UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
 
FORM 10-Q
 
 
[X] QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 
For the Quarterly Period Ended September 30, 20172018
 
[ ] TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from _________ to _________.

Commission File Number: 001-37921
 
FORTERRA, INC.
 

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware 37-1830464
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

511 East John Carpenter Freeway, 6th Floor, Irving, TX 75062
(Address of principal executive offices, including zip code)
(469) 458-7973
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes [X] No [ ]
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).  Yes [X] No [ ]
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer o
 
Accelerated filer
ox
 
Non-accelerated filer
(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)
 xo
 
Smaller reporting company
o
 
Emerging growth company
o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. [ ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes [ ] No [X]
 
There were 64,278,27764,202,693 shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, of the registrant outstanding as of November 6, 2017.2, 2018.
 



TABLE OF CONTENTS

  
 Page
Part IFinancial Information 
Item 1.Financial Statements
 Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
 Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
 Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
 Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
 Notes to the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
Item 2.Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Item 3.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Item 4.Controls and Procedures
   
Part IIOther Information 
Item 1.Legal Proceedings
Item 1A.Risk Factors
Item 2.Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Item 3.Defaults Upon Senior Securities
Item 4.Mine Safety Disclosures
Item 5.Other Information
Item 6.Exhibits
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   


PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

FORTERRA, INC.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
(in thousands, except per share data)

Three months ended Nine months endedThree months ended Nine months ended
September 30, September 30,September 30, September 30,
20172016 201720162018 2017 2018 2017
(unaudited) (unaudited)(unaudited) (unaudited)
Net sales$444,257
$441,132
 $1,219,244
$1,009,851
$434,510
 $444,257
 $1,140,557
 $1,219,244
Cost of goods sold362,150
339,819
 1,022,574
789,756
357,374
 362,150
 953,743
 1,022,574
Gross profit82,107
101,313
 196,670
220,095
77,136
 82,107
 186,814
 196,670
Selling, general & administrative expenses(59,366)(62,355) (191,964)(153,076)(48,492) (59,366) (151,617) (191,964)
Impairment and exit charges(1,193)(555) (13,004)(578)(2,170) (1,193) (3,891) (13,004)
Earnings from equity method investee2,936
4,146
 9,449
9,014
2,224
 2,936
 7,745
 9,449
Other operating income, net2,008
1,946
 5,251
5,290
1,538
 2,008
 6,864
 5,251
(55,615)(56,818) (190,268)(139,350)(46,900) (55,615) (140,899) (190,268)
Income from operations26,492
44,495
 6,402
80,745
30,236
 26,492
 45,915
 6,402
          
Other income (expenses)   
Other income (expense)       
Interest expense(15,582)(31,756) (46,202)(73,885)(21,940) (15,582) (52,993) (46,202)
Other expense, net(30,866)(217) (30,866)(1,394)
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes(19,956)12,522
 (70,666)5,466
Other income (expense), net
 (30,866) 6,016
 (30,866)
Income (loss) before income taxes8,296
 (19,956) (1,062) (70,666)
Income tax (expense) benefit8,454
(8,154) 25,448
28,586
(2,793) 8,454
 (6,351) 25,448
Income (loss) from continuing operations(11,502)4,368
 (45,218)34,052
   
Discontinued operations, net of tax
4,000
 
7,069
Net income (loss)$(11,502)$8,368
 $(45,218)$41,121
$5,503
 $(11,502) $(7,413) $(45,218)
          
Basic and Diluted earnings (loss) per share:   
Continuing operations$(0.18)$0.10
 $(0.71)$0.75
Discontinued operations$
$0.09
 $
$0.16
Net income (loss)$(0.18)$0.19
 $(0.71)$0.91
Earnings (loss) per share:       
Basic$0.09
 $(0.18) $(0.12) $(0.71)
Diluted$0.09
 $(0.18) $(0.12) $(0.71)
Weighted average common shares outstanding:          
Basic and Diluted63,799
45,369
 63,794
45,369
Basic63,919
 63,799
 63,883
 63,794
Diluted64,269
 63,799
 63,883
 63,794

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements


1



FORTERRA, INC.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(in thousands)

Three months ended Nine months endedThree months ended Nine months ended
September 30, September 30,September 30, September 30,
20172016 2017201620182017 2018 2017
(unaudited) (unaudited)(unaudited) (unaudited)
Net income (loss)$(11,502)$8,368
 $(45,218)$41,121
$5,503
$(11,502) $(7,413) $(45,218)
Unrealized gain (loss) on derivative activities, net of tax(2,195)174
 (4,103)(1,253)
(2,195) 970
 (4,103)
Foreign currency translation adjustment2,762
621
 3,998
5,404
1,486
2,762
 (1,640) 3,998
Comprehensive income (loss)$(10,935)$9,163
 $(45,323)$45,272
$6,989
$(10,935) $(8,083) $(45,323)

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements


2



FORTERRA, INC.
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(in thousands, except share data)thousands)

September 30,
2017
 December 31,
2016
September 30,
2018
 December 31,
2017
ASSETS(unaudited)  (unaudited)  
Current assets      
Cash and cash equivalents$41,131
 $40,024
$30,348
 $104,534
Receivables, net266,676
 201,481
280,831
 192,654
Inventories264,292
 279,502
265,609
 236,655
Prepaid expenses5,596
 6,417
7,315
 5,381
Other current assets22,430
 5,179
18,170
 27,059
Current assets held for sale
 12,242
Total current assets600,125
 532,603
602,273
 578,525
Non-current assets      
Property, plant and equipment, net426,246
 452,914
490,439
 412,572
Goodwill504,964
 491,447
507,002
 496,141
Intangible assets, net243,603
 281,598
196,987
 225,304
Investment in equity method investee55,685
 55,236
53,315
 54,445
Other long-term assets15,992
 10,988
18,086
 18,866
Non-current assets held for sale
 25,385
Total assets$1,846,615
 $1,824,786
$1,868,102
 $1,811,238
   
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY      
Current liabilities      
Trade payables$133,899
 $134,059
$145,112
 $108,560
Accrued liabilities79,320
 82,165
70,321
 72,782
Deferred revenue8,892
 20,797
8,384
 9,029
Current portion of long-term debt12,510
 10,500
12,510
 12,510
Current portion of tax receivable agreement34,601
 34,601
Current liabilities held for sale
 4,615
Total current liabilities234,621
 247,521
270,928
 242,097
Non-current liabilities      
Senior term loan1,182,545
 990,483
Revolving credit facility
 95,064
Long-term debt1,177,382
 1,181,277
Long-term capital leases134,867
 4,155
Deferred tax liabilities77,651
 100,550
43,014
 67,481
Deferred gain on sale-leaseback76,469
 78,215
9,406
 75,743
Other long-term liabilities27,991
 23,253
20,670
 25,032
Long-term TRA payable159,003
 156,783
Long-term tax receivable agreement82,962
 82,962
Total liabilities1,758,280
 1,691,869
1,739,229
 1,678,747
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 14)

 



 

Equity      
Common stock, $0.001 par value, 64,294,793 and 63,924,124 shares issued and outstanding, respectively, and 190,000,000 shares authorized18
 18
Common stock, $0.001 par value, 190,000 shares authorized; 64,202 and 64,231 shares issued and outstanding18
 18
Additional paid-in-capital229,057
 228,316
234,487
 230,023
Accumulated other comprehensive loss(5,130) (5,025)(6,598) (5,098)
Retained deficit(135,610) (90,392)(99,034) (92,452)
Total shareholders' equity88,335
 132,917
128,873
 132,491
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity$1,846,615
 $1,824,786
$1,868,102
 $1,811,238

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements


3



FORTERRA, INC.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(in thousands)
 Nine months ended Nine months ended
 September 30, September 30,
 2017 2016 2018 2017
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES (unaudited) (unaudited) (unaudited)
Net income (loss) $(45,218) $41,121
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash (used in) provided by operating activities:
Net loss $(7,413) $(45,218)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation & amortization expense 87,463
 71,049
 79,373
 87,463
Loss on business divestiture 31,606
 
Loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment 1,749
 1,169
(Gain) / loss on business divestiture (6,016) 31,606
(Gain) / loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment (2,447) 1,749
Amortization of debt discount and issuance costs 6,061
 6,393
 6,099
 6,061
Stock-based compensation expense 4,588
 2,838
Impairment charges 10,551
 
 936
 10,551
Earnings from equity method investee (9,449) (9,014) (7,745) (9,449)
Distributions from equity method investee 9,000
 7,800
 8,875
 9,000
Unrealized (gain) loss on derivative instruments, net (2,035) 1,606
Unrealized gain on derivative instruments, net (4,291) (2,035)
Unrealized foreign currency gains, net (358) (1,314)
Provision (recoveries) for doubtful accounts 2,289
 (1,235) (1,905) 2,289
Deferred taxes (16,321) (51,846) (24,787) (16,321)
Deferred rent 1,941
 
 1,022
 1,941
Other non-cash items 1,690
 45
 77
 166
Change in assets and liabilities:        
Receivables, net (84,974) (61,591) (83,720) (84,974)
Inventories (18,217) 18,370
 (25,019) (18,217)
Other assets (15,522) (7,973)
Other current assets 6,910
 (15,522)
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities 2,668
 7,854
 25,042
 2,668
Other assets & liabilities (2,415) 7,124
 2,184
 (2,415)
NET CASH (USED IN) PROVIDED BY OPERATING ACTIVITIES (39,133) 30,872
NET CASH USED IN OPERATING ACTIVITIES (28,595) (39,133)
        
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES        
Purchase of property, plant and equipment (38,729) (27,043)
Purchase of property, plant and equipment, and intangible assets (31,474) (38,729)
Proceeds from business divestiture 23,200
 
 618
 23,200
Assets and liabilities acquired, business combinations, net (35,380) (872,471)
Proceeds from sale of fixed assets 4,874
 
Settlement of net investment hedges (4,990) 
Business combinations, net of cash acquired (4,500) (35,380)
NET CASH USED IN INVESTING ACTIVITIES (50,909) (899,514) (35,472) (50,909)
        
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES        
Proceeds from sale-leaseback 
 216,280
Deferred transaction costs on failed sale-leaseback 
 (6,492)
Payment of debt issuance costs (2,498) (10,638) 
 (2,498)
Payment of equity issuance costs 
 (6,669)
Payments on term loans (8,880) (2,191) (9,383) (8,880)
Proceeds from term loans, net 200,000
 548,400
 
 200,000
Proceeds from revolver 194,000
 131,611
 
 194,000
Payments on revolver (293,000) (55,173) 
 (293,000)
Proceeds from settlement of derivatives 
 6,546
Capital contribution from parent 
 402,127
Payments for return of contributed capital 
 (363,582)
Other financing activities (232) 
 (385) (232)
NET CASH PROVIDED BY FINANCING ACTIVITIES 89,390
 860,219
NET CASH (USED IN) PROVIDED BY FINANCING ACTIVITIES (9,768) 89,390
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash 1,759
 1,050
 (351) 1,759
Net change in cash and cash equivalents 1,107
 (7,373) (74,186) 1,107
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period 40,024
 43,590
 104,534
 40,024
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period $41,131
 $36,217
 $30,348
 $41,131
        
SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES:
Cash interest paid $40,968
 $51,476
 $50,217
 $40,968
Income taxes paid 27,590
 
 21,508
 27,590
SUPPLEMENTAL NON-CASH INVESTING AND FINANCING DISCLOSURES:
Assets and liabilities acquired in non-cash exchange 18,140
 
Fair value changes of derivatives recorded in OCI, net of tax (4,103) (1,253) 970
 (4,103)
Capital lease obligation (148,962) 

4


FORTERRA, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements




1. Organization and description of the business

Description of the Business

Forterra, Inc. (“Forterra” or the ‘‘Company’’) is involved in the manufacturing, sale and distribution of building materialsproducts in the United States (‘‘U.S.’’) and Eastern Canada. Forterra’s primary products are concrete drainage pipe, precast concrete structures, and water transmission pipe used in drinking and wastewater systems. These products are used in the residential, infrastructure and non-residential sectors of the construction industry.
Organization

Forterra, a Delaware corporation, was formed on June 21, 2016 to hold the business of Forterra Building Products followingProducts. The entities comprising the Reorganization (as defined below).

The Acquisition

The business of Forterra Building Products includedwere indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries of HeidelbergCement A.G. ("HC") prior to its acquisition by LSF9 Concrete Holdings Ltd. (“LSF9”("LSF9"). on March 13, 2015, including certain businesses that were divested between March 2015 and October 2016. In October 2016, in a corporate reorganization transaction (the "Reorganization") ownership of the remaining businesses of Forterra Building Products was transferred to Forterra, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Forterra US Holdings, LLC, which is indirectly wholly-owned by an affiliate of Lone Star Fund IX (U.S.),L.P. (along with its affiliates, related parties and associates,associated, but excluding the Company and other companies that it owns as a result of its investment activity, “Lone Star”), through its wholly-owned subsidiary LSF9, acquired the business of Forterra Building Products on March 13, 2015 (the “Acquisition”"Lone Star"). LSF9, which was formed on February 6, 2015 for the purpose of acquiring the business of Forterra Building Products, had no operations prior to the date of the Acquisition.

Prior to the Acquisition, the entities comprising the business of Forterra Building Products were indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries of HeidelbergCement A.G. (“HeidelbergCement”) a publicly listed company in Germany, encompassing HeidelbergCement's North American building products operations (“BP NAM”). LSF9 acquired BP NAM in the Acquisition, a business combination which also included the acquisition of HeidelbergCement’s U.K.-based building products operations for a total purchase price of $1.33 billion in cash, subject to a possible earn-out of up to $100.0 million as contingent consideration. The acquisition of BP NAM and HeidelbergCement's U.K.-based building products business was funded with an equity investment of $432.3 million and third-party debt in the amount of $940.0 million. As HeidelbergCement's U.K.-based building products operations are not part of Forterra, Forterra was allocated a proportion of the total debt and equity used in the Acquisition. See Note 11, Debt and deferred financing costs.
Initial Public Offering

On October 6, 2016, Forterra filed an Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation which increased the number of authorized shares of common stock from 1,000 with a par value of $0.01 per share to 190,000,000 with a par value of $0.001 per share, and, immediately after which, effected a 41,619.472 for one stock split (the “Stock Split”) of it's issued and outstanding common stock previously approved by the Company's Board of Directors. Following the Stock Split there were 41,619,472 shares of common stock outstanding. The Company's Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation has also authorized 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock that may be issued at the approval of the Company's Board of Directors. No shares of preferred stock have been issued or were outstanding as of December 31, 2016 or September 30, 2017.

On October 25, 2016, Forterra sold 18,420,000 shares of common stock in its initial public offering (the “IPO”) at a public offering price of $18.00 per share. The Company received net proceeds of $313.3 million in the IPO..

Reorganization

Prior to the consummation of the IPO, LSF9 distributed its brick operations in the United States and Eastern Canada to an affiliate of Lone Star (the “Bricks Disposition”), recognized as a return of capital in the statement of shareholders' equity. Following the Bricks Disposition and prior to the consummation of the IPO, the remaining building products operations of LSF9 in the United States and Eastern Canada were transferred to Forterra in an internal reorganization under common control transaction (the “Reorganization”). Following the Reorganization, Forterra became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Forterra US Holdings, LLC, which is indirectly wholly owned by an affiliate of Lone Star.      

5


FORTERRA, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements



The Reorganization was accounted for as a change in reporting entity, and the condensed consolidated financial statements have been retrospectively adjusted for all periods presented to reflect the new organizational structure following the Reorganization, including the presentation of discontinued operations associated with the Bricks Disposition.

Refinancing

Concurrent with the completion of the IPO, Forterra entered into a new $300 million asset based revolving credit facility for working capital and general corporate purposes (the “2016 Revolver”) and a new $1.05 billion senior term loan facility (“2016 Senior Term Loan”), the proceeds of which, together with a $125.0 million draw on the 2016 Revolver and $296.0 million in proceeds from the IPO, were used to repay in full and terminate the then-existing asset based revolving credit facility (the “2015 Revolver”), $1.04 billion senior term loan (the “2015 Senior Term Loan”) and $260.0 million junior term loan (the “Junior term Loan”) (collectively, the “Refinancing”). On May 1, 2017, the Company amended the 2016 Senior Term Loan to increase the principal outstanding by an additional $200.0 million and to reduce the interest margin applicable to the full balance of the 2016 Senior Term Loan.

The terms of the 2016 Senior Term Loan and the 2016 Revolver are described in greater detail in Note 11, Debt and deferred financing costs.

Recent Transactions

On July 31, 2017, the Company sold its U.S. concrete and steel pressure pipe business to Thompson Pipe Group (“TPG”) for aggregate consideration of $23.2 million (the “U.S. Pressure Pipe Divestiture”), as well as certain assets relating to a U.S. drainage facility. The Company used the net proceeds from the transaction to partially pay down the balance outstanding on its 2016 Revolver. The U.S. Pressure Pipe Divestiture generated a loss of $31.6 million recorded in other expense, net in the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations. In addition, during the second quarter of 2017, in connection with the pending U.S. Pressure Pipe Divestiture, the Company recorded a pre-tax long-lived asset impairment charge of $7.5 million within impairment and exit charges in the Company's condensed consolidated statements of operations. See Note 20, Discontinued operations and divestitures for additional details regarding the transaction.


6


FORTERRA, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements



2. Summary of significant accounting policies

General

The Company's condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) and include the accounts and results of operations of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The condensed consolidated balance sheets and the condensed consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss) and cash flows for the periods presented herein reflect all adjustments that are of a normal recurring nature and are necessary for a fair statement of the results of the periods shown. Certain information and note disclosures normally included in annual financial statements have been condensed or omitted pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

The results of operations for the periods presented are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2017.2018. Seasonal changes and other conditions can affect the sales volumes of the Company's products. The financial results for any interim period do not necessarily indicate the expected results for the year.

These condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 20162017 as provided in Forterra, Inc.'s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 20162017 filed with the SEC on March 31, 20177, 2018 (the “2016“2017 10-K”). The Company has continued to follow the accounting policies set forth in those financial statements, except as supplemented and documented below.

During the first quarter of 2017, the Company identified and corrected prior period errors related to cost accrual items which should have been recognized in 2016. A cumulative correction was recorded during the quarter ended March 31, 2017 whichthat increased pretax loss by $4.6 million, which consisted of a $3.3 million increase to cost of goods sold and a $2.0 million increase to selling, general and administrative expenses, partially offset by a $0.7 million increase in revenues. The Company evaluated the impact of correcting these errors and concluded the errors were immaterial to operating results for the year ended December 31, 2016, expected annual operating results for the year ended December 31, 2017 and the trend of earnings.

Long-lived
5


FORTERRA, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements



Use of estimates

The preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets heldand liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the reporting date, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from these estimates. These estimates are based on management’s best knowledge of current events and actions that the Company may undertake in the future. The more significant estimates made by management relate to fair value estimates for saleassets and liabilities acquired in business combinations; estimates for accrued liabilities for environmental cleanup, bodily injury and insurance claims; estimates for commitments and contingencies; and estimates for the realizability of deferred tax assets, the tax receivable agreement obligation, inventory reserves, allowance for doubtful accounts and impairment of goodwill and long-lived assets.

Credit Risk

The Company had an individual customer within its Water Pipe & Products segment that accounted for more than 10% of total net sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The customer represented approximately 14% of the Company's total net sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, and amounts receivable from the customer at September 30, 2018 represented approximately 15% of the Company's total receivables, net.

The Company accounts for long-lived assets held for sale in accordance withRecent Accounting Guidance Adopted - Revenue recognition

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”Update ("ASU") 360,2014-09, AccountingRevenue from Contracts with Customers(Topic 606) and issued subsequent amendments to the initial guidance. Topic 606supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in Topic 605, Revenue Recognition. The new guidance outlines a single comprehensive model for accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers. This guidance requires an entity to recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services and also requires certain additional disclosures. The Company adopted the new standard on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method which did not have a material impact on the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements for the Impairmentthree and nine months ending September 30, 2018 and is not expected to have a material impact in future periods. No adjustment to retained earnings was required for the cumulative effect of initially applying the new standard. Results for periods beginning on or Disposal of Long-Lived Asset, after January 1, 2018 are presented under Topic 606, which requires assetsprior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with the prior accounting guidance under Topic 605, Revenue Recognition.

Revenue recognition policy

The Company's revenue contracts are primarily single performance obligations for the sale of product both to trade customers and distributors. A majority of revenue recognized by the Company is recognized at the time control is transferred to customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for the products. The Company considers several indicators for the transfer of control to its customers, including the significant risks and rewards of ownership of products, the Company's right to payment and the legal title of the products. Based upon the assessment of control indicators, sales to trade customers and distributors are generally recognized when products are delivered to customers.

All variable consideration that may affect the total transaction price, including contractual discounts, rebates, returns and credits, is included in net sales. Estimates for variable consideration are based on historical experience, anticipated performance and management's judgment. Generally, the Company's contracts do not contain significant financing.

6


FORTERRA, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements



For certain engineering and construction contracts and building contracting arrangements, the Company enters into long-term contracts with customers. Revenue is recognized as the identified performance obligations are satisfied over time using an acceptable input method to measure the progress toward completion of the performance obligation if: the customer receives the benefits as work is performed, the customer controls the asset as it is being produced, or if the product being produced for the customer has no alternative use and the Company has a contractual right to payment. The Company uses its cost incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion to measure progress. The Company's contract liabilities consist of billings to customers in excess of revenue recognized which the Company records as deferred revenue. Revenue recognized during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, which was included in contract liabilities at the beginning of the period was not material. Contract assets include revenue recognized in excess of amounts billed and balances billed but not yet paid by customers under retainage provisions which are classified as helda current asset within receivables, net on the Company's balance sheet. The Company had no material contract assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2018 or December 31, 2017.
The Company records net sales including taxes collected on behalf of its customers. Shipping and handling costs are accounted for saleas contract fulfillments costs and classified as cost of goods sold. See Note 18, Segment reporting, for the Company's disaggregated revenue disclosures.

Recent Accounting Guidance Adopted - Other

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income to allow a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI") to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the U.S. tax reform legislation commonly known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (“TCJA”). This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The Company early adopted the guidance provided in the ASU during the first quarter of 2018 and reclassified $0.8 million of stranded deferred tax benefits related to its derivative instruments from accumulated other comprehensive loss to retained deficit.
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, providing guidance on eight specific cash flow statement classification matters, including but not limited to prepayment of debt or debt extinguishment costs, contingent consideration payments made after a business combination, insurance claims and policies, and distributions received from equity method investees. The Company adopted this standard on January 1, 2018. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements.

In March 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-05, Income Taxes - Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, which added paragraphs to the codification pursuant to the SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 118, which addressed the application of U.S. GAAP in situations when a company does not have the following criteria are met: 1) management, havingnecessary information available, prepared, or analyzed (including computations) in reasonable detail to finalize the authority to approvecalculations for the action, commits to2017 income tax effects of the TCJA. ASU 2018-05 provides entities with a plan to sell; 2)one year measurement period from the asset or asset group is available for immediate sale in its present condition; 3) an active program to locate a buyer and other actions requiredDecember 22, 2017 enactment date to complete the plan to sell have been initiated; 4) actions required to completeaccounting for the sale indicate that is it unlikely that significant changes toeffects of the plan will be made or thatTCJA. See Note 17, Income taxes, for a further discussion of the plan will be withdrawn, and 5)effect of the sale is probable to qualify for recognition as a completed sale within one year.TCJA on the Company's income taxes.

At such time assets or an asset group are determined to be held for sale, its carrying amount is adjusted to the lower of its depreciated book value or its estimated fair value, less costs to sell, and depreciation is no longer recognized. An impairment charge is recognized if the carrying value is in excess of its fair value. The assets and liabilities are required to be classified as held for sale on the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. See additional description in Note 20 Discontinued operations and divestitures.

Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess of costs over the fair value of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed. The Company evaluates goodwill and intangible assets in accordance with ASC 350, Goodwill and

7


FORTERRA, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements



In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets- Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer's Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That Is a Service Contract. ASU 2018-15 requires a customer in a cloud computing arrangement that is a service contract to follow the internal-use software guidance to determine which implementation costs to defer and recognize as an asset. Capitalized implementation costs are amortized over the term of the hosting arrangement, and the expense related to the capitalized implementation costs is recorded in the same line in the financial statements as the cloud service cost. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The Company early adopted the guidance provided in the ASU during the third quarter of 2018. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements.

Recent Accounting Guidance Not Yet Adopted

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), amending the existing accounting standards for lease accounting, including requiring lessees to recognize most leases on their balance sheets and making targeted changes to lessor accounting. For public business entities, the amendments in this update are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company will adopt this standard effective January 1, 2019. ASU 2016-02 requires a modified retrospective transition approach for all leases existing at, or entered into after, the date of initial application, with an option to use certain transition relief. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases, which provides narrow amendments to clarify how to apply certain aspects of the new lease standard. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-11, Targeted Improvements, which allows entities to initially apply the new standard at the adoption date and recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption.  The Company has not finalized its assessment, but believes the adoption of the new accounting guidance will have a material impact on its consolidated balance sheets primarily due to the recognition of right-of-use assets and lease obligations for its operating lease. The Company does not expect the new accounting guidance to have a material impact on its consolidated statements of operations or cash flows.
3.Acquisitions and divestitures

On January 31, 2018, the Company divested assets relating to the operation of certain Drainage Pipe & Products facilities in Tennessee, Alabama, and Georgia to Foley Products Company (“Foley”) in exchange for $10.1 million in cash offset by a $1.0 million working capital adjustment, land in Sherman, Texas and a Drainage Pipe & Products facility located in Prentiss, Mississippi.

The acquisition was accounted for as a business combination as defined by FASB ASC 805, Business Combinations. In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 805, the purchase price is measured as the acquisition date fair value of the assets transferred by the Company to Foley in the exchange. In the exchange, the Company divested of the net working capital and certain of the real property of its Drainage Pipe & Products plants in Tennessee and Alabama, as well as the net working capital of certain Drainage Pipe & Products plants in Georgia. The purchase price of $37.2 million was the fair value of the divested assets which resulted in the recognition of a gain of $6.0 million, recognized in Other income, net. The purchase price was subject to a $1.0 million net working capital adjustment pursuant to the terms of the asset purchase agreement. The Company allocated the purchase price to the individually identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair value on the date of acquisition. The excess purchase price over those fair values was recorded as goodwill.
The determination of fair values of the divested and acquired assets and assumed liabilities requires significant judgment, including estimates impacting the determination of estimated lives of tangible and intangible assets, calculation of the fair value of property, plant and equipment, inventory, and various intangibles. The fair values of assets and liabilities were determined using level 3 inputs as defined by ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures.


8


FORTERRA, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements



The preliminary respective fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the transaction, including $10.1 million in cash partially offset by a $1.0 million working capital adjustment, the Prentiss plant, and a parcel of land in Sherman, Texas, at the acquisition date are as follows (in thousands):

  
Net working capital$10,984
Property, plant and equipment9,221
Customer relationship intangible2,100
Non-compete agreement intangible5,600
Other intangibles290
Net identifiable assets acquired28,195
Goodwill8,996
Consideration transferred$37,191

The fair values described above are preliminary and are subject to change upon the Company's final determination of the fair value of divested and acquired assets and liabilities.    

Goodwill recognized is attributable primarily to expected operating efficiencies and expansion opportunities in the business acquired. Goodwill is expected to be deductible for tax purposes for the Foley transaction.

On April 2, 2018, the Company acquired substantially all the assets of Watkins Industries, Inc. (“Mineral Wells”), for aggregate consideration of $4.5 million in cash. Mineral Wells is a manufacturer of metal forms, concrete vaults and pipe operating in Mineral Wells, Texas. Mineral Wells operates as part of the Company’s Drainage Pipe & Products segment. This acquisition was accounted for as a business combination as defined by ASC 805, Business Combinations, consequently, goodwill of $1.0 million was recorded.

During the third quarter of 2018, the Company acquired certain assets of Anchor Concrete Products, Ltd. (“Anchor") in Kingston, Ontario, for aggregate consideration of $2.5 million in cash, inclusive of a $0.4 million hold back that is payable on the one-year anniversary of the execution date of the purchase agreement. The acquired assets did not meet the definition of a business and, as such, the transaction was accounted for as an asset acquisition pursuant to the guidance in subsection 805-50 of ASC 805, Business Combinations.


Transaction costs

The Company recognized aggregate transaction costs, including legal, accounting, valuation and advisory fees, specific to acquisitions and divestitures of $0.2 million and $0.8 million, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, and $0.0 million and $0.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. These costs are recorded in the condensed consolidated statements of operations within selling, general and administrative expenses.



9


FORTERRA, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements



4. Receivables, net
Receivables consist of the following (in thousands):

 September 30, December 31,
 2018 2017
Trade receivables$270,374
 $190,143
Amounts billed, but not yet paid under retainage provisions1,698
 1,091
Other receivables10,256
 5,453
Total receivables282,328
 196,687
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts(1,497) (4,033)
Receivables, net$280,831
 $192,654


5. Inventories

Inventories consist of the following (in thousands):

 September 30, December 31,
 2018 2017
Finished goods$170,951
 $156,207
Raw materials92,935
 79,905
Work in process1,723
 543
Total inventories$265,609
 $236,655

6.Investment in equity method investee

The Company contributed plant assets and related inventory from nine operating locations as part of the agreement to form a joint venture with Americast, Inc., Concrete Pipe & Precast LLC ("CP&P"), and in return for the contribution the Company obtained a 50% ownership stake in the joint venture through its 500 Common Unit voting shares in CP&P.  Both at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company owned 50% of CP&P's voting common stock.

The Company's investment in the joint venture was $53.3 million at September 30, 2018, which is included within the Drainage Pipe & Products segment. At September 30, 2018, the difference between the amount at which the Company's investment is carried and the amount of the Company's share of the underlying equity in net assets of CP&P was approximately $13.1 million. The basis difference is primarily attributed to the value of land and equity method goodwill associated with the investment.

Selected financial data for the investee is as follows (in thousands):

 Three months ended Nine months ended
 September 30, September 30,
 2018 2018
Net sales$31,864
 $96,537
Gross profit9,042
 28,537
Income from operations4,540
 15,235
Net income$4,479
 $15,052


10


FORTERRA, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements



7. Property, plant and equipment, net

Property, plant and equipment, net, consist of the following (in thousands):

 September 30, December 31,
 2018 2017
Machinery and equipment$375,160
 $343,827
Land, buildings and improvements225,287
 144,273
Other equipment6,882
 5,141
Construction-in-progress27,776
 30,295
Total property, plant and equipment635,105
 523,536
Less: accumulated depreciation(144,666) (110,964)
Property, plant and equipment, net$490,439
 $412,572

Depreciation expense totaled $12.9 million and $39.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, and $15.6 million and $45.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, which is included in cost of goods sold and selling, general and administrative expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

8. Goodwill and other intangible assets, net

    The Company has goodwill which has been recorded in connection with its acquisition of businesses. The following table summarizes the changes in goodwill by operating segment for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 (in thousands):
 Drainage Pipe & Products Water Pipe & Products Total
Balance at December 31, 2017$179,723
 $316,418
 $496,141
Acquisitions9,951
 
 9,951
Foreign currency and other adjustments910
 
 910
Balance at September 30, 2018$190,584
 $316,418
 $507,002

ASC 350,Intangibles -- Goodwill and Other, requires goodwill to be either qualitatively or quantitatively assessed for impairment annually (or more frequently if impairment indicators arise) for each reporting unit. The Company performs its annual impairment testing of goodwill as of October 1 of each year and in interim periods if events occur that would indicate that it is more likely than not the fair value of a reporting unit is less than carrying value. The Company first assesses qualitative factors to evaluate whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as the basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test. The Company may bypass the qualitative assessment for any reporting unit in any period and proceed directly with the quantitative analysis. The quantitative analysis compares the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds the fair value, impairment is recognized in an amount equal to that excess, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.

Credit Risk

At As of September 30, 2017,2018, no indications exist which would indicate the Company had an individual customer within its Water Pipe & Products segment that accounted for more than 10% of total net sales for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017. The customer represented approximately 16% and 14%,fair value of the Company's total net sales for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, and amounts payable by the customer at September 30, 2017 represented approximately 18% of the Company's total receivables, net.

Recent Accounting Guidance Adopted

In January 2017, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2017-01 Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business in an effort to clarify the definition of a business with the objective of adding guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. This guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years, however early adoption is permitted. The Company early adopted the guidance provided in the ASU in the second quarter of 2017. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment to simplify the accounting for goodwill impairment. The guidance removes the second step of the goodwill impairment test, which requires a hypothetical purchase price allocation. A goodwill impairment will now be the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. All other goodwill impairment guidance will remain largely unchanged. Entities will continue to have the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine if a quantitative impairment test is necessary. The same one-step impairment test will be applied to goodwill at all reporting units even those with zero or negativeis less than its carrying amounts. Entities will be required to disclose the amount of goodwill at reporting units with zero or negative carrying amounts. This guidance is effective in 2020, but early adoption is permitted for any impairment tests performed after January 1, 2017. The Company elected to early adopt the ASU effective in the second quarter of 2017. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements. In the second quarter of 2017, the Company recognized impairment of goodwill associated with one of its reporting units. See Note 8, Goodwill and other intangible assets for a discussion of the Company's interim goodwill assessment and the related impairment charge.value.

In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-11, Inventory (Topic 330): Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory, requiring an entity to measure inventory within the scope of the ASU at the lower of cost and net realizable value. For public business entities, the amendments in this update were effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those fiscal years. The adoption of this ASU during the first quarter of 2017 did not have a material impact on the Company's condensed consolidated financial statements.



8


FORTERRA, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements



Recent Accounting Guidance Not Yet Adopted

In May 2014, the FASB issued guidance (the effective date of which was later delayed) that outlines a single comprehensive model for accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers, which supersedes most of the existing revenue recognition guidance. This guidance requires an entity to recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services and also requires certain additional disclosures. The guidance is effective for interim and annual reporting periods that begin after December 15, 2017. Early adoption of the standard is permitted, but not before the original effective date of interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016. During the second quarter of 2016, the FASB issued additional revenue recognition guidance that clarifies how an entity identifies performance obligations related to customer contracts as well as the objectives of collectability, sales and other taxes, non-cash consideration, contract modifications at transition, and technical corrections. The guidance is effective beginning in the first quarter of 2018, and the Company does not currently plan to early adopt the guidance. The guidance permits two methods of adoption, retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented (full retrospective method), or retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying the guidance recognized at the date of initial application (modified retrospective method). The Company will utilize the modified retrospective method upon adoption. The Company has gained an understanding of the standard’s revenue recognition model and is completing the analysis and documentation of the Company's contract details for impacts under the new revenue recognition model. While the evaluation of the impact of the standard is continuing, the Company expects the timing of our revenue recognition to generally remain the same under the new standard on an annual basis.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), amending the existing accounting standards for lease accounting, including requiring lessees to recognize most leases on their balance sheets and making targeted changes to lessor accounting. For public business entities, the amendments in this update are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years, and early adoption is permitted as of the standard’s issuance date. ASU 2016-02 requires a modified retrospective transition approach for all leases existing at, or entered into after, the date of initial application, with an option to use certain transition relief. The Company believes the adoption of this ASU will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements as it will result in most of the Company’s leases and associated assets being presented on the balance sheet.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, providing guidance on eight specific cash flow statement classification matters, including but not limited to prepayment of debt or debt extinguishment costs and contingent consideration payments made after a business combination. The Company plans to adopt this standard on January 1, 2018. The adoption of the ASU will impact the Company's cash flow presentation in future periods.

In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities. The new standard makes more financial and non-financial hedging strategies eligible for hedge accounting. It also amends the presentation and disclosure requirements and changes how companies assess effectiveness. For public companies, the amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years, with early adoption permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact that the adoption of the ASU will have on its consolidated financial statements.




911


FORTERRA, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements



3.Business combinations

The acquisition described below is accounted for as a business combination as defined by ASC 805, Business Combinations. The Company allocated the purchase price to the individually identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair value on the date of acquisition. The excess purchase price over those fair values was recorded as goodwill. The determination of fair values of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities requires significant judgment, including estimates impacting the determination of estimated lives of tangible and intangible assets, calculation of the fair value of property, plant and equipment, inventory, and various intangibles. The fair values of assets and liabilities were determined using level 3 inputs as defined by ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures.

On February 3, 2017, Forterra acquired the assets of Royal Enterprises America, Inc. ("Royal") for aggregate consideration of $35.5 million in cash, including customary working capital adjustments. Royal manufactures concrete drainage pipe, precast concrete products, stormwater treatment technologies and erosion control products serving the greater Minneapolis market. The acquisition was financed with borrowings on the 2016 Revolver. The preliminary respective fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date are as follows (in thousands):

  
Net working capital$2,994
Property, plant and equipment12,335
Customer relationship intangible1,676
Non-compete agreement intangible866
Other intangibles443
Other assets and liabilities(726)
Net identifiable assets acquired17,588
Goodwill17,903
Cash consideration transferred$35,491

Preliminary balances may be subject to change upon the Company's final determination of the fair value of acquired assets and liabilities.     The Company has finalized the fair value allocations of all prior acquisitions as of September 30, 2017.

Goodwill recognized is attributable primarily to expected operating efficiencies and expansion opportunities in the business acquired. Goodwill is expected to be deductible for tax purposes for the Royal acquisition.

Transaction costs

The Company recognized aggregate transaction costs, including legal, accounting, valuation, and advisory fees, specific to acquisitions of $0.4 million, for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, and $2.2 million and $9.8 million, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively. These costs are recorded in the condensed consolidated statements of operations within selling, general and administrative expenses.



10


FORTERRA, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements



4. Receivables, net
Receivables consist of the following (in thousands):

 September 30, December 31,
 2017 2016
Trade receivables$264,336
 $178,012
Amounts billed, but not yet paid under retainage provisions1,416
 1,959
Other receivables4,275
 22,408
Total receivables$270,027
 $202,379
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts(3,351) (898)
Receivables, net$266,676
 $201,481


5. Inventories

Inventories consist of the following (in thousands):

 September 30, December 31,
 2017 2016
Finished goods$175,880
 $185,507
Raw materials87,512
 90,647
Work in process900
 3,348
Total inventories$264,292
 $279,502

6.Investment in equity method investee

The Company contributed plant assets and related inventory from nine operating locations as part of the agreement to form a joint venture with Americast, Inc., Concrete Pipe & Precast LLC ("CP&P"), and in return for the contribution the Company obtained a 50% ownership stake in the joint venture through its 500 Common Unit voting shares in CP&P.  Both at September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company owned 50% of CP&P's voting common stock.

The Company's investment in the joint venture was $55.7 million at September 30, 2017, which is included within the Drainage Pipe & Products segment. Selected unaudited financial data for the investee is as follows (in thousands):

 Three months ended Nine months ended
 September 30, September 30,
 2017 2017
Net sales$35,302
 $104,921
Gross profit10,730
 33,433
Income from operations6,178
 19,820
Net income$6,130
 $19,644

11


FORTERRA, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements



7. Property, plant and equipment, net

Property, plant and equipment, net, consist of the following (in thousands):

 September 30, December 31,
 2017 2016
Machinery and equipment$347,633
 $329,871
Land, buildings and improvements146,682
 142,105
Other equipment4,699
 2,592
Construction-in-progress30,024
 43,855
Total property, plant and equipment529,038
 518,423
Less: accumulated depreciation(102,792) (65,509)
Property, plant and equipment, net$426,246
 $452,914

Depreciation expense totaled $15.6 million and $45.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, and $16.3 million and $39.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively, which is included in cost of goods sold and selling, general and administrative expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

8. Goodwill and other intangible assets, net

    The Company has goodwill which has been recorded in connection with its acquisition of businesses. The following table summarizes the changes in goodwill by operating segment for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 (in thousands):

 Drainage Pipe & Products Water Pipe & Products Total
Balance at December 31, 2016$168,866
 $322,581
 $491,447
Acquisitions19,515
 
 19,515
Impairment
 (3,003) (3,003)
Foreign currency and other adjustments1,085
 (4,080) (2,995)
Balance at September 30, 2017$189,466
 $315,498
 $504,964

During the second quarter of 2017, the Company performed interim goodwill impairment testing of our Canadian concrete and steel pressure pipe reporting unit after identifying indicators it was more-likely-than-not the reporting unit's carrying value was in excess of its fair value. The reporting unit's operating results are primarily driven by large contractual projects, for which future demand has not materialized, driving changes in the valuations inputs and assumptions supporting the reporting unit's fair value.

Upon early adoption of ASU 2017-04 (see Note 2, Summary of significant accounting policies), the Company began using a one-step quantitative approach that compares the business enterprise value of each reporting unit with its carrying value. Business enterprise value is computed based on both an income approach (discounted cash flows) and a market approach. The income approach uses a reporting unit's estimated future cash flows, discounted at the weighted average cost of capital of a hypothetical third-party buyer. The market approach estimates fair value by applying cash flow multiples to the reporting unit's operating performance. The multiples are derived from comparable publicly traded companies with similar operating and investment characteristics to the reporting unit. The calculation of business enterprise value is based on significant unobservable inputs, such as price trends, customer demand, material costs and discount rates, and are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.


12


FORTERRA, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements



As a result of the interim impairment testing, the Company determined the carrying value of the reporting unit's goodwill was fully impaired and a goodwill impairment charge of $3.0 million was recorded during the second quarter of 2017.

Intangible assets other than goodwill at September 30, 20172018 and December 31, 20162017 included the following (in thousands):
Net carrying value as of September 30, 2017 Net carrying value as of December 31, 2016Net carrying value as of September 30, 2018 Net carrying value as of December 31, 2017
Customer relationships$181,231
 $209,937
$141,451
 $168,000
Trade names30,970
 34,771
25,800
 29,632
Patents16,978
 20,673
12,410
 15,729
Customer backlog613
 1,628
59
 404
Non-compete agreements6,604
 7,410
10,321
 4,543
In-Process R&D6,354
 6,692
6,354
 6,354
Other853
 487
592
 642
Total intangible assets$243,603
 $281,598
$196,987
 $225,304
    
Amortization expense totaled $13.1 million and $39.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, and $13.5 million and $41.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, and $12.2 million and $25.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively, which is included in selling, general and administrative expenses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. All of the Company's intangible assets are amortizable.

9. Fair value measurement

The Company's financial instruments consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, trade and other receivables, derivative instruments, accounts payable, long-term debt, accrued liabilities, capital lease obligations, and the long-term tax receivable agreement payable. The carrying value of the Company's cash equivalents, trade receivables, other receivables, trade payables the asset based revolver and accrued liabilities approximates fair value due to their short-term maturity. The carrying value of capital lease obligations approximates fair value, as estimated by using discounted future cash flows based on the Company's current incremental borrowing rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements. The Company may adjust the carrying amount of certain non-financial assets to fair value on a non-recurring basis when they are impaired.
 
The carrying amount and estimated fair value of the Company’s financial instruments and other assets and liabilities measured and recorded at fair value on a recurring basis is as follows for the dates indicated (in thousands):

 Fair value measurements at September 30, 2017 using 
 Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)Significant Other Observable Inputs
(Level 2)
Significant Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3)
Total Fair Value
Non-current assets    
Derivative asset
$2,035
$2,035
Current liabilities    
Derivative liability
$7,028
$7,028
     
 Fair value measurements at December 31, 2016 using 
 Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)Total Fair Value
Non-current liabilities    
Derivative liability
$372
$372
 Fair value measurements at September 30, 2018 using 
 Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)Significant Other Observable Inputs
(Level 2)
Significant Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3)
Total Fair Value September 30, 2018
Assets:    
Interest rate swaps
$9,542

$9,542
     
 Fair value measurements at December 31, 2017 using 
 Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)Total Fair Value December 31, 2017
Assets:    
Interest rate swaps
$5,251

$5,251
Liabilities:    
Foreign exchange forward contracts
6,286

6,286

Liabilities and assets recorded at fair value classified as level 2 are valued using observable market inputs. The fair values of derivative assets and liabilities are determined using quantitative models that utilize

12


FORTERRA, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements



multiple market inputs including interest rates and exchange rates to generate continuous yield or pricing curves and volatility factors to value the position. The majority of market inputs are actively quoted and can be validated through external sources, including brokers, market transactions and third-party pricing services. The fair values of derivative assets and liabilities include adjustments for market liquidity, counter-party credit quality and other instrument-specific factors, where appropriate. In addition, the Company incorporates within its fair value measurements a valuation adjustment to reflect the credit risk associated with the net position. Positions are netted by counter-parties, and fair value for net long exposures is adjusted for counter-party credit risk while the fair value for net short exposures is adjusted for the Company’s own credit risk.

The estimated carrying amount and fair value of the Company’s financial instruments and liabilities for which fair value is only disclosed is as follows (in thousands):

  Fair value measurements at September 30, 2017 using 
 Carrying Amount September 30, 2017Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)
Significant Other Observable Inputs
(Level 2)
Significant Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3)
Total Fair Value
2016 Senior Term Loan$1,195,055
$1,054,269
$1,054,269
Tax receivable agreement payable163,003


118,183
118,183


13


FORTERRA, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements


  Fair value measurements at September 30, 2018 using 
 Carrying Amount September 30, 2018Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)
Significant Other Observable Inputs
(Level 2)
Significant Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3)
Total Fair Value September 30, 2018
Liabilities:     
2016 Senior Term Loan$1,189,892
$1,175,413
$1,175,413
Tax receivable agreement payable117,563


78,206
78,206

 Fair value measurements at December 31, 2016 using  Fair value measurements at December 31, 2017 using 
Carrying Amount December 31, 2016Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)Total Fair ValueCarrying Amount December 31, 2017Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)Total Fair Value December 31, 2017
Liabilities: 
2016 Senior Term Loan$1,000,983
$1,064,395
$1,064,395$1,193,787
$1,151,981
$1,151,981
Tax receivable agreement payable160,783


125,614
125,614
117,563


75,865
75,865

The fair value of debt is valued using a market approach based on indicative quoted prices for our debt instruments traded in over-the-counter markets, therefore, is classified as Level 2 within the estimated amount thefair value hierarchy. See Note 11, Debt and deferred financing costs, for a further discussion of Company would have to pay to transfer its debt, including any premium or discount attributable to the difference between the stated interest rate and market rate of interest at the balance sheet date. Fair values are supported by observable market transactions when available.debt.

The determination of the fair value of the Company's tax receivable agreement payable was determined using a discounted cash flow methodology usingwith level 3 inputs as defined by ASC 820.820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures. The determination of fair value required significant judgment, including estimates of the timing and amounts of various tax attributes. These estimates are based on management’s best knowledge of current events and actions that the Company may undertake in the future. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

In the second quarter of 2017, the Company recorded goodwill impairment $3.0 million See Note 14, Commitments and long-lived asset impairment of $7.5 million. The measurements supporting eachcontingencies, for a further discussion of the above impairment charges are classified as a Level 3 fair value assessment due to the significance of unobservable inputs used in the determination of the fair value. See Note 8, Goodwill and other intangible assets and Note 20, Discontinued operations and divestitures for further discussion.Company's tax receivable agreement.



1413


FORTERRA, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements



10.    Accrued liabilities

Accrued liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):

September 30, December 31,September 30, December 31,
2017 20162018 2017
Accrued payroll and employee benefits$26,305
 $29,945
$24,399
 $26,597
Short-term capital leases16,476
 183
Accrued taxes13,197
 32,746
11,863
 10,294
Accrued rebates10,275
 7,509
8,875
 8,428
Short-term derivative liability7,028
 

 6,286
Warranty4,117
 3,509
3,798
 5,038
Tax receivable agreement liability, current portion4,000
 4,000
Environmental obligation685
 775
570
 446
Other miscellaneous accrued liabilities13,713
 3,681
4,340
 15,510
Total accrued liabilities$79,320
 $82,165
$70,321
 $72,782


11. Debt and deferred financing costs

The Company’s debt consisted of the following (in thousands):

September 30, December 31,September 30, December 31,
2017 20162018 2017
2016 Senior Term Loan, net of debt issuance costs and original issuance discount of $43,440 and $46,392, respectively$1,195,055
 $1,000,983
2016 Revolver, net of debt issuance costs of $3,936
 95,064
2016 Senior Term Loan, net of debt issuance costs and original issuance discount of $36,093 and $41,580, respectively$1,189,892
 $1,193,787
Total debt$1,195,055
 $1,096,047
$1,189,892
 $1,193,787
Less: current portion debt(12,510) (10,500)(12,510) (12,510)
Total long-term debt$1,182,545
 $1,085,547
$1,177,382
 $1,181,277

Concurrent with the completion of the IPO, in the Refinancing the CompanyForterra entered into the 2016 Revolvera $300 million asset based revolving credit facility for working capital and general corporate purposes (“2016 Revolver”) and the a $1.05 billion senior term loan facility (“2016 Senior Term Loan, the proceeds of which, together with the proceeds from the IPO, were used to repay in full the Junior Term Loan of $260.0 million, the 2015 Senior Term Loan of $1.04 billion, and the existing balance under the 2015 Revolver, in addition to related expenses associated with the IPO and Refinancing. Immediately subsequent to the completion of the IPO, Forterra had $125.0 million outstanding on its 2016 Revolver and $1.05 billion on its 2016 Senior Term Loan. The $260.0 million repayment toward the Junior Term Loan represented a full repayment of the outstanding principal on that loan, resulting in a related write-off of issue discounts and capitalized issuance costs of approximately $22.4 million. The repayment also triggered a prepayment penalty of approximately $7.8 million.Loan”).

The 2016 Senior Term Loan providesinitially provided for a $1.05 billion senior secured term loan that was made available to a newly formed direct subsidiary of Forterra.loan. Subject to the conditions set forth in the term loan agreement, the 2016 Senior Term Loan may be increased by (i) up to the greater of $285.0 million and 1.0x consolidated EBITDA (defined below) of Forterra and its restricted subsidiaries for the four quarters most recently ended prior to such incurrence plus (ii) the aggregate amount of any voluntary prepayments, plus (iii) an additional amount, provided certain financial tests are met.


15


FORTERRA, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements



Effective May 1, 2017, the Company amended the 2016 Senior Term Loan to increase the principal outstanding by an additional $200.0 million and to reduce the interest margins applicable to the full balance of the 2016 Senior Term Loan by 50 basis points such that applicable margin based on LIBOR was reduced from 3.50% to 3.00%. The net proceeds from the incremental term loan of $196.8 million were used to pay down a portion of the outstanding balance on the 2016 Revolver. This amendment had no effect on the Company's ability to increase the size of the 2016 Senior Term Loan under the original provisions. The 2016 Senior Term Loan matures on October 25, 2023 and is subject to quarterly amortization equal to 0.25% of the initial principal amount. Interest accrues on outstanding borrowings thereunder at a rate equal to LIBOR (with a floor of 1.0%) or an alternate base rate, in each case plus a margin of 3.00% or 2.00%, respectively. The weighted average interest rates for the 2016 Senior Term Loan were 5.1%, 4.9%, 4.2% and 4.5% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

14


FORTERRA, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements



Outstanding borrowings under the 2016 Senior Term Loan are guaranteed by Forterra and each of its direct and indirect material wholly-owned domestic subsidiaries except certain excluded subsidiaries (the "Guarantors"). The 2016 Senior Term Loan is secured by substantially all of the assets of Forterra, the borrower and the Guarantors; provided that the obligations under the 2016 Senior Term Loan are not secured by any liens on more than 65% of the voting stock of the Canadian subsidiaries or assets of the Canadian subsidiaries. The 2016 Senior Term Loan contains customary representations and warranties, and affirmative and negative covenants, that, among other things, restrict the ability of Forterra and its restricted subsidiaries to incur additional debt, incur or permit liens on assets, make investments and acquisitions, consolidate or merge with any other company, engage in asset sales and pay dividends and make distributions. The 2016 Senior Term Loan does not contain any financial covenants. Obligations under the 2016 Senior Term Loan may be accelerated upon certain customary events of default (subject to grace periods, as appropriate).

The 2016 Revolver provides for an aggregate principal amount of up to $300.0 million, with up to $280.0 million to be made available to the U.S. borrowers and up to $20.0 million to be made available to the Canadian borrowers (the allocation may be modified periodically at the Company's request). Subject to the conditions set forth in the revolving credit agreement related to the 2016 Revolver (the "2016 Credit Agreement"), the 2016 Revolver may be increased by up to the greater of (i)$100.0 $100.0 million and (ii) such amount as would not cause the aggregate borrowing base to be exceeded by more than $50.0 million. Borrowings under the 2016 Revolver may not exceed a borrowing base equal to the sum of (i) 100% of eligible cash, (ii) 85% of eligible accounts receivable and (iii) the lesser of (a) 75% of eligible inventory and (b) 85% of the orderly liquidation value of eligible inventory, with the U.S. and Canadian borrowings being subject to separate borrowing base limitations. The advance rates for accounts receivable and inventory are subject to increase by 2.5% during certain periods. As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, there were no outstanding borrowings under the 2016 Revolver.

The 2016 Revolver matures on October 25, 2021. The Revolver also provides for the issuance of letters of credit of up to an agreed sublimit. Interest accrues on outstanding borrowings at a rate equal to LIBOR or CDOR plus a margin ranging from 1.25% to 1.75% per annum, or at an alternate base rate, Canadian prime rate or Canadian base rate plus a margin ranging from 0.25% to 0.75% per annum, in each case, based upon the average excess availability under the 2016 Revolver for the most recently completed calendar quarter. The obligations of the borrowers under the 2016 Revolver are guaranteed by Forterra and its direct and indirect wholly-owned restricted subsidiaries other than certain excluded subsidiaries; provided that the obligations of the U.S. borrowers are not guaranteed by the Canadian subsidiaries. The 2016 Revolver is secured by substantially all of the assets of the borrowers; provided that the obligations of the U.S. borrowers are not secured by any liens on more than 65% of the voting stock of the Canadian subsidiaries or assets of the Canadian subsidiaries.

The 2016 Revolver contains customary representations and warranties, and affirmative and negative covenants, including representations, warranties, and covenants that, among other things, restrict the ability of Forterra and its restricted subsidiaries to incur additional debt, incur or permit liens on assets, make investments and acquisitions, consolidate or merge with any other company, engage in asset sales and pay dividends and make distributions. The 2016 Credit Agreement contains a financial covenant restricting Forterra from allowing its fixed charge coverage ratio to drop below 1.00:1.00 during a compliance period, which is triggered when the availability under the 2016 Revolver falls below a threshold set forth in the 2016 Credit Agreement. Obligations under the 2016 Credit Agreement may be accelerated upon certain customary events of default (subject to grace periods, as appropriate). The fixed charge coverage ratio is the ratio of consolidated earnings before interest, depreciation, and amortization (“EBITDA’’) less cash payments for capital expenditures and income taxes to consolidated fixed charges (interest expense plus scheduled payments of principal on indebtedness).


16
15


FORTERRA, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements



The weighted average annual interest rate on the 2016 Revolver was 2.70% and 2.69% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. In addition, Forterra pays a facility fee of between 20.0 and 32.5 basis points per annum based upon the utilization of the total 2016 Revolver. Availability under the 2016 Revolver at September 30, 20172018 based on draws, and outstanding letters of credit and allowable borrowing base was $284.3$284.4 million.

As of September 30, 2017,2018, scheduled maturities of long-term debt were as follows:follows (in thousands):

2016 Senior Term Loan 2016 Senior Term Loan
2017$3,128
201812,510
 $3,128
201912,510
 12,510
202012,510
 12,510
202112,510
 12,510
Thereafter:1,185,327
2022 12,510
2023 1,172,817
$1,238,495
 $1,225,985

2015 Senior Term Loan, Junior Term Loan, and Revolving Credit Facility

In connection with the financing of the Acquisition, LSF9 entered into the 2015 Senior Term Loan for borrowings of $635.0 million, the Junior Term Loan for borrowings of $260.0 million, and drew $45.0 million on the 2015 Revolver (such credit agreements together, as amended from time to time, the “Initial Credit Agreements”). Approximately $515.5 million was the obligation of Forterra as a joint and several obligation under ASC 405-40, Obligations Resulting from Joint and Several Liability Arrangements. See Note 1, Basis of presentation to the audited consolidated financial statements included in the 2016 10-K for additional information.

In October 2015, the Company increased the size of the 2015 Senior Term Loan by $240.0 million in connection with the acquisition of Cretex Concrete Products, Inc (the “Cretex Acquisition”). Additionally, in April 2016, the Company's capacity on the 2015 Revolver was increased to $285.0 million. In conjunction with the issuance of debt related to the Acquisition and the Cretex Acquisition, LSF9 incurred $71.6 million of debt issuance costs and debt discounts; of which $51.9 million was attributed to the Company debt obligation. The Initial Credit Agreements were secured by substantially all of the assets of the Company.

In April 2016, LSF9 borrowed $205.0 million on the 2015 Revolver in order to finance the acquisition of USP Holdings Inc. (the “USP Acquisition”) of which $203.4 million was repaid during April 2016 with proceeds from an affiliated entity controlled by LSF9 but not included among the legal entities that comprise the Company. In connection with the additional proceeds obtained in April 2016 which benefited the Company, under ASC 405-40, Obligations Resulting from Joint and Several Liability Arrangements, the Company assumed an additional obligation of $203.4 million that was recognized as an increase to the Company’s allocated share of the 2015 Senior Term Loan balance with an associated increase in debt issuance fees and discount related to the 2015 Senior Term Loan of $8.9 million. The affiliated entity was subsequently released as a co-obligor and its joint and several liability under terms of all of the 3rd party credit agreements.

On June 17, 2016, LSF9 borrowed an incremental $345.0 million on the 2015 Senior Term Loan and used the proceeds to pay a dividend of $338.3 million, net of debt issuance costs, to the shareholders of LSF9. The dividend was recorded as a return of capital. LSF9 incurred debt issuance fees and discount of $6.7 million in connection with the issuance of the debt. The incremental borrowings incurred interest at the same rate as the 2015 Senior Term Loan. Under ASC 405-40 Obligations Resulting from Joint and Several Liability Arrangements, the Company recognized the full amount of the incremental borrowing, net of related issuance costs and discount, as an obligation in the condensed consolidated balance sheet.


17


FORTERRA, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements



Joint and Several Obligations

The Company recorded debt on its balance sheet as of December 31, 2015 under ASC 405-40, Obligations Resulting from Joint and Several Liability Arrangements. The Company and the affiliates of LSF9 were co-obligors and jointly and severally liable under terms of the Initial Credit Agreements. The Company’s allocated portion of the $940.0 million of third party debt used to finance the Acquisition was $515.5 million. The initial obligation of $515.5 million was reflected on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet at the Acquisition date as $254.9 million of 2015 Senior Term Loan, $260.0 million of Junior Term Loan and $0.6 million of 2015 Revolver obligations. The remaining $424.5 million of the debt was allocated to affiliates of LSF9 that are not included in Forterra based on the amounts affiliates of LSF9 have fully repaid as discussed below. In April of 2016, the Company’s affiliate co-obligors were released from joint and several liability under the Initial Credit Agreements. The Company was consequently the sole source of repayment for its $515.5 million share for the initial obligation under the Initial Credit Agreements, as well as other obligations recorded on the balance sheet. In addition to the initial debt obligation of $515.5 million recorded by the Company, additional 2015 Senior Term Loan borrowings of $240.0 million that in October 2015 were used to finance the Cretex Acquisition were allocated in full to the Company.

On April 26, 2016, affiliates of the Company under control of LSF9 but not included in Forterra repaid $203.4 million of the 2015 Revolver balance that was drawn in April 2016 and $176.7 million of the 2015 Senior Term Loan, after which the other affiliates were released as obligors to the loan and the Company became the sole source of repayment under the LSF9 debt agreement. The Company reflected the increased obligation as an increase in the 2015 Senior Term Loan in order to reflect the change in its obligation as a result of the additional borrowings of LSF9. A proportionate amount of debt issuance costs and discount related to the increased obligation under the 2015 Senior Term Loan was also allocated to the Company at the time of the increased obligation.

Lines of Credit and Other Debt Facilities

The Company had standby letters of credit outstanding of $15.7$15.6 million as of September 30, 20172018 which reduce the borrowings available under the 2016 Revolver.


12. Derivatives and hedging

The Company uses derivatives to manage selected foreign exchange and interest rate exposures. The Company does not use derivative instruments for speculative trading purposes, and, except as discussed below, cash flows from derivative instruments are included in net cash provided by (used in) financingoperating activities in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.

At September 30,December 31, 2017, the Company had foreign exchange forward contracts, designated as cash flownet investment hedges in accordance with ASC 815-20 Derivatives - Hedging, which allows for the effective portion of the changes in the fair value of the instruments to be captured in accumulated other comprehensive income, and the ineffective portion recorded in earnings. These instruments were assigned to Forterra by an affiliate concurrent with the Reorganization, directly prior to the Refinancing andrefinancing of existing indebtedness in connection with the IPO and havewere settled in March 2018 resulting in a termination datecash outlay of March 2018. Additionally,$5.0 million. This cash outlay was recorded within the investing activities section of the consolidated statements of cash flows. The net investment hedges were intended to mitigate foreign exchange exposure related to non-U.S. dollar net investments in certain foreign subsidiaries against changes in foreign exchange rates. A quantitative analysis was utilized to assess hedge effectiveness for the hedges. The Company assessed the hedge effectiveness and measured the amount of ineffectiveness for the hedge relationships based on changes in forward exchange rates. Cumulative changes in fair value of the effective portion of the hedging instruments were recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive income, and will be reclassified into earnings upon the sale or complete or substantially complete liquidation of the foreign entity.

    On February 9, 2017, Forterra entered into interest rate swap transactions with a combined notional value of $525 million.  Under the terms of the swap transactions, Forterra agreed to pay a fixed rate of interest of 1.52% and receive floating rate interest indexed to one-month LIBOR with monthly settlement terms with the swap counterparties.  The swaps have a three-year term and expire on March 31, 2020. The interest rate swaps are not designated as cash flow hedges, therefore all changes in the fair value of these instruments are captured as a component of interest expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

The instruments Accordingly, cash flows from the Company previously held,monthly interest rate swap settlements are included foreign exchange forward contracts and fixed-for-float cross currency swaps entered into in March of 2016, were settled in connection with the Reorganization and Refinancing, resulting in a net cash settlement of approximately $1.3 million paidprovided by the Company(used in) operating activities in the fourth quartercondensed consolidated statements of 2016.cash flows.

1816


FORTERRA, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements



A quantitative analysis is utilized to assess hedge effectiveness for cash flow hedges. The Company assesses the hedge effectiveness and measures the amount of ineffectiveness for the hedge relationships based on changes in forward exchange rates.
The Company elects to present all derivative assets and derivative liabilities on a net basis on its condensed consolidated balance sheets when a legally enforceable International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc. (“ISDA”) Master Agreement exists. An ISDA Master Agreement is an agreement between two counterparties, which may have multiple derivative transactions with each other governed by such agreement, and such ISDA Master Agreement generally provides for the net settlement of all or a specified group of these derivative transactions, through a single payment, in a single currency, in the event of a default on, or affecting any, one derivative transaction or a termination event affecting all, or a specified group of, derivative transactions. At September 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, the Company’s derivative instruments fall under an ISDA master netting agreement.

The following table presents the fair values of derivative assets and liabilities in the condensed consolidated balance sheets (in thousands):

September 30, 2017September 30, 2018
Derivative Assets Derivative LiabilitiesDerivative Assets Derivative Liabilities
Notional Amount Fair Value Notional Amount Fair ValueNotional Amount Fair Value Notional Amount Fair Value
Foreign exchange forward contracts$
 
 $92,961
 $7,028
Interest rate swaps525,000
 2,035
 
 
$525,000
 $9,542
 
 
Total derivatives, gross  2,035
   7,028
  9,542
   
Less: Legally enforceable master netting agreements  
   
  
   
Total derivatives, net$
 $2,035
 $
 $7,028


 $9,542
   $

December 31, 2016December 31, 2017
Derivative Assets Derivative LiabilitiesDerivative Assets Derivative Liabilities
Notional Amount Fair Value Notional Amount Fair ValueNotional Amount Fair Value Notional Amount Fair Value
Foreign exchange forward contracts$
 $
 $92,961
 $372
$
 $
 $92,961
 $6,286
Interest rate swaps525,000
 5,251
 
 
Total derivatives, gross  
   372
  5,251
   6,286
Less: Legally enforceable master netting agreements  
   
  
   
Total derivatives, net$
 $
 $
 $372
  $5,251
   $6,286


The following table presents the effect of derivative instruments on the condensed consolidated statements of operations (in thousands):
Three months endedNine months endedThree months ended Nine months ended
September 30,September 30, September 30,
201720162017201620182017 20182017
Net investment hedges   
Foreign exchange forward contracts    
Gain (loss) on derivatives not designated as hedges in other operating income (expense)$
$850
$
$(2,024)
Gain (loss) on derivatives recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive loss$
$(2,195) $970
$(4,103)
Derivatives not designated as hedges   
Interest rate swaps    
Gain on derivatives not designated as hedges included in interest expense709

2,035

Gain (loss) on derivatives not designated as hedges included in interest expense71
709
 4,291
2,035


1917


FORTERRA, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements



13.    Sale-Leaseback Transaction

On April 5, 2016, the Company sold properties in 47 sites throughout the U.S. and Canada to Pipe Portfolio Owner (Multi) LP (the “U.S. Buyer”) and FORT-BEN Holdings (ONQC) Ltd. (the “Canadian Buyer”) for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $204.3 million.  On April 14, 2016, the Company sold additional properties in two sites located in the U.S. to the U.S. Buyer for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $11.9 million. In connection with these transactions, the Company and U.S. Buyer and an affiliate of the Canadian Buyer entered into master land and building lease agreements under which the Company agreed to lease back each of the properties for an initial term of twenty years, followed by one optional renewal term of 9 years, 11 months. Leaseback rental will escalate annually by 2% during the initial term and based on changes in the Consumer Price Index capped at 4% during the optional renewal period. The proceeds received from the sale-leaseback transactions net of transaction costs of $6.5 million amounted to $209.7 million.

Prior to the Reorganization, the sale-leaseback transactions were considered to have one form of prohibited “continuing involvement” at the inception of the lease which preclude sale-leaseback accounting for transactions involving real estate in the financial statements of the Company because a guarantee by LSF9 provided the buyer-lessor or the lessor, as applicable, with additional collateral that reduced the buyer-lessor’s or the lessor's, as applicable, risk of loss.  As a result, the assets subject to the sale-leaseback remained on the balance sheet and were depreciated. Additionally, the aggregate proceeds were recorded as a financing obligation in the consolidated balance sheet and under financing in the statements of cash flow. In October 2016, the Company entered into agreements to replace the original guarantor, LSF9, with Forterra, as the new guarantor, effective immediately following completion of the Reorganization. Due to the change in guarantor, the sale leaseback qualified for sales recognition and was classified as an operating lease beginning October 2016. Associated with the sale, in October 2016, the Company recognized a loss on the statement of operations of $19.6 million and a A deferred gain of $81.5 million. The deferred gain will bemillion related to the sale-leaseback transaction was being amortized over the life of the lease. Asmaster leases. In addition, the Company concluded that the leases for land and buildings were operating leases, and the leases for the machinery equipment were capital leases.

On June 5, 2018, the Company entered into Exchange Agreements and Amended and Restated Master Leases with each of Septemberthe U.S. Buyer and the Canadian Buyer (collectively, the “Exchange Transaction”). Under the Exchange Agreement between the Company and the U.S. Buyer, the Company exchanged ownership of a ductile iron pipe facility located in Bessemer, Alabama used in its Water Pipe & Products segment (the “Bessemer Facility”) for 21 facilities used in its Drainage Pipe & Products segment and the U.S. concrete and steel pressure pipe facilities previously part of the Water Pipe & Products segment, including a portion of one property used in both segments, all of which were previously included in the sale-leaseback transaction. Under the Exchange Agreement between the Company and the Canadian Buyer, the Company exchanged ownership of a smaller diameter ductile iron pipe facility located in Bessemer, Alabama used in its Water Pipe & Products segment (the “Mini Mill Facility”) for ownership of three Canadian concrete pressure pipe facilities that were previously included in the sale-leaseback transaction. No cash changed hands in the Exchange Transaction.

Under the Amended and Restated Master Leases, the Company will lease a total of 26 properties from the U.S. Buyer and a total of 2 properties from an affiliate of the Canadian Buyer, each for an initial term of 25 years, through June 30, 2017,2043, followed by one optional renewal term of nine years, eleven months that may be exercised at the non-current portionCompany’s option. The initial base rent under the U.S. Amended and Restated Master Lease is $17.1 million per annum, payable monthly, and is subject to a 2% annual increase during the initial term. If the Company elects to extend the term of the U.S. Amended and Restated Master Lease, the base rent for the first year of the extension will be the greater of 95% of the fair market rental value of the properties and an amount equal to 102% of the prior year’s base rent, subject to an annual increase based on changes in the Consumer Price Index, but capped at 4%. The U.S. Amended and Restated Master Lease restricts the Company’s use of the U.S. properties to heavy manufacturing, industrial, and other related uses. The Company cannot sublease or assign the properties covered by the U.S. Amended and Restated Master Lease without the prior written consent of the U.S. Landlord and subject to certain other restrictions. The terms of the Canadian Amended and Restated Master Lease are similar to those of the U.S. Amended and Restated Master Lease described above, except that the initial base rent is $1.2 million (CAD) per annum. The Company’s aggregate liability in connection with its representations, warranties, covenants and indemnification and other obligations is $5.0 million under the U.S. Exchange Agreement and $6.4 million (CAD) under the Canadian Exchange Agreement, subject to limited exceptions.

The Company accounted for the Exchange Transaction in accordance with the sale-leaseback accounting guidance under ASC 840, Leases. The fair value of the 24 facilities exchanged back was $86.1 million, and was accounted for as the proceeds from the sale of the Bessemer and Mini Mill Facilities after adjusting for the transaction cost of $2.7 million. Consequently, a deferred gain of $67.3 million was recorded at June 5, 2018. The carrying value of the deferred gain was $76.5gains of $35.0 million, the deferred rent of $3.1 million, and the current portiondeferred transaction costs of $2.4 million from the original sale-leaseback transaction were reclassified to reduce the carrying value of the 24 facilities exchanged back.

The Amended and Restated Master Leases extended the lease terms for all facilities, which caused the majority of the leases to be classified as capital leases instead of operating leases. Consequently, the Company recognized capital lease obligations as well as the gross value of the capital lease assets of $149.0 million,

18


FORTERRA, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements



calculated by discounting minimum future lease payments using its incremental borrowing rate of 12.33%. The carrying value of the deferred gain was $2.8gains of $100.0 million, in the condensed consolidated balance sheets.deferred rent of $3.8 million, and the deferred transaction cost of $5.7 million were reclassified to reduce the carrying value of capital lease assets.

14.    Commitments and contingencies

Legal matters

The Company is involved in legal proceedings and litigation in the ordinary course of business. In the opinion of management, the outcome of such matters will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s condensed combinedconsolidated financial position, results of operations, or liquidity. Other than routine litigation incidental to the Company's business and those matters described below, there are no material legal proceedings to which the Company is a party or to which any of the Company’s properties are subject.

In connection with the Acquisition, there isEarnout matter

The acquisition of Forterra Building Products from HC in March 2015 included an earn-outearnout contingency including contingent consideration of up to $100.0 million if and to the extent the 2015 financial results of the businesses acquired by Lone Star in the Acquisition,acquisition, including the Company and HeidelbergCement'sHC's former building products business in the United Kingdom that were divested prior to the IPO, exceeded a specified Adjusted EBITDA target for fiscal year 2015, as calculated pursuant to the terms of the purchase agreement. If such Adjusted EBITDA calculation exceeds the specified target, LSF9, and therefore, Forterra would be required to pay HeidelbergCementHC an amount equal to a multiple of such excess Adjusted EBITDA, with any payment capped at $100.0 million. In April 2016, the Company provided an earn-outearnout statement to HC demonstrating that no payment was required. On June 13, 2016, HeidelbergCementHC provided notification that it is disputing, among other things, the Company’s calculation of Adjusted EBITDA under the purchase agreement and asserting that a payment should be made in the amount of $100.0 million. The Company does not believe HeidelbergCement’sHC’s position has merit and intends tois vigorously oppose HeidelbergCement'sopposing HC's assertions.

On October 5, 2016, affiliates of HeidelbergCementHC filed a lawsuit in the Delaware Court of Chancery seeking specific performance and claiming access to the Company's books, records, and personnel; seeking a declaratory judgment concerning the scope of the neutral accounting expert’s authority; and in the alternative, claiming a breach of contract and seeking the $100.0 million and other damages (the "Delaware Action"). In November 2016, the defendants filed a motion to dismiss the Delaware Action, and on January 6, 2017, the plaintiffs filed a First Amended Complaint. The defendants filed a motion to dismiss the First Amended Complaint on February 22,

20


FORTERRA, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements



2017, requesting that the Court dismiss all claims in the Delaware Action. On March 24,December 8, 2017, the court granted the defendants' Motion to Dismiss the First Amended Complaint in the Delaware Action, finding that the earnout dispute should be heard before a neutral accounting arbitrator as set forth in the purchase agreement. The court further found that any claims that required to be brought as indemnification claims under the purchase agreement were time-barred by the contractual limitations period. The plaintiffs in the Delaware Action filed a response,Motion for Clarification and Reargument of the defendants filed a replyCourt's December 8, 2017 Memorandum Opinion, which the court denied on AprilFebruary 7, 2017.2018. The courtplaintiffs in the Delaware Action held a hearingdid not appeal the court's ruling.

Following the resolution of the Delaware Action, the parties negotiated an engagement agreement with the neutral accountant as contemplated by the purchase agreement and that engagement was made effective April 23, 2018. Following the briefing of certain preliminary matters, the neutral accountant ordered production of some of the additional documents sought by HC, and the Company is currently working to complete that production, which is expected to be complete in the fourth quarter of 2018, after which the parties are expected to begin briefing on the defendants' motion to dismiss on September 21, 2017, butmerits of the Court has not issued any ruling on that motion. matter.

As a result of the Reorganization, the defendants in the Delaware Action are no longer part of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries, however the Company remains the liable party in this matter. As of September 30, 2017,2018, no liability for this contingency has been accrued as payment of any earn-outearnout is not considered probable. However, the outcome of this matter is uncertain, and no assurance can be given to the ultimate outcome of the resulting proceedings. If the Company is unsuccessful in resolving the dispute, it could recognize a material charge to its earnings.

19


FORTERRA, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements




Securities Lawsuit and Shareholder Derivative Action

Beginning on August 14, 2017, four plaintiffs filed putative class action complaints in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York against a group of defendants that varies by complaint but includes the Company, certain members of senior management, the Board of Directors, Lone Star and certain of its affiliates, and certain banks that acted as underwriters of the IPO (collectively or in groups that vary by complaint, the “defendants”). On August 14, 2017, a putative class action complaint was filed by Charles Forrester; on August 16, 2017, a putative class action complaint was filed by Supanin Disayawathana; on August 23, 2017 a putative class action complaint was filed by Matthew Spindler; and on September 27, 2017, a putative class action complaint was filed by Nancy Maloney, which complaint was subsequently voluntarily dismissed without prejudice to refiling (the four complaints together, the "Securities Lawsuits").

The Securities Lawsuits are brought by each plaintiff individually and on behalf of all persons who purchased Company securities during an alleged class period that varies by complaint, but generally begins with the IPO in October 2016 and lasts through a range of dates from May 12, 2017 through August 14, 2017. The Securities Lawsuits generally allege that the Company's registration statement on Form S-1 filed in connection with the IPO, (the "Registration Statement"), and in the case of certain complaints, statements made by the Company or the individual defendants at times after the IPO, contained false or misleading statements and/or omissions of material facts relating to (1) the lack of growth from organic sales versus sales from acquisitions, and the lack of organic growth related thereto, (2) increased pricing pressure on the Company's products, (3) softness in the concrete and steel pressure pipe business, (4) operational problems at plants, including problems relating to defective products, (5) unpaid invoices for products and services that resulted in understated expenses, (6) an undisclosed material weakness in internal controls related to inventory, and (7) an undisclosed material weakness in internal controls relating to bill and hold transactions.

The Securities Lawsuits generally assert claims under Section 11 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended ("Securities Act"), Section 15 of the Securities Act, Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as amended (the "Exchange Act") and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder, and Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act, and they seek (1) class certification under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, (2) damages in an amount to be proven at trial, (3) prejudgment and post-judgment interest, (4) an award of reasonable costs and expense of plaintiffs, including counsel and expert fees, (5) an award of rescission or a rescissoryrescissionary measure of damages, and (6) equitable or other relief as deemed appropriate by the court.

On October 13, 2017,July 27, 2018, an order was entered consolidating the three competing motions were filed for consolidationremaining Securities Lawsuits into a single action in the Forrester case and transferring the venue of the Securities Lawsuits and for appointmentcase from the Eastern District of New York to the Northern District of Texas. On September 17, 2018, an individual or group of individualsorder was entered appointing Wladislaw Maciuga as lead plaintiff and approving his counsel as lead counsel. The Court has also entered an order agreeing to a proposed schedule for plaintiff to file an Amended Complaint by November 30, 2018 and deadlines under which the parties may file responsive pleadings and related briefing.

On July 31, 2018, a putative shareholder derivative complaint captioned Maloney v. Bradley, et al., was filed in the consolidated case underUnited States District Court for the Private Securities Litigation Reform ActNorthern District of 1995. ResponsesTexas, naming as defendants certain of the Company’s current and former directors and officers (the "Derivative Action"). The complaint alleges the directors and officers breached their fiduciary duties to the competing motions were filedCompany and wasted corporate assets, and also alleges constructive fraud and unjust enrichment against certain defendants. The complaint seeks, on October 27, 2017, at which time one motion was withdrawn and on November 3, 2017, onebehalf of the moving parties, Wladislaw Maciuga, filedCompany, unspecified damages, an order directing the return certain payments to the defendants and imposing a Notice of Non-Opposition withconstructive trust thereon, and certain injunctive relief. The Court has entered a scheduling order in the Court, noting that he was unopposed as lead plaintiff. The court is expectedDerivative Action requiring defendants to make its lead plaintiff determination before the end of the year.file responsive pleadings by November 15, 2018 and providing other deadlines for related briefing.

The Company intends to defendis defending the Securities Lawsuits and the Derivative Action vigorously. Given the stage of the proceedings, the Company cannot reasonably estimate at this time the possible loss or range of loss, if any, that may arise from the Securities Lawsuits.


2120


FORTERRA, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements



Long-term incentive plan

Following the Acquisition, Lone Star implemented a cash-based long term incentive plan (the “LTIP”), which entitles the participants in the LTIP a potential cash payout upon a monetization event as defined by the LTIP. Potential monetization events include the sale, transfer or otherwise disposition of all or a portion of the Company or successor entities of LSF9, an initial public offering where Lone Star reduces its ownership interest in the Company or successor entities of LSF9, below 50%, or through certain cash distribution as defined in the LTIP. Before the payout of any cash the LTIP requires Lone Star to realize in cash the full return of their investment plus a specified internal rate of return, which is calculated by comparing the return to Lone Star over the timeline of its investment in the Company and certain successor entities of LSF9. As of September 30, 2017,2018, no such monetization event hadevents that meet the required return for an LTIP payment have occurred, and therefore no amounts were accrued in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. While no payments have occurred thus far, payments under the LTIP could be significant depending upon future monetization events. The timing and amount of such payments are unknown and is dependent upon future monetization events and market conditions that are outside of the control of the Company or the participants of the plan. Subsequent to the IPO, Forterra became directly liable for any payment obligations triggered under the LTIP, but LSF9 or one of its affiliates will remain obligated to make payments to the Company in amounts equal to any payment obligations triggered under the LTIP as and when such payment obligations are triggered.

Tax receivable agreement

In connection with the IPO, the Company entered into a tax receivable agreement with Lone Star that provides for, among other things, the payment by the Company to Lone Star of 85% of the amount of certain covered tax benefits, which may reduce the actual liability for certain taxes that the Company might otherwise be required to pay. The tax benefits subject to the tax receivable agreement include: (i) all depreciation and amortization deductions, and any offset to taxable income and gain or increase to taxable loss, resulting from the tax basis that the Company had in its assets as of the time of the consummation of the IPO, (ii) the utilization of the Company's and its subsidiaries’ net operating losses and tax credits, if any, attributable to periods prior to the IPO, (iii) deductions in respect of payments made, funded or reimbursed by an initial party to the tax receivable agreement (other than the Company or one of its subsidiaries) or an affiliate thereof to participants under the LTIP, (iv) deductions in respect of transaction expenses attributable to the USP Acquisition and (v) certain other tax benefits attributable to payments made under the tax receivable agreement.

For purposes of the tax receivable agreement, the aggregate reduction in income tax payable by the Company will be computed by comparing the Company's actual income tax liability with its hypothetical liability had it not been able to utilize the related tax benefits. The agreement will remain in effect for the period of time in which any such related tax benefits remain. The Company accounts for potential payments under the tax receivable agreement as a contingent liability, with amounts accrued when considered probable and reasonably estimable. As of the IPO date, the Company recorded a $160.8 million liability and a reduction to additional paid-in-capital related to the tax receivable agreement for the undiscounted value of probable future payments. Net of tax effects of $18.5 million, the net reduction to additional paid-in-capital related to the initial liability for the tax receivable agreement issued was $142.3 million. The enactment of the TCJA described in Note 17 significantly reduced the Company's anticipated liability under the tax receivable agreement. Net of other adjustments, the Company's tax receivable agreement liability as of September 30, 2018 is $117.6 million, of which $34.6 million is in current portion of tax receivable agreement and $83.0 million is in long-term tax receivable agreement in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The timing and amount of future tax benefits associated with the tax receivable agreement are subject to change, and additional payments may be required which could be materially different from the current accrued liability. The Company anticipates that it will have sufficient taxable income in future periods to realize the full value of the obligation recorded. Future tax receivable agreement payments related to the tax basis of assets at the time of the IPO will be recorded as a reduction to the liability and will be recorded as a financing obligationactivity in the consolidated statement of cash flows. At the end of each reporting period, any changes in the Company's estimate of the liability will be recorded in the statement of operations as a component of other income/expense and will be recorded as an operating activity in the statement of cash flows. As of September 30, 2017, the liability recorded was $163.0 million, after adjustments made for changes in tax basis. No payments have been made throughas of September 30, 2017. The timing and amount of future tax benefits associated with the tax receivable agreement are subject to change, and additional payments may be required which could be materially different from the current accrued liability.2018.
 


2221


FORTERRA, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements



15. Earnings per share

Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) is calculated by dividing net earnings by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Potentially dilutive securities include employee stock options and shares of restricted stock. Diluted EPS reflects the assumed exercise, vesting or conversion of all dilutive securities.

For purposes of calculating earnings (loss) per share, weighted average shares prior to the Reorganization have been retroactively adjusted to give effect to Stock Split and the Reorganization for all historical periods presented in the financial statements. The computations of earnings (loss) per share for periods prior to the IPO do not include the shares issued in connection with the IPO.

The calculations of the basic and diluted EPS for the three and nine months ended September 30, 20172018 and 20162017 are presented below (in thousands, except per share amounts):

For the three months ended September 30, For the nine months ended September 30,For the three months ended September 30, For the nine months ended September 30,
20172016 2017201620182017 20182017
Income (loss) from continuing operations$(11,502)$4,368
 $(45,218)$34,052
Discontinued operations, net of tax
4,000
 
7,069
Net Income (loss)$(11,502)$8,368
 $(45,218)$41,121
Net income (loss)$5,503
$(11,502) $(7,413)$(45,218)
Less: Earnings (loss) allocated to unvested restricted stock awards25

 

Earnings (loss) allocated to common shareholders$5,478
$(11,502) $(7,413)$(45,218)
      
Common stock:      
Weighted average basic shares outstanding63,799
45,369
 63,794
45,369
63,919
63,799
 63,883
63,794
Effect of dilutive securities

 

350

 

Weighted average diluted shares outstanding63,799
45,369
 63,794
45,369
64,269
63,799
 63,883
63,794
      
Basic earnings (loss) per share:      
Income (loss) from continuing operations$(0.18)$0.10
 $(0.71)$0.75
Income from discontinued operations, net of taxes$
$0.09
 $
$0.16
Net income (loss)$(0.18)$0.19
 $(0.71)$0.91
$0.09
$(0.18) $(0.12)$(0.71)
Diluted earnings (loss) per share:      
Income (loss) from continuing operations$(0.18)$0.10
 $(0.71)$0.75
Income from discontinued operations, net of taxes$
$0.09
 $
$0.16
Net income (loss)$(0.18)$0.19
 $(0.71)$0.91
$0.09
$(0.18) $(0.12)$(0.71)

As detailed further below, potential dilutive shares of common stock were anti-dilutive as a result of the Company's net loss for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and the nine months ended September 30, 2018. As a result, basic weighted average shares were used in the calculations of basic earnings per share and diluted earnings per share for those periods. 

The number of stock options and restricted shares that were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share because their inclusion would result in an anti-dilutive effect on per share amounts for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and September 30, 2017 and the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and September 30, 2017 were 3,032,201, 1,331,165, 2,559,752 and 889,072, respectively.


22


FORTERRA, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements



16. Stock-based plans

2016 Stock Incentive Plan

Forterra has oneThe Company's previous equity compensation plan under which it has granted stock awards is the Forterra, Inc. 2016 Stock Incentive Plan (the "2016 Incentive Plan"). The 2016 Incentive Plan became effective October 19, 2016, upon the approval of the Company's then-sole equity-holder, and servesserved as the umbrella plan for the Company’sCompany's stock-based and cash-based incentive compensation programs for its directors, officers, and other eligible employees. The aggregate number of shares of common stock that may be issued under the 2016 Incentive Plan may not exceed 5,000,000 shares.

Effective October 19, 2016, the The Company's board of directors has granted employees and independent directors 361,590 options to purchase shares of common stock, at an exercise priceshares of $18.00 per share and 136,900 shares of

23


FORTERRA, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements



restricted common stock. Both the optionsstock, and restricted sharesstock units. The options, restricted stock and restricted stock units awarded to employees are subject to aeither three-year or four-year vesting periodperiods, and the options, restricted stock and restricted sharesstock units awarded to independent directors are subject to a one-year vesting period. Additional grants of an aggregate of 612,826 and 1,225,188 options were awarded to employees during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively. These options are subject to a three-year vesting period. The awards of stock options granted under the 2016 Incentive Plan have a term of ten years. In May 2018, the Company's shareholders approved the Forterra, Inc. 2018 Stock Incentive Plan (the "2018 Incentive Plan"). The aggregate number of shares of common stock issuable under the 2018 Incentive Plan is 5,000,000 shares plus any remaining shares issuable under the 2016 Incentive Plan.

In accordance with ASC 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation, the Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense over the requisite service period for the entire award, or to the date at which retirement eligibility is achieved and subsequent service no longer required for continued vesting of the award, in an amount equal to the grant date fair value of share-based payments, which include stock options granted and restricted stock awards to employees and non-employee members of Forterra's board of directors. The Company records stock-based compensation expense in cost of goods sold and selling, general and administrative expenses. Stock-based compensation expense was approximately $1.5 million and $4.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, and approximately $1.4 million and $2.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively.

Stock Option Grants
17.Income taxes

On December 22, 2017, the U.S. government enacted comprehensive tax reform legislation commonly known as the TCJA. Effective January 2018, the TCJA, among other things, reduced the marginal U.S. corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%, limited the deductibility of interest expense, limited the deduction for net operating losses and eliminated net operating loss carrybacks, provided for immediate expensing of qualified capital expenditures placed in service after September 27, 2017 and modified or eliminated many business deductions and credits. The valueTCJA also includes international provisions, which generally establish a territorial-style system for taxing foreign source income of domestic multinational corporations known as global intangible low-taxed income ("GILTI") and imposes a mandatory one-time transition tax on undistributed international earnings.

Due to the complexities involved in accounting for the enactment of TCJA, SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin 118 provides the registrants with the measurement period up to one year following the enactment of the options is determined by using a Black-Scholes pricing model that includesTCJA to account for the following variables: 1) exercise priceimpact of the instrument, 2) fair market valuenew U.S. corporate income tax law. During the measurement period the Company will provide provisional estimates of the underlying stock on dateimpacts of grant, 3) expected life, 4) estimated volatilitythe TCJA in its condensed consolidated financial statements until the accounting for the TCJA is complete.

For the year ended December 31, 2017 the Company recorded a provisional $26.9 million income tax benefit primarily related to the remeasurement of certain deferred tax assets and 5)liabilities in connection with the risk-free interest rate.TCJA. The Company utilizedconsiders it likely that further technical guidance will be provided regarding certain new provisions included in the following weighted-average assumptions in estimatingTCJA, as well as clarity regarding the fair valuestate income tax conformity to the current federal tax code. The Company will continue to refine the provision amounts for the impacts of the option grants inTCJA as further guidance becomes available. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017:

Expected dividends%
Expected volatility39.60%
Risk-free interest rate0.85%
Expected lives in years6
Weighted-average fair value of options:
Granted$4.17

The Black-Scholes model requires2018, the use of subjective assumptions including expectations of future dividends and stock price volatility. Expected volatility is calculated based onCompany recorded an analysis of historical and implied volatility measures for a set of Forterra's peer companies. The average expected life is based onadjustment related to the contractual term of the option and expected employee exercise and post-vesting employment termination behavior. Such assumptions are only used for making the required fair value estimate and should not be considered as indicators of future dividend policy or stock price appreciation. Because changestransition tax in the subjective assumptions can materially affectamount of $0.4 million. The accounting is expected to be completed once the fair value estimate, and because employee stock option have characteristics significantly different from thoseCompany's 2017 U.S. Corporate income tax return is completed in the fourth quarter of traded options, the use of the Black-Scholes option pricing model may not provide a reliable estimate of the fair value of employee stock options.2018.


2423


FORTERRA, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements



A summaryThe Company recorded income tax expense from continuing operations of the status of stock options granted under the 2016 Incentive Plan during the nine months ended September 30, 2017,$2.8 million and changes during the nine months then ended, is presented in the table below:

 SharesWeighted Average Exercise Price
Outstanding, beginning of period357,840
$18.00
Granted1,225,188
$10.80
Exercised
n/a
Forfeited(178,509)$18.70
Outstanding, end of period1,404,519
$11.63
Options exercisable at end of period27,500
$18.00

Restricted Stock Awards

Restricted stock awards are share awards that entitle the holder to receive shares of the Company's common stock which become freely transferable upon vesting. During$6.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, pursuant to the 2016 Incentive Plan, the Company issued 160,3482018, respectively, and 450,698 restricted stock awards, respectively. These restricted stock awards granted to employees generally vest on a three-year vesting schedule. The estimated compensation cost of the restricted stock awards, which is equal to the fair value of the awards on the date of grant, is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period.

The following table summarizes information about restricted stock award activity during the nine months ended September 30, 2017:

 SharesWeighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Unvested balance, beginning of period134,650
$18.00
Grants450,698
$13.16
Vested shares(13,500)$18.00
Forfeitures(78,798)$18.75
Unvested balance, end of period493,050
$13.45

17.Income Taxes

The Company's quarterly provision for income taxes is calculated using the annual effective tax rate method, which applies an estimated annual effective tax rate to pre-tax income or loss. The Company recorded income tax benefit from continuing operations of $8.5 million and $25.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, and anrespectively.
The income tax expense for the three months ended September 30, 2018 differs from the expense computed at the statutory rate primarily due to an increase in the unfavorable inclusion of $8.2 millionglobal intangible low-taxed income, an adjustment to the transition tax and an increase to the valuation allowance in certain state and foreign jurisdictions.

The income tax expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 is higher than the benefit computed at the statutory rate primarily as a result of a $3.7 million partial valuation allowance, unfavorable inclusion of GILTI and the unfavorable impact of the disposition of nondeductible goodwill in connection with the Foley exchange that occurred in the three months ended March 31, 2018.

The income tax benefit of $28.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively.
The income tax2017 is lower than the benefit forcomputed at the nine months ended September 30, 2017 recorded includes an effective tax rate of 36.0%, which differs from the federal statutory rate primarily dueattributable to the effect of state income taxes and valuation allowance in certain states and foreign jurisdictions, partially offset by the impact of the higher statutory tax rates in the foreign jurisdictions compared to the statutory rate differentialsin the United States, commonly referred to as the foreign tax rate differential.

The Company's quarterly provision for income taxes has historically been calculated using the annual effective rate method, which decreaseapplies an estimated annual effective tax rate to pre-tax income or loss. However, when the benefit rate. There was noresult of the expected annual effective tax rate is not deemed reliable and distorts the income tax provision for an interim period, the Company calculates the income tax provision or benefit associated withusing the goodwill impairment recognizedactual year-to-date effective tax rate (the "discrete method"), which results in an income tax provision or benefit based solely on the year-to-date pre-tax income or loss as adjusted for permanent differences on a pro rata basis. The Company has recorded its interim income tax provision using the discrete method, as allowed under ASC 740-270, Accounting for Income Taxes - Interim Reporting for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 since the goodwill is nondeductible for income tax purposes. The income tax benefit for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 is primarily attributable to the reduction of the Company's valuation allowance and corresponding recognition of a deferred tax benefit after giving consideration to deferred income tax liabilities of $34.9 million recorded in the acquisition of Sherman-Dixie Concrete Industries, Inc. and USP Holdings, Inc.2018.


25


FORTERRA, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements



18.    Segment reporting

Segment information is presented in accordance with ASC 280, Segment Reporting, which establishes standards for reporting information about operating segments. It also establishes standards for related disclosures about products and geographic areas. Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise that engage in business activities that earn revenues, incur expenses and prepare separate financial information that is evaluated regularly by the Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) in order to allocate resources and assess performance. The Company's Chief Executive Officer is its CODM. The Corporate and Other segment includes expenses related to certain executive salaries, interest costs related to the Company's credit agreements, acquisition related costs, and other corporate costs that are not directly attributable to the Company's operating segments. The Company's segments follow the same accounting policies as the Company.

Net sales from the major products sold to external customers include drainage pipe and precast products and concrete and steel water transmission pipe.

The Company’s three geographic areas consist of the United States, Canada and Mexico for which it reports net sales, fixed assets and total assets. For purposes of evaluating segment profit, the CODM reviews EBITDA as a basis for making the decisions to allocate resources and assess performance.
The following tables set forth reportable segment information with respect to net sales and other financial information attributable to the Company's reportable segments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands):

For the three months ended September 30, 2017:
 Drainage Pipe & ProductsWater Pipe & ProductsCorporate and OtherTotal
Net Sales$248,231
$195,987
$39
$444,257
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes35,529
(21,294)(34,191)(19,956)
Depreciation and amortization11,703
17,136
319
29,158
Interest expense110
14
15,458
15,582
EBITDA$47,342
$(4,144)$(18,414)$24,784
     
Capital expenditures$4,696
$2,774
$68
$7,538


For the three months ended September 30, 2016:
 Drainage Pipe & ProductsWater Pipe & ProductsCorporate and OtherTotal
Net Sales$215,486
$225,645
$1
$441,132
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes37,994
24,478
(49,950)12,522
Depreciation and amortization10,057
18,351
82
28,490
Interest expense3,451
805
27,500
31,756
EBITDA$51,502
$43,634
$(22,368)$72,768
     
Capital expenditures$6,351
$6,632
$
$12,983



2624


FORTERRA, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements



For the nine months ended September 30, 2017:
 Drainage Pipe & ProductsWater Pipe & ProductsCorporate and OtherTotal
Net Sales$630,200
$588,999
$45
$1,219,244
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes63,656
(21,195)(113,127)(70,666)
Depreciation and amortization34,847
52,046
570
87,463
Interest expense329
30
45,843
46,202
EBITDA$98,832
$30,881
$(66,714)$62,999
     
Capital expenditures$19,161
$10,935
$1,041
$31,137
Total assets$809,353
$970,716
$66,546
$1,846,615


For the nine months ended September 30, 2016:
 Drainage Pipe & ProductsWater Pipe & ProductsCorporate and OtherTotal
Net Sales$552,035
$455,286
$2,530
$1,009,851
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes90,205
43,821
(128,560)5,466
Depreciation and amortization29,608
34,853
457
64,918
Interest expense6,723
1,577
65,585
73,885
EBITDA$126,536
$80,251
$(62,518)$144,269
     
Capital expenditures$12,621
$10,035
$624
$23,280
Total assets$753,044
$1,103,245
$56,875
$1,913,164

InThe following tables set forth the nine months ended September 30, 2017 above,disaggregation of revenue earned from contracts with customers based on the Water Pipe & Products income from continuing operations includesCompany's reportable segments as well as other financial information attributable to the impact of $3.0 million of goodwill impairment and $7.5 million of long-lived asset impairment charges. InCompany's reportable segments for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 above, the Water Pipe & Products income from continuing operations includes the loss generated from the U.S. Pressure Pipe Divestiture of $31.6 million.(in thousands):

 For the three months ended September 30, For the nine months ended September 30,
 2018 2017 2018 2017
Net sales:       
Drainage Pipe & Products$242,997
 $248,231
 $621,523
 $630,200
Water Pipe & Products191,513
 195,987
 519,031
 588,999
Corporate and Other
 39
 3
 45
Total$434,510
 $444,257
 $1,140,557
 $1,219,244
        
Depreciation and amortization:       
Drainage Pipe & Products$10,447
 $11,703
 $30,898
 $34,847
Water Pipe & Products15,218
 17,136
 47,775
 52,046
Corporate and Other257
 319
 697
 570
Total$25,922
 $29,158
 $79,370
 $87,463
        
Segment EBITDA and reconciliation to income (loss) before income taxes:       
Drainage Pipe & Products$53,271
 $47,342
 $122,841
 $98,832
Water Pipe & Products17,818
 (4,144)*48,923
 30,881
Corporate and Other(14,931) (18,414) (40,463) (66,714)
Less: Interest expense(21,940) (15,582) (52,993) (46,202)
Depreciation and amortization(25,922) (29,158) (79,370) (87,463)
Income (loss) before income taxes$8,296
 $(19,956) $(1,062) $(70,666)
        
Capital expenditures:       
Drainage Pipe & Products$9,397
 $4,696
 $18,702
 $19,161
Water Pipe & Products3,080
 2,774
 10,732
 10,935
Corporate and Other728
 68
 992
 1,041
Total$13,205
 $7,538
 $30,426
 $31,137
        
     September 30, December 31,
     2018 2017
Total assets:       
Drainage Pipe & Products    $846,320
 $744,135
Water Pipe & Products    959,291
 925,457
Corporate and Other    62,491
 141,646
Total

 

 $1,868,102
 $1,811,238

*For the three months ended September 30, 2017, income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and EBITDA included a $31.6 million non-cash loss as a result of the U.S. Pressure Pipe Divestiture in July 2017.




25


FORTERRA, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements



        
The Company has an investment in an equity method investee included in the Drainage Pipe & Products segment for which earnings from equity method investee were $2.2 million, $2.9 million, $7.7 million and $9.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively,2018 and $4.1 million and $9.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016,2017, respectively, and with the following balances (in thousands):

 September 30, December 31,
 2017 2016
Investment in equity method investee$55,685
 $55,236
 September 30, December 31,
 2018 2017
Investment in equity method investee$53,315
 $54,445


The CompanyDisaggregated revenue by geographic location is also required by ASC 280 to disclose additional information related to geographic location.provided in the tables below. The Company has operations in the United States, Canada and Mexico. The economic characteristics of the Company's customers does not significantly vary across geographic locations or product lines. The Company has both revenues and long-lived assets in each country; and those assets and revenues are recorded within geographic location as follows (in thousands):
Property, plant, and equipment, net:September 30, December 31,
 2017 2016
United States$395,019
 $422,853
Canada20,748
 19,584
Mexico10,479
 10,477
 $426,246
 $452,914


27


FORTERRA, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements


Property, plant, and equipment, net:September 30, December 31,
 2018 2017
United States$437,587
 $381,754
Canada42,779
 20,251
Mexico10,073
 10,567
 $490,439
 $412,572

Net Sales:For the three months ended September 30, For the nine months ended September 30,For the three months ended September 30, For the nine months ended September 30,
20172016 2017201620182017 20182017
United States$412,562
$398,949
 $1,146,292
$916,795
$406,479
$412,562
 $1,071,918
$1,146,292
Canada27,688
39,039
 62,507
86,953
25,160
27,688
 61,046
62,507
Mexico4,007
3,144
 10,445
6,103
2,871
4,007
 7,593
10,445
$444,257
$441,132
 $1,219,244
$1,009,851
$434,510
$444,257
 $1,140,557
$1,219,244


19. Related party transactions

Hudson Advisors

The Company had an advisory agreement with Hudson Advisors, an affiliate of Lone Star, to provide certain management oversight services to the Company, including assistance and advice on strategic plans, obtaining and maintaining certain legal documents, and communicating and coordinating with service providers. The Company incurred fees totaling $1.0 million and $4.1 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively, included in selling, general and administrative expense on the condensed consolidated statement of operations.

In conjunction with the IPO, the advisory agreement with Hudson Advisors was terminated.

Affiliates receivable

The Company paid for certain services provided for affiliates which the Company billed to its affiliates. At December 31, 2016, the Company recorded a receivable of $0.1 million, for services paid on behalf of affiliates in other current assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Tax receivable agreement

In connection with the IPO, the Company entered into a tax receivable agreement with Lone Star that provides for, among other things, the payment by the Company to Lone Star of 85% of the amount of certain covered tax benefits, which may reduce the actual liability for certain taxes that the Company might otherwise be required to pay. See further discussion at Note 14, Commitments and contingencies.contingencies, for additional information on the tax receivable agreement.

CP&P

The Company has a 50% ownership stake in its joint venture CP&P and sold certain goods and services to CP&P, including spare parts for repairs. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, Forterra sold $0.1 million of product to CP&P and purchased goods and services from CP&P for an amount of $0.1 million.

26


FORTERRA, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements



Bricks Joint Venture

In connection with the Bricks Disposition,Reorganization, Forterra entered into a transition services agreement with the joint venture formed by the affiliate of Lone Star and an unaffiliated third party pursuant to which Forterra's former bricks business was contributed (the "Bricks Joint Venture"). Pursuant to the transition services agreement, Forterra continued to provide certain administrative services, including but not limited to information technology, accounting and treasury for a limited period of time following the Bricks Disposition.disposition by Forterra of its former bricks business. The Company recognized a total of $0.2 million and $1.8 million in Other Operating Income,operating income, net pursuant to the transition services agreement related to the Bricks Joint Venture for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively.2017. Additionally, during the transition period, the Company collected cash from as well as settled invoices and payroll on behalf of its former bricks business.the Bricks Joint Venture. As a result, Forterra had a net payable due toreceivable from affiliates of $8.4$4.1 million as of December 31, 2016,2017 and a net receivable from affiliates of $1.9 million as of September 30, 2017.

2018.
    

2827


FORTERRA, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements



20.     Discontinued operations and divestitures

Discontinued operations    

On August 23, 2016, an affiliate of Lone Star entered into an agreement with an unaffiliated third party to contribute Forterra's bricks business to the Bricks Joint Venture. In exchange for the contribution of the bricks business, an affiliate of Lone Star received a 50% interest in the Bricks Joint Venture. In connection with the Reorganization described in Note 1, Organization and description of the business, on October 17, 2016, Forterra distributed its bricks business to an affiliate of Lone Star in a transaction among entities under common control. Following the Bricks Disposition, Forterra no longer had any relation to or business affiliation with its former bricks business or the Bricks Joint Venture other than contractual arrangements regarding certain limited transition services, the temporary use of the “Forterra” name, and a short-term loan, of approximately $11.9 million, which was subsequently repaid in full in 2016. The Bricks Disposition has been accounted for as a discontinued operation.

The key components of loss from discontinued operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 consist of the following (in thousands):

 September 30, 2016
 
Three months ended

Nine months ended
Revenue$39,012
$110,436
Operating costs and expenses(32,875)(97,029)
Depreciation and amortization(2,139)(6,131)
Operating income$3,998
$7,276
Other income3
1
Income tax expense(1)(208)
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax$4,000
$7,069


Divestitures

Effective July 31, 2017, Forterra completed the U.S. Pressure Pipe Divestiture, selling its U.S. concrete and steel pressure pipe business, which was part of the Company's Water Pipe and Products segment to TPG, in exchange for approximately $23.2 million in cash, exclusive of fees and expenses, as well as certain assets relating to a U.S. drainage pipe and products manufacturing facility. The assets acquired, recognized at fair value, include $3.8 million of working capital, $1.8 million of machinery and equipment, and a customer intangible totaling $0.8 million. The U.S. Pressure Pipe Divestiture generated a pre-tax loss of $31.6 million recorded in other expense, net.

For the quarter ending June 30, 2017, the Company classified the assets and liabilities of its U.S. concrete and steel pressure pipe business as held for sale. Assets and liabilities which meet the held for sale criteria are carried at fair value less selling costs. An analysis indicated that the carrying value of the long-lived assets held for sale exceeded the fair value less costs to sell, and as a result, a pre-tax impairment charge of $7.5 million was recorded within impairment and exit charges during the second quarter of 2017 and the nine month period ended September 30, 2017. The long-lived assets' fair value was estimated using accepted cost approach methodologies.


29


FORTERRA, INC.
Notes to Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements



The pre-tax lossof the U.S. concrete and steel pressure pipe business was $34.1 million and $49.4 million for the three and nine month periods ended September 30, 2017, respectively, inclusive of loss on U.S. Pressure Pipe Divestiture of $31.6 million, and long-lived asset impairment of $7.5 million. In 2016, the assets generated a pre-tax loss of $7.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and pre-tax income of $0.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016.


30




CAUTIONARY STATEMENT CONCERNING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. These forward-looking statements relate to matters such as our industry, business strategy, goals and expectations concerning our market position, future operations, margins, profitability, capital expenditures, liquidity, capital resources and other financial and operating information. We have used the words “approximately,” “anticipate,” “assume,” “believe,” “contemplate,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “future,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “seek,” “should,” “target,” “will” and similar terms and phrases to identify forward-looking statements. All of our forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from those that we are expecting, including:

the level of construction activity, particularly in the residential construction and non-residential construction markets;

government funding of infrastructure and related construction activities;

the highly competitive nature of our industry and our ability to effectively compete;

energy costs;

the availability and price of the raw materials we use in our business;

the ability to implement our growth strategy;

our dependence on key customers and the absence of long-term agreements with these customers;

the level of construction activity in Texas and Canada;Texas;

disruption at one of our manufacturing facilities or in our supply chain;

construction project delays and our inventory management;

our ability to successfully integrate our recent acquisitions;

labor disruptions and other union activity;

a tightening of mortgage lending or mortgage financing requirements;

our current dispute with HeidelbergCement related to the payment of an earn-out;earnout;

compliance with environmental laws and regulations;

impacts and uncertainties regarding the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017;

compliance with health and safety laws and regulations and other laws and regulations to which we are subject;

our dependence on key executives and key management personnel;

our ability to retain and attract additional skilled and non-skilled technical or sales personnel;

credit and non-payment risks of our customers;

warranty and related claims;

28




legal and regulatory claims;

the seasonality of our business and its susceptibility to severe adverse weather;

our ability to maintain sufficient liquidity and ensure adequate financing or guarantees for large projects;

delays or outages in our information technology systems and computer networks;

security breaches in our information technology systems and other cybersecurity incidents; and

additional factors discussed in our filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC.
   
 
The forward-looking statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q are based on historical performance and management’s current plans, estimates and expectations in light of information currently available to us and are subject to uncertainty and changes in circumstances. There can be no assurance that future developments affecting us will be those that we have anticipated. Actual results may differ materially from these expectations due to changes in global, regional or local political, economic, business, competitive, market, regulatory and other factors, many of which are beyond our control, as well as the other factors described in Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in our 20162017 10-K filed with the SEC on March 31, 2017.7, 2018 and Item 1A, "Risk Factors" in this Form 10-Q. Additional factors or events that could cause our actual results to differ may also emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for us to predict all of them. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should any of our assumptions prove to be incorrect, our actual results may vary in material respects from what we may have expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. We caution that you should not place undue reliance on any of our forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement made by us speaks only as of the date on which we make it. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except as may be required by applicable securities laws.




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Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
 
The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 20162017 filed with the SEC on March 31, 2017,7, 2018, or the 20162017 10-K.

This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. See the section entitled “Cautionary Statement Concerning Forward-Looking Statements” for a discussion of the risks, uncertainties and assumptions associated with those statements.

Unless otherwise specified or where the context otherwise requires, references in this Report to “our,” “we,” “us,” “Forterra”, the “Company” and “our business” refer to Forterra, Inc., together with its consolidated subsidiaries.


Overview

Our Company

We are a leading manufacturer of pipe and precast products by sales volume in the United States and Eastern Canada for a variety of water-related infrastructure applications, including water transmission, distribution and drainage. We provide critical infrastructure components for a broad spectrum of construction projects across residential, non-residential and infrastructure markets. Our extensive suite of products rangeranges from large diameter pipe that transports water to and from treatment centers and manages drainage along major transportation corridors, to smaller diameter pipe that delivers potable water to, and removes wastewater from, end users in residential and commercial settings.

Our Segments

Our operations are organized into the following reportable segments:

Drainage Pipe & Products - We are a producer of concrete drainage pipe and precast products.

Water Pipe & Products - We are a producer of ductile iron pipe, (DIP)or DIP, and concrete and steel pressure pipe.

Corporate and Other - Primarily consists of corporate officesCorporate, general and administrative expenses not allocated to our roof tile operations which were sold in April 2016.

Basis of Presentation

Lone Star Fund IX (U.S.), L.P. (together with its affiliates and associates, but excluding the Companyrevenue-generating segments such as certain shared services, executive and other companies that it owns as a result of its investment activity (“Lone Star”)), through LSF9 Concrete Holdings Ltd. (“LSF9”), a wholly owned subsidiary, acquired our business (the “Acquisition”), along with the business of Forterra, plc, the operator of the former building products business of HeidelbergCement AG (“HeidelbergCement”), in the United Kingdom (“Forterra UK”), on March 13, 2015 from HeidelbergCement for aggregate cash consideration of $1.33 billion, subject to a $100.0 million earn-out that is currently subject to dispute, as discussed in greater detail in Note 14, Commitments and contingencies, to the condensed consolidated financial statements. Prior to the Acquisition, we were HeidelbergCement’s building products operations in the United States and Eastern Canada. LSF9 was formed on February 6, 2015 for the purpose of consummating the Acquisition and had no operations prior to the date of Acquisition.

Prior to our initial public offering of common stock on October 25, 2016 (the “IPO”), LSF9 transferred its building products operations in the United States and Eastern Canada to Forterra, Inc. in an internal reorganization transaction (the “Reorganization”). Forterra, Inc. was formed on June 21, 2016 for purposes of the Reorganization and did not have any operations prior to the date of the Reorganization.administrative functions.
    
Unless otherwise specified or where the context otherwise requires, references in this Report to “our,” “we,” “us,” “Forterra”, the “Company” and “our business” (i) for periods prior to the Reorganization refer to the building

33



products business of LSF9 in the United States and Eastern Canada and (ii) for periods following the Reorganization refer to the operations of Forterra, Inc., together with its consolidated subsidiaries.
Recent Developments

Royal Acquisition

On February 3, 2017, we acquired Royal Enterprises America, Inc. (“Royal”), for aggregate consideration of $35.5 million, including customary working capital adjustments. Royal manufactures concrete drainage pipe, precast concrete products, stormwater treatment technologies and erosion control products serving the greater Minneapolis market. The acquisition was financed with borrowings on our asset based revolving credit facility entered into in connection with the IPO (the “2016 Revolver”).

Divestiture of U.S. Pressure Pipe

On July 31, 2017, we completed the sale of our U.S. concrete and steel pressure pipe business, a component of our Water Pipe and Products segment, to TPG in exchange for approximately $23.2 million in cash, exclusive of fees and expenses, as well as certain assets relating to a drainage pipe and products manufacturing facility. This divestiture generated a pre-tax loss of $31.6 million recorded in other expense, net. In addition, for the second quarter of 2017, we recorded a pre-tax long-lived asset impairment of $7.5 million within impairment and exit charges. We used the net proceeds from the transaction to pay down debt on our 2016 Revolver. See Note 20, Discontinued operations and divestitures, to the condensed consolidated financial statements.
Principal Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

Our financial performance and results of operations are influenced by a variety of factors, including conditions in the residential, and non-residential and infrastructure construction markets, general economic conditions, changes in cost of goods sold, and seasonality and weather conditions. Some of the more important factors are discussed in the 20162017 10-K, to which there were no material changes during the period covered by this Report.report.
Our results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same periods last year, primarily reflect the benefit of improved results in Drainage Pipe & Products and lower costs in Corporate, partially offset by lower results in Water Pipe & Products. A detailed description of our results and the factors impacting them is included in the Results of Operations section below.

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Factors Affecting our Financial Statements

ReorganizationBusiness Combinations and Divestitures

Prior toOn February 2, 2017, we completed the consummationacquisition of substantially all of the IPO, LSF9 distributed its brick operationsassets of Royal Enterprises America, Inc., or Royal, a drainage pipe and products manufacturer located in Minnesota for aggregate consideration of $35.5 million. Royal manufactured concrete drainage pipe, precast concrete products, and stormwater treatment technologies and erosion control products serving the United Statesgreater Minneapolis market and Eastern Canadanow operates as part of our Drainage Pipe & Products segment.

On July 31, 2017, we sold our U.S. concrete and steel pressure pipe business, which was part of our Water Pipe & Products segment, to an affiliate of Lone Star (the “Bricks Disposition”), which wasThompson Pipe Group, or TPG, for aggregate consideration of $23.2 million, as well as certain assets relating to a U.S. Drainage Pipe & Products manufacturing facility, or the U.S. Pressure Pipe Divestiture. The assets acquired, recognized asat fair value, include $3.8 million of working capital, $1.8 million of machinery and equipment, and a return of capital incustomer intangible totaling $0.8 million. We used the statement of shareholders' equity. We reclassified the operations of our former brick business to discontinued operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016. Following the Bricks Disposition and prior to the consummation of the IPO, the remaining building products operations of LSF9 in the United States and Eastern Canada were transferred to Forterra, Inc. in the Reorganization. Following the Reorganization, Forterra, Inc. became a wholly owned subsidiary of Forterra US Holdings, LLC, which is indirectly wholly owned by an affiliate of Lone Star. 

The IPO
On October 25, 2016, we completed the IPO, in which we offered and sold 18,420,000 shares of our common stock at a public offering price of $18.00 per share. We received net proceeds from the IPOtransaction to partially pay down the balance outstanding on our $300.0 million asset-based revolving credit facility.

On January 31, 2018, we divested assets relating to the operation of $313.3certain Drainage Pipe & Products facilities in Tennessee, Alabama, and Georgia to Foley Products Company, or Foley, in exchange for $10.1 million in cash, land in Sherman, Texas and a Drainage Pipe & Products facility located in Prentiss, Mississippi, or the Foley Transaction. The purchase price was subject to a $1.0 million net working capital adjustment pursuant to the terms of underwriting discountsthe asset purchase agreement. The cash received was used for general corporate purposes. The Prentiss facility manufactures concrete drainage pipe, precast and commissionsconcrete products, and before payment of IPO expenses, $296.0 million of which were used to repay indebtedness inservices the refinancing transactions summarized below.Mississippi and surrounding markets.


34



Refinancing

Concurrent with the completion of the IPO, we entered into new credit facilities, or the Refinancing. In the Refinancing, we entered into the 2016 Revolver, a new $300.0 million asset based revolving credit facility, for working capital and general corporate purposes and a new $1.05 billion senior term loan facility ("the "2016 Senior Term Loan"), the proceeds of which, together with a $125.0 million draw on the 2016 Revolver and the proceeds from the IPO, were used to repay in full and terminate the then-existing Junior Term Loan of $260.0 million (the "Junior Term Loan"), the 2015 Senior Term Loan of $1.04 billion, and the existing balance under the our prior asset based revolving credit facility (the "2015 Revolver"), in addition to related expenses associated with the IPO and Refinancing. Immediately subsequent to the completion of the IPO, Forterra had $125.0 million outstanding on its 2016 Revolver and $1.05 billion on its 2016 Senior Term Loan. The $260.0 million repayment toward the Junior Term Loan represented a full repayment of the outstanding principal on that loan, resulting in a related write-off of issue discounts and capitalized issuance costs of approximately $22.4 million. The repayment also triggered a prepayment penalty of approximately $7.8 million.     

Business Combinations

The Company completed the following transactions impacting the periods presented:

  Purchase Price
Acquisitions: (in millions)
2016  
Sherman-Dixie Concrete Industries ("Sherman-Dixie") $66.8
USP Holdings, Inc. ("U.S. Pipe") 778.7
Bio Clean Environmental Services, Inc. and Modular Wetland Systems, Inc. ("Bio Clean") 31.9
J&G Concrete Operations, LLC 32.4
Precast Concepts, LLC 99.6
2017  
Royal Enterprises America, Inc. $35.5


Sale LeasebackSale-leaseback Transaction

On AprilJune 5, 2016, the Company sold properties in 47 sites throughout the U.S. and Canada to Pipe Portfolio Owner (Multi) LP (the "U.S. Buyer"), and FORT-BEN Holdings (ONQC) Ltd. (the "Canadian Buyer"), for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $204.3 million.  On April 14, 2016, the Company sold additional properties in two sites located in the U.S. to the U.S. Buyer for an aggregate purchase price of approximately $11.9 million. In connection with these transactions, the Company and U.S. Buyer and an affiliate of the Canadian Buyer2018, we entered into master landExchange Agreements and building lease agreements under which the Company agreed to lease backAmended and Restated Master Leases with each of the propertiesU.S. buyer and the Canadian buyer under our existing sale-leaseback transaction, or collectively, the Exchange Transaction. Under the Exchange Agreement between us and the U.S. buyer, we exchanged ownership of a ductile iron pipe facility located in Bessemer, Alabama used in our Water Pipe & Products segment, or the Bessemer Facility, for an initial term21 facilities used in our Drainage Pipe & Products segment and the U.S. concrete and steel pressure pipe facilities previously part of twenty years, followed byour Water Pipe & Products segment, including a portion of one optional renewal termproperty used in both segments, all of 9 years, 11 months. Leaseback rental will escalate annually by 2% during the initial term and based on changeswhich were previously included in the Consumer Price Index capped at 4% duringsale-leaseback transaction. Under the optional renewal period. The proceeds received fromExchange Agreement between us and the Canadian buyer, we exchanged ownership of a smaller diameter ductile iron pipe facility located in Bessemer, Alabama used in our Water Pipe & Products segment, or the Mini Mill Facility, for ownership of three Canadian concrete pressure pipe facilities that were previously included in the sale-leaseback transactions net of transaction costs of $6.5 million amounted to $209.7 million.transaction. No cash changed hands in the Exchange Transaction.

Prior toThe Amended and Restated Master Leases also extended the Reorganization,lease terms for all facilities, which caused the sale-leaseback transactions were considered to have one form of prohibited “continuing involvement” at the inceptionmajority of the leases being classified as capital leases instead of operating leases. Consequently, we recognized capital lease which preclude sale-leaseback accounting for transactions involving real estate inobligations as well as the financial statementsgross value of the Company because a guaranteecapital lease assets of $149.0 million, calculated by LSF9 provided the buyer-lessor or the lessor, as applicable, with additional collateral that reduced the buyer-lessor’s or the lessor's, as applicable, riskdiscounting minimum future lease payments using our incremental borrowing rate of loss.  As a result, the assets subject to the sale-leaseback remained on the balance sheet and were depreciated. Additionally, the aggregate proceeds were recorded as a financing obligation in the consolidated balance sheet and under financing in the statements of cash flow. In October

35



2016, the Company entered into agreements to replace the guarantor, then LSF9, with Forterra, Inc. as the new guarantor, effective immediately following completion of the Reorganization. Due to the change in guarantor, the sale leaseback qualified for sales recognition and was classified as an operating lease beginning October 2016. Associated with the sale, in October 2016, the Company recognized a loss on the statement of operations of $19.6 million and a deferred gain of $81.5 million.12.33%. The deferred gain will be amortized over the life of the lease. As of September 30, 2017, the non-current portioncarrying value of the deferred gain was $76.5gains of $100.0 million, the deferred rent of $3.8 million, and the current portiondeferred transaction cost of $5.7 million were reclassified to reduce the deferred gain was $2.8 million incarrying value of capital lease assets. See Note 13, Sale-Leaseback Transaction, for additional information regarding the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

transaction.

Principal Components of Results of Operations

Net Sales

Net sales consist of the consideration received or receivablewhich we expect to be entitled to for the sale of products in the ordinary course of business and include the billable costs of delivery of our products to customers, net of discounts given to the customers. Revenue for certain contracts related to our structural precast and products that are designed and engineered specifically for

31



the customer is recognized under the percentage-of-completion method. Certain ofover time using an acceptable input method which utilizes our businesses, primarily our concrete and steel pressure pipe businesses, also enter into agreementscost incurred to provide inventorydate relative to customers for long-term construction projects. With respecttotal estimated costs at completion to these agreements, we recognize revenue upon shipment of the respective goods, whereas billings are based on contract terms and may or may not coincide with shipments giving rise to either unbilled or deferred revenue.measure progress. See Note 2, Summary of significant accounting policies, to the condensed consolidated financial statements, for a discussion of accounting guidance to be adopted regarding revenue recognition.

Cost of Goods Sold

Cost of goods sold includes raw materials (cement, aggregates, scrap, and steel) and supplies, labor (including contract labor), freight (including outbound freight for delivery of products to end users and other charges such as inbound freight), energy, depreciation and amortization, repairs and maintenance and other cost of goods sold.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses include expenses for sales, marketing, legal, accounting and finance services, human resources, customer support, treasury and other general corporate services. Selling, general and administrative expenses also include transaction costs directly related to the business combinations and other costs incurred with respect to cost savings initiatives.

Impairment and Exit Charges

Impairment and exit charges are significantlyprimarily comprised of impairmentseverance and other charges recognizedincurred to adjustconsolidate certain plants in an effort to optimize our U.S. concrete and steel pressure pipe long-lived assets to fair valueportfolio, as well as the charges to impair the goodwill of our Canadian concrete and steel pressure pipe reporting unit. See Note 8, Goodwill and other intangible assets and Note 20, Discontinued operations and divestitures for further discussion to the condensed consolidated financial statements.asset impairment charges.

Earnings from Equity Method Investee

Earnings from equity method investee represents our share of the income of the Concrete Pipe & Precast LLC, or CP&P, the joint venture we entered into in July 2012 with Americast, Inc. We contributed plant assets and related inventory from nine plants as part of the agreement to form CP&P in exchange for a 50% ownership interest in the joint venture. CP&P is engaged primarily in the manufacture, marketing, sale and distribution of concrete pipe and precast products in Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, and South Carolina, and Georgia, with sales to contiguous states. See Note 6, Investment in equity method investee, to the condensed consolidated financial statements, for further discussion of CP&P.

36



Other Operating Income

The remaining categories of operating income and expenses consist of scrap income (associated with scrap from the manufacturing process or remaining scrap after plants are closed), insurance gains, rental income and the gain or loss generated on the sale of assets including property, plant and equipment.

Interest Expense

Interest expense represents interest on indebtedness.indebtedness, including capital lease obligation, the amortization of deferred financing costs, as well as the gain and loss associated with our interest rate swaps.

Other Expense, net

Other expense, net includes the loss on the U.S. Pressure Pipe Divestiture that occurred in July 2017.miscellaneous non-operating net income or expenses.

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense consists of federal, state, provincial, local and foreign taxes based on income in the jurisdictions in which we operate.



32



Results of Operations

Three Months Ended September 30, 20172018 as Compared to Three Months Ended September 30, 20162017


Total Company

The following table summarizes certain financial information relating to our operating results for the three months ended September 30, 20172018 and September 30, 2016. Also included is information relating to the operating results as a percentage of net sales.2017.

Statements of Income Data:For the three months ended September 30, 2017 % of
Net Sales
 For the three months ended September 30, 2016 % of
Net Sales
For the three months ended September 30, 2018 For the three months ended September 30, 2017 % Change
           
Net sales
$444,257
 100.0% $441,132
 100.0%$434,510
 $444,257
 (2.2)%
Cost of goods sold
362,150
 81.5% 339,819
 77.0%357,374
 362,150
 (1.3)%
Gross profit
82,107
 18.5% 101,313
 23.0%77,136
 82,107
 (6.1)%
Selling, general and administrative expenses(59,366) 13.4% (62,355) 14.1%(48,492) (59,366) (18.3)%
Impairment and exit charges(1,193) 0.3% (555) 0.1%(2,170) (1,193) *
Earnings from equity method investee2,936
 0.7% 4,146
 0.9%2,224
 2,936
 (24.3)%
Other operating income2,008
 0.5% 1,946
 0.4%1,538
 2,008
 (23.4)%
(55,615) 12.5% (56,818) 12.9%(46,900) (55,615) (15.7)%
Income from operations
26,492
 6.0% 44,495
 10.1%30,236
 26,492
 14.1%
Other income (expenses)
           
Interest expense(15,582) 3.5% (31,756) 7.2%(21,940) (15,582) 40.8%
Other expense, net(30,866) 6.9% (217) %
 (30,866) *
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes(19,956) 4.5% 12,522
 2.8%
Income (loss) from before income taxes8,296
 (19,956) *
Income tax (expense) benefit8,454
 1.9% (8,154) 1.8%(2,793) 8,454
 *
Income (loss) from continuing operations(11,502) 2.6% 4,368
 1.0%
Discontinued operations, net of tax
 % 4,000
 0.9%
Net Income (loss)
$(11,502) 2.6% $8,368
 1.9%$5,503
 $(11,502) *
* Represents positive or negative change in excess of 100%


37



Net Sales

Net sales for the three months ended September 30, 20172018 were $444.3$434.5 million, an increasea decrease of $3.2$9.8 million or 0.7%2.2% from $441.1$444.3 million in the three months ended September 30, 2016.2017. The period-over-period increase was primarily attributable to additional net sales of $28.4 million provided by our acquisitions, partially offset by a decrease in net sales of approximately $25.2 million, primarily relatedis due to the U.S. Pressure Pipe Divestiture, which contributed $10.8 million in net sales in the third quarter of 2017, and the Foley Transaction, which resulted in a $10.8 million decline in net sales. Excluding the impact of inclement weather.these two transactions, net sales increased by $11.8 million or 2.8% due to higher shipments and higher average selling prices.

Cost of Goods Sold

Cost of goods sold were $362.2$357.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, an increase2018, a decrease of $22.4$4.8 million or 6.6%1.3% from $339.8$362.2 million in the three months ended September 30, 2016.2017. The increase was primarily attributable to the acquisitions described above which increased cost of goods sold by $21.0 million. Costs of goods sold in the existing businesses increased by $1.3 million primarily due to higher labor, freight, and raw materials, net of a decrease is due to the U.S. Pressure Pipe Divestiture.Divestiture, which contributed $13.0 million in cost of goods sold in the three months ended September 30, 2017, as well as the Foley Transaction, which contributed $8.4 million in cost of goods sold in the three months ended September 30, 2017. Excluding the impact of the two transactions, cost of goods sold increased by $16.7 million or 4.9% due to higher shipments and higher costs for labor, freight, and raw materials, primarily in our Water Pipe & Products segment.


33



Gross Profit

Gross profit decreased by $19.2$5.0 million, or 19.0%6.1%, to $77.1 million in the three months ended September 30, 2018 from $82.1 million in the three months ended September 30, 2017 from $101.3 million in the three months ended September 30, 2016.2017. Gross profit decreased due to the increase inimpact of higher cost of goods sold, described above that was not fully offset by increasesincluding higher scrap steel, primarily in average sales prices of products sold.our Water Pipe & Products segment.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses    

Selling, general and administrative expenses were $59.4$48.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017,2018, a decrease of $3.0$10.9 million or 4.8%18.3% from $62.4$59.4 million in the three months ended September 30, 2016.2017. The period-over-period decrease was due primarily the result ofto lower professional fees partially offset by an increase of $4.6 million of expenses from acquired businesses.associated with various cost saving initiatives implemented in 2017 that did not recur in the three months ended September 30, 2018.

Impairment and Exit Charges

We recognized $1.2exit charges of $2.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 20172018 primarily related to our cost savingcertain business initiatives compared to $0.6$1.2 million inof comparable charges in the prior period.

Interest Expense

Interest expense decreasedincreased by $16.2$6.3 million, or 50.9%40.8%, to $21.9 million in the three months ended September 30, 2018 from $15.6 million in the three months ended September 30, 2017 from $31.82017. This increase was primarily due to $4.3 million related to the change in the three months ended September 30, 2016. This decreaseclassification of certain leases from operating lease to capital lease due to the sale-leaseback transaction and the benefit of a $0.9 million mark-to-market gain related to the interest rate swaps in the prior year period. The remainder of the interest expense increase was primarily due to the repaymentimpact of the Junior Term Loan in connection with the IPO and the lower effectivehigher average interest rates in the 2017 period under the 2016 Revolver and 2016 Senior Term Loan as compared to the 2016 period under the 2015 Revolver and the 2015 Senior Term Loan.rates.

Other Expense, net

Other expense, net increased by $30.6was $30.9 million infor the three months ended September 30, 2017, primarily due to thea $31.6 million loss generated by the U.S. Pressure Pipe Divestiture.

Divestiture in July 2017.

Income Tax (Expense) Benefit

Income tax (expense) benefit changed by $16.6$11.2 million resultingto an income tax expense of $2.8 million in the three months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to an income tax benefit of $8.5 million in the three months ended September 30, 2017 as compared2017. The change is due to anpositive earnings before income tax expense of $8.2 million intaxes recorded for the three months ended September 30, 2016, primarily due2018 versus a loss for the prior year period, inclusion of the global intangible low-tax income, adjustment to a decreasethe transition tax liability, the impact of the lower corporate tax rates enacted in profits beforeDecember 2017 and the foreign tax between periods.rate differential as explained in Note 17 to the condensed consolidated financial statements.



3834




Segments

 For the three months ended September 30, 2017:
 Drainage Pipe & Products Water Pipe & Products Corporate and Other Total
 (In thousands)
Net sales$248,231
 $195,987
 $39
 $444,257
Gross profit (loss)51,825
 30,920
 (638) 82,107
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes35,529
 (21,294) (34,191) (19,956)
EBITDA47,342
 (4,144) (18,414) 24,784
 For the three months ended September 30,  
 2018 2017 % Change
Net sales:     
Drainage Pipe & Products$242,997
 $248,231
 (2.1)%
Water Pipe & Products191,513
 195,987
 (2.3)%
Corporate and Other
 39
  %
Total$434,510
 $444,257
 (2.2)%
      
Gross profit (loss):     
Drainage Pipe & Products57,441
 51,825
 10.8 %
Water Pipe & Products19,972
 30,920
 (35.4)%
Corporate and Other(277) (638) (56.6)%
Total$77,136
 $82,107
 (6.1)%
      
Segment EBITDA(1):
     
Drainage Pipe & Products53,271
 47,342
 12.5 %
Water Pipe & Products(2)
17,818
 (4,144) *
Corporate and Other(14,931) (18,414) (18.9)%
* Represents positive or negative change in excess of 100%

 For the three months ended September 30, 2016:
 Drainage Pipe & Products Water Pipe & Products Corporate and Other Total
 (In thousands)
Net sales$215,486
 $225,645
 $1
 $441,132
Gross profit (loss)52,661
 49,394
 (742) 101,313
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes37,994
 24,478
 (49,950) 12,522
EBITDA51,502
 43,634
 (22,368) 72,768

(1)
For the purposes of evaluating segment performance, the Company’s chief operating decision maker reviews earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“EBITDA”) as a basis for making the decisions to allocate resources and assess performance. Our discussion below includes the primary drivers of EBITDA. See Note 18, Segment Reporting, for segment EBITDA reconciliation to income (loss) before income taxes.
(2)For the 2017 period, segment EBITDA included a $31.6 million loss as a result of the U.S. Pressure Pipe Divestiture in July 2017.

Drainage Pipe & Products

Net Sales
    
Net sales increaseddecreased by $32.7$5.2 million, or 15.2%2.1%, to $243.0 million in the three months ended September 30, 2018 from $248.2 million in the three months ended September 30, 2017 from $215.52017. Excluding net sales of $10.8 million in the three months ended September 30, 2016.2017 associated with the Foley Transaction, net sales increased by $5.5 million or 2.4%. The increase was due primarily attributable to net sales of approximately $28.4 million provided by our acquisitions. The remaining increase in net sales of $4.3 million was due to higher net sales in certain regions driven by increased volumes and average sales price,selling prices that offset by the negative impact of hurricanes Irma and Harvey.a decline in shipments.

Gross Profit

Gross profit was $57.4 million in the three months ended September 30, 2018, an increase of $5.6 million or 10.8% from $51.8 million in the three months ended September 30, 2017, a decrease of $0.9 million or 1.7% from $52.7 million in the three months ended September 30, 2016.2017. The decreaseincrease was primarily due to the benefit of higher average selling prices, partially offset by the impact of higher cost of goods sold, including labor, freight and raw materials that were not fully offset by an increase in average sales prices of products sold.costs.


3935



Water Pipe & Products

Net Sales

For the three months ended September 30, 2017,2018, net sales were $196.0$191.5 million, a decrease of $29.6$4.5 million or 13.1%2.3% from $225.6$196.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016. The decrease was partially attributable to2017. Excluding net sales of $10.8 million in the sale ofthree months ended September 30, 2017 associated with the U.S. pressure pipe business in July 2017 which had the effect of reducingPressure Pipe Divestiture, net sales increased by $8.9$6.3 million as well as a decrease in the U.S. and Canada concrete and steel pressure pipe businessesor 3.4%. The increase was due primarily to higher shipments of $20.7 million. Net sales in the third quarter of 2017 were negatively impacted by hurricane Harvey and lower demand from municipal projects, partially offset by higher average prices of products sold.ductile iron pipe.

Gross Profit

Gross profit was $20.0 million in the three months ended September 30, 2018, a decrease of $10.9 million or 35.4% from $30.9 million in the three months ended September 30, 2017, a2017. The decrease of $18.5 million or 37.4% from $49.4 millionwas due primarily to higher scrap steel, in the three months ended September 30, 2016. The ductile iron pipe portion of the segment was impactedaddition to higher freight and labor costs, partially offset by higher scrap costs that were not fully offset by an increase in average salesselling prices. Concrete and steel pressure pipe gross profit benefited in the prior year period from a large, higher margin project in Canada that was completed in the fourth quarter of 2016. 

Other

For the three months ended September 30, 2017, income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes and EBITDA decreased by $31.6 million due to the loss generated by the U.S. Pressure Pipe Divestiture in July 2017.

40



Nine Months Ended September 30, 20172018 as Compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 20162017

Total Company

The following table summarizes certain financial information relating to our operating results for the nine months ended September 30, 20172018 and September 30, 2016. Also included is information relating to the operating results as a percentage of net sales.

2017.
Statements of Income Data:For the nine months ended September 30, 2017 % of
Net Sales
 For the nine months ended September 30, 2016 % of
Net Sales
For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 For the nine months ended September 30, 2017 % Change
            
Net sales
$1,219,244
 100.0% $1,009,851
 100.0%$1,140,557
 $1,219,244
 (6.5)%
Cost of goods sold
1,022,574
 83.9% 789,756
 78.2%953,743
 1,022,574
 (6.7)%
Gross profit
196,670
 16.1% 220,095
 21.8%186,814
 196,670
 (5.0)%
Selling, general and administrative expenses(191,964) 15.7% (153,076) 15.2%(151,617) (191,964) (21.0)%
Impairment and exit charges(13,004) 1.1% (578) 0.1%(3,891) (13,004) (70.1)%
Earnings from equity method investee9,449
 0.8% 9,014
 0.9%7,745
 9,449
 (18.0)%
Other operating income5,251
 0.4% 5,290
 0.5%6,864
 5,251
 30.7 %
(190,268) 15.6% (139,350) 13.8%(140,899) (190,268) (25.9)%
Income from operations
6,402
 0.5% 80,745
 8.0%45,915
 6,402
 *
Other income (expenses)
            
Interest expense(46,202) 3.8% (73,885) 7.3%(52,993) (46,202) 14.7 %
Other expense, net(30,866) 2.5% (1,394) 0.1%
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes(70,666) 5.8% 5,466
 0.5%
Income tax benefit25,448
 2.1% 28,586
 2.8%
Income (loss) from continuing operations(45,218) 3.7% 34,052
 3.4%
Discontinued operations, net of tax
 % 7,069
 0.7%
Net income (loss)
$(45,218) 3.7% $41,121
 4.1%
Other income (expense), net6,016
 (30,866) *
Loss before income taxes(1,062) (70,666) (98.5)%
Income tax (expense) benefit(6,351) 25,448
 *
Net loss
$(7,413) $(45,218) (83.6)%
* Represents positive or negative change in excess of 100%

Net Sales

Net sales for the nine months ended September 30, 20172018 were $1,219.2$1,140.6 million, an increasea decrease of $209.3$78.6 million or 20.7%6.5% from $1,009.9$1,219.2 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2016.2017. The increase was primarily attributabledecrease is due to the U.S. Pressure Pipe Divestiture in July 2017, which contributed $72.7 million in net sales of U.S. Pipe, which was acquired in April 2016, of approximately $155.7 million due to a fullthe first nine months of 2017, and the Foley Transaction, which resulted in a $32.7 million decline in net sales in 2017 compared to a partial period in 2016. In addition,sales. Excluding the impact of these two transactions, net sales increased by approximately $76.2$26.8 million or 2.4% due to our other acquisitions, partially offset by a decrease in existing business net sales of $22.6 million partially due to the impact of hurricanes Irmahigher shipments and Harvey.higher average selling prices.


36



Cost of Goods Sold

Cost of goods sold were $1,022.6$953.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, an increase2018, a decrease of $232.8$68.9 million or 29.5%6.7% from $789.8$1,022.6 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2016.2017. The increase was primarily attributabledecrease is due to the acquisitions described aboveU.S. Pressure Pipe Divestiture, which increasedresulted in a $79.8 million decline in cost of goods sold, by $196.0 million. Costsas well as the Foley Transaction, which resulted in a $24.1 million decline in cost of goods sold. Excluding the impact of the divestitures, cost of goods sold in our existing businesses increased by $36.8$35.0 million primarilyor 3.8% due to higher shipments and higher labor, freight and raw materials.materials costs.


41



Gross Profit

Gross profit decreased by $23.4$9.9 million, or 10.6%5.0%, to $186.8 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 from $196.7 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2017 from $220.1 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2016.2017. Gross profit decreased due to lower profitability in the Water Pipe and Products segment including unabsorbed costs associated with facility downtime in the first half of 2018 and higher cost of goods sold includingscrap steel, labor and freight and raw materials, partiallycosts not fully offset by the increased net sales from acquisitions.higher average selling prices.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses    

Selling, general and administrative expenses were $192.0$151.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, an increase2018, a decrease of $38.9$40.4 million or 25.4%21.0% from $153.1$192.0 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2016.2017. The period-over-period increase wasdecrease is due primarily attributable to an increase of $32.5 million of costs from acquired businesses. Selling, general and administrative expenses in our existing businesses increased by $6.4 million primarily due to additional consulting costs related to our Sarbanes-Oxley compliance work as well aslower professional fees associated with various cost saving initiatives.initiatives implemented in 2017 that did not recur in the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

Impairment and Exit Charges

We recognized $3.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 for restructuring charges that primarily related to the consolidation of certain locations for the planned optimization of our portfolio as compared to $13.0 million in the prior year period. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we recognized $3.0 million of goodwill impairment related to our Canadian concrete and steel pressure pipe reporting unit, and $7.5 million of long-lived asset impairment related to the sale of our U.S. concrete and steel pressure pipe business in the nine months ended September 30, 2017. See Note 8, Goodwill and other intangible assets, and Note 20, Discontinued operations and divestitures, to the condensed consolidated financial statements. In addition, we recognized $2.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 for restructuring charges that primarily related to our cost saving initiatives compared to $0.6 million in the prior year period.savings initiatives.

Interest Expense

Interest expense decreasedincreased by $27.7$6.8 million, or 37.5%14.7%, to $53.0 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 from $46.2 million in the nine months ended September 30, 20172017. The nine months ended September 30, 2018 included $6.0 million in higher interest expense related to the change in the classification of certain leases from $73.9operating lease to capital lease due to the sale-leaseback transaction. The remainder of the interest expense increase was primarily due to the impact of higher average interest rates. These increases were partially offset by a $4.3 million mark-to-market gain on the interest rate swaps in the nine months ended September 30, 2016. This decrease was primarily due to the repayment of the Junior Term Loan in connection with the IPO and the lower effective interest rates in the 2017 period under the 2016 Revolver and 2016 Senior Term Loan2018 as compared to $2.0 million in the 2016 period under the 2015 Revolver and the 2015 Senior Term Loan.prior year period.

Other Expense,Income (Expense), net

Other expense, net increased by $29.5income was $6.0 million infor the nine months ended September 30, 2018 due primarily to the gain resulting from the Foley Transaction. See Note 3, Business Combinations. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, other expense of $30.9 million was primarily due to thea $31.6 million loss generated by the U.S. Pressure Pipe Divestiture duringin July 2017.


37



Income Tax (Expense) Benefit

Income tax (expense) benefit decreasedchanged by $3.1$31.8 million as a result of an income tax expense of $6.4 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to an income tax benefit of $25.4 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2017 from $28.6 million in2017. The change is due largely to a smaller loss before income taxes recorded for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 due2018 compared to the same period in 2017, inclusion of the global intangible low-tax income, adjustment to the transition tax liability, the impact of the lower corporate tax rates enacted in December 2017 and the foreign tax rate differential. In addition, for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company recorded a decrease in profits before tax between periods.partial valuation allowance of $3.7 million.


42



Segments

 For the nine months ended September 30, 2017:
 Drainage Pipe & Products Water Pipe & Products Corporate and Other Total
 (In thousands)
Net sales$630,200
 $588,999
 $45
 $1,219,244
Gross profit (loss)112,323
 86,327
 (1,980) 196,670
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes63,656
 (21,195) (113,127) (70,666)
EBITDA98,832
 30,881
 (66,714) 62,999

For the nine months ended September 30,


2018
2017
% Change
Net sales:




Drainage Pipe & Products$621,523

$630,200

(1.4)%
Water Pipe & Products519,031

588,999

(11.9)%
Corporate and Other3

45

 %
Total$1,140,557

$1,219,244

(6.5)%









Gross profit (loss):







Drainage Pipe & Products133,708

112,323

19.0 %
Water Pipe & Products53,640

86,327

(37.9)%
Corporate and Other(534)
(1,980)
(73.0)%
Total$186,814

$196,670

(5.0)%









Segment EBITDA(1):








Drainage Pipe & Products122,841

98,832

24.3 %
Water Pipe & Products48,923

30,881

58.4 %
Corporate and Other(40,463)
(66,714)
(39.3)%

 For the nine months ended September 30, 2016:
 Drainage Pipe & Products Water Pipe & Products Corporate and Other Total
 (In thousands)
Net sales$552,035
 $455,286
 $2,530
 $1,009,851
Gross profit (loss)131,325
 90,611
 (1,841) 220,095
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes90,205
 43,821
 (128,560) 5,466
EBITDA126,536
 80,251
 (62,518) 144,269
(1)
For purposes of evaluating segment performance, the Company's chief operating decision maker reviews earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, or EBITDA, as a basis for making the decisions to allocate resources and assess performance. Our discussion below includes the primary drivers of EBITDA. See Note 18, Segment Reporting, for segment EBITDA reconciliation to income (loss) before income taxes.


Drainage Pipe & Products

Net Sales
    
Net sales increaseddecreased by $78.2$8.7 million, or 14.2%1.4%, to $621.5 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 from $630.2 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2017 from $552.0 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The increase wasdue primarily attributable to the impact of the Foley Transaction in January 2018, which resulted in a $32.7 million decline in net sales. Adjusted for the impact of this divestiture, the Company reported sales contributed by acquisitions totaling $76.2 million. Existing business net sales also increased by $2.0growth of $24.0 million or 4.0%, primarily due to higher volume.average selling prices that offset the impact of lower shipments.

38



Gross Profit

Gross profit was $133.7 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2018, an increase of $21.4 million or 19.1% from $112.3 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2017, a decrease of $19.0 million or 14.5% from $131.3 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2016.2017. The decreaseincrease was primarily due to higher average selling prices that more than offset the impact of higher costcosts of goodsgood sold including labor, freight and raw materials, partially offset by the increased net sales.material.


Water Pipe & Products

Net Sales

For the nine months ended September 30, 2017,2018, net sales were $589.0$519.0 million, an increasea decrease of $133.7$70.0 million or 29.4%11.9% from $455.3$589.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016.2017. Adjusted for net sales of $72.7 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2017 associated with the U.S. Pressure Pipe Divestiture, net sales increased by $2.7 million, or 2.2%. The increase was primarily attributable to an additional $155.7 million in net sales from U.S. Pipe due to a full nine months of activity in 2017 comparedprimarily to a partial period in 2016, partially offset by a decrease in existing business net sales of $22.0 million due to the effect of inclement weather.higher shipments.


43



Gross Profit

Gross profit was $86.3$53.7 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2017,2018, a decrease of $4.3$32.7 million or 4.7%37.9% from $90.6$86.4 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2016.2017. The decrease was due primarily to downtime at the Bessemer plant (major planned maintenance overhaul and installation of more efficient/newer equipment) that resulted in gross profit was primarily related to a $24.0 million decrease related to our U.S.reduced cost absorption and Canada concrete and steel pressure pipe business due partially to the completion of a significant high margin project in Canadalower sales volumes in the fourth quarterfirst half of 2016, partially2018, as well as the impact of higher scrap steel, labor and freight costs that were not fully offset by an increase of $19.7 million in gross profit attributablehigher average selling prices. The maintenance and installation at Bessemer are now complete and the business is beginning to a full nine months of U.S. Pipe operations inexperience operational efficiencies from the 2017 period compared to a partial period in 2016. overhaul.

Other

For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, income (loss) from continuing operations before taxes and EBITDA decreased by $31.6 million due to the loss generated by the U.S. Pressure Pipe Divestiture in July 2017. In addition, for nine months ended September 30, 2017, EBITDA decreased by $3.0 million for a goodwill impairment and $7.5 million for long-lived asset impairment charges.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our primary sources of liquidity are cash on hand, cash from operations and borrowings under our credit agreements. We believe these sources will be sufficient to fund our planned operations and capital expenditures in the next 24 months.

We are currently engaged in a dispute with HeidelbergCement regarding the earn-outearnout provision in the purchase agreement entered into in connection with the Acquisition.original acquisition of our business. HeidelbergCement has asserted that a payment should be made in the amount of $100.0 million. Resolution maywill be determined by a neutral accountant pursuant to the terms of the purchase agreement, however, it is currently the subject of dispute in court.agreement. If it is determined that we are required to make a significant payment to HeidelbergCement, we may not have sufficient cash to make such payment and may be required to incur additional indebtedness. This dispute is discussed in greater detail in Note 14, Commitments and contingencies, to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

As of September 30, 20172018 and December 31, 2016,2017, we had approximately $41.1$30.3 million and $40.0$104.5 million of cash and cash equivalents, respectively, of which $15.0$9.9 million and $33.7$19.1 million, respectively, were held by foreign subsidiaries. The decline in cash balances as of September 30, 2018 reflects the higher cash demand of our seasonal business. All of the cash and cash equivalents as of September 30, 20172018 and December 31, 20162017 were readily convertible as of such dates into currencies used in the Company’s operations, including the U.S. dollar.  We are not awareAs a result of legal or economic restrictions on our ability tothe December 2017 tax reform, the Company believes it can repatriate funds in the form of cash dividends, loans or advances. We do not have any present intention to repatriate these funds. However, if these funds are repatriatedcumulative undistributed foreign earnings back to the United States, we will be subject toU.S. when needed with minimal additional taxes including withholdings tax applied by the country of originother than state income and an incremental U.S. income tax, net of allowable foreign tax credits.withholding tax.

In connection with the IPO, we entered into a tax receivable agreement with Lone Star that provides for the payment by us to Lone Star of specified amounts in respect of any cash savings as a result of the utilization of certain tax benefits. The actual utilization of the relevant tax benefits as well as the timing of any payments under the tax receivable agreement will vary depending upon a number of factors, including the amount, character and

39



timing of our and our subsidiaries’ taxable income in the future. However, we expect that the payments we make under the tax receivable agreement could be substantial. The tax receivable agreement also includes provisions which restrict the incurrence of debt and that require that we make an accelerated payment to Lone Star equal to the present value of all future payments due under the tax receivable agreement, in each case under certain circumstances. Because of the foregoing, our obligations under the tax receivable agreement could have a substantial negative impact on our liquidity and could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing certain mergers, asset sales, other forms of business combinations or other changes of control. See Note 14, Commitments and contingencies, to the condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding the tax receivable agreement.

Total debt related to the Company's Senior Term Loan, or the 2016 Senior Term Loan, as of September 30, 20172018 was $1,238.5$1,226.0 million. As of September 30, 2017,2018, the Company had no borrowings outstanding under its $300.0 million asset-based revolving credit facility, or the 2016 Revolver. The 2016 Revolver had available borrowing capacity as of September 30, 20172018 of $284.3$284.4 million.

44




The 2016 Revolver provides for an aggregate principal amount of up to $300.0 million, with up to $280.0 million to be made available to the U.S. borrowers and up to $20.0 million to be made available to the Canadian borrowers. Subject to the conditions set forth in the new revolving credit agreement, the 2016 Revolver may be increased by up to the greater of (i) $100.0 million and (ii) such amount as would not cause the aggregate borrowing base to be exceeded by more than $50.0 million. Borrowings under the 2016 Revolver may not exceed a borrowing base equal to the sum of (i) 100% of eligible cash, (ii) 85% of eligible accounts receivable and (iii) the lesser of (a) 75% of eligible inventory and (b) 85% of the orderly liquidation value of eligible inventory, with the U.S. and Canadian borrowings being subject to separate borrowing base limitations. The 2016 Revolver matures on October 25, 2021.

The 2016 Senior Term Loan provides for aan initial $1.05 billion senior secured term loan that was made available to a newly formed direct subsidiary of Forterra, Inc. and used to repay the 2015 Senior Term Loan. Subject to the conditions set forth in the term loan agreement, the 2016 Senior Term Loan may be increased by (i) up to the greater of $285.0 million and 1.0x consolidated EBITDA of Forterra, Inc. and its restricted subsidiaries for the four quarters most recently ended prior to such incurrence plus (ii) the aggregate amount of any voluntary prepayments, plus (iii) an additional amount, provided certain financial tests are met. The 2016 Senior Term Loan matures on October 25, 2023 and is subject to quarterly amortization equal to 0.25% of the initial principal amount. On May 1, 2017, the Company amended the 2016 Senior Term Loan to increase the principal outstanding by an additional $200.0 million to $1.25 billion and to reduce the margin interest margins applicable to the full balance of the 2016 Senior Term Loan by 50 basis points such that applicable margin is based on LIBOR has been reduced from 3.50% to 3.00%. The net proceeds of the newInterest accrues on outstanding borrowings were applied to reduce the outstanding balance under the 2016 Revolver. Interest will accrue on outstanding borrowings thereunderTerm Loan at a rate equal to LIBOR (with a floor of 1.0%) or an alternate base rate, in each case plus a margin of 3.00% or 2.00%, respectively.

The 2016 Revolver and the 2016 Senior Term Loan contain customary representations and warranties, and affirmative and negative covenants, that, among other things, restrict our ability to incur additional debt, incur or permit liens on assets, make investments and acquisitions, consolidate or merge with any other company, engage in asset sales and pay dividends and make distributions. The 2016 Revolver contains a financial covenant restricting Forterra from allowing its fixed charge coverage ratio to drop below 1.00:1.00 during a compliance period, which is triggered when the availability under the 2016 Revolver falls below a threshold. The fixed charge coverage ratio is the ratio of consolidated earnings before interest, depreciation, and amortization, less cash payments for capital expenditures and income taxes to consolidated fixed charges (interest expense plus scheduled payments of principal on indebtedness). The 2016 Senior Term Loan does not contain any financial covenants. Obligations under the 2016 Revolver and the 2016 Senior Term Loan may be accelerated upon certain customary events of default (subject to grace periods, as appropriate).
    

40



The following table sets forth a summary of the net cash provided by (used in) operating, investing and financing activities for the periods presented.

presented
(in thousands):
(In thousands) 
For the nine months endedFor the three months ended
September 30, 2017 September 30, 2016September 30, 2018 September 30, 2017
Statement of Cash Flows data:
      
Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities$(39,133) $30,872
Net cash used in operating activities$(28,595) $(39,133)
Net cash used in investing activities(50,909) (899,514)(35,472) (50,909)
Net cash provided by financing activities89,390
 860,219
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities(9,768) 89,390


45



Net Cash Used In Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities was $28.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to net cash used in operating activities of $39.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, compared to net cash provided by operating activities of $30.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016.2017. Changes between the periods are in part due to certain significant tax payments required as a result of the Reorganizationimproved working capital management as well as the effecttiming of the significant tax benefit recognized in working capital accounts. In addition, general working capital requirements have risen due to acquisitions.settlements of our receivables and payables.

Net Cash Used in Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities was $35.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 due to capital expenditures of $29.6 million, final net working capital settlement related to U.S. Pressure Pipe Divestiture of $8.5 million, settlement on derivative contracts of $5.0 million, business acquisitions of $4.5 million and other asset acquisitions of $1.9 million, partially offset by cash received from the Foley Transaction of $9.1 million and proceeds from sale of fixed assets of $4.9 million. Net cash used of $50.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 primarily due to capital expenditures of $38.7 million and the Royal acquisition fortotaling $35.4 million compared to $899.5and $38.7 million for purchase of property plant and equipment offset by $23.2 million cash proceeds from the U.S. Pressure Pipe Divestiture.

Net Cash (Used in) Provided by Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities was $9.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 due primarily to repayments of principal on the 2016 primarily due to the U.S. Pipe, Sherman-Dixie and Bio Clean acquisitions totaling $872.5 million.

Net Cash Provided by Financing Activities

Senior Term Loan. Net cash provided by financing activities was $89.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 due primarily to proceeds fromconsisting of additional borrowingborrowings under the 2016 Senior Term Loan. Net cash provided by financing activities was $860.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 primarily consisting of additional borrowings incurred in connection with the U.S. Pipe and Sherman-Dixie acquisitions and the proceeds from the sale-leaseback transaction.

Capital Expenditures

Our capital expenditures were $11.9 million and $29.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, and $8.7 million and $38.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively, and $10.7 million and $27.0 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively. Capital expenditures primarily related to equipment, such as plant and mobile equipment, upgrade and expansion of existing facilities, and environmental and permit compliance projects.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

In the ordinary course of our business, we are required to provide surety bonds and standby letters of credit to secure performance commitments, particularly in our Water Pipe & Products segment.commitments. As of September 30, 2017,2018, outstanding standbystand-by letters of credit amounted to $15.7$15.6 million.


Application of Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates  

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Presented within the section titled “Critical Accounting Policies” of our 2016 Form 10-K are theThe accounting policies that we believe are

41



critical to or require subjective and/or complex judgments that could potentially affect 2018 reported results are discussed in greater detail in Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in the 2017 reported results.10-K. There have been no significant changes to those accounting policies or our assessment of which accounting policies we would consider to be critical accounting policies apart from those identified below, which were applied to discrete events addressedreflect the adoption of an updated accounting standard, Topic 606, in our thirdfirst quarter 2018 condensed consolidated financial statements.


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Long-lived assets held for saleRevenue recognition policy

We account for long-lived assets held for sale in accordance with ASC 360, AccountingOur revenue contracts are primarily single performance obligations for the Impairment or Disposalsale of Long-Lived Asset, which requires assetsproduct both to trade customers and distributors. A majority of revenue we recognize is recognized at the time control is transferred to customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be classifiedentitled to in exchange for the products. We consider several indicators for the transfer of control to our customers, including the significant risks and rewards of ownership of products, our right to payment and the legal title of the products. Based upon the assessment of control indicators, sales to trade customers and distributors are generally recognized when products are delivered to customers.

All variable consideration that may affect the total transaction price, including contractual discounts, rebates, returns and credits, is included in net sales. Estimates for variable consideration are based on historical experience, anticipated performance and management's judgment. Generally, our contracts do not contain significant financing.
For certain engineering and construction contracts and building contracting arrangements, we enter into long-term contracts with customers. Revenue is recognized as held for sale when the following criteriaidentified performance obligations are met: 1) management, havingsatisfied over time using an acceptable input method to measure the authority to approveprogress toward completion of the action, commits to a plan to sell; 2)performance obligation if: the customer receives the benefits as work is performed, the customer controls the asset or asset groupas it is available for immediate sale in its present condition; 3) an active program to locate a buyer and other actions required to complete the plan to sell have been initiated; 4) actions required to complete the sale indicate that is it unlikely that significant changes to the plan will be madebeing produced, or that the plan will be withdrawn, and 5) the sale is probable to qualify for recognition as a completed sale within one year.

At such time assets or an asset group are determined to be held for sale, its carrying amount is adjusted to the lower of its depreciated book value or its estimated fair value less costs to sell, and depreciation is no longer recognized. An impairment charge is recognized if the carrying value isproduct being produced for the customer has no alternative use and we have a contractual right to payment. We use our cost incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion to measure progress. Our contract liabilities consist of billings to customers in excess of its fair value less costs to sell. Asrevenue recognized which the we record as deferred revenue. Contract assets includes revenue recognized in excess of September 30, 2017, the Company no longer had assets held for sale. See Note 20, Discontinued operationsamounts billed and divestitures to the condensed consolidated financial statements for the impact of assets held for sale for the nine months ended September 30, 2017.

Goodwillbalances billed but not yet paid by customers under retainage provisions which are classified as a current asset within receivables, net on our balance sheet.
    
Goodwill represents the excessWe record net sales including taxes collected on behalf of its customers. Shipping and handling costs over the fair valueare accounted for as contract fulfillments costs and classified as cost of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed. We evaluate goodwill and intangible assets in accordance with ASC 350, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets. ASC 350 requires goodwill to be either qualitatively or quantitatively assessed for impairment annually (or more frequently if impairment indicators arise) for each reporting unit. Our annual impairment testing of goodwill is performed as of October 1 of each year and in interim periods if events occur that would indicate that it is more likely than not the fair value of a reporting unit is less than carrying value. We first assess qualitative factors to evaluate whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount as the basis for determining whether it is necessary to perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test. The quantitative analysis compares the fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds the fair value, impairment is recognized in an amount equal to that excess, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.goods sold.

Recent Accounting Guidance Adopted

A summary of recent accounting pronouncements and our assessment of any expected impact of these pronouncements if known is included in Note 2 to the audited consolidated financial statements included the 20162017 10-K and Note 2, Summary of significant accounting policies, to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

In the normal course of business, we are exposed to financial risks such as changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and commodity price risk associated with our input costs. We utilize derivative instruments to manage selected foreign exchange and interest rate exposures. See Note 12, Derivatives and hedging to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

Interest Rate Risk

Our exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates relates primarily to our long-term debt. The interest expense associated with our long-term debt will vary with market rates. We entered into two interest rate swap transactions with a combined notional value of $525 million to limit our exposure to interest rate increases related to a portion of our floating rate indebtedness.  Under the terms of both swap transactions, we agreed to

42



pay a fixed rate of interest of 1.52% and receive floating rate interest indexed to one-month LIBOR with monthly settlement terms with the swap counterparties.  The swaps have a three-year term and expire on March 31, 2020. At September 30, 2017,2018, we estimate that a 1% increase in the rates relating to the portion of our floating rate debt that is not hedged would increase annual interest requirements by approximately $7.1$7.0 million.


47



 
Foreign Currency Risk

Approximately 7.1% and 6.0% of our net sales for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively,2018, were made in countries outside of the U.S. As a result, we are exposed to movements in foreign exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and other currencies. Based upon our net sales for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017,2018, we estimate that a 1% change in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and foreign currencies would affect net sales by approximately $0.3 million and $0.7 million, respectively.million. This may differ from actual results depending on the levels of net sales outside of the U.S.

Commodity Price Risk

We are subject to commodity price risks with respect to price changes mainly in the electricity and natural gas markets and other raw material costs, such as cement, aggregates, steel and clay. Price fluctuations on our key inputs have a significant effect on our financial performance. The markets for most of these commodities are cyclical and are affected by factors such as the global economic conditions, changes in or disruptions to industry production capacity, changes in inventory levels and other factors beyond our control.

Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject us to a concentration of credit risk consist principally of accounts receivable. We provide our products to customers based on an evaluation of the financial condition of our customers, generally without requiring collateral. Exposure to losses on receivables is principally dependent on each customer's financial condition. We monitor the exposure for credit losses and maintain allowances for anticipated losses. Concentrations of credit risk with respect to our accounts receivable are limited due to the large number of customers comprising our customer base and their dispersion among many different geographies.

At September 30, 2017,2018, we had an individual customer within our Water Pipe & Products segment that accounted for more than 10% of total net sales for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017.2018. The customer represented approximately 16% and 14% of our total net sales for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, respectively,2018, and amounts payable byreceivable from the customer at September 30, 20172018 represented approximately 18%15% of our total receivables, net.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As required byAn evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15(b) under13a-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, our management, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Exchange Act) as of September 30, 2017.2018. Based on thatthis evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that as of September 30, 2018, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective atdue to the reasonable assurance level as of September 30, 2017 because of the unremediatedfollowing material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting discussed below.

In light of these material weaknesses, we performed additional analysis and other procedures to ensure that our condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Report were prepared in accordance with US GAAP. These measures included, among other things, expansion of our quarter-end closing and consolidation procedures, and implementation of additional analytical review and verification procedures. As a result, we have concluded that the condensed consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q present fairly, in all material respects, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented in conformity with U.S. GAAP.


4843



Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Remediation of Material Weaknesses in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A material weakness is defined as a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of ourthe annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. In connection withManagement has identified the auditfollowing three material weaknesses as of our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2016, and during the financial statement close process for the quarter ended2017 as reflected in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 31, 2017, material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting were identified which remain unremediated7, 2018, as of September 30,2017.

A material weakness with respect to the design and operating effectiveness of inventory controls was identified, including the aggregation of control deficiencies related to physical inventory counts, the evaluation of reserves for excess inventories, the periodic review of manufacturing labor and overhead variances, and standard cost procedures.

A material weakness with respect to the design and operating effectiveness of controls over bill and hold revenue transactions was identified, including control deficiencies related to procedures to identify all bill and hold arrangements and sufficiently evaluate the accounting criteria prior to revenue recognition.well as Form 8-K filed on November 6, 2018:

A material weakness related to the aggregation of control deficiencies over the inventory process, primarily related to the ineffective design and operating effectiveness of controls over physical inventory counts, processes to validate inputs used in the calculation of excess and obsolete inventory reserves, and control activities related to the accounting forperiodic review of standard cost accruals, includingvariances and related adjustments of inventories to actual costs.

A material weakness related to the aggregation of control deficiencies over the revenue recognition process, primarily related to our lackthe ineffective design and operating effectiveness of timely identificationcontrols over the verification of physical shipments and processinginternal validation of invoices during the financial statement close processcustomer approvals of sales order terms prior to ensure cost accruals are complete was also identified. In the quarter ended March 31, 2017, we identified and corrected prior period errors related to cost accrual items which should have been recognized in 2016. These errors were primarily caused by insufficient coordination and communication between our plant and corporate office locations. A cumulative correction was recorded during the quarter ended March 31, 2017 which increased pretax loss by $4.6 million, of which $3.3 million increased cost of goods sold and $2.0 million increased selling, general and administrative expenses, partially offset by a $0.7 million increase in revenues.  We evaluated the impact of correcting these errors and concluded the errors were immaterial to operating results for the year ended December 31, 2016, expected annual operating results for the year ended December 31, 2017, as well as the trend of earnings ended December 31, 2016, and during the financial statement close process for the quarter ended March 31, 2017. These material weaknesses were identified and resulted in adjustments to our consolidated financial statements which were identified and corrected in historical periods presented in the audited financial statements included in the 2016 10-K and the unaudited financial statements included in our Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2017.recognizing revenue.

RemediationA material weakness related to the aggregation of Material Weaknessescontrol deficiencies over the Company's information technology (“IT”) systems. Specifically, the Company did not maintain effective controls over user access to IT systems and changes to IT programs and data and, as a result, the effective functioning of certain process-level automated and IT-dependent controls could have been affected.

We have made significant progressare currently working towards remediating thesethe material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting and are implementing additional processes and controls designed to address the underlying causes of the material weaknesses. The following describes the continuing remediation that we are taking or have taken to address the material weaknesses related to the inventory and revenue recognition processes:

Inventory Controls

We have implementedConduct additional training at the plant level on inventory receiving and delivery controls over physical inventory as well as physical inventory costing and valuation. These controls and remediation efforts include but are not limited to:counts;

Formalized improvements to the periodic physical inventory count process and theEnhance management review and approvalmonitoring of book-to-physical inventory adjustments;
Enhanced policies covering inventory physical controls, inventory standard cost valuation, inventory excess and obsolete reserve assessment;
Strengthened management review controls on periodic standard cost variance review and recapture calculation,costing calculations to ensure the correctness of the methodology, the integrity of the data used, as well as excessthe mathematical accuracy of the calculation;

Implement a process of periodically reviewing inventory standard costs;

Implement plant level controls on product shipment and obsolete reserve calculation;reconciliation to revenue recognition; and
Recruiting additional knowledgeable accounting personnel focused
Design and implement controls on inventory cost processessales order processing with special emphasis on customer acknowledgment.

With respect to the material weakness related to the IT systems, we are taking a number of actions to remediate the material weakness related to IT controls, including, but not limited to, the following:

Establishing a more rigorous review process over the evaluation of user access to IT systems, including preventative reviews prior to any changes to user access and controls.periodic reviews of all user access;

Improving the structure and governance surrounding controls over IT systems;

Implementing enhanced review procedures and analysis over the segregation of duties in IT systems;

Revising policies on the documentation of IT control performance and the retention of that documentation; and


4944




Bill and Hold TransactionsReplacing certain IT systems that have inherent control limitations.

We have implemented controls to prevent bill and hold transactions from occurring. These controls and remediation efforts include but are not limited to:

Implementation of a a policy which prohibits the Company from entering into bill and hold transactions without obtaining appropriate executive management approval and adequate analysis of accounting criteria; and
Improved controls on revenue cut-off reviews and analysis.

Cost Accruals

We have implemented controls to to address the accuracy and completeness of cost accruals. These controls and remediation efforts include but are not limited to:

Implementation of improved controls on period end expense cut-off reviews and estimate accrual required for services and products received but not invoiced;
Enhanced period end close process and controls to improve information flow and communications between plant and corporate office locations; and
Improved invoice receiving and processing process, so that invoices can be processed on a timely basis.

During the course of implementing additional processes and controls, as well as controls operating effectiveness testing, we may identify additional control deficiencies, which could give rise to other material weaknesses, in addition to the material weaknesses described above. As we continue to evaluate and work to improve our internal control over financial reporting, we may determine to take additional measures to address material weaknesses or determine to modify certain of the remediation measures.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
    
Except for the controls we are in the process of implementing and other actions we are taking as described above regardingto remediate the remediation steps taken,material weaknesses described above, there were no other changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 20172018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls

Our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our system of internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed or operated, can provide only reasonable, but not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the system of internal control are met. The design of our control system reflects the fact that there are resource constraints, and that the benefits of such control system must be considered relative to their costs. Further, because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control failures and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the intentional acts of individuals, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is also based in part on certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that the design of any particular control will always succeed in achieving its objective under all potential future conditions.


50
45



PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

The information set forth in Note 14, Commitments and contingencies, to the condensed consolidated financial statements is incorporated by reference herein.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes during the quarter ended September 30, 2018 to the risk factors previously disclosed in our Annualthe 2017 10-K. Although we do not believe it to be material based on the information available to us as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-K for10-Q, we have elected to update our risk factor regarding cybersecurity matters to reflect our recent discovery of a cybersecurity incident involving the year ended December 31, 2016unauthorized access to the email account of a member of corporate management.

Cybersecurity attacks may threaten our confidential information, disrupt operations and result in harm to our reputation and adversely impact our business and financial performance.
               Cybersecurity attacks across industries, including ours, are increasing in sophistication and frequency and may range from uncoordinated individual attempts to measures targeted specifically at us.  These attacks include but are not limited to, malicious software or viruses, attempts to gain unauthorized access to, or otherwise disrupt, our information systems, attempts to gain unauthorized access to proprietary information, and other electronic security breaches that could lead to disruptions in critical systems, unauthorized release of confidential or otherwise protected information and corruption of data. Cybersecurity failures may be caused by employee error, malfeasance, system errors or vulnerabilities, including vulnerabilities of our vendors, suppliers, and their products.  We have been subject to cybersecurity attacks in the past, including breaches of our information technology systems, and we have experienced a recent corporate manager email compromise that exposed certain confidential business information. Based on an ongoing investigation and information known to date, neither the recent attack nor past attacks have not had a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations.  We may experience such attacks in the future, potentially with more frequency or sophistication. 

Failures of our information technology systems as filed with the SEC dated March 31, 2017.a result of cybersecurity attacks or other disruptions could result in a breach of critical operational or financial controls and lead to a disruption of our operations, commercial activities or financial processes. Cybersecurity attacks or other disruptions impacting significant customers and/or suppliers could also lead to a disruption of our operations or commercial activities.  Despite our attempts to implement safeguard our systems and mitigate potential risks, there is no assurance that such actions will be sufficient to prevent cyberattacks or security breaches that manipulate or improperly use our systems or networks, compromise confidential or otherwise protected information, destroy or corrupt data, or otherwise disrupt our operations. The occurrence of such events could have a material adverse effect on our business financial condition and results of operations.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

None.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information


46



None.


5147



Item 6. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

Exhibit No.  Description of Exhibit  
 July 23, 2018.* 
     
 * 
     
 *^ 
     
 *^ 
     
101.INS XBRL Instance Document.* 
     
101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.* 
     
101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document.* 
101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document.* 
     
101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document.* 
     
101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document.* 

*Filed herewith
#Denotes management compensatory plan or arrangement.
*Filed herewitharrangement
^Exhibit 32.1 shall not be deemed filed with the SEC, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing with the SEC under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, whether made before or after the date hereof and irrespective of any general incorporation language in any filings.




5248



SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
    
FORTERRA, INC.  
(Registrant)  
    
 /s/ Jeff Bradley November 9, 20176, 2018
By:Jeff Bradley  
 President and Chief Executive Officer  
 (Principal Executive Officer)  
    
 /s/ Charles R. Brown, II November 9, 20176, 2018
By:Charles R. Brown, II  
 Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer  
 (Principal Financial Officer)