pursuant to the terms of the Master Transaction Agreement entered into in connection with the Business Combination, ~~referred to below as “MTA~~(“MTA EBITDA”), for the year ended December 31, 2017 must be greater than $240.5 million. If MTA EBITDA is greater than $245.5 million, an additional 2.75 million shares will be awarded. As of ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017, ~~Management~~management determined it was not probable that the Company would meet the 2017 MTA EBITDA thresholds.

Under the terms of Mr. Metropoulos’ employment agreement, the Company is obligated to grant additional equity (in the form of either shares of Class A common stock of the Company, or Class B units of Hostess Holdings and equivalent shares of Class B common stock of the Company) to Mr. Metropoulos if MTA EBITDA thresholds are met for the year ended December 31, 2018. The potential grants range from zero to 2.75 million shares. In order to receive 1.375 million shares under this agreement, MTA EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2018 must be greater than $257.8 million. If MTA EBITDA is greater than $262.8 million, an additional 1.375 million shares will be awarded. As of ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017, management determined it ~~was~~was not probable that the ~~Company~~Company would meet the 2018 MTA EBITDA thresholds.

~~14. Subsequent Events~~

On April 7, 2017, the Company entered into an interest rate swap contract with a counter party to make a series of payments based on a fixed interest rate of 1.78% and receive a series of payments based on the greater of LIBOR or 0.75%. Both the fixed and floating payment streams are based on a notional amount of $500 million at the inception of the contract and will be reduced by $100 million each year of the five year contract. The Company entered into the contract to hedge the variable rate on the First Lien Term Loan.

On April 19, 2017, certain equity holders of the Company sold 23.1 million shares of the Company’s Class A common through an underwritten public offering. The Company paid the expenses, other than underwriting discounts, associated with the sale of shares, but did not receive any proceeds from the sale. In connection with this public offering, 600,000 Class B units of Hostess Holdings and the equivalent shares of Class B common stock of the Company were exchanged for 600,000 shares of Class A common stock (which were sold to the public).

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

~~Cautionary Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements~~

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (“Quarterly Report”) contains statements reflecting our views about our future performance that constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements contained in this Quarterly Report other than statements of historical fact, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, our business strategy and plans, and our objectives for future operations, are forward-looking statements. Statements that constitute forward-looking statements are generally identified through the inclusion of words such as “believes,” “expects,” “intends,” “estimates,” “projects,” “anticipates,” “will,” “plan,” “may,” “should,” or similar language. Statements addressing our future operating performance and statements addressing events and developments that we expect or anticipate will occur are also considered as forward-looking statements. All forward‑looking statements included herein are made only as of the date hereof. It is routine for our internal projections and expectations to change throughout the year, and any forward-looking statements based upon these projections or expectations may change prior to the end of the next quarter or year. Readers of this Quarterly Report are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements. As a result of a number of known and unknown risks and uncertainties, our actual results or performance may be materially different from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Risks and uncertainties are identified and discussed in Item 1A-Risk Factors in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. All subsequent written or oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or persons acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by these risk factors. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise. The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes included in Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Overview

We are a leading United States packaged food company focused on developing, manufacturing, marketing, selling and distributing fresh sweet baked goods ~~virtually~~ coast-to-coast, providing a wide range of snack cakes, donuts, sweet rolls, snack pies and related products. We acquired the ~~Hostess~~Hostess® brand and certain strategic assets out of the bankruptcy liquidation proceedings of Old Hostess Inc., its prior owner, free and clear of all past liabilities, in April 2013, and relaunched the brand later that year.

We operate five bakeries and three centralized distribution centers. Our ~~DTW~~direct-to-warehouse (“DTW”) product distribution system allows us to deliver to our customers’ warehouses. Our customers in turn distribute to their retail stores and/or distributors.

We have two reportable segments: “Sweet Baked Goods” and “Other”. Sweet Baked Goods consists of sweet baked goods that are sold under the Hostess® and Dolly Madison® brands. Other consists of Hostess® branded bread and buns, frozen retail (which ~~consists of~~includes deep-fried Twinkies®, launched in August 2016) ~~and~~, “In-Store Bakery,” or “ISB” (which includes Superior Cake Products, Inc. (“Superior”), which we purchased in May 2016, and which manufactures and distributes eclairs, madeleines, brownies, and iced cookies in the ISB section of retailers), and licensing.

Hostess® is the second leading brand by market share within the Sweet Baked Goods (“SBG”) ~~category.~~category, according to Nielsen U.S. total universe. For the 52-week period ended ~~March 25,~~October 7, 2017 our market share was ~~17%~~17.0% per Nielsen’s U.S. SBG category data. We have a #1 leading market position within the two largest SBG Segments; Donut Segment and Snack Cake Segment, ~~and have a #2 leading market position in total Sweet Baked Goods, according to Nielsen U.S. total universe for the 52 weeks ended March 25, 2017.~~ The Donut and Snack Cake Segments together account for ~~49%~~49.6% of the Sweet Baked Goods category’s total dollar sales.

Explanatory Note

Hostess Brands, Inc. (f/k/a Gores Holdings, Inc.) was originally incorporated in Delaware on June 1, 2015 as a special purpose acquisition company (SPAC), formed for the purpose of effecting a merger, capital stock exchange, asset acquisition, stock purchase, reorganization, or other similar business combination with one or more target businesses. On August 19, 2015, Gores Holdings, Inc. consummated its initial public offering (the “IPO”), following which its shares began trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market (“NASDAQ”).

On November 4, 2016 (the “Closing Date”), in a transaction referred to as the “Business Combination,” Gores Holdings, Inc. acquired a controlling interest in Hostess Holdings, L.P. (“Hostess Holdings”), an entity owned indirectly by C. Dean Metropoulos and certain equity funds managed by affiliates of Apollo Global Management, LLC (the “Apollo Funds”). Hostess Holdings had acquired the Hostess brand and certain strategic assets out of the bankruptcy liquidation proceedings of its prior owner (“Old Hostess”), free and clear of all past liabilities, in April 2013, and relaunched the Hostess brand later that year.

In connection with the closing of the Business Combination, Gores Holdings, Inc. changed its name to “Hostess Brands, Inc.” and its trading symbols on NASDAQ from ~~“GRSH,”~~“GRSH” and “GRSHW,” to “TWNK” and “TWNKW”.

Following the Business Combination, Mr. Metropoulos and the Apollo Funds ~~continue~~continued as stockholders and Mr. Metropoulos became Executive Chairman of Hostess Brands, Inc. On April 19, 2017, the Apollo Funds completed the public sale of substantially all of their holdings of Class A common stock. Other equityholders also sold shares of Class A common stock through the public sale.

As a result of the Business Combination, for accounting purposes, Hostess Brands, Inc. is the acquirer and Hostess Holdings is the acquired party and accounting predecessor. Our financial statement presentation includes the financial statements of Hostess Holdings and its subsidiaries as “Predecessor” for periods prior to the completion of the Business Combination and of Hostess Brands, Inc., including the consolidation of Hostess Holdings and its subsidiaries, for periods from and after the Closing Date. For convenience, we have also included ~~under “Item 2- Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”~~ supplemental pro forma information for the three and nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2016 that gives effect to the Business Combination as if such transaction had been consummated on January 1, 2016. References in this Quarterly Report to information provided for 2016 on a pro forma basis refer to such supplemental pro forma financial information.

Unless the context otherwise requires, “we,” “us,” “our” and the “Company” refer, for periods prior to the completion of the Business Combination, to Hostess Holdings and its subsidiaries and, for periods upon or after the completion of the Business Combination, to Hostess Brands, Inc. and its subsidiaries, including Hostess Holdings and its subsidiaries. Our “Sponsor” refers to Gores Sponsor, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and the principal stockholder of Gores Holdings, Inc. prior to the Business Combination, and the “The Gores Group” refers to The Gores Group LLC, an affiliate of our Sponsor. “Metropoulos Entities” refer to Mr. Metropoulos and entities controlled by him that continue to hold an equity stake in us. “Legacy Hostess Equityholders” refer to the Apollo Funds and the Metropoulos Entities, collectively.

Principal Components of Operating Results

Net Revenue

We generate revenue primarily through selling sweet baked goods and other products under the Hostess® group of brands, which includes iconic products such as Twinkies®, ~~Cup Cakes,~~CupCakes, Ding Dongs®, Zingers®, HoHo’s® and Donettes® and the Dolly Madison® brand and the group of products under the Superior on Main® ~~group of products~~brand (e.g., eclairs, madeleines, brownies and iced cookies). Our product assortment, which includes snack cakes, muffins, donuts and pies, is sold to customers’ warehouses and distribution centers by the case or in display ready corrugate units. ~~Our retail customers then~~Retailers display and sell our products to the end consumer in single-serve, multi-pack or club-pack formats. We sell our products primarily to supermarket chains, national mass merchandisers and convenience stores, along with a smaller portion of our product sales going to dollar stores, vending, club, and ~~club locations.~~other retail outlets.

Our revenues are driven by average net price and total volume of products sold. Factors that impact unit pricing and sales volume include product mix, the cost of ingredients, the promotional activities implemented by our Company and our competitors, industry capacity, new product initiatives and quality and consumer preferences. We do not keep a significant backlog of finished goods inventory, as our fresh baked products are promptly shipped to our distribution centers after being produced and then distributed to customers.

Cost of Goods Sold

Cost of goods sold consists of ingredients, packaging, labor, energy, other production costs, warehousing and transportation costs for the distribution of our products to our customers. The cost of ingredients and packaging represent the majority of our total costs of goods sold. All costs that are incurred at the bakeries are included in cost of goods sold. We do not allocate any corporate functions into cost of goods sold.

Our cost of ingredients consists principally of flour, sweeteners, edible oils and cocoa, which are subject to substantial price fluctuations, as is the cost of paper, corrugate, films and plastics used to package our products. The prices for raw materials are influenced by a number of factors, including the weather, crop production, transportation and processing costs, government regulation and policies and worldwide market supply and demand. We also rely on fuel products, such as natural gas, diesel, propane and electricity, to operate our bakeries and produce our products. Fluctuations in the prices of the raw materials or fuel products used in the production, packaging or transportation of our products affect the cost of products sold and our product pricing strategy. We utilize forward buying strategies through short-term and long-term advance purchase contracts to lock in prices for certain high-volume raw materials, packaged components and certain fuel inputs. Through these initiatives, we believe we are able to obtain competitive pricing.

Advertising and Marketing

Our advertising and marketing expenses primarily relate to our advertising campaigns, which include social media, ~~radio, billboard,~~ print, online advertising, local promotional events and monthly agency fees. We also invest in wire and corrugate displays delivered to customers to display our products off shelf, field marketing and merchandising to reset and check the store inventory on a regular basis and marketing employment costs.

Selling Expense

Selling expenses primarily include sales management, employment, travel, and related expenses, as well as broker fees. We utilize brokers for sales support, including merchandising and order processing.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses primarily include employee and related expenses for the accounting, planning, customer service, legal, human resources, corporate operations, research and development, purchasing, logistics and executive functions. Also included are professional ~~services relating~~service fees related to ~~our corporate~~ audit and tax, ~~fees,~~ legal, ~~fees,~~ outsourced ~~fees relating to~~ information technology functions, transportation planning, and corporate site and insurance costs.

The majority of our research and development spend is dedicated to enhancing and expanding our product lines ~~in response~~responding to changing consumer preferences and trends and continuing to enhance the taste of our products. In addition, our research and development organization provides technical support to ensure that our core products are consistently produced in accordance with our high quality standards and specifications. Finally, this department is charged with developing processes to reduce our costs without adversely affecting the quality of our products.

Related Party Expenses

Non-Controlling Interest

Subsequent to the Business Combination, Hostess Brands, Inc. consolidated the financial position and results of operations of Hostess Holdings. Mr. Metropoulos and the Metropoulos Entities hold their equity investment in us primarily through Class B limited partnership units in the Company’s subsidiary, Hostess Holdings, (“Class B Units”) and an equal number of shares of the Company’s Class B common stock (“Class B Stock”). Our Class B Stock has voting, but no economic rights, while Hostess Holdings’ Class B Units have economic, but no voting rights. Each Class B Unit, together with a share of Class B Stock held by the Metropoulos Entities, is exchangeable for a share of the Company’s Class A common stock (or at the option of the Company, the cash equivalent thereof). The Company holds 100% of the general partnership interest in Hostess Holdings and a majority of the limited partnership interests, and consolidates Hostess Holdings in the Company’s ~~Consolidated Financial Statements.~~consolidated financial statements. The interest of the Metropoulos Entities in Hostess Holdings’ Class B Units is reflected in our ~~Consolidated Financial Statements~~consolidated financial statements as a ~~noncontrolling~~non-controlling interest.

For periods prior to the Business Combination, Hostess Holdings consolidated the financial position and results of operations of New Hostess Holdco, LLC. The portion of New Hostess Holdco, LLC not owned by Hostess Holdings (which constituted a profits interest plan for management) was recognized as a non-controlling interest in its consolidated financial statements.

Factors Impacting Recent Results

Long-term Debt Refinancing and Interest Rate Risk Management

On November 18, 2016, we refinanced our first and second lien term loans (the “Former First and Second Lien Term Loans”) into one new first lien term loan in the aggregate principal amount of $998.8 million and with a maturity date of August 3, 2022 (the “New First Lien Term Loan”).

To manage the risk related to our variable rate debt, on April 7, 2017, we entered into an interest rate swap contract with a counter party to make a series of payments based on a fixed interest rate of 1.78% and receive a series of payments based on the greater of LIBOR or 0.75%. Both the fixed and floating payment streams are based on a notional amount of $500 million at the inception of the contract and will be reduced by $100 million each year of the five year contract.

On May 19, 2017, the New First Lien Term Loan was amended resulting in a 0.5% decrease to the margin applied to our variable rate (the “Second Amended First Lien Term Loan”). The maturity date of August 3, 2022 remained unchanged.

Acquisition of Superior

On May 10, 2016, we acquired the stock of Superior for $51.0 million, including cash. The purchase price was subject to working capital and other purchase price adjustments as described in the stock purchase agreement. Superior is located in Southbridge, Massachusetts and manufactures eclairs, madeleines, brownies, and iced cookies. We acquired Superior to expand our market and product offerings in the “In-Store Bakery” section of retailers.

Seasonality

Sweet baked goods revenues tend to be moderately seasonal, with declines during the early winter period, which we believe are attributable to altered consumption patterns during the holiday season. We expect this trend to continue and continue to be applicable to our business. We strive to mitigate the seasonality by running certain targeted promotional campaigns.

Unaudited Statement of Operations

Historical and Pro Forma*


	(Successor)				Historicalⁱ (Predecessor)						Pro forma				(Successor)				Historicalⁱ (Predecessor)								Pro Forma
(In thousands, except per share data)	Three Months Ended March 31, 2017		% of Net Revenues		Three Months Ended March 31, 2016		Pro Forma Adjustments				Three Months Ended March 31, 2016		% of Net Revenues		Three Months Ended September 30, 2017		% of Net Revenues		Three Months Ended September 30, 2016				Pro Forma Adjustments				Three Months Ended September 30, 2016				% of Net Revenues
Net revenue	$	184,538	100.0	%	$	160,217	$	—			$	160,217	100.0	%	$	192,250	100.0	%	$	196,197			$	—			$	196,197			100.0	%
Cost of goods sold	105,243		57.0		89,892		258			ii	90,150		56.3		113,885		59.2		113,618				(185		)	ii	113,433				57.8
Gross profit	$	79,295	43.0	%	$	70,325	$	(258	)		$	70,067	43.7	%	78,365		40.8		82,579				185				82,764				42.2

Operating costs and expenses:
Advertising and marketing	7,322		4.0		7,199		—				7,199		4.5		8,871		4.6		10,381				—				10,381				5.3
Selling expense	8,112		4.4		6,795		—				6,795		4.2		7,606		4.0		8,271				—				8,271				4.2
General and administrative	13,183		7.1		9,638		(56		)	ii	9,582		6.0		14,494		7.5		10,784				(346		)	ii	10,438				5.3
Amortization of customer relationships	5,872		3.2		156		6,033			iii	6,189		3.9		5,994		3.1		156				5,938			iii	6,094				3.1
Impairment of property and equipment	—		—		7,267		—				7,267		4.5		1,003		0.5		—				—				—				—
Loss on sale/abandonment of property and equipment and bakery shutdown costs	—		—		180		—				180		0.1
Business combination transaction costs	—		—		215		(215		)	iv	—		—		—		—		4,049				(4,049		)	iv	—				—
Related party expenses	83		—		1,235		—				1,235		0.8		92		—		1,058				—				1,058				0.5
Tax receivable agreement liability remeasurement															1,589		0.8		—				—				—				—
Recall and other costs (recoveries)															—		—		(3,787		)		—				(3,787		)		(1.9	)
Total operating costs and expenses	$	34,572	18.7	%	$	32,685	$	5,762			$	38,447	24.0	%	39,649		20.5		30,912				1,543				32,455				16.5
Operating income	44,723		24.2		37,640		(6,020		)		31,620		19.7		38,716		20.1		51,667				(1,358		)		50,309				25.7
Other expense:
Interest expense, net	9,830		5.3		17,849		(4,624		)	v	13,225		8.3		9,966		5.2		18,004				(4,623		)	v	13,381				6.8
(Gain) loss on debt extinguishment	—		—		—		—				—		—
Loss on modification of debt															2,122		1.1		—			—	—				—			—	—
Other expense	714		0.4		1,254		—				1,254		0.8		182		0.1		173				—				173				0.1
Total other expense	$	10,544	5.7	%	$	19,103	$	(4,624	)		$	14,479	9.1	%	12,270		6.4		18,177				(4,623		)		13,554				6.9
Income before income taxes	34,179		18.5		18,537		(1,396		)		17,141		10.7		26,446		13.7		33,490				3,265				36,755				18.7
Income tax expense	9,980		5.4		—		4,883			vi	4,883		3.0
Income tax expense (benefit)															10,316		5.4		(23		)		10,496			vi	10,473				5.3
Net income	24,199		13.1		18,537		(6,279		)		12,258		7.7	%	16,130		8.3		33,513				(7,231		)		26,282				13.4
Less: Net income attributable to the non-controlling interest	8,367		4.5		928		3,369			vii	4,297		2.7		6,581		3.4		2,329				6,852			vii	9,181				4.7
Net income attributable to Class A shareholders	$	15,832	8.6	%	$	17,609	$	(9,648	)		$	7,961	5.0	%	$	9,549	4.9	%	$	31,184			$	(14,083	)		$	17,101			8.7	%

Earnings per Class A share:
Basic	$	0.16									$	0.08			$	0.10											$	0.18
Diluted	$	0.15									$	0.08			$	0.09											$	0.18

Weighted-average shares outstanding:
Basic	98,250,917						97,859,217			viii	97,589,217				99,557,183								97,589,217			viii	97,589,217
Diluted	104,773,887						97,589,217			viii	97,589,217				105,418,566								97,589,217			viii	97,589,217

*For ~~comparative purposes,~~convenience, we ~~are presenting a~~have included this supplemental ~~unaudited~~ pro forma ~~statement of operations~~information for the three months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2016 ~~and we discuss such pro forma results compared~~that gives effect to the ~~Successor’s results for the three months ended March 31, 2017 below.~~Business Combination as if such information had been consummated on January 1, 2016.

The unaudited pro forma statements of operations for the three months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2016 presents our consolidated results of operations giving pro forma effect to the Business Combination as if it had occurred as of January 1, 2016. The pro forma adjustments are based on available information and upon assumptions that our management believes are reasonable in order to reflect, on a pro forma basis, the impact of these transactions on the historical financial information of our Predecessor and Successor entities, as applicable.

The Business Combination was accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting. The ~~initial~~ estimated fair values of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities as of the Closing Date, which are based on the consideration paid and our estimates and assumptions, are reflected herein. The total purchase price to acquire Hostess Holdings has been allocated to the assets acquired and assumed liabilities of Hostess Holdings, based upon preliminary estimated fair values at the Closing Date. We utilized third-party valuation specialists to assist our management in determining the fair values of the acquired assets and liabilities assumed. ~~As of March 31, 2017, we have not completed our review of the estimated fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the Closing Date.~~

The unaudited pro forma financial information contains a variety of adjustments, assumptions and estimates, is subject to numerous other uncertainties and the assumptions and adjustments as described in the accompanying notes hereto and should not be relied upon as being indicative of our results of operations had the Business Combination occurred on January 1, 2016. The unaudited pro forma financial information also does not project our results of operations for any future period or date. The acquisition of Superior Cake Products, Inc. (“Superior”) occurred in May 2016. The unaudited pro forma consolidated financial information for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 does not include the results of the Superior acquisition and its related operations prior to the acquisition. We evaluated the impact of the Superior acquisition on the Company’s financial statements and concluded that the impact was not significant and did not ~~require nor~~ separately warrant the inclusion of pro forma financial results assuming the acquisition of Superior aton January 1, 2016 under ~~applicable~~ SEC rules and regulations or under GAAP. The pro forma adjustments give effect to the items identified in the pro forma table above in connection with the Business Combination.


i.	The amounts in these columns represent our Hostess Holdings historical results of operations for the period reflected. Certain amounts previously reported within the 2016 Hostess Holdings quarterly financial statements have been reclassified to conform with the current financial statement presentation.


ii.	Represents the adjustment to depreciation expense associated with the allocation of purchase price to property and equipment.


iii.	Represents additional amortization expense associated with the fair value recognized for customer relationships in connection with the Business Combination.


iv.	This adjustment consists primarily of legal and professional fees and other costs associated with the Business Combination.


v.	Represents the reduction in interest expense due to the repayment of Hostess Holdings debt pursuant to the terms of the Business Combination.


vi.	Represents the effective income tax rate of 28.5%, giving effect to the non-controlling interest, a partnership for income tax purposes.


vii.	Represents the elimination of historical income attributable to the non-controlling interest and attributes a portion of the pro forma income to the non-controlling interest created in the Business Combination. Income is allocated to the non-controlling interest based on its pro rata share of the total equity of Hostess Holdings.


viii.	Represents the basic and diluted weighted average number of Class A shares that would have been outstanding had the Business Combination occurred on January 1, 2016. The outstanding warrants were determined not to be dilutive.

Reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure commonly used in our industry and should not be construed as an alternative to net income as an indicator of operating performance or as an alternative to cash flow provided by operating activities as a measure of liquidity (each as determined in accordance with GAAP). ~~Adjusted EBITDA~~This measure may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies. We have included ~~adjusted EBITDA~~these measures because we believe ~~it provides~~they provide management and investors with additional information to measure our performance and liquidity, estimate our value and evaluate our ability to service debt.

We define adjusted EBITDA as net income adjusted to exclude (i) interest expense, net, (ii) depreciation and amortization, (iii) income taxes and (iv) as further adjusted to eliminate the impact of certain items that we do not consider indicative of our ongoing operating performance. These further adjustments are itemized below. You are encouraged to evaluate these adjustments and the reasons we consider them appropriate for supplemental analysis. In evaluating adjusted EBITDA, you should be aware that in the future we may incur expenses that are the same as or similar to some of the adjustments set forth below. Our presentation of adjusted EBITDA should not be construed as an inference that our future results will be unaffected by unusual or non-recurring items.

Adjusted EBITDA has important limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider it in isolation, or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. For example, adjusted EBITDA:

does not reflect our capital expenditures, future requirements for capital expenditures or contractual commitments;

does not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs;

does not reflect the significant interest expenses, or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payments, on our debt;

does not reflect any cash requirements for the assets being depreciated and amortized that may have to be replaced in the future; and

does not reflect payments related to income taxes, the tax receivable agreement or distributions to the non-controlling interest to reimburse its tax liability.

Our presentation of adjusted EBITDA does not exclude the normal annual cash payments associated with our employment arrangements with Mr. Metropoulos as the Chief Executive Officer and/or Executive Chairman. These payments were $0.1 million and $0.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, and $1.1 million and $3.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively. Following completion of the Business Combination, these cash expenses will be approximately $0.3 million annually.



Reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA (Unaudited)

(In thousands)		Three Months Ended September 30, 2017		Pro Forma Three Months Ended September 30, 2016

Net income		$	16,130	$	26,282
Plus non-GAAP adjustments:
Income tax provision		10,316		10,473
Interest expense, net		9,966		13,381
Depreciation and amortization		9,722		9,103
Share-based compensation	i.	3,630		—
Tax receivable agreement liability remeasurement	ii.	1,589		—
Recall and other	iii.	—		(3,787		)
Other expense	iv.	182		173
Loss on debt modification	v.	2,122		—
Impairment of property and equipment	vi.	1,003		—
Adjusted EBITDA		$	54,660	$	55,625


i.	For the three months ended September 30, 2017, the Company recognized expense related to stock compensation awarded under the Hostess Brands, Inc. 2016 Equity Incentive Plan.


ii.	For the three months ended September 30, 2017, the Company incurred a loss on the remeasurement of the tax receivable agreement due to a change in a state tax law.


iii.	For the pro forma three months ended September 30, 2016, the Company recovered costs previously incurred in the second quarter of 2016 related to the voluntary recall of product containing undeclared peanut residue attributed to one of the Company’s suppliers.


iv.	During the three months ended September 30, 2017, the Company incurred professional fees related to the registration of certain privately held securities. During the pro forma three months ended September 30, 2016, the Company incurred professional fees attributable to the pursuit of a potential acquisition that has since been abandoned, and other special projects.


v.	During the three months ended September 30, 2017, previously capitalized debt issuance costs were expensed.


vi.	During the three months ended September 30, 2017, the Company transitioned the production of one of its products to a third party and recognized an impairment loss resulting from the idling of the related production equipment.

Net Revenue

Net revenue of $192.3 million decreased 2.0%, or $3.9 million, compared to historical and pro forma net revenue of $196.2 million for the third quarter of 2016. The third quarter 2017 growth in net revenue from current year new product initiatives of $17.0 million, particularly Chocolate Cake Twinkies®, White Fudge Ding Dongs® and Golden Cupcakes was offset primarily by a decrease in net revenue from 2016 product innovations of $14.0 million, the impact of a co-manufacturer's production challenges of approximately $3.2 million and a decrease of revenue from discontinued items of $2.2 million. Net revenue for the quarter was also impacted by point of sale and shipment disruptions from hurricanes Harvey and Irma.

Cost of Goods Sold and Gross Profit

Cost of goods sold for the three months ended September 30, 2017 of $113.9 million represents an increase of$0.3 million or 0.2% from the historical costs of goods sold of $113.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and an increase of $0.5 million or 0.4% from the pro forma costs of goods sold of $113.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016. The increase in thethree months ended September 30, 2017 from both historical and pro forma three months ended September 30, 2016 is primarily attributed to additional cost of transportation due to the tightening of shipping capacity and an increase in the percentage of orders on a refrigerated class of transportation.

Gross profit was $78.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, a decrease of $4.2 million, or 5.1%, compared to historical gross profit of $82.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and a decrease of $4.4 million, or 5.3% compared to pro forma gross profit of $82.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016. The decrease in the three months ended September 30, 2017 from both historical and pro forma three months ended September 30, 2016 was primarily attributed to the tightening of shipping capacity and an increase in the percentage of orders on a refrigerated class of transportation, which caused a 120 basis point increase in the cost of transportation as a percentage of revenue. In addition, there was a shift in product mix due to growth in multi-pack and club-pack sales.

Gross margin was 40.8% for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to historical gross margin of 42.1% for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and pro forma gross margin of 42.2% for the three months ended September 30, 2016. The decrease in margin for the three months ended September 30, 2017 from both historical and pro forma gross margin for the three months ended September 30, 2016 is primarily due to additional transportation costs and a shift in product mix.

Gross profit for the Sweet Baked Goods segment for the three months ended September 30, 2017 was $73.0 million, or 42.0% of net revenue, compared to gross profit of $76.8 million or 44.0% of net revenue for the historical three months ended September 30, 2016. Gross margin decreased due to the tightening of shipping capacity and an increase in the percentage of orders on a refrigerated class of transportation, which caused a 120 basis point increase in the cost of transportation as a percentage of revenue. In addition, there was a shift in product mix due to growth in multi-pack and club-pack sales.

Gross profit for the Other segment for the three months ended September 30, 2017 was $5.4 million, or 28.9% of net revenue, compared to historical gross profit of $5.8 million, or 26.7% of net revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2016. The increase in margin was attributed to efficiencies in In-Store Bakery operations.

Operating Costs and Expenses

Advertising and Marketing

Advertising and marketing expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2017 of $8.9 million represents a decrease of 14.5% over the historical and pro forma advertising and marketing expenses of $10.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 as a result of lower packaging design costs and reduced permanent wire display deployment during the quarter.

Selling Expense

Selling expense of $7.6 million, or 4.0% of revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2017 was comparable to $8.3 million, or 4.2% of revenue on a historical and pro forma basis for the three months ended September 30, 2016.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2017 of $14.5 million represent an increase of $3.7 million or 34.4% over historical general and administrative expenses of $10.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and an increase of $4.1 million or 38.9% over the pro forma general and administrative expenses of $10.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016. The increase of the third quarter 2017 expenses over both the historical and pro forma third quarter 2016 expenses is attributed to increased non-cash share-based compensation of $3.6 million.

Amortization of Customer Relationships

Amortization of customer relationships was $6.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to historical customer relationships amortization of $0.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and pro forma customer relationships amortization of $6.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016. For the third quarter 2016 on a historical basis, amortization expense was based on the valuation of customer relationships acquired from Old Hostess in 2013. The amortization expense for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and the three months ended September 30, 2016 on a pro forma basis reflects the new valuation of the customer relationships acquired through the Business Combination.

Impairment of Property and Equipment

During the three months ended September 30, 2017, we idled a production line in our Columbus, Georgia facility and transitioned the production to a third party. We recognized an impairment loss of $1.0 million.

Related Party Expenses

Related party expenses were $0.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 compared to historical and pro forma expenses of $1.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016. These expenses represent payments made to Mr. Metropoulos under the terms of his employment arrangements. Following the Business Combination, the expenses associated with Mr. Metropoulos’s employment arrangement are estimated to be $0.3 million annually.

Tax Receivable Agreement Liability Remeasurement

For the three months ended September 30, 2017, we recorded a loss of $1.6 million due to an adjustment to the tax receivable agreement resulting from a change in a state tax law.

Recall and Other Costs

During the three months ended September 30, 2016, we recovered approximately $4.0 million of previously recognized costs when it was determined that expenses incurred to recall 710,000 cases of snack cakes and donuts for undeclared peanut residue in certain lots of flour would be reimbursed by our flour supplier, Graincraft.

Operating Income

The 25.1% decrease in operating income from a historical basis of $51.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 to $38.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 is primarily from the increase in additional customer relationship amortization as well as share-based compensation, which is included within general and administrative expenses. The decrease was also attributed to lower gross profit due to a change in product mix and lower overall revenues.

Interest Expense, net

Our interest expense decreased 44.6% from $18.0 million for the historical three months ended September 30, 2016 to $10.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 primarily from the refinancing of our Second Lien Term Loan in November 2016 and amendment of our First Lien Term Loan in May 2017. In both cases, the effective interest rate on our outstanding debt was decreased. Additionally, $217 million of principal was repaid as part of the Business Combination. This was offset by the additional interest expense related to our interest rate swap contract, which was effective in May 2017. Excluding expense associated with the principal repayment, interest expense for the three months ended September 30, 2017 decreased 25.5% from pro forma interest expense of $13.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016, as a result of the lower effective interest rate offset by the interest rate swap settlement.

Loss on Modification of debt

During the three months ended September 30, 2017, we expensed $2.1 million of previously capitalized debt financing charges, which are offset by a slight gain in the prior period. See Note 1-Summary of Significant Accounting Policies to the consolidated financial statements included in Part 1, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Other Expense

For the three months ended September 30, 2017, we recorded other expenses of $0.2 million which primarily consisted of professional fees related to the registration of certain privately held securities.

Income Taxes

The income tax expense of $10.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 includes an adjustment to our deferred tax liability of approximately $2.2 million caused by a change to a state tax rate. The remaining tax expense of $8.1 million represents an effective tax rate of 30.7%, giving effect to the non-controlling interest, a partnership for income tax purposes. Historical income tax benefit for the three months ended September 30, 2016 was less than $0.1 million as the Company was a partnership for income taxes prior to the Business Combination, with the exception of the loss attributed to Superior, which is taxed as a corporation. The increase from pro forma tax expense of $10.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 is due to a change in state tax law offset by a decrease in pretax income before income taxes.

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended September 30, 2017, was $54.7 million, a decrease of $1.0 million, or (1.7)%, compared to pro forma adjusted EBITDA of $55.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016. As a percentage of net revenue, adjusted EBITDA was 28.4% for the three months ended September 30, 2017, compared to pro forma adjusted EBITDA of 28.4% of net revenues for the three months ended September 30, 2016.

Segments

We have two reportable segments: “Sweet Baked Goods” and “Other.” Sweet Baked Goods consists of sweet baked goods that are sold under the Hostess® and Dolly Madison® brands. Other consists of Hostess® branded bread and buns, which we launched in April 2015, frozen retail (which consists of deep-fried Twinkies®, launched in August 2016) and “In-Store Bakery,” or “ISB” (which consists of Superior, which we purchased in May 2016, and manufactures and distributes eclairs, madeleines, brownies, and iced cookies in the ISB section of retailers), and licensing.

We evaluate performance and allocate resources based on net revenue and gross profit. Information regarding the operations of these reportable segments is as follows:



	Unaudited Segment Financial Data
(In thousands)	Three Months Ended September 30, 2017		Three Months Ended September 30, 2016
	(Successor)		(Predecessor)
Net revenue:
Sweet Baked Goods	$	173,552	$	174,473
Other	18,698		21,724
Net revenue	$	192,250	$	196,197

Gross profit:
Sweet Baked Goods	$	72,965	$	76,777
Other	5,400		5,802
Gross profit	$	78,365	$	82,579

Capital expenditures (1):
Sweet Baked Goods	$	9,109	$	9,312
Other	205		161
Capital expenditures	$	9,314	$	9,473


(1)	Capital expenditures consists of purchases of property and equipment and acquisition and development of software assets paid in cash or acquired through accounts payable during the three months ended September 30, 2017 (Successor) and 2016 (Predecessor).

We have one customer that accounted for 10% or more of our net revenues. The percentage of net revenue from this customer is presented below by segment:



	Unaudited Segment Data
	Three Months Ended
(% of Consolidated Net Revenues)	September 30, 2017		September 30, 2016
Sweet Baked Goods	18.8	%	18.1	%
Other	0.9	%	3.1	%
Total	19.7	%	21.2	%

Unaudited Statement of Operations

Historical and Pro Forma*



	(Successor)				Historicalⁱ (Predecessor)					Pro forma
(In thousands, except per share data)	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017		% of Net Revenues		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016		Pro Forma Adjustments			Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016		% of Net Revenues
Net revenue	$	579,967	100.0	%	$	548,757	—			$	548,757	100.0	%
Cost of goods sold	333,861		57.6		309,427		315		ii	309,742		56.4
Gross profit	246,106		42.4		239,330		(315	)		239,015		43.6

Operating costs and expenses:
Advertising and marketing	24,304		4.2		27,529		—			27,529		5.0
Selling expense	24,418		4.2		23,175		—			23,175		4.2
General and administrative	43,416		7.5		32,015		(653	)	ii	31,362		5.7
Amortization of customer relationships	17,860		3.1		468		17,950		iii	18,418		3.4
Impairment of property and equipment	1,003		0.2		7,267		—			7,267		1.3
Business combination transaction costs	—		—		7,065		(6,490	)	iv	575		0.1
Related party expenses	284		—		3,431		—			3,431		0.6
Tax receivable agreement liability remeasurement	1,589		0.3		—		—			—		—
Recall and other costs (recoveries)	—		—		473		—			473		0.1
Total operating costs and expenses	112,874		19.5		101,423		10,807			112,230		20.4
Operating income	133,232		22.9		137,907		(11,122	)		126,785		23.1
Other expense:
Interest expense, net	29,831		5.1		53,746		(13,871	)	v	39,875		7.3
Loss on debt modification	1,948		0.3		—		—			—		—
Other expense	1,309		0.2		2,344		—			2,344		0.4
Total other expense	33,088		5.6		56,090		(13,871	)		42,219		7.7
Income before income taxes	100,144		17.3		81,817		2,749			84,566		15.4
Income tax expense	31,608		5.4		294		23,804		vi	24,098		4.4
Net income	68,536		11.8		81,523		(21,055	)		60,468		11.0
Less: Net income attributable to the non-controlling interest	24,325		4.2		4,110		16,954		vii	21,064		3.8
Net income attributable to Class A shareholders	$	44,211	7.6	%	$	77,413	(38,009	)		$	39,404	7.2	%

Earnings per Class A share:
Basic	$	0.45								$	0.40
Diluted	$	0.42								$	0.40

Weighted-average shares outstanding:
Basic	98,920,808						97,589,217		viii	97,589,217
Diluted	105,840,673						97,589,217		viii	97,589,217

* For convenience, we have included this supplemental pro forma information for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 that gives effect to the Business Combination as if such information had been consummated on January 1, 2016.

The unaudited pro forma statements of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 presents our consolidated results of operations giving pro forma effect to the Business Combination as if it had occurred as of January 1, 2016. The pro forma adjustments are based on available information and upon assumptions that our management believes are reasonable in order to reflect, on a pro forma basis, the impact of these transactions on the historical financial information of our Predecessor and Successor entities, as applicable.

The Business Combination was accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting. The estimated fair values of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities as of the Closing Date, which are based on the consideration paid and our estimates and assumptions, are reflected herein. The total purchase price to acquire Hostess Holdings has been allocated to the assets acquired and assumed liabilities of Hostess Holdings, based upon preliminary estimated fair values at the Closing Date. We utilized third-party valuation specialists to assist our management in determining the fair values of the acquired assets and liabilities assumed.

The unaudited pro forma financial information contains a variety of adjustments, assumptions and estimates, is subject to numerous other uncertainties and the assumptions and adjustments as described in the accompanying notes hereto and should not be relied upon as being indicative of our results of operations had the Business Combination occurred on January 1, 2016. The unaudited pro forma financial information also does not project our results of operations for any future period or date. The acquisition of Superior occurred in May 2016. The unaudited pro forma consolidated financial information for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 does not include the results of the Superior acquisition and its related operations prior to the acquisition. We evaluated the impact of the Superior acquisition on the Company’s financial statements and concluded that the impact was not significant and did not separately warrant the inclusion of pro forma financial results assuming the acquisition of Superior on January 1, 2016 under SEC rules and regulations or under GAAP. The pro forma adjustments give effect to the items identified in the pro forma table above in connection with the Business Combination.


i.	The amounts in these columns represent our Hostess Holdings historical results of operations for the period reflected. Certain amounts previously reported within the 2016 Hostess Holdings quarterly financial statements have been reclassified to conform with the current financial statement presentation.


ii.	Represents the adjustment to depreciation expense associated with the allocation of purchase price to property and equipment.


iii.	Represents additional amortization expense associated with the fair value recognized for customer relationships in connection with the Business Combination.


iv.	This adjustment consists primarily of legal and professional fees and other costs associated with the Business Combination.


v.	Represents the reduction in interest expense due to the repayment of Hostess Holdings debt pursuant to the terms of the Business Combination.


vi.	Represents the effective income tax rate of 28.5%, giving effect to the non-controlling interest, a partnership for income tax purposes.


vii.	Represents the elimination of historical income attributable to the non-controlling interest and attributes a portion of the pro forma income to the non-controlling interest created in the Business Combination. Income is allocated to the non-controlling interest based on its pro rata share of the total equity of Hostess Holdings.


viii.	Represents the basic and diluted weighted average number of Class A shares that would have been outstanding had the Business Combination occurred on January 1, 2016. The outstanding warrants were determined not to be dilutive.

Reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure commonly used in our industry and should not be construed as an alternative to net income as an indicator of operating performance or as an alternative to cash flow provided by operating activities as a measure of liquidity (each as determined in accordance with GAAP). This measure may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies. We have included these measures because we believe they provide management and investors with additional information to measure our performance and liquidity, estimate our value and evaluate our ability to service debt.

does not reflect our capital expenditures, future requirements for capital expenditures or contractual commitments;

does not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs;

does not reflect the significant interest expenses, or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payments, on our debt;

does not reflect any cash requirements for the assets being depreciated and amortized that may have to be replaced in the future; and

does not reflect payments related to income taxes, the tax receivable agreement or distributions to the non-controlling interest to reimburse its tax liability.

Our presentation of adjusted EBITDA does not exclude the normal annual cash payments associated with our employment arrangements with Mr. Metropoulos as the Chief Executive Officer and/or Executive Chairman. These payments were $0.1 million ~~for the three months ended March 31, 2017~~ and ~~$1.2~~$0.2 million for the three and nine months ended ~~March 31, 2016.~~September 30, 2017, and $1.1 million and $3.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively. Following completion of the Business Combination, these cash expenses will be approximately ~~$0.1~~$0.3 million ~~quarterly.~~

Reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA
(Unaudited)

(In thousands)
Three Months
Ended March 31,
2017

Pro Forma
Three Months
Ended March 31,
2016

Net income
$ 24,199

$ 12,258
Plus non-GAAP adjustments:

Income tax provision
9,980

4,883
Interest expense, net
9,830

13,225
Depreciation and amortization
9,266

9,065
Share-based compensation i 521

—
Other expense ii 714

1,254
Impairment of property and equipment iii —

7,267
Loss on sale/abandonment of property and equipment and bakery shutdown costs iv —

180
Adjusted EBITDA
$ 54,510

$ 48,132
annually.



Reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA (Unaudited)

(In thousands)		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017		Pro Forma Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016

Net income		$	68,536	$	60,468
Plus non-GAAP adjustments:
Income tax provision		31,608		24,098
Interest expense, net		29,831		39,875
Depreciation and amortization		28,576		27,352
Share-based compensation	i.	7,990		—
Tax receivable agreement liability remeasurement	ii.	1,589		—
Recall and other	iii.	—		473
Other expense	iv.	1,309		2,342
Loss on debt modification	v.	1,948		—
Impairment of property and equipment	vi.	1,003		7,267
Business combination transaction costs	vii.	—		575
Adjusted EBITDA		$	172,390	$	162,450


i.	For the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017, ~~we recorded expenses of $0.5 million~~the Company recognized expense related to ~~units~~stock compensation awarded under the ~~2016~~ Hostess Brands, Inc. 2016 Equity Incentive Plan.

ii.

For the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017, ~~we recorded expenses~~the Company incurred a loss on the remeasurement of ~~$0.7 million which primarily consisted of legal and professional fees related~~the tax receivable agreement due to a ~~secondary public offering of common stock which occurred~~change in April 2017. For the three months ended March 31, 2016, other expense of $1.3 million consisted of transaction costs attributable to the pursuit of a potential acquisition that has since been abandoned.state tax law.


iii.	For the ~~pro forma three~~nine months ended ~~March 31, 2016, we closed multiple production lines at the Indianapolis, Indiana bakery and transitioned production to other facilities resulting in a loss of $7.3 million.~~


~~iv.~~	~~For the three months ended March 31,~~September 30, 2016, we incurred a loss on a sale/abandonment of property and bakery shutdown costs, ~~of $0.2 million,~~ primarily due to utilities, insurance, taxes and maintenance expenses related to the Schiller Park, Illinois bakery.

iv.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, other expense primarily included professional fees incurred related to the secondary public offering of common stock and the registration of certain privately held warrants. For the pro forma nine months ended September 30, 2016, other expense primarily consisted of professional fees attributed to the pursuit of a potential acquisition that has since been abandoned, and other special projects.


v.	During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, previously capitalized debt issuance costs were expensed.

vi.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company transitioned the production of one of its products to a third party and recognized an impairment loss resulting from the idling of the related production equipment. During the pro forma nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company closed multiple production lines in Indianapolis, Indiana bakery and transitioned production to other facilities resulting in an impairment loss.


vii.	For the pro forma nine months ended September 30, 2016, business combination transaction costs consisted of professional and legal costs for the acquisition of Superior.

Net Revenue

Net revenue was ~~$184.5~~$580.0 million, ~~for the three months ended March 31, 2017,~~ an increase of ~~$24.3~~$31.2 million, or ~~15.2%~~5.7%, compared to ~~the~~ historical and pro forma net revenue of ~~$160.2~~$548.8 million for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2016. ~~This~~The increase was primarily ~~attributed~~due to ~~$9.7 million of revenue from In-Store Bakery, the initial launch of our~~ 2017 new product initiatives ~~(including Chocolate Cake Twinkies®~~along with white space opportunities growth led by In-Store Bakery (which contributed $15.0 million due to the acquisition of Superior and In-Store Bakery product innovation), ~~Golden Cupcakes,~~ and ~~White Fudge Ding Dongs®, among others), continued growth from our 2016 new product initiatives~~other developing sales channels. These amounts were partially offset by lower prior year innovation revenue and ~~increased distribution.~~discontinued items.

Cost of Goods Sold and Gross Profit

Cost of goods sold for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 of ~~$105.2~~$333.9 million represents an increase of ~~$15.4~~$24.4 million or ~~17.1%~~7.9% from the historical costs of goods sold of ~~$89.9~~$309.4 million for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2016 and an increase of ~~$15.1~~$24.1 million or ~~16.7%~~7.8% from the pro forma costs of goods sold of ~~$90.2~~$309.7 million for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2016. The increase in the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 from both historical and pro forma ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2016 is primarily attributed to the increase in revenue.

Gross profit was ~~$79.3~~$246.1 million for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017, an increase of ~~$9.0~~$6.8 million, , or ~~12.8%~~2.8%, compared to historical gross profit of ~~$70.3~~$239.3 million for ~~three~~the nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2016 and an increase of ~~$9.2~~$7.1 million, or ~~13.2%~~3.0% compared to ~~historical~~pro forma gross profit of ~~$70.1~~$239.0 million for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2016. The increase in the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 from both historical and pro forma ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2016 is primarily attributed to the increase in revenue.

Gross margin was ~~43.0%~~42.4% for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017, compared to historical gross margin of ~~43.9%~~43.6% for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2016 and ~~43.7% of~~ pro forma gross margin of 43.6% for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2016. The decrease in margin for ~~three~~the nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 from both historical and pro forma gross margin for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2016 is primarily due to a shift in product mix ~~which includes our~~to include the Company’s In-Store Bakery ~~segment.~~operations and growth in multi-pack and club-pack product sales as a percentage of total revenue. In addition, the cost of transportation as a percentage of net revenue increased 60 basis points due to tightening of shipping capacity and an increase in the percentage of orders on a refrigerated class of transportation.

Gross profit for the Sweet Baked Goods segment for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 was ~~$74.9~~$230.2 million, or ~~44.5%~~43.9% of net revenue, compared to gross profit of ~~$68.4~~$227.3 million or ~~44.2%~~44.7% of net revenue for the historical ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31, 2016 and $68.1 million, or 44.0% of net revenue, for the pro forma three months ended March 31,~~September 30, 2016. Gross margin ~~increases were~~decreased due to ~~favorable commodity pricing.~~larger growth in our multi-pack and club-pack product sales as a percentage of total sales growth. In addition, the cost of transportation as a percentage of revenue increased by approximately 60 basis points due to tightening of shipping capacity and an increase in the percentage of orders on a refrigerated class of transportation.

Gross profit for the Other segment for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 was ~~$4.4~~$15.9 million, or ~~27.4%~~28.8% of net revenue, compared to historical ~~and pro forma~~ gross profit of ~~$1.9~~$12.0 million, or ~~35.2%~~29.7% of net revenue for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2016. The decrease in margin was attributed to In-Store Bakery sales.

Operating Costs and Expenses

Advertising and Marketing

Advertising and marketing expenses for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 of ~~$7.3~~$24.3 million represents ~~an increase~~a decrease of ~~1.7%~~11.7% over the historical and pro forma advertising and marketing expenses of ~~$7.2~~$27.5 million for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31, 2016.~~September 30, 2016, as a result of lower packaging design costs and reduced permanent display deployment during the year.

Selling Expense

Selling expense ~~increased to $8.1~~of $24.4 million, or ~~4.4%~~4.2% of revenue for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 ~~from $6.8~~ was comparable to $23.2 million, or 4.2% of revenue on a historical and pro forma basis for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2016 due to the addition of In-Store Bakery operations and ~~increased brokerage costs.~~an adjustment to our bad debt expense.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 of ~~$13.2~~$43.4 million represents an increase of ~~$3.5~~$11.4 million or ~~36.8%~~35.6% over historical general and administrative expense of ~~$9.6~~$32.0 million for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2016 and an increase of ~~$3.6~~$12.1 million or ~~37.6%~~38.6% over the pro forma general and administrative expenses of ~~$9.6~~$31.4 million for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2016. The increase of the ~~first quarter~~ 2017 expenses over both the historical and pro forma ~~basis first quarter~~ 2016 expenses is attributed to increased ~~professional service expenses, increased staffing levels to support our growth,~~non-cash share-based compensation of $8.0 million and increased ~~non-cash share-based compensation.~~professional fees related to public company compliance of $2.6 million.

Amortization of Customer Relationships

Amortization of customer relationships was ~~$5.9~~$17.9 million for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017, compared to historical customer relationships amortization of ~~$0.2~~$0.5 million for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2016 and pro forma customer relationships amortization of ~~$6.2~~$18.4 million for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2016. For the ~~first~~third quarter 2016 on a historical basis, amortization expense was based on the valuation of customer relationships acquired from Old Hostess in 2013. The amortization expense for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 and the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2016 on a pro forma basis reflects the new valuation of the customer relationships acquired through the Business Combination.

Impairment of Property and Equipment

During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we idled a production line in our Columbus, Georgia facility and transitioned the production to a third party. We recognized an impairment loss of $1.0 million.

For the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2016 on a historical and pro forma basis, we recorded an impairment loss of $7.3 million resulting from the closure of multiple production lines at the Indianapolis, Indiana bakery and the transition of those production lines to other facilities. There was no such activity for the ~~three~~the nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017.

~~Loss on Sale/Abandonment~~Tax Receivable Agreement Liability Remeasurement

For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we recognized a loss of ~~Property~~$1.6 million related to a remeasurement of the tax receivable agreement due to a change in state tax law.

Recall and ~~Equipment and Bakery Shutdown~~Other Costs

For the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2016, other costs, on both a historical and pro forma basis, ~~the sale/abandonment of property and equipment and bakery shutdown costs of $0.2 million was~~are attributed to utilities, insurance, taxes, and maintenance expenses related to the closure of our Schiller Park, Illinois bakery. ~~There was no such activity for the three months ended March 31, 2017.~~

Related Party Expenses

Related party expenses were ~~$0.1~~$0.3 million for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 compared to historical and pro forma expenses of ~~$1.2~~$3.4 million for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2016. These expenses represent payments made to Mr. Metropoulos under the terms of his employment arrangements. Following the Business Combination, the expenses associated with Mr. Metropoulos’s employment arrangement are estimated to be $0.3 million annually.

Operating Income

The ~~18.8% increase~~3.4% decrease in operating income from a historical ~~basis~~operating income of ~~$37.6~~$137.9 million for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2016 to ~~$44.7~~$133.2 million for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 ~~is primarily from the~~attributed to additional depreciation and amortization and stock-based compensation in 2017 offset by an increase in ~~sales in 2017 and the impairment loss of $7.3 million in 2016, offset by additional selling, general and administrative expenses.~~ sales. When considering the additional depreciation and amortization expense resulting from the Business Combination, operating income for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 increased ~~$13.1~~$6.4 million or ~~41.4% on a~~5.0% compared to pro forma ~~basis from~~operating income for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2016.

Interest Expense, net

Our interest expense decreased ~~44.9%~~44.5% from ~~$17.8~~$53.7 million for the historical ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2016 to ~~$9.8~~$29.8 million for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 primarily from the refinancing of our Second Lien Term Loan in November 2016 ~~which resulted~~and the amendment of our First Lien Term Loan in ~~a lower~~May 2017. In both cases, our effective interest rate on ~~our~~ outstanding ~~debt.~~debt was decreased. Additionally, $217 million of principal was repaid as part of the Business Combination. ~~When~~This was offset by the additional interest expense related to our interest rate swap, which was effective in May 2017. Excluding expense associated with the principal repayment, ~~is removed,~~ interest expense for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 decreased ~~25.7%~~25.1% from pro forma interest expense of ~~$13.2~~$39.9 million for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2016, as a result of the lower effective interest ~~rate.~~rate offset by the interest rate swap settlement.

Loss on Modification of Debt

During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we expensed $2.1 million of previously capitalized debt financing charges. See Note 1-“Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” to the consolidated financial statements included in Part 1, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Other Expense

For the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017, ~~the Company~~we recorded other expenses of ~~$0.7~~$1.3 million which primarily consisted of legal and professional fees related to a secondary public offering of common stock which was completed in April 2017 and the registration of certain privately held warrants which was completed in June 2017. For the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2016, historical and pro forma other expense of ~~$1.3~~$2.3 million ~~consisted primarily~~was attributed to professional fees incurred in the pursuit of ~~professional and legal expenses for~~ a potential acquisition that was subsequently ~~abandoned.~~abandoned, and other special projects.

Income Taxes

The income tax expense of ~~$10.0~~$31.6 million for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 includes an adjustment to our deferred tax liability of approximately $2.2 million caused by a change to a state tax rate. The remaining tax expense of $29.4 million represents ~~the~~an effective tax rate of ~~29.2%,~~29.4% giving effect to the non-controlling interest, a partnership for income tax purposes. ~~The increase of 104.4% or $5.1 million from the pro forma income tax expense of $4.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016 is due to increased taxable income in the first quarter of 2017.~~ There was no historical income tax expense ~~for~~until the ~~three months ended March 31,~~acquisition of Superior in May 2016, as the Company was a partnership for income tax purposes prior to the Business Combination.

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA was ~~$54.5~~$172.4 million for the ~~first quarter of~~nine months ended September 30, 2017, an increase of ~~$6.4~~$9.9 million, or ~~13.3%~~6.1%, compared to pro forma adjusted EBITDA of ~~$48.1~~$162.5 million for the ~~pro forma first quarter of~~nine months ended September 30, 2016. As a percentage of net revenue, adjusted EBITDA was ~~29.5%~~29.7% for the first ~~quarter~~nine months of 2017, ~~compared~~which was comparable to pro forma adjusted EBITDA of ~~30.0%~~29.6% of net revenues in the same period last year. ~~The decrease is primarily due to product mix which includes our In-Store Bakery revenue. See “-Reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA” above.~~

Segments

We have two reportable segments: “Sweet Baked Goods” and “Other”. Sweet Baked Goods consists of sweet baked goods that are sold under the Hostess® and Dolly Madison® brands. Other consists of Hostess® branded bread and buns, which we launched in April 2015, frozen retail (which consists of deep-fried Twinkies®, launched in August 2016) and “In-Store Bakery,” or “ISB” (which consists of Superior, which we purchased in May 2016, and manufactures and distributes eclairs, madeleines, brownies, and iced cookies in the ISB section of retailers), and licensing.

~~The Company evaluates~~We evaluate performance and ~~allocates~~allocate resources based on net revenue and gross profit. Information regarding the operations of these reportable segments is as follows:


	Unaudited Segment Financial Data				Unaudited Segment Financial Data
(In thousands)	Three Months Ended March 31, 2017		Three Months Ended March 31, 2016		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016
	(Successor)		(Predecessor)		(Successor)		(Predecessor)
Net revenue:
Sweet Baked Goods	$	168,432	$	154,727	$	524,731	$	508,288
Other	16,106		5,490		55,236		40,469
Net revenue	$	184,538	$	160,217	$	579,967	$	548,757

Gross profit:
Sweet Baked Goods	$	74,876	$	68,393	$	230,217	$	227,322
Other	4,419		1,932		15,889		12,008
Gross profit	$	79,295	$	70,325	$	246,106	$	239,330

Capital expenditures (1):
Sweet Baked Goods	$	7,916	$	6,427	$	24,772	$	25,701
Other	374		—		643		211
Capital expenditures	$	8,290	$	6,427	$	25,415	$	25,912


(1)	Capital expenditures consists of purchases of property and equipment and acquisition and development of software assets paid in cash or acquired through accounts payable during the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 (Successor) and 2016 (Predecessor).

~~We have~~

The Company has one customer that accounted for 10% or more of ~~our~~the Company’s total net revenue. The ~~weighted percent~~percentage of total net revenues for this customer is presented below by segment:


					Unaudited Segment Data
	Unaudited Segment Data				Nine Months Ended
(% of Consolidated Net Revenues)	Three Months Ended March 31, 2017		Three Months Ended March 31, 2016		September 30, 2017		September 30, 2016
					(Successor)		(Predecessor)
Sweet Baked Goods	18.3	%	22.0	%	18.9	%	20.3	%
Other	0.7	%	—		0.8	%	1.5	%
Total	19.0	%	22.0	%	19.7	%	21.8	%

~~Seasonality~~

~~Significant and Subsequent Events~~

~~See Note 14 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 1. Financial Statements.~~

~~Acquisition of Superior~~

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our primary sources of liquidity are from the cash on the balance sheet, future cash flow generated from operations, and availability under our ~~Revolver (as discussed below)~~revolving credit agreement (“Revolver”). We believe that cash flows from operations and the current cash and cash equivalents on the balance sheet will be sufficient to satisfy the anticipated cash requirements associated with our existing operations for at least the next 12 months. Our ability to generate sufficient cash from our operating activities depends on our future performance, which is subject to general economic, political, financial, competitive and other factors beyond our control. In addition, our future capital expenditures and other cash requirements could be higher than we currently expect as a result of various factors, including any expansion of our business that we undertake, including acquisitions. We consider all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.

We had working capital, excluding cash, as of ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 of ~~$30.2~~$30.3 million and $20.6 million, respectively. We have the ability to borrow under our Revolver to meet obligations as they come due. As of ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017, we had approximately ~~$97.2~~$96.1 million available for borrowing, net of letters of credit, under our Revolver.

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Cash flows provided by operating activities for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 (Successor) were ~~$26.3~~$117.8 million and for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2016 (Predecessor) were ~~$19.0~~$89.5 million. The increase in cash flows provided by operating activities between the two periods is due to ~~increased net income.~~an increase in income before taxes and the timing of vendor payments processed through accounts payable offset by higher inventory and prepaid expense balances.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Cash flows used in investing activities for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 (Successor) and 2016 (Predecessor) were ~~$4.9~~$24.4 million and ~~$3.2~~$71.7 million, respectively. Cash outflows from investing activities ~~include purchases~~decreased from 2016 due to the acquisition of ~~property and equipment of $4.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017 and $2.8 million for the three months ended March 31,~~Superior in 2016.

Our property and equipment capital expenditures primarily consisted of strategic growth initiatives, maintenance and productivity improvements. We expect that our cash outflows for capital expenditures will be approximately ~~$25.0~~$5.0 million to ~~$35.0~~$15.0 million during the remainder of 2017.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Cash flows used in financing activities were ~~$2.5~~$19.1 million for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 (Successor) and ~~$2.6~~$18.1 million for the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31, 2016.~~September 30, 2016 (Predecessor). In both periods, financing activities were primarily attributed to ~~the~~ scheduled principal payments on ~~long-term debt.~~long term debt and distributions to partners/non-controlling interest in respect of their tax liability.

Long-Term Debt

We had no outstanding borrowings under our ~~Revolving Credit Agreement (the Revolver)~~Revolver as of ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017.

As of ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017, ~~$996.3~~$993.8 million aggregate principal amount of ~~New~~the Second Amended First Lien Term ~~Loans~~Loan and ~~$2.8~~$3.9 million aggregate principal amount of letters of credit, reducing the amount available under the Revolver, were outstanding. See Note 1214 -- “Commitments and Contingencies” to the ~~Consolidated Financial Statements~~consolidated financial statements in Part 1, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for information regarding the letters of credits.

As of ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017, the Company was in compliance with the covenants under the ~~New~~Second Amended First Lien Term Loan and the Revolver.

Commitments and Contingencies

As of ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017, the Company has commitments and contingencies for tax receivable arrangements, debt, operating leases, and advance purchase commitments. Refer to Note ~~12--Commitments~~14--“Commitments and ~~Contingencies~~Contingencies” to the ~~Consolidated Financial Statements~~consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 onof this Quarterly Report on Form ~~10-Q:~~10-Q.


Contractual Commitments	Total Committed			Commitments within 1 year			Commitments beyond 1 year
Contractual Commitments as of September 30, 2017									Total Committed		Commitments within 1 year		Commitments beyond 1 year
(In thousands)
Tax receivable agreement	$	165,384		$	—		$	165,384	$	175,487	$	—	$	175,487
New First Term Loan	996,253			9,988			986,265
Second Amended First Term Loan									993,763		9,963		983,800
Interest payments on Term Loan	213,408			39,700			173,708		180,924		36,928		143,996
Distribution Center (Shorewood, IL)									2,656		1,763		893
Corporate office lease (Kansas City, MO)	607			243			364		426		243		183
Corporate office lease (Dallas, TX)	18			18			—		6		6		—
Superior capital lease	686			200			486		683		200		483
Ingredient procurement	83,600		63,000	63,000		83,600	20,600		82,400		69,200		13,200
Packaging procurement	12,300		9,900	9,900		12,300	2,400		44,300		39,100		5,200
	$	1,472,256		$	123,049		$	1,349,207	$	1,480,645	$	157,403	$	1,323,242

Tax receivable agreement

The tax receivable agreement entered into in connection with the Business Combination (the “Tax Receivable Agreement”) generally provides for the payment by the Company to the Legacy Hostess Equityholders of 85% of the net cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax that the Company actually realizes (or is deemed to realize in certain circumstances) in periods after the closing of the Business Combination (which periods may extend, unless the Tax Receivable Agreement is terminated early in accordance with its terms, for more than 15 years following any exchange of Class B units of Hostess Holdings for shares of the Company’s Class A common stock or the cash equivalent thereof) as a result of (i) certain increases in tax basis resulting from the Business Combination; (ii) certain tax attributes of Hostess Holdings and its subsidiaries existing prior to the Business Combination and prior to subsequent exchanges of Class B units; (iii) certain increases in tax basis resulting from exchanges of Class B units; (iv) imputed interest deemed to be paid by the Company as a result of payments it makes under the Tax Receivable Agreement; and (v) certain increases in tax basis resulting from payments the Company makes under the Tax Receivable Agreement. The Company will retain the benefit of the remaining 15% of these cash savings. Certain payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement will be made to Legacy Hostess Equityholders in accordance with specified percentages, regardless of the source of the applicable tax attribute. The most significant estimate utilized by management to calculate the corresponding liability is the Company’s future cash tax savings rates, which are projected based on current tax laws and the Company’s historical and projected future tax profile. ~~The amounts recorded in~~

During the ~~Consolidated Financial Statements are~~three months ended September 30, 2017, we recognized approximately $1.6 million of expense to adjust the tax receivable agreement to reflect an increase to the estimated future cash tax savings rate attributed to a state tax law change. We recognized a corresponding loss on ~~an undiscounted basis.~~the consolidated statement of operations.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

We are exposed to interest rate market risk.

Market risk on variable-rate financial instruments

Our Second Amended First Lien Term Loan and Revolver each bear interest on outstanding borrowings thereunder at variable interest rates. The rate in effect at ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 for the outstanding Second Amended First Lien Term Loan was a LIBOR-based rate of ~~4.00%~~3.74% per annum. At ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017, the subsidiary borrower had ~~$97.2~~an aggregate principal balance of $993.8 million outstanding under the Second Amended First Lien Term Loan.At September 30, 2017, the subsidiary borrower had $96.1 million available for borrowing, net of letters of credit of ~~$2.8~~$3.9 million, under its Revolver. ~~At March 31, 2017, the subsidiary borrower had an aggregate principal balance of $996.3 million outstanding under the First Lien Term Loan.~~ Increases in market interest rates would cause interest expense to increase and earnings before income taxes to decrease. The change in interest expense and earnings before income taxes would be dependent upon the weighted average outstanding borrowings during the reporting period following an increase in market interest rates. An increase or decrease in applicable interest rates of 1% would result in an increase or decrease in interest payable of approximately $2.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017.

To manage the risk related to our variable rate debt, ~~on April 7, 2017,~~ we have entered into an interest rate swap contract with a counter party to make a series of payments based on a fixed interest rate of 1.78% and receive a series of payments based on the greater of LIBOR or 0.75%. Both the fixed and floating payment streams are based on a notional amount of $500 million at the inception of the contract and will be reduced by $100 million each year of the five year contract.

The change in interest expense and earnings before income taxes resulting from a change in market interest rates would be dependent upon the weighted average outstanding borrowings and the portion of those borrowings that are hedged by our swap contract during the reporting period following an increase in market interest rates. An increase or decrease in applicable interest rates of 1% would result in an increase or decrease in interest payable of approximately $1.3 million and $3.3 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, after accounting for the impact of our swap contract.


Item 4.	Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As required by Rule 13a-15(b) under the Exchange Act, we have evaluated, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the three months covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Based on such evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure and is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

~~There~~As of September 30, 2017 we continue to engage in the process of the design and implementation of our internal control over financial reporting in a manner commensurate with the scale of our operations subsequent to the November 4, 2016 Business Combination. We have hired a third-party consultant to assist us with this effort.

Except as disclosed above related to design and implementation, there were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the ~~three~~nine months ended ~~March 31,~~September 30, 2017 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

PART II

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

We are involved in lawsuits, claims and proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. These matters involve personnel and employment issues, personal injury, contract and other proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business, which have not resulted in any material losses to date. Although we do not expect the outcome of these proceedings to have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations, litigation is inherently unpredictable. Therefore, we could incur judgments or enter into settlements or claims that could materially impact our results.

The information required to be furnished by us under this Part II, Item 1 (Legal Proceedings) is incorporated by reference to the information contained in Note ~~12--Commitments~~14.--Commitments and Contingencies to the ~~Consolidated Financial Statements~~consolidated financial statements included in Part I, Item 1 onof this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Item 1A. ~~RISK FACTORS~~Risk Factors

Our risk factors are set forth ~~under~~in the “Risk Factors” section of our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 14, 2017. There have been no material changes to our risk factors since the filing of the Form 10-K.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information

None.

Item 6. Exhibits

~~The exhibits listed in the accompanying Exhibit Index are filed or incorporated by reference as part of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.~~

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in Kansas City, Missouri on May 9, 2017.



~~HOSTESS BRANDS, INC.~~

By	~~/S/ Thomas A. Peterson~~
	~~Thomas Peterson~~ ~~Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer~~

~~EXHIBIT INDEX~~



Exhibit No.		Description


10.1		HB Key Executive Severance Benefit Plan, dated as of September 12, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form ~~of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement~~8-K filed with the SEC on September 18, 2017)

~~10.2~~		~~Form of Restricted Stock Award Agreement~~

~~10.3~~		~~Form of Performance Unit Award Agreement~~

~~10.4~~		~~Form of Stock Option Award Agreement~~
31.1		Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002

31.2		Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002

32.1		Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002

32.2		Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes‑Oxley Act of 2002

101.INS		XBRL Instance Document

101.SCH		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

*Schedules and exhibits to this Exhibit omitted pursuant to Regulation S-K Item 601(b)(2). The Company agrees to furnish supplementally a copy of any omitted schedules or exhibitsPursuant to the ~~SEC upon request.~~requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in Kansas City, Missouri on November 8, 2017.



HOSTESS BRANDS, INC.

By	/s/ Thomas Peterson
	Thomas Peterson Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer