UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
       
FORM 10-Q
       
x QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
  For the quarterly period endedSeptember 30, 2017March 31, 2018 
 OR 
o TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 For the transition period from to 
   
 Commission File Number 001-38004 
       
 
Invitation Homes Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in governing instruments)
 
       
       
 
Maryland
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
 
90-0939055
(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
 
     
 
1717 Main Street, Suite 2000
Dallas, Texas 75201
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)
 
   
 
(972) 421-3600
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
 
       
 
N/A
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)
 
       
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YESYes x NONo o
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit and post such files). YESYes x NONo o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filero  Accelerated filero
Non-accelerated filerx(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)Smaller reporting companyo
    Emerging growth companyx
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. x
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). YESYes o NONo x
   
As of November 8, 2017,May 10, 2018, there were 311,354,290520,411,307 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, outstanding.

   



INVITATION HOMES INC.
 Page Page
PART I
Item1.Financial Statements1.Financial Statements
Item2.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations2.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Item3.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk3.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Item4.Controls and Procedures4.Controls and Procedures
  
PART II
Item1.Legal Proceedings1.Legal Proceedings
Item1A.Risk Factors1A.Risk Factors
Item2.Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds2.Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Item3.Defaults Upon Senior Securities3.Defaults Upon Senior Securities
Item4.Mine Safety Disclosures4.Mine Safety Disclosures
Item5.Other Information5.Other Information
Item6.Exhibits6.Exhibits
  
SignaturesSignatures Signatures 
   




FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"“Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"“Exchange Act”), which include, but are not limited to, statements related to our expectations regarding the anticipated benefits of the proposed merger with Starwood Waypoint Homes (“SFR”SWH”), the performance of our business, our financial results, our liquidity and capital resources, and other non-historical statements. In some cases, you can identify these forward-looking statements by the use of words such as "outlook," "believes," "expects," "potential," "continues," "may," "will," "should," "could," "seeks," "projects," "predicts," "intends," "plans," "estimates," "anticipates"“outlook,” “believes,” “expects,” “potential,” “continues,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “seeks,” “projects,” “predicts,” “intends,” “plans,” “estimates,” “anticipates” or the negative version of these words or other comparable words. Such forward-looking statements are subject to various risks and uncertainties, including, among others, risks associated with our ability to consummate the merger and the timing of the closing of the merger, risks associated with achieving expected revenue synergies or cost savings from the merger, risks inherent to the single-family rental industry sector and our business model, macroeconomic factors beyond our control, competition in identifying and acquiring our properties, competition in the leasing market for quality residents, increasing property taxes, homeowners’ association (“HOA”) and insurance costs, our dependence on third parties for key services, risks related to the evaluation of properties, poor resident selection and defaults and non-renewals by our residents, performance of our information technology systems, and risks related to our indebtedness. Accordingly, there are or will be important factors that could cause actual outcomes or results to differ materially from those indicated in these statements. We believe these factors include, but are not limited to, those described in Exhibit 99.1 to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and under Part I. Item 1A. “Risk Factors," in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 20162017 (the “Annual Report on Form 10-K”) as such factors may be updated from time to time in our periodic filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), which are accessible on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov. These factors should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read in conjunction with the other cautionary statements that are included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, in the Annual Report on Form 10-K10‑K and in our other periodic filings. The forward-looking statements speak only as of the date made,of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, and we expressly disclaim any obligation or undertaking to publicly update or review any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise, except to the extent otherwise required by law.




3



DEFINED TERMS
Prior to the completion of our initial public offering, our business was owned by six holding entities: Invitation Homes L.P., Preeminent Holdings Inc., Invitation Homes 3 L.P., Invitation Homes 4 L.P., Invitation Homes 5 L.P. and Invitation Homes 6 L.P. We refer to these six holding entities collectively as the “IH Holding Entities.” Unless the context suggests otherwise, references to “IH1,” “IH2,” “IH3,” “IH4,” “IH5” and “IH6” refer to Invitation Homes L.P., Preeminent Holdings Inc., Invitation Homes 3 L.P., Invitation Homes 4 L.P., Invitation Homes 5 L.P. and Invitation Homes 6 L.P., respectively, in each case including any wholly ownedwholly-owned subsidiaries, if applicable. THR Property Management L.P., a wholly-owned subsidiary of IH1 (the “Manager”), provides all management and other administrative services with respect to the homes we own. The IH Holding Entities were under the common control of Blackstone Real Estate Partners VII L.P., an investment fund sponsored by The Blackstone Group L.P., and its general partner and certain affiliated funds and investment vehicles. Investment funds and vehicles associated with or designated by The Blackstone Group L.P. are referred to herein as “Blackstone” or “our Sponsor.“Blackstone.” We refer to Blackstone, together with our management and other equity holders prior to the completion of our initial public offering, collectively as our “Pre-IPO Owners.”
On November 16, 2017 (the “Merger Date”), pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated August 9, 2017 (the “Merger Agreement”), by and among Invitation Homes Inc. (“INVH”), Invitation Homes Operating Partnership LP (“INVH LP”), IH Merger Sub, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of INVH (“REIT Merger Sub”), SWH and Starwood Waypoint Homes Partnership, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership and a subsidiary of SWH (“SWH Partnership”), SWH merged with and into REIT Merger Sub, with REIT Merger Sub surviving as our subsidiary (the “REIT Merger”). Immediately after the REIT Merger, SWH Partnership merged with and into INVH LP, with INVH LP surviving as our subsidiary (the “Partnership Merger,” and together with the REIT Merger, the “Mergers”). “Legacy SWH” and “SWH,” as the context requires, refer to the business practices and operations of SWH prior to the Mergers, including the homes owned by SWH. “Legacy IH” refers to the business practices and operations of INVH prior to the Mergers, including the homes owned by INVH.
Unless the context suggests otherwise, references in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to “Invitation Homes,” the “Company,” “we,” “our” and “us” refer (1) prior to the consummation of the reorganization transactions described in Part I. Item 2. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” (the “Pre-IPO Transactions”), to the combined IH Holding Entities and their consolidated subsidiaries, including Invitation Homes Operating PartnershipINVH LP, (“INVH LP”) and (2) after the consummation of the Pre-IPO Transactions, to Invitation Homes Inc.INVH and its consolidated subsidiaries (including the INVH LP and the IH Holding Entities)., and (3) after the consummation of the Mergers, to INVH and its consolidated subsidiaries including those acquired in the Mergers.
In this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q:
“average monthly rent” represents the average of the contracted monthly rentrental income per home for occupied properties in an identified population of homes forover the relevantmeasurement period and reflects the impact of non-service rent concessions and contractual rent increases amortized over the life of the related lease;
“average occupancy” for an identified population of homes represents (i) the total number of days that the homes available for lease in such population were occupied during the measurement period, divided by (ii) the total number of available days in the measurement period forthat the homes in that population;such population were owned during the measurement period;
“days to re-resident” for an individual home represents the number of days a home is unoccupied between residents, calculated as the number of days between (i) the date the prior resident moves out of a home, and (ii) the date the next resident is granted access to the same home, which is deemed to be the earlier of (x) the next resident’s contractual lease start date and (y) the next resident’s move-in date;
“Carolinas” includes Charlotte, NC, Greensboro, NC, Raleigh, NC and Fort Mill, SC.
“in-fill” refers to markets, MSAs, submarkets, neighborhoods or other geographic areas that are typified by significant population densities and low availability of land suitable for development into competitive properties, resulting in limited opportunities for new construction;
“Metropolitan Statistical Area” or “MSA” is defined by the U.S.United States Office of Management and Budget as a region associated with at least one urbanized area that has a population of at least 50,000 and comprises the central county or counties containing the core, plus adjacent outlying counties having a high degree of social and economic integration with the central county or counties as measured through commuting;


4



“net effective rental rate growth” for any home represents the percentage difference between the monthly rent from an expiring lease and the monthly rent from the next lease and, in each case, netreflects the impact of anynon-service rent concessions and contractual rent increases amortized concessions.over the life of the related lease. Leases are either renewal leases, where our current resident chooses to stay for a subsequent lease term, or a new lease, where our previous resident moves out and a new resident signs a lease to occupy the same home;
“Northern California” includes Chico, CA, Modesto, CA, Napa, CA, Oakland-Fremont-Hayward, CA, Sacramento-Arden-Arcade-Roseville, CA, San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara,Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA, Stockton-Lodi, CA, Vallejo-Fairfield, CA and Yuba City, CA;
“PSF” means per square foot;
“Same Store” or “Same Store portfolio” includes, for a given reporting period, homes that have been stabilized (defined asfor at least 15 months prior to January 1st of the year in which the Same Store portfolio was established, excluding homes that have been sold, homes that have been identified for sale to an owner occupant and have become vacant, and homes that have been deemed inoperable or significantly impaired by casualty loss events or force majeure. Homes are considered stabilized if they have (i) completed an upfrontinitial renovation and (ii) entered into at least one post-renovationpost-initial renovation lease. An acquired portfolio that is both leased and deemed to be of sufficiently similar quality and characteristics as the existing Invitation Homes lease) forSame Store portfolio may be considered stabilized at least 90 days prior to the first daytime of acquisition. Additionally, homes acquired via the prior-year measurement period and excludes homes thatMergers have been sold and homes that have been designateddeemed to qualify for sale but have not yet entered into a written sale agreement during such reporting period. Same Store portfolios are established as of January 1st of each calendar year.


4



Therefore, any home included in the Same Store portfolio will have satisfiedbeginning in 2018 if they were stabilized, according to the conditions described in clauses (i) and (ii) above prior to October 3rd ofInvitation Homes criteria for stabilization, within the yearLegacy SWH portfolio prior to the first year of the comparison period.Mergers. We believe presenting information about the portion of our portfolio that has been fully operational for the entirety of a given reporting period and its prior year comparison period provides investors with meaningful information about the performance of our comparable homes across periods and about trends in our organic business;business. In order to provide meaningful comparative information across periods that, in some cases, pre-date the Mergers, all information regarding the performance of the Same Store portfolio for periods prior to December 31, 2017 is presented as though the Mergers were consummated on January 1, 2017;
“Southeast United States” includes our Atlanta, Carolinas and Nashville markets;
“South Florida” includes Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach-DeerfieldMiami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL Key West, FL, Miami-Miami Beach-Kendall, FL and West Palm Beach-Boca Raton-Delray Beach,Port St. Lucie, FL;
“Southern California” includes Anaheim-Santa Ana-Irvine,Bakersfield, CA, Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale,Beach-Anaheim, CA, Oxnard-Thousand Oaks-Ventura, CA, Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA and San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos,Diego-Carlsbad, CA;
“total homes” or “total portfolio” refers to the total number of homes we own, whether or not stabilized, and excludes any properties previously acquired in purchases that have been subsequently rescinded or vacated. Unless the context otherwise requires, all measures in this prospectusQuarterly Report on Form 10-Q are presented on a total portfolio basis;
“turnover rate” represents the number of instances that homes in an identified population become unoccupied in a given period, divided by the number of homes in such population. To the extent the measurement period shown is less than 12 months, the turnover rate willmay be reflected on an annualized basis; and
“Western United States” includes our Southern California, Northern California, Seattle, Phoenix, and Las Vegas and Denver markets.



5



PART I
FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ItemITEM 1. Financial Statements.FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
INVITATION HOMES INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except shares and per share data)
 September 30,
2017
 December 31,
2016
 March 31,
2018
 December 31, 2017
Assets: (unaudited)   (unaudited)  
Investments in single-family residential properties:        
Land $2,733,834
 $2,703,388
 $4,637,540
 $4,646,917
Building and improvements 7,169,872
 7,091,457
 13,759,959
 13,740,981
 9,903,706
 9,794,845
 18,397,499

18,387,898
Less: accumulated depreciation (982,463) (792,330) (1,197,520) (1,075,634)
Investments in single-family residential properties, net 8,921,243
 9,002,515
 17,199,979

17,312,264
Cash and cash equivalents 134,441
 198,119
 134,893
 179,878
Restricted cash 153,781
 222,092
 255,855
 236,684
Goodwill 258,207
 258,207
Other assets, net 315,059
 309,625
 847,511
 696,605
Total assets $9,524,524
 $9,732,351
 $18,696,445

$18,683,638
        
Liabilities:        
Mortgage loans, net $4,157,024
 $5,254,738
 $7,614,460
 $7,580,153
Term loan facility, net 1,487,251
 
 1,488,695
 1,487,973
Credit facilities, net 
 2,315,541
Revolving facility 15,000
 35,000
Convertible senior notes, net 550,695
 548,536
Accounts payable and accrued expenses 160,674
 88,052
 199,317
 193,413
Resident security deposits 88,976
 86,513
 150,202
 146,689
Other liabilities 28,586
 30,084
 41,179
 41,999
Total liabilities 5,922,511
 7,774,928
 10,059,548

10,033,763
        
Equity:        
Shareholders' equity        
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value per share, 900,000,000 shares authorized, none outstanding at September 30, 2017 
 
Common stock, $0.01 par value per share, 9,000,000,000 shares authorized, 311,354,290 outstanding at September 30, 2017 3,114
 
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value per share, 900,000,000 shares authorized, none outstanding at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 
 
Common stock, $0.01 par value per share, 9,000,000,000 shares authorized, 520,364,636 and 519,173,142 outstanding at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively 5,204
 5,192
Additional paid-in capital 3,677,182
 
 8,612,110
 8,602,603
Accumulated deficit (86,450) 
 (232,296) (157,595)
Accumulated other comprehensive income 8,167
 
 106,918
 47,885
Total shareholders' equity 3,602,013
 
 8,491,936

8,498,085
Combined equity 
 1,957,423
Non-controlling interests 144,961
 151,790
Total equity 3,602,013
 1,957,423
 8,636,897

8,649,875
Total liabilities and equity $9,524,524
 $9,732,351
 $18,696,445

$18,683,638

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.


6


INVITATION HOMES INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in thousands, except shares and per share data)
(unaudited)



 For the Three Months Ended For the Nine Months Ended
 September 30, September 30, For the Three Months Ended
March 31,
 2017 2016 2017 2016 2018 2017
Revenues:            
Rental revenues $229,375
 $221,049
 $683,975
 $654,726
 $395,792
 $226,096
Other property income 14,161
 11,989
 40,527
 33,310
 27,877
 12,654
Total revenues 243,536
 233,038
 724,502
 688,036
 423,669

238,750
            
Operating expenses:            
Property operating and maintenance 93,267
 94,246
 274,275
 270,494
 160,767
 88,168
Property management expense 10,852
 7,715
 31,436
 22,638
 17,164
 11,449
General and administrative 27,462
 18,811
 104,154
 49,579
 27,636
 58,266
Depreciation and amortization 67,466
 66,480
 202,558
 198,261
 144,500
 67,577
Impairment and other 14,572
 1,279
 16,482
 1,642
 6,121
 1,204
Total operating expenses 213,619
 188,531
 628,905
 542,614
 356,188

226,664
Operating income 29,917
 44,507
 95,597
 145,422
 67,481

12,086
            
Other income (expenses):        
Other expenses:    
Interest expense (56,796) (68,365) (182,726) (209,165) (92,299) (68,572)
Other, net 613
 (1,057) (482) (1,025) 1,736
 (226)
Total other income (expenses) (56,183) (69,422) (183,208) (210,190)
Total other expenses (90,563)
(68,798)
     

      
Loss from continuing operations (26,266) (24,915) (87,611) (64,768) (23,082)
(56,712)
Gain on sale of property, net of tax 3,756
 2,966
 28,239
 13,178
 5,502
 14,321
            
Net loss $(22,510) $(21,949) $(59,372) $(51,590) (17,580)
(42,391)
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests 311
 
    
Net loss attributable to common shareholders $(17,269)
$(42,391)
            
 Three Months Ended September 30,
2017
   February 1, 2017
through
September 30,
2017
   For the Three
Months Ended
March 31, 2018
 February 1, 2017
through
March 31, 2017
Net loss available to common shareholders — basic and diluted (Note 12) $(22,745)   $(42,837)   $(17,491) $(25,512)
            
Weighted average common shares outstanding — basic and diluted 311,559,780
   311,674,226
   519,660,998
 311,651,082
            
Net loss per common share — basic and diluted $(0.07)   $(0.14)  
$(0.03) $(0.08)
            
Dividends declared per common share $0.08
   $0.14
   $0.11
 N/A


The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.



7


INVITATION HOMES INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(in thousands)
(unaudited)


 For the Three Months Ended For the Nine Months Ended
 September 30, September 30, For the Three Months Ended
March 31,
 2017 2016 2017 2016 2018 2017
Net loss $(22,510) $(21,949) $(59,372) $(51,590) $(17,580) $(42,391)
Other comprehensive loss        
Unrealized losses on interest rate swaps (598) 
 (4,796) 
Other comprehensive income    
Unrealized gains on interest rate swaps 59,900
 10,561
Losses from interest rate swaps reclassified into earnings from accumulated other comprehensive income 4,193
 
 12,963
 
 271
 2,711
Other comprehensive income 3,595
 
 8,167


 60,171
 13,272
Comprehensive loss $(18,915) $(21,949) $(51,205)
$(51,590)
Comprehensive income (loss) 42,591
 (29,119)
Comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interests (753) 
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to common shareholders $41,838
 $(29,119)


The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.


8


INVITATION HOMES INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTSTATEMENTS OF EQUITY
For the NineThree Months Ended September 30, 2017March 31, 2018
(in thousands, except share information)and per share data)
(unaudited)


    Common Stock        
  Combined Equity Number of Shares Amount Additional
Paid-in Capital
 Accumulated Deficit Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Total Equity
Balance as of December 31, 2016 $1,957,423
 
 $
 $
 $
 $
 $1,957,423
Net loss (16,879) 
 
 
 
 
 (16,879)
Redemption of Series A Preferred Stock (1,153) 
 
 
 
 
 (1,153)
Distribution of Class B notes receivable (19,686) 
 
 
 
 
 (19,686)
Cancellation/distribution of Class B notes receivable 19,686
 
 
 
 
 
 19,686
Share-based compensation expense 12,001
 
 
 
 
 
 12,001
Accrued interest on Class B notes 15
 
 
 
 
 
 15
Balance as of January 31, 2017 1,951,407
 
 
 
 
 
 1,951,407
Pre-IPO Transactions (see Note 1) (1,951,407) 221,826,634
 2,218
 1,949,189
 
 
 
Issuance of common stock — IPO 
 88,550,000
 886
 1,691,172
 
 
 1,692,058
IPO costs 
 
 
 (5,726) 
 
 (5,726)
Net loss 
 
 
 
 (42,493) 
 (42,493)
Dividends and dividend equivalents declared 
 
 
 
 (43,957) 
 (43,957)
Issuance of common stock — settlement of RSUs, net of tax 
 977,656
 10
 (9,916) 
 
 (9,906)
Share-based compensation expense 
 
 
 52,463
 
 
 52,463
Total other comprehensive income 
 
 
 
 
 8,167
 8,167
Balance as of September 30, 2017 $
 311,354,290
 $3,114
 $3,677,182
 $(86,450) $8,167
 $3,602,013
  Common Stock            
  Number of Shares Amount Additional
Paid-in Capital
 Accumulated Deficit Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Total Shareholders' Equity Non-Controlling Interests Total Equity
Balance as of December 31, 2017 519,173,142
 $5,192
 $8,602,603
 $(157,595) $47,885

$8,498,085

$151,790
 $8,649,875
Capital distributions 
 
 
 
 
 
 (1,037) (1,037)
Net loss 
 
 
 (17,269) 
 (17,269) (311) (17,580)
Dividends and dividend equivalents declared ($0.11 per share) 
 
 
 (57,432) 
 (57,432) 
 (57,432)
Issuance of common stock — settlement of RSUs, net of tax 786,457
 8
 (6,606) 
 
 (6,598) 
 (6,598)
Share-based compensation expense 
 
 9,498
 
 
 9,498
 
 9,498
Total other comprehensive income 
 
 
 
 59,107
 59,107
 1,064
 60,171
Redemption of OP Units for common stock 405,037
 4
 6,615
 
 (74) 6,545
 (6,545) 
Balance as of March 31, 2018 520,364,636

$5,204

$8,612,110

$(232,296)
$106,918

$8,491,936

$144,961

$8,636,897


The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.



9


INVITATION HOMES INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)
(unaudited)


 For the Nine Months Ended
 September 30, For the Three Months Ended
March 31,
 2017 2016 2018 2017
Operating Activities:        
Net loss $(59,372) $(51,590) $(17,580) $(42,391)
        
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:        
Depreciation and amortization 202,558
 198,261
 144,500
 67,577
Share-based compensation expense 64,464
 13,023
 9,498
 44,244
Amortization of deferred leasing costs 9,249
 10,505
 2,844
 3,139
Amortization of deferred financing costs 19,550
 37,323
 3,995
 11,327
Amortization of discount on mortgage loans 202
 4,158
Amortization of debt discounts 2,254
 55
Provisions for impairment 1,556
 1,595
 603
 1,037
Gain on sale of property, net of tax (28,239) (13,178) (5,502) (14,321)
Paid in kind interest on warehouse loan 
 1,122
Change in fair value of derivative instruments 3,992
 
 2,246
 3,752
Other noncash amounts included in net loss (1,907) (1,128) (1,153) (337)
Change in operating assets and liabilities:    
Restricted cash related to security deposits (3,170) (4,917)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:    
Other assets, net (14,611) (7,010) (23,390) (15,906)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses 71,417
 54,545
 10,920
 16,207
Resident security deposits 2,463
 4,612
 3,513
 1,279
Other liabilities (885) 388
 (2,668) 412
Net cash provided by operating activities 267,267
 247,709
 130,080
 76,074

        
Investing Activities:        
Changes in amounts deposited and held by others (2,146) 2,559
Change in amounts deposited and held by others (1,557) 484
Acquisition of single-family residential properties (154,154) (257,108) (48,486) (27,813)
Initial renovations to single-family residential properties (21,500) (47,621) (16,820) (6,855)
Other capital expenditures for single-family residential properties (34,010) (35,454) (31,233) (10,800)
Corporate capital expenditures (2,809) (3,673) (29) (270)
Proceeds from sale of residential properties 152,713
 107,147
 51,105
 73,652
Purchases of investments in debt securities (51,920) (16,036) (45,832) 
Repayment proceeds from retained debt securities 30,916
 
 114
 
Changes in restricted cash 71,481
 (48,599)
Net cash used in investing activities (11,429) (298,785)
Other investing activities (9,260) 
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities (101,998) 28,398

        
Financing Activities:        
Cash paid for employee taxes for settlement of RSUs (9,906) 
Contributions 
 138,002
Proceeds from IPO, net of underwriting discounts 
 1,692,058
IPO costs paid 
 (2,457)
Payment of dividends and dividend equivalents (43,906) 
 (57,432) 
Redemption of Series A preferred stock (1,153) 
Proceeds from IPO, net of underwriting discounts 1,692,058
 
Distributions to non-controlling interests (1,037) 
Payment of taxes related to net share settlement of RSUs (6,598) 
Redemption of Series A Preferred Stock 
 (1,153)
Payments on credit facilities 
 (2,321,585)
Proceeds from mortgage loans 916,571
 


10


INVITATION HOMES INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (continued)
(in thousands)
(unaudited)

 For the Nine Months Ended For the Three Months Ended
March 31,
 September 30, 2018 2017
 2017 2016
IPO costs paid (2,757) 
Proceeds from credit facilities 
 184,682
Payments on credit facilities (2,321,585) (126,675)
Proceeds from mortgage loans 996,420
 
Payments on mortgage loans (2,086,622) (33,452) (873,269) (1,030,471)
Proceeds from term loan facility 1,500,000
 
 
 1,500,000
Payments on warehouse loans 
 (103,385)
Payments on revolving facility (20,000) 
Deferred financing costs paid (42,065) (8,774) (11,770) (24,456)
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities (319,516) 50,398
Other financing activities (361) 
Net cash used in financing activities (53,896) (188,064)
        
Change in cash and cash equivalents (63,678) (678)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period 198,119
 274,818
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period $134,441
 $274,140
Change in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash (25,814) (83,592)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, beginning of period (Note 4) 416,562
 420,211
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash, end of period (Note 4) $390,748
 $336,619
        
Supplemental cash flow disclosures:        
Interest paid, net of amounts capitalized $164,054
 $165,487
 $87,797
 $53,645
Cash paid for income taxes 1,987
 
 671
 
        
Noncash investing and financing activities:        
Accrued renovation improvements at period end $5,537
 $6,303
 $5,747
 $3,620
Accrued residential property capital improvements at period end 4,426
 3,684
 5,849
 2,277
Transfer of residential property, net to other assets, net for held for sale assets 52,051
 36,616
 59,173
 32,862
Reclassification of IPO costs from other assets to additional paid-in capital 2,969
 
 
 2,629
Change in other comprehensive income from cash flow hedges 8,167
 
 57,516
 13,272
Capital leases 2,209
 


The accompanying notes are an integral part of these condensed consolidated financial statements.



11


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


 
Note 1—Organization and Formation
Invitation Homes Inc. (“INVH”) was formed for the purpose of owning, renovating, leasing, and operating single-family residential properties. On February 6, 2017, INVH completed an initial public offering (“IPO”) of 88,550,000 shares of common stock at a price to the public of $20.00 per share. An additional 221,826,634 shares of common stock were issued to the Pre-IPO Owners (as defined below) on January 31, 2017. On November 16, 2017, INVH merged with Starwood Waypoint Homes (“SWH”) as more fully described below resulting in the issuance of an additional 207,448,958 shares of common stock.
Prior to the IPO, we conducted our business through a combination of entities formed by Blackstone Real Estate Partners VII L.P. (“BREP VII”), an investment fund sponsored by The Blackstone Group L.P., along with BREP VII’s affiliated side-by-side funds and co-investment vehicles (“BREP VII and Affiliates”). The first Invitation Homes partnership was formed on June 12, 2012, through the establishment of Invitation Homes L.P. (“IH1”) and its wholly-owned subsidiary, THR Property Management L.P. (the “Manager”). Preeminent Holdings, Inc. (“IH2”) was created on February 14, 2013, Invitation Homes 3 L.P. (“IH3”) on August 8, 2013, Invitation Homes 4 L.P. (“IH4”) on January 10, 2014, Invitation Homes 5 L.P. (“IH5”) on August 22, 2014, and Invitation Homes 6 L.P. (“IH6”) on June 15, 2015 (collectively with IH1, the “Invitation Homes Partnerships”). Through the Manager, we provide all management and other administrative services with respect to the properties we own. The collective owners of the Invitation Homes Partnerships prior to the IPO are referred to as the “Pre-IPO Owners.”
Invitation Homes Operating Partnership LP (“INVH LP”) and its general partner, Invitation Homes OP GP LLC (the “OP General Partner”), were formed by one of our Pre-IPO Owners on December 14, 2016. INVH LP began negotiating and entering into certain debt and hedge instruments upon its inception in anticipation of our IPO.
Prior to the IPO, the Invitation Homes Partnerships and INVH LP were under the common control of BREP VII and Affiliates. BREP VII and Affiliates had the ability to control each of the Invitation Homes Partnerships and manage and operate the Invitation Homes Partnerships through the Manager and a common board of directors. As such, prior to the IPO our historical financial statements include assets, liabilities and results of operations of INVH LP and the Invitation Homes Partnerships and their consolidated subsidiaries on a combined and consolidated basis.
As a result of the Pre-IPO Transactions described below, IH2 was effectively merged into INVH (and the assets and liabilities of IH2 were contributed to INVH LP), and the remaining Invitation Homes Partnerships became wholly ownedwholly-owned subsidiaries of INVH through INVH LP.
On October 4, 2016, INVH was incorporated in the State of Delaware and was capitalized as of that date by an investment from one of our Pre-IPO Owners. Since inception, and through the date of the Pre-IPO Transactions (as described below), INVH did not engage in any business or activity. On February 6, 2017, INVH changed its jurisdiction of incorporation to Maryland. The Pre-IPO Transactions also included amendments to the INVH charter which provide for the issuance of up to 9,000,000,000 shares of common stock and 900,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $0.01 par value per share.
Our organizational structure includes several wholly ownedwholly-owned subsidiaries that were formed to facilitate our financing arrangements (the “Borrower Entities”). These Borrower Entities are used to align the ownership of our single-family residential properties with individual debt instruments. Collateral for the individual debt instruments ismay be in the form of equity interests in the Borrower Entities or in pools of single-family residential properties owned either directly by the Borrower Entities or indirectly by their wholly ownedwholly-owned subsidiaries (see Note 6).
References to “Invitation Homes,” the “Company,” “we,” “our,” and “us” refer, collectively, to INVH, IH1, IH2, IH3, IH4, IH5, IH6,INVH LP, and the Manager,consolidated subsidiaries of INVH LP, including the Manager. References to “SWH” refer to Starwood Waypoint Homes and INVH LP.


12


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


its subsidiaries.
Pre-IPO Transactions
On January 31, 2017, we effected certain transactions (the “Pre-IPO Transactions”) that resulted in INVH LP holding, directly or indirectly, all of the assets, liabilities, and results of operations of the Invitation Homes Partnerships, including the


12


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


full portfolio of homes held by the Invitation Homes Partnerships. As a result of the Pre-IPO Transactions, INVH LP is wholly ownedwas wholly-owned by INVH directly and through its wholly ownedwholly-owned subsidiary, the OP General Partner. More specifically:
INVH acquired all of the assets, liabilities, and operations held directly or indirectly by IH2 through certain mergers and related transactions as follows:
IH2 Property Holdings Inc., a parent entity of IH2, merged with and into INVH, with INVH as the entity surviving the merger (the “IH2 Property Holdings Merger”), and the issued and outstanding shares of IH2 Property Holdings Inc., all of which were held by certain of the Pre-IPO Owners, were converted into newly issued shares of common stock of INVH; and
following the IH2 Property Holdings Merger, IH2 merged with and into INVH, with INVH as the entity surviving the merger (the “IH2 Merger”). In the IH2 Merger, all of the shares of common stock of IH2 issued and outstanding immediately prior to such merger, other than the shares held by INVH, were converted into shares of newly issued common stock of INVH. As a result of the IH2 Merger, INVH holds all of the assets and operations held directly or indirectly by IH2 prior to such merger;
prior to the IH2 Merger, our Pre-IPO Owners contributed to INVH their interests in each of the other Invitation Homes Partnerships (other than IH2) in exchange for newly-issued shares of INVH; and
INVH contributed to INVH LP all of the interests in the Invitation Homes Partnerships (other than IH2, the assets, liabilities and operations of which were contributed to INVH LP).
The Pre-IPO Transactions were accounted for as a reorganization of entities under common control utilizing historical cost basis.
Proposed Merger with Starwood Waypoint Homes
On November 16, 2017 (the “Merger Date”), pursuant to an Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of August 9, 2017 we entered into a definitive agreement with Starwood Waypoint Homes (“SFR”) to form a combined company in a stock-for-stock merger of equals transaction (the “Merger Agreement”). The Merger Agreement provides that, upon the terms, by and subject to the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, (i) SFR will be merged with and intoamong INVH, INVH LP, IH Merger Sub, LLC, a wholly ownedDelaware limited liability company and a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of the CompanyINVH (“REIT Merger Sub”), SWH and Starwood Waypoint Homes Partnership, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership and a subsidiary of SWH (“SWH Partnership”), SWH merged with and into REIT Merger Sub, with REIT Merger Sub surviving as our subsidiary (the “REIT Merger”) and (ii) as promptly as practicable. Immediately after the REIT Merger, Starwood Waypoint HomesSWH Partnership L.P. (“SFR Partnership”) will be merged with and into INVH LP, with INVH LP surviving as our subsidiary (the “Partnership Merger,” and together with the REIT Merger, the “Mergers”). In connection with the Mergers, we filed with the SEC on October 16, 2017 a definitive joint proxy statement/information statement and prospectus (File No. 333-220543) (the “Merger Proxy”), which includes more detailed information about the Mergers and the related transactions.
Under the terms of the Merger Agreement, and as described in the Merger Proxy, each outstanding SFRSWH common share will bewas converted into 1.6140 shares of our common stock (the “Exchange Ratio”), and each outstanding unit of SFRSWH Partnership will bewas converted into the right to receive 1.6140 common units, representing limited partner interests, in INVH LP. Further, each outstanding restricted share unit of SFRSWH (an “SFR“SWH RSU”) that vestvested as a result of the Mergers or the Merger Agreement willwas automatically be converted into the right to receive our common stock based on the Exchange Ratio, plus any accrued but unpaid dividends (if any) and less certain taxes (if any). On a pro forma basisAfter giving effect to the Mergers, the combined company will own an approximately 98.2%as of March 31, 2018, INVH owns a 98.3% partnership interest in INVH LP and the combined company will havehas the full, exclusive and complete responsibility for and discretion inover the day-to-dayday to day management and control of INVH LP. See Note 15 for additional information regarding the accounting treatment for the Mergers.
The REIT Merger is intended to qualify as a reorganization for U.S.United States federal income tax purposes, and the Partnership Merger is intended to be treated as a transaction that is generally tax free to the holders of units of SFRSWH Partnership for U.S.United States federal income tax purposes. Upon the closing of the Mergers, our stockholders will own approximately 59% of the combined company’s stock, and SFR’s stockholders will own approximately 41% of the combined company’s stock. Based on the closing prices of SFR’s common shares and our common stock on October 13, 2017, the equity market capitalization of the combined company would be approximately $12.0 billion, and the total enterprise value (including debt) would be approximately $21.3 billion.


13


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


The transaction has been approved by our board of directors and SFR’s board of trustees. Completion of the Mergers is subject to, among other things, approval by the holders of the SFR’s common shares. Assuming approval is obtained, the Mergers are expected to close in the fourth quarter of 2017. We can give no assurance that the Mergers and related transactions will be completed in the above timeframe, if at all.
Two putative class actions have been filed by purported shareholders of SFR challenging the Mergers, one of which names us and certain affiliates as defendants. The lawsuits seek, among other things, injunctive relief preventing consummation of the Mergers, rescission of the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement should they be consummated and litigation costs, including attorneys’ fees (see Note 14 for additional information).
Note 2—Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying interim condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited and have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) and with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for interim financial information and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements


13


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


and should be read in conjunction with our audited combined and consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016. 2017.
Subsequent to the date of the Pre-IPO Transactions, these condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of INVH and its wholly ownedconsolidated subsidiaries. Prior to the date of the Pre-IPO Transactions, these combined andcondensed consolidated financial statements include the combined accounts of INVH LP and the Invitation Homes Partnerships and their wholly ownedwholly-owned subsidiaries.
All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in the condensed consolidated financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments whichthat are of a normal recurring nature considered necessary for a fair presentation of our interim financial statements have been included in these condensed consolidated financial statements. Operating results for the ninethree months ended September 30, 2017March 31, 2018 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2017.2018.
We consolidate entities when we own, directly or indirectly, a majority interest in the entity or are otherwise able to control the entity. We consolidate variable interest entities (“VIEs”) in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 810,Consolidation, if we are the primary beneficiary of the VIE as determined by our power to direct the VIE’s activities and the obligation to absorb its losses or the right to receive its benefits, which are potentially significant to the VIE. A VIE is broadly defined as an entity with one or more of the following characteristics: (a) the total equity investment at risk is insufficient to finance the entity’s activities without additional subordinated financial support; (b) as a group, the holders of the equity investment at risk lack (i) the ability to make decisions about the entity’s activities through voting or similar rights, (ii) the obligation to absorb the expected losses of the entity, or (iii) the right to receive the expected residual returns of the entity; or (c) the equity investors have voting rights that are not proportional to their economic interests, and substantially all of the entity’s activities either involve, or are conducted on behalf of, an investor that has disproportionately few voting rights.
As described in Note 5, as a result of the Mergers we acquired an investment in a joint venture with the Federal National Mortgage Association (“FNMA”), which is a voting interest entity. We do not hold a controlling financial interest in the joint venture but have significant influence over its operating and financial policies. Additionally, FNMA held certain substantive participating rights that preclude the presumption of control by us; as such, we account for our investment using the equity method. In connection with the Mergers, we initially recorded this investment at fair value in connection with purchase accounting as described in Note 15 and have subsequently adjusted for our proportionate share of net earnings or losses and other comprehensive income or loss, cash contributions made and distributions received, and other adjustments, as appropriate. Distributions of operating profit from the joint venture are reported as part of operating cash flows while distributions related to a capital transaction, such as a refinancing transaction or sale, are reported as investing activities.
Non-controlling interests primarily represent the interests in INVH LP held by a third party as a result of the Partnership Merger. Non-controlling interests are presented as a separate component of equity on the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 and the condensed consolidated statement of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2018 includes an allocation of the net loss attributable to the non-controlling interest holders.
Adoption of New Accounting Standards
In January 2017,May 2014, the FASBFinancial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) (“ASU No. 2017-01,2014-09”), which provides guidance on revenue recognition and supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in Topic 605, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a BusinessRevenue Recognition, which clarifies the definition of a business with the objective of evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. Early adoption is permitted only for transactions that occurred before the issuance date of themost industry-specific guidance, and has not been previously reportedsome cost guidance included in issued financial statements. EffectiveSubtopic 605-35, Revenue Recognition—Construction-Type and Production-Type Contracts. The standard’s core principle is that a company recognizes revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. In doing so, companies will need to use more judgment and make more estimates than under current guidance. These judgments may include identifying performance obligations in the contract, estimating the amount of variable consideration to include in the transaction price and allocating the transaction price to each separate performance obligation. ASU 2014-09 also requires additional disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments and changes in judgments and assets recognized from costs incurred to fulfill a contract. We adopted ASU 2014-09 effective January 1, 2017, we adopted ASU 2017-01, and2018 using the modified retrospective transition method. This adoption of this standard had no materialdid not have a significant impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements, for any period presented.
In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting, which simplifies several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and classification


14


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


onmore than 90% of our total revenues consist of rental income from leasing arrangements, and such revenue is specifically excluded from the statementstandard. We analyzed our remaining revenue streams included within other property income and concluded there was no change to the timing and pattern of cash flows. Effectiverevenue recognition for these revenue streams under the new guidance. As such, adoption of the standard did not result in a change to our revenue recognition policies, require recognition of a cumulative adjustment as of January 1, 2017, we adopted ASU 2016-09, and the adoption of this standard had no2018, or have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.
In September 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-13, Revenue Recognition (Topic 605), Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), Leases (Topic 840), and Leases (Topic 842): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to the Staff Announcement at the July 20, 2017 EITF Meeting and Rescission of Prior SEC Staff Announcements and Observer Comments. The purpose of this pronouncement is to update the guidance in the SEC paragraphs of the ASC to align with ASU No. 2014-09. We adopted ASU 2017-03 effective January 1, 2018, and it did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.
In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, Compensation-Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting, which clarifies the definition of modification with the objective of evaluating whether modification accounting should be applied when there are changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award. We adopted ASU 2017-09 effective January 1, 2018, and it did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.
In February 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-05, Other Income—Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (Subtopic 610-20): Clarifying the Scope of Asset Derecognition Guidance and Accounting for Partial Sales of Nonfinancial Assets. The new guidance clarifies that ASC 610-20 applies to the derecognition of nonfinancial assets and in substance nonfinancial assets unless other specific guidance applies. As a result, it will not apply to the derecognition of businesses, nonprofit activities, or financial assets (including equity method investments), or to revenue transactions (contracts with customers). The new guidance also clarifies that an in substance nonfinancial asset is an asset or group of assets for which substantially all of the fair value consists of nonfinancial assets and the group or subsidiary is not a business. In addition, transfers of nonfinancial assets to another entity in exchange for a non-controlling ownership interest in that entity will be accounted for under ASC 610-20, removing specific guidance on such partial exchanges from ASC 845, Nonmonetary Transactions. As a result of the new guidance, the guidance specific to real estate sales in ASC 360-20, Real Estate Sales, will be eliminated. As such, sales and partial sales of real estate assets will now be subject to the same derecognition model as all other nonfinancial assets. We adopted ASU 2017-05 effective January 1, 2018, and it did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-04, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, to simplify the accounting for goodwill impairment by removing step two of the goodwill impairment test, which had involved determining the fair value of individual assets and liabilities of a reporting unit to measure goodwill. Instead, goodwill impairment will be determined as the excess of a reporting unit’s carrying value over its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. We adopted ASU 2017-04 effective January 1, 2018, which will impact our goodwill impairment testing process; however, it did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.
In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash, which requires that period changes in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash or cash equivalents are explained in the statement of cash flows. Thus, amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents will be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning and ending balances shown in the statement of cash flows. We adopted ASU 2016-18 effective January 1, 2018, using a retrospective transition method. As a result, on our condensed consolidated statements of cash flow, changes in restricted cash related to security deposits (previously included in the operating activities section) and changes in the restricted cash line (previously included in the investing activities section) have been eliminated. Changes in restricted cash are now included in the beginning of period and end of period total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash amounts. Additionally, Note 4 includes expanded disclosures regarding the components of the beginning and ending balances on our condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.
In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory. This new guidance will require the current and deferred tax effects of intercompany transactions, except for any period presented.those involving inventory, to be recognized currently. Under current GAAP, the tax effects of intra-entity asset transfers are


15


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


deferred until the transferred asset is sold to a third party or otherwise recovered through use. We adopted ASU 2016-16 effective January 1, 2018, and it did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, which clarifies the classification of certain cash receipts and cash payments including debt instruments with coupon interest rates that are insignificant in relation to the effective interest rate of the borrowing, proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims, and beneficial interests in securitization transactions. We adopted ASU 2016-15 effective January 1, 2018, and it did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.
In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Financial Instruments — Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, which amends certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of financial instruments, including the requirement to measure certain equity investments at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income. We adopted ASU 2016-01 effective January 1, 2018, and it did not have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of the condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. These estimates are inherently subjective in nature and actual results could differ from those estimates.
Accounting Policies
There have been no changes to our significant accounting policies that have had a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes, compared to those policies disclosed in our audited combined and consolidated financial statements included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016 other than as disclosed below.
Investments in Single-Family Residential Properties
Upon acquisition, we evaluate our acquired single-family residential properties for purposes of determining whether a transaction should be accounted for as an asset acquisition or business combination. Upon adoption of ASU 2017-01, our purchases of homes are treated as acquisitions and are recorded at their purchase price which is allocated between land, building and improvements, and in-place lease intangibles (when a tenant is in place at the acquisition date) based upon their relative fair values at the date of acquisition. The purchase price for purposes of this allocation is inclusive of acquisition costs which typically include legal fees, bidding service and title fees, payments made to cure tax, utility, homeowners’ association (“HOA”), and other mechanic’s and miscellaneous liens, as well as other closing costs. The fair values of acquired in-place lease intangibles, if any, are based on the costs to execute similar leases, including commissions and other related costs. The origination value of in-place lease intangibles also includes an estimate of lost rent revenue at in-place rental rates during the estimated time required to lease the property. The in-place lease intangibles are amortized over the life of the leases and are recorded in other assets, net on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Prior to our adoption of ASU 2017-01 effective January 1, 2017, acquisition costs for transactions accounted for as business combinations were expensed in the period in which they were incurred and were reflected in other expenses in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Earnings per Share
We use the two-class method to compute basic and diluted earnings (loss) per common share (“EPS”) because certain of our restricted stock units and restricted stock awards (see Share-Based Compensation Expense below) are participating securities as defined by GAAP. We compute basic EPS by dividing net income (loss) available to common shareholders for the period by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period, adjusted to exclude non-vested restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and restricted shares of common stock (“RSAs”). Diluted EPS is similar to computing basic EPS, except that the denominator is increased to include the dilutive effects of non-vested RSUs and RSAs except when doing so would be anti-dilutive. Prior to the IPO, our business was conducted through the Invitation Homes Partnerships which did not have a common capital structure upon which to compute historical EPS. Accordingly, EPS has not been presented for historical periods prior to the IPO.
Derivatives
We enter into interest rate swap and interest rate cap agreements (collectively, “Hedging Derivatives”) for interest rate risk management purposes. We do not enter into Hedging Derivatives for trading or other speculative purposes, and all of our Hedging Derivatives are carried at fair value on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Designated hedges are derivatives that meet the criteria for hedge accounting and that we have elected to designate as hedges. Non-designated hedges are derivatives that do not meet the criteria for hedge accounting or that we have not elected to designate as hedges.


15


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


Pursuant to the terms of certain of our mortgage loans, we are required to maintain interest rate caps. We have elected not to designate these interest cap agreements for hedge accounting (collectively, the “Non-Designated Hedges”). We enter into interest rate swap agreements to hedge the risk arising from changes in our interest payments on variable-rate debt due to changes in the one-month London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”). In connection with the Pre-IPO Transactions, as of January 31, 2017, we have elected to account for our interest rate swap agreements as effective cash flow hedges (collectively, the “Designated Hedges”). We assess the effectiveness of these interest rate swap cash flow hedging relationships on an ongoing basis. The effect of these interest rate cap agreements and interest rate swap agreements is to reduce the variability of interest payments due to changes in LIBOR.
The fair value of Hedging Derivatives that are in an asset position are included in other assets, net and those in a liability position are included in other liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. For Non-Designated Hedges, the related changes in fair value are reflected within interest expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. For Designated Hedges, the effective portion of the related changes in fair value is reported as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) on our condensed consolidated balance sheets and reclassified into earnings as interest expense in our condensed consolidated statements of operations when the hedged transactions affect earnings; the ineffective portion of the changes in fair value is reflected directly within interest expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. See Note 7 for further discussion of derivative financial instruments.
Share-Based Compensation Expense
Prior to the IPO, we recognized share-based compensation expense for incentive compensation units granted by the Invitation Homes Partnerships (the “Class B Units”). In connection with and subsequent to the IPO, we issued RSUs that settle in shares of common stock and RSAs for which share-based compensation expense is recognized.
We recognized share-based compensation expense for the Class B Units based on the estimated fair value of the Class B Units and vesting conditions of the related incentive unit agreements. Since the Class B Units granted by IH1 were granted to employees of the Manager, a wholly owned subsidiary of IH1, the related share-based compensation expense was based on the grant-date fair value of the units and recognized in expense over the service period. Because units in IH2, IH3, IH4, IH5, and IH6 were granted to non-employees of those respective partnerships, fair value was remeasured for non-vested units at the end of each reporting period. The fair value of the Class B Units was determined based on a valuation model that took into account discounted cash flows and a market approach based on comparable companies and transactions.
We recognize share-based compensation expense for the RSUs and RSAs based on their grant-date fair value, net of expected forfeitures, over the service period from the grant date to vest date for each tranche or when any applicable performance conditions are met in accordance with the related RSU and RSA agreements. The grant-date fair value of RSUs and RSAs is generally based on the closing price of our common stock on the grant date except for market based RSU grant‑date fair values which are based on Monte-Carlo option pricing models.
Additional compensation expense is recognized if modifications to existing incentive compensation unit, RSU, or RSA agreements result in an increase in the post-modification fair value of the units that exceeds their pre-modification fair value. Share-based compensation expense is presented as a component of general and administrative expense and property management expense in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. See Note 10 for further discussion of share-based compensation expense.
Income Taxes
As a result of the Pre-IPO Transactions more fully described in Note 1, the Invitation Homes Partnerships transferred all assets, liabilities, and operations to INVH through certain mergers and related transactions, including the IH2 Property Holdings Merger. IH2 Property Holdings Inc. had previously elected to qualify as a Real Estate Investment Trust “REIT” for United States federal income tax purposes commencing with its taxable year ended December 31, 2013. Effective upon consummation of the IH2 Property Holdings Merger, INVH became subject to such REIT election.
We intend to continue to operate as a REIT, and our current and continuing qualification as a REIT depends on our ability to meet the various requirements imposed by the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), which are related to organizational structure, distribution levels, diversity of stock ownership and certain restrictions with regard to owned assets and categories of income. If we qualify for taxation as a REIT, we will generally not be subject to United States federal corporate income tax on our taxable income that is currently distributed to shareholders. This treatment substantially


16


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


eliminates the “double taxation” (at the corporate and stockholder levels) that generally results from an investment in a corporation. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will be subject to federal taxes at regular corporate rates (including any applicable alternative minimum tax) and may not be able to qualify as a REIT for subsequent taxable years.
Even if we qualify as a REIT, we may be subject to United States federal income and excise taxes in various situations, such as on our undistributed income. We also will be required to pay a 100% tax on any net income on non-arm’s length transactions between us and a TRS, defined below, and on any net income from sales of assets that were held for sale to customers in the ordinary course. In addition, we could also be subject to the alternative minimum tax on items of tax preference. State and local tax laws may not conform to the United States federal income tax treatment, and we may be subject to state or local taxation in various state or local jurisdictions, including those in which we transact business. Any taxes imposed on us reduce our operating cash flow and net income.
As part of the formation of INVH, each of the Invitation Homes Partnerships (other than IH2) transferred assets into INVH solely in exchange for shares of common stock. Certain of the assets contributed contained built-in gains. Prior to the Pre-IPO Transactions, the contributing partnerships had indirect C corporation partners to which a portion of the built-in gain would be allocated. As a result, if we dispose of any such assets during the five-year period following the date the REIT acquired such assets, we will be subject to the regulations under Section 337(d) of the Code. In general terms, such regulations subject the REIT to the maximum corporate level tax rate on the lesser of (i) such built-in gains and (ii) the gain recognized by the REIT upon a taxable disposition of the contributed assets. We may, however, choose not to sell such assets during such five-year period or to sell them in a non-taxable transaction. As such, the potential taxes associated with these built-in gains are not estimable.
Certain of our operations or a portion thereof, are conducted through taxable REIT subsidiaries, each of which we refer to as a TRS. A TRS is a subsidiary C-corporation that has not elected REIT status and as such is subject to United States federal and state corporate income tax. We use TRS entities to facilitate our ability to perform non-real estate related activities and/or perform non-customary services for residents that cannot be offered directly by a REIT.
For our TRS entities, deferred income taxes result from temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for United States federal income tax purposes and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that are expected to be in effect when the differences reverse. We reduce deferred tax assets by recording a valuation allowance when we determine, based on available evidence, that it is more likely than not that the assets will not be realized. We recognize the tax consequences associated with intercompany transfers between the REIT and TRS entities when the related assets affect our GAAP net income or loss, generally through depreciation, impairment losses, or sales to third-party entities.
Tax benefits associated with uncertain tax positions are recognized only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities based on the technical merits of the position.
We file income tax returns in the United States federal jurisdiction as well as various state and local jurisdictions. Our filings are subject to normal reviews by regulatory agencies until the related statute of limitations expires, with open tax years varying based upon the date of incorporation of the specific entity. The years open to examination range from 2013 to present.2017.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In September 2017,June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-13,2016-13, Revenue RecognitionFinancial Instruments — Credit Losses (Topic 605), Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), Leases (Topic 840),326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which changes how companies will measure credit losses for certain financial assets. This guidance requires an entity to estimate its expected credit loss and Leases (Topic 842): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to the Staff Announcementrecord an allowance based on this estimate so that it is presented at the July 20, 2017 EITF Meeting and Rescission of Prior SEC Staff Announcements and Observer Comments. The purpose of this pronouncement isnet amount expected to updatebe collected on the guidance in the SEC paragraphs of the Accounting Standards Codification to align with ASU No. 2014-09.financial asset. This new standard will be effective at the same time an entity adopts the new revenue guidance in ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contractsfor annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within that reporting period, with Customer (Topic 606) which is effective on January 1, 2018.early adoption permitted beginning after December 15, 2018 and interim periods within that reporting period. We do not anticipate that the adoption of this standard will have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.
In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging:Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities (Topic 815). The purpose of this updated guidance is to better align a company’s financial reporting for hedging activities with the economic objectives of those activities. The transition guidance provides companies with the


17


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


option of early adopting the new standard using a modified retrospective transition method in any interim period after issuance of the update, or alternatively requires adoption for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. This adoption method will require us to recognize the cumulative effect of initially applying the ASU as an adjustment to accumulated other comprehensive income with a corresponding adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings as of the beginning of the fiscal year that we adopt the update. While we continue to assess all potential impacts of the standard, we currently expect the adoption to have an immaterial impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements.
In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Scope of Modification Accounting, which clarifies the definition of modification with the objective of evaluating whether modification accounting should be applied when there are changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award. The guidance will be effective for us for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and for interim periods within those annual periods with early adoption permitted. We are currently assessing the impact of the guidance on our condensed consolidated financial statements.
In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash, which requires that period changes in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash or cash equivalents are explained in the statement of cash flow. Thus, amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents will be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning and ending balances shown in the statement of cash flows. The guidance will be effective for us for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and for interim periods. The adoption of this standard will modify our current disclosures and classifications within the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows, but is not expected to have a material effect on our condensed consolidated financial statements.
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, which clarifies the classification of certain cash receipts and cash payments including debt instruments with coupon interest rates that are insignificant in relation to the effective interest rate of the borrowing, proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims, and beneficial interests in securitization transactions. The new standard will be effective for us for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and for interim periods within those annual periods. The adoption of this standard will modify our current disclosures and classifications within the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows, but is not expected to have a material effect on our condensed consolidated financial statements.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which will require lessees to recognize assets and liabilities on the balance sheet for the rights and obligations created by all leases with terms of more than one year. Lessor accounting will remain similar to lessor accounting under current GAAP, while aligning with the FASB’s new revenue recognition guidance. The new standard will be effective for us for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and for interim periods within those annual periods, with early adoption permitted. We are currently evaluatingexpect that the impactadoption of the guidancethis standard will result in an increase in assets and liabilities on our condensed consolidated financial statements.
In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Recognitionbalance sheets related to our leased office space and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities, which amends certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of financial instruments, including the requirement to measure certain equity investments at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income. The new standard will be effective for us for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and for interim periods within those annual periods. We are currently evaluating the impact of the guidance on our condensed consolidated financial statements.
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which provides guidance on revenue recognition and supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in Topic 605, Revenue Recognition, most industry-specific guidance and some cost guidance included in Subtopic 605-35, Revenue Recognition—Construction-Type and Production-Type Contracts. The standard’s core principle is that a company recognizes revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. In doing so, companies will need to use more judgment and make more estimates than under current guidance. These judgments may include identifying performance obligations in the contract, estimating the amount of variable consideration to include in the transaction price and allocating the transaction price to each separate performance obligation. The ASU also requires additional disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments and changes in judgments and assets recognized from costs incurred to fulfill a contract. The guidance will be effective for us for annualvehicles.


1816


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and for interim periods within those annual periods. At that time, we may adopt the full retrospective approach or the modified retrospective approach. We are currently evaluating the method of adoption of this guidance and do not anticipate that the adoption of this guidance will have a material impact on our condensed consolidated financial statements as most of our revenue is from rental revenues, which are not impacted by this standard.
Note 3—Investments in Single-Family Residential Properties
The following table sets forth the net carrying amount associated with our properties by component:
 September 30,
2017
 December 31,
2016
 March 31,
2018
 December 31,
2017
Land $2,733,834
 $2,703,388
 $4,637,540
 $4,646,917
Single-family residential property 6,908,064
 6,829,579
 13,103,690
 13,084,156
Capital improvements 229,902
 229,890
 536,314
 536,297
Equipment 31,906
 31,988
 119,955
 120,528
Total gross investments in the properties 9,903,706
 9,794,845
 18,397,499
 18,387,898
Less: accumulated depreciation (982,463) (792,330) (1,197,520) (1,075,634)
Investments in single-family residential properties, net $8,921,243
 $9,002,515
 $17,199,979
 $17,312,264
As of September 30, 2017March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2016,2017, the carrying amount of the residential propertyproperties above included $122,158includes $122,011 and $122,009,$125,903, respectively, of capitalized acquisition costs (excluding purchase price), along with $62,296$64,687 and $62,169,$62,938, respectively, of capitalized interest, $25,942$25,976 and $26,050,$25,966, respectively, of capitalized property taxes, $4,722$4,731 and $4,764,$4,727, respectively, of capitalized insurance, and $2,843$2,794 and $2,890,$2,818, respectively, of capitalized HOAhomeowners’ association (“HOA”) fees.
During the three months ended September 30,March 31, 2018 and 2017, and 2016, we recognized $66,671$126,661 and $65,446,$66,653, respectively, of depreciation expense related to the components of the properties, $16,447 and $795$0, respectively, of amortization related to in-place lease intangible assets, and $1,034,$1,392 and $924, respectively, of depreciation and amortization related to corporate furniture and equipment. These amounts are included in depreciation and amortization onin the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Further, during the three months ended September 30,March 31, 2018 and 2017, and 2016, impairments totaling $424$603 and $1,076,$1,037, respectively, have been recognized and are included in impairment and other on the condensed consolidated statements of operations.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, we recognized $200,023 and $194,630, respectively, of depreciation expense related to the components of the properties, and $2,535 and $3,631, respectively, of depreciation and amortization related to corporate furniture and equipment. These amounts are included in depreciation and amortization on the condensed consolidated statements of operations. Further, during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, impairments totaling $1,556 and $1,595, respectively, have been recognized and are included in impairment and other on the condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Note 4—Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash
The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash reported on the condensed consolidated balance sheets that sum to the total of such amounts shown in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows:
  As of
March 31,
 As of
December 31,
  2018 2017 2017 2016
Cash and cash equivalents $134,893
 $192,450
 $179,878
 $198,119
Restricted cash 255,855
 144,169
 236,684
 222,092
Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash shown in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows $390,748
 $336,619
 $416,562
 $420,211
Pursuant to the terms of the credit facility agreements and the mortgage loans described in Note 6, we are required to establish, maintain, and fund from time to time (generally either monthly or at the time borrowings are funded) certain specified reserve accounts. These reserve accounts include, but are not limited to, the following types of accounts: (i) completion reserves; (ii) renovation reserves; (iii) leasing commission reserves; (iv) debt service reserves; (v) property tax reserves; (vi)(ii) insurance premiumreserves; (iii) capital expenditure reserves; and deductible reserves; (vii) standing reserves; (viii) special reserves; (ix) termination fee reserves; (x) eligibility reserves; (xi) collections; and (xii) non-conforming property(iv) HOA reserves. In February 2017, the credit facilities were repaid in full and all related reserve accounts were released. Prior to that time, the credit facility reserve accounts were under the sole control of the Administrative Agent, as defined in the credit facility agreements. The reserve accounts associated with the mortgage loans are under the sole control of the loan servicer. Additionally, we hold security deposits pursuant to resident lease agreements that are required to be segregated. We also are required to post collateral related to certain of our interest rate swap agreements and to hold letters of credit as required by certain of our insurance policies. Accordingly, amounts funded to these reserve accounts, security deposit accounts, and other restricted accounts have been classified on our condensed consolidated balance sheets as restricted cash.


1917


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


deposits pursuant to resident lease agreements that are required to be segregated. Accordingly, amounts funded to these reserve accounts and security deposit accounts have been classified within our condensed consolidated balance sheets as restricted cash. We also hold letters of credit as required by certain of our insurance policies.
The amounts funded, and to be funded, to the reserve accounts are subject to formulae included in the credit facility agreements and mortgage loan agreements and are to be released to us subject to certain conditions specified thereinin the mortgage loan agreements being met. To the extent that an event of default were to occur, the loan servicer (as it relates to the mortgage loans) has discretion to use such funds to either settle the applicable operating expenses to which such reserves relate or reduce the allocated loan amount associated with a residential property of ours.
AsThe balances of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the balances in our restricted cash accounts, as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, are as set forth in the table below. AtAs of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2016,2017, no amounts were funded to the completion, renovation, leasing commission, debt service, termination fee,insurance and nonconforming propertyHOA reserve accounts as the conditions specified in the credit facilitymortgage loan agreements that require such funding did not exist, and none are required at September 30, 2017 as the credit facilities had been repaid in full.exist.
 September 30,
2017
 December 31,
2016
 March 31,
2018
 December 31,
2017
Resident security deposits $89,409
 $86,239
 $150,583
 $147,098
Property taxes 46,931
 20,785
Collections 20,354
 42,767
 34,700
 40,607
Property taxes 39,375
 52,256
Derivative collateral 11,680
 15,120
Insurance premium and deductible 
 4,432
 4,487
 4,250
Standing and capital expenditure reserves 1,754
 24,409
Special reserves 
 34
Capital expenditure reserves 3,461
 5,257
Letters of credit 3,440
 2,994
Eligibility reserves 398
 9,274
 573
 573
Letters of credit 2,491
 2,681
Total $153,781
 $222,092
 $255,855
 $236,684
Note 5—Other Assets
At September 30, 2017As of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2016,2017, the balances in other assets, net are as follows:
 September 30,
2017
 December 31,
2016
 March 31,
2018
 December 31,
2017
Investments in debt securities, net $230,619
 $209,337
 $424,351
 $378,545
Interest rate swaps (Note 7) 115,127
 57,612
Held for sale assets(1)
 12,170
 45,062
 76,951
 46,814
Investment in unconsolidated joint venture 56,940
 57,078
Prepaid expenses 23,412
 21,883
 54,364
 37,869
Rent and other receivables, net 28,686
 24,525
In-place leases, net 21,070
 37,517
Corporate fixed assets, net 15,415
 16,595
Amounts deposited and held by others 14,155
 12,598
Deferred leasing costs, net 7,320
 7,710
 7,358
 7,018
Rent and other receivables, net 11,986
 11,604
Deferred financing costs, net 8,096
 
 6,911
 7,504
Interest rate swap hedges (see Note 7) 5,529
 
Corporate fixed assets, net 6,522
 6,247
Other 9,405
 7,782
 26,183
 12,930
Total $315,059
 $309,625
 $847,511
 $696,605
 
(1)As of September 30, 2017March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2016 (unaudited), 712017, 402 and 391236 properties, respectively, wereare classified as held for sale.


2018


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


Investments in Debt Securities, net
InAs of March 31, 2018, in connection with certain of theour Securitizations as(as defined in Note 6,6), we previously acquired $193,045have retained and purchased certificates totaling $424,351, net of Class G certificates. In 2016, we purchased $16,423unamortized discounts of Class F certificates, which had an unamortized discount of $0 and $131 as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we purchased $55,500 of Class B certificates, which had an unamortized discount of $3,433 as of September 30, 2017, and received repayments of $30,916 from retained debt securities.$3,257. These investments in debt securities are classified as held to maturity investments (for additional information about the Securitizations, see Note 6).investments. As of September 30, 2017March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2016,2017, there were no gross unrecognized holding gains or losses, and there were no other than temporary impairments.impairments recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income. As of September 30, 2017, the Class F and GMarch 31, 2018, our retained certificates are scheduled to mature over the next 3three months to 12 months,nine years.
Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Venture
In connection with the Mergers, we acquired a 10% interest in a joint venture with FNMA to operate, lease, and manage a portfolio of properties primarily located in Arizona, California, and Nevada. A wholly-owned subsidiary of INVH LP is the Class B certificates are scheduledmanaging member of the joint venture and is responsible for the operation and management of the properties, subject to mature in 10 years.FNMA’s approval on major decisions. As of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the joint venture owned 768 and 776 properties, respectively.
Rent and Other Receivables, net
We lease our properties to residents pursuant to leases that generally have an initial contractual term of at least 12 months, provide for monthly payments, and are cancelable by the resident and us under certain conditions specified in the related lease agreements.
Included in other assets, net withinon the condensed consolidated balance sheets, is an allowance for doubtful accounts of $1,316$3,331 and $1,183,$4,094, as of September 30, 2017March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2016,2017, respectively.
In-Place Leases, net
In connection with the Mergers, we acquired in-place leases with a fair value of $45,740. The amortization period assigned at the Merger Date was approximately eight months, which represents the weighted average remaining lease period, and amortization expense of $16,447 is included in depreciation and amortization expense in the condensed consolidated statement of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2018. As of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the unamortized balances of the in-place lease intangible asset are $21,070 and $37,517, respectively, and the balance will be fully amortized during the year ended December 31, 2018.
Deferred Financing Costs, net
In connection with our Revolving Facility (as defined in Note 6), we incurred $9,673 of financing costs during the nine monthsyear ended September 30,December 31, 2017, which have been deferred as other assets, net on our condensed consolidated balance sheet due to the line of credit features of the Revolving Facility. These deferred financing costs are being amortized as interest expense on a straight line basis over the term of the Revolving Facility. As of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the unamortized balances of these deferred financing costs are $6,911 and $7,504, respectively.
Note 6—Debt
Mortgage Loans
As of September 30, 2017, we have completed eightOur securitization transactions (the “Securitizations” or the “mortgage loans”) are collateralized by certain homes owned by the respective Invitation Homes Borrower Entities. TheWe utilize the proceeds from the mortgage loans were usedour securitizations to fund (i) repayments of then-outstanding indebtedness, including credit facilities and prior securitization transactions, (ii) initial deposits in theinto Securitization reserve accounts, (iii) closing costs in connection with the mortgage loans, (iv) general costs associated with our operations, and (v) distributions and dividendsdividends. In addition to the Pre-IPO Owners.Securitization transactions we initiated, we assumed certain mortgage loans from SWH in connection with the Mergers.


2119


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


The following table sets forth a summary of theour mortgage loan indebtedness as of September 30, 2017March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2016:2017:
        
Outstanding Principal Balance(3)
  Maturity Date 
Interest Rate(2)
 Range of Spreads 
September 30,
2017
(4)
 December 31,
2016
IH1 2013-1 N/A N/A 115-365 bps $
 $462,431
IH1 2014-1 N/A N/A 100-375 bps 
 978,231
IH1 2014-2(1)(5)
 September 9, 2018 3.13% 110-400 bps 703,241
 710,664
IH1 2014-3(1)(6)
 December 9, 2017 3.56% 120-500 bps 147,323
 766,753
IH2 2015-1, net(1)(7)
 March 9, 2018 3.60% 145-430 bps 529,443
 531,318
IH2 2015-2(1)
 June 9, 2018 3.18% 135-370 bps 628,574
 630,283
IH2 2015-3(1)
 August 9, 2018 3.41% 130-475 bps 1,169,048
 1,184,314
IH 2017-1, net(8)
 June 9, 2027 4.17% N/A 996,365
 
Total Securitizations 4,173,994
 5,263,994
Less deferred financing costs, net (16,970) (9,256)
Total $4,157,024
 $5,254,738
          
Outstanding Principal Balance(2)
  
Origination
Date
 
Maturity
Date
 
Interest Rate(1)
 Range of Spreads March 31,
2018
 December 31,
2017
CAH 2014-1(3)
 N/A N/A —% N/A $
 $473,384
CAH 2014-2(3)
 N/A N/A —% N/A 
 385,401
IH 2015-1, net(4)(5)
 January 29, 2015 March 9, 2019 4.31% 152-437 bps 527,826
 528,795
IH 2015-2(4)(5)
 April 10, 2015 June 9, 2018 3.89% 142-377 bps 627,106
 627,259
CAH 2015-1(4)(6)
 June 11, 2015 July 9, 2018 3.76% 128-373 bps 655,455
 656,551
IH 2015-3(4)(7)
 June 25, 2015 August 9, 2018 4.13% 136-481 bps 1,162,225
 1,165,886
CSH 2016-1(4)(6)
 June 7, 2016 July 9, 2018 4.19% 158-508 bps 529,827
 531,517
CSH 2016-2(4)
 November 3, 2016 December 9, 2018 3.73% 133-423 bps 605,357
 609,815
IH 2017-1(8)
 April 28, 2017 June 9, 2027 4.23% N/A 996,371
 996,453
SWH 2017-1(4)
 September 29, 2017 October 9, 2019 3.43% 102-347 bps 769,754
 769,754
IH 2017-2(4)
 November 9, 2017 December 9, 2019 3.38% 91-306 bps 863,263
 863,413
IH 2018-1(3)(4)
 February 8, 2018 March 9, 2020 3.12% 76-256 bps 914,441
 
Total Securitizations 7,651,625
 7,608,228
Less deferred financing costs, net (37,165) (28,075)
Total $7,614,460
 $7,580,153
 
(1)
Except for IH 2017-1, interest rates are based on a weighted average spread over the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”), plus applicable servicing fees; as of March 31, 2018, LIBOR was 1.88%. Our IH 2017-1 mortgage loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 4.23% per annum, equal to the market determined pass-through rate payable on the certificates including applicable servicing fees.
(2)Outstanding principal balance is net of discounts and does not include deferred financing costs, net.
(3)
On February 8, 2018, the outstanding balances of CAH 2014-1 and CAH 2014-2 were repaid in full with proceeds from IH 2018-1, a new securitization transaction.
(4)
The initial maturity term of each of these mortgage loans istwo to threeyears, individually subject to three, one-two yearto five, one-year extension options at the borrower’s discretion (provided that there is no continuing event of default under the mortgage loan agreement and the borrower obtains a replacement interest rate cap agreement in a form reasonably acceptable to the lender). Our IH1 2014-3, IH2IH 2015-2, IH 2015-3 and CAH 2015-1 IH2 2015-2, and IH2 2015-3 mortgage loans have exercised the first extension options,option, and IH1 2014-2IH 2015-1 has exercised the second extension option.The maturity dates above are reflective of all extensions that have been exercised.
(2)(5)
For eachOn May 8, 2018, the outstanding balances of our first seven mortgage loans, interest rates are based onIH 2015-1 and IH 2015-2 were repaid in full with proceeds from IH 2018-2, a weighted average spread to LIBOR; as ofnew securitization transaction September 30, 2017 LIBOR was 1.23%(see Note 16). Our IH 2017-1 mortgage loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 4.17% per annum equal to the market determined pass-through rate payable on the certificates, plus applicable servicing fees.
(3)(6)Outstanding Principal Balance is net of discounts and does not include capitalized deferred financing costs, net.
(4)
From October 1, 2017 to November 2, 2017, we made prepayments of $2,634 on our mortgage loans related to the disposition of properties.
(5)
On October 10, 2017,April 9, 2018, we submitted a notification to request an extension of the maturity of the IH1 2014-3CAH 2015-1 and CSH 2016-1 mortgage loanloans from December 9, 2017 to DecemberJuly 9, 2018 to July 9, 2019 upon approval.On November 9, 2017, the outstanding balance of IH1 2014-2 was repaid in full (see Note 15).
(6)
On November 9, 2017, the outstanding balance of IH1 2014-3 was repaid in full (see Note 15).
(7)
NetOn May 9, 2018, we submitted a notification to request an extension of unamortized discountthe maturity of $0 and $55 as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.
the IH 2015-3 mortgage loan from August 9, 2018 to August 9, 2019 upon approval.
(8)
Net of unamortized discount of$3,257 $3,433and $3,345 as of September 30, 2017.March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
Securitization Transactions
IH1 2013-1: In November 2013, we completed our first securitizationFor each Securitization transaction, (“IH1 2013-1”), in which 2013-1 IHthe Borrower L.P. (“S1 Borrower”), a newly-formed special purpose entity and wholly owned subsidiary of IH1,Entity executed a loan agreement with a third-partythird‑party lender. Except for IH 2017-1, each mortgage loan consists of five to seven components. The third-party lender made a six component term loancomponents are floating rate except with respect to S1certain components we were required to retain in connection with risk retention rules. The two to three year initial terms are individually subject to two to five, one-year extension options at the Borrower in the amount of $479,137. All six components of the loan were sold at par. On February 6, 2017, the outstanding balance of IH1 2013-1 was repaid in full.
IH1 2014-1: In May 2014, we completed our second securitization transaction (“IH1 2014-1”), in which 2014-1 IH Borrower L.P. (“S2 Borrower”), a newly-formed special purpose entity and wholly owned subsidiary of IH1, executed a loan agreement with a third-party lender. The third party lender made a six component term loan to S2 Borrower in the amount of $993,738. All six components of the loan were sold at par. On February 6, 2017 and March 9, 2017, we made voluntary prepayments of $291,500 and $260,000, respectively. On April 28, 2017, the outstanding balance of IH1 2014-1 was repaid in full.Entity’s discretion. Such extensions are


2220


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


IH1 2014-2: In August 2014, we completed our third securitization transaction (“IH1 2014-2”), in which 2014-2 IH Borrower L.P. (“S3 Borrower”), a newly-formed special purpose entity and wholly owned subsidiaryavailable provided there is no continuing event of IH1, executed adefault under the respective mortgage loan agreement withand the Borrower Entity obtains a third-partyreplacement interest rate cap agreement in a form reasonably acceptable the lender. The third-party lender madeIH 2017-1 is a term10-year, fixed rate mortgage loan comprised of (1) six floating ratetwo components. Certificates issued by the trust in connection with Component A of IH 2017-1 benefit from FNMA’s guaranty of timely payment of principal and interest.
Certain components and (2) one fixed rate component to S3 Borrower in the amount of $719,935. Of the seven loan components, the Class A, B, C, D and G certificates were sold at par; however, the Class E and F certificates were sold at a total discount, and $3,257 and $3,345 of $3,970. Weunamortized discount are obligated to make monthly payments of interest with the first payment being due upon the closing of the loan, and subsequent payments beginning October 9, 2014 and continuing monthly thereafter. On November 9, 2017, the outstanding balance of IH1 2014-2 was repaid in full (see Note 15).
IH1 2014-3: In November 2014, we completed our fourth securitization transaction (“IH1 2014-3”), in which 2014-3 IH Borrower L.P. (“S4 Borrower”), a newly-formed special purpose entity and wholly owned subsidiary of IH1, executed a loan agreement with a third-party lender. The third-party lender issued a term loan comprised of (1) six floating rate components and (2) one fixed rate component to S4 Borrower in the amount of $769,322. Of the seven components, the Class B and G certificates were sold at par; however, the Class A, C, D, E and F certificates were sold at a total discount of $7,235. We are obligated to make monthly payments of interest with the first payment being due upon the closing of the loan, and subsequent payments beginning December 9, 2014 and continuing monthly thereafter. On May 9, 2017 and June 9, 2017, we made voluntary prepayments of $510,000 and $100,000, respectively, from the proceeds of IH 2017-1 securitization transaction and cash flows from operations. On November 9, 2017, the outstanding balance of IH1 2014-3 was repaid in full (see Note 15).
IH2 2015-1: In January 2015, we completed our fifth securitization transaction (“IH2 2015-1”), in which 2015-1 IH2 Borrower L.P. (“S5 Borrower”), a newly-formed special purpose entity and wholly owned subsidiary of IH2, executed a loan agreement with a third-party lender. The third-party lender made a seven component term loan to S5 Borrower in the amount of $540,854. Six of the seven components, the Class A, B, C, D, E, and G certificates were sold at par; however, the Class F certificates were sold at a total discount of $622. The unamortized balance of this discount is included in mortgage loans, net on our condensed consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2017March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2016.2017, respectively.
Each mortgage loan is secured by a pledge of the equity in the assets of the respective Borrower Entities, as well as first-priority mortgages on the underlying properties and a grant of security interests in all of the related personal property. As of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, a total of 45,005 and 47,616 homes, respectively, were pledged pursuant to the mortgage loans. We are obligated to make monthly payments of interest with the first payment being due upon the closing of thefor each mortgage loan, and subsequent payments beginning March 9, 2015IH 2013-1 and continuing monthly thereafter.
IH2 2015-2: In April 2015, we completed our sixth securitization transaction (“IH2 2015-2”), in which 2015-2 IH2 Borrower L.P. (“S6 Borrower”), a newly-formed special purpose entity and wholly owned subsidiary of IH2, executed a loan agreement with a third-party lender. The third-party lender made a seven component term loan to S6 Borrower in the amount of $636,686. All of the components of the loan were sold at par. We are obligated to makeCAH 2014-1 also required monthly payments of interestprincipal.
Transactions with the first payment being due upon the closing of the loan, and subsequent payments beginning June 9, 2015 and continuing monthly thereafter.Trusts
IH2 2015-3: In June 2015, we completed our seventh securitization transaction (“IH2 2015-3”), in which 2015-3 IH2 Borrower L.P. (“S7 Borrower”), a newly-formed special purpose entity and wholly owned subsidiary of IH2, executed a loan agreement with a third-party lender. The third-party lender made a seven component term loan to S7 Borrower in the amount of $1,193,950. All of the components of the loan were sold at par. We are obligated to make monthly payments of interest with the first payment being due upon the closing of the loan, and subsequent payments beginning August 7, 2015 and continuing monthly thereafter.
IH 2017-1: In April 2017, we completed our eighth securitization transaction (“IH 2017-1”), in which 2017-1 IH Borrower L.P. (“S9 Borrower”), a special purpose entity previously formed in connection with IH1 2014-1 and wholly owned subsidiary of IH1, entered into a loan agreement with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association (the “FNMA Loan”), providing for a ten-year, fixed rate mortgage loan comprised of two components with a total principal amount of $1,000,000, secured by first priority mortgages on a portfolio of 7,204 of our homes. The Class A certificates, which benefit from Fannie Mae’s guaranty of timely payment of principal and interest, were sold at par. The Class B certificates represent a beneficial interest in the most subordinate component of the FNMA Loan and were sold at a total discount of $3,580. The unamortized balance of this discount is included in mortgage loans, net on our condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2017. We are obligated to make monthly payments of interest with the first payment being due upon the closing of the loan, and subsequent payments beginning June 9, 2017 and continuing monthly thereafter.
Concurrent with the execution of each mortgage loan agreement, the respective third-party lender sold each loan it originated with us to individual depositor entities (the “Depositor Entities”) who subsequently transferred each loan to Securitization-specific trust entities (the “Trusts”). The Depositor Entities associated with the IH1 2014-2, IH1 2014-3 and IH 2017-1 securitizations


23


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


for our Securitizations currently outstanding are wholly owned subsidiaries of IH1, the Depositor Entities associated with the IH2 2015-1, IH2 2015-2, and IH2 2015-3 securitizations are wholly owned subsidiaries of IH2, and the Depositor Entities associated with the IH1 2013-1 and IH1 2014-1 securitizations were wholly owned by unaffiliated third parties.
wholly-owned subsidiaries. We accounted for the transfer of the individual Securitizations from the wholly-owned Depositor Entities wholly owned by IH1 and IH2 to the respective Trusts as a salesales under ASC Topic 860, Transfers and Servicing, with no resulting gain or loss as the Securitizations were both originated by the lender and immediately transferred at the same fair market value.
As consideration for the transfer of each loan to the Trusts, the Trusts issued certificate classes which mirror the components of the individual loan agreements (collectively, the “Certificates”) to the Depositor Entities, except that Class R certificates do not have related loan components as they represent residual interests in the Trusts. The Certificates represent the entire beneficial interest in the Trusts. Following receipt of the Certificates, the Depositor Entities sold the Certificates to investors using the proceeds as consideration for the loans sold to the Depositor Entities by the lenders. These transactions had no effect on our condensed consolidated financial statements other than with respect to the Class B certificatesCertificates we retained in connection with Securitizations or purchased by INVH LP, and the Class G certificates purchased by IH1 and IH2.
For IH1 2014-2, IH1 2014-3, IH2 2015-1, IH2 2015-2, and IH2 2015-3, the Trusts made the Class A through Class F certificates available for sale to both domestic and foreign investors. With the introduction of foreign investment, IH1 and IH2, as sponsors of the respective loans, are required to retainat a portion of the risk that represents a material net economic interest in each loan. The Class G certificates for IH1 2014-2, IH1 2014-3, IH2 2015-1, IH2 2015-2, and IH2 2015-3 are equal to 5% of the original principal amount of the loans in accordance with the agreements. Per the terms of the Securitization agreements, the Class G certificates are restricted certificates and were made available exclusively to IH1 and IH2, as applicable. The Class G certificates are principal only and bear a stated annual interest rate of 0.0005%. The Class G certificates are classified as held to maturity investments and are recorded in other assets, net on the condensed consolidated balance sheets (see Note 5).
For IH 2017-1, the Trust made the Class A certificates available for sale to both domestic and foreign investors. In accordance with risk retention requirements of Regulation RR (the “Risk Retention Rules”) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as amended (the “Exchange Act”), INVH LP, as the loan sponsor, is required to retain a portion of the credit risk that represents not less than 5% of the aggregate fair value of the loan as of the closinglater date. Per the terms of the agreement, the Class B certificates are restricted certificates that were made available exclusively to INVH LP. The Class B certificates pay interest and bear a stated annual interest rate of 4.17% plus applicable servicing fees. The Class B certificates are classified as held to maturity investments and are recorded in other assets, net on the condensed consolidated balance sheets (see Note 5).
The Trusts are structured as pass throughpass-through entities that receive interest, and in the case of IH 2013-1 and CAH 2014-1 principal and interestpayments, from the Securitizations and distribute those payments to the holders of the Certificates. The assets held by the Trusts are restricted and can only be used to fulfill the obligations of those entities. The obligations of the Trusts do not have any recourse to the general credit of any entities in these condensed consolidated financial statements. We have evaluated our interests in the Class B and Gcertain certificates of the Trusts held by us (discussed below) and determined that they do not create a more than insignificant variable interest in the Trusts. Additionally, the Class B and Gretained certificates do not provide us with any ability to direct the activities that could impact the Trusts’ economic performance. Therefore, we do not consolidate the Trusts.
General Terms Retained Certificates
Beginning in April 2014, the Trusts made Certificates available for sale to both domestic and foreign investors. With the introduction of foreign investment, sponsors of the mortgage loans are required to retain a portion of the risk that represents a material net economic interest in each loan. These requirements were further refined in December 2016 pursuant to Regulation RR (the “Risk Retention Rules”) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. As such, loan sponsors are now required to retain a portion of the credit risk that represents not less than 5% of the aggregate fair value of the loan as of the closing date.
To fulfill these requirements, Class G certificates for IH 2015-1, IH 2015-2, IH 2015-3, CAH 2015-1, CSH 2016-1, and CSH 2016-2 are equal to 5% of the original principal amount of the loans. Per the terms of the mortgage loan agreements, the Class G certificates are restricted certificates that were made available exclusively to the sponsor, as applicable. We retained these Class G certificates at the time of the related Securitizations, and they are principal only, bearing a stated interest rate of 0.0005%. Additionally, in certain instances, we have elected to purchase certain Class F certificates, which bear a stated annual interest rate of LIBOR plus a spread ranging from 4.80% to 5.08%.


21


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


For IH 2017-1, the Class B certificates are restricted certificates that were made available exclusively to INVH LP in order to comply with the Risk Retention Rules. The Class B certificates bear a stated annual interest rate of 4.23%, including applicable servicing fees.
For IH 2017-2, SWH 2017-1, and IH 2018-1, we retained a portion of each certificate class to meet the Risk Retention Rules. These retained certificates accrue interest at a floating rate of LIBOR plus a spread ranging from 0.76% to 3.47%.
The retained certificates total $424,351 and $378,545 as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, are classified as held to maturity investments, and are recorded in other assets, net on the condensed consolidated balance sheets (see Note 5).
Loan Covenants
The general terms that apply to all of the mortgage loans require us to maintain compliance with certain affirmative and negative covenants. Affirmative covenants with which we must comply include our, and certain of our affiliates’, compliance with (i) licensing, permitting and legal requirements specified in the mortgage loan agreement,agreements, (ii) organizational requirements of the jurisdictions in which we, and certain of our affiliates, are organized, (iii) federal and state tax laws, and (iv) books and records requirements specified in the respective mortgage loan agreements. Negative covenants with which we must comply include our, and certain of our affiliates’, compliance with limitations surrounding (i) the amount of our indebtedness and the nature of our investments, (ii) the execution of transactions with affiliates, (iii) the Manager, and (iv) the nature of our business activities. At September 30, 2017,As of March 31, 2018, and through the date our condensed consolidated financial statements were issued, we believe we wereare in compliance with all affirmative and negative covenants.


24


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


Prepayments
For the mortgage loans, prepayments of amounts owed by us are generally not permitted by us under the terms of the respective mortgage loan agreements unless such prepayments are made pursuant to the voluntary election andor mandatory provisions specified in such agreements. The specified mandatory provisions become effective to the extent that a property becomes characterized as a disqualified property, a property is sold, and/or upon the occurrence of a condemnation or casualty event associated with a property. To the extent either a voluntary election is made, or a mandatory prepayment condition exists, in addition to paying all interest and principal, we must also pay certain breakage costs as determined by the loan servicer and a spread maintenance premium if prepayment occurs before the month following the one or two year anniversary of the closing dates of each of the mortgage loans except for IH 2017-1. For IH 2017-1, prepayments on or before December 2026 will require a yield maintenance premium. For the ninethree months ended September 30,March 31, 2018 and 2017, and 2016,we made voluntary and mandatory prepayments totaling $2,086,622of $873,269 and $33,452,$1,030,471, respectively, were made under the terms of the mortgage loan agreements.
Collateral
Collateral for the mortgage loans includes first priority mortgages on certain of our properties and a grant of a security interest in all of our personal property. The following table lists the gross carrying values of the single-family residential properties, including held for sale properties, pledged as collateral for the loans as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:
  
Number of
Homes
(1)
 September 30,
2017
 December 31,
2016
IH1 2013-1 
 $
 $533,005
IH1 2014-1 
 
 1,124,069
IH1 2014-2 3,611
 783,761
 785,459
IH1 2014-3 3,906
 844,455
 850,056
IH2 2015-1 2,998
 594,360
 594,155
IH2 2015-2 3,505
 744,905
 744,070
IH2 2015-3 6,973
 1,368,925
 1,382,683
IH 2017-1 7,202
 1,243,555
 
Total 28,195

$5,579,961

$6,013,497
(1)The loans are secured by first priority mortgages on portfolios of single-family residential properties owned by S1 Borrower, S2 Borrower, S3 Borrower, S4 Borrower, S5 Borrower, S6 Borrower, S7 Borrower, and S9 Borrower. The numbers of homes noted above are as of September 30, 2017. As of December 31, 2016, a total of 30,900 homes (unaudited) were secured by the above-mentioned mortgage loans.


25


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


Debt Maturities Schedule
Future maturities of these mortgage loans as of September 30, 2017 are set forth in the table below:
Year 
Principal(1)
2017 $147,323
2018 3,030,306
2019 and thereafter 999,798
Total payments 4,177,427
Less discounts (3,433)
Total mortgage loans, net $4,173,994
(1)
Each of the mortgage loans, except IH 2017-1, are subject to three one-year extension options at the borrower's discretion (upon approval from the lender), of which the IH1 2014-3, IH2 2015-1, IH2 2015-2, and IH2 2015-3 mortgage loans have exercised the first extension options, and IH1 2014-2 has exercised the second option.
New CreditTerm Loan Facility and Revolving Facility
On February 6, 2017, we entered into a loancredit agreement with a syndicate of banks, financial institutions and institutional lenders for a new credit facility (the “New Credit“Credit Facility”)., which was amended on December 18, 2017 to include entities and homes acquired in the Mergers. The New Credit Facility provides $2,500,000 of borrowing capacity and consists of a $1,000,000 revolving facility (the “Revolving Facility”), which will mature on February 6, 2021, with a one-year extension option, and a $1,500,000 term loan facility (the “Term Loan Facility”), which will mature on February 6, 2022. The Revolving Facility also includes borrowing capacity available for letters of credit and for short-term borrowings referred to as swing line borrowings, in each case subject to certain sublimits. The New Credit Facility provides us with the option to enter into additional incremental credit facilities (including an uncommitted incremental facility that provides us with the option to increase the size of the Revolving Facility and/or the Term Loan Facility by an aggregate amount of up to $1,500,000), subject to certain limitations. Proceeds from the Term Loan Facility were used to repay existing indebtedness and for general corporate purposes. Proceeds from the Revolving Facility were used for general corporate purposes.


22


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


The following table sets forth a summary of the outstanding principal amounts under such loansthe Credit Facility as of September 30,March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017:
  Maturity Date 
Interest Rate(1)
 September 30,
2017
Term loan facility February 6, 2022 3.03% $1,500,000
Revolving facility February 6, 2021 N/A 
Total 1,500,000
Less deferred financing costs, net (12,749)
Total $1,487,251
  Maturity
Date
 
Interest
Rate
(1)
 March 31,
2018
 December 31,
2017
Term loan facility February 6, 2022 3.58% $1,500,000
 $1,500,000
Deferred financing costs, net (11,305) (12,027)
Term Loan Facility, net $1,488,695
 $1,487,973
         
Revolving Facility February 6, 2021 3.63% $15,000
 $35,000
 
(1)
Interest raterates for the Term Loan Facility isand the Revolving Facility are based on LIBOR plus an applicable margin of 1.80%;1.70% and 1.75%, respectively; as of September 30, 2017,March 31, 2018, LIBOR was 1.23%1.88%.
Interest Rate and Fees
Borrowings under the New Credit Facility bear interest, at our option, at a rate equal to a margin over either (a) a LIBOR rate determined by reference to the Bloomberg LIBOR rate (or comparable or successor rate) for the interest period relevant to such borrowing, or (b) a base rate determined by reference to the highest of (1) the administrative agent’s prime lending rate, (2) the federal funds effective rate plus 0.50%, and (3) the LIBOR rate that would be payable on such day for a LIBOR rate loan with a one-month interest period plus 1.00%. The margin is based on a total leverage based grid. The margin for the Revolving Facility ranges from 0.75% to 1.30%, in the case of base rate loans, and 1.75% to 2.30%, in the case of LIBOR rate loans. The margin for the Term Loan Facility ranges from 0.70% to 1.30%, in the case of base rate loans, and 1.70% to


26


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


2.30%, in the case of LIBOR rate loans. In addition, the New Credit Facility provides that, upon receiving an investment grade rating on its non-credit enhanced, senior unsecured long term debt of BBB- or better from Standard & Poor’s Rating Services, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., or Baa3 or better from Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (an “Investment Grade Rating Event”), we may elect to convert to a credit rating based pricing grid.
In addition to paying interest on outstanding principal under the New Credit Facility, we are required to pay a facility fee to the lenders under the Revolving Facility in respect of the unused commitments thereunder. The facility fee rate is based on the daily unused amount of the Revolving Facility and is either 0.350%0.35% or 0.200%0.20% per annum based on the unused facility amount. Upon converting to a credit rating pricing based grid, the unused facility fee will no longer apply; and we will be required to pay a facility fee ranging from 0.125% to 0.300%. We are also required to pay customary letter of credit fees.
Prepayments and Amortization
No prepayment or amortization isprincipal reductions are required under the New Credit Facility. We are permitted to voluntarily repay amounts outstanding under the Term Loan Facility at any time without premium or penalty, subject to certain minimum amounts and the payment of customary “breakage” costs with respect to LIBOR loans. Once repaid, no further borrowings will be permitted under the Term Loan Facility.
General TermsLoan Covenants
The New Credit Facility contains certain customary affirmative and negative covenants and events of default. Such covenants will, among other things, restrict, subject to certain exceptions, our ability and that of the Subsidiary Guarantors (as defined below) and their respective subsidiaries to (i) engage in certain mergers, consolidations or liquidations, (ii) sell, lease or transfer all or substantially all of their respective assets, (iii) engage in certain transactions with affiliates, (iv) make changes to the our fiscal year, (v) make changes in the nature of our business and our subsidiaries, and (vi) incur additional indebtedness that is secured on a pari passu basis with the New Credit Facility.
The New Credit Facility also requires us, on a consolidated basis with our subsidiaries, to maintain a (i) maximum total leverage ratio, (ii) maximum secured leverage ratio, (iii) maximum unencumbered leverage ratio, (iv) minimum fixed charge coverage ratio, (v) minimum unencumbered fixed charge coverage ratio, and (vi) minimum tangible net worth. If an event of default occurs, the lenders under the New Credit Facility are entitled to take various actions, including the acceleration of amounts


23


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


due under the New Credit Facility and all actions permitted to be taken by a secured creditor. At September 30, 2017,As of March 31, 2018, and through the date our condensed consolidated financial statements were issued, we believe we were in compliance with all affirmative and negative covenants.
Guarantees and Security
The obligations under the New Credit Facility are guaranteed on a joint and several basis by each of our direct and indirect domestic wholly ownedwholly-owned subsidiaries that own, directly or indirectly, unencumbered assets (the “Subsidiary Guarantors”), subject to certain exceptions. The guarantee provided by any Subsidiary Guarantor will be automatically released upon the occurrence of certain events, including if it no longer has a direct or indirect interest in an unencumbered asset or as a result of certain non-recourse refinancing transactions pursuant to which such Subsidiary Guarantor becomes contractually prohibited from providing its guaranty of the New Credit Facility. In addition, INVH may be required to provide a guarantee of the New Credit Facility under certain circumstances, including if INVH does not maintain its qualification as a REIT.real estate investment trust (“REIT”).
The New Credit Facility is collateralized by first priority or equivalent security interests in all the capital stock of, or other equity interests in, any Subsidiary Guarantor held by us and each of the Subsidiary Guarantors. The security interests granted under the New Credit Facility will be automatically released upon the occurrence of certain events, including upon an Investment Grade Rating Event or if the total net leverage ratio is less than or equal to 8.00:1.00 for four consecutive fiscal quarters.
Convertible Senior Notes
In connection with the Mergers, we assumed SWH’s convertible senior notes. In July 2014, SWH issued $230,000 in aggregate principal amount of 3.00% convertible senior notes due 2019 (the “2019 Convertible Notes”). Interest on the 2019 Convertible Notes is payable semiannually in arrears on January 1st and July 1st of each year. The 2019 Convertible Notes will mature on July 1, 2019.
In January 2017, SWH issued $345,000 in aggregate principal amount of 3.50% convertible senior notes due 2022 (the “2022 Convertible Notes” and together with the 2019 Convertible Notes, the “Convertible Senior Notes”). Interest on the 2022 Convertible Notes is payable semiannually in arrears on January 15th and July 15th of each year. The 2022 Convertible Notes will mature on January 15, 2022.
The following table summarizes the terms of the Convertible Senior Notes outstanding as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017:
            Principal Amount
  Coupon
Rate
 
Effective
Rate
(1)
 
Conversion
Rate
(2)
 Maturity
Date
 Amortization
Period
 March 31,
2018
 December 31,
2017
2019 Convertible Notes 3.00% 4.92% 53.0969
 7/1/2019 1.25 years $229,993
 $230,000
2022 Convertible Notes 3.50% 5.12% 43.7694
 1/15/2022 3.80 years 345,000
 345,000
Total574,993
 575,000
Net unamortized fair value adjustment(24,298) (26,464)
Total$550,695
 $548,536
(1)
Effective rate includes the effect of the adjustment to the fair value of the debt as of the Merger Date, the value of which reduced the initial liability recorded to $223,185 and $324,252 for each of the 2019 Convertible Notes and 2022 Convertible Notes, respectively.
(2)
We generally have the option to settle any conversions in cash, common stock or a combination thereof. The conversion rate represents the number of shares of common stock issuable per $1,000 principal amount (actual $) of Convertible Senior Notes converted at March 31, 2018, as adjusted in accordance with the applicable indentures as a result of cash dividend payments and the effects of the Mergers. The Convertible Senior Notes do not meet the criteria for conversion as of March 31, 2018.


2724


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


Terms of Conversion
As of March 31, 2018, the conversion rate applicable to the 2019 Convertible Notes is 53.0969 shares of our common stock per $1,000 principal amount (actual $) of the 2019 Convertible Notes (equivalent to a conversion price of approximately $18.83 per common share – actual $). The conversion rate for the 2019 Convertible Notes is subject to adjustment in some events, but will not be adjusted for any accrued and unpaid interest. In addition, following certain events that occur prior to the maturity date, we will increase the conversion rate for a holder who elects to convert its 2019 Convertible Notes in connection with such an event in certain circumstances. At any time prior to January 1, 2019, holders may convert the 2019 Convertible Notes at their option only under specific circumstances as defined in the indenture agreement, dated as of July 7, 2014, between us and our trustee, Wilmington Trust, National Association (“the Convertible Notes Trustee”). As a result of the completion of the Mergers, the 2019 Convertible Notes were convertible for a 35 trading day period, which expired January 8, 2018. On or after January 1, 2019 and until maturity, holders may convert all or any portion of the 2019 Convertible Notes at any time. Upon conversion, we will pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, common stock, or a combination of cash and common stock, at our election.
As of March 31, 2018, the conversion rate applicable to the 2022 Convertible Notes is 43.7694 shares of our common stock per $1,000 principal amount (actual $) of the 2022 Convertible Notes (equivalent to a conversion price of approximately $22.85 per common share – actual $). The conversion rate for the 2022 Convertible Notes is subject to adjustment in some events, but will not be adjusted for any accrued and unpaid interest. In addition, following certain events that occur prior to the maturity date, we will increase the conversion rate for a holder who elects to convert its 2022 Convertible Notes in connection with such an event in certain circumstances. At any time prior to July 15, 2021, holders may convert the 2022 Convertible Notes at their option only under specific circumstances as defined in the indenture agreement, dated as of January 10, 2017, between us and the Convertible Notes Trustee. As a result of the completion of the Mergers, the 2022 Convertible Notes were convertible for a 35 trading day period, which expired January 8, 2018. On or after July 15, 2021 and until maturity, holders may convert all or any portion of the 2022 Convertible Notes at any time. Upon conversion, we will pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, common stock, or a combination of cash and common stock, at our election.
General Terms
We may not redeem the Convertible Senior Notes prior to their maturity dates except to the extent necessary to preserve our status as a REIT for United States federal income tax purposes, as further described in the indentures. If we undergo a fundamental change as defined in the indentures, holders may require us to repurchase for cash all or any portion of their Convertible Senior Notes at a fundamental change repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Senior Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date.
The indentures contain customary terms and covenants and events of default. If an event of default occurs and is continuing, the Convertible Notes Trustee, by notice to us, or the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding Convertible Senior Notes, by notice to us and the Convertible Notes Trustee, may, and the Convertible Notes Trustee at the request of such holders shall, declare 100% of the principal of and accrued and unpaid interest on all the Convertible Senior Notes to be due and payable. In the case of an event of default arising out of certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization in respect to us (as set forth in the indentures), 100% of the principal of and accrued and unpaid interest on the Convertible Senior Notes will automatically become due and payable.


25


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


Debt Maturities Schedule
FutureThe following table summarizes the contractual maturities of the New Credit Facilityour debt as of September 30, 2017 are set forth in the table below:March 31, 2018:
Year Principal
2022 $1,500,000
Credit Facilities
All of the then-existing credit facilities were paid in full on February 6, 2017 in connection with the closing of our IPO. The following table sets forth a summary of the outstanding principal amounts of these credit facilities as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016:
      
Outstanding Principal Balance(1)
  Origination
Date
 Range of Spreads September 30,
2017
 December 31,
2016
IH1 2015 April 3, 2015 325 bps $
 $85,492
IH2 2015 September 29, 2015 275 bps 
 43,859
IH3 2013 December 19, 2013 300-425 bps 
 932,583
IH4 2014 May 5, 2014 300-425 bps 
 529,866
IH5 2014 December 5, 2014 275-400 bps 
 564,348
IH6 2016 April 13, 2016 250-375 bps 
 165,437
Total 

2,321,585
Less deferred financing costs, net 
 (6,044)
Total $
 $2,315,541
Year 
Mortgage Loans(1)(2)
 Term Loan Facility Revolving Facility Convertible Senior Notes Total
2018 $3,579,970
 $
 $
 $
 $3,579,970
2019 2,160,843
 
 
 229,993
 2,390,836
2020 914,441
 
 
 
 914,441
2021 
 
 15,000
 
 15,000
2022 
 1,500,000
 
 345,000
 1,845,000
2023 and thereafter 996,371
 
 
 
 996,371
Total 7,651,625
 1,500,000
 15,000
 574,993
 9,741,618
Less deferred financing costs, net (37,165) (11,305) 
 
 (48,470)
Less unamortized fair value adjustment 
 
 
 (24,298) (24,298)
Total $7,614,460
 $1,488,695
 $15,000
 $550,695
 $9,668,850
 
(1)Outstanding Principal Balance does not include capitalized deferred financing costs, net.The maturity dates of the obligations are reflective of all extensions that have been exercised.
(2)
On May 8, 2018, IH 2015-1 and IH 2015-2 were repaid in full with the proceeds from IH 2018-2, a new securitization transaction (see Note 16). The net result of the repayments and new securitization will be to reduce 2018 and 2019 obligations by $627,106 and $527,826, respectively, to be replaced with obligations totaling $1,057,225 due on June 9, 2020.
Note 7—Derivative Instruments
From time to time, we enter into Hedging Derivativesderivative instruments to manage the economic risk of changes in interest rates. We do not enter into derivative transactions for speculative or trading purposes. Designated hedges are derivatives that meet the criteria for hedge accounting and for which we have elected to designate them as hedges. Non-Designated HedgesNon-designated hedges are derivatives that do not meet the criteria for hedge accounting or which we havedid not electedelect to designate them as accounting hedges.
Designated Hedges
We have entered into various interest rate swap agreements, as outlined inwhich are used to hedge the table below.variable cash flows associated with variable-rate interest payments. Certain of the Invitation Homes Partnerships and certain Borrower Entities guaranteed the obligations under each of the interest rate swaps from the date the swaps were entered into through the date of the IPO. Each of these swaps was accounted for as a non-designated hedge until January 31, 2017, when the criteria for hedge accounting were met as a result of the Pre-IPO Transactions described in Note 1. At that time, we designated these swaps for hedge accounting purposes; and the effective portion ofpurposes. Subsequent to that date, changes in the fair value of these swaps isare recorded in other comprehensive income subsequentand are subsequently reclassified into earnings in the period in which the hedged forecasted transactions affect earnings.
In addition, in connection with the Mergers, we acquired various interest rate swap instruments, which we designated for hedge accounting purposes. On the Merger Date, we recorded these interest rate swaps at their aggregate estimated fair value of $21,135 (see Note 15). Over the terms of each swap, an amount equal to that date.the Merger Date fair value will be amortized and recorded as an increase in interest expense and accumulated other comprehensive income.


2826


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


The table below summarizes our interest rate swap instruments as of September 30, 2017:March 31, 2018:
Agreement Date Forward
Effective Date
 Maturity Date Strike Rate Index Notional Amount Forward
Effective Date
 Maturity
Date
 Strike
Rate
 Index Notional
Amount
December 21, 2016 February 28, 2017 January 31, 2022 1.97% One-month LIBOR $750,000
 February 28, 2017 January 31, 2022 1.97% One-month LIBOR $750,000
December 21, 2016 February 28, 2017 January 31, 2022 1.97% One-month LIBOR 750,000
 February 28, 2017 January 31, 2022 1.97% One-month LIBOR 750,000
January 12, 2017 February 28, 2017 August 7, 2020 1.59% One-month LIBOR 1,100,000
 February 28, 2017 August 7, 2020 1.59% One-month LIBOR 1,100,000
January 13, 2017 February 28, 2017 June 9, 2020 1.63% One-month LIBOR 595,000
 February 28, 2017 June 9, 2020 1.63% One-month LIBOR 595,000
January 20, 2017 February 28, 2017 March 9, 2020 1.60% One-month LIBOR 325,000
 February 28, 2017 March 9, 2020 1.60% One-month LIBOR 325,000
June 3, 2016 July 15, 2017 July 15, 2018 0.93% One-month LIBOR 450,000
January 10, 2017 January 15, 2018 January 15, 2019 1.58% One-month LIBOR 550,000
February 23, 2016 March 15, 2018 March 15, 2019 1.10% One-month LIBOR 800,000
February 23, 2016 March 15, 2018 March 15, 2019 1.06% One-month LIBOR 800,000
June 3, 2016 July 15, 2018 July 15, 2019 1.12% One-month LIBOR 450,000
January 10, 2017 January 15, 2019 January 15, 2020 1.93% One-month LIBOR 550,000
March 29, 2017 March 15, 2019 March 15, 2022 2.21% One-month LIBOR 800,000
June 3, 2016 July 15, 2019 July 15, 2020 1.30% One-month LIBOR 450,000
January 10, 2017 January 15, 2020 January 15, 2021 2.13% One-month LIBOR 550,000
June 3, 2016 July 15, 2020 July 15, 2021 1.47% One-month LIBOR 450,000
January 10, 2017 January 15, 2021 July 15, 2021 2.23% One-month LIBOR 550,000
The effective portion of changes in the fair value of derivatives designated and that qualify as cash flow hedges is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income on the condensed consolidated balance sheets and is subsequently reclassified into earnings in the period that the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings. During the ninethree months ended September 30, 2017,March 31, 2018, such derivatives were used to hedge the variable cash flows associated with existing variable-rate interest payments. The ineffective portion of the change in fair value of the derivatives is recognized directly in earnings. Changes in fair value related to the ineffective portion of our Designated Hedges resulted in an unrealized gain of $201 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, which is included in interest expense in our condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Amounts reported in accumulated other comprehensive income related to derivatives will be reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on our variable-rate debt. During the next twelve12 months, we estimate that an additional $8,094$25,678 will be reclassified to earnings as an increase toa decrease in interest expense. There were no interest rate swap agreements outstanding during the nine months ended September 30, 2016.
Non-Designated Hedges
Concurrent with entering into certain of the mortgage loan agreements and in connection with the Mergers, we entered into or acquired and maintain interest rate cap agreements with terms and notional amounts equivalent to the terms and amounts of the mortgage loans made by the third-party lenders and with strike prices ranging from approximately 2.59%2.83% to 3.39%3.74% (collectively, the “Strike Prices”). To the extent that the maturity date of one or more of the mortgage loans is extended through an exercise of one or more of the extension options, replacement or extension interest rate cap agreements must be executed with terms similar to those associated with the initial interest rate cap agreements and strike prices equal to the greater of the Strike Prices and the interest rate at which the debt service coverage ratio (as defined) is not less than 1.2 to 1.0. The interest rate cap agreements, including all of our rights to payments owed by the counterpartycounterparties and all other rights, have been pledged as additional collateral for the mortgage loans.
Changes in fair value related to Non-Designated Hedges resulted in unrealized losses of $3,992 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, which are included in interest expense in our condensed consolidated statements of operations. Of the unrealized losses, $3,674 related to changes in value on interest rate swaps prior to their designation on January 31, 2017, and $318 related to the non-designated interest rate caps.


2927


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


Tabular Disclosure of Fair Values of Derivative Instruments on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
The table below presents the fair value of our derivative financial instruments as well as their classification on the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2017March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2016:2017:
Asset Derivatives Liability Derivatives Asset Derivatives Liability Derivatives
 Fair Value at: Fair Value at: Fair Value as of Fair Value as of
Balance
Sheet Location
 September 30,
2017
 December 31,
2016
 Balance
Sheet Location
 September 30,
2017
 December 31,
2016
 Balance
Sheet Location
 March 31,
2018
 December 31,
2017
 Balance
Sheet Location
 March 31,
2018
 December 31,
2017
Derivatives designated as
hedging instruments:
                
Interest rate swapsOther
assets
 $5,529
 $
 Other
liabilities
 $8,068
 $
 Other
assets
 $115,127
 $57,612
 Other
liabilities
 $
 $
        
Derivatives not designated as
hedging instruments:
                
Interest rate caps Other
assets
 496
 27
 Other
liabilities
 
 
Interest rate swapsOther
assets
 
 
 Other
liabilities
 
 8,683
 Other
assets
 
 
 
Other
liabilities
 
 
Interest rate capsOther
assets
 
 29
 Other
liabilities
 
 
Total $5,529
 $29
 $8,068
 $8,683
 $115,623
 $57,639
 $
 $
Tabular Disclosure of the Effect of Derivative Instruments on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
The tables below present the effect of our derivative financial instruments onin the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the three months ended September 30, 2017March 31, 2018 and 2016:2017:
 Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in OCI on Derivative (Effective Portion) Location of Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Net Loss (Effective Portion) Amount of Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Net Loss (Effective Portion) Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Net Loss on Derivative (Ineffective Portion and Amount Excluded from Effectiveness Testing) Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Net Loss on Derivative (Ineffective Portion and Amounts Excluded from Effectiveness Testing)
 For the Three
Months Ended
September 30,
   For the Three
Months Ended
September 30,
   For the Three
Months Ended
September 30,
 2017 2016   2017 2016   2017 2016
Derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships:               
Interest rate swaps$(598) $
 Interest
expense
 $(4,193) $
 Interest
expense
 $163
 $


30


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


  Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in OCI on Derivative Location of Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Net Loss Amount of Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Net Loss Total Amount of Interest Expense Presented in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
  Three Months Ended
March 31,
  Three Months Ended
March 31,
 Three Months Ended
March 31,
  2018 2017  2018 2017 2018 2017
Derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships:              
Interest rate swaps $59,900
 $10,561
 Interest
expense
 $(271) $(2,711) $92,299
 $68,572
 Location of
Gain (Loss)
Recognized in
Net Loss
on Derivative
 Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Net Loss on Derivative
   For the Three Months Ended
September 30,
   2017 2016
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:     
Interest rate swapsInterest
expense
 $
 $
Interest rate capsInterest
expense
 (190) 
Total  $(190) $
The tables below present the effect of our derivative financial instruments on the condensed consolidated statements of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:
 Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in OCI on Derivative (Effective Portion) Location of Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Net Loss (Effective Portion) Amount of Gain (Loss) Reclassified from Accumulated OCI into Net Loss (Effective Portion) Location of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Net Loss on Derivative (Ineffective Portion and Amount Excluded from Effectiveness Testing) Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Net Loss on Derivative (Ineffective Portion and Amounts Excluded from Effectiveness Testing)
 For the Nine
Months Ended
September 30,
   For the Nine
Months Ended
September 30,
   For the Nine
Months Ended
September 30,
 2017 2016   2017 2016   2017 2016
Derivatives in cash flow hedging relationships:               
Interest rate swaps$(4,796) $
 Interest
expense
 $(12,963) $
 Interest
expense
 $201
 $

 Location of
Gain (Loss)
Recognized in
Net Loss
on Derivative
 Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Net Loss on Derivative
   For the Nine Months Ended
September 30,
   2017 2016
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:     
Interest rate swapsInterest
expense
 $(3,674) $
Interest rate capsInterest
expense
 (318) 
Total  $(3,992) $


31


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


  Location of
Gain (Loss)
Recognized in
Net Loss
on Derivative
 Amount of Gain (Loss) Recognized in Net Loss on Derivative
   Three Months Ended
March 31,
   2018 2017
Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:      
Interest rate swaps Interest expense $
 $(3,674)
Interest rate caps Interest expense 253
 (78)
Total   $253
 $(3,752)
Credit-Risk-Related Contingent Features
We have agreements with certain of our derivative counterparties for our interest rate swap agreements that contain a provision where we could be declared in default on our derivative obligations if repayment of the underlying indebtedness is accelerated by the lender due to our default on the indebtedness.


28


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


As of September 30, 2017, the fair value ofMarch 31, 2018, we had no interest rate swap derivatives with a fair value in a net liability position, which includes accrued interest but excludes any adjustment for nonperformance risk,position. As of March 31, 2018, we have posted collateral amounting to $11,680 related to certain of these agreements was $8,595. As of September 30, 2017, we have not posted any collateral related to these agreements. If we have breached any of these provisions at September 30, 2017, we could have been required to settle its obligations under the agreements at their termination value of $8,595.(see Note 4).
Note 8—Equity
Shareholders’ Equity
In connection with our IPO (see Note 1), we issued 310,376,634 shares of common stock to the public and the Pre-IPO Owners and 3,290,126 RSUsrestricted stock units (“RSUs”) (see Note 10), and our IPO raised $1,692,058, net of underwriting discount, and before IPO costs of $5,726. During the ninethree months ended September 30, 2017,March 31, 2018, we issued 977,6561,191,494 shares of common stock, comprised of 786,086 shares of common stock in net settlement of 1,446,3511,086,288 fully vested RSUs.RSUs and 405,037 shares of common stock in exchange for the redemption of the same number of units of partnership interests in INVH LP (the “OP Units”).
Starwood Waypoint Homes Merger
In connection with the Mergers (see Note 1), SWH stockholders received an aggregate of 207,448,958 shares of our common stock in exchange for all outstanding SWH common shares. In addition, we issued 9,441,615 OP Units which are redeemable for shares of our common stock on a one-for-one basis or, in our sole discretion, cash and are reflected as non-controlling interests on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. As of March 31, 2018, 9,036,578 redeemable OP Units remain outstanding.
Dividends
To qualify as a REIT, we are required to distribute annually to our shareholdersstockholders at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, without regard to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gains, and to pay tax at regular corporate rates to the extent that we annually distribute less than 100% of our net taxable income. We intend to pay quarterly dividends to our shareholders,stockholders, which in the aggregate are approximately equal to or exceed our net taxable income in the relevant year.
The following table summarizes our dividends declared from January 1, 2017 through the nine months ended September 30, 2017:March 31, 2018:
 Record Date 
Amount per
Share
(1)
 Pay Date Total Amount
Paid
 Record
Date
 
Amount
per Share(1)
 Pay
Date
 Total Amount
Declared
Q1-2018 February 13, 2018 $0.11
 February 28, 2018 $57,432
Q4-2017 October 24, 2017 0.08
 November 7, 2017 25,139
Q3-2017 August 15, 2017 0.08
 August 31, 2017 25,200
Q2-2017 5/15/2017 $0.06
 5/31/2017 $18,800
 May 15, 2017 0.06
 May 31, 2017 18,800
Q3-2017 8/15/2017 0.08
 8/31/2017 25,200
 
(1)Amounts are displayed in actual dollars and are paid on a per share basis.

On October 13, 2017, weMay 3, 2018, our board of directors declared an $0.08a dividend of $0.11 per share to stockholders of record on October 24, 2017,May 15, 2018, which was paidis payable on November 7, 2017.May 31, 2018.
Combined Equity
Prior to the IPO, our business was conducted through the Invitation Homes Partnerships which did not have a common capital structure. As described in Note 1, IH1, IH3, IH4, IH5, and IH6 are partnerships. These entities each had limited partners and a general partner (the “Class A Partners”), along with a board of directors designated in the respective limited partnership agreements. IH2 was a Delaware corporation and had issued 1,000 shares of common stock and 113 shares of Series A Preferred Stock. IH2 had a board of directors elected by the common shareholders.stockholders. The same board of directors was responsible for directing the significant activities of the Invitation Homes Partnerships and INVH LP on a combined basis.


29


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


The IH2 Series A Preferred Stock ranked, in respect of rights to the payment of dividends and the distribution of assets in the event of any liquidation or dissolution, senior to the IH2 common stock. Holders of such IH2 Series A Preferred Stock shares were entitled to receive cumulative cash dividends at the rate of 12.0% per annum of the total of a liquidation preference. On January 31, 2017, in connection with the Pre-IPO Transactions, the Series A Preferred Stock was redeemed for $1,153, inclusive of the redemption premium and accrued and unpaid dividends to that date. No dividends were declared or paid with respect to the Series A Preferred Stock during the nine months ended September 30, 2016. As of


32


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


December 31, 2016, there were no dividend amounts declared and outstanding related to the 12.0% per annum dividend requirements of the Series A Preferred Stock.
Profits and losses, and cash distributions were allocated in accordance with the terms of the respective entity’s organizational documents. We made no distributions to our equity investors, and we received $138,002 of contributions during the nine months ended September 30, 2016.
As further described in Note 10, we granted certain individuals incentive compensation units in IH1, IH2, IH3, IH4, IH5, and IH6 which consisted of Class(the “Class B unitsUnits”) that were accounted for as a substantive class of equity due to the terms of the agreements and rights of the holders. We previously made distributions to certain Class B unitholders in the form of non-recourse cash advances totaling $11,023. Any amounts distributed to the holders of the Class B unitsUnits whose Class B unitsUnits were converted in connection with the Pre-IPO Transactions (see Note 10), reduced the number of converted shares common stock received by amounts previously paid to such Class B unitholders as advance distributions. As a result of the Pre-IPO Transactions, there are no longer any Class B Units outstanding.
We previously executed and funded notes receivables with certain Class B unitholders (the “Class B Notes”) and funded $20,228 pursuant to those note agreements, of which $1,527, including accrued interest had been repaid as of December 31, 2016.. On January 5, 2017, $7,723 of Class B Notes, including accrued interest, were canceled, and the transaction was accounted for as a distribution to the underlying unitholder. As part of the Pre-IPO Transactions, IH1 assigned $11,963, including accrued interest, of Class B Notes to a wholly ownedwholly-owned subsidiary of the Pre-IPO Owners that was formed in connection with the reorganization described in Note 1, and the transaction was accounted for as a distribution. The Class B Notes were secured by certain of the Class B unitsUnits of the makers of the Class B Notes and were otherwise non-recourse to the makers. The Class B Notes matured at the earlier of a liquidation event or defined dates in 2024 and bore interest of 1.57% to 1.97% per annum. As such, the Class B Notes were recorded as a component of combined equity on our condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2016.prior to the transactions described above.
Note 9—Related Party Transactions
Through DecemberManagement Services
One of our wholly-owned subsidiaries, as the managing member of a joint venture with FNMA (see Note 5), earns a management fee based upon the venture’s gross receipts. For the three months ended March 31, 2014, certain related parties provided us with consulting services for2018, we earned $707 of management fees which we recorded payables. We also made offsetting income tax payments related to distributions on behalfare included in other, net in the accompanying condensed consolidated statement of these related parties. Duringoperations. There were no such management fees earned during the yearthree months ended DecemberMarch 31, 2016, we repaid the $1,959 outstanding as of December 31, 2015.2017.
Note 10—Share-Based Compensation
We have share-based compensation programs for the purpose of retaining certain key employees. Prior to the IPO, the program consisted of incentive compensation units, the Class B Units, granted in the form of profits interests in the Invitation Homes Partnerships. In connection withINVH RSAs and subsequent to the IPO, we granted awards in the form of RSUs that settle in shares of common stock of INVH and RSAs that are restricted shares of common stock of INVH.
Profits Interests — Class B Units
Prior to the IPO, the Invitation Homes Partnerships granted incentive compensation units to certain key employees, which were profits interests for United States federal income tax purposes. The Class B Units were accounted for as a substantive class of equity and contained both service based and performance based vesting criteria. Recognition of compensation expense was recorded based on whether or not the award recipient was an employee of the Manager, a wholly owned subsidiary of IH1, resulting in some awards being recognized based on grant-date fair value and others being remeasured at each reporting period until the actual vesting date as required for non-employee awards. Prior to the IPO, none of the performance based vesting criteria had been achieved, and as such through the date of the IPO, no compensation expense had been recorded for performance based Class B Units. However, the IPO triggered achievement of the performance based criteria and effectively converted all such awards into service based awards.
2017 New Class B Unit Awards: Pursuant to an amended and restated partnership agreement, on January 5, 2017, IH6 issued certain individuals a total of 9,650 Class B Units that were expected to vest based on terms and conditions similar to all other Class B Units. In January 2017, an additional 188 Class B Units in total were issued from IH1, IH2, and IH3.


33


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


2017 Class B Unit Conversion: The Pre-IPO Transactions described in Note 1 resulted in accelerated vesting of 7,520 Class B Units held by certain unitholders which resulted in additional share-based compensation expense of $11,601 as of the date of the IPO. On January 31, 2017, in connection with the IPO, all of the Class B Units held by current employees of the Manager (except for 3,878 fully vested Class B Units awarded to a certain unitholder) were either converted into shares of INVH common stock or canceled based on the value of the Class B Units implied by the per share price of common stock sold to the public in the IPO. As such, a total of 730 Class B Units were converted into 62,529 RSAs, and 17,669 Class B Units were canceled for no consideration. For the Class B Units converted into RSAs, vesting and other terms of the RSAs delivered in the conversion have the same vesting and other terms applicable to the corresponding Class B Units converted.
Additionally, the obligations under the remaining 40,992 fully vested Class B Units, including those of the unitholders who are not current employees of the Manager and the one employee unitholder noted above that did not convert, were converted into similar units of newly formed subsidiaries of the Pre-IPO Owners. All Class B Units held by former employees of the Manager are fully vested.
The following table summarizes the activity related to the Class B Units for the period from December 31, 2016 through January 31, 2017, the date at which they were all canceled or converted:
  Class B Units

 Employee Non-employee Total Class B Units
  Number of Units Weighted Average Fair Value Number of Units Weighted Average Fair Value Number of Units Weighted Average Fair Value
Balance, December 31, 2016 9,915
 $4.2
 39,638
 $2.5
 49,553
 $2.9
Granted 85
 14.0
 9,753
 
 9,838
 0.1
Converted to RSAs (245) (3.4) (485) (0.8) (730) (1.7)
Canceled (555) (8.2) (17,114) (0.4) (17,669) (0.6)
Converted to Units of affiliated entities (9,200) (4.0) (31,792) (2.9) (40,992) (3.2)
Balance, January 31, 2017 
 $
 
 $
 
 $

As of January 31, 2017, no Class B Units were outstanding.
RSAs and RSUs Issued by INVH
RSAs: In connection with the conversion of the Class B Units in January 2017, we issued 62,529 RSAs, of which 55,211 were fully vested as of September 30, 2017, and the remaining 7,318 non-vested RSAs will vest in accordance with the original terms of the Class B Unit award agreements. The conversion of the Class B Units into RSAs resulted in a modification of the awards of which some were previously accounted for as non-employee awards. The modification resulted in the reversal of $246 of previously recognized incentive compensation expense with respect to these non-employee awards during the nine months ended September 30, 2017.
RSUs: Prior to the completion of the IPO, our board of directors adopted, and our shareholdersstockholders approved, the Invitation Homes Inc. 2017 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “Omnibus Incentive Plan”) to provide a means through which to attract and retain key personnel and to provide a means whereby our directors, officers, employees, consultants and advisors can acquire and maintain an equity interest in us, or be paid incentive compensation, including incentive compensation measured by reference to the value of our common stock, and aligningto align their interests with those of our shareholders.stockholders. Under the Omnibus Incentive Plan, we may issue up to 16,000,000 shares, and as of September 30, 2017,March 31, 2018, we have awarded 4,480,9825,530,937 RSUs thereunder. Time-vesting RSUs are participating securities for earnings per share (“EPS”) purposes, and performance or market based vesting RSUs are not. We refer to RSUs with performance or market based vesting conditions as “PRSUs.” Additionally, in connection with the IPO, we granted 62,529 restricted shares underof common stock of INVH (“RSAs”) in conversion of the Class B Units. These RSAs are all time-vesting awards, and they are not part of the Omnibus Incentive Plan pursuantPlan. For detailed discussion of RSUs and RSAs issued prior to January 1, 2018, refer to our annualAnnual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
2018 Annual Long Term Incentive Plan (“LTIP”) awards, Supplemental Bonus Plan, the IH6 Bonus Awards, and certain non-employee director awards.
Annual LTIP Awards: During the ninethree months ended September 30, 2017,March 31, 2018, we granted 874,410598,468 RSUs pursuant to LTIP awards (the “LTIP Awards”) each of whichawards. Each award is divided into three tranches, (“Tranche 1,” “Tranche 2,” and “Tranche 3”). Within each tranche, 25%portions of the LTIP Award contains time-vesting conditions, approximately 25% of the award contains a marketwhich vest based vesting condition based on absolute total shareholder return, and approximately


3430


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


50% of the award containstime-vesting conditions, market based vesting conditions, and performance based vesting conditions based on compounded annual growth in our same store net operating income and adjusted funds from operations.
conditions. The time-vesting awardsRSUs vest in three equal annual installments based on an anniversary datesdate of March 1, 20172018 subject to continued employment through the applicable vesting date as follows: Tranche 1 on the first anniversary; Tranche 2 in two equal installments on each of the first and second anniversaries; and Tranche 3 in four equal installments on each of the first four anniversaries. The time-vesting LTIP awards are participating securities for EPS purposes.date.
The market and performance based awardsPRSUs may be earned based on the achievement of certain measures over an approximate one-, two-, ora three-year performance period, which performance periods correspond, respectively, to the Tranche 1, Tranche 2, and Tranche 3 LTIP Awards.period. The number of RSUsPRSUs earned will be determined based on performance achieved during the specified performance period for each measure at certain threshold, target, or maximum levels and corresponding payout ranges. In general, the market and performance based RSUsLTIP PRSUs are earned on the date after the end of the performance period on which the performance results are certified (the(a “Certification Date”) by our compensation and management development committee (the “Compensation Committee”). The Tranche 1 and Tranche 2 market and performance based RSUs will2018 LTIP PRSUs are eligible to vest on the related Certification Date subject to continued employment through such date. The Tranche 3 market and performance based RSUs will vest in two equal installments, on the related Certification Date and December 31, 2020, subject to continued employment through such vesting dates. The market and performance based LTIP RSUs are not participating securities for EPS purposes.
All of the LTIP Awards are subject to certain change in control and retirement eligibility provisions that may impact these vesting schedules.
RetentionOther Awards: During the ninethree months ended September 30, 2017,March 31, 2018, we issued 307,327granted 132,376 RSUs in the form of retention awards (the “Retention“2018 Bonus Awards”) each of which award is a time-vesting award with service periods ranging from three to five years. The Retention Awards are participating securities for EPS purposes.
Supplemental Bonus Plan: In October 2016, we established a supplemental bonus plan for certain key executives and employees (the “Supplemental Bonus Plan”). Pursuant to the Supplemental Bonus plan, the awards became payable and the payment amount became determinable upon the completion of the IPO. The $59,776 of awards were converted into 2,988,120 time-vesting RSUs that will generally vestwhich vests in three equal annual installments commencingbased on the completionan anniversary date of the INVH IPO and on the first and second anniversaries thereafter. The Supplemental Bonus Plan awards are participating securities for EPS purposes.March 1, 2018.
IH6 Bonus Awards: In addition toDuring the Class B Units granted by IH6 to certain individuals, these individuals were also granted bonus awards (the “IH6 Bonus Awards”) equal to $0.5 multiplied bythree months ended March 31, 2018, the 9,650 IH6 Class B Units granted, entitling the recipients to receive bonus paymentsgrant date was established for 168,184 PRSUs issued in connection with an IPOthe Mergers. These Merger-related PRSUs may be earned based on the achievement of certain measures over a three-year performance period that began on the Merger Date. The number of Merger-related PRSUs earned will be determined based on performance achieved during the performance period for each measure at certain threshold, target, or exit event. Upon completionmaximum levels and corresponding payout ranges. In general, the Merger-related LTIP PRSUs are earned on the related Certification Date by our Compensation Committee. The Merger-related PRSUs will vest on the related Certification Date subject to continued employment through such date.
During the three months ended March 31, 2018, certain PRSUs vested and achieved performance in excess of the INVH IPO,target level, resulting in the IH6 Bonus Awards became payable to the recipients and were converted into the right to receiveissuance of an additional 39,871 shares of common stock. The $4,825Such awards are reflected as an increase in the number of awards were settledgranted and vested in the formtable below.
The following table summarizes the status of 241,250non-vested time-vesting RSUs that were fully vested upon issuance. The IH6 Bonus Awards are participating securities for EPS purposes.(including RSAs) and PRSUs as of March 31, 2018 and changes during the three months ended March 31, 2018:
  Time-Vesting Awards PRSUs Total Share-Based Awards
  Number Weighted
Average Grant
Date Fair Value
(Actual $)
 Number Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value (Actual $) Number Weighted
Average Grant
Date Fair Value
(Actual $)
Balance, December 31, 2017 2,695,902
 $21.51
 408,102
 $22.25
 3,104,004
 $20.79
Granted 318,121
 21.91
 620,778
 22.11
 938,899
 22.05
Vested (946,834) (21.14) (111,062) (23.28) (1,057,896) (21.36)
Forfeited (99,719) (22.97) (9,813) (22.15) (109,532) (22.90)
Balance, March 31, 2018 1,967,470
 $21.68
 908,005
 $22.03
 2,875,475
 $21.79
Director Awards: INVH issued $1,398 of awards, or 69,875 RSUs, to directors who are not our employees or employees of BREP VII. These awards will fully vest on the date scheduled for INVH’s 2018 annual shareholders meeting, subject to the director’s continued service on the board of directors through such date. The Director Awards are participating securities for EPS purposes.
(1)All vested RSUs, RSAs and PRSUs are included in basic EPS for the period during which they are outstanding.



3531


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


The following tables summarizeDuring the status of non-vestedthree months ended March 31, 2018, 946,834 time-vesting RSUs and RSAs as of September 30, 2017 and changes during the period from January 31, 2017 through September 30, 2017:
  RSUs RSAs Total Share-Based Awards
  Number Weighted Average
Grant-Date
Fair Value
(Actual $)
 Number Weighted Average
Grant-Date
Fair Value
(Actual $)
 Number Weighted Average
Grant-Date
Fair Value
(Actual $)
Balance, January 1, 2017 
 $
 
 $
 
 $
Granted 4,480,982
 20.53
 62,529
 15.50
 4,543,511
 20.46
Vested(1)
 (1,446,351) (20.00) (55,211) (15.69) (1,501,562) (19.84)
Forfeited (100,345) (20.08) 
 
 (100,345) (20.08)
Balance, September 30, 2017 2,934,286
 $20.81
 7,318
 $14.05
 2,941,604
 $20.79
(1)All vested RSAs and RSUs are included in basic EPS for the period during which they are outstanding.

During the period from January 31, 2017 through September 30, 2017, 55,211 RSAs and 1,446,351 RSUs111,062 PRSUs with an estimated fair value of $29,851$23,669 fully vested. As of September 30, 2017, 649,136 RSUs included performance and market based criteria.March 31, 2018, there were 908,005 PRSUs outstanding. The grant-date fair value of the RSAs, time-vesting RSUs, and RSUsPRSUs with performance condition vesting criteria is generally based on the closing price of our common stock on the grant date. However, for the awards granted in connection with the IPO, the grant-date fair value is the opening offering price per common share, and the grant-date fair values for RSUsPRSUs with market condition vesting criteria are based on Monte-Carlo option pricing models. The following table summarizes the significant inputs utilized in these models at the grant date:date for awards issued during the three months ended March 31, 2018:
  June 23, 2017March 1, 2018
Expected volatility(1)
 25%14.5%-17.3%
Risk-free rate 1.40%2.38%
Expected holding period (years) 0.52-2.522.71-2.84
 
(1)Expected volatility is estimated based on the leverage adjusted historical volatility of certainrealized returns of our peer companies over a historical term commensurate with the remaining expected holding period.Company and the applicable index.


36


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


Summary of Total Share-Based Compensation Expense
During the three months ended September 30,March 31, 2018 and 2017, and 2016, we recognized $12,004$9,498, and $4,711$44,244 respectively, of share-based compensation expense, comprised of the following:
  Share-Based Compensation Expense for the Three Months Ended September 30,
  2017 2016
  General and Administrative Property Management Expense General and Administrative Property Management Expense
Class B Units $
 $
 $4,665
 $46
RSUs 9,307
 2,691
 
 
RSAs 2
 4
 
 
Total $9,309
 $2,695
 $4,665
 $46
During the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, we recognized $64,464 and $13,023 respectively, of share-based compensation expense, comprised of the following:
  Share-Based Compensation Expense for the Nine Months Ended September 30,  
  2017 2016  
  General and Administrative Property Management Expense General and Administrative Property Management Expense Unrecognized Expense at
September 30, 2017
Class B Units $11,998
 $3
 $12,724
 $299
 $
RSUs 44,646
 8,047
 
 
 40,591
RSAs (184) (46) 
 
 14
Total $56,460
 $8,004
 $12,724
 $299
 $40,605
  Share-Based Compensation
Expense for the Three Months
Ended March 31,
  2018 2017
General and administrative $7,554
 $40,271
Property management expense 1,944
 3,973
Total $9,498
 $44,244
As of September 30, 2017,March 31, 2018, there was $40,605is $42,407 of unrecognized share-based compensation expense related to non-vested RSUs and RSAs which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.722.02 years.
Note 11—Fair Value Measurements
The carrying amounts of restricted cash, certain components of other assets, accounts payable and accrued expenses, resident security deposits, and other liabilities approximate fair value due to the short maturity of these amounts. Our interest rate swap agreements are the only financial instruments recorded at fair value on a recurring basis within our condensed consolidated financial statements. The fair values of our interest rate caps and swaps, which are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy, are estimated using market values of instruments with similar attributes and maturities. See Note 7 for the details of the balance sheet classification and the fair values for the interest rate caps and swaps.


3732


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


The following table displays the carrying values and fair values of financial instruments as of September 30, 2017March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2016:2017:
 September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016 March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017
 Carrying
Value
 Fair
Value
 Carrying
Value
 Fair
Value
 Carrying
Value
 Fair
Value
 Carrying
Value
 Fair
Value
Assets carried at historical cost on the consolidated balance sheets        
Assets carried at historical cost on the condensed consolidated balance sheets: ��      
Investments in debt securities(1) Level 2 $230,619
 $234,514
 $209,337
 $209,390
 Level 2 $424,351
 $422,162
 $378,545
 $379,500
                
Liabilities carried at historical cost on the consolidated balance sheets        
Liabilities carried at historical cost on the condensed consolidated balance sheets:        
Mortgage loans(1)(2)
 Level 2 $4,173,994
 $4,196,400
 $5,263,994
 $5,265,180
 Level 2 $7,651,625
 $7,612,163
 $7,608,228
 $7,627,423
Term loan facility(2)(3)
 Level 3 1,500,000
 1,501,030
 
 
 Level 3 1,500,000
 1,495,193
 1,500,000
 1,494,494
Credit facilities(3)
 Level 3 
 
 2,321,585
 2,329,551
Revolving facility Level 3 15,000
 15,006
 35,000
 35,007
Convertible senior notes(4)
 Level 3 550,695
 534,101
 548,536
 557,179
 
(1)The carrying values of debt securities are shown net of discounts.
(2)The carrying values of the mortgage loans are shown net of discount and exclude $16,970$37,165 and $9,256$28,075 of deferred financing costs as of September 30, 2017March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2016,2017, respectively.
(2)The carrying value of the term loan facility excludes $12,749 of deferred financing costs as of September 30, 2017.
(3)The carrying valuesvalue of the credit facilities exclude $6,044Term Loan Facility excludes $11,305 and $12,027 of deferred financing costs as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2016.2017, respectively.
(4)The carrying values of the Convertible Senior Notes include unamortized discounts of $24,298 and $26,464 as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

The fair values of our investmentsinvestment in debt securities and of our mortgage loans, which are classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy, are estimated based on market bid prices of comparable instruments at the end of the period. The fair values of our credit facilitiesTerm Loan Facility and Term LoanRevolving Facility, which are classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy, are estimated using a discounted cash flow methodology based on market interest rate data and other market factors available at the end of the period. Fair value of convertible notes are estimated by discounting contractual cash flows at the interest rate we estimate the notes would bear if sold in the current market.


33


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


Our assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis are those assets for which we have recorded impairments. The assets for which we have recorded impairments, measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, are summarized below:
 Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 Three Months Ended
March 31,
��2017 2016 2017 2016 2018 2017
Investments in single-family residential properties, net held for use (Level 3)        
Investments in single-family residential properties, net held for use (Level 3):    
Pre-impairment amount $1,827
 $1,350
 $2,323
 $2,407
 $
 $496
Total impairments (360) (421) (627) (650) 
 (267)
Fair value $1,467
 $929
 $1,696
 $1,757
 $
 $229
 Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended
September 30,
 Three Months Ended
March 31,
 2017 2016 2017 2016 2018 2017
Investments in single-family residential properties, net held for sale (Level 3)        
Investments in single-family residential properties, net held for sale (Level 3):    
Pre-impairment amount $988
 $36,698
 $9,115
 $40,657
 $3,225
 $7,242
Total impairments (64) (655) (929) (945) (603) (770)
Fair value $924

$36,043

$8,186
 $39,712
 $2,622
 $6,472
For additional information related to our single-family residential properties duringas of the three and nine months ended September 30,March 31, 2018 and 2017, and 2016, refer to Note 3.


38


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


Note 12—Earnings per Share
We compute EPS only for the period our common stock was outstanding during 2017, referred to as the Post-IPO period. We have defined the Post-IPO period asafter February 1, 2017, the date on which our sharescommon stock began trading on the New York Stock Exchange, through September 30, 2017, or 92 and 242 days of activity, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2017, and for the Post-IPO period.Exchange. Basic EPS is computed by dividing the net loss available to common shareholders for the Post-IPO period during which common stock was outstanding by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the Post-IPOsuch period, adjusted for non-vested shares of RSUs and RSAs. Diluted EPS is similar to computing basic EPS, except that the denominator is increased to include the dilutive effects of non-vested RSUs and RSAs, except when doing so would be anti-dilutive.
All outstanding non-vested RSUs and RSAs that have nonforfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents that participate in undistributed earnings with common stock are considered participating securities and are included in computingthe computation of EPS pursuant to the two-class method. The two-class method is an earnings allocation formula that determines EPS for each class of common stock and participating securities according to dividends or dividend equivalentequivalents and participation rights in undistributed earnings in periods when we have net income. Certain of our non-vested RSUs and RSAs, as identified in Note 10, are considered participating securities, as identifiedare our redeemable INVH LP units.


34


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in Note 10.thousands)
(unaudited)


Basic and diluted EPS are calculated as follows:
(in thousands, except share and per share data) Three Months Ended September 30,
2017
 February 1, 2017
through
September 30,
2017
 For the Three
Months Ended
March 31, 2018
 February 1, 2017
through
March 31, 2017
Numerator:        
Net loss $(17,580) $(42,391)
Net loss for the period January 1, 2017 through January 31, 2017 
 16,879
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests 311
 
Net loss attributable to common shareholders (17,269) (25,512)
Less net loss available to participating securities (222) 
Net loss available to common shareholders — basic and diluted $(22,745) $(42,837) $(17,491) $(25,512)
        
Denominator:        
Weighted average common shares outstanding — basic and diluted 311,559,780
 311,674,226
 519,660,998
 311,651,082
        
Net loss per common share — basic and diluted $(0.07) $(0.14) $(0.03) $(0.08)

For the three months ended September 30, 2017March 31, 2018 and for the period from February 1, 2017 through September 30,March 31, 2017, incremental shares of 951,217 and 623,375, respectively, attributed to non-vested RSUs and RSAs wereof 1,335,768 and 297,176, respectively, are excluded from the computation of diluted EPS because we had a net loss for the periods.period. For the three months ended March 31, 2018, the redeemable INVH LP units have been excluded from the computation of EPS because all income (loss) attributable to the INVH LP units has been recorded as non-controlling interest and thus excluded from net loss available to common shareholders. For the three months ended March 31, 2018, the potential shares of common stock contingently issuable upon the conversion of the Convertible Senior Notes are also excluded from the computation of diluted EPS as we have the intent and ability to settle the obligations in cash.
Note 13—Income Tax
We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method. For the TRSs,taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRSs”), deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis and operating loss and tax credit carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. We provide a valuation allowance, from time to time, for deferred tax assets for which we do not consider realization of such assets to be more likely than not.
As of September 30,March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, there werewe have no deferred tax assets and liabilities or unrecognized tax benefits recorded. We do not anticipate a significant change in unrecognized tax benefits within the next 12 months.
During the ninethree months ended September 30,March 31, 2018 and 2017, we sold assets that were either subject to Section 337(d) of the Code (see additional discussion in Note 2). or were held by TRSs. These transactions resulted in $2,506$394 and $1,134 of current income tax expense for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, which has been recorded in gain on sale of property, net of tax onin the condensed consolidated statementstatements of operations.


39


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


Note 14—Commitments and Contingencies
Insurance Policies
Pursuant to the terms of our credit facility agreementsCredit Facility and the mortgage loan agreements (see Note 6), laws and regulations of the jurisdictions in which our properties are located, and general business practices, we are required to procure insurance on our properties. For the ninethree months ended September 30,March 31, 2018 and 2017, and 2016, no material uninsured losses have been incurred with respect to theour properties except as described below.
Effects

35


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


Hurricane-Related Charges
During the third quarter of Hurricane2017, hurricanes Harvey and Irma
On September 10, 2017, Hurricane Irma made landfall damaged certain of our properties in Southern FloridaTexas and traveled through Florida before entering Georgia as a tropical storm. We estimate that damages caused by Hurricane Irma totaled approximately $16,000 whichthe Southeast United States. As of March 31, 2018, we have accrued at September 30, 2017 and is included in impairment and other in our condensed consolidated statementsrecorded $8,128 of operationsreceivables for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017. A portion of the foregoing damages maywe believe will be recoverable through our property and casualty insurance policies thatwhich provide coverage for wind damage,and flood damage, andas well as business interruption which arecosts during the period of remediation and repairs, subject to specified deductibles and limits. Additionally, as of March 31, 2018, the accounts payable and accrued expenses balance on our condensed consolidated balance sheet includes an estimated $3,588 of unrepaired damages caused by the hurricanes.
Purchase Commitments
As of March 31, 2018, we had executed multiple agreements to purchase a total of 326 properties for an aggregate purchase price of $81,814. Subsequent to March 31, 2018, we amended certain of these purchase agreements and canceled the purchase of a total of 196 properties with an aggregate purchase price of $45,442.
Legal Matters
We are subject to various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of our business. We accrue a liability when we believe that it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and that we can reasonably estimate the amount of the loss. We do not believe that the following litigationfinal outcome of these proceeding or matters will have a materiallymaterial adverse impacteffect on our condensed consolidated financial statements, and no accruals for the following items have been recorded in our condensed consolidated financial statements, as we have not determined that any loss is probable, nor is the amount of any potential loss estimable.
Litigation Relating to the Mergers
Two putative class actions have been filed by purported shareholders of SFR challenging the Mergers. The first suit, styled as Berg v. Starwood Waypoint Homes, et. al., No. 1:17-cv-02896, was filed in the United States District Court for the District of Maryland on September 29, 2017, and is against SFR, SFR Partnership, SFR’s trustees, us, INVH LP, and REIT Merger Sub (the “Berg Lawsuit”). The second suit, styled as Bushansky v. Starwood Waypoint Homes, et. al., No. 1:17-cv-02936, was filed in the United States District Court for the District of Maryland on October 4, 2017, and is against SFR, SFR Partnership and SFR’s trustees (the “Bushansky Lawsuit” and, collectively with the Berg Lawsuit, the “Lawsuits”). The Bushansky Lawsuit does not name the Company or any of its affiliates as defendants. The Lawsuits allege that SFR and its trustees violated Section 14(a) of the Exchange Act and Rule 14a-9 promulgated thereunder by allegedly disseminating a false and misleading Form S-4 containing a joint proxy statement/prospectus. The Lawsuits further allege that SFR’s trustees allegedly violated Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act by failing to exercise proper control over the person(s) who violated Section 14(a) of the Exchange Act. The Berg Lawsuit additionally alleges that we violated Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act. The Lawsuits seek, among other things, injunctive relief preventing consummation of the Mergers, rescission of the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement should they be consummated and litigation costs, including attorneys’ fees. The Berg Lawsuit also seeks injunctive relief directing SFR’s trustees to disseminate a registration statement that does not contain any untrue statements of material fact and declaratory relief that defendants violated Sections 14(a) and/or 20(a) of the Exchange Act. The Bushansky Lawsuit also seeks rescissory damages in the event of a merger and requests that the action be maintained as a class action. We and SFR intend to defend vigorously against the Lawsuits.statements.
Other Matters
SEC Investigation “In the Matter of Certain Single Family Rental Securitizations”
Radian Group Inc. (“Radian”),the indirect parent company of Green River Capital LLC (“GRC”), which is a service provider that provides certain broker price opinions (“BPO”) to the Company, disclosed in its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2017 that GRC had received a letter in March 2017 from the staff of the SEC stating that it is conducting an investigation captioned “In the Matter of Certain Single Family Rental Securitizations” and requesting information from market participants. Radian disclosed that the letter asked GRC to provide information regarding BPOs that GRC provided on properties included in single family rental securitization transactions.


40


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


In September 2017, we received a letter from the staff of the SEC stating that it is conducting an investigation captioned “In the Matter of Certain Single Family Rental Securitizations.” The letter enclosed a subpoena that requests the production of certain documents and communications related to our Securitizations, including, without limitation, those related to BPOs provided on our properties included in our Securitizations. The SEC letter indicates that its investigation is a fact-finding inquiry and does not mean that the SEC has a negative opinion of any person or security. We are cooperating with the SEC.SEC and have provided information requested in the subpoena. We understand that other transaction parties in securitizations have received requests in this matter. As the SEC’s investigation is ongoing, we cannot currently predict the timing, the outcome or the scope of such investigation.
Severance and Retention
In June 2017, our board of directors, upon recommendation of our Compensation Committee, approved and adopted our Invitation Homes Inc. Executive Severance Plan, as amended (the “Executive Severance Plan”); and, in September 2017, adopted severance guidelines for those not covered by the Executive Severance Plan (the “Severance Guidelines” and, together with the Executive Severance Plan, the “Severance Plans”). The Severance Plans provide all qualified employees specified benefits following such person’s qualifying termination of employment.
Note 15—Business Combinations
On November 16, 2017, we completed the Mergers with SWH. We believe that the Mergers provide a number of significant potential strategic benefits and opportunities that will be in the best interests of our stockholders. More


36


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


specifically, we believe that the Mergers created a diversified and high-quality portfolio of homes in high-growth markets. Potential benefits from economies of scale and the market overlap of INVH’s and SWH’s complementary portfolios may be derived from optimization of operations, reduction of operating costs, and other anticipated synergies.
The Mergers were accounted for as a business combination in accordance with ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations. INVH was designated as the accounting acquirer. The assets(including identifiable intangible assets) and liabilities (including executory contracts and other commitments) of SWH were recorded at their respective fair values at the Merger Date. The estimated fair value of the consideration transferred was $4,920,534, which was based upon (i) the observable public closing share price of $23.01 on November 15, 2017 for the 207,448,958 shares of INVH common stock issued to SWH stockholders in exchange for their SWH common shares, (ii) the equity component of the Convertible Senior Notes, which was valued at $135,520, and (iii) the recognition of $11,614 of precombination service related to the exchange of SWH RSUs for INVH RSUs. Subsequent to the Merger Date, our condensed consolidated financial statements reflect these fair value adjustments and include the combined results of operations. Because INVH was designated as the accounting acquirer, our historical financial statements for periods prior to November 16, 2017 represent only the historical financial information of INVH and its consolidated subsidiaries.
Purchase Price Allocation
The total purchase price has been allocated based upon (1) the amounts reported in the SWH historical financial statements for any assets that were reported at fair value in accordance with SWH’s historical accounting policies or (2) management’s estimates of fair value.
Management’s preliminary estimates of fair value for SWH’s investments in real estate properties were based upon a progressive method that incorporated three value sources: automated valuation model data, BPOs and internal desktop valuations (Level 3 measurements).
The fair value of our investment in the unconsolidated joint venture represents the estimated fair value of our equity interest in the joint venture with FNMA. We determined the fair value based on the estimated fair value of the underlying investments in single-family residential properties after giving consideration to the terms and conditions of the related joint venture agreement (Level 3 measurement).
The fair value of other assets includes the estimated fair value of in-place leases in the amount of $45,740, which was estimated based on lost rent and avoidable costs over an assumed vacancy period (Level 3 measurements). Also included in other assets is the estimated fair value of interest rate swap agreements in the aggregate amount of $21,135.
The fair value of SWH’s debt was determined by comparison of contractual terms of SWH’s existing debt obligations to the current market rates on a risk-adjusted basis as of the Merger Date. The associated future debt cash flows were then discounted back to present value to arrive at an estimated fair value of SWH’s debt (Level 3 measurements).


37


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


The allocation of the total purchase price to SWH’s tangible and intangible assets and liabilities under this methodology is as follows:
Consideration transferred $4,920,534
Assets acquired: 
Land 1,920,400
Buildings and improvements 6,487,505
Cash and cash equivalents 84,952
Restricted cash 118,556
Other assets 389,449
   
Liabilities assumed: 
Mortgage loans, net (3,433,506)
Convertible senior notes, net (547,437)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses (112,505)
Resident security deposits (56,895)
Other liabilities (36,311)
Non-controlling interests (151,881)
Net assets acquired 4,662,327
Goodwill $258,207
These allocations are management’s estimates of fair value, which are preliminary as of March 31, 2018 and are subject to change. The goodwill recorded is primarily attributable to the value of the synergies expected to arise after the Mergers.
Merger and Transaction-Related Expenses
We incurred $4,367 of merger and transaction-related expenses related to the Mergers during the three months ended March 31, 2018, included in general and administrative expenses in the condensed consolidated statement of operations. Merger and transaction-related expenses are expensed as incurred and are comprised primarily of transaction fees and direct acquisition costs, including legal, finance, consulting, professional fees, and other third-party costs. The costs that were obligations of SWH and expensed by SWH prior to the Merger Date are not included in our condensed consolidated financial statements.
In addition, and in connection with the Mergers and the resulting integration, we have incurred severance costs for terminated and transitional employees, and such costs are accrued over the related remaining service periods. More specifically, in August 2017, we entered into agreements with several of our executives, which provide the executives, as applicable, with benefits inupon the eventconsummation of the Mergers are consummated and/or where the executive experiences a qualifying termination within a specified period of time following such consummation. IfAfter the consummation of the Mergers, are consummated andif a participant under either a Severance Plan or an executive agreementsagreement experiences a qualifying termination, such person will be entitled to specified benefits. For the three months ended March 31, 2018, we accrued a total of $2,659 of employee severance pursuant to the Severance Plans and the executive agreements, and these costs are included in general and administrative expenses in the condensed consolidated statement of operations.


38


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


Pro Forma Information
The following table provides the pro forma consolidated operational data as if the Mergers had occurred on January 1, 2017 (unaudited):

 Three Months Ended
March 31, 2017
Total revenue $387,722
Net loss (188,400)
Pro forma net loss includes transaction costs related to the Mergers of $54,340.
The pro forma consolidated operational data is based on assumptions and estimates considered appropriate by our management; however, these pro forma results are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations that would have been obtained had the Mergers occurred at the beginning of the period presented, nor do they purport to represent the consolidated results of operations for future periods. The pro forma consolidated operational data does not include the impact of any synergies that may be achieved from the Mergers or any strategies that management may consider in order to continue to efficiently manage operations.
Note 15—16—Subsequent Events
In connection with the preparation of the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements, we have evaluated events and transactions occurring after September 30, 2017,March 31, 2018, for potential recognition or disclosure.
Extensions of Existing Mortgage LoansIH 2018-2 Securitization
On October 10, 2017, we submitted a notification to request an extension of the maturity of the IH1 2014-3 mortgage loan from December 9, 2017 to December 9,May 8, 2018, upon approval.
Dividend Declaration
On October 13, 2017, the board of directors declared an $0.08 dividend per share to stockholders of record on October 24, 2017, which was paid on November 7, 2017.
IH 2017-2 Securitization
On November 9, 2017, we completed a securitization transaction in connection withpursuant to which we entered into a loan agreement with a third-party lender, providing for a new mortgage loan comprised of six components with a total principal amountbalance of $865,027$1,057,225 (“IH 2017-2”2018-2”). IH 2017-22018-2 has a stated maturity in December 2019,of June 9, 2020, with five one-year extension options, and is secured by first priority mortgages on a portfolio of 4,419 of our homes. Each of the six components of IH 2017-22018-2 bears interest at a floating rate equal to LIBOR plus an applicable spread (inclusive of servicing fees) that ranges from 8595 to 300230 bps, with a weighted average spread to LIBOR (inclusive of 144servicing fees) of 138 bps. IH 2017-22018-2 was subsequently transferred to a trust in exchange for pass-through certificates issued by the trust. In connection with IH 2017-2,2018-2, we purchased and will retain 5% of each class of certificates for risk-retention purposes, totaling $43,254.$52,865.
We utilizedused proceeds from IH 2017-22018-2 to repay IH1 2014-2the outstanding balances under IH 2015-1 and IH1 2014-3,IH 2015-2, to fund certain reserves, and for general corporate purposes.
Residential Property DispositionsExtensions of Existing Mortgage Loans
Between October 1, 2017 and November 2, 2017,On April 9, 2018, we disposed of 55 homes withsubmitted a net carrying amount of $8,996 as of September 30, 2017, fornotification to request an aggregate net sales price of $11,546. A portionextension of the proceeds were used to make various prepayments on ourmaturity of the CAH 2015-1 and CSH 2016-1 mortgage loans totaling $2,634. At September 30, 2017, 44from July 9, 2018 to July 9, 2019 upon approval.
On May 9, 2018, we submitted a notification to request an extension of these properties were classified as held forthe maturity of the IH 2015-3 mortgage loan from August 9, 2018 to August 9, 2019 upon approval.
Dividend Declaration
On May 3, 2018, our board of directors declared a dividend of $0.11 per share to stockholders of record on May 15, 2018, which is payable on May 31, 2018.


4139


INVITATION HOMES INC.
NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(dollar amounts in thousands)
(unaudited)


saleInterest Rate Swap Agreements
On April 19, 2018, we entered into four interest rate swap agreements that effectively convert $1,600,000 of existing floating rate debt to fixed rate debt. On May 8, 2018, we entered into two additional interest rate swap agreements that effectively convert $920,000 of existing floating rate debt to fixed rate debt. The table below summarizes the terms and presented in other assets, net and 11 were classified as investments in single-family residential properties on our condensed consolidated balance sheet.conditions of these interest rate swap agreements:
Agreement Date Forward
Effective Date
 Maturity
Date
 Strike
Rate
 Index Notional
Amount
April 19, 2018 January 31, 2019 January 31, 2025 2.86% One-month LIBOR $400,000
April 19, 2018 March 15, 2019 November 30, 2024 2.85% One-month LIBOR 400,000
April 19, 2018 March 15, 2019 February 28, 2025 2.86% One-month LIBOR 400,000
April 19, 2018 January 31, 2020 November 30, 2024 2.90% One-month LIBOR 400,000
May 8, 2018 March 9, 2020 June 9, 2025 2.99% One-month LIBOR 325,000
May 8, 2018 June 9, 2020 June 9, 2025 2.99% One-month LIBOR 595,000





4240



ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the information appearing elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016.10-K. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements based upon our current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set further as described in Exhibit 99.1 to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q andforth under Part I. Item 1A. “Risk Factors," in our Annual Report on Form 10-K10-K.
Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, information presented throughout this discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations as of and for the yearthree months ended DecemberMarch 31, 2016.2018 includes the impact of the Mergers. The discussion of operational information for our total and Same Store portfolio, including average occupancy, average rent and net effective rental rate growth, is provided with respect to our total portfolio.
Capitalized terms used without definition have the meaning provided elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Overview
Invitation Homes is a leading owner and operator of single-family homes for lease, offering residents high-quality homes in desirablesought-after neighborhoods across America. With nearly 50,000over 82,000 homes for lease in 1317 markets across the country as of September 30, 2017,March 31, 2018, Invitation Homes is meeting changing lifestyle demands by providing residents access to updated homes with features they value, such as close proximity to jobs and access to good schools. Our mission statement, “Together with you, we make a house a home,” reflects our commitment to high-touch service that continuously enhances residents’ living experiences and provides homes where individuals and families can thrive.
We have selected locationsoperate in markets with strong demand drivers, high barriers to entry and high rent-growthrent growth potential, primarily in the Western United States, Florida and Florida.the Southeast United States. Through disciplined market and asset selection, we designed our portfolio to capture the operating benefits of local density as well as economies of scale that we believe cannot be readily replicated. Since our founding in 2012, we have built a proven, vertically integrated operating platform that allows us to effectively and efficiently acquire, renovate, lease, maintain, and manage our homes.
We invest in markets that we expect will exhibit lower new supply, stronger job and household formation growth and superior NOInet operating income (“NOI”) growth relative to the broader U.S.United States housing and rental market. Within our 1317 markets, we target attractive neighborhoods in in-fill locations with multiple demand generators,drivers, such as proximity to major employment centers, desirable schools, and transportation corridors. Our homes average approximately 1,8601,850 square feet with three bedrooms and two bathrooms, appealing to a resident base that we believe is less transitory than the typical multifamily resident. As of September 30, 2017, we had made approximately $1.2 billion ofWe invest in the upfront renovation investment in theof homes in our portfolio representing approximately $25,000 per home, in order to address capital needs, reduce ongoing maintenance costs, and drive resident demand. As a result, our portfolio benefits from high occupancy and low turnover rates, and we are well positioned to drive strong rent growth, attractive margins, and predictable cash flows.
Reorganization and Initial Public Offering
On January 31, 2017, we and our Pre-IPO Owners effected certain transactions (the “Pre-IPO Transactions”)the Pre-IPO Transactions that resulted in the INVH LP holding, directly or indirectly, all of the assets, liabilities, and results of operations reflected in our condensed consolidated financial statements, including the full portfolio of homes held by the IH Holding Entities. As a result of the Pre-IPO Transactions, the INVH LP is wholly owned by Invitation Homes Inc. (“INVH”) directly and through its wholly ownedbecame a consolidated subsidiary of INVH. A wholly-owned subsidiary of INVH, Invitation Homes OP GP LLC, which serves as the INVH LP’s sole general partner.
The Pre-IPO Transactions have been accounted for as a reorganization of entities under common control utilizing historical cost basis.basis in our 2017 financial statements. Accordingly, after January 31, 2017, our condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of INVH and its wholly ownedwholly-owned subsidiaries. Prior to that date, our condensed combinedconsolidated financial statements include the combined accounts of the INVH LP and the IH Holding Entities and their wholly ownedwholly-owned subsidiaries.
On February 6, 2017, INVHInvitation Homes Inc. completed an initial public offering of 88,550,000 shares of common stock at a price to the public of $20.00 per share (the “IPO”). An additional 221,826,634 shares of common stock were issued to the Pre-IPO Owners.

Owners, including stock held by directors, officers, and employees as part of the Pre-IPO Transactions.


4341



Merger with Starwood Waypoint Homes
On November 16, 2017, we completed the Mergers with SWH. We believe that the Mergers provide a number of significant potential strategic benefits and opportunities that will be in the best interests of our stockholders. More specifically, we believe that the Mergers created a diversified and high-quality portfolio of homes in high-growth markets. Potential benefits from economies of scale and the market overlap of INVH’s and SWH’s complementary portfolios may be derived from optimization of operations, reduction of operating costs, and other anticipated synergies.


42



Our Portfolio
The following table provides summary information regarding our total and Same Store portfolio as of and for the periodthree months ended September 30, 2017March 31, 2018 as noted below:
Market 
Number
of Homes
(1)
 
Average
Occupancy
(2)
 
Average Monthly
Rent
(3)
 
Average Monthly
Rent PSF
(3)
 
% of
Revenue
(4)
 
Number of Homes(1)
 
Average
Occupancy
(2)
 
Average Monthly
Rent
(3)
 
Average Monthly
Rent PSF
(3)
 
% of
Revenue
(4)
Western United States           
Southern California 4,631
 95.5% $2,288
 $1.34
 12.8% 8,361 95.1% $2,229 $1.32 13.0%
Northern California 2,857
 95.4% 1,801
 1.14
 6.7% 4,592 96.1% 1,900 1.24 6.6%
Seattle 3,246
 94.0% 1,975
 1.04
 8.3% 3,294 94.7% 2,029 1.07 5.1%
Phoenix 5,443
 94.4% 1,188
 0.75
 8.2% 7,435 96.4% 1,241 0.76 6.8%
Las Vegas 961
 95.7% 1,475
 0.76
 1.8% 2,709 96.5% 1,490 0.75 3.0%
Denver 2,190 94.6% 1,856 1.04 3.0%
Western United States Subtotal 17,138
 94.9% 1,754
 1.04
 37.8% 28,581 95.6% 1,795 1.05 37.5%
           
Florida           
South Florida 5,577
 92.9% 2,198
 1.14
 14.5% 9,314 93.5% 2,087 1.13 13.5%
Tampa 4,915
 94.3% 1,602
 0.82
 9.6% 8,655 93.9% 1,580 0.86 9.7%
Orlando 3,736
 95.2% 1,539
 0.81
 7.1% 5,856 95.8% 1,536 0.83 6.5%
Jacksonville 1,953
 94.8% 1,577
 0.79
 3.8% 1,941 95.6% 1,593 0.80 2.2%
Florida Subtotal 16,181
 94.1% 1,787
 0.92
 35.0% 25,766 94.3% 1,753 0.95 31.9%
           
Southeast United States           
Atlanta 7,337
 94.7% 1,402
 0.68
 12.5% 12,405 95.0% 1,420 0.69 12.5%
Charlotte 3,132
 94.2% 1,395
 0.70
 5.2%
Carolinas 4,958 91.6% 1,495 0.71 5.0%
Nashville 782 81.4% 1,839 0.85 0.9%
Southeast United States Subtotal 10,469
 94.6% 1,400
 0.68
 17.7% 18,145 93.5% 1,456 0.70 18.4%
 
Texas 
Houston 2,572 90.6% 1,529 0.78 2.6%
Dallas 2,266 93.5% 1,697 0.81 2.7%
Texas Subtotal 4,838 91.9% 1,609 0.80 5.3%
           
Midwest United States           
Chicago 2,898
 93.0% 2,029
 1.21
 6.9% 4,005 94.0% 1,930 1.18 5.3%
Minneapolis 1,181
 94.5% 1,786
 0.90
 2.6% 1,174 95.7% 1,798 0.91 1.6%
Midwest United States Subtotal 4,079
 93.4% 1,958
 1.11
 9.5% 5,179 94.4% 1,900 1.11 6.9%
Total/Average 47,867
 94.4% $1,705
 $0.92
 100.0% 82,509 94.5% $1,704 $0.92 100.0%
          
Same Store Portfolio Total/Average 42,795
 95.4% $1,706
 $0.92
 90.5%
Same Store Total / Average 72,109 95.7% $1,706 $0.92 88.6%
 
(1)As of September 30, 2017.March 31, 2018.
(2)Represents average occupancy for the three months ended September 30, 2017.March 31, 2018.
(3)Represents average monthly rent for the three months ended September 30, 2017.March 31, 2018.
(4)Represents the percentage of total revenue generated in each market for the three months ended September 30, 2017.March 31, 2018.


4443



Factors That Affect Our Results of Operations and Financial Condition
Our results of operations and financial condition are affected by numerous factors, many of which are beyond our control. See Part I. Item 1A. “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information regarding factors that could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. Key factors that impact our results of operations and financial condition include market fundamentals, property acquisitions and renovations, rental rates and occupancy levels, turnover rates and days to re-resident homes, property improvements and maintenance, property acquisitions and renovations, and financing arrangements.
Market Fundamentals: Our results are impacted by housing market fundamentals and supply and demand conditions in our markets, particularly in the Western United States and Florida, which represented 72.8%69.4% of our revenues during the three months ended September 30, 2017.March 31, 2018. In recent periods, our Western United States and Florida markets have experienced favorable demand fundamentals in the form ofwith employment growth and household formation rates and favorable supply fundamentals such as the rate of new supply delivery. We believe these supply and demand fundamentals have driven favorable rental rate growth and home price appreciation for our Western United States and Florida markets in recent periods, and we expect these trends to continue in the near to intermediate term.
Rental Rates and Occupancy Levels: Rental rates and occupancy levels are primary drivers of rental revenues and other property income. Our rental rates and occupancy levels are affected by macroeconomic factors and local and property-level factors, including market conditions, seasonality, resident defaults, and the amount of time it takes to prepare a home for its next resident and re-lease homes when residents vacate. An important driver of rental rate growth is our ability to increase monthly rents from expiring leases, which typically have a term of one to two years.
Turnover Rates and Days to Re-Resident: Other drivers of rental revenues and property operating and maintenance expense include increasing the length of stay of our residents, minimizing resident turnover rates, and reducing the number of days a home is unoccupied between residents. Our operating results are also are impacted by the amount of time it takes to market and lease a property. The period of time to market and lease a property can vary greatly and is impacted by local demand, our marketing techniques, the size of our available inventory, and economic conditions, and economic outlook. Increases in turnover rates and the average number of days to re-resident increase property operating and maintenance expenses and reduce rental revenues as the homes are not generating income during this period.
Property Improvements and Maintenance: Property improvements and maintenance impact capital expenditures, property operating and maintenance expense, and rental revenues. We actively manage our homes on a total portfolio basis to determine what capital and maintenance needs may be required, and what opportunities we may have to generate additional revenues or expense savings from such expenditures. Due to our size and scale both nationally and locally, we believe we are able to purchase goods and services at favorable prices.
Property Acquisitions and Renovations: Future growth in rental revenues and operating income may be impacted by our ability to identify and acquire homes, our pace of property acquisitions, and the time and cost required to renovate and lease a newly acquired home. Our ability to identify and acquire single-family homes that meet our investment criteria is impacted by home prices in targeted acquisition locations, the inventory of homes available for sale through our acquisition channels, and competition for our target assets. The acquisition of homes involves expenditures in addition to payment of the purchase price, including payments for acquisition fees, property inspections, closing costs, title insurance, transfer taxes, recording fees, broker commissions, property taxes and HOA fees (when applicable). Additionally, we typically incur costs to renovate a home to prepare it for rental. RenovationThe scope of renovation work varies, but may include paint, flooring, carpeting, cabinetry, appliances, plumbing hardware, roof replacement, HVAC replacement, and other items required to prepare the home for rental. The time and cost involved in accessing our homes and preparing them for rental can significantly impact our financial performance. The time to renovate a newly acquired property can vary significantly among homes for several reasons, including the property’s acquisition channel, the condition of the property, and whether the property was vacant when acquired. Due to our size and scale both nationally and locally, we believe we are able to purchase goods and services at favorable prices.
Financing Arrangements: Financing arrangements directly impact our interest expense, mortgage loans, term loan facility, and revolving facility, and convertible debt, as well as our ability to acquire and renovate homes. We have historically utilized indebtedness to acquirefund the acquisition and renovaterenovation of new homes. Our current financing arrangements contain financial covenants, and certain financing arrangements contain variable interest rate terms. Interest rates are impacted by the characteristics of our homes,


44



market conditions, and the terms of the underlying financing arrangements. See Part I. Item 3. “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk” for further discussion regarding interest rate risk. Our future financing arrangements may not have similar terms with respect to amounts, interest rates, financial covenants, and durations.


45



Recent Events
Initial Public OfferingIH 2018-1 Securitization
On February 6, 2017, we completed our IPO in which we sold 88,550,000 shares of common stock at an initial public offering price of $20.00 per share. The shares offered and sold in the offering were registered under the Securities Act pursuant to our Registration Statement on Form S-11, which was declared effective by the SEC on January 31, 2017. The common stock is listed on the NYSE under the symbol "INVH" and began trading publicly on February 1, 2017. The offering generated net proceeds of $1,692.1 million to us after underwriting discounts, but before other transaction costs. We used a portion of the net proceeds, together with the borrowings under the Term Loan Facility of our New Credit Facility (described below), to repay all of our existing credit facilities and our mortgage loan relating to the IH1 2013-1 securitization and a portion of the mortgage loan relating to the IH1 2014-1 securitization transaction, and to pay fees and expenses related to the offering.
In March 2017, we used the remaining IPO proceeds, together with cash on hand, to voluntarily prepay approximately $260.0 million of additional borrowings outstanding under the mortgage loan relating to the IH1 2014-1 securitization transaction, reducing the outstanding principal balance to approximately $421.0 million.
New Credit Facility
On February 6, 2017, INVH LP entered into a new credit agreement with the lenders party thereto, Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent and the other parties party thereto. The new credit agreement provides for senior secured credit facilities (together, collectively, the “New Credit Facility”) consisting of (i) a $1,000.0 million revolving facility (the “Revolving Facility”), which will mature on February 6, 2021, with a one-year extension option subject to certain conditions and (ii) a $1,500.0 million “Term Loan Facility,” which will mature on February 6, 2022. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources.”
Fannie Mae Securitization Transaction
On April  28, 2017,8, 2018, we completed a securitization transaction pursuant to which we entered into a loan agreement, providing for a new ten-year, fixed rate mortgage loan comprised of two components with a total principal amount of $1,000.0 million (the “FNMA Loan”). The FNMA Loan will mature June 9, 2027 and is secured by first priority mortgages on a portfolio of 7,204 of our homes. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources.”
We used proceeds from the FNMA Loan to repay the remaining $420.0 million outstanding under our mortgage loan relating to the IH1 2014-1 securitization transaction, to fund certain reserves and to pay transaction fees and expenses incurred with respect to the FNMA Loan. The IH1 2014-1 mortgage loan outstanding balance had been reduced as of April 28, 2017 due to prepayments from IPO proceeds and application of proceeds from sales of homes. On May 9, 2017, we used the remaining proceeds to voluntarily prepay $510.0 million of our mortgage loan relating to the IH1 2014-3 securitization transaction. On June 9, 2017, we made a $100.0 million prepayment, reducing the outstanding principal balance to approximately $151.0 million.
Proposed Merger with SFR
On August 9, 2017, we entered into a definitive agreement with SFR to form a combined company in a stock-for-stock merger of equals transaction (the “Merger Agreement”). The Merger Agreement provides that, upon the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the Merger Agreement, (i) SFR will be merged with and into IH Merger Sub, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company (“REIT Merger Sub”)re, with REIT Merger Sub surviving as our subsidiary (the “REIT Merger”) and (ii) as promptly as practicable after the REIT Merger, Starwood Waypoint Homes Partnership, L.P. (“SFR Partnership”) will be merged with and into INVH LP, with INVH LP surviving as our wholly owned subsidiary (the “Partnership Merger,” and together with the REIT Merger, the “Mergers”). In connection with the Mergers, we filed with the SEC on October 16, 2017 a definitive joint proxy statement/information statement and prospectus (File No. 333-220543) (the “Merger Proxy”), which includes more detailed information about the Mergers and the related transactions.
Under the terms of the Merger Agreement and as described in the Merger Proxy, each outstanding SFR share will be converted into 1.6140 shares of our common stock (the “Exchange Ratio”), and each outstanding unit of SFR Partnership will be converted into the right to receive 1.6140 common units, representing limited partner interests, in INVH LP. Further, each


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outstanding restricted share unit of SFR (an “SFR RSU”) that vest as a result of the Mergers or the Merger Agreement will automatically be converted into the right to receive our common stock based on the Exchange Ratio, plus any accrued but unpaid dividends (if any) and less certain taxes (if any). At the effective time of the REIT Merger, each SFR RSU that does not vest as a result of the Mergers or the Merger Agreement will be automatically assumed by us and converted into an equivalent stock-based incentive award unit with respect to our common stock and be subject to the same terms and conditions as applicable to such awards. On a pro forma basis giving effect to the Mergers, the combined company will own an approximately 98.2% partnership interest in INVH LP and the combined company will have the full, exclusive and complete responsibility for and discretion in the day-to-day management and control of INVH LP.
The REIT Merger is intended to qualify as a reorganization for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and the Partnership Merger is intended to be treated as a transaction that is generally tax free to the holders of units of SFR Partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Upon the closing of the Mergers, our stockholders will own approximately 59% of the combined company’s stock, and SFR’s stockholders will own approximately 41% of the combined company’s stock. Based on the closing prices of SFR’s common shares and our common stock on October 13, 2017, the equity market capitalization of the combined company would be approximately $12.0 billion, and the total enterprise value (including debt) would be approximately $21.3 billion.
The transaction has been approved by our board of directors and SFR’s board of trustees. Completion of the Mergers is subject to, among other things, approval by the holders of the SFR’s common shares. Assuming approval is obtained, the Mergers are expected to close in the fourth quarter of 2017. We can give no assurance that the Mergers and related transactions will be completed in the above timeframe, if at all. During the third quarter of 2017, we incurred $4.9 million of fees and expenses related to the Mergers, which are included in general and administrative for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 in the condensed consolidated statements of operations and $2.7 million of direct offering costs which will be charged to equity upon completion of the Mergers and are included in other assets, net on the condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2017. Other transaction costs are expected to be incurred in the fourth quarter of 2017 and in 2018 in connection with the closing of the Mergers.
Two putative class actions have been filed by purported shareholders of SFR challenging the Mergers, one of which names us and certain affiliates as defendants. The lawsuits seek, among other things, injunctive relief preventing consummation of the Mergers, rescission of the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement should they be consummated and litigation costs, including attorneys’ fees. Please see Part II, Item  I. Legal Proceedings “Litigation Relating to the Mergers” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for more details.
Dividend Declaration
On October 13, 2017, the board of directors declared an $0.08 dividend per share to stockholders of record on October 24, 2017, which was paid on November 7, 2017.
IH 2017-2 Securitization
On November 9, 2017, we completed a securitization transaction in connection with which we entered into a loan agreement with a third-party lender, providing for a new mortgage loan comprised of six components with a total principal amountbalance of $865.0$916.6 million (“IH 2017-2”2018-1”). IH 2017-22018-1 has a stated maturity in December 2019,of March 9, 2020, with five one-year extension options, and is secured by first priority mortgages on a portfolio of 4,419 of our homes. Each of the six components of IH 2017-22018-1 bears interest at a floating rate equal to the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) plus an applicable spread that ranges from 76 to 256 bps, with a weighted average spread to LIBOR of 124 bps. We used proceeds from IH 2018-1 to repay the outstanding balances under CAH 2014-1 and CAH 2014-2, to fund certain reserves, and for general corporate purposes.
IH 2018-2 Securitization
On May 8, 2018, we completed a securitization transaction pursuant to which we entered into a loan agreement with a third-party lender, providing for a new mortgage loan comprised of six components with a total principal balance of $1,057.2 million (“IH 2018-2”). IH 2018-2 has a stated maturity of June 9, 2020, with five one-year extension options, and is secured by first priority mortgages on a portfolio of homes. Each of the six components of IH 2018-2 bears interest at a floating rate equal to LIBOR plus an applicable spread (inclusive of servicing fees) that ranges from 8595 to 300230 bps, with a weighted average spread to LIBOR (inclusive of 144servicing fees) of 138 bps. IH 2017-2 was subsequently transferred to a trust in exchange for pass-through certificates issued by the trust. In connection with IH 2017-2, we purchased and will retain 5% of each class of certificates for risk-retention purposes, totaling $43.3 million.
We utilizedused proceeds from IH 2017-22018-2 to repay IH1 2014-2the outstanding balances under IH 2015-1 and IH1 2014-3,IH 2015-2, to fund certain reserves, and for general corporate purposes.

Interest Rate Swap Agreements

On April 19, 2018, we entered into four interest rate swap agreements that effectively convert $1,600.0 million of existing floating rate debt to fixed rate debt. On May 8, 2018, we entered into two additional interest rate swap agreements that effectively convert $920.0 million of existing floating rate debt to fixed rate debt.
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Components of Revenues and Expenses
The following is a description of the components of our revenues and expenses:expenses.
Revenues
Rental Revenues
Rental revenues, net of any concessions and uncollectible amounts, consist of rents collected under lease agreements related to our single-family homes for lease. These include leases that we enter into directly with our residents, which typically have a term of one to two years.
Other Property Income
Other property income is comprised of: (i) resident reimbursements for utilities, HOA fines, and other charge-backs; (ii) rent and non-refundable deposits associated with pets; and (iii) various other fees, including application and lease termination fees.
Expenses
Property Operating and Maintenance
Once a property is available for its initial lease, which we refer to as “rent-ready,” we incur ongoing property-related expenses, which consist primarily of property taxes, insurance, HOA fees (when applicable), market-level personnel


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expenses, utility expenses, repairs and maintenance, leasing costs, and marketing.marketing expenses. Prior to a property being “rent-ready,” certain of these expenses are capitalized as building and improvements. Once a property is “rent-ready,” expenditures for ordinary maintenance and repairs thereafter are expensed as incurred and we capitalize expenditures that improve or extend the life of a home.
Property Management Expense
Property management expense represents personnel and other costs associated with the oversight and management of our portfolio of homes. All of our homes are managed through our internal property manager.
General and Administrative
General and administrative expense represents personnel costs, professional fees, and other costs associated with our day to day activities. We have incurred additional legal, accounting and other expenses that we have not incurred as a private company, including costs associated with public company reporting requirements. General and administrative expense also includes IPO related andIPO-related, merger, and transaction-related costs that are of a non-recurring nature. As a result, general and administrative expense in the historical periods discussed in “—Results of Operations” may not be comparable to general and administrative expense in periods from and after the IPO and the REIT Merger.
Share-Based Compensation Expense
Certain current and former employees, as well as certain of our founders, were granted Class B incentive units in certain of the IH Holding Entities or their parent entities. In connection with the IPO, all of the Class B units were converted into shares of common stock, canceled, or converted into similar units of newly formed subsidiaries of the Pre-IPO Owners. We have recognized incentive compensation expense related to the value of those units in our results of operations. In connection with and subsequent to the IPO, we modified certain of our incentive awards and issued new awards in order to align our employees’ interests with those of our investors. Share-based compensation expense is a meaningful component of compensation for our executives and other leaders in our organization. We also assumed similar awards in connection with the Mergers. All incentive unit and share-based compensation expense is recognized onin our statements of operations as a componentcomponents of general and administrative expense and property management expense.
Depreciation and Amortization
We recognize depreciation and amortization expense associated primarily with our homes and other capital expenditures over their expected useful lives.


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Impairment and Other
Impairment and other represents provisions for impairment when the carrying amount of our single-family residential properties is not recoverable and casualty losses, net of any insurance recoveries.
Interest Expense
Interest expense includes interest expense as well aspayable on our debt instruments, payments and receipts related to our interest rate swap agreements, and related amortization of discounts and deferred financing costs, from our financing arrangements, and unrealized gains (losses) on non-designated hedging instruments. Interestinstruments, and noncash interest expense for periods priorrelated to the IPO and our 2017 refinancing activity discussed in “—Recent Events” does not reflect the impact of the following: (i) certain financing transactions that we completed concurrently with the completion of the IPO; (ii) certain hedging instruments; (iii) the FNMA Loan that was entered into on April 28, 2017 as defined in “—Liquidity and Capital Resources”; or (iv) the repayment of certain indebtedness with a portion of the net proceeds from the IPO, the New Credit Facility, and the FNMA Loan.interest rate swap agreements.
Other, net
Other, net includes interest income, third-party management fee income, equity in earnings from an unconsolidated joint venture acquired in the Mergers, and other miscellaneous income and expenses, and acquisition costs (in periods prior to January 1, 2017).expenses.
Gain (Loss) on Sale of Property, net of tax
Gain (loss) on sale of property, net of tax consists of net gains and losses resulting from sales of our homes.


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Results of Operations
Three Months Ended September 30, 2017March 31, 2018 Compared to Three Months Ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017
The following table sets forth a comparison of the results of operations for the three months ended September 30, 2017March 31, 2018 and 2016:2017:
 Three Months Ended
September 30,
     Three Months Ended March 31,    
($ in thousands) 2017 2016 $ Change % Change 2018 2017 $ Change % Change
Revenues:                
Rental revenues $229,375
 $221,049
 $8,326
 3.8 % $395,792
 $226,096
 $169,696
 75.1 %
Other property income 14,161
 11,989
 2,172
 18.1 % 27,877
 12,654
 15,223
 120.3 %
Total revenues 243,536
 233,038
 10,498
 4.5 % 423,669
 238,750
 184,919
 77.5 %
                
Operating expenses:                
Property operating and maintenance 93,267
 94,246
 (979) (1.0)% 160,767
 88,168
 72,599
 82.3 %
Property management expense 10,852
 7,715
 3,137
 40.7 % 17,164
 11,449
 5,715
 49.9 %
General and administrative 27,462
 18,811
 8,651
 46.0 % 27,636
 58,266
 (30,630) (52.6)%
Depreciation and amortization 67,466
 66,480
 986
 1.5 % 144,500
 67,577
 76,923
 113.8 %
Impairment and other 14,572
 1,279
 13,293
 N/M
 6,121
 1,204
 4,917
 408.4 %
Total operating expenses 213,619
 188,531
 25,088
 13.3 % 356,188

226,664
 129,524
 57.1 %
Operating income 29,917
 44,507
 (14,590) (32.8)% 67,481

12,086
 55,395
 458.3 %
                
Other income (expenses):        
Other expenses:        
Interest expense (56,796) (68,365) (11,569) (16.9)% (92,299) (68,572) 23,727
 34.6 %
Other, net 613
 (1,057) (1,670) (158.0)% 1,736
 (226) (1,962) N/M
Total other income (expenses) (56,183) (69,422) (13,239) (19.1)%
Total other expenses (90,563)
(68,798) 21,765
 31.6 %
                
Loss from continuing operations $(26,266) $(24,915) $1,351
 5.4 % $(23,082) $(56,712) $33,630
 59.3 %
Portfolio Information
As of March 31, 2018 and 2017, we owned 82,509 and 47,918 single-family rental homes, respectively, in our total portfolio. As a result of the Mergers, an additional 34,670 homes were added to our portfolio in the fourth quarter of 2017. During the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, we acquired 190 and 121 homes, respectively, and sold 251 and 501 homes, respectively.
We believe presenting information about the portion of our total portfolio that has been fully operational for the entirety of a given reporting period and its prior year comparison period provides investors with meaningful information about the performance of our comparable homes across periods, and about trends in our organic business. To do so, we provide information regarding the performance of our Same Store portfolio.
As of March 31, 2018, our Same Store portfolio consisted of 72,109 single-family rental homes. In order to provide meaningful comparative information across periods that, in some cases, pre-date the Mergers, all information regarding the performance of the Same Store portfolio is presented as though the Mergers were consummated on January 1, 2017 (i.e., as though the single-family rental homes owned by Legacy SWH prior to the Mergers that are included in our Same Store portfolio had been owned by Legacy IH for the entirety of all comparison periods for which Same Store portfolio information is presented).


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Rental Revenues
As of September 30, 2017 and 2016, we owned 47,867 and 48,431 single-family homes for lease, respectively, generating rental revenue of $229.4 million and $221.0 million, respectively, forFor the three months then ended. Rental revenuesended March 31, 2018 and 2017, total portfolio rental revenue totaled $395.8 million and $226.1 million, respectively, an increase of 75.1% driven by the significant increase in the number of homes owned. For our Same Store portfolio, rental revenue increased 3.8%3.9% compared to the three months ended March 31, 2017, primarily due to an increase in average monthly rent per occupied home, despite a decrease in number of homes owned and a relatively flat occupancy. During the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, we acquired 270 and 209 homes, respectively, and sold 128 and 131 homes, respectively.home.
Average occupancy for the total portfolio was 94.4%94.5% and 94.3%94.9% for the three months ended September 30,March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and 2016, respectively. Averageaverage rent per occupied home in actual dollarsfor the total portfolio for the three months ended September 30, 2017March 31, 2018 was $1,705,$1,704, compared to $1,623$1,661 for three months ended March 31, 2017, a 2.6% increase. For our Same Store portfolio, average occupancy was 95.7% and 95.8% for the three months ended September 30, 2016, a 5.1% increase.
For our Same Store portfolio, ourMarch 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and average occupancy was 95.4% and 95.5%monthly rent per occupied home for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and our average rent per occupied home in actual dollarsMarch 31, 2018, was $1,706, compared to $1,641 for the three months ended September 30,March 31, 2017, was $1,706, compared to $1,637 for the three months ended September 30, 2016, a 4.2%4.0% increase.
To monitor prospective changes in average rent per occupied home, we compare the monthly rent from an expiring lease to the monthly rent from the next lease for the same home, in each case, net of any amortized concessions. Leases are either renewal leases, where our current resident stays for a subsequent lease term, or a new lease,leases, where our previous resident moves out and a new resident signs a lease to occupy the same home. The following information regarding our renewal leases
Renewal lease net effective rental rate growth for the total portfolio averaged 4.9% and new leases is with respect to our total portfolio. For5.2% for the three months ended September 30,March 31, 2018 and 2017, and 2016, the blended


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average between renewal leaserespectively, and new lease net effective rental rate growth for the total portfolio averaged 4.4%2.5% and 6.2%,3.4% for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. This totalFor our Same Store portfolio, blended rate is comprised of an average renewal lease net effective rental rate growth of 5.0%averaged 4.9% and 5.8%5.1% for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and an average2017, respectively, and new lease net effective rental rate growth of 3.6%averaged 2.5% and 6.5%3.3% for the three months ended September 30,March 31, 2018 and 2017, and 2016, respectively.
ForThe annualized turnover rate for the Same Store portfolio for the three months ended September 30,March 31, 2018 and 2017 was 30.4% and 2016, the turnover rate for our Same Store portfolio was 38.1% and 39.6%32.4%, respectively. For our totalthe Same Store portfolio, an average home remained unoccupied for 4255 and 3853 days between residents for the three months ended September 30,March 31, 2018 and 2017, and 2016, respectively.
Other Property Income
For the three months ended September 30,March 31, 2018 and 2017, and 2016, other property income was $14.2$27.9 million and $12.0$12.7 million, respectively, an 18.1% increase. The primary driversincrease of 120.3% driven by the significant increase were pet rent and late fee income attributable to the implementation of our national lease for all leases written beginning in February 2016 and the automation and consistent application of these fees beginning in March 2017.
Operating Expenses
Operating expenses were $213.6 million and $188.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, a 13.3% increase. Of the $25.1 million increase in expenses, $7.3 million relates to share-based compensation expense and $4.9 million relates to merger and transaction-related expenses as more fully described below. Set forth below is a discussion of changes in the individual components of operating expenses.
Property operating and maintenance expense decreased to $93.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 from $94.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 primarily due to a decrease in personnel and other services of $2.1 million due to operating efficiencies that resulted in lower personnel costs, which represents a 16.3% decrease in those costs. This decrease was partially offset by a $1.0 million increase in property taxes attributable to increased California property taxes resulting from our IPO, which represents a 2.4% increase in those costs.
Property management expense and general and administrative expense increased to $38.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 from $26.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016. The year over year increase is due to increases in share-based compensation expense of $7.3 million and incurrence of merger and transaction-related expenses of $4.9 million that did not occur in the three months ended September 30, 2016.
Depreciation and amortization expense increased slightly due to a higher average cost basis per home at September 30, 2017 compared to September 30, 2016.
Impairment and other expenses increased to $14.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 from $1.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 due to $16.0 million of accrued costs for losses/damages related to Hurricane Irma.
Interest Expense
Interest expense was $56.8 million and $68.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, a 16.9% decrease. The decrease in interest expense was due to a reduction in average debt balances outstanding. The decrease in interest expense was partially offset by an increase in our weighted average cost of debt by 90 bps for the three months ended September 30, 2017 compared to 2016 due to an increase in LIBOR, a fixed rate on our IH 2017-1 mortgage loan which was at a higher rate than prior year variable rate debt, and the impact of interest rate swaps. As of September 30, 2017, we had $5,644.3 million of debt outstanding, net of deferred financing costs and discounts, compared to $7,681.0 million as of September 30, 2016, a 26.3% decrease. The decrease in debt outstanding was attributable to the $2,321.6 million payoff of our credit facilities, as well as $2,086.6 million of prepayments on our mortgage loans from cash from IPO proceeds, operations, and proceeds from home sales, net of borrowings of $1,500.0 million from the Term Loan Facility, and $996.4 million from the IH 2017-1 mortgage loan.


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Gain on Sale of Property, Net of Tax
Gain on sale of property, net of tax was $3.8 million and $3.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The primary driver for the difference in the gain on sale between periods was the volume and composition of homes sold during the respective periods.
Results of Operations
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 Compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016
The following table sets forth a comparison of the results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:
  Nine Months Ended
September 30,
    
($ in thousands) 2017 2016 $ Change % Change
Revenues:        
Rental revenues $683,975
 $654,726
 $29,249
 4.5 %
Other property income 40,527
 33,310
 7,217
 21.7 %
Total revenues 724,502
 688,036
 36,466
 5.3 %
         
Operating expenses:        
Property operating and maintenance 274,275
 270,494
 3,781
 1.4 %
Property management expense 31,436
 22,638
 8,798
 38.9 %
General and administrative 104,154
 49,579
 54,575
 110.1 %
Depreciation and amortization 202,558
 198,261
 4,297
 2.2 %
Impairment and other 16,482
 1,642
 14,840
 N/M
Total operating expenses 628,905
 542,614
 86,291
 15.9 %
Operating income 95,597
 145,422
 (49,825) (34.3)%
         
Other income (expenses):        
Interest expense (182,726) (209,165) (26,439) (12.6)%
Other, net (482) (1,025) (543) (53.0)%
Total other income (expenses) (183,208) (210,190) (26,982) (12.8)%
         
Loss from continuing operations $(87,611) $(64,768) $22,843
 35.3 %
Rental Revenues
As of September 30, 2017 and 2016, we owned 47,867 and 48,431 single-family homes for lease, respectively, generating rental revenue of $684.0 million and $654.7 million, respectively, for the nine months then ended. Rental revenues increased 4.5% due to an increase in both average occupancy and average monthly rent per occupied home, despite a slight decrease in number of homes owned. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, we acquired 620 and 1,135 homes, respectively, and sold 1,051 and 842 homes, respectively.
Average occupancy for the total portfolio was 94.8% and 94.6% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The increase in average occupancy correlates with the decrease in the number of homes acquired during 2017 compared to 2016 as newly acquiredowned. Other than the increase in the number of homes are unoccupied for a longer period of time during initial renovations than during a re-resident period. Average rent per occupied home in actual dollars forowned, the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was $1,683, compared to $1,600 for the nine months ended September 30, 2016, a 5.2% increase.


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For our Same Store portfolio, our average occupancy was 95.8% and 96.1% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and our average rent per occupied home in actual dollars for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, was $1,686, compared to $1,617 for the nine months ended September 30, 2016, a 4.3% increase.
To monitor prospective changes in average rent per occupied home, we compare the monthly rent from an expiring lease to the monthly rent from the next lease for the same home, in each case, net of any amortized concessions. Leases are either renewal leases, where our current resident stays for a subsequent lease term, or a new lease, where our previous resident moves out and a new resident signs a lease to occupy the same home. The following information regarding our renewal leases and new leases is with respect to our total portfolio. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, the blended average between renewal lease and new lease net effective rental rate growth for the total portfolio averaged 4.7% and 5.8%, respectively. This total portfolio blended rate is comprised of an average renewal lease net effective rental rate growth of 5.1% and 5.5% and an average new lease net effective rental rate growth of 4.1% and 6.2% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
For the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, the turnover rate for our Same Store portfolio was 36.2% and 37.2%, respectively. For our total portfolio, an average home remained unoccupied for 46 and 40 days between residents for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Other Property Income
For the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, other property income was $40.5 million and $33.3 million, respectively, a 21.7% increase. The primary driversdriver of the increase were pet rent and late fee income attributablewas utilities expense recoveries. Utilities expense recoveries increased as more utilities remained in our name compared to the implementation of our national lease for all leases written beginning in February 2016prior year, and the automation and consistent applicationterms of these fees beginning in March 2017.new leases require residents to reimburse us for those costs.
Operating Expenses
OperatingFor the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, operating expenses were $628.9$356.2 million and $542.6$226.7 million, for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, a 15.9% increase. Of the $86.3 million increase in expenses, $51.4 million relates to share-based compensation expense, $8.3 million relates to IPO related costs, and $4.9 million relates to merger and transaction-related expenses as more fully described below.respectively. Set forth below is a discussion of changes in the individual components of operating expenses.
Property operating and maintenance expense increased to $274.3$160.8 million for the ninethree months ended September 30, 2017March 31, 2018 from $270.5$88.2 million for the ninethree months ended September 30, 2016 primarilyMarch 31, 2017 due to anthe increase in property taxesthe number of $8.2 million which represents a 7.2% increase in those costs, with $3.6 million of the increase being attributable to increased California property taxes resulting from our IPO. This increase was partially offset by a $6.5 million decrease in personnel expenses due to operating efficiencies that resulted in lower personnel costs, which represents a 17.0% decrease in those costs.homes owned.
Property management expense and general and administrative expense increaseddecreased to $135.6$44.8 million for the ninethree months ended September 30, 2017March 31, 2018 from $72.2$69.7 million for the ninethree months ended September 30, 2016. An increaseMarch 31, 2017, primarily due to a decrease in share-based compensation expense of $51.4$34.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017,which was driven by $12.0$11.6 million of accelerated vesting of Class B Unitson pre-IPO incentive units and $45.9$23.3 million of fully vested awards issued in connection with the IPO. Additionally, $8.3 million of IPO readiness costs and other IPO costs as well as $4.9 million of merger and transaction-related expenses were incurred during the ninethree months ended September 30,March 31, 2017. This was partially offset by increases due to the increase in the size of our portfolio as a result of the Mergers.
Depreciation and amortization expense increased from $67.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2017 to $144.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018, primarily due to the addition of 34,670 homes acquired in the Mergers and the amortization of in-place leases.


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Impairment and other expenses increased to $16.5$6.1 million for the ninethree months ended September 30, 2017March 31, 2018 from $1.6$1.2 million for the ninethree months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 primarily due to $16.0 million of accrued losses/losses and damages related to Hurricane Irma.
DepreciationHurricanes Irma and amortization expense increased dueHarvey which continue to a higher average cost basis per home at September 30, 2017 compared to September 30, 2016 driven by improvements capitalized over the past 12 months.be identified as residents move out and properties turn.
Interest Expense
Interest expense was $182.7$92.3 million and $209.2$68.6 million for the ninethree months ended September 30,March 31, 2018 and 2017, and 2016, respectively, a 12.6% decrease.respectively. The decreaseincrease in interest expense was due to a reductionan increase in average debt balances outstanding which was offset by an increase in our weighted average cost of debt by 80 bps for the nine months ended September 30,


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2017 compared to 2016 due to an increase in LIBOR, a fixed rate on our IH 2017-1 mortgage loan which was at a higher rate than prior year variable rate debt, and the impact of interest rate swaps. Additionally, there was an increase in the fair value mark to market adjustment of $3.7 millionduring 2018 primarily related to debt assumed in connection with the interest rate swaps during 2017.Mergers. As of September 30, 2017,March 31, 2018, we had $5,644.3$9,668.9 million of debt outstanding, net of deferred financing costs and discounts, compared to $7,681.0$5,714.4 million as of September 30, 2016, a 26.3% decrease. The decreaseMarch 31, 2017. Additionally, the average monthly LIBOR rate increased by 82 basis points from 0.83% to 1.65% for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, which was partially offset by reductions in debt outstanding was attributable to the $2,321.6 million payoff of our credit facilities, as well as $2,086.6 million of prepayments on our mortgage loansweighted average spread over LIBOR resulting from cash from IPO proceeds, operations, and proceeds from home sales, net of borrowings of $1,500.0 million from the Term Loan Facility, and $996.4 million from the IH 2017-1 mortgage loan.refinancing activity.
Gain on Sale of Property, Netnet of Taxtax
Gain on sale of property net of tax was $28.2$5.5 million and $13.2$14.3 million for the ninethree months ended September 30,March 31, 2018 and 2017, and 2016, respectively. Of the 1,051 homes sold during the nine months ended September 30, 2017, 454 were sold in two bulk transactions for a gain of $9.5 million. The additional 597 homes sold in the nine months ended September 30, 2017, sold for a net gain of $18.7 million. Of the 842 homes sold during the nine months ended September 30, 2016, 590 homes were sold in one bulk sale transaction for a gain of $9.4 million. The additional 252 homes sold in the nine months ended September 30, 2016 sold at a net gain of $3.8 million. The primary driver for the difference in the gain on sale between periods was the composition of homes sold during the respective periods. Of the 251 homes sold during the three months ended March 31, 2018, none were sold in bulk sales. Of the 501 homes sold during the three months ended March 31, 2017, 235 homes were sold in bulk sales for a gain of $7.6 million.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our liquidity and capital resources as of September 30, 2017March 31, 2018 and December 31, 20162017 included unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of $134.4$134.9 million and $198.1$179.9 million, respectively, a 32.1%25.0% decrease due primarily to repayments of certain of our indebtednessinvestments in single-family residential properties, which is discussed in further detail in “—Cash Flows.” AsAdditionally, $985.0 million of September 30, 2017 and through the daterevolving credit facility (the “Revolving Facility”) remained undrawn as of this filing, the total balance of our $1,000.0 million Revolving Facility is available for any liquidity requirements.March 31, 2018.
Liquidity is a measure of our ability to meet potential cash requirements, maintain our assets, fund our operations, make distributions and dividend payments to our equity investors, and meet other general requirements of our business. Our liquidity, to a certain extent, is subject to general economic, financial, competitive, and other factors beyond our control. Our near-term liquidity requirements consist primarily of: (i) renovating newly-acquired homes; (ii) funding HOA fees (as applicable), real estate taxes, insurance premiums and the ongoing maintenance for our homes; (iii) interest expense; and (iv) payment of dividends to our equity investors. Our long-term liquidity requirements consist primarily of funds necessary to pay for the acquisition of and non-recurring capital expenditures for our homes and principal payments on our indebtedness.
We will seekintend to satisfy our long-term liquidity needs through cash provided by operations, long-term secured and unsecured borrowings, the issuance of debt and equity securities, and property dispositions. We have financed our operations and acquisitions to date through cash provided by operations, capital contributions from the Pre-IPO Owners, and financing arrangements. We believe our rental income net of operating expenses will generally provide cash flow sufficient to fund our operations and distributions and dividend payments on a near-term basis. Our real estate assets are illiquid in nature. A timely liquidation of assets may not be a viable source of short-term liquidity should a cash flow shortfall arise, and we may need to source liquidity from other financing alternatives, such as the Revolving Facility.Facility which has an undrawn balance of $985.0 million as of March 31, 2018.
As a REIT, INVH iswe are required to distribute to its shareholdersour stockholders at least 90% of itsour taxable income, excluding net capital gain, on an annual basis. Therefore, as a general matter, it is unlikely that we will be able to retain substantial cash balances that could be used to meet our liquidity needs from our annual taxable income. Instead, we will need to meet these needs from external sources of capital and amounts, if any, by which our cash flow generated from operations exceeds taxable income.
We have historically utilized credit facilities, mortgage loans and warehouse loans from our Sponsor to fund acquisitions and renovation improvements. As of September 30, 2017, we have repaid all outstanding borrowings under the credit facilities, the IH1 2013-1 mortgage loan, the IH1 2014-1 mortgage loan, and the warehouse loans. As further described and defined below, we entered into a New Credit Facility on February 6, 2017 which includes a $1,000.0 million revolving line of credit component that is currently undrawn and a fully drawn $1,500.0 million term loan component. On April 28, 2017, we entered into a $1,000.0 million FNMA Loan (as defined in “—Securitization Transactions”) and used net proceeds to repay


5449



all obligations outstanding underThe following describes the existing IH1 2014-1 mortgage loan and to make voluntary prepayments totaling $510.0 million on the IH1 2014-3 mortgage loan.key terms of our current indebtedness.
Mortgage Loans
As of September 30, 2017, we have completed eightOur securitization transactions (the “Securitizations” or the “mortgage loans”) are collateralized by certain homes owned by the respective Invitation Homes Borrower Entities. TheWe utilize the proceeds from the mortgage loans were usedour securitizations to fund (i) repayments of then-outstanding indebtedness, including credit facilities and prior securitization transactions, (ii) initial deposits in theinto Securitization reserve accounts, (iii) closing costs in connection with the mortgage loans, (iv) general costs associated with our operations, and (v) distributions and dividendsdividends. In addition to the Pre-IPO Owners.


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Securitization transactions we initiated, we assumed certain mortgage loans from SWH in connection with the Mergers.
The following table sets forth a summary of theour mortgage loan indebtedness as of September 30, 2017March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2016:2017:
          
Outstanding Principal Balance(4)
($ in thousands) Maturity Date 
Maturity Date if Fully Extended(2)
 
Rate(3)
 Range of Spreads 
September 30,
2017
(5)
 December 31,
2016
IH1 2013-1 N/A N/A N/A 115-365 bps $
 $462,431
IH1 2014-1 N/A N/A N/A 100-375 bps 
 978,231
IH1 2014-2(1)(6)
 September 9, 2018 September 9, 2019 3.13% 110-400 bps 703,241
 710,664
IH1 2014-3(1)(7)
 December 9, 2017 December 9, 2019 3.56% 120-500 bps 147,323
 766,753
IH2 2015-1, net(1)(8)
 March 9, 2018 March 9, 2020 3.60% 145-430 bps 529,443
 531,318
IH2 2015-2(1)
 June 9, 2018 June 9, 2020 3.18% 135-370 bps 628,574
 630,283
IH2 2015-3(1)
 August 9, 2018 August 7, 2020 3.41% 130-475 bps 1,169,048
 1,184,314
IH 2017-1, net(9)
 June 9, 2027 N/A 4.17% N/A 996,365
 
Total Securitizations 4,173,994

5,263,994
Less deferred financing costs, net (16,970) (9,256)
Total $4,157,024
 $5,254,738
          
Outstanding Principal Balance(3)
($ in thousands) Maturity
Date
 
Maturity Date if
Fully Extended(1)
 
Interest Rate(2)
 Range of Spreads March 31,
2018
 December 31,
2017
CAH 2014-1(4)
 N/A N/A —% N/A $
 $473,384
CAH 2014-2(4)
 N/A N/A —% N/A 
 385,401
IH 2015-1, net(5)(6)
 March 9, 2019 March 9, 2020 4.31% 152-437 bps 527,826
 528,795
IH 2015-2(5)(6)
 June 9, 2018 June 9, 2020 3.89% 142-377 bps 627,106
 627,259
CAH 2015-1(5)(7)
 July 9, 2018 July 9, 2020 3.76% 128-373 bps 655,455
 656,551
IH 2015-3(5)(8)
 August 9, 2018 August 7, 2020 4.13% 136-481 bps 1,162,225
 1,165,886
CSH 2016-1(5)(7)
 July 9, 2018 July 9, 2021 4.19% 158-508 bps 529,827
 531,517
CSH 2016-2(5)
 December 9, 2018 December 9, 2021 3.73% 133-423 bps 605,357
 609,815
IH 2017-1(9)
 June 9, 2027 N/A 4.23% N/A 996,371
 996,453
SWH 2017-1(5)
 October 9, 2019 January 9, 2023 3.43% 102-347 bps 769,754
 769,754
IH 2017-2(5)
 December 9, 2019 December 9, 2024 3.38% 91-306 bps 863,263
 863,413
IH 2018-1(4)(5)
 March 9, 2020 March 9, 2025 3.12% 76-256 bps 914,441
 
Total Securitizations 7,651,625
 7,608,228
Less deferred financing costs, net (37,165) (28,075)
Total $7,614,460
 $7,580,153
 
(1)
The initial maturity term of each of these mortgage loans is two years, individually subject to three, one-year extension options at the borrower’s discretion (provided that there is no continuing event of default under the loan agreement and the borrower obtains a replacement interest rate cap agreement in a form reasonably acceptable to the lender). Our IH1 2014-3, IH2 2015-1, IH2 2015-2, and IH2 2015-3 mortgage loans have exercised the first extension options, and IH1 2014-2 has exercised the second option.The maturity dates above are reflective of all extensions that have been exercised.
(2)Represents the maturity date if we exercise each of the remaining one-year extension options available, which are subject to certain conditions being met.
(3)(2)
For each of our first seven mortgage loans,Except for IH 2017-1, interest rates are based on a weighted average spread to LIBOR;over LIBOR, plus applicable servicing fees; as of September 30, 2017March 31, 2018, LIBOR was 1.23%1.88%. Our IH 2017-1 mortgage loan bears interest at a fixed rate of 4.17%4.23% per annum, equal to the market determined pass-through rate payable on the certificates plusincluding applicable servicing fees.
(4)(3)Outstanding Principal Balanceprincipal balance is net of discounts and does not include capitalized deferred financing costs, net.
(4)On February 8, 2018, the outstanding balances of CAH 2014-1 and CAH 2014-2 were repaid in full with proceeds from IH 2018-1, a new securitization transaction.
(5)
From October 1, 2017 The initial maturity term of each of these mortgage loans is two to November 2, 2017, we made prepayments ofthree $2.6 millionyears, individually subject to on ourtwo to five one-year extension options at the borrower’s discretion (provided that there is no continuing event of default under the mortgage loan agreement and the borrower obtains a replacement interest rate cap agreement in a form reasonably acceptable to the lender). Our IH 2015-2, IH 2015-3 and CAH 2015-1 mortgage loans related tohave exercised the dispositionfirst extension option, and IH 2015-1 has exercised the second extension option. The maturity dates above are reflective of properties.all extensions that have been exercised.
(6)
On October 10, 2017,May 8, 2018, the outstanding balances of IH 2015-1 and IH 2015-2 were repaid in full with proceeds from IH 2018-2, a new securitization transaction.


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(7)On April 9, 2018, we submitted a notification to request an extension of the maturity of the IH1 2014-3CAH 2015-1 and CSH 2016-1 mortgage loanloans from December 9, 2017 to DecemberJuly 9, 2018 to July 9, 2019 upon approval.On November 9, 2017, the outstanding balance of IH1 2014-2 was repaid in full.
(7)
On November 9, 2017, the outstanding balance of IH1 2014-3 was repaid in full.
(8)
NetOn May 9, 2018, we submitted a notification to request an extension of unamortized discountthe maturity of $0.0 million and $0.1 million as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.
the IH 2015-3 mortgage loan from August 9, 2018 to August 9, 2019 upon approval.
(9)
Net of unamortized discount of$3.3 million $3.4and $3.3 million as of September 30, 2017.March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
Securitization Transactions
IH1 2013-1: In November 2013, we completed our first securitizationFor each Securitization transaction, (“IH1 2013-1”), in which 2013-1 IHthe Borrower L.P. (“S1 Borrower”), a newly-formed special purpose entity and wholly owned subsidiary of IH1,Entity executed a loan agreement with a third-partythird‑party lender. Except for IH 2017-1, each mortgage loan consists of five to seven components. The third-party lender made a six component term loancomponents are floating rate except with respect to S1certain components we were required to retain in connection with risk retention rules. The two to three year initial terms are individually subject to two to five, one-year extension options at the Borrower inEntity’s discretion. Such extensions are available provided there is no continuing event of default under the amount of $479.1 million. All six components of the loan were sold at par. On February 6, 2017, the outstanding balance of IH1 2013-1 was repaid in full.
IH1 2014-1: In May 2014, we completed our second securitization transaction (“IH1 2014-1”), in which 2014-1 IH Borrower L.P. (“S2 Borrower”), a newly-formed special purpose entity and wholly owned subsidiary of IH1, executed arespective mortgage loan agreement withand the Borrower Entity obtains a third-partyreplacement interest rate cap agreement in a form reasonably acceptable the lender. The third party lender madeIH 2017-1 is a six component term loan to S2 Borrower in the amount of


56



$993.7 million. All six components of the loan were sold at par. On February 6, 2017 and March 9, 2017, we made voluntary prepayments of $291.5 million and $260.0 million, respectively. On April 28, 2017, the outstanding balance of IH1 2014-1 was repaid in full.
IH1 2014-2: In August 2014, we completed our third securitization transaction (“IH1 2014-2”), in which 2014-2 IH Borrower L.P. (“S3 Borrower”), a newly-formed special purpose entity and wholly owned subsidiary of IH1, executed a loan agreement with a third-party lender. The third-party lender made a term10-year, fixed rate mortgage loan comprised of (1) six floating ratetwo components. Certificates issued by the trust in connection with Component A of IH 2017-1 benefit from the Federal National Mortgage Association’s guaranty of timely payment of principal and interest.
Certain components and (2) one fixed rate component to S3 Borrower in the amount of $719.9 million. Of the seven loan components, the Class A, B, C, D and G certificates were sold at par; however, the Class E and F certificates were sold at a total discount, and $3.3 million of $4.0 million. We are obligated to make monthly payments of interest with the first payment being due upon the closing of the loan, and subsequent payments beginning October 9, 2014 and continuing monthly thereafter. On November 9, 2017, the outstanding balance of IH1 2014-2 was repaid in full.
IH1 2014-3: In November 2014, we completed our fourth securitization transaction (“IH1 2014-3”), in which 2014-3 IH Borrower L.P. (“S4 Borrower”), a newly-formed special purpose entity and wholly owned subsidiary of IH1, executed a loan agreement with a third-party lender. The third-party lender issued a term loan comprised of (1) six floating rate components and (2) one fixed rate component to S4 Borrower in the amount of $769.3 million. Of the seven components, the Class B and G certificates were sold at par; however, the Class A, C, D, E and F certificates were sold at a total discount of $7.2 million. We are obligated to make monthly payments of interest with the first payment being due upon the closing of the loan, and subsequent payments beginning December 9, 2014 and continuing monthly thereafter. On May 9, 2017 and June 9, 2017, we made voluntary prepayments of $510.0 million and $100.0 million, respectively, from the proceeds of IH 2017-1 securitization transaction and cash flows from operations. On November 9, 2017, the outstanding balance of IH1 2014-3 was repaid in full.
IH2 2015-1: In January 2015, we completed our fifth securitization transaction (“IH2 2015-1”), in which 2015-1 IH2 Borrower L.P. (“S5 Borrower”), a newly-formed special purpose entity and wholly owned subsidiary of IH2, executed a loan agreement with a third-party lender. The third-party lender made a seven component term loan to S5 Borrower in the amount of $540.9 million. Six of the seven components, the Class A, B, C, D, E, and G certificates were sold at par; however, the Class F certificates were sold at a total discount of $0.6 million. The unamortized balance of this discount is included in mortgage loans, net on our condensed consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2017both March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2016.2017.
Each mortgage loan is secured by a pledge of the equity in the assets of the respective Borrower Entities, as well as first-priority mortgages on the underlying properties and a grant of security interests in all of the related personal property. As of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, a total of 45,005 and 47,616 homes, respectively, were pledged pursuant to the mortgage loans. We are obligated to make monthly payments of interest with the first payment being due upon the closing of thefor each mortgage loan, and subsequent payments beginning March 9, 2015IH 2013-1 and continuing monthly thereafter.
IH2 2015-2: In April 2015, we completed our sixth securitization transaction (“IH2 2015-2”), in which 2015-2 IH2 Borrower L.P. (“S6 Borrower”), a newly-formed special purpose entity and wholly owned subsidiary of IH2, executed a loan agreement with a third-party lender. The third-party lender made a seven component term loan to S6 Borrower in the amount of $636.7 million. All of the components of the loan were sold at par. We are obligated to makeCAH 2014-1 also required monthly payments of interestprincipal.
Transactions with the first payment being due upon the closing of the loan, and subsequent payments beginning June 9, 2015 and continuing monthly thereafter.Trusts
IH2 2015-3: In June 2015, we completed our seventh securitization transaction (“IH2 2015-3”), in which 2015-3 IH2 Borrower L.P. (“S7 Borrower”), a newly-formed special purpose entity and wholly owned subsidiary of IH2, executed a loan agreement with a third-party lender. The third-party lender made a seven component term loan to S7 Borrower in the amount of $1,194.0 million. All of the components of the loan were sold at par. We are obligated to make monthly payments of interest with the first payment being due upon the closing of the loan, and subsequent payments beginning August 7, 2015 and continuing monthly thereafter.
IH 2017-1: In April 2017, we completed our eighth securitization transaction (“IH 2017-1”), in which 2017-1 IH Borrower L.P. (“S9 Borrower”), a special purpose entity previously formed in connection with IH1 2014-1 and wholly owned subsidiary of IH1, entered into a loan agreement with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association (the “FNMA Loan”), providing for a ten-year, fixed rate mortgage loan comprised of two components with a total principal amount of $1,000.0 million, secured by first priority mortgages on a portfolio of 7,204 of our homes. The Class A certificates, which benefit from Fannie Mae’s guaranty of timely payment of principal and interest, were sold at par. The Class B certificates represent a beneficial interest in the most subordinate component of the FNMA Loan and were sold at a total discount of $3.6 million. The unamortized balance of this discount is included in mortgage loans, net on our condensed consolidated


57



balance sheets as of September 30, 2017. We are obligated to make monthly payments of interest with the first payment being due upon the closing of the loan, and subsequent payments beginning June 9, 2017 and continuing monthly thereafter.
Concurrent with the execution of each mortgage loan agreement, the respective third-party lender sold each loan it originated with us to individual depositor entities (the “Depositor Entities”) who subsequently transferred each loan to Securitization-specific trust entities (the “Trusts”). The Depositor Entities associated with the IH1 2014-2, IH1 2014-3 and IH 2017-1 securitizationsfor our Securitizations currently outstanding are wholly owned subsidiaries of IH1, the Depositor Entities associated with the IH2 2015-1, IH2 2015-2, and IH2 2015-3 securitizations are wholly owned subsidiaries of IH2, and the Depositor Entities associated with the IH1 2013-1 and IH1 2014-1 securitizations were wholly owned by unaffiliated third parties.wholly-owned subsidiaries.
As consideration for the transfer of each loan to the Trusts, the Trusts issued certificate classes which mirror the components of the individual loan agreements (collectively, the “Certificates”) to the Depositor Entities, except that Class R certificates do not have related loan components as they represent residual interests in the Trusts. The Certificates represent the entire beneficial interest in the Trusts. Following receipt of the Certificates, the Depositor Entities sold the Certificates to investors using the proceeds as consideration for the loans sold to the Depositor Entities by the lenders. These transactions had no effect on our condensed consolidated financial statements other than with respect to the Class B certificatesCertificates we retained in connection with Securitizations or purchased by INVH LP, and the Class G certificates purchased by IH1 and IH2.at a later date.
For IH1 2014-2, IH1 2014-3, IH2 2015-1, IH2 2015-2, and IH2 2015-3, the Trusts made the Class A through Class F certificates available for sale to both domestic and foreign investors. With the introduction of foreign investment, IH1 and IH2, as sponsors of the respective loans, are required to retain a portion of the risk that represents a material net economic interest in each loan. The Class G certificates for IH1 2014-2, IH1 2014-3, IH2 2015-1, IH2 2015-2, and IH2 2015-3 are equal to 5% of the original principal amount of the loans in accordance with the agreements. Per the terms of the Securitization agreements, the Class G certificates are restricted certificates and were made available exclusively to IH1 and IH2, as applicable. The Class G certificates are principal only and bear a stated annual interest rate of 0.0005%. The Class G certificates are classified as held to maturity investments and are recorded in other assets, net on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
For IH 2017-1, the Trust made the Class A certificates available for sale to both domestic and foreign investors. In accordance with risk retention requirements of Regulation RR (the “Risk Retention Rules”) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as amended (the “Exchange Act”), INVH LP, as the loan sponsor, is required to retain a portion of the credit risk that represents not less than 5% of the aggregate fair value of the loan as of the closing date. Per the terms of the agreement, the Class B certificates are restricted certificates that were made available exclusively to INVH LP. The Class B certificates pay interest and bear a stated annual interest rate of 4.17% plus applicable servicing fees. The Class B certificates are classified as held to maturity investments and are recorded in other assets, net on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
The Trusts are structured as pass throughpass-through entities that receive interest, and in the case of IH 2013-1 and CAH 2014-1 principal and interestpayments, from the Securitizations and distribute those payments to the holders of the Certificates. The assets held by the Trusts are restricted and can only be used to fulfill the obligations of those entities. The obligations of the Trusts do not have any recourse to the general credit of any entities in these condensed consolidated financial statements. We have evaluated our interests in the Class B and Gcertain certificates of the Trusts held by us (discussed below) and determined that they do not create a more than insignificant variable interest in the Trusts. Additionally, the Class B and Gretained certificates do not provide us with any ability to direct the activities that could impact the Trusts’ economic performance. Therefore, we do not consolidate the Trusts.
Retained Certificates
General Terms Beginning in April 2014, the Trusts made Certificates available for sale to both domestic and foreign investors. With the introduction of foreign investment, sponsors of the mortgage loans are required to retain a portion of the risk that represents a material net economic interest in each loan. These requirements were further refined in December 2016 pursuant to Regulation RR (the “Risk Retention Rules”) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. As such, loan sponsors


51



are now required to retain a portion of the credit risk that represents not less than 5% of the aggregate fair value of the loan as of the closing date.
To fulfill these requirements, Class G certificates for IH 2015-1, IH 2015-2, IH 2015-3, CAH 2015-1, CSH 2016-1, and CSH 2016-2 are equal to 5% of the original principal amount of the loans. Per the terms of the mortgage loan agreements, the Class G certificates are restricted certificates that were made available exclusively to the sponsor, as applicable. We retained these Class G certificates at the time of the related Securitizations, and they are principal only, bearing a stated interest rate of 0.0005%. Additionally, in certain instances, we have elected to purchase certain Class F certificates, which bear a stated annual interest rate of LIBOR plus a spread ranging from 4.80% to 5.08%.
For IH 2017-1, the Class B certificates are restricted certificates that were made available exclusively to INVH LP in order to comply with the Risk Retention Rules. The Class B certificates bear a stated annual interest rate of 4.23%, including applicable servicing fees.
For IH 2017-2, SWH 2017-1, and IH 2018-1, we retained a portion of each certificate class to meet the Risk Retention Rules. These retained certificates accrue interest at a floating rate of LIBOR plus a spread ranging from 0.76% to 3.47%.
The retained certificates total $424.4 million and $378.5 million as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, are classified as held to maturity investments, and are recorded in other assets, net on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Loan Covenants
The general terms that apply to all of the mortgage loans require us to maintain compliance with certain affirmative and negative covenants. Affirmative covenants with which we must comply include our, and certain of our affiliates’, compliance with (i) licensing, permitting and legal requirements specified in the mortgage loan agreement,agreements, (ii) organizational requirements of the jurisdictions in which we, and certain of our affiliates, are organized, (iii) federal and state tax laws, and (iv) books and records requirements specified in the respective mortgage loan agreements. Negative covenants with which we must comply include our, and certain of our affiliates’, compliance with limitations surrounding (i) the amount of our indebtedness and the nature of our investments, (ii) the execution of transactions with affiliates, (iii) the Manager, and (iv) the nature of our business activities. At September 30, 2017,As of March 31, 2018, and through the date our condensed consolidated financial statements were issued, we believe we wereare in compliance with all affirmative and negative covenants.


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Prepayments
For the mortgage loans, prepayments of amounts owed by us are generally not permitted by us under the terms of the respective mortgage loan agreements unless such prepayments are made pursuant to the voluntary election andor mandatory provisions specified in such agreements. The specified mandatory provisions become effective to the extent that a property becomes characterized as a disqualified property, a property is sold, and/or upon the occurrence of a condemnation or casualty event associated with a property. To the extent either a voluntary election is made, or a mandatory prepayment condition exists, in addition to paying all interest and principal, we must also pay certain breakage costs as determined by the loan servicer and a spread maintenance premium if prepayment occurs before the month following the one or two year anniversary of the closing dates of each of the mortgage loans except for IH 2017-1. For IH 2017-1, prepayments on or before December 2026 will require a yield maintenance premium. For the ninethree months ended September 30,March 31, 2018 and 2017, and 2016,we made voluntary and mandatory prepayments totaling $2,086.6of $873.3 million and $33.5$1,030.5 million, respectively, were made under the terms of the mortgage loan agreements.
New Credit

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Term Loan Facility and Revolving Facility
On February 6, 2017, we entered into a loan agreement with a syndicate of banks, financial institutions and institutional lenders for a new credit facility (the “New Credit“Credit Facility”)., which was amended on December 18, 2017 to include entities and homes acquired in the Mergers. The New Credit Facility provides $2,500.0 million of borrowing capacity and consists of athe $1,000.0 million revolving facility (the “Revolving Facility”),Revolving Facility, which will mature on February 6, 2021, with a one-year extension option, and a $1,500.0 million term loan facility (the “Term Loan Facility”), which will mature on February 6, 2022. The Revolving Facility also includes borrowing capacity available for letters of credit and for short-term borrowings referred to as swing line borrowings, in each case subject to certain sublimits. The New Credit Facility provides us with the option to enter into additional incremental credit facilities (including an uncommitted incremental facility that provides us with the option to increase the size of the Revolving Facility and/or the Term Loan Facility by an aggregate amount of up to $1,500.0 million), subject to certain limitations. Proceeds from the Term Loan Facility were used to repay existing indebtedness and for general corporate purposes. Proceeds from the Revolving Facility were used for general corporate purposes.
The following table sets forth a summary of the new credit facility indebtednessoutstanding principal amounts under the Credit Facility as of September 30,March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017:
      Outstanding Principle Balance
($ in thousands) Origination Date Maturity Date 
Interest Rate(1)
 September 30,
2017
Term loan facility February 6, 2017 February 6, 2022 3.03% $1,500,000
Revolving facility February 6, 2017 February 6, 2021 N/A 
Total 1,500,000
Less deferred financing costs, net (12,749)
Total $1,487,251
($ in thousands) Maturity
Date
 
Interest
Rate
(1)
 March 31,
2018
 December 31,
2017
Term loan facility February 6, 2022 3.58% $1,500,000
 $1,500,000
Deferred financing costs, net(11,305) (12,027)
Term Loan Facility, net$1,488,695
 $1,487,973
    
Revolving FacilityFebruary 6, 2021 3.63% $15,000
 $35,000
 
(1)
Interest raterates for the Term Loan Facility isand the Revolving Facility are based on LIBOR plus an applicable margin of 1.80%;1.70% and 1.75%, respectively; as of September 30, 2017,March 31, 2018, LIBOR was 1.23%1.88%.
Interest Rate and Fees
Borrowings under the New Credit Facility bear interest, at our option, at a rate equal to a margin over either (a) a LIBOR rate determined by reference to the Bloomberg LIBOR rate (or comparable or successor rate) for the interest period relevant to such borrowing, or (b) a base rate determined by reference to the highest of (1) the administrative agent’s prime lending rate, (2) the federal funds effective rate plus 0.50%, and (3) the LIBOR rate that would be payable on such day for a LIBOR rate loan with a one-month interest period plus 1.00%. The margin is based on a total leverage based grid. The margin for the Revolving Facility ranges from 0.75% to 1.30%, in the case of base rate loans, and 1.75% to 2.30%, in the case of LIBOR rate loans. The margin for the Term Loan Facility ranges from 0.70% to 1.30%, in the case of base rate loans, and 1.70% to


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2.30%, in the case of LIBOR rate loans. In addition, the New Credit Facility provides that, upon receiving an investment grade rating on its non-credit enhanced, senior unsecured long term debt of BBB- or better from Standard & Poor’s Rating Services, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., or Baa3 or better from Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (an “Investment Grade Rating Event”), we may elect to convert to a credit rating based pricing grid.
In addition to paying interest on outstanding principal under the New Credit Facility, we are required to pay a facility fee to the lenders under the Revolving Facility in respect of the unused commitments thereunder. The facility fee rate is based on the daily unused amount of the Revolving Facility and is either 0.350%0.35% or 0.200%0.20% per annum based on the unused facility amount. Upon converting to a credit rating pricing based grid, the unused facility fee will no longer apply; and we will be required to pay a facility fee ranging from 0.125% to 0.300%. We are also required to pay customary letter of credit fees.
Prepayments and Amortization
No prepayment or amortization isprincipal reductions are required under the New Credit Facility. We are permitted to voluntarily repay amounts outstanding under the Term Loan Facility at any time without premium or penalty, subject to certain minimum amounts and the payment of customary “breakage” costs with respect to LIBOR loans. Once repaid, no further borrowings will be permitted under the Term Loan Facility.


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General TermsLoan Covenants
The New Credit Facility contains certain customary affirmative and negative covenants and events of default. Such covenants will, among other things, restrict, subject to certain exceptions, our ability and that of the Subsidiary Guarantors (as defined below) and their respective subsidiaries to (i) engage in certain mergers, consolidations or liquidations, (ii) sell, lease or transfer all or substantially all of their respective assets, (iii) engage in certain transactions with affiliates, (iv) make changes to the our fiscal year, (v) make changes in the nature of our business and our subsidiaries, and (vi) incur additional indebtedness that is secured on a pari passu basis with the New Credit Facility.
The New Credit Facility also requires us, on a consolidated basis with our subsidiaries, to maintain a (i) maximum total leverage ratio, (ii) maximum secured leverage ratio, (iii) maximum unencumbered leverage ratio, (iv) minimum fixed charge coverage ratio, (v) minimum unencumbered fixed charge coverage ratio, and (vi) minimum tangible net worth. If an event of default occurs, the lenders under the New Credit Facility are entitled to take various actions, including the acceleration of amounts due under the New Credit Facility and all actions permitted to be taken by a secured creditor. At September 30, 2017,As of March 31, 2018, and through the date our condensed consolidated financial statements were issued, we believe we were in compliance with all affirmative and negative covenants.
Guarantees and Security
The obligations under the New Credit Facility are guaranteed on a joint and several basis by each of our direct and indirect domestic wholly ownedwholly-owned subsidiaries that own, directly or indirectly, unencumbered assets (the “Subsidiary Guarantors”), subject to certain exceptions. The guarantee provided by any Subsidiary Guarantor will be automatically released upon the occurrence of certain events, including if it no longer has a direct or indirect interest in an unencumbered asset or as a result of certain non-recourse refinancing transactions pursuant to which such Subsidiary Guarantor becomes contractually prohibited from providing its guaranty of the New Credit Facility. In addition, INVH may be required to provide a guarantee of the New Credit Facility under certain circumstances, including if INVH does not maintain its qualification as a REIT.real estate investment trust (“REIT”).
The New Credit Facility is collateralized by first priority or equivalent security interests in all the capital stock of, or other equity interests in, any Subsidiary Guarantor held by us and each of the Subsidiary Guarantors. The security interests granted under the New Credit Facility will be automatically released upon the occurrence of certain events, including upon an Investment Grade Rating Event or if the total net leverage ratio is less than or equal to 8.00:1.00 for four consecutive fiscal quarters.
Convertible Senior Notes
In connection with the Mergers, we assumed SWH’s convertible senior notes. In July 2014, SWH issued $230.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 3.00% convertible senior notes due 2019 (the “2019 Convertible Notes”). Interest on the 2019 Convertible Notes is payable semiannually in arrears on January 1st and July 1st of each year. The 2019 Convertible Notes will mature on July 1, 2019.
In January 2017, SWH issued $345.0 million in aggregate principal amount of 3.50% convertible senior notes due 2022 (the “2022 Convertible Notes” and together with the 2019 Convertible Notes, the “Convertible Senior Notes”). Interest on the 2022 Convertible Notes is payable semiannually in arrears on January 15th and July 15th of each year. The 2022 Convertible Notes will mature on January 15, 2022.


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Credit Facilities
All of the then-existing credit facilities were paid in full on February 6, 2017 in connection with the closing of our IPO. The following table sets forth a summarysummarizes the terms of the Convertible Senior Notes outstanding principal amounts of these credit facilities as of September 30, 2017March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2016:2017:
      
Outstanding Principal Balance(1)
($ in thousands) Origination
Date
 Range of Spreads September 30,
2017
 December 31,
2016
IH1 2015 April 3, 2015 325 bps $
 $85,492
IH2 2015 September 29, 2015 275 bps 
 43,859
IH3 2013 December 19, 2013 300-425 bps 
 932,583
IH4 2014 May 5, 2014 300-425 bps 
 529,866
IH5 2014 December 5, 2014 275-400 bps 
 564,348
IH6 2016 April 13, 2016 250-375 bps 
 165,437
Total 
 2,321,585
Less deferred financing costs, net 
 (6,044)
Total $
 $2,315,541
            Principal Amount
($ in thousands) Coupon
Rate
 
Effective
Rate
(1)
 
Conversion
Rate
(2)
 Maturity
Date
 Amortization
Period
 March 31, 2018 December 31, 2017
2019 Convertible Notes 3.00% 4.92% 53.0969
 7/1/2019 1.25 years $229,993
 $230,000
2022 Convertible Notes 3.50% 5.12% 43.7694
 1/15/2022 3.80 years 345,000
 345,000
Total574,993
 575,000
Net unamortized fair value adjustment(24,298) (26,464)
Total$550,695
 $548,536
 
(1)Outstanding Principal Balance does
Effective rate includes the effect of the adjustment to the fair value of the debt as of the Merger Date, the value of which reduced the initial liability recorded to $223.2 million and $324.3 million for each of the 2019 Convertible Notes and 2022 Convertible Notes, respectively.
(2)
We generally have the option to settle any conversions in cash, common stock or a combination thereof. The conversion rate represents the number of shares of common stock issuable per $1,000 principal amount (actual $) of Convertible Senior Notes converted at March 31, 2018, as adjusted in accordance with the applicable indentures as a result of cash dividend payments and the effects of the Mergers. The Convertible Senior Notes do not include capitalized deferred financing costs, net.meet the criteria for conversion as of March 31, 2018.
Terms of Conversion
As of March 31, 2018, the conversion rate applicable to the 2019 Convertible Notes is 53.0969 shares of our common stock per $1,000 principal amount (actual $) of the 2019 Convertible Notes (equivalent to a conversion price of approximately $18.83 per common share – actual $). The conversion rate for the 2019 Convertible Notes is subject to adjustment in some events, but will not be adjusted for any accrued and unpaid interest. In addition, following certain events that occur prior to the maturity date, we will increase the conversion rate for a holder who elects to convert its 2019 Convertible Notes in connection with such an event in certain circumstances. At any time prior to January 1, 2019, holders may convert the 2019 Convertible Notes at their option only under specific circumstances as defined in the indenture agreement, dated as of July 7, 2014, between us and our trustee, Wilmington Trust, National Association (“the Convertible Notes Trustee”). As a result of the completion of the Mergers, the 2019 Convertible Notes were convertible for a 35 trading day period, which expired January 8, 2018. On or after January 1, 2019 and until maturity, holders may convert all or any portion of the 2019 Convertible Notes at any time. Upon conversion, we will pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, common stock, or a combination of cash and common stock, at our election.
As of March 31, 2018, the conversion rate applicable to the 2022 Convertible Notes is 43.7694 shares of our common stock per $1,000 principal amount (actual $) of the 2022 Convertible Notes (equivalent to a conversion price of approximately $22.85 per common share – actual $). The conversion rate for the 2022 Convertible Notes is subject to adjustment in some events, but will not be adjusted for any accrued and unpaid interest. In addition, following certain events that occur prior to the maturity date, we will increase the conversion rate for a holder who elects to convert its 2022 Convertible Notes in connection with such an event in certain circumstances. At any time prior to July 15, 2021, holders may convert the 2022 Convertible Notes at their option only under specific circumstances as defined in the indenture agreement, dated as of January 10, 2017, between us and the Convertible Notes Trustee. As a result of the completion of the Mergers, the 2022 Convertible Notes were convertible for a 35 trading day period, which expired January 8, 2018. On or after July 15, 2021 and until maturity, holders may convert all or any portion of the 2022 Convertible Notes at any time. Upon conversion, we will pay or deliver, as the case may be, cash, common stock, or a combination of cash and common stock, at our election.
General Terms
We may not redeem the Convertible Senior Notes prior to their maturity dates except to the extent necessary to preserve our status as a REIT for United States federal income tax purposes, as further described in the indentures. If we undergo a fundamental change as defined in the indentures, holders may require us to repurchase for cash all or any portion of their


55



Convertible Senior Notes at a fundamental change repurchase price equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Convertible Senior Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the fundamental change repurchase date.
The indentures contain customary terms and covenants and events of default. If an event of default occurs and is continuing, the Convertible Notes Trustee, by notice to us, or the holders of at least 25% in aggregate principal amount of the outstanding Convertible Senior Notes, by notice to us and the Convertible Notes Trustee, may, and the Convertible Notes Trustee at the request of such holders shall, declare 100% of the principal of and accrued and unpaid interest on all the Convertible Senior Notes to be due and payable. In the case of an event of default arising out of certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization in respect to us (as set forth in the indentures), 100% of the principal of and accrued and unpaid interest on the Convertible Senior Notes will automatically become due and payable.
Certain Hedging Arrangements
From time to time, we enter into derivative instruments to manage the economic risk of changes in interest rates. We do not enter into derivative transactions for speculative or trading purposes. Designated hedges are derivatives that meet the criteria for hedge accounting and for which we have elected to designate them as hedges. Non-designated hedges are derivatives that do not meet the criteria for hedge accounting or which we did not elect to designate as accounting hedges.
Designated Hedges
We have entered into various interest rate swap agreements, as outlined inwhich are used to hedge the table below.variable cash flows associated with variable-rate interest payments. Certain of the Invitation Homes Partnerships and certain Borrower Entities guaranteed the obligations under each of the interest rate swaps from the date the swaps were entered into through the date of the IPO. Each of these swaps werewas accounted for as a non-designated hedgeshedge until January 31, 2017, when the criteria for hedge accounting were met as a result of the Pre-IPO Transactions described in “—Overview.”Transactions. At that time, we designated these swaps for hedge accounting purposes; andpurposes. Subsequent to that date, changes in the effective portion thereof isfair value of these swaps are recorded in other comprehensive income subsequentand are subsequently reclassified into earnings in the period in which the hedged forecasted transactions affect earnings.
In addition, in connection with the Mergers, we acquired various interest rate swap instruments, which we designated for hedge accounting purposes. On the Merger Date, we recorded these interest rate swaps at their aggregate estimated fair value of $21.1 million. Over the terms of each swap, an amount equal to that date.the Merger Date fair value will be amortized and recorded as an increase in interest expense and accumulated other comprehensive income.
The table below summarizes our interest rate swap instruments as of September 30, 2017March 31, 2018 ($ in thousands):
Agreement Date Forward
Effective Date
 Maturity Date Strike Rate Index Notional Amount Forward
Effective Date
 Maturity
Date
 Strike
Rate
 Index Notional
Amount
December 21, 2016 February 28, 2017 January 31, 2022 1.97% One-month LIBOR $750,000
 February 28, 2017 January 31, 2022 1.97% One-month LIBOR $750,000
December 21, 2016 February 28, 2017 January 31, 2022 1.97% One-month LIBOR 750,000
 February 28, 2017 January 31, 2022 1.97% One-month LIBOR 750,000
January 12, 2017 February 28, 2017 August 7, 2020 1.59% One-month LIBOR 1,100,000
 February 28, 2017 August 7, 2020 1.59% One-month LIBOR 1,100,000
January 13, 2017 February 28, 2017 June 9, 2020 1.63% One-month LIBOR 595,000
 February 28, 2017 June 9, 2020 1.63% One-month LIBOR 595,000
January 20, 2017 February 28, 2017 March 9, 2020 1.60% One-month LIBOR 325,000
 February 28, 2017 March 9, 2020 1.60% One-month LIBOR 325,000
June 3, 2016 July 15, 2017 July 15, 2018 0.93% One-month LIBOR 450,000
January 10, 2017 January 15, 2018 January 15, 2019 1.58% One-month LIBOR 550,000
February 23, 2016 March 15, 2018 March 15, 2019 1.10% One-month LIBOR 800,000
February 23, 2016 March 15, 2018 March 15, 2019 1.06% One-month LIBOR 800,000
June 3, 2016 July 15, 2018 July 15, 2019 1.12% One-month LIBOR 450,000
January 10, 2017 January 15, 2019 January 15, 2020 1.93% One-month LIBOR 550,000
March 29, 2017 March 15, 2019 March 15, 2022 2.21% One-month LIBOR 800,000
June 3, 2016 July 15, 2019 July 15, 2020 1.30% One-month LIBOR 450,000
January 10, 2017 January 15, 2020 January 15, 2021 2.13% One-month LIBOR 550,000
June 3, 2016 July 15, 2020 July 15, 2021 1.47% One-month LIBOR 450,000
January 10, 2017 January 15, 2021 July 15, 2021 2.23% One-month LIBOR 550,000
The effective portion of changes in the fair value of derivatives designated and that qualify as cash flow hedges is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income on the condensed consolidated balance sheets and is subsequently reclassified into earnings in the period that the hedged forecasted transaction affects earnings.

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During the ninethree months ended September 30, 2017,March 31, 2018, such derivatives were used to hedge the variable cash flows associated with existing variable-rate interest payments. The ineffective portion of the changeAmounts reported in fair value of the derivatives is recognized directly in earnings. Changes in fair valueaccumulated other comprehensive income related to derivatives will be reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on our variable-rate debt. During the ineffective portion of our Designated Hedges resulted in an unrealized gain of less than $0.3next 12 months, we estimate that $25.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, which is includedwill be reclassified to earnings as a decrease in interest expenseexpense.
On April 19, 2018, we entered into four interest rate swap agreements that effectively convert $1,600.0 million of existing floating rate debt to fixed rate debt. On May 8, 2018, we entered into two additional interest rate swap agreements that effectively convert $920.0 millionof existing floating rate debt to fixed rate debt. The table below summarizes the terms and conditions of these interest rate swap agreements ($ in our condensed consolidated statements of operations.thousands):
Agreement Date Forward
Effective Date
 Maturity
Date
 Strike
Rate
 Index Notional
Amount
April 19, 2018 January 31, 2019 January 31, 2025 2.86% One-month LIBOR $400,000
April 19, 2018 March 15, 2019 November 30, 2024 2.85% One-month LIBOR 400,000
April 19, 2018 March 15, 2019 February 28, 2025 2.86% One-month LIBOR 400,000
April 19, 2018 January 31, 2020 November 30, 2024 2.90% One-month LIBOR 400,000
May 8, 2018 March 9, 2020 June 9, 2025 2.99% One-month LIBOR 325,000
May 8, 2018 June 9, 2020 June 9, 2025 2.99% One-month LIBOR 595,000
Non-Designated Hedges
Concurrent with entering into certain of the mortgage loan agreements and in connection with the Mergers, we entered into or acquired and maintain interest rate cap agreements with terms and notional amounts equivalent to the terms and amounts of the mortgage loans made by the third-party lenders


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and with strike prices ranging from approximately 2.59%2.83% to 3.39%3.74% (collectively, the “Strike Prices”). To the extent that the maturity date of one or more of the mortgage loans is extended through an exercise of one or more of the extension options, replacement or extension interest rate cap agreements must be executed with terms similar to those associated with the initial interest rate cap agreements and strike prices equal to the greater of the Strike Prices and the interest rate at which the debt service coverage ratio (as defined) is not less than 1.2 to 1.0. The interest rate cap agreements, including all of our rights to payments owed by the counterpartycounterparties and all other rights, have been pledged as additional collateral for the mortgage loans.
Purchase of Outstanding Debt Securities or Loans
As market conditions warrant, we and our equity investors, including our Sponsor, its affiliates, and members of our management, may from time to time seek to purchase our outstanding debt, including borrowings under our credit facilities and mortgage loans or debt securities that we may issue in the future, in privately negotiated or open market transactions, by tender offer or otherwise. Subject to any applicable limitations contained in the agreements governing our indebtedness, any purchases made by us may be funded by the use of cash on our balance sheet or the incurrence of new secured or unsecured debt, including borrowings under our credit facilities and mortgage loans. The amounts involved in any such purchase transactions, individually or in the aggregate, may be material. Any such purchases may be with respect to a substantial amount of a particular class or series of debt, with the attendant reduction in the trading liquidity of such class or series. In addition, any such purchases made at prices below the “adjusted issue price” (as defined for U.S.United States federal income tax purposes) may result in taxable cancellation of indebtedness income to us, which amounts may be material, and in related adverse tax consequences to us.


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Cash Flows
NineThree Months Ended September 30, 2017March 31, 2018 Compared to NineThree Months Ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017
The following table summarizes our cash flows for the ninethree months ended September 30, 2017March 31, 2018 and 2016:2017:
Nine Months Ended September 30,     Three Months Ended
March 31,
    
($ in thousands)2017 2016 $ Change % Change 2018 2017 $ Change % Change
Net cash provided by operating activities$267,267
 $247,709
 $19,558
 7.9% $130,080
 $76,074
 $54,006
 71.0 %
Net cash used in investing activities(11,429) (298,785) 287,356
 96.2%
Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities(319,516) 50,398
 (369,914) N/M
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities (101,998) 28,398
 (130,396) (459.2)%
Net cash used in financing activities (53,896) (188,064) 134,168
 71.3 %
Change in cash and cash equivalents$(63,678) $(678) $(63,000) N/M
 $(25,814)
$(83,592)
$57,778
 69.1 %
Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities was $267.3 million and $247.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively, an increase of 7.9%. The increase was primarily driven by an increase in net operating income from $417.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 to $450.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 due to revenue growth higher than operating expense growth. Our net loss increased from $(51.6) million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 to $(59.4) million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, which was offset by a $51.4 million increase in share-based compensation expense. Our cash flows provided by operating activities depend on numerous factors, including the occupancy level of our homes, the rental rates achieved on our leases, the collection of rent from our residents, and the amount of our operating and other expenses. Net cash provided by operating activities was $130.1 million and $76.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, an increase of 71.0%. The increase in cash provided by operating activities was primarily driven by the significant increase in the number of homes owned.
Investing Activities
Net cash used in(used in) provided by investing activities primarily consists of the acquisition costs of homes, capital improvements, changes in restricted cash, and proceeds from property sales. Net cash used in(used in) provided by investing activities was $11.4$102.0 million and $298.8$28.4 million for the ninethree months ended September 30,March 31, 2018 and 2017, and 2016, respectively, leading to an increasea decrease in cash provided by investing activities of $287.4$130.4 million between the periods. The increasedecrease was partiallyprimarily due to the release of restricted cash in connection with the repayment of our credit facilities and the IH1 2013-1 and IH1 2014-1 mortgage loans during the


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nine months ended September 30, 2017 resulting in an increase of $120.1 million. Additionally, there was a decrease in the number of homes acquired, from 1,135121 homes during the ninethree months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 to 620190 homes during the ninethree months ended September 30, 2017,March 31, 2018, which resulted in $130.5$30.6 million lessmore in acquisition and renovation andspend. Other capital expenditure spend. Theexpenditures increased $20.4 million primarily driven by the significant increase in the number of homes owned. The decrease in the number of homes sold during 2017the three months ended March 31, 2018 of 1,051251 compared to 842 homes501 during the ninethree months ended September 30, 2016March 31, 2017 resulted in an increasea decrease in the amount of proceeds from sale of residential properties of $45.6$22.5 million. Additionally, an increase in investments in debt securities of $45.8 million resulting from the application of risk retention rules to our IH 2018-1 mortgage loan.
Financing Activities
Net cash (used in) provided byused in financing activities was $(319.5)$53.9 million and $50.4$188.1 million for the ninethree months ended September 30,March 31, 2018 and 2017, and 2016, respectively, or a decreasean increase in cash of $369.9$134.2 million. ForDuring the ninethree months ended September 30,March 31, 2018, proceeds from our IH 2018-1 mortgage loan of $916.6 million, along with proceeds from home sales and operating cash flows, were used to repay $873.3 million of our mortgage loans, including full repayment of the CAH 2014-1 and CAH 2014-2 mortgage loans, $20.0 million of our Term Loan Facility, to fund $11.8 million of deferred financing costs associated with the IH 2018-1 mortgage loan, and for dividend payments which totaled $57.4 million. During the three months ended March 31, 2017, we received $1,692.1 million in proceeds, net of underwriting discounts, from our IPO. The IPO while during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 equity investors contributed $138.0proceeds, $1,500.0 million of capital. Proceedsproceeds from our IPO, Term Loan Facility, and the IH 2017-1 mortgage loan of $4,188.5 million, along with proceeds from home sales and operating cash flows were used to repay $2,321.6 million of then-outstanding credit facilities and $2,086.6$1,030.5 million of mortgage loans, including full repayment of the IH1IH 2013-1 mortgage loan and IH1 2014-1 mortgage loans, and $610.0$551.5 million on the IH1 2014-3IH 2014-1 mortgage loan, and to fund $42.1$24.5 million of deferred financing costs associated with the Term Loan Facility and IH 2017-1 mortgage loan.Facility.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
We have no obligations, assets, or liabilities that would be consideredmaterial off-balance sheet arrangements.arrangements as defined in Item 303(a)(4) of Regulation S-K.


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Contractual Obligations
We have updated ourOur contractual obligations previously provided in our Annual Report on Form 10-K foras of March 31, 2018, consisted of the year ended December 31, 2016 for material changes to our financing arrangements that occurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2017:following:
($ in thousands)Total 
2017(1)
 2018-2019 2020-2021 Thereafter
Mortgage loans(2)
$4,612,759
 $184,234
 $3,123,257
 $83,056
 $1,222,212
Term loan facility(2)
1,697,739
 11,456
 90,900
 90,900
 1,504,483
Interest rate swaps(3)
216,651
 15,486
 123,888
 74,814
 2,463
Totals$6,527,149
 $211,176
 $3,338,045
 $248,770
 $2,729,158
($ in thousands) Total 
2018(1)
 2019-2020 2021-2022 Thereafter
Mortgage loans, net(2)(3)
 $8,992,073
 $220,326
 $3,496,102
 $1,424,721
 $3,850,924
Term Loan Facility, net(2)
 1,707,002
 40,459
 107,400
 1,559,143
 
Revolving Facility(2)(3)(4)
 30,388
 3,008
 7,984
 19,396
 
Convertible Senior Notes(5)
 633,642
 9,487
 261,043
 363,112
 
Interest rate swaps(6)(7)
 15,634
 1,024
 8,754
 5,856
 
Purchase commitments(8)
 81,814
 81,814
 
 
 
Operating lease obligations 21,827
 4,380
 9,160
 5,968
 2,319
Capital lease obligations 227
 66
 161
 
 
Total $11,482,607
 $360,564
 $3,890,604
 $3,378,196
 $3,853,243
 
(1)Includes estimated payments for the remaining threenine months of 2017.2018.
(2)Includes estimated interest payments on the respective debt based on amounts outstanding as of September 30, 2017March 31, 2018 at rates in effect as of such date.date; as of March 31, 2018, LIBOR was 1.88%.
(3)Gross obligation
Represents the maturity date if we exercise each of the remaining one-year extension options available, which are subject to certain conditions being met. See Part I. Item 1. “Financial Statements — Note 6 of Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements” for a description of maturity dates without consideration of extension options. On May 8, 2018, IH 2015-1 and IH 2015-2 were repaid in full with the proceeds from IH 2018-2, a new securitization transaction. The net result of the repayments and new securitization will be to reduce 2020 obligations by $1,154.9 million to be replaced with obligations totaling $1,057.2 million due on June 9, 2020 with five one-year extension options.
(4)Includes the related unused commitment fee.
(5)Obligations are calculated using strike prices established by each instrument.coupon rates of the Convertible Senior Notes.
(6)Net obligations calculated using LIBOR as of March 31, 2018, or 1.88%.
(7)Excludes incremental obligations totaling $142.9 million related to six new interest rate swap agreements that we entered into subsequent to March 31, 2018. The incremental obligations commence in 2019 and continue through 2025 and are calculated using LIBOR as of March 31, 2018.
(8)Represents commitments to acquire 326 single-family rental homes, as of March 31, 2018. Subsequent to March 31, 2018, we amended certain of these purchase agreements and canceled the purchase of a total of 196 properties with an aggregate purchase price of $45.4 million.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Critical accounting policies are those accounting policies that management believes are important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results and require management’s most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. TheWe believe that our critical accounting policies pertain to the following: (i) our investments in single-family residential properties, including related cost capitalization, depreciable lives, and provisions for impairment; (ii) derivative financial instruments; (iii) revenue recognition and resident receivables; and (iv) share-based compensation expense. These critical policies and estimates are summarized in Management’sPart II. Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsOperations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016 with respect to cost capitalization, provisions for impairment, and revenue recognition and resident receivables. Material10-K. There were no material changes during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 to our critical accounting policies are presented below:during the three months ended March 31, 2018.
For a discussion of recently adopted accounting standards, see Part I. Item 1. “Financial Statements — Note 2 of Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.”


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Investments in Single-Family Residential Properties
Upon acquisition,As an emerging growth company, we evaluate our acquired single-family residential properties for purposes of determining whether a transaction should be accounted for as an asset acquisition or business combination. Upon adoption of ASU 2017-01, our purchases of homes are treated as acquisitions and are recorded at their purchase price which is allocated between land, building and improvements, and in-place lease intangibles (when a tenant is in place at the acquisition date) based upon their relative fair values at the date of acquisition. The purchase price for purposes of this allocation is inclusive of acquisition costs which typically include legal fees, bidding service and title fees, payments madeeligible to cure tax, utility, homeowners’ association (“HOA”), and other mechanic’s and miscellaneous liens, as well as other closing costs. The fair values of acquired in-place lease intangibles, if any, are based on the costs to execute similar leases, including commissions and other related costs. The origination value of in-place lease intangibles also includes an estimate of lost rent revenue at in-place rental rates during the estimated time required to lease the property. The in-place lease intangibles are amortized over the life of the leases and are recorded in other assets, net on our condensed consolidated balance sheets.
Prior to our adoption of ASU 2017-01 effective January 1, 2017, acquisition costs for transactions accounted for as business combinations were expensed in the period in which they were incurred and were reflected in other expenses in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of operations.
Derivatives
We enter into interest rate swap and interest rate cap agreements (collectively, “Hedging Derivatives”) for interest rate risk management purposes. We do not enter into Hedging Derivatives for trading or other speculative purposes, and all of our Hedging Derivatives are carried at fair value on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. Designated hedges are derivatives that meet the criteria for hedge accounting and that we have elected to designate as hedges. Non-designated hedges are derivatives that do not meet the criteria for hedge accounting or that we have not elected to designate as hedges.
Pursuant to the termstake advantage of certain of our mortgage loans, weexemptions from various reporting requirements that are requiredapplicable to maintain interest rate caps.other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. We have irrevocably elected not to designate these interest cap agreements for hedge accounting (collectively, the “Non-Designated Hedges”). We enter into interest rate swap agreements to hedge the risk arising from changes in our interest payments on variable-rate debt due to changes in the one-month London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”). In connection with the Pre-IPO Transactions, as of January 31, 2017, we have elected to account for our interest rate swap agreements as effective cash flow hedges (collectively, the “Designated Hedges”). We assess the effectiveness of these interest rate swap cash flow hedging relationships on an ongoing basis. The effect of these interest rate cap agreements and interest rate swap agreements is to reduce the variability of interest payments due to changes in LIBOR.
The fair value of Hedging Derivatives that are in an asset position are included in other assets, net and those in a liability position are included in other liabilities on our condensed consolidated balance sheets. For Non-Designated Hedges, the related changes in fair value are reflected within interest expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. For Designated Hedges, the effective portiontake advantage of the related changes in fair value is reported as a componentextension of other comprehensive income (loss) on our condensed consolidated balance sheets and reclassified into earnings as interest expense in our condensed consolidated statements of operations when the hedged transactions affect earnings; the ineffective portiontime to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards available under Section 102(b) of the changes in fair value is reflected directly within interest expense in the condensed consolidated statements of operations. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources” for further discussion of derivative financial instruments.
Share-Based Compensation Expense
Prior to the IPO, we recognized share-based compensation expense for incentive compensation units granted by the Invitation Homes Partnerships (the “Class B Units”). In connection with and subsequent to the IPO, we issued restricted stock units (“RSUs”) that settle in shares of common stock and restricted shares of common stock (“RSAs”) for which share-based compensation expense is recognized.
We recognized share-based compensation expense for the Class B Units based on the estimated fair value of the Class B Units and vesting conditions of the related incentive unit agreements. Since the Class B Units granted by IH1 were granted to employees of the Manager, a wholly owned subsidiary of IH1, the related share-based compensation expense was based on the grant-date fair value of the units and recognized in expense over the service period. Because units in IH2, IH3, IH4, IH5, and IH6 were granted to non-employees of those respective partnerships, fair value was remeasured for non-vested units at


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the end of each reporting period. The fair value of the Class B Units was determined based on a valuation model that took into account discounted cash flows and a market approach based on comparable companies and transactions.
We recognize share-based compensation expense for the RSUs and RSAs based on their grant-date fair value, net of expected forfeitures, over the service period from the grant date to vest date for each tranche or when any applicable performance conditions are met in accordance with the related RSU and RSA agreements. The grant-date fair value of RSUs and RSAs is generally based on the closing price of our common stock on the grant date except for market based RSU grant‑date fair values which are based on Monte-Carlo option pricing models.
Additional compensation expense is recognized if modifications to existing incentive compensation unit, RSU, or RSA agreements result in an increase in the post-modification fair value of the units that exceeds their pre-modification fair value.JOBS Act.
Segment Reporting
Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise for which discrete financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. Our CODM is the Chief Executive Officer.
Under the provision of ASC 280, Segment Reporting, we have determined that we have one reportable segment related to acquiring, renovating, leasing, and operating single-family homes as rental properties, including single-family homes in planned unit developments. The CODM evaluates operating performance and allocates resources on a total portfolio basis. The CODM utilizes net operating incomeNOI as the primary measure to evaluate performance of the total portfolio. The aggregation of individual homes constitutes the total portfolio. Decisions regarding acquisitions and dispositions of homes are made at the individual home level.
Non-GAAP Measures
EBITDA, EBITDAre and Adjusted EBITDAre
EBITDA, EBITDAre, and Adjusted EBITDA
EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDAre are supplemental, non-GAAP measures often utilized to evaluate the performance of real estate companies. We define EBITDA as net income (loss)or loss computed in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) before the following items: interest expense; income tax expense; and depreciation and amortization. National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“Nareit”) recommends as a best practice that REITs operating as real estate companies which report an EBITDA performance measure also report EBITDAre in all financial reports for periods beginning after December 31, 2017. We define EBITDAre, consistent with the Nareit definition, as EBITDA, further adjusted for gain on sale of property, net of tax and impairment on depreciated real estate investments.
Adjusted EBITDAre is defined as EBITDAre before the following items: share-based compensation expense; IPO related expenses, impairmentexpenses; merger and other;transaction-related expenses; severance; casualty losses, net; acquisition costs; gain (loss) on sale of property, net of tax; and interest income and other miscellaneous income and expenses. EBITDA, EBITDAre, and Adjusted EBITDAre are used as supplemental financial performance measures by management and by external users of our financial statements, such as investors and commercial banks. Set forth below is additional detail on how management uses EBITDA, EBITDAre, and Adjusted EBITDAre as measures of performance.
Our management uses EBITDA, EBITDAre, and Adjusted EBITDAre in a number of ways to assess our condensed consolidated financial and operating performance, and we believe these measures are helpful to management and external users in identifying trends in our performance. EBITDA, EBITDAre, and Adjusted EBITDAre help management identify controllable expenses and make decisions designed to help us meet our current financial goals and optimize our financial performance, while neutralizing the impact of capital structure on results. Accordingly, we believe these metrics measure our financial performance based on operational factors that management can impact in the short-term, namely our cost structure and expenses.
We believe that the presentation of EBITDA, EBITDAre, and Adjusted EBITDAre provides information useful to investors in assessing our financial condition and results of operations. The GAAP measure most directly comparable to EBITDA, EBITDAre, and Adjusted EBITDAre is net income or loss. EBITDA, EBITDAre, and Adjusted EBITDAre are not used as measures of our liquidity and should not be considered alternatives to net income or loss or any other measure of financial performance presented in accordance with GAAP. Our EBITDA, EBITDAre, and Adjusted EBITDAre may not be comparable to the EBITDA, EBITDAre, and Adjusted EBITDAre of other companies due to the fact that not all companies use the same definitions of EBITDA, EBITDAre, and Adjusted EBITDA.EBITDAre. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that our basis for computing these non-GAAP measures is comparable with that of other companies.


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The following table presents a reconciliation of GAAP net income (loss)loss to EBITDA, EBITDAre, and Adjusted EBITDAre as determined in accordance with GAAP on a historical basis for each of the periods indicated:
 Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, Three Months Ended
March 31,
($ in thousands) 2017 2016 2017 2016 2018 2017
Net loss available to common shareholders $(22,745) $(21,949) $(59,716) $(51,590) $(17,491) $(42,391)
Net loss available to participating securities 235
 
 344
 
 222
 
Non-controlling interests (311) 
Interest expense 56,796
 68,365
 182,726
 209,165
 92,299
 68,572
Depreciation and amortization 67,466
 66,480
 202,558
 198,261
 144,500
 67,577
EBITDA 101,752

112,896

325,912

355,836
 219,219

93,758
Gain on sale of property, net of tax (5,502) (14,321)
Impairment on depreciated real estate investments 603
 1,037
EBITDAre
 214,320

80,474
Share-based compensation expense(1)
 12,004
 4,711
 64,464
 13,023
 9,498
 44,244
IPO related expenses 
 4,081
 8,287
 4,081
 
 7,631
Merger and transaction-related 4,944
 
 4,944
 
Impairment and other(2)
 14,572
 1,279
 16,482
 1,642
Acquisition costs 
 
 
 42
Gain on sale of property, net of tax (3,756) (2,966) (28,239) (13,178)
Merger and transaction-related expenses 4,367
 
Severance 2,659
 
Casualty losses, net(2)
 5,518
 167
Other, net(3)
 (613) 1,057
 482
 983
 (1,736) 226
Adjusted EBITDA $128,903

$121,058

$392,332

$362,429
Adjusted EBITDAre
 $234,626

$132,742
 
(1)For the three months ended September 30,March 31, 2018 and 2017, $7,554 and 2016, $9,309 and $4,665$40,271 was recorded in general and administrative expense, respectively, and $2,695$1,944 and $46 was recorded in property management expense, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, $56,460 and $12,724 was recorded in general and administrative expense, respectively, and $8,004 and $299$3,973 was recorded in property management expense, respectively.
(2)
Includes accrual of $16,000$4,183 for losses/damages related to HurricaneHurricanes Irma and Harvey for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017. March 31, 2018.
(3)Includes interest income and other miscellaneous income and expenses.
Net Operating Income (“NOI”)
NOI is a non-GAAP measure often used to evaluate the performance of real estate companies. We define NOI for an identified population of homes as rental revenues and other property income less property operating and maintenance expense (which consists primarily of property taxes, insurance, HOA fees (when applicable), market-level personnel expenses, repairs and maintenance, leasing costs, and marketing)marketing expense). NOI excludes: interest expense; depreciation and amortization; general and administrative expense; property management expense; impairment and other; acquisition costs; (gain) loss on sale of property, net of tax; and interest income and other miscellaneous income and expenses.
We consider NOI to be a meaningful supplemental financial measure of our performance when considered with the financial statements determined in accordance with GAAP. We believe NOI is helpful to investors in understanding the core performance of our real estate operations. The GAAP measure most directly comparable to NOI is net income or loss. NOI is not used as a measure of liquidity and should not be considered as an alternative to net income or loss or any other measure of financial performance presented in accordance with GAAP. Our NOI may not be comparable to the NOI of other companies due to the fact that not all companies use the same definition of NOI. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that our basis for computing this non-GAAP measure is comparable with that of other companies.
We believe that Same Store NOI is also a meaningful supplemental measure of our operating performance for the same reasons as NOI and is further helpful to investors as it provides a more consistent measurement of our performance across reporting periods by reflecting NOI for homes in our Same Store portfolio.


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The following table presents a reconciliation of GAAP net income (loss)loss to NOI for our total portfolio and NOI for our Same Store portfolio as determined in accordance with GAAP on a historical basis for each of the periods indicated:
 Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, Three Months Ended
March 31,
($ in thousands) 2017 2016 2017 2016 2018 2017
Net loss available to common shareholders $(22,745) $(21,949) $(59,716) $(51,590) $(17,491) $(42,391)
Net loss available to participating securities 235
 
 344
 
 222
 
Non-controlling interests (311) 
Interest expense 56,796
 68,365
 182,726
 209,165
 92,299
 68,572
Depreciation and amortization 67,466
 66,480
 202,558
 198,261
 144,500
 67,577
General and administrative(1)
 27,462
 18,811
 104,154
 49,579
 27,636
 58,266
Property management expense(2)
 10,852
 7,715
 31,436
 22,638
 17,164
 11,449
Impairment and other(3)
 14,572
 1,279
 16,482
 1,642
 6,121
 1,204
Acquisition costs 
 
 
 42
Gain on sale of property, net of tax (3,756) (2,966) (28,239) (13,178) (5,502) (14,321)
Other, net(4)
 (613) 1,057
 482
 983
 (1,736) 226
NOI (total portfolio) 150,269
 138,792
 450,227
 417,542
 262,902

150,582
Starwood Waypoint Homes NOI(5)
 
 90,852
Non-Same Store NOI (14,500) (13,183) (42,562) (35,652) (28,442)
(15,015)
NOI (Same Store portfolio)(5)
 $135,769
 $125,609
 $407,665
 $381,890
NOI (Same Store portfolio)(6)
 $234,460
 $226,419
 
(1)Includes $9,309$7,554 and $4,665$40,271 of share-based compensation expense for the three months ended September 30,March 31, 2018 and 2017, and 2016, respectively. Includes $56,460 and $12,724 of share-based compensation expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
(2)Includes $2,695$1,944 and $46$3,973 of share-based compensation expense for the three months ended September 30,March 31, 2018 and 2017, and 2016, respectively. Includes $8,004 and $299 of share-based compensation expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
(3)
Includes accrual of $16,000$4,183 for losses/damages related to HurricaneHurricanes Irma and Harvey for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017. March 31, 2018.
(4)Includes interest income and other miscellaneous income and expenses.
(5)Represents NOI generated by SWH prior to its merger with Invitation Homes, expressed using Invitation Homes' definition of NOI.
(6)The Same Store portfolio (consisting of homes which had commenced their initial post-renovation lease prior to October 3rd1st of the year prior to the first year of the comparison period) totaled 72,109 homes are 42,795.for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017.
Funds from Operations, (“FFO”), Core Funds from Operations, and Adjusted Funds from Operations
FFO, Core FFO, and Adjusted FFO are supplemental, non-GAAP measures often utilized to evaluate the performance of real estate companies. FFO is defined by the National Association of Real Estate Investment TrustsNareit as net income or loss (computed in accordance with GAAP) excluding net gains or losses from sales of previously depreciated real estate assets, plus depreciation, amortization and impairment of real estate assets, and adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures.
We believe that FFO is a meaningful supplemental measure of the operating performance of our business because historical cost accounting for real estate assets in accordance with GAAP assumes that the value of real estate assets diminishes predictably over time, as reflected through depreciation and amortization. Because real estate values have historically risen or fallen with market conditions, management considers FFO an appropriate supplemental performance measure as it excludes historical cost depreciation and amortization, impairment on depreciated real estate investments, as well as gains or losses related to sales of previously depreciated homes, as well non-controlling interests, from GAAP net income or loss. By excluding depreciation and amortization and gains or losses on sales of real estate, management uses FFO to measure returns on its investments in homes. However, FFO excludes depreciation and amortization and captures neither the changes in the value of the homes that result from use or market conditions nor the level of capital expenditures to maintain the operating performance of the homes, all of which have real economic effect and could materially affect our results from operations, the utility of FFO as a measure of our performance is limited.


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Management also believes that FFO, combined with the required GAAP presentations, is useful to investors in providing more meaningful comparisons of the operating performance of a company’s real estate between periods or as compared to other companies. The GAAP measure most directly comparable to FFO is net income or loss. FFO is not used as a measure of our liquidity and should not be considered an alternative to net income or loss or any other measure of financial performance presented in accordance with GAAP. Our FFO may not be comparable to the FFO of other companies due to the fact that not all companies use the same definition of FFO. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that our basis for computing this non-GAAP measures is comparable with that of other companies.
We believe that Core FFO and Adjusted FFO are also meaningful supplemental measures of our operating performance for the same reasons as FFO and are further helpful to investors as they provides a more consistent measurement of our performance across reporting periods by removing the impact of certain items that are not comparable from period to period. We define Core FFO as FFO adjusted for noncash interest expense related to amortization of deferred financing costs, andloan discounts, related to our financing arrangements, noncash interest expense for derivatives, share-based compensation expense, IPO related expenses, merger and transaction-related expenses, severance expenses,expense, casualty losses, net, and acquisition costs, as applicable. We define Adjusted FFO as Core FFO less recurring capital expenditures that are necessary to help preserve the value of and maintain functionality of our homes. The GAAP measure most directly comparable to Core FFO and Adjusted FFO is net income or loss. Core FFO and Adjusted FFO are not used as measures of our liquidity and should not be considered alternatives to net income or loss or any other measure of financial performance presented in accordance with GAAP. Our Core FFO and Adjusted FFO may not be comparable to the Core FFO and Adjusted FFO of other companies due to the fact that not all companies use the same definition of Core FFO and Adjusted FFO. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that our basis for computing this non-GAAP measures is comparable with that of other companies.


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The following table presents a reconciliation of GAAP net income (loss)loss to FFO, Core FFO, and Adjusted FFO as determined in accordance with GAAP on a historical basis for each of the periods indicated:
 Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended September 30, Three Months Ended
March 31,
(in thousands, except share and per share data) 2017 2016 2017 2016
(in thousands, except shares and per share data) 2018 2017
Net loss available to common shareholders $(22,745) $(21,949) $(59,716) $(51,590) $(17,491) $(42,391)
Add (deduct) adjustments from net loss available to common shareholders to derive FFO:        
Add (deduct) adjustments from net loss to derive FFO:    
Net loss available to participating securities 235
 
 344
 
 222
 
Non-controlling interests (311) 
Depreciation and amortization on real estate assets 66,671
 65,446
 200,023
 194,630
 143,108
 66,653
Impairment on depreciated real estate investments 424
 1,076
 1,556
 1,595
 603
 1,037
Net gain on sale of previously depreciated investments in real estate (3,756) (2,966) (28,239) (13,178) (5,502) (14,321)
FFO 40,829
 41,607
 113,968
 131,457
 120,629

10,978
Noncash interest expense related to amortization of deferred financing costs, mortgage loan discounts and noncash interest expense from derivatives 3,473
 11,665
 23,744
 41,481
Noncash interest expense related to amortization of deferred financing costs, loan discounts and noncash interest expense from derivatives 8,495
 15,134
Share-based compensation expense(1)
 12,004
 4,711
 64,464
 13,023
 9,498
 44,244
IPO related expenses 
 4,081
 8,287
 4,081
 
 7,631
Merger and transaction-related 4,944
 
 4,944
 
Merger and transaction-related expenses 4,367
 
Severance expense (20) 377
 417
 2,285
 2,659
 45
Casualty losses, net(2)
 14,148
 203
 14,926
 47
 5,518
 167
Acquisition costs 
 
 
 42
Core FFO 75,378
 62,644
 230,750
 192,416
 151,166

78,199
Recurring capital expenditures (13,391) (14,324) (34,225) (37,231) (25,393) (9,229)
Adjusted FFO $61,987
 $48,320
 $196,525
 $155,185
 $125,773

$68,970
        
        
 Three Months Ended September 30,
2017
   February 1, 2017
through
September 30,
2017
      
Weighted average common shares outstanding — diluted(3)
 311,559,780
   311,674,226
   530,314,568
 311,948,259
            
FFO per common share – diluted $0.13
   $0.37
   $0.23
 $0.04
Core FFO per common share – diluted $0.24
   $0.74
   $0.29
 $0.25
AFFO per common share – diluted $0.20
   $0.63
   $0.24
 $0.22
 
(1)For the three months ended September 30,March 31, 2018 and 2017, $7,554 and 2016, $9,309 and $4,665$40,271 was recorded in general and administrative expense, respectively, and $2,695$1,944 and $46 was recorded in property management expense, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, $56,460 and $12,724 was recorded in general and administrative expense, respectively, and $8,004 and $299$3,973 was recorded in property management expense, respectively.
(2)
Includes accrual of $16,000 $4,183 for losses/damages related to HurricaneHurricanes Irma and Harvey for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017.
March 31, 2018.
(3)Weighted average common shares outstanding – diluted was calculated using the two-classtreasury stock method and represents common share equivalents that are dilutive for FFO, Core FFO, and AFFO.


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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Our future income, cash flows, and fair values relevant to financial instruments are dependent upon prevalent market interest rates. Market risk refers to the risk of loss from adverse changes in interest rates, seasonality, market prices, commodity prices, and inflation. The primary market risks to which we are exposed are interest rate risk and seasonality. We may in the future use derivative financial instruments to manage, or hedge, interest rate risks related to any borrowings we may have. We may enter into such contracts only with major financial institutions based on their credit ratings and other factors. Our exposure to market risk has not materially changed from what we previously disclosed in Part II. Item 7A. “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk" of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016 except as noted below.


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Interest Rate Risk
A primary market risk to which we believe we are exposed is interest rate risk, which may result from many factors, including government monetary and tax policies, domestic and international economic and political considerations, and other factors that are beyond our control. We may incur additional variable rate debt in the future, including additional amounts that we may borrow under our credit facilities.the Credit Facility. In addition, decreases in interest rates may lead to additional competition for the acquisition of single-family homes, which may lead to future acquisitions being more costly and resulting in lower yields on single-family homes targeted for acquisition. Significant increases in interest rates may also have an adverse impact on our earnings if we are unable to increase rents on expired leases or acquire single-family homes with rental rates high enough to offset the increase in interest rates on our borrowings.
At December 31, 2016, the total outstanding balance of our variable-rate debt was comprised of borrowings on our mortgage loans of $5,264.0 million and our credit facilities of $2,321.6 million. As of September 30, 2017,March 31, 2018, our outstanding variable-rate debt was comprised of borrowings on our mortgage loans of $3,177.6$6,422.1 million, Revolving Facility of $15.0 million, and Term Loan Facility of $1,500.0 million of which 75.3%77.1% was effectively converted to fixed rate through interest rate swap agreements. Additionally, all borrowings bear interest at LIBOR plus the applicable spread. Assuming no change in the outstanding balance of our existing debt, the following table illustrates the projected effect of a 100 basis point increase or decrease in the LIBOR rate on our annual interest expense aswould be an estimated increase or decrease of September 30, 2017$17.9 million or $18.2 million, respectively. This estimate considers the impact of our interest rate swap agreements, interest rate cap agreements, and December 31, 2016:
($ in thousands)
Change in Interest Expense(1)
Impact to future earnings due to variable rate debt:As of
September 30, 2017
 As of
December 31, 2016
Rate increase of 1%(2)
$11,576
 $75,856
Rate decrease of 1%(3)
(11,576) (52,323)
(1)The interest rate swap agreements were factored into the September 30, 2017 disclosure, but were not factored into the December 31, 2016 disclosure as the forward looking swaps did not begin until February 28, 2017.
(2)Calculation of additional projected annual interest expense as a result of a 100 basis point increase considers the potential impact of our interest rate cap agreements as of September 30, 2017.
(3)Calculation of projected decrease in annual interest expense as a result of a 100 basis point decrease is reflective of any LIBOR floors or minimum interest rates stated in the agreements of the respective borrowings.

This analysis does not consider the effects of the reduced level of overall economic activity that could exist in such an environment. Further, in the event of a change of such magnitude, we may consider taking actions to further mitigate our exposure to the change. However, because of the uncertainty of the specific actions that would be taken and their possible effects, the sensitivity analysis assumes no changes in our capital structure.
Seasonality
Our business and related operating results have been, and we believe that they will continue to be, impacted by seasonal factors throughout the year. In particular, we have experienced higher levels of resident move-outs during the summer months, which impacts both our rental revenues and related turnover costs. Further, our property operating costs are


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seasonally impacted in certain markets by increases in expenses such as HVAC repairs, costs to re-resident, and landscaping expenses during the summer season.
ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain a set of disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. The design of any disclosure controls and procedures is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its goals under all potential future conditions. Any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2017.March 31, 2018. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of September 30, 2017,March 31, 2018, the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to accomplish their objectives at the reasonable assurance level. Consistent with guidance issued by the SEC, the scope of management’s assessment of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures did not include the internal controls over financial reporting of SWH, which we acquired on November 16, 2017 and which represented 49.3% of our consolidated assets and 40.9% of our consolidated revenues as of and for the quarter ended March 31, 2018, respectively.


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Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There werehas been no changeschange in our internal control over financial reporting as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act during theour most recent fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2017 that havehas materially affected, or areis reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. As mentioned above, the Company acquired SWH on November 16, 2017. The Company is in the process of reviewing the internal control structure of SWH and, if necessary, will make appropriate changes as it integrates SWH into the Company’s overall internal control over financial reporting process.


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PART II
ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Litigation RelatingWe are subject to the Mergers
Two putative class actions have been filed by purported shareholders of SFR challenging the Mergers, one of which names usvarious legal proceedings and certain affiliates as defendants. The first suit, styled as Berg v. Starwood Waypoint Homes, et al., No. 1:17-cv-02896 (the “Berg Lawsuit”), was filedclaims that arise in the United States District Courtordinary course of our business. We accrue a liability when we believe that it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and that we can reasonably estimate the amount of the loss. We do not believe these matters will have a material adverse effect on our condensed consolidated financial statements, and no accrual for the Districtfollowing matter has been recorded in our condensed consolidated financial statements, as we have not determined that any loss is probable, nor is the amount of Maryland on September 29, 2017, and is against SFR, SFR Partnership, SFR’s trustees, the Company, INVH LP and REIT Merger Sub. The second suit, styled as Bushansky v. Starwood Waypoint Homes, et al., No. 1:17-cv-02936 (the “Bushansky Lawsuit” and, collectively with the Berg Lawsuit, the “Lawsuits”), was filed in the United States District Court for the District of Maryland on October 4, 2017, and is against SFR, SFR Partnership and SFR’s trustees. The Bushansky Lawsuit does not name the Company or any of its affiliates as defendants. The Lawsuits allege that SFR and its trustees violated Section 14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) and Rule 14a-9 promulgated thereunder by allegedly disseminating a false and misleading Form S-4 containing a joint proxy statement/prospectus. The Lawsuits further allege that SFR’s trustees allegedly violated Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act by failing to exercise proper control over the person(s) who violated Section 14(a) of the Exchange Act. The Berg Lawsuit additionally alleges that the Company violated Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act. The Lawsuits seek, among other things, injunctive relief preventing consummation of the Mergers, rescission of the transactions contemplated by the Merger Agreement should they be consummated and litigation costs, including attorneys’ fees. The Berg Lawsuit also seeks injunctive relief directing SFR’s trustees to disseminate a registration statement that does not contain any untrue statements of material fact and declaratory relief that defendants violated Sections 14(a) and/or 20(a) of the Exchange Act. The Bushansky Lawsuit also seeks rescissory damages in the event of a merger. The Company and SFR intend to defend vigorously against the Lawsuits.potential loss estimable.
Other Matters
SEC Investigation “In the Matter of Certain Single Family Rental Securitizations”
Radian Group Inc. (“Radian”), the indirect parent company of Green River Capital LLC (“GRC”), which is a service provider that provides certain broker price opinions (“BPO”) to us,the Company, disclosed in its Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2017 that GRC had received a letter in March 2017 from the staff of the SEC stating that it is conducting an investigation captioned “In the Matter of Certain Single Family Rental Securitizations” and requesting information from market participants. Radian disclosed that the letter asked GRC to provide information regarding BPOs that GRC provided on properties included in single family rental securitization transactions (“Securitizations”).transactions.
In September 2017, we received a letter from the staff of the SEC stating that it is conducting an investigation captioned “In the Matter of Certain Single Family Rental Securitizations.” The letter enclosed a subpoena that requests the production of certain documents and communications related to our Securitizations, including, without limitation: transaction documents and offering materials; agreements with providers oflimitation, those related to BPOs and/or due diligence services for Securitizations; identification of employees primarily responsible for handling BPOs; documents provided to rating agencies or third-party BPO providers regarding capital expenditures and/or renovation costs foron our properties underlying Securitizations; communications with certain transaction parties regarding BPOsincluded in Securitizations; and documents regarding BPO orders and documents and communications with BPO providers regarding requests that a BPO be reviewed, re-done, analyzed, modified, corrected and/or adjusted.our Securitizations. The SEC’sSEC letter indicates that its investigation is a fact-finding inquiry and does not mean that the SEC has a negative opinion of any person or security. We are cooperating with the SEC.SEC and have provided information requested in the subpoena. We understand that other transaction parties in securitizations have received requests in this matter. Please refer toAs the risk factor entitled, “SECSEC’s investigation “Inis ongoing, we cannot currently predict the Mattertiming, outcome or scope of Certain Single Family Rental Securitizations” described in Exhibit 99.1 to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
The Company is also subject to routine litigation and administrative proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business.such investigation.


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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS
For a discussion of our potential risks or uncertainties, you should carefully read and consider risk factors previously disclosed under (i) Part I. Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016 and (ii) the caption “Risk Factors” in our Merger Proxy, which risk factors referenced in clause (ii) are filed as Exhibit 99.1 to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and incorporated herein by reference.10-K.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
None.Recent Sale of Unregistered Securities
Pursuant to the Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of Invitation Homes Operating Partnership LP, dated as of August 9, 2017 (the “INVH LP Agreement”), entered into in connection with the Mergers, affiliates of SWH were admitted as limited partners and issued partnership units in INVH LP (the “OP Units”), which are redeemable for shares of our common stock on a one-for-one basis or, in our sole discretion, cash. On March 9, 2018, Starwood Capital Group Global, LP tendered its notice of redemption of 405,037 Partnership Common Units and was issued an equal number of shares of our common stock. The issuance of such shares of common stock was not registered under the Securities Act, because the shares were offered and sold in a transaction by the issuer not involving any public offering exempt from registration under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act.



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ITEM 3. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
None.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION
None.

ITEM 6. EXHIBITS
EXHIBIT INDEX
Exhibit Number
number
 Description
Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated August 9, 2017, by and among Invitation Homes Inc., Invitation Homes Operating Partnership LP, IH Merger Sub, LLC, Starwood Waypoint Homes and Starwood Waypoint Homes Partnership, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-38004) filed on August 14, 2017).
   
 
   
 
   
 Amended
   
 Amended and Restated
   
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6


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Exhibit
number
 Description
10.7
10.8
10.9
   
10.10 Letter
   
31.1 Letter Agreement, dated August 9, 2017 by and between Invitation Homes Inc. and Dallas Tanner (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-38004) filed on August 14, 2017). †
Term Sheet, dated September 19, 2017, between Invitation Homes Inc. andCertificate of Frederick C. Tuomi, (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K (File No. 1-38004) filed on September 19, 2017). †
Certificate of John B. Bartling Jr., President and Chief Executive Officer, pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-­Sarbanes­Oxley Act of 2002.
   
 
   
 
   
 
The section entitled “Risk Factors” in the Company’s Joint Proxy Statement/Information Statement and Prospectus.
   
101.INS XBRL Instance Document.
  ��
101.SCH XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.
   
101.CAL XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
   
101.DEF XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
   
101.LAB XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
   
101.PRE XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
 
† This document has been identified as a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.



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Certain agreements and other documents filed as exhibits to this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contain representations and warranties that the parties thereto made to each other. These representations and warranties have been made solely for the


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benefit of the other parties to such agreements and may have been qualified by certain information that has been disclosed to the other parties to such agreements and other documents and that may not be reflected in such agreements and other documents. In addition, these representations and warranties may be intended as a way of allocating risks among parties if the statements contained therein prove to be incorrect, rather than as actual statements of fact. Accordingly, there can be no reliance on any such representations and warranties as characterizations of the actual state of facts. Moreover, information concerning the subject matter of any such representations and warranties may have changed since the date of such agreements and other documents.



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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
Invitation Homes Inc.
  
By:/s/ Ernest M. Freedman
 Name: Ernest M. Freedman
 Title: Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
 (Principal Financial Officer)
  
By:/s/ Kimberly K. Norrell
 Name: Kimberly K. Norrell
 Title: Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer
 (Principal Accounting Officer)
Date: May 15, 2018

Date: November 9, 2017


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