UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549



			~~FORM 10-Q~~

~~(Mark One)~~

FORM 10-Q



ý


(Mark One)
☒			QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020



¨☐			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 001-38221



			~~PQ Group Holdings Inc.~~

PQ Group Holdings Inc.



~~Delaware~~		~~81-3406833~~
~~(State or other jurisdiction of~~ ~~incorporation or organization)~~	~~(I.R.S. Employer~~ ~~Identification No.)~~

~~300 Lindenwood Drive~~ ~~Valleybrooke Corporate Center~~ ~~Malvern, Pennsylvania~~	~~19355~~
~~(Address of principal executive offices)~~	~~(Zip Code)~~



	~~(610) 651-4400~~ ~~(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)~~

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ¨ No ý

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ý No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

~~Large~~Delaware

81-3406833

(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)

(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)

300 Lindenwood Drive

Malvern, Pennsylvania

19355

(Address of principal executive offices)

(Zip Code)

(610)

651-4400

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class

Trading symbol

Name of each exchange on which registered

Common stock, par value $0.01 per share

PQG

New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer,

~~Accelerated~~ an accelerated filer,

~~Non-accelerated~~ a non-accelerated filer,

ý ~~(Do not check if~~ a smaller reporting ~~company)~~

company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company”, and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

☒

Accelerated filer

☐

Non-accelerated filer

☐

Smaller reporting company

¨☐

Emerging growth company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨☐

~~Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes~~ ¨ No ý

~~The number of shares of common stock outstanding as of November 10, 2017 was 135,240,826.~~

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The number of shares of common stock outstanding as of October 29, 2020 was 136,338,043.

Table of Contents

PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC.

~~INDEX -~~

INDEX—FORM 10-Q

September 30, 2020

~~PART I~~—~~FINANCIAL INFORMATION~~


~~ITEM~~ PART II	OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	~~FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED).~~ Legal Proceedings	64
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	64
Item 6.	Exhibits	66

	SIGNATURES	67

Table of Contents

PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED).

PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)


	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Sales	$	380,319	$	423,801	$	1,101,442	$	1,214,697
Cost of goods sold	283,818		310,904		823,503		905,395
Gross profit	96,501		112,897		277,939		309,302
Selling, general and administrative expenses	37,070		39,528		119,294		123,611
Other operating expense, net	12,382		15,795		47,059		28,353
Operating income	47,049		57,574		111,586		157,338
Equity in net (income) from affiliated companies	(183)		(17,261)		(20,025)		(31,625)
Interest expense, net	18,642		27,697		65,372		84,855
Debt extinguishment costs	14,004		1,767		16,517		1,767
Other (income) expense, net	(4,988)		1,834		(4,297)		1,890
Income before income taxes and noncontrolling interest	19,574		43,537		54,019		100,451
Provision for income taxes	11,764		16,718		29,453		39,472
Net income	7,810		26,819		24,566		60,979
Less: Net income attributable to the noncontrolling interest	298		106		904		541
Net income attributable to PQ Group Holdings Inc.	$	7,512	$	26,713	$	23,662	$	60,438

Net income per share:
Basic income per share	$	0.06	$	0.20	$	0.17	$	0.45
Diluted income per share	$	0.06	$	0.20	$	0.17	$	0.45

Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic	135,106,969		134,511,819		135,292,163		134,213,571
Diluted	135,979,118		135,649,710		136,188,033		135,305,370

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(in thousands)

(unaudited)


	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Net income	$	7,810	$	26,819	$	24,566	$	60,979
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Pension and postretirement benefits	(20)		(59)		(48)		(120)
Net (loss) gain from hedging activities	945		35		911		(2,684)
Foreign currency translation	13,572		(13,872)		(20,844)		(620)
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	14,497		(13,896)		(19,981)		(3,424)
Comprehensive income	22,307		12,923		4,585		57,555
Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests	607		(304)		(1,899)		586
Comprehensive income attributable to PQ Group Holdings Inc.	$	21,700	$	13,227	$	6,484	$	56,969

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)


	September 30, 2017			December 31, 2016				September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
ASSETS							ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents	$	68,838		$	70,742		Cash and cash equivalents	$	164,348	$	72,284
Receivables, net	212,018			160,581
Inventories	235,921			227,048
Accounts receivable, net							Accounts receivable, net	196,082		179,632
Inventories, net							Inventories, net	249,662		280,945
Prepaid and other current assets	29,010			34,307			Prepaid and other current assets	37,409		35,730
Total current assets	545,787			492,678			Total current assets	647,501		568,591
Investments in affiliated companies	479,366			459,406			Investments in affiliated companies	479,454		472,929
Property, plant and equipment, net	1,209,047			1,181,388			Property, plant and equipment, net	1,135,757		1,186,770
Goodwill	1,306,547			1,241,429			Goodwill	1,263,853		1,259,805
Other intangible assets, net	800,423			816,573			Other intangible assets, net	638,772		676,385
Right-of-use lease assets							Right-of-use lease assets	56,232		57,295
Other long-term assets	74,433			68,197			Other long-term assets	102,873		99,070
Total assets	$	4,415,603		$	4,259,671		Total assets	$	4,324,442	$	4,320,845
LIABILITIES							LIABILITIES
Notes payable and current maturities of long-term debt	$	54,255		$	14,481		Notes payable and current maturities of long-term debt	$	14,538	$	7,766
Accounts payable	129,793			128,478			Accounts payable	116,797		144,365
Operating lease liabilities—current							Operating lease liabilities—current	16,774		15,183
Accrued liabilities	112,788			99,433			Accrued liabilities	86,117		102,154
Total current liabilities	296,836			242,392			Total current liabilities	234,226		269,468
Long-term debt	2,597,481			2,547,717
Long-term debt, excluding current portion							Long-term debt, excluding current portion	1,905,007		1,899,196
Deferred income taxes	319,738			318,463			Deferred income taxes	224,457		218,037
Operating lease liabilities—noncurrent							Operating lease liabilities—noncurrent	38,341		40,156
Other long-term liabilities	120,578			123,155			Other long-term liabilities	118,225		108,670
Total liabilities	3,334,633			3,231,727			Total liabilities	2,520,256		2,535,527
Commitments and contingencies (Note 16)
Commitments and contingencies (Note 17)							Commitments and contingencies (Note 17)
EQUITY							EQUITY
Common stock ($0.01 par); authorized shares 450,000,000; issued shares 106,219,759 and 106,452,330 on September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively; outstanding shares 104,109,932 and 103,947,887 on September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively	1,062			73
Preferred stock ($0.01 par); authorized shares 50,000,000; no shares issued or outstanding on September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016	—			—
Common stock ($0.01 par); authorized shares 450,000,000; issued shares 136,787,670 and 136,861,382 on September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively; outstanding shares 136,056,817 and 136,464,961 on September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively							Common stock ($0.01 par); authorized shares 450,000,000; issued shares 136,787,670 and 136,861,382 on September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively; outstanding shares 136,056,817 and 136,464,961 on September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively	1,368		1,369
Preferred stock ($0.01 par); authorized shares 50,000,000; 0 shares issued or outstanding on September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019							Preferred stock ($0.01 par); authorized shares 50,000,000; 0 shares issued or outstanding on September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019	0		0
Additional paid-in capital	1,169,778			1,167,137			Additional paid-in capital	1,715,504		1,696,899
Accumulated deficit	(97,788		)	(90,380		)
Treasury stock, at cost; shares 21,519 on December 31, 2016	—			(239		)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	2,978			(53,711		)
Retained earnings							Retained earnings	126,675		103,013
Treasury stock, at cost; shares 730,853 and 396,421 on September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively							Treasury stock, at cost; shares 730,853 and 396,421 on September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively	(10,534)		(6,483)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss							Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(32,526)		(15,348)
Total PQ Group Holdings Inc. equity	1,076,030			1,022,880			Total PQ Group Holdings Inc. equity	1,800,487		1,779,450
Noncontrolling interest	4,940			5,064			Noncontrolling interest	3,699		5,868
Total equity	1,080,970			1,027,944			Total equity	1,804,186		1,785,318
Total liabilities and equity	$	4,415,603		$	4,259,671		Total liabilities and equity	$	4,324,442	$	4,320,845

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

~~PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES~~

~~CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS~~

~~(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)~~

~~(unaudited)~~

Three months ended
September 30, Nine months ended
September 30,
2017 2016 2017 2016
Sales $ 391,829
$ 369,979
$ 1,114,027
$ 741,446
Cost of goods sold 289,270
274,680
821,342
557,748
Gross profit 102,559
95,299
292,685
183,698
Selling, general and administrative expenses 36,169
36,003
105,907
74,017
Other operating expense, net 19,833
15,042
47,156
40,630
Operating income 46,557
44,254
139,622
69,051
Equity in net (income) loss from affiliated companies (10,257 ) 4,616
(24,879 ) 9,309
Interest expense 49,079
48,610
144,041
94,362
Debt extinguishment costs 453
—
453
11,858
Other expense, net 5,126
4,170
21,739
7,194
Income (loss) before income taxes and noncontrolling interest 2,156
(13,142 ) (1,732 ) (53,672 )
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes 5,172
(3,536 ) 5,269
36,013
Net loss (3,016 ) (9,606 ) (7,001 ) (89,685 )
Less: Net income attributable to the noncontrolling interest 329
411
407
725
Net loss attributable to PQ Group Holdings Inc. $ (3,345 ) $ (10,017 ) $ (7,408 ) $ (90,410 )

Net loss per common share:
Basic loss per share $ (0.03 ) $ (0.10 ) $ (0.07 ) $ (1.10 )
Diluted loss per share $ (0.03 ) $ (0.10 ) $ (0.07 ) $ (1.10 )

Weighted average shares outstanding:
Basic 104,096,837
103,783,719
104,020,180
81,986,221
Diluted 104,096,837
103,783,719
104,020,180
81,986,221

Table of Contents

~~See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.~~

~~PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES~~

~~CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)~~

~~(in thousands)~~

~~(unaudited)~~

Three months ended
September 30, Nine months ended
September 30,
2017 2016 2017 2016
Net loss $ (3,016 ) $ (9,606 ) $ (7,001 ) $ (89,685 )
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Pension and postretirement benefits (20 ) 162
(223 ) 486
Net (loss) gain from hedging activities (301 ) 201
(3,326 ) 1,302
Foreign currency translation 18,850
1,286
60,492
(7,919 )
Total other comprehensive income (loss) 18,529
1,649
56,943
(6,131 )
Comprehensive income (loss) 15,513
(7,957 ) 49,942
(95,816 )
Less: Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests 82
(165 ) 661
(165 )
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to PQ Group Holdings Inc. $ 15,431
$ (7,792 ) $ 49,281
$ (95,651 )

~~See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.~~

PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(in thousands)

(unaudited)

Common
stock Additional
paid-in
capital Accumulated deficit
Treasury
stock, at
cost
Accumulated
other
comprehensive
income (loss) Non-controlling
interest Total
Balance, December 31, 2016 $ 73
$ 1,167,137
$ (90,380 ) $ (239 ) $ (53,711 ) $ 5,064
$ 1,027,944
Net income (loss) —
—
(7,408 ) —
—
407
(7,001 )
Stock split and conversion 989
(1,228 ) —
239
—
—
—
Other comprehensive income (loss) —
—
—
—
56,689
254
56,943
Dividend distribution —
—
—
—
—
(785 ) (785 )
Stock compensation expense —
3,869
—
—
—
—
3,869
Balance, September 30, 2017 $ 1,062
$ 1,169,778
$ (97,788 ) $ —
$ 2,978
$ 4,940
$ 1,080,970

Common
stock Additional
paid-in
capital Accumulated
deficit
Treasury
stock, at
cost
Accumulated
other
comprehensive
income (loss)
Non-controlling
interest

Total
Balance, December 31, 2015 $ —
$ 245,279
$ (10,634 ) $ —
$ 648
$ —
$ 235,293
Business Combination 73
912,127
—
—
—
6,569
918,769
Net income (loss) —
—
(90,410 ) —
—
725
(89,685 )
Other comprehensive income (loss) —
—
—
—
(5,518 ) (613 ) (6,131 )
Stock repurchase —
—
—
(2,540 ) —
—
(2,540 )
Equity contribution —
6,486
—
114
—
—
6,600
Dividend distribution —
—
—
—
—
(476 ) (476 )
Stock compensation expense —
2,666
—
2,237
—
—
4,903
Balance, September 30, 2016 $ 73
$ 1,166,558
$ (101,044 ) $ (189 ) $ (4,870 ) $ 6,205
$ 1,066,733


	Common stock		Additional paid-in capital		Retained earnings		Treasury stock, at cost		Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		Non- controlling interest		Total
Balance, December 31, 2019	$	1,369	$	1,696,899	$	103,013	$	(6,483)	$	(15,348)	$	5,868	$	1,785,318
Net income	—		—		224		—		—		285		509

Other comprehensive income	—		—		—		—		(43,411)		(3,488)		(46,899)

Repurchases of common shares	—		—		—		(3,889)		—		—		(3,889)

Stock compensation expense	—		5,920		—		—		—		—		5,920
Shares issued under equity incentive plan, net of forfeitures	4		177		—		—		—		—		181
Balance, March 31, 2020	$	1,373	$	1,702,996	$	103,237	$	(10,372)	$	(58,759)	$	2,665	$	1,741,140
Net income	—		—		15,926		—		—		321		16,247
Other comprehensive income	—		—		—		—		12,045		376		12,421


Stock compensation expense	—		6,366		—		—		—		—		6,366
Shares issued under equity incentive plan, net of forfeitures	(5)		5		—		—		—		—		0
Balance, June 30, 2020	$	1,368	$	1,709,367	$	119,163	$	(10,372)	$	(46,714)	$	3,362	$	1,776,174
Net income	—		—		7,512		—		—		298		7,810
Other comprehensive income (loss)	—		—		—		—		14,188		309		14,497
Repurchases of common shares	—		—		—		(162)		—		—		(162)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests	—		—		—		—		—		(270)		(270)
Stock compensation expense	—		6,137		—		—		—		—		6,137

Balance, September 30, 2020	$	1,368	$	1,715,504	$	126,675	$	(10,534)	$	(32,526)	$	3,699	$	1,804,186


	Common stock		Additional paid-in capital		Retained earnings		Treasury stock, at cost		Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)		Non- controlling interest		Total
Balance, December 31, 2018, as previously reported	$	1,358	$	1,674,703	$	25,523	$	(2,920)	$	(39,104)	$	4,585	$	1,664,145
Cumulative effect adjustment from adoption of new accounting standards	—		—		(2,049)		—		1,874		—		(175)
December 31, 2018, as adjusted	$	1,358	$	1,674,703	$	23,474	$	(2,920)	$	(37,230)	$	4,585	$	1,663,970
Net income	—		—		3,151		—		—		290		3,441

Other comprehensive income	—		—		—		—		5,270		315		5,585
Repurchases of common shares	—		—		—		(1,339)		—		—		(1,339)

Stock compensation expense	—		3,400		—		—		—		—		3,400
Shares issued under equity incentive plan, net of forfeitures	2		213		—		—		—		—		215
Balance, March 31, 2019	$	1,360	$	1,678,316	$	26,625	$	(4,259)	$	(31,960)	$	5,190	$	1,675,272
Net income	—		—		30,574		—		—		145		30,719
Other comprehensive income	—		—		—		—		4,747		140		4,887
Distributions to noncontrolling interests	—		—		—		—		—		(156)		(156)
Stock compensation expense	—		5,370		—		—		—		—		5,370
Shares issued under equity incentive plan, net of forfeitures	4		3,256		—		—		—		—		3,260
Balance, June 30, 2019	$	1,364	$	1,686,942	$	57,199	$	(4,259)	$	(27,213)	$	5,319	$	1,719,352
Net income	—		—		26,713		—		—		106		26,819
Other comprehensive income	—		—		—		—		(13,486)		(410)		(13,896)
Repurchases of common shares	—		—		—		(896)		—		—		(896)

Stock compensation expense	—		4,806		—		—		—		—		4,806
Shares issued under equity incentive plan, net of forfeitures	1		475		—		—		—		—		476
Balance, September 30, 2019	$	1,365	$	1,692,223	$	83,912	$	(5,155)	$	(40,699)	$	5,015	$	1,736,661

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands)

(unaudited)


	Nine months ended September 30,
	2020		2019
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	24,566	$	60,979
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation	99,981		97,088
Amortization	36,332		38,142

Amortization of deferred financing costs and original issue discount	3,743		4,352

Debt extinguishment costs	14,146		1,767

Foreign currency exchange (gain) loss	(2,100)		5,380
Pension and postretirement healthcare benefit expense	639		2,731
Pension and postretirement healthcare benefit funding	(8,734)		(8,917)
Deferred income tax provision	9,815		16,822
Net (gain) loss on asset disposals	3,948		(7,697)

Stock compensation	18,423		13,576
Equity in net income from affiliated companies	(20,025)		(31,625)
Dividends received from affiliated companies	15,098		20,072
Net interest income on swaps designated as net investment hedges	(4,622)		(8,435)
Other, net	(1,119)		(887)
Working capital changes that provided (used) cash, excluding the effect of acquisitions and dispositions:
Receivables	(20,670)		(22,472)
Inventories	8,613		(1,793)
Prepaids and other current assets	(375)		268
Accounts payable	(10,076)		(4,072)
Accrued liabilities	(16,977)		6,615

Net cash provided by operating activities	150,606		181,894
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property, plant and equipment	(76,764)		(91,653)



Proceeds from sale of product line	18,000		28,000
Proceeds from sale of assets	10,330		0
Proceeds from sale of investment	1,761		0
Net interest proceeds on swaps designated as net investment hedges	4,622		8,435
Other, net	0		475
Net cash used in investing activities	(42,051)		(54,743)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Draw down of revolving credit facilities	175,445		161,630
Repayments of revolving credit facilities	(174,668)		(160,342)

Issuance of long-term debt, net of discount	640,340		0

Debt issuance costs	(8,987)		0
Repayments of long-term debt	(627,506)		(105,821)
Debt prepayment fees	(10,550)		0

Stock repurchases	(4,051)		(2,235)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests	(270)		(156)
Proceeds from stock options exercised	181		3,956

Other, net	(160)		(283)
Net cash used in financing activities	(10,226)		(103,251)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(5,955)		(3,371)
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	92,374		20,529
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period	73,917		59,726
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	166,291	$	80,255

Nine months ended
September 30,
2017 2016
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss $ (7,001 ) $ (89,685 )
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation 89,987
60,173
Amortization 39,148
25,429
Acquisition accounting valuation adjustments on inventory sold 871
23,518
Amortization of deferred financing costs and original issue discount 6,626
4,443
Debt extinguishment costs 253
7,182
Debt modification creditor fees capitalized —
(1,932 )
Foreign currency exchange loss 21,612
6,240
Pension and postretirement healthcare benefit expense 2,642
2,741
Pension and postretirement healthcare benefit funding (7,525 ) (2,258 )
Deferred income tax (benefit) expense (12,447 ) 18,741
Net loss on asset disposals 6,419
2,288
Supplemental pension plan mark-to-market gain (708 ) (393 )
Stock compensation 3,869
4,904
Equity in net (income) loss from affiliated companies (24,879 ) 9,309
Dividends received from affiliated companies 19,071
136
Working capital changes that provided (used) cash, excluding the effect of business combinations:
Receivables (28,900 ) 3,483
Inventories 4,897
13,832
Prepaids and other current assets (6,000 ) (824 )
Accounts payable (9,044 ) (7,332 )
Accrued liabilities 13,460
10,125
Other, net (2,535 ) (812 )
Net cash provided by operating activities 109,816
89,308
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property, plant and equipment (90,229 ) (69,798 )
Investment in affiliated companies (9,000 ) —
Change in restricted cash, net 12,135
(6,199 )
Loan receivable under the New Markets Tax Credit Arrangement (6,221 ) (7,823 )
Business combinations, net of cash acquired (41,572 ) (1,777,740 )
Other, net 391
—
Net cash used in investing activities (134,496 ) (1,861,560 )
Cash flows from financing activities:
Draw down of revolver 302,725
118,000
Repayments of revolver (270,088 ) (125,000 )
Issuance of long-term debt under the New Market Tax Credit arrangement 8,820
11,000
Issuance of long-term debt, net of original issue discount and financing fees —
1,172,980
Issuance of long-term notes, net of original issue discount and financing fees —
1,123,777
Debt issuance costs (1,205 ) (5,397 )
Repayments of long-term debt (10,289 ) (475,998 )
Interest hedge premium —
(1,551 )
Equity contribution —
6,600
Stock repurchase —
(2,540 )
Distributions to noncontrolling interests (785 ) (476 )
Net cash provided by financing activities 29,178
1,821,395
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents (6,402 ) (2,375 )
Net change in cash and cash equivalents (1,904 ) 46,768
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period 70,742
25,155
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period $ 68,838
$ 71,923
Supplemental cash flow information:
Cash paid for taxes $ 21,005
$ 10,740
Cash paid for interest $ 118,793
$ 56,932
Non-cash investing activity:
Capital expenditures acquired on account but unpaid as of the period end $ 12,924
$ 14,875
Non-cash financing activity:
Equity consideration for the Business Combination $ —
$ 910,800
Debt assumed in the Business Combination $ —
$ 22,911
Debt assumed in the Acquisition $ 16,609
$ —
For supplemental cash flow disclosures, see Note 21.

See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)

1. Background and Basis of Presentation:

Description of Business

PQ Group Holdings Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company” or “PQ Group Holdings”) ~~conducts operations~~is a leading integrated and innovative global provider of specialty catalysts, materials, chemicals and services. The Company supports customers globally through ~~two principal segments: (1)~~its strategically located network of manufacturing facilities. The Company believes that its products, which are predominantly inorganic, and services contribute to improving the sustainability of the environment.

The Company has 4 uniquely positioned specialty businesses: Refining Services provides sulfuric acid recycling to the North American refining industry; Catalysts serves the packaging and engineered plastics industry and, through its Zeolyst joint venture, the global refining, petrochemical and emissions control industries; Performance Materials ~~& Chemicals: a fully integrated, global leader in silicate technology, producing sodium silicate, specialty silicas, zeolites, spray dry silicates, magnesium silicate,~~produces transportation reflective safety markings for roads and ~~other high performance chemical products used in a variety of end-uses such as adsorbents for surface coatings, clarifying agents for beverages, cleaning~~airports; and personal care products and engineered glass products for use in highway safety, polymer additives, metal finishing and electronics end uses; and (2) Environmental Catalysts & Services: a leading global innovator and producer of silica catalysts used in the production of high-density polyethylene (“HDPE”), methyl methacrylate (“MMA”), specialty zeolite-based catalysts sold to the emissions control industry, the petrochemical industry and other areas of the broader chemicals industry and a merchant sulfuric acid producer operating a network of plants serving a variety ofPerformance Chemicals supplies diverse product end uses, including personal and industrial cleaning products, fuel-efficient tires, surface coatings, and food and beverage products.

Seasonal changes and weather conditions typically affect the ~~oil refining, nylon, mining, general industrial~~Company’s Performance Materials and ~~chemical industries.~~

~~The Company~~Refining Services segments. In particular, the Performance Materials segment generally experiences ~~some seasonality, primarily with respect to the performance materials and refining services product groups. With respect to the performance materials product group,~~lower sales and ~~earnings are generally higher during~~profit in the ~~second~~first and ~~third~~fourth quarters of the year asbecause highway striping projects typically occur during warmer weather months. ~~Additionally, the refining services product group~~The Refining Services segment typically experiences similar seasonal fluctuations as a result of higher demand for gasoline products in the summer months. As a result, working capital requirements tend to be higher in the first and ~~fourth~~second quarters of the year, ~~while higher~~which can adversely affect the Company’s liquidity and cash ~~generation occurs in the second and third quarters~~flows. Because of this seasonality associated with certain of the ~~year.~~

~~Basis~~Company’s segments, results for any one quarter are not necessarily indicative of ~~Presentation~~the results that may be achieved for any other quarter or for the full year.

On ~~August 17, 2015,~~October 15, 2020, the Company PQ Holdings Inc. (“PQ Holdings”), Eco Services Operations LLC (“Eco Services”), certain investment funds affiliated with CCMP Capital Advisors, LLC (now known as CCMP Capital Advisors, LP; “CCMP”), and stockholders of PQ Holdings and Eco Services entered into a ~~reorganization and transaction~~definitive agreement ~~pursuant~~ to ~~which the companies consummated a series of transactions~~sell its Performance Materials business for $650,000 in cash, subject to reorganize and combine the businesses of PQ Holdings and Eco Services (the “Business Combination”), under a new holding company, PQ Group Holdings Inc. The Business Combination was consummated on May 4, 2016.

~~In accordance with accounting principles generally accepted~~customary purchase price adjustments as set forth in the ~~United States (“GAAP”), Eco Services is the accounting predecessor~~agreement. Refer to PQ Group Holdings. Certain investment funds affiliated with CCMP held a controlling interest position in Eco Services prior to the Business Combination. In addition, certain investment funds affiliated with CCMP owned a non-controlling interest in PQ Holdings prior to the Business Combination and the merger with Eco Services constituted a change in control under the PQ Holdings credit agreements and bond indenture that were in place at the timeNote 22 of ~~the Business Combination. Therefore, Eco Services is deemed to be the accounting acquirer. These~~these condensed consolidated financial statements ~~are the continuation of Eco Services’ business prior~~for additional information related to the ~~Business Combination.~~sale.

Basis of Presentation

The condensed consolidated financial statements included herein are unaudited. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in annual financial statements prepared in accordance with ~~GAAP~~accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations for interim reporting. In the opinion of management, all adjustments of a normal and recurring nature necessary to state fairly the financial position and results of operations have been included. The results of operations are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the full year. The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in the Company’s ~~prospectus dated September 28, 2017, as filed with~~Annual Report on Form 10-K for the ~~SEC pursuant~~year ended December 31, 2019.

COVID-19

In March 2020, the outbreak of a novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”) was declared a national emergency in the United States. COVID-19 continues to ~~Rule 424(b) under~~spread in the ~~Securities Act~~United States and other parts of ~~1933, as amended.~~the world and has adversely impacted economic activity and contributed to volatility in financial markets. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the federal government and various state, local and foreign governments have issued decrees and orders that have disrupted many businesses and implemented social distancing, travel and other restrictions. In response to these restrictions, the Company has taken a variety of actions, including an international travel ban, distribution of personal protective equipment to employees and work-at-home requirements for many of the Company’s employees who are not an integral part of its manufacturing operations. The Company has also implemented and refined its existing business continuity plans in an effort to minimize operational disruptions. The Company’s manufacturing operations, as well as the operations of its key vendors and the majority of its key customers, have continued to ~~follow~~operate with limited interruptions. The extent and impact of the ~~accounting policies set forth in those~~COVID-19 pandemic on the Company’s business is highly uncertain and difficult to predict due to the rapidly evolving environment and continued uncertainties created by the COVID-19 pandemic. The Company is not aware of any specific event or circumstance that would require an update to our estimates or judgments or a revision of the carrying value of its assets or liabilities as of the date of the issuance of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

~~Prior~~ These estimates may change, as the pandemic continues to ~~September 22, 2017,~~evolve and the ~~Company had two classes of common stock designated as Class A~~duration remains uncertain, and Class B common stock. On September 22, 2017, the Company reclassified its Class A common stock into common stock and then effected a 8.8275-for-1 split of its common stock. On September 28, 2017, the Company converted each outstanding share of Class B common stock into 8.8275 shares of common stock plus an additional number of shares determined by dividing the unreturned paid-in capital amount of such Class B common stock, or $113.74 per share, by $17.50, the initial public offering price of a share of our common stock inmay adversely impact the Company’s ~~initial public offering (“IPO”), rounded to the nearest whole share. Holders~~results of ~~Class B common stock did not receive any~~operations, financial condition or cash ~~payments from the Company in connection with the conversion~~flow.

Table of ~~the Class B common stock.~~Contents

On October 3, 2017, the Company completed its IPO whereby it issued 29,000,000 shares of its common stock at an initial public offering price of $17.50 per share. The shares began trading on the New York Stock Exchange on September 29, 2017. The aggregate

PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)

proceeds received by the Company from the offering were approximately $480,525, net of underwriting discounts, commissions and estimated offering expenses. The net proceeds were used to repay existing indebtedness as further described in Note 20.

2. New Accounting Standards:

Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

In ~~October~~June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued guidance ~~which eliminates~~that affects loans, trade receivables and any other financial assets that have the ~~deferral of~~contractual right to receive cash. Under the ~~tax effects of intra-entity transfers of~~new guidance, an ~~asset other~~entity is required to recognize expected credit losses rather than ~~inventory. Previous GAAP prohibited the recognition of current and deferred income taxes~~incurred losses for ~~an intra-entity asset transfer until the asset had been sold to an outside party which has resulted in diversity in practice and increased complexity within~~ financial ~~reporting. For public companies, the~~assets. The new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, ~~2017,~~2019 and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company ~~early~~ adopted the new guidance effective January 1, ~~2017. The guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.~~

In March 2016, the FASB issued guidance that includes targeted improvements to the accounting for employee stock-based compensation. The updates in the guidance include changes in the income tax consequences, balance sheet classification and cash flow statement reporting of stock-based payment transactions. The guidance also includes certain modifications applicable only to nonpublic entities. For public companies, the new guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those years. The Company adopted this new guidance as required on January 1, 2017,2020, with no material impact ~~upon adoption~~ to the Company’s consolidated financial ~~statements. On a prospective basis from the adoption date, the Company will record all tax effects related to stock-based compensation through the statement~~position, results of operations ~~and all tax-related~~or cash ~~flows resulting from stock-based award payments will be reported as operating activities in the statement of cash~~ flows. ~~The Company made an accounting policy election under the new guidance to account for forfeitures of stock-based compensation awards as they occur.~~

In ~~July 2015,~~August 2018, the FASB issued ~~new~~ guidance which modifies certain disclosure requirements over fair value measurements. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including all interim periods within that changes the measurement principle for inventory from the lower of cost or market to the lower of cost or net realizable value. The amendments in this guidance do not apply to inventory that is measured using LIFO or the retail inventory method; rather, the amendments apply to all other inventory, which includes inventory that is measured using FIFO or average cost. Within the scope of this new guidance, an entity should measure inventory at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Net realizable value is defined as the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation, which is consistent with existing GAAP.fiscal year. The Company adopted the new guidance oneffective January 1, ~~2017~~2020. The Company does not classify any of its derivative contracts as ~~required. The~~Level 3 assets or liabilities, nor did the Company have any transfers amongst fair value levels during the nine months ended September 30, 2020. As such, the guidance did not have ~~a material~~an impact on the ~~Company’s consolidated financial statements.~~

~~Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted~~

In August 2017, the FASB issued amendments intended to better align hedge accounting with an entities risk management activities. The amendments expand hedge accounting for non-financial and financial risk components and revise the measurement methodologies to better align with an entities risk management activities. Separate presentation of hedge ineffectiveness is eliminated to provide greater transparency of the full impact of hedging by requiring presentation of the results of the hedged item and hedging instrument in a single financial statement line item. In addition, the amendments reduce complexity by simplifying the manner in which assessments of hedge effectiveness may be performed. The new guidance is effective for public companies for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those years. Early adoption is permitted, and the new guidance should be applied prospectively to the presentation and disclosure guidance. The Company is evaluating the impact that the new guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements.

In May 2017, the FASB issued guidance to clarify which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award require an entity to apply modification accounting. Under the new guidance, an entity should not account for the effects of a change in a share-based payment award using modification accounting unless the fair value vesting conditions and classification as either a liability or equity are all the same with respect to the award immediately prior to modification and the modified award itself. The new guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those years. Early adoption is permitted, and the new guidance should be applied prospectively to awards modified on or after the adoption date. Based on the Company’s existing policies regarding the application of modification accounting to its share-based payment awards, the Company does not believe that the new guidance will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In March 2017, the FASB issued guidance to improve the presentation of net periodic pension cost and net periodic postretirement benefit cost (collectively, “pension costs”). Under current GAAP, there are several components of pension costs which are presented net to arrive at pension costs asmeasurement disclosures included in the income statement and disclosed in the notes. As part of this amendment to the existing guidance, the service cost component of pension costs will be bifurcated from the other components and included in the same line item of the income statement as compensation costs are reported. The remaining components will be reported together below operating income on the income

~~PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES~~

~~NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS~~

~~(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)~~

~~(unaudited)~~

statement, either as a separate line item or combined with another line item on the income statement and disclosed. Additionally, with respect to capitalization to inventory, fixed assets, etc., only the service cost component will be eligible for capitalization upon adoption of the guidance. The new guidance is effective for public companies for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those years. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments should be applied retrospectively upon adoption with respect to the presentation of the service and other cost components of pension costs in the income statement, and prospectively for the capitalization of the service cost component in assets. The Company is evaluating the impact that the new guidance will have on itsCompany’s consolidated financial statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued guidance which eliminates the second step from the traditional two-step goodwill impairment test. Under current guidance, an entity performed the first step of the goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount; if an impairment loss was indicated, the entity computed the implied fair value of goodwill to determine whether an impairment loss existed, and if so, the amount to recognize. Under the new guidance, an impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value (the Step 1 test), with no further testing required. Any impairment loss recognized is limited to the amount of goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. The new guidance is effective for public companies that are ~~SEC~~Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) registrants for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted for goodwill impairment tests performed on testing dates after January 1, 2017. ~~All entities are required to~~The Company adopted the new guidance on January 1, 2020, and will apply the guidance prospectively to its goodwill impairment ~~tests subsequent to adoption of the standard. The Company is evaluating the impact that the new guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements.~~tests.

Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

In ~~January 2017,~~December 2019, the FASB issued new guidance ~~which clarifies~~to simplify the ~~definition~~accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions to the general principles and also simplification of ~~a business~~areas such as franchise taxes, step-up in tax basis goodwill, separate entity financial statements and ~~provides revised criteria and a framework to determine whether an integrated set~~interim recognition of ~~assets and activities is a business. For public companies, the~~enactment of tax laws or rate changes. The new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, ~~2017, including~~2020 and interim periods within those ~~years. Early~~fiscal years, with early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact ~~that the~~of this new guidance ~~will have~~ on its consolidated financial statements.

In ~~November 2016,~~March 2020, the FASB issued guidance ~~which clarifies~~to address certain accounting consequences from the ~~classification and presentation of changes in restricted cash on~~anticipated transition from the statement of cash flows. The updates in the guidance require that the statement of cash flows explain the change during the period in the total of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts. The updates also require a reconciliation between cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash presented on the balance sheet to the totaluse of the same amounts presented on the statement of cash flows. For public companies, the new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those years. Early adoption is permitted, and the new guidance should be applied retrospectively to each period presented. The Company is evaluating the impact that the new guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements. As of September 30, 2017, the Company had $1,645 of restricted cash included in prepaidLondon Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) and other ~~current assets on its balance sheet related~~interbank offered rates to ~~its New Market Tax Credit financing arrangements as well as other small restricted cash balances.~~

In August 2016, the FASB issued guidance which clarifies the classification of certain cash receipts and cash payments in the statement of cash flows, including debt prepayment or extinguishment costs and distributions from certain equity method investees. For public companies, the new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, and the new guidance should be applied retrospectively to each period presented. The Company is evaluating the impact that the new guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued guidance that amends the accounting for leases. Under the new guidance, a lessee will recognize assets and liabilities for most leases (including those classified under existing GAAP as operating leases, which based on current standards are not reflected on the balance sheet), but will recognize expenses similar to current lease accounting. For public companies, the new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those years. Early adoption is permitted.alternative reference rates. The new guidance ~~must~~contains practical expedients for reference rate reform related activities that impact debt, leases, derivatives and other contracts. The guidance is optional and may be ~~adopted using a modified retrospective transition~~elected over time as reference rate reform activities occur. During the three months ended September 30, 2020, the Company elected to apply the hedge accounting expedients related to probability and ~~provides~~the assessments of effectiveness for ~~certain practical expedients.~~future LIBOR-indexed cash flows to assume that the index upon which future hedged transactions will be based on matches the index of the corresponding derivatives. Application of these expedients preserves the presentation of derivatives consistent with past presentation. The Company ~~is currently evaluating~~continues to evaluate the impact that the new guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements. The Company has operating lease agreements for which it expects to recognize right of use assets and corresponding liabilities on its balance sheet upon adoption of the new guidance. A complete discussion of these leases is included in the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2016 in Note 20, Commitments and Contingent Liabilities.

In May 2014, the FASB issued accounting guidance (with subsequent targeted amendments) that will significantly enhance comparability of revenue recognition practices across entities, industries, jurisdictions and capital markets. The core principle of the guidance is that revenue recognized from a transaction or event that arises from a contract with a customer should reflect the consideration to which an entity expects to be entitled in exchange for goods or services provided. To achieve that core principle, the new guidance sets forth a five-step revenue recognition model that will need to be applied consistently to all contracts with customers, except those that are within the scope ofand may apply other ~~topics~~elections as applicable as additional changes in the ~~Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”). Also required are enhanced disclosures to help users~~market occur.

Table of financial statements better understand the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenues and cash flows from contracts with customers. The enhanced disclosures include qualitative and quantitative information about contracts with customers, significantContents

PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)

3. Revenue from Contracts with Customers:

~~judgments made~~Disaggregated Revenue

The Company’s primary means of disaggregating revenues is by reportable segments, which can be found in ~~applying~~Note 18 to these condensed consolidated financial statements.

The Company’s portfolio of products are integrated into a variety of end uses, which are described in the table below.


Key End Uses			Key Products
Industrial & process chemicals			• Silicate precursors for the tire industry
			• Glass beads, or microspheres, for metal finishing end uses
Fuels & emission control			• Refining catalysts
			• Emission control catalysts
			• Catalyst recycling services
			• Silicate for catalyst manufacturing
Packaging & engineered plastics			• Catalysts for high-density polyethlene and chemicals syntheses
			• Antiblock for film packaging
			• Solid and hollow microspheres for composite plastics
			• Sulfur derivatives for nylon production
Highway safety & construction			• Reflective markings for roadways and airports
			• Silica gels for surface coatings
Consumer products			• Silica gels for edible oil and beer clarification
			• Precipitated silicas, silicates and zeolites for the dentifrice and
			dishwasher and laundry detergent applications
Natural resources			• Silicates for drilling muds
			• Hollow glass beads, or microspheres, for oil well cements
			• Silicates and alum for water treatment mining
			• Bleaching aids for paper

Table of Contents

PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)

The following tables disaggregate the Company’s sales, by segment and end use, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:


	Three months ended September 30, 2020
	Refining Services		Catalysts		Performance Materials		Performance Chemicals		Total
Industrial & process chemicals	$	17,447	$	51	$	11,134	$	47,786	$	76,418
Fuels & emission control(1)	60,022		0		0		700		60,722
Packaging & engineered plastics	10,941		23,020		15,438		11,987		61,386
Highway safety & construction(1)	0		0		74,672		19,553		94,225
Consumer products	0		0		0		56,304		56,304
Natural resources	19,194		0		3,330		12,183		34,707
Total segment sales	107,604		23,071		104,574		148,513		383,762
Eliminations	(764)		(51)		(57)		(2,571)		(3,443)
Total	$	106,840	$	23,020	$	104,517	$	145,942	$	380,319

	Three months ended September 30, 2019
	Refining Services		Catalysts		Performance Materials		Performance Chemicals		Total
Industrial & process chemicals	$	20,180	$	47	$	12,225	$	54,696	$	87,148
Fuels & emission control(1)	70,048		0		0		0		70,048
Packaging & engineered plastics	12,197		25,565		16,886		12,048		66,696
Highway safety & construction(1)	0		0		82,502		20,800		103,302
Consumer products	0		0		0		64,849		64,849
Natural resources	15,910		0		3,521		15,556		34,987
Total segment sales	118,335		25,612		115,134		167,949		427,030
Eliminations	(813)		(47)		(18)		(2,351)		(3,229)
Total	$	117,522	$	25,565	$	115,116	$	165,598	$	423,801

Table of Contents

PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)


	Nine months ended September 30, 2020
	Refining Services		Catalysts		Performance Materials		Performance Chemicals		Total
Industrial & process chemicals	$	53,518	$	100	$	32,571	$	151,367	$	237,556
Fuels & emission control(1)	166,416		0		3		700		167,119
Packaging & engineered plastics	29,147		73,043		46,554		35,814		184,558
Highway safety & construction(1)	0		0		185,733		58,054		243,787
Consumer products	0		0		0		180,238		180,238
Natural resources	49,646		0		9,485		39,260		98,391
Total segment sales	298,727		73,143		274,346		465,433		1,111,649
Eliminations	(2,469)		(100)		(166)		(7,472)		(10,207)
Total	$	296,258	$	73,043	$	274,180	$	457,961	$	1,101,442

	Nine months ended September 30, 2019
	Refining Services		Catalysts		Performance Materials		Performance Chemicals		Total
Industrial & process chemicals	$	60,485	$	109	$	38,037	$	175,009	$	273,640
Fuels & emission control(1)	191,243		0		0		0		191,243
Packaging & engineered plastics	38,953		62,226		51,863		41,121		194,163
Highway safety & construction(1)	0		0		195,119		65,036		260,155
Consumer products	0		0		0		198,798		198,798
Natural resources	50,788		0		10,076		46,275		107,139
Total segment sales	341,469		62,335		295,095		526,239		1,225,138
Eliminations	(2,595)		(109)		(170)		(7,567)		(10,441)
Total	$	338,874	$	62,226	$	294,925	$	518,672	$	1,214,697

(1)As described in Note 1, the Company experiences seasonal sales fluctuations to customers in the fuels & emission control and highway safety & construction end uses.

Contract Assets and Liabilities

A contract asset is a right to consideration in exchange for goods that the Company has transferred to a customer when that right is conditional on something other than the passage of time. A contract liability exists when the Company receives consideration in advance of performance obligations. The Company has 0 contract assets on its condensed consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019.

The Company recognized a $11,486 contract liability associated with the sale of its magnesium silicate product line in July 2020, of which $10,785 of deferred revenue ~~guidance,~~remained as of September 30, 2020. The Company recognized revenue of $806 related to this contract liability during the three and ~~assets recognized~~nine months ended September 30, 2020. Refer to Note 7 of these condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information related to the ~~costs to obtain or fulfill a contract. For public companies,~~sale of the ~~new requirements are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those years.~~ product line.

The Company ~~is reviewing~~recognized a $9,000 contract liability associated with the sale of a portion of its ~~key~~sulfate salts product line in June 2019, of which $3,105 and $6,450 of deferred revenue ~~streams~~remained as of September 30, 2020 and ~~assessing~~December 31, 2019, respectively. The Company recognized revenue of $1,035 and $3,339 related to this contract liability during the ~~underlying customer contracts within~~three and nine months ended September 30, 2020. The Company recognized revenue of $1,035 related to this contract liability during the ~~framework~~three and nine months ended September 30, 2019. Refer to Note 7 of these condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information related to the sale of the ~~new guidance. The Company has evaluated the key aspects~~product line.

Table of ~~its revenue streams for impact under the new guidance~~Contents

PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in thousands, except share and is currently performing a detailed analysis of its customer agreements to quantify the potential changes under the guidance. The Company believes that the guidance will not have a material impact on its existing revenue recognition practices, but there are new robust disclosure requirements that will have an impact on the Company’s reporting. The Company anticipates adopting the new guidance in the first quarter of 2018 as required, and expects to implement the guidance under the modified retrospective transition method of adoption.per share amounts)

(unaudited)

4. Fair Value Measurements:

Fair values are based on quoted market prices when available. When market prices are not available, fair values are generally estimated using discounted cash flow analyses, incorporating current market inputs for similar financial instruments with comparable terms and credit quality. In instances where there is little or no market activity for the same or similar instruments, the Company estimates fair values using methods, models and assumptions that management believes a hypothetical market participant would use to determine a current transaction price. These valuation techniques involve some level of management estimation and judgment that becomes significant with increasingly complex instruments or pricing models. Where appropriate, adjustments are included to reflect the risk inherent in a particular methodology, model or input used.

The Company’s financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value have been classified based upon a fair value hierarchy. The hierarchy gives the highest ranking to fair values determined using unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities (Level 1) and the lowest ranking to fair values determined using methodologies and models with unobservable inputs (Level 3). The classification of an asset or a liability is based on the lowest level input that is significant to its measurement. For example, a Level 3 fair value measurement may include inputs that are both observable (Levels 1 and 2) and unobservable (Level 3). The levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

•Level 1—Values are unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets and liabilities in active markets accessible at the measurement date. Active markets provide pricing data for trades occurring at least weekly and include exchanges and dealer markets.

•Level 2—Inputs include quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices from those willing to trade in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by market data for the term of the instrument. Such inputs include market interest rates and volatilities, spreads and yield curves.

•Level 3—Certain inputs are unobservable (supported by little or no market activity) and significant to the fair value measurement. Unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s best estimate of what hypothetical market participants would use to determine a transaction price for the asset or liability at the reporting date.

The following table presents information about the Company’s assets and liabilities that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, ~~2017~~2020 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2019, and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques the Company utilized to determine such fair value.


	September 30, 2020		Quoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets:
Derivative contracts (Note 14)	$	5,173	$	0	$	5,173	$	0
Restoration plan assets	3,658		3,658		0		0
Total	$	8,831	$	3,658	$	5,173	$	0

Liabilities:
Derivative contracts (Note 14)	$	18,762	$	0	$	18,762	$	0


	December 31, 2019		Quoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets:
Derivative contracts (Note 14)	$	3,928	$	0	$	3,928	$	0
Restoration plan assets	4,199		4,199		0		0
Total	$	8,127	$	4,199	$	3,928	$	0

Liabilities:
Derivative contracts (Note 14)	$	12,415	$	0	$	12,415	$	0

As of September 30, 2017
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
(Level 1)
Significant Other
Observable Inputs
(Level 2)
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Assets:
Derivative contracts $ 1,098
$ —
$ 1,098
$ —
Restoration plan assets 5,566
5,566
—
—
Total $ 6,664
$ 5,566
$ 1,098
$ —

Liabilities:
Derivative contracts $ 58
$ —
$ 58
$ —

Table of Contents

PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)

As of December 31, 2016
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
(Level 1)

Significant Other
Observable Inputs
(Level 2)

Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
Assets:
Derivative contracts $ 6,434
$ —
$ 6,434
$ —
Restoration plan assets 5,594
5,594
—
—
Total $ 12,028
$ 5,594
$ 6,434
$ —

Restoration plan assets

The fair values of the Company’s restoration plan assets are determined through quoted prices in active markets. Restoration plan assets are assets held in a Rabbi trust to fund the obligations of the Company’s defined benefit supplementary retirement plans and include various stock and fixed income mutual funds. See Note 1516 to these condensed consolidated financial statements regarding defined supplementary retirement plans. The Company’s restoration plan assets are included in other long-term assets on its condensed consolidated balance sheets. Gains and losses related to these investments are included in other expense, net in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of income. Unrealized gains and losses associated with the underlying stock and fixed income mutual funds were immaterial as of September 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively.

Derivative contracts

Derivative assets and liabilities can be exchange-traded or traded over-the-counter (“OTC”). The Company generally values exchange-traded derivatives using models that calibrate to market transactions and eliminate timing differences between the closing price of the exchange-traded derivatives and their underlying instruments. OTC derivatives are valued using market transactions and other market evidence whenever possible, including market-based inputs to models, model calibration to market transactions, broker or dealer quotations or alternative pricing sources with reasonable levels of price transparency. When models are used, the selection of a particular model to value an OTC derivative depends on the contractual terms of, and specific risks inherent in, the instrument as well as the availability of pricing information in the market. The Company generally uses similar models to value similar instruments. Valuation models require a variety of inputs, including contractual terms, market prices and rates, forward curves, measures of volatility, and correlations of such inputs. For OTC derivatives that trade in liquid markets, such as forward contracts, swaps and options, model inputs can generally be corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means, and model selection does not involve significant management judgment.

The Company has interest rate caps, ~~and~~ natural gas ~~caps~~swaps and cross-currency swaps that are fair valued using Level 2 inputs. In addition, the Company applies a credit valuation adjustment to reflect credit risk which is calculated based on credit default swaps. To the extent that the Company’s net exposure under a specific master agreement is an asset, the Company utilizes the counterparty’s default swap rate. If the net exposure under a specific master agreement is a liability, the Company utilizes a default swap rate comparable to PQ Group Holdings. The credit valuation adjustment is added to the discounted fair value to reflect the exit price that a market participant would be willing to receive to assume the Company’s liabilities or that a market participant would be willing to pay for the Company’s assets. As

Table of ~~September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the credit valuation adjustment resulted in a minimal change in the fair value of the derivatives.~~Contents

PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)

5. Stockholders' Equity:

4. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income ~~(Loss):~~

The following ~~table presents~~tables present the tax effects of each component of other comprehensive income ~~(loss)~~ for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020 and ~~2016:~~2019:

Three months ended September 30,
2017 2016
Pre-tax
amount Tax
benefit /
(expense) After-tax
amount Pre-tax
amount Tax
benefit /
(expense) After-tax
amount
Defined benefit and other postretirement plans
Amortization and unrealized losses $ (33 ) $ 13
$ (20 ) $ 162
$ —
$ 162
Benefit plans, net (33 ) 13
(20 ) 162
—
162
Net loss (gain) from hedging activities (486 ) 185
(301 ) 324
(123 ) 201
Foreign currency translation 21,343
(2,493 ) 18,850
1,930
(644 ) 1,286
Other comprehensive income (loss) $ 20,824
$ (2,295 ) $ 18,529
$ 2,416
$ (767 ) $ 1,649


	Three months ended September 30,
	2020						2019
	Pre-tax amount		Tax benefit/ (expense)		After-tax amount		Pre-tax amount		Tax benefit/ (expense)		After-tax amount
Defined benefit and other postretirement plans:
Amortization of net gains and (losses)	$	28	$	(9)	$	19	$	(10)	$	4	$	(6)
Amortization of prior service cost	(52)		13		(39)		(63)		10		(53)
Benefit plans, net	(24)		4		(20)		(73)		14		(59)
Net (loss) gain from hedging activities	1,260		(315)		945		46		(11)		35
Foreign currency translation(1)	17,596		(4,024)		13,572		(10,020)		(3,852)		(13,872)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	$	18,832	$	(4,335)	$	14,497	$	(10,047)	$	(3,849)	$	(13,896)

	Nine months ended September 30,
	2020						2019
	Pre-tax amount		Tax benefit/ (expense)		After-tax amount		Pre-tax amount		Tax benefit/ (expense)		After-tax amount
Defined benefit and other postretirement plans:
Amortization of net gains and (losses)	$	93	$	(25)	$	68	$	(26)	$	8	$	(18)
Amortization of prior service cost	(155)		39		(116)		(128)		26		(102)
Benefit plans, net	(62)		14		(48)		(154)		34		(120)
Net (loss) gain from hedging activities	1,215		(304)		911		(3,579)		895		(2,684)
Foreign currency translation(1)	(19,308)		(1,536)		(20,844)		4,731		(5,351)		(620)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	$	(18,155)	$	(1,826)	$	(19,981)	$	998	$	(4,422)	$	(3,424)

Nine months ended September 30,
2017 2016
Pre-tax
amount Tax
benefit /
(expense) After-tax
amount Pre-tax
amount Tax
benefit /
(expense) After-tax
amount
Defined benefit and other postretirement plans
Amortization and unrealized losses $ (261 ) $ 38
$ (223 ) $ 486
$ —
$ 486
Benefit plans, net (261 ) 38
(223 ) 486
—
486
Net loss (gain) from hedging activities (5,373 ) 2,047
(3,326 ) 2,100
(798 ) 1,302
Foreign currency translation 69,202
(8,710 ) 60,492
(9,605 ) 1,686
(7,919 )
Other comprehensive income (loss) $ 63,568
$ (6,625 ) $ 56,943
$ (7,019 ) $ 888
$ (6,131 )

(1)The ~~following table presents the change~~income tax benefit or expense included in ~~accumulated~~ other comprehensive income ~~(loss), net~~is attributed to the portion of foreign currency translation associated with the Company’s cross-currency interest rate swaps, for which the tax ~~by component~~effect is based on the applicable U.S. deferred income tax rate. See Note 14 to these condensed consolidated financial statements for information regarding the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:~~Company’s cross-currency interest rate swaps.

Defined benefit
and other
postretirement
plans
Net gain (loss)
from hedging
activities
Foreign
currency
translation

Total
December 31, 2016 $ 7,513
$ 4,557
$ (65,781 ) $ (53,711 )
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications (322 ) (3,404 ) 60,238
56,512
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income^(a)
99
78
—
177
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss) (223 ) (3,326 ) 60,238
56,689
September 30, 2017 $ 7,290
$ 1,231
$ (5,543 ) $ 2,978

December 31, 2015 $ 648
$ —
$ —
$ 648
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications 486
591
(7,306 ) (6,229 )
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income^(a)
—
711
—
711
Net current period other comprehensive income (loss) 486
1,302
(7,306 ) (5,518 )
September 30, 2016 $ 1,134
$ 1,302
$ (7,306 ) $ (4,870 )

Table of Contents

~~—————~~


^(a)	~~See the following table for details about these reclassifications.~~

PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)

The following table presents the ~~reclassifications out of~~changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax, by component for the ~~three and~~ nine months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020 and ~~2016. Amounts in parenthesis indicate debits to profit/loss.~~2019:


	Defined benefit and other postretirement plans		Net gain (loss) from hedging activities		Foreign currency translation		Total
December 31, 2019	$	3,568	$	(1,838)	$	(17,078)	$	(15,348)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	0		(28)		(18,041)		(18,069)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income(1)	(48)		939		0		891


September 30, 2020	$	3,520	$	(927)	$	(35,119)	$	(32,526)

December 31, 2018	$	(546)	$	637	$	(39,195)	$	(39,104)
Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications	(27)		(3,163)		(665)		(3,855)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income(1)	(93)		479		0		386
Net current period other comprehensive loss	(120)		(2,684)		(665)		(3,469)
Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, reclassification from AOCI to retained earnings	1,684		190		0		1,874
September 30, 2019	$	1,018	$	(1,857)	$	(39,860)	$	(40,699)

Details about Accumulated Other
Comprehensive Income Components

Amount Reclassified from
Accumulated Other
Comprehensive Income
Affected Line Item in the
Statement Where Net
Income is Presented
Three months ended
September 30, Nine months ended
September 30,
2017 2016 2017 2016
Defined benefit and other postretirement plans
Amortization of prior service cost $ 20
$ —
$ 60
$ —
(a)
Amortization of net gain (loss) 19
—
58
—
(a)
39
—
118
—
Total before tax
(6 ) —
(19 ) —
Tax (expense) benefit
$ 33
$ —
$ 99
$ —
Net of tax

Net gain (loss) from hedging activities
Interest rate caps $ 13
$ (2 ) $ 22
$ (2 ) Interest expense
Natural gas swaps 94
420
104
1,148
Cost of goods sold
107
418
126
1,146
Total before tax
(41 ) (159 ) (48 ) (435 ) Tax (expense) benefit
$ 66
$ 259
$ 78
$ 711
Net of tax

Total reclassifications for the period $ 99
$ 259
$ 177
$ 711
Net of tax

~~—————~~


^(a)			These accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) components are included in the computation of net periodic pension and other postretirement cost (see Note 15 to these condensed consolidated financial statements for additional details).

~~5. Acquisition:~~(1)See the following table for details about these reclassifications. Amounts in parentheses indicate debits.

~~On June 12, 2017 (the “Closing Date”), the Company acquired the facilities~~

Table of Sovitec Mondial S.A. (“Sovitec”) located in Belgium, Spain, Argentina and France as part of a stock transaction (the “Acquisition”) for $41,572 in cash, excluding assumed debt. Based in Fleurus, Belgium, Sovitec is a high quality producer of engineered glass products used in transportation safety, metal finishing and polymer additives.Contents

The Acquisition was accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting. Under the acquisition method, the purchase price was allocated to the identifiable net assets acquired based on the fair values of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the Closing Date. The excess of the purchase price over the fair values of the identifiable net assets acquired was recorded to goodwill.

PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)

The following table ~~sets forth~~presents the ~~calculation and preliminary allocation~~reclassifications out of ~~the purchase price to the identifiable net assets acquired with respect to the Acquisition:~~

Total consideration, net of cash acquired $ 41,572

Recognized amounts of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed:
Receivables $ 14,305
Inventories 7,645
Prepaid and other current assets 230
Property, plant and equipment 9,020
Other long-term assets 129

Fair value of assets acquired 31,329
Current debt (6,420 )
Accounts payable (10,748 )
Long-term debt (10,189 )
Other long-term liabilities (154 )

Fair value of net assets acquired 3,818
Goodwill 37,754
$ 41,572

The valuation of the identifiable assets and liabilities included in the table above is preliminary and is subject to change, as the Company is in the process of evaluating the information required to determine the fair values of certain identifiable assets and liabilities acquired, including inventory, property, plant and equipment, and intangible assets. An increased portion of the purchase price allocated to the identifiable net assets acquired will reduce the amount recognized for goodwill and may result in increased cost of goods sold, depreciation and/or amortization expense. Adjustments to the provisional amounts during the measurement period that result in changes to depreciation, amortization oraccumulated other comprehensive income ~~effects will be recognized in the reporting period(s) in which the adjustments are determined.~~

The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements include Sovitec’s results of operations for the period from the Closing Date through September 30, 2017. Net sales and net income attributable to Sovitec during this period are included in the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations and total $13,490 and $644, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2017, and $17,194 and $1,148, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Acquisition costs of $737 and $2,065 are included in other operating expense, net in the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2017, respectively.~~2020 and 2019:


Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Components	Amounts Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income(1)								Affected Line Item where Income is Presented
	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Amortization of defined benefit and other postretirement items:
Prior service credit	$	52	$	32	$	155	$	97	Other income (expense)(2)
Actuarial gains (losses)	(28)		8		(93)		26		Other income (expense)(2)
	24		40		62		123		Total before tax
	(4)		(10)		(14)		(30)		Tax expense
	$	20	$	30	$	48	$	93	Net of tax

Gains and losses on cash flow hedges:
Interest rate caps	$	611	$	(157)	$	(18)	$	(449)	Interest expense
Natural gas swaps	(467)		(291)		(1,229)		(187)		Cost of goods sold
	144		(448)		(1,247)		(636)		Total before tax
	(39)		111		308		157		Tax benefit
	$	105	$	(337)	$	(939)	$	(479)	Net of tax

Total reclassifications for the period	$	125	$	(307)	$	(891)	$	(386)	Net of tax

(1)Amounts in parentheses indicate debits to profit/loss.

(2)These accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) components are components of net periodic pension and other postretirement cost (see Note 16 to these condensed consolidated financial statements for additional details).

Stock Repurchase Program

The Company ~~believes that~~records repurchases of its common stock for treasury at cost. Upon the ~~Acquisition~~reissuance of the Company’s common stock from treasury, differences between the proceeds from reissuance and the average cost of the treasury stock are credited or charged to capital in excess of par value to the extent of prior credits related to the reissuance of treasury stock. If no such credits exist, the differences are charged to retained earnings.

On March 12, 2020, the Company’s Board approved a plan to purchase up to $50,000 of PQ Group Holdings Inc. common stock under a stock repurchase program approved by the Company’s Board of Directors. The Company may repurchase shares from time to time for cash in open market transactions or in privately negotiated transactions in accordance with applicable federal securities laws. The Company will ~~enable it to offer a more comprehensive, cost-effective~~determine the timing and ~~high-quality portfolio~~the amount of ~~products~~any repurchases based on its evaluation of market conditions, share price and ~~services to its customers worldwide when, combined with anticipated synergies within its existing business, contributed to~~other factors. The stock repurchase program is valid until March 2022.

From the announcement date of the program through September 30, 2020, the Company repurchased 211,700 shares on the open market at an average price of $9.73 for a total ~~purchase price that resulted in the recognition~~ of ~~goodwill. All~~$2,059, none of ~~the goodwill was assigned to the Company’s Performance Materials and Chemicals segment. The goodwill associated with the Acquisition is not deductible for tax purposes.~~

~~Pro Forma Financial Information~~

~~The unaudited pro forma financial information for~~which repurchases were made during the three months ended September 30, ~~2016 and the nine months ended~~2020. As of September 30, ~~2017 and 2016 has been derived from~~2020, $47,941 was available for additional share repurchases under the Company’s historical consolidated financial statements and prepared to give effect to the Acquisition, assuming that the Acquisition occurred on January 1, 2016. The unaudited pro forma consolidated resultsprogram.

Table of operations are provided for illustrative purposes only and are not indicative of the Company’s actual consolidated results of operations had the Acquisition been made as of January 1, 2016. The unaudited pro forma results of operations do not reflect any operating efficiencies or potential cost savings which may result from the Acquisition. The results of operations for the three months ended September 30, 2017 include the operating results of the combined company for the full period and therefore, there is no pro forma presentation included in the table below.Contents

PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)

6. Asset Swap Transaction:

Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended
September 30,
2016 2017 2016
(unaudited)
Pro forma sales $ 381,065
$ 1,130,454
$ 772,549
Pro forma net loss (8,289 ) (6,511 ) (88,300 )

~~Certain non-recurring charges included in~~On February 19, 2020, the Company entered into a long-term agreement with a leading global thermoplastic producer to supply glass beads, and to meet that supply, exchanged inventory and production equipment related to the Company’s ~~results~~ThermoDrop® product line for inventory, production equipment and two glass bead manufacturing facilities (the “beads business”) of ~~operations~~the thermoplastic producer (the “asset swap”) in a non-cash transaction. The acquisition of the beads business qualified for recognition as a business combination, which has been recorded using the acquisition method of accounting. Under the acquisition method, the purchase price is allocated to the identifiable net assets acquired based on the fair value as of the acquisition date. The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired is recorded to goodwill.

The fair value of the assets exchanged related to the Company’s ThermoDrop® product line represents the purchase price consideration for the beads business. Based on the fair value of the assets disposed, the Company recognized a pre-tax loss on disposal of $6,475 during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 were allocated to the respective prior year periods for pro forma purposes. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, non-recurring charges allocated to the prior year period include transaction fee charges of $2,0652020, which ~~were excluded from the pro forma net loss for the nine months ended September 30, 2017.~~

~~6. Business Combination:~~

As described in Note 1 to these condensed consolidated financial statements, on May 4, 2016, the Company, PQ Holdings, Eco Services, certain investment funds affiliated with CCMP and certain other stockholders of PQ Holdings and Eco Services completed the Business Combination. Eco Services is the accounting predecessor to PQ Group Holdings. Certain investment funds affiliated with CCMP held a controlling interest position in Eco Services prior to the Business Combination. In addition, certain investment funds affiliated with CCMP owned a noncontrolling interest in PQ Holdings prior to the Business Combination and the merger with Eco constituted a change in control under the various PQ Holdings credit agreements and bond indenture. Therefore, Eco Services is deemed to be the accounting acquirer. These condensed consolidated financial statements are the continuation of Eco Services’ business prior to the Business Combination.

Total consideration for the Business Combination included $1,777,740 of cash, $910,800 of equity in the acquired PQ Holdings entities and $1,401 of assumed stock awards of PQ Holdings. The fair value of the equity consideration was determined based on an estimated enterprise value using a market approach as of the date of the Business Combination, reduced by borrowings to arrive at the fair value of equity. The existing PQ Holdings credit facilities were not legally assumed as part of the Business Combination and the extinguishment of the debt concurrent with the Business Combination was included as part of the consideration transferred.

The Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements include PQ Holdings results of operations from May 4, 2016 through September 30, 2016. Net sales and net loss attributable to PQ Holdings during this period are included in the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of operations and total $276,726 and $29,070 for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and $462,097 and $122,497 for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. Acquisition costs of $896 and $1,398 are included in other operating expense, net in the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of ~~operations~~income.

The following table sets forth the calculation and allocation of the consideration given and the identifiable net assets acquired with respect to the asset swap, which was complete as of June 30, 2020.


	Provisional Purchase Price Allocation		Adjustments		Purchase Price Allocation
Total consideration	$	25,166	$	3,432	$	28,598

Recognized amounts of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed:
Inventories	$	9,912	$	127	$	10,039
Property, plant and equipment	9,490		1,339		10,829
Right-of-use lease assets	378		0		378
Fair value of assets acquired	19,780		1,466		21,246

Operating lease liabilities, current	(203)		0		(203)
Operating lease liabilities, non-current	(175)		0		(175)
	(378)		0		(378)
Fair value of net assets acquired	19,402		1,466		20,868
Goodwill	5,764		1,966		7,730
	$	25,166	$	3,432	$	28,598

The Company believes that the asset swap will expand its geographic footprint, enabling it to better serve its current and future customers. Combined with anticipated synergies within its existing business, this contributed to a total purchase price that resulted in the recognition of goodwill. All of the goodwill was assigned to the Company’s Performance Materials segment. The goodwill associated with the asset swap is expected to be deductible for tax purposes.

Results of the beads business since the date of the asset swap are included in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of income and were not material for disclosure. Amounts that would have been recognized in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of income during the three months ended March 31, 2020 had the adjustments to the provisional amounts been recognized as of the date of the asset swap were not material. Transaction costs associated with the asset swap were not material for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2016, respectively.~~2020.

~~In accordance with the requirements~~

Table of the purchase method of accounting for acquisitions, inventories were recorded at fair market value (which is defined as estimated selling prices less the sum of (a) costs of disposal and (b) a reasonable profit allowance for the selling effort of the acquiring entity), which was $58,683 higher than the historical cost. The Company’s cost of goods sold includes a pre-tax charge of $5,804 and $23,518 for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively, relating to the portion of the step-up on inventory sold during the period. A separate portion of the fair value step-up related to the domestic inventory accounted for under the LIFO method was included in inventory on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2016 as part of the new LIFO base layer on the acquired inventory.Contents

~~Pro Forma Financial Information~~

The unaudited pro forma financial information for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 has been derived from the Company’s historical consolidated financial statements and prepared to give effect to the Business Combination, assuming that the Business Combination occurred on January 1, 2015. These pro forma adjustments primarily relate to incremental depreciation expense on the step up of fixed assets, amortization of acquired intangibles, higher cost of goods sold related to the sale of revalued inventory, incremental interest expense related to the additional debt that needed to fund the Business Combination, and the estimated impact of these adjustments on the Company’s tax provision. The unaudited pro forma consolidated results of operations are provided for illustrative purposes only and are not indicative of the Company’s actual consolidated results of operations had the Business Combination been made as of January 1, 2015. The unaudited pro forma results of operations do not reflect any operating efficiencies or potential cost savings which may result from the Business Combination. The results of operations for the three months ended September 30, 2016 include the operating results of the combined company for the full period and therefore, there is no pro forma presentation included in the table below.

PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)

7. Sale of Product Lines:

Magnesium Silicate Product Line Sale

Nine months ended September 30, 2016
(unaudited)
Pro forma sales $ 1,080,310
Pro forma net loss (55,985 )

~~Certain non-recurring charges~~On July 1, 2020, the Company completed the sale of its magnesium silicate product line within its Performance Chemicals segment for $18,000 and recorded a pre-tax gain on sale of $4,958. The transaction was recorded as an asset sale, with the gain on disposition included in the other operating expense, net line item in the Company’s ~~results~~condensed consolidated statement of ~~operations~~income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 (see Note 9 to these condensed consolidated financial statements for additional details). At the time of disposition, the carrying value of the Company’s inventory related to this non-core product line was $1,556. The Company allocated $11,486 of the consideration received to a contract liability for deferred revenue.

Concurrent with the product line sale, the Company entered into a tolling arrangement with the buyer in which the Company agreed to manufacture the product for the buyer through July 2025. The Company deferred $11,486 of the $18,000 consideration received as a liability, to be recognized as the Company executes its performance obligations over the term of the contractual agreement with the buyer.

Sulfate Salts Product Line Sale

On June 28, 2019, the Company completed the sale of a portion of its sulfate salts product line within its Performance Chemicals segment for $28,000, subject to a working capital adjustment, and recorded a pre-tax gain on sale of $11,362. The transaction was recorded as an asset sale, with the gain on disposition included in the other operating expense, net line item in the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of income for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2016 were allocated~~2019 (see Note 9 to these condensed consolidated financial statements for additional details). At the time of disposition, the carrying value of the Company’s net working capital related to this non-core product line was $4,215. In addition to the ~~respective prior year periods for pro forma purposes. For~~net working capital sold as part of the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2016, non-recurring charges allocated~~transaction, the Company also derecognized $3,423 of property, plant and equipment related to the ~~prior year period include~~product line and allocated $9,000 of the consideration received to a ~~debt prepayment penalty~~contract liability for deferred revenue.

Concurrent with the product line sale, the Company entered into a tolling arrangement with the buyer in which the Company agreed to manufacture the product for the buyer, the majority of ~~$26,250, refinancing charges~~which runs until June 2021. The Company deferred $9,000 of ~~$4,616~~the $28,000 consideration received as a liability, to be recognized as the Company executes its performance obligations over the term of the contractual agreement with the buyer. Additionally, the Company concluded that an embedded lease arrangement exists as a result of the combination of the sale and ~~transaction fee charges~~tolling agreements. Given the ability of ~~$714,~~the buyer to control substantially all of ~~which are excluded~~the output of the facilities and the existence of bargain purchase options on the manufacturing assets, the Company determined that the buyer is effectively leasing the assets from the ~~pro forma~~Company and derecognized the associated property, plant and equipment under a sales-type leasing arrangement. The gain on the sale of fixed assets is included as part of the Company’s overall gain on sale related to the transaction, with the Company’s net ~~loss for~~investment in the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2016.~~leased assets having been settled as part of the consideration received in the transaction with no additional future cash flows to be recognized on the lease.

~~7. Goodwill~~8. Goodwill:

The ~~changes~~change in the carrying amount of goodwill for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020 is summarized as follows:


	Refining Services		Catalysts		Performance Materials		Performance Chemicals		Total
Balance as of December 31, 2019	$	311,892	$	78,611	$	275,919	$	593,383	$	1,259,805
Goodwill recognized	0		0		7,730		0		7,730

Foreign exchange impact	0		(522)		(321)		(2,839)		(3,682)
Balance as of September 30, 2020	$	311,892	$	78,089	$	283,328	$	590,544	$	1,263,853

Performance
Materials &
Chemicals Environmental
Catalysts &
Services Total
Balance as of December 31, 2016 $ 852,506
$ 388,923
$ 1,241,429
Goodwill recognized 37,754
—
37,754
Foreign exchange impact 25,189
2,175
27,364
Balance as of September 30, 2017 $ 915,449
$ 391,098
$ 1,306,547

Table of Contents

~~8. Other Operating Expense, Net:~~

~~A summary of other operating expense, net is as follows:~~

Three months ended
September 30, Nine months ended
September 30,
2017 2016 2017 2016
Restructuring and other related costs (Note 18) $ 4,106
$ 1,336
$ 5,578
$ 10,898
Amortization expense 9,146
8,914
23,270
17,029
Net loss on asset disposals 3,494
627
6,419
2,288
Transaction and other related costs ⁽¹⁾
966
1,635
5,295
6,063
Management advisory fees 1,250
1,250
3,750
2,333
Other, net 871
1,280
2,844
2,019
$ 19,833
$ 15,042
$ 47,156
$ 40,630

~~—————~~


⁽¹⁾	Transaction and other related costs primarily include acquisition costs directly attributable to the Acquisition (see Note 5 to these condensed consolidated financial statements for further information) and the Business Combination (see Note 6 to these condensed consolidated financial statements for further information), as well as other business development costs.

PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)

9. ~~Inventories:~~Other Operating Expense, Net:

A summary of other operating expense, net is as follows:


	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Amortization expense	$	8,653	$	8,607	$	25,840	$	25,907
Transaction and other related costs	3,116		2,930		5,760		3,938
Restructuring, integration and business optimization costs(1)	4,577		539		9,617		650
Net (gain) loss on asset disposals(2)	(4,453)		1,136		3,948		(7,697)

Environmental related costs	7		1,174		553		2,501
Other, net	482		1,409		1,341		3,054
	$	12,382	$	15,795	$	47,059	$	28,353

(1)During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, the Company’s results were impacted by costs associated with the execution of the Company’s Simpler + Stronger strategic initiatives. Reclassifications have been made to the historical “Other, net” line item to conform with the current year presentation.

(2)During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company recognized a pre-tax gain of $4,958 related to the sale of a product line. Refer to Note 7 of these condensed consolidated financial statements for additional details.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company recorded a loss of $6,475 related to the asset swap, which is reflected in net (gain) loss on asset disposals. Refer to Note 6 to these condensed consolidated financial statements for details on the asset swap.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company recognized a gain of $11,362 related to the sale of a product line. Refer to Note 7 of these condensed consolidated financial statements for additional details.

10. Inventories, Net:

Inventories, net, are classified and valued as follows:


	September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Finished products and work in process	$	201,784	$	222,940
Raw materials	47,878		58,005
	$	249,662	$	280,945

Valued at lower of cost or market:
LIFO basis	$	145,314	$	168,935
Valued at lower of cost and net realizable value:
FIFO or average cost basis	104,348		112,010
	$	249,662	$	280,945

September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016
Finished products and work in process $ 178,844
$ 175,182
Raw materials 57,077
51,866
$ 235,921
$ 227,048
Valued at lower of cost or market:
LIFO basis $ 145,905
$ 135,605
FIFO or average cost basis 90,016
91,443
$ 235,921
$ 227,048

Table of Contents

~~10.~~PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)

11. Investments in Affiliated Companies:

The Company accounts for investments in affiliated companies under the equity method. Affiliated companies accounted for on the equity basis as of September 30, ~~2017~~2020 are as follows:

Company

Country

Percent
Ownership

PQ Silicates Ltd.

Taiwan

50%

Zeolyst International

USA

50%

Zeolyst C.V.

Netherlands

50%

~~Company~~

Asociacion para el Estudio de las Tecnologias de Equipamiento de Carreteras, S.A. (“Aetec”)

~~Country~~

Spain

~~Percent~~
~~Ownership~~

~~PQ Silicates Ltd.~~

~~Taiwan~~

~~50%~~

~~Zeolyst International~~

~~USA~~

~~50%~~

~~Zeolyst C.V.~~

~~Netherlands~~

~~50%~~

~~Quaker Holdings~~

~~South Africa~~

~~49%~~20%

Following is summarized information of the combined ~~investments:~~investments(1):


	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Sales	$	57,923	$	121,471	$	217,290	$	279,503
Gross profit	11,679		48,416		77,288		102,966
Operating income	3,304		37,958		49,001		74,217
Net income	3,681		37,852		50,049		75,002

Three months ended
September 30, Nine months ended
September 30,
2017 2016 2017 2016
Net sales $ 83,983
$ 63,110
$ 225,770
$ 107,897
Gross profit 33,276
24,283
91,862
46,589
Operating income 22,713
15,054
60,408
30,708
Net income 23,819
15,351
63,663
30,994

(1)Summarized information of the combined investments is presented at 100%; the Company’s share of the net assets and net income of affiliates is calculated based on the percent ownership specified in the table above.

In March 2020, the Company sold its 49% interest in the Quaker Holdings joint venture to a third party. Prior to the Company’s disposition of its shares in the joint venture, the Company received a liquidating dividend of $729 as well as $1,032 for the sale of the joint venture shares, which was included in the proceeds from sale of investment within the investing activities section of the Company’s consolidated statement of cash flows.

The Company’s investments in affiliated companies balance as of September 30, ~~2017~~2020 and December 31, ~~2016~~2019 includes net purchase accounting fair value adjustments of ~~$266,358~~$245,557 and ~~$273,300,~~$250,532, respectively, related to the ~~Business Combination,~~series of transactions consummated on May 4, 2016 to reorganize and combine the businesses of PQ Holdings Inc. and Eco Services Operations LLC, consisting primarily of goodwill and intangible assets such as customer relationships, technical know-how and trade names. Consolidated equity in net income from affiliates is net of ~~$1,660~~$1,659 and ~~$6,942~~$4,975 of amortization expense related to purchase accounting fair value adjustments for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2017,~~2020, respectively. Consolidated equity in net income from affiliates is net of ~~$12,291~~$1,658 and ~~$24,606~~$5,875 of amortization expense related to purchase accounting fair value adjustments for the three and nine months ended September 30, ~~2016,~~2019, respectively.

Table of Contents

PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)

~~11.~~12. Property, Plant and Equipment:

A summary of property, plant and equipment, at cost, and related accumulated depreciation is as follows:


	September 30, 2017			December 31, 2016				September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Land	$	191,917		$	186,327		Land	$	177,308	$	183,117
Buildings	191,916			157,944			Buildings	227,923		221,449
Machinery and equipment	955,779			788,175			Machinery and equipment	1,262,777		1,236,531
Construction in progress	155,005			204,138			Construction in progress	94,704		82,687
	1,494,617			1,336,584				1,762,712		1,723,784
Less: accumulated depreciation	(285,570		)	(155,196		)	Less: accumulated depreciation	(626,955)		(537,014)
	$	1,209,047		$	1,181,388			$	1,135,757	$	1,186,770

Depreciation expense was ~~$31,957~~$33,236 and ~~$30,305~~$31,554 for the three months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020 and ~~2016,~~2019, respectively. Depreciation expense was ~~$89,987~~$99,981 and ~~$60,173~~$97,088 for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020 and ~~2016,~~2019, respectively.

~~12.~~13. Long-term Debt:

The summary of long-term debt is as follows:


								September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
	September 30, 2017			December 31, 2016
Term Loan Facility (U.S. dollar denominated)	$	918,473		$	925,430
Term Loan Facility (Euro denominated)	331,368			297,317
Senior Secured Term Loan Facility due February 2027							Senior Secured Term Loan Facility due February 2027	$	947,497	$	947,497
New Senior Secured Term Loan Facility due February 2027							New Senior Secured Term Loan Facility due February 2027	648,375		0
6.75% Senior Secured Notes due 2022	625,000			625,000			6.75% Senior Secured Notes due 2022	0		625,000
Floating Rate Senior Unsecured Notes due 2022	525,000			525,000
8.5% Senior Notes due 2022	200,000			200,000
5.75% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2025							5.75% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2025	295,000		295,000
ABL Facility	35,000			—			ABL Facility	0		0
Other	68,207			45,223			Other	65,147		64,629
Total debt	2,703,048			2,617,970			Total debt	1,956,019		1,932,126
Original issue discount	(26,470		)	(28,497		)	Original issue discount	(22,207)		(13,434)
Deferred financing costs	(24,842		)	(27,275		)	Deferred financing costs	(14,267)		(11,730)
Total debt, net of original issue discount and deferred financing costs	2,651,736			2,562,198			Total debt, net of original issue discount and deferred financing costs	1,919,545		1,906,962
Less: current portion	(54,255		)	(14,481		)	Less: current portion	(14,538)		(7,766)
Total long-term debt	$	2,597,481		$	2,547,717
Total long-term debt, excluding current portion							Total long-term debt, excluding current portion	$	1,905,007	$	1,899,196

The fair value of a financial instrument is defined as the ~~amount at which~~exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the ~~instrument could be exchanged~~principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in ~~a current transaction.~~an orderly transaction between market participants. As of September 30, ~~2017~~2020 and December 31, ~~2016,~~2019, the fair value of the ~~senior secured~~ term ~~loans and~~loan facilities, senior secured and unsecured notes was ~~higher than book value by $69,936~~$1,876,497 and ~~$68,477,~~$1,905,822, respectively. ~~The fair value of the senior secured term loans and senior secured and unsecured notes was derived from published loan prices as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, as applicable.~~ The fair value is classified as Level 2 based upon the fair value hierarchy (see Note 34 to these condensed consolidated financial statements for further information on fair value measurements).

~~New Markets Tax Credit Financing~~

~~On June 22, 2017,~~In July 2020, the ~~Company’s subsidiary, Potters Industries, LLC (“Potters”),~~Company entered into an agreement for a ~~New Markets Tax Credit (“NMTC”) financing arrangement~~new senior secured term loan facility in an aggregate principal amount of $650,000 with ~~U.S. Bank N.A. (“USB”), one~~an original issue discount of ~~USB’s affiliates (“USB Investment Fund”)~~1.5% and ~~Business Conduit No. 28, LLC, an affiliate~~interest at a floating rate of ~~Community Reinvestment Fund, Inc. (“CRF”). USB contributed $3,054~~LIBOR (with a 1.0% minimum LIBOR floor) plus 3.0% per annum. The proceeds were used to ~~USB Investment Fund,~~redeem its existing $625,000 of 6.75% Senior Secured Notes due 2022 and ~~Potters Leveraged Lender LLC, an indirect subsidiary~~pay the associated early redemption premiums. The new senior secured term loan facility requires scheduled quarterly amortization payments, each equal to 0.25% of the Company, lent USB Investment Fund $6,221. USB Investment Fund then contributed $9,000 to CRF, which in turn lent $8,820 to Potters pursuant to a credit agreement (the “June 2017 NMTC Agreement”). Potters usedoriginal principal amount of the ~~$8,820 in proceeds to acquire equipment for~~loans under the ~~expansion~~new senior secured term loan facility.

Table of Potters’ manufacturing facility in Paris, Texas. The June 2017 NMTC Agreement provides the Company with certain monetary benefits as an offset to specifically identified capital expenditures. The JuneContents

PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)

~~2017 NMTC Agreement requires that certain commitments~~As a result of redeeming the 6.75% Senior Secured Notes due 2022, the Company paid a redemption premium of $10,550 which were recorded as debt extinguishment costs for the three and ~~covenants are maintained over a period of seven years in order to legally recognize the benefit. The $8,820 was outstanding as of~~nine months ended September 30, ~~2017. The capital expenditures~~2020. In addition, previous unamortized deferred financing costs of $2,085 and original issue discount of $1,186 associated with the ~~June 2017 NMTC Agreement~~previously outstanding debt were written off as debt extinguishment costs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020.

Other Debt

Included in the line item “Other” in the table above are ~~expected to be completed in 2017.~~

~~In connection with the June 2017 NMTC Agreement, the Company provided an indemnification~~obligations related to ~~its actions or inactions which cause either a NMTC disallowance or recapture event. In~~New Markets Tax Credit (“NMTC”) financing arrangements, subsidiary credit agreements related to the ~~event~~Company’s Sovitec subsidiaries and notes payable agreements payable by the Company’s subsidiary located in Japan. Each of these obligations are associated with subsidiaries that will be included in the ~~Company causes either a recapture or disallowance~~sale of the ~~tax credits expected to be generated under this program, then the Company~~Company’s Performance Materials business and will be ~~required~~assumed by the buyer upon consummation of the transaction. Refer to ~~repay the disallowed or recaptured tax credits plus an amount sufficient to pay the taxes on such repayment~~Note 22 of these condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information related to the ~~counterparty~~sale of the agreement. This indemnification covers the Company’s actions and inactions prior to June 22, 2024. The maximum potential amount of future payments under this indemnification is approximately $3,682. The Company currently believes that the likelihood of a required payment under this indemnification is remote.segment.

~~Term Loans Repricing~~

On August 7, 2017, the Company re-priced the existing $927,750 U.S. dollar-denominated tranche and the existing €283,338 Euro-denominated tranche of its term loans to reduce the applicable interest rates. The terms of the facilities are substantially consistent following the re-pricing, except that borrowings under the term loans bear interest at a rate equal to the LIBOR rate plus a margin of 3.25% with respect to U.S. dollar-denominated LIBOR rate loans, and the EURIBOR rate plus a margin of 3.25% with respect to Euro-denominated EURIBOR rate loans. In addition, the LIBOR rate elected under the facilities is subject to a floor of 0% and the EURIBOR rate elected under the facilities is subject to a floor of 0.75%.

~~Senior Unsecured Notes Partial Repayment~~

Subsequent to September 30, 2017 and in conjunction with the Company’s IPO, on October 3, 2017, the Company repaid $446,208, in aggregate principal of the $525,000 of PQ Corporation’s Floating Rate Senior Unsecured Notes due 2022 using the proceeds from the IPO. In connection with the repayment, the Company also paid accrued interest of $2,693 and applicable redemption premiums of $32,284.

~~13.~~14. Financial Instruments:

The Company uses (1) interest rate related derivative instruments to manage its exposure ~~related~~ to changes in interest rates on its variable-rate debt instruments, ~~and uses~~(2) commodity derivatives to manage its exposure to commodity price ~~fluctuations.~~fluctuations, and (3) foreign currency related derivative instruments to manage its foreign currency exposure to its net investments in certain foreign operations. The Company does not speculate using derivative instruments.

By using derivative financial instruments to hedge exposures to changes in interest rates, ~~and~~ commodity prices and foreign currency, the Company exposes itself to credit risk and market risk. Credit risk is the failure of the counterparty to perform under the terms of the derivative contract. When the fair value of a derivative contract is an asset, the counterparty owes the Company, which creates credit risk for the Company. When the fair value of a derivative contract is a liability, the Company owes the counterparty and therefore, the Company is not exposed to the counterparty’s credit risk in those circumstances. The Company minimizes counterparty credit risk in derivative instruments by entering into transactions with high quality counterparties. The derivative instruments entered into by the Company do not contain credit-risk-related contingent features.

Market risk is the adverse effect on the value of a derivative instrument that results from a change in interest rates, currency exchange rates or commodity prices. The market risk associated with ~~interest rate and commodity price contracts~~the Company’s derivative instruments is managed by establishing and monitoring parameters that limit the types and degree of market risk that may be undertaken.

Use of Derivative Financial Instruments to Manage Commodity Price Risk. The Company is exposed to risks in energy costs due to fluctuations in energy prices, particularly natural gas. The Company has a hedging program in the United States which allows the Company to mitigate exposure to natural gas volatility with natural gas swap agreements. Fair value is determined based on estimated amounts that would be received or paid to terminate the contracts at the reporting date based on quoted market prices of comparable contracts. The respective current and non-current liabilities are recorded in accrued liabilities and other long-term liabilities and the respective current and non-current assets are recorded in prepaid and other current assets and other long-term assets, as ~~applicable.~~applicable, in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet. As the derivatives ~~are highly effective and~~ are designated and qualify as ~~cash-flow~~cash flow hedges, the ~~related unrealized~~ gains or losses on the natural gas swaps are recorded in stockholders’ equity as a component of other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”), net of tax. ~~Realized~~Reclassifications of the gains and losses on natural gas hedges into earnings are ~~included~~recorded in production ~~cost~~costs and subsequently charged to cost of goods sold in the condensed consolidated statements of ~~operations~~income in the period in which the associated inventory is sold. ~~The~~As of September 30, 2020, the Company’s natural gas swaps ~~have~~had a remaining notional quantity of ~~690,000~~2.0 million MMBTU to mitigate commodity price volatility through December ~~2018.~~2021.

Use of Derivative Financial Instruments to Manage Interest Rate Risk. The Company is exposed to fluctuations in interest rates on its senior secured credit ~~facilities and senior unsecured notes.~~facilities. Changes in interest rates will not affect the market value of such debt but will affect the ~~amount of our~~Company’s interest payments over the term of the loans. Likewise, an increase in interest rates could have a material

~~PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES~~

~~NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS~~

~~(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)~~

~~(unaudited)~~

impact on the Company’s cash flow. The Company hedges the interest rate fluctuations on debt obligations through interest rate cap agreements. The Company records these agreements at fair value as assets or ~~liabilities.~~liabilities in its consolidated balance sheet. As the derivatives ~~are highly effective and~~ are designated and qualify as ~~cash-flow~~cash flow hedges, the ~~related unrealized~~ gains or losses on the interest rate cap agreements are ~~deferred~~recorded in stockholders’ equity as a component of ~~other comprehensive income (loss),~~OCI, net of tax. Reclassifications of the gains and losses on the interest rate cap agreements into earnings are recorded as part of interest expense in the condensed consolidated statements of income as the Company makes its interest payments on the hedged portion of its senior secured credit facilities. Fair value is determined based on estimated amounts that would be received or paid to terminate the contracts at the reporting date based on quoted market prices.

In July 2016, the Company entered into interest rate cap agreements, paying a premium of $1,551 to mitigate interest rate volatility from July 2016 through July 2020 by employing varying cap rates, ranging from 1.50% to 3.00%, on $1,000,000 of notional variable-rate debt.

~~The fair values~~

Table of ~~derivative instruments held as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 are shown below:~~Contents

Balance sheet location
September 30, 2017 December 31, 2016
Asset derivatives:
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges:
Natural gas swaps Current assets $ —
$ 573
Interest rate caps Current assets 9
—
Natural gas swaps Other long-term assets 7
58
Interest rate caps Other long-term assets 1,082
5,803
Total asset derivatives $ 1,098
$ 6,434
Liability derivatives:
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges:
Natural gas swaps Accrued liabilities $ 58
$ —
Total liability derivatives $ 58
$ —

The following tables show the effect of the Company’s derivative instruments designated as hedges on other comprehensive income (loss) (“OCI”) and the statement of income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:

Three months ended September 30,
2017 2016
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges:
Location in Earnings Amount of gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivatives (effective portion) Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated OCI into income (effective portion) Amount of gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivatives (effective portion) Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated OCI into income (effective portion)
Interest rate caps Interest expense $ (1,842 ) $ 13
$ 212
$ (2 )
Natural gas swaps Cost of goods sold (28)
94
(306)
420
$ (1,870 ) $ 107
$ (94 ) $ 418

Nine months ended September 30,
2017 2016
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges:
Location in Earnings Amount of gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivatives (effective portion) Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated OCI into income (effective portion) Amount of gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivatives (effective portion) Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from accumulated OCI into income (effective portion)
Interest rate caps Interest expense $ (4,712 ) $ 22
$ 212
$ (2 )
Natural gas swaps Cost of goods sold (787)
104
(1,723)
1,148
$ (5,499 ) $ 126
$ (1,511 ) $ 1,146

~~Amounts of unrealized losses in OCI that are expected to be reclassified to the consolidated statement of operations over the next twelve months are $241 as of September 30, 2017.~~

PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)

~~14. Income Taxes:~~

In November 2018, the Company entered into additional interest rate cap agreements to mitigate interest volatility from July 2020 through July 2022, with a cap rate of 3.50% on $500,000 of notional variable-rate debt and a $3,380 premium annuitized during the effective period. In February 2020, the Company restructured its $500,000 of notional variable-rate debt interest rate cap agreements from July 2020 through July 2022, to lower the interest cap rate to 2.50% with an incremental $130 premium annuitized during the effective period. In March 2020, the Company again amended such interest rate cap agreements to lower the cap rate to 0.84% from 2.50% on $500,000 of notional variable-rate debt and paid an additional incremental $900 premium annuitized during the effective period. The ~~effective income tax~~term remains unchanged from July 2020 through July 2022. The total cumulative annuitized premium on the $500,000 of notional variable-rate debt is $4,410. The cap rate ~~for the three months ended~~in effect at September 30, ~~2017~~2020 was ~~239.9% compared~~0.84% associated with the $500,000 of notional variable-rate debt.

In July 2020, the Company entered into additional interest rate cap agreements to ~~26.9% for the three months ended September 30, 2016.~~mitigate interest rate volatility from August 2020 to August 2023, with a cap rate of 1.00% on $400,000 of notional variable-rate debt.

Use of Derivative Financial Instruments to Manage Foreign Currency Risk. The ~~effective income tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was (304.2)% compared~~Company is exposed to (67.1)% for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The Company’s effective income tax rate fluctuates based primarily on changes in income mix, repatriation of income taxes from foreign subsidiaries and, for the comparative periods, the change in Eco Services’ tax status.

Prior to the Business Combination on May 4, 2016, Eco Services was a single member limited liability company and taxed as a partnership for federal and state income tax purposes. As such, all income tax liabilities and/or benefits of Eco Services were passed throughrisks related to its members. Because Eco Services was taxed as a partnership, it did not record deferred taxes on the basis difference on its financial statements. Following the Business Combination on May 4, 2016, Eco Services had a changenet investments in tax status and is now taxed as a C-Corporation subject to federal and state corporate level income taxes at prevailing corporate rates. Minimal taxes were recorded on the book losses incurred by Eco Services during the periods preceding the Business Combination included in the nine months ended September 30, 2016, causing the fluctuation to the Company’s effective income tax rate in comparison to the taxes recorded for the nine months ended September 30, 2016.

~~The difference between the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate and the Company’s effective income tax rate for 2017 was mainly~~foreign operations due to ~~the tax effect of the Company’s~~fluctuations in foreign currency exchange ~~loss~~rates, particularly between the United States dollar and the Euro. In February 2018, the Company entered into multiple cross-currency interest rate swap arrangements with an aggregate notional amount of €280,000 ($328,832 as of September 30, 2020) to hedge this exposure on the net investments of certain of its Euro-denominated subsidiaries. The Company records these swap agreements at fair value as assets or liabilities in its consolidated balance sheet. As the derivatives are designated and qualify as net investment hedges, changes in the fair value of the swaps attributable to changes in the spot exchange rates are recognized ~~as a discrete~~in cumulative translation adjustment (“CTA”) within OCI and are held there until the hedged net investments are sold or substantially liquidated. Upon such sale or liquidation, the amount recognized in CTA is reclassified to earnings and reported in the same line item ~~for the purpose of calculating the effective tax rate as well~~ as the ~~tax effect~~gain or loss on the liquidation of ~~repatriating foreign earnings back~~the net investments. Changes in the fair value of the swaps attributable to the ~~U.S.~~cross-currency basis spread are excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness and are recorded in current period earnings.

The fair values of derivative instruments held as ~~dividends, partially offset by lower tax rates in foreign jurisdictions as compared to the U.S. federal tax rate, foreign withholding taxes, state taxes~~of September 30, 2020 and ~~non-deductible transaction costs.~~December 31, 2019 are shown below:


	Balance sheet location	September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
Derivative assets:
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges:
Natural gas swaps	Prepaid and other current assets	$	365	$	0

Natural gas swaps	Other long-term assets	123		0

		488		0
Derivatives designed as net investment hedges:
Cross-currency interest rate swaps	Prepaid and other current assets	4,685		3,928


Total derivative assets		$	5,173	$	3,928

Derivative liabilities:
Derivatives designated as cash flow hedges:
Natural gas swaps	Accrued liabilities	$	0	$	813
Interest rate caps	Accrued liabilities	1,954		420
Natural gas swaps	Other long-term liabilities	0		226
Interest rate caps	Other long-term liabilities	2,246		2,822
		4,200		4,281
Derivatives designated as net investment hedges:
Cross-currency interest rate swaps	Other long-term liabilities	14,562		8,134
Total derivative liabilities		$	18,762	$	12,415

Table of Contents

PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)

The following tables show the effect of the Company’s derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges on AOCI for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:


		Three months ended September 30,
		2020				2019
	Location of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income	Amount of gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivatives		Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income		Amount of gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivatives		Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income
Interest rate caps	Interest (expense) income	$	573	$	506	$	(216)	$	(157)
Natural gas swaps	Cost of goods sold	814		(362)		(185)		(291)
		$	1,387	$	144	$	(401)	$	(448)


		Nine months ended September 30,
		2020				2019
	Location of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income	Amount of gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivatives		Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income		Amount of gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivatives		Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income
Interest rate caps	Interest (expense) income	$	(347)	$	(18)	$	(3,264)	$	(449)
Natural gas swaps	Cost of goods sold	297		(1,229)		(951)		(187)
		$	(50)	$	(1,247)	$	(4,215)	$	(636)

Table of Contents

PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)

The following tables show the effect of the Company’s cash flow hedge accounting on the condensed consolidated statements of income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:


	Location and amount of gain (loss) recognized in income on cash flow hedging relationships
	Three months ended September 30,
	2020				2019
	Cost of goods sold		Interest (expense) income		Cost of goods sold		Interest (expense) income
Total amounts of income and expense line items presented in the statement of income in which the effects of cash flow hedges are recorded	$	(283,818)	$	(18,642)	$	(310,904)	$	(27,697)

The effects of cash flow hedging:
Gain (loss) on cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest contracts:
Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income	—		506		—		(157)
Commodity contracts:
Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income	(362)		—		(291)		—

	Location and amount of gain (loss) recognized in income on cash flow hedging relationships
	Nine months ended September 30,
	2020				2019
	Cost of goods sold		Interest (expense) income		Cost of goods sold		Interest (expense) income
Total amounts of income and expense line items presented in the statement of income in which the effects of cash flow hedges are recorded	(823,503)		(65,372)		(905,395)		(84,855)

The effects of cash flow hedging:
Gain (loss) on cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest contracts:
Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income	—		(18)		—		(449)
Commodity contracts:
Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income	(1,229)		—		(187)		—

The amount of unrealized losses in AOCI related to the Company’s cash flow hedges that is expected to be reclassified to the condensed consolidated statement of income over the next twelve months is $48 as of September 30, 2020.

Table of Contents

PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)

The following tables show the effect of the Company’s net investment hedges on AOCI and the condensed consolidated statements of income for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:


	Amount of gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivative				Location of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income	Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income				Location of gain (loss) recognized in income on derivative (amount excluded from effectiveness testing)	Amount of gain (loss) recognized in income on derivative (amount excluded from effectiveness testing)
	Three months ended September 30,					Three months ended September 30,					Three months ended September 30,
	2020		2019			2020		2019			2020		2019
Cross-currency interest rate swaps	$	(15,275)	$	15,342	Gain (loss) on sale of subsidiary	$	0	$	0	Interest (expense) income	$	1,175	$	2,395

	Amount of gain (loss) recognized in OCI on derivative				Location of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income	Amount of gain (loss) reclassified from AOCI into income				Location of gain (loss) recognized in income on derivative (amount excluded from effectiveness testing)	Amount of gain (loss) recognized in income on derivative (amount excluded from effectiveness testing)
	Nine months ended September 30,					Nine months ended September 30,					Nine months ended September 30,
	2020		2019			2020		2019			2020		2019
Cross-currency interest rate swaps	$	(5,672)	$	21,282	Gain (loss) on sale of subsidiary	$	0	$	0	Interest (expense) income	$	4,419	$	6,888

15. Income Taxes:

The effective income tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2020 was 60.1% compared to 38.4% for the three months ended September 30, 2019. The effective income tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was 54.5% compared to 39.3% for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The Company’s effective income tax rate has fluctuated primarily due changes in income mix (including the effect of loss companies), the impacts of the Global Intangible Low Taxed Income (“GILTI”) tax rules, discrete impacts related to product line and asset sales and changes in foreign exchange gains and losses, which create permanent differences in certain jurisdictions.

The difference between the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate and the Company’s effective income tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was mainly due to the impacts of GILTI, the discrete tax impacts of the Company entering into an asset swap agreement, the discrete impacts of the product line and asset sales, the tax effect of permanent differences related to foreign currency exchange gain or loss, foreign tax rate changes, pre-tax losses with no associated tax benefit and state taxes.

The difference between the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate and the Company’s effective income tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2019 was mainly due to the tax effect of permanent differences related to foreign currency exchange gain or loss, inclusion of foreign earnings in U.S. taxable income, pre-tax losses with no associated tax benefit, the discrete tax effects of the Company’s sale of a non-core product line and state taxes.

With respect to operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company has continued to incorporate an estimate of the GILTI income inclusion when estimating annual effective tax rate used for GAAP purposes. The Company expects this amount to be included in its 2020 U.S. taxable income. However, the estimated 2020 GILTI income inclusion may change materially as the Company continues to evaluate future legislative or administrative guidance that is put forth, any updates to assumptions and figures used for the current estimate, or as a result of future changes to the Company’s current structure and business.

Table of Contents

PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)

16. Benefit Plans:

The following information is provided for (1) the Company-sponsored defined benefit pension plans covering employees in the U.S. and certain employees at its foreign subsidiaries, (2) the Company-sponsored unfunded plans to provide certain health care benefits to retired employees in the U.S. and Canada, and (3) the Company’s defined benefit supplementary retirement plans which provide benefits for certain U.S. employees in excess of qualified plan limitations.

Components of net periodic expense (benefit) are as follows:

Defined Benefit Pension Plans


	U.S.						Foreign							U.S.				Foreign
	Three months ended September 30,						Three months ended September 30,							Three months ended September 30,				Three months ended September 30,
	2017			2016			2017			2016				2020		2019		2020		2019
Service cost	$	305		$	547		$	859		$	792		Service cost	$	192	$	251	$	997	$	780
Interest cost	2,536			2,522			1,339			837			Interest cost	2,152		2,653		707		801
Expected return on plan assets	(3,061		)	(3,104		)	(1,111		)	(769		)	Expected return on plan assets	(3,135)		(2,912)		(810)		(782)
Amortization of net loss													Amortization of net loss	0		0		41		1
Amortization of prior service cost													Amortization of prior service cost	0		0		6		6

Net periodic expense (benefit)	$	(220	)	$	(35	)	$	1,087		$	860		Net periodic expense (benefit)	$	(791)	$	(8)	$	941	$	806

														U.S.				Foreign
														Nine months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
														2020		2019		2020		2019
Service cost													Service cost	$	577	$	751	$	2,989	$	2,464
Interest cost													Interest cost	6,455		7,958		2,121		2,458
Expected return on plan assets													Expected return on plan assets	(9,404)		(8,733)		(2,429)		(2,375)
Amortization of net loss													Amortization of net loss	0		0		121		1
Amortization of prior service cost													Amortization of prior service cost	0		0		19		18

Net periodic expense (benefit)													Net periodic expense (benefit)	$	(2,372)	$	(24)	$	2,821	$	2,566

U.S.

Foreign
Nine months ended
September 30, Nine months ended
September 30,
2017 2016 2017 2016
Service cost $ 914
$ 1,640
$ 2,642
$ 1,320
Interest cost 7,608
5,236
4,024
1,396
Expected return on plan assets (9,183 ) (6,176 ) (3,329 ) (1,283 )
Net periodic expense (benefit)
$ (661 ) $ 700
$ 3,337
$ 1,433

Table of Contents

~~Supplemental Retirement Plans~~

Three months ended
September 30, Nine months ended
September 30,
2017 2016 2017 2016
Interest cost $ 123
$ 121
$ 370
$ 202
Net periodic expense
$ 123
$ 121
$ 370
$ 202

~~Other Postretirement Benefit Plans~~

Three months ended September 30, Nine months ended September 30,
2017 2016 2017 2016
Service cost $ 5
$ 9
$ 15
$ 28
Interest cost 40
53
122
110
Amortization of prior service credit (19 ) —
(58 ) —
Amortization of net gain (19 ) —
(58 ) —
Net periodic expense
$ 7
$ 62
$ 21
$ 138

PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)

~~16.~~Supplemental Retirement Plans


	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Interest cost	$	86	$	121	$	259	$	364
Net periodic expense	$	86	$	121	$	259	$	364

Other Postretirement Benefit Plans


	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Service cost	$	0	$	3	$	0	$	10
Interest cost	24		38		73		114
Amortization of prior service credit	(58)		(32)		(174)		(97)
Amortization of net gain	(7)		(9)		(22)		(27)
Net periodic expense (benefit)	$	(41)	$	0	$	(123)	$	0

17. Commitments and Contingent Liabilities:

There is a risk of environmental impact in chemical manufacturing operations. The Company’s environmental policies and practices are designed to ~~ensure compliance~~comply with existing laws and regulations and to minimize the possibility of significant environmental impact. The Company is also subject to various other lawsuits and claims with respect to matters such as governmental regulations, labor and other actions arising out of the normal course of business. ~~No accrual for these matters currently exists, with the exception of those listed below, because~~While management believes that the liabilities resulting from such lawsuits and claims are not probable or reasonably ~~estimable.~~

~~The Company triggered the requirement of New Jersey’s Industrial Site Recovery Act (“ISRA”) statute with the PQ Holdings stock transfer/corporate merger~~estimable, certain accruals have been reflected in ~~December 2004. As required under ISRA, a General Information Notice with respect to~~ the Company’s ~~two New Jersey locations was filed with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (“NJDEP”) in December 2004~~condensed consolidated financial statements. When these matters are ultimately concluded and ~~again in July 2007. Based on an initial review of the facilities by the NJDEP in 2005,~~determined, the Company ~~estimated~~believes that ~~$500 would~~there will be ~~required for contamination assessment and removal work~~no material adverse effect on its consolidated financial position, results of ~~one specific contaminant (polychlorinated biphenyls) that exceeded applicable NJDEP standards at these facilities, and had recorded a reserve for such amount as~~operations or liquidity.

Table of December 31, 2005. During subsequent years, it was determined that additional assessment, removal and remediation work would be required and the reserve was increased to cover the estimated cost of such work. In addition, during this period, work had been performed and the reserve was reduced for actual costs incurred for the assessment and remediation work. Work at the Carlstadt facility has been completed and is closed from an ISRA standpoint, but as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company has recorded a reserve of $557 and $700, respectively, for costs required for contamination assessment and removal work at Rahway. There may be additional costs related to the remediation of Rahway, but until further investigation takes place, the Company cannot reasonably estimate the amount of additional liability that may exist.Contents

As part of a Delaware River Basin Commission (“DRBC”) required Pollutant Minimization Plan (“PMP”), in July 2013, the Company’s Chester facility conducted limited paint sampling for polychlorinated biphenyls (“PCBs”). Also, as part of demolition, repair and maintenance projects scheduled for the Company’s Baltimore facility in 2014, the Company conducted limited paint sampling during the fall of 2013 for waste categorization purposes. Paint samples were analyzed for PCB Aroclor 1254, the specific PCB congener commonly used in the manufacture of paint until the late 1970s. The Company’s analytical results indicated that PCB Aroclor 1254 is present in paint on some structures (e.g., piping, structural steel, tanks) in excess of the fifty (50) parts per million (“ppm”) regulatory threshold. Under the Toxic Substances Control Act (“TSCA”), there is no requirement to test in use paint for PCB content. However, once PCB content is identified at concentrations at or above the regulatory threshold, absent specific approval from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”), the PCB-containing paint is regulated as an unauthorized use of PCBs, and the paint must be addressed. The Company abated painted surfaces that have tested positive for PCBs at levels exceeding 50 ppm at Baltimore in 2015 and early 2016. Similar abatement of painted structures as necessary at Chester have also been substantially completed. Characterization studies to evaluate whether soils have been impacted at Baltimore have been initiated as required under the TSCA, and have yet to commence at Chester. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company has recorded a reserve of $236 and $1,048, respectively, for the remediation costs of PCB impacted soils at the Company’s facilities.

In 2011, the Company installed a Continuous Emissions Monitor (“CEM”) to measure CO, NOx and Opacity emissions from a furnace at the Company’s Chester facility in Pennsylvania, and the Company conducted Relative Accuracy Test Audits (“RATA”) as part of its efforts to certify the CEM. On May 5, 2014, the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (“PADEP”) officially notified the Company that it was certifying the CEM based on RATA test results dating back to November 2011 and instructed the Company to start entering data previously recorded by the CEM into the Agency’s on-line database. During the third and fourth quarters of 2014, the Company officially entered data recorded from the CEM up until the second quarter of 2013. In November 2015, PADEP issued an Assessment of Civil Penalty in the amount of $1,739 for alleged violations under the Pennsylvania Air Pollution Control Act during the period from August 11, 2011 through June 30, 2013. The Company appealed, and PADEP reduced the penalty assessment to $1,550. After a hearing on the appeal, a Pennsylvania Environmental Hearing Board (“EHB”) judge reduced the penalty assessment to $215 in September 2017. The PADEP filed a motion to reconsider a portion of the EHB judge’s decision and the EHB denied the PADEP’s motion in October 2017. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company has recorded a reserve of $215 and $1,500, respectively, associated with the PADEP penalty.

The Company has a manufacturing facility at Warrington, United Kingdom. Asbestos-containing building material is present at the site, and asbestos removal and insulation replacement initiatives are underway. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company has recorded a reserve of $573 and $532, respectively, for costs related to this program.

In 2008, the Company sold the property of a manufacturing facility located in the United States to the local port authority. In 2009, the port authority commissioned an environmental investigation of portions of the property. In 2010, the port authority advised the Company of alleged soil and groundwater contamination on the property and alleged the Company liable for certain conditions. The Company received and reviewed the environmental investigation documentation and determined it may have liability with respect to

PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)

some, but not all, of the alleged contamination. As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company has recorded a reserve of $839 and $913, respectively, for costs related to this potential liability.

The Company has recorded a reserve of $1,380 and $1,776 as of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, to address remaining subsurface remedial and wetlands/marsh management activities at the Company’s Martinez, CA site. Although currently a sulfuric acid regeneration plant, the site originally was operated by Mountain Copper Company (“Mococo”) as a copper smelter. Also, the site sold iron pyrite to various customers and allowed their customers to deposit waste iron pyrite cinder and slag on the site. The property is adjacent to Peyton Slough, where Mococo had a permitted discharge point from its process. In 1997, the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board (“RWQCB”) required characterization and remediation of Peyton Slough for Copper, Zinc and Acidic Soils. Various remediation activities were undertaken and completed, and the site has received final concurrence from the Army Corps with respect to the completed work. The RWQCB has agreed that Eco Services has achieved the goals for vegetative cover, but the current marsh condition is not sustainable without continued operation of the tide gates. The Company is continuing to work with the RWQCB on a plan to involve the County and work towards development of an alliance for operating, maintaining and funding the tide gates in the future.

As of September 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company has recorded a reserve of $1,444 and $1,755, respectively, for subsurface remediation and the Soil Vapor Extraction Project at the Company’s Dominguez, CA site. In the 1980s and 1990s, the EPA and the Los Angeles Regional Water Quality Control Board conducted investigations of the site due to historic chlorinated pesticide and chlorinated solvent use. Soil and groundwater beneath the site were impacted by chlorinated solvents and associated breakdown products, petroleum hydrocarbons, chlorinated pesticides and metals. A Corrective Measures Plan approved in October 2011 requires (1) soil vapor extraction (“SVE”) in affected areas, (2) covering of unpaved areas containing pesticide impacted soil, and (3) annual groundwater monitoring of the perched water-bearing zone. Installation of the SVE unit has been completed and startup has occurred. The California Department of Toxic Substances Control (“DTSC”) has granted conditional approval of the Company’s soil management, and monitoring and maintenance plans. Most recently, the DTSC is requiring the Company to delineate the PCE plume on the eastern boundary of the site. The Company has submitted an action plan to address this matter and is awaiting comments from the DTSC.

~~17.~~18. Reportable Segments:

Summarized financial information for the Company’s ~~(1) Performance Materials & Chemicals and (2) Environmental Catalysts & Services~~ reportable segments is shown in the following table:


	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Sales:
Refining Services	$	107,604	$	118,335	$	298,727	$	341,469
Catalysts(1)	23,071		25,612		73,143		62,335
Performance Materials	104,574		115,134		274,346		295,095
Performance Chemicals	148,513		167,949		465,433		526,239
Eliminations(2)	(3,443)		(3,229)		(10,207)		(10,441)
Total	$	380,319	$	423,801	$	1,101,442	$	1,214,697

Segment Adjusted EBITDA:(3)
Refining Services	$	44,272	$	51,166	$	116,451	$	133,721
Catalysts(4)	11,762		31,638		59,741		79,372
Performance Materials	25,334		25,769		66,148		65,505
Performance Chemicals	33,919		36,804		108,403		120,642
Total Segment Adjusted EBITDA(5)	$	115,287	$	145,377	$	350,743	$	399,240

Three months ended
September 30, Nine months ended
September 30,
2017 2016 2017 2016
Net sales:
Performance Materials & Chemicals $ 277,072
$ 256,219
$ 765,781
$ 429,867
Environmental Catalysts & Services⁽¹⁾
115,541
114,271
350,814
312,490
Eliminations⁽²⁾
(784 ) (511 ) (2,568 ) (911 )
Total $ 391,829
$ 369,979
$ 1,114,027
$ 741,446
Segment Adjusted EBITDA:⁽³⁾

Performance Materials & Chemicals $ 65,885
$ 64,604
$ 184,741
$ 111,178
Environmental Catalysts & Services⁽⁴⁾
61,900
56,341
182,578
135,044
Total Segment Adjusted EBITDA⁽⁵⁾
$ 127,785
$ 120,945
$ 367,319
$ 246,222

~~—————~~


⁽¹⁾			Excludes the Company’s proportionate share of sales from the Zeolyst International and Zeolyst C.V. joint ventures (collectively, the “Zeolyst Joint Venture”) accounted for using the equity method (see Note 10 to these condensed consolidated financial statements for further information). The proportionate share of sales is $37,622 and $28,184 for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The proportionate share of sales is $100,991 and $48,461 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016, respectively.


⁽²⁾	~~The Company eliminates intersegment sales when reconciling to the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.~~


⁽³⁾	The Company defines Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA adjusted for certain items as noted in the reconciliation below. Management evaluates the performance of its segments and allocates resources based on several factors, of which the primary measure is Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as an alternative to net income as an indicator of the Company’s operating

(1)Excludes the Company’s proportionate share of sales from the Zeolyst International and Zeolyst C.V. joint ventures (collectively, the “Zeolyst Joint Venture”) accounted for using the equity method (see Note 11 to these condensed consolidated financial statements for further information). The proportionate share of sales is $26,552 and $54,414 for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The proportionate share of sales is $99,695 and $123,106 for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

(2)The Company eliminates intersegment sales when reconciling to the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of income.

(3)The Company defines Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA adjusted for certain items as noted in the reconciliation below. Management evaluates the performance of its segments and allocates resources based on several factors, of which the primary measure is Adjusted EBITDA. Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as an alternative to net income as an indicator of the Company’s operating performance. Adjusted EBITDA as defined by the Company may not be comparable with EBITDA or Adjusted EBITDA as defined by other companies.

(4)The Adjusted EBITDA from the Zeolyst Joint Venture included in the Catalysts segment is $5,331 for the three months ended September 30, 2020, which includes $76 of equity in net income plus $1,658 of amortization of investment in affiliate step-up and $3,597 of joint venture depreciation, amortization and interest. The Adjusted EBITDA from the Zeolyst Joint Venture included in the Catalysts segment is $22,628 for the three months ended September 30, 2019, which includes $17,248 of equity in net income plus $1,658 of amortization of investment in affiliate step-up and $3,722 of joint venture depreciation, amortization and interest.

The Adjusted EBITDA from the Zeolyst Joint Venture included in the Catalysts segment is $35,911 for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, which includes $19,882 of equity in net income plus $4,975 of amortization of investment in affiliate step-up and $11,054 of joint venture depreciation, amortization and interest. The Adjusted EBITDA from the Zeolyst Joint Venture included in the Catalysts segment is $48,621 for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, which includes $31,548 of equity in net income plus $5,875 of amortization of investment in affiliate step-up and $11,198 of joint venture depreciation, amortization and interest.

(5)Total Segment Adjusted EBITDA differs from the Company’s consolidated Adjusted EBITDA due to unallocated corporate expenses.

Table of Contents

PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)

~~performance. Adjusted EBITDA as defined by the Company may not be comparable with EBITDA or Adjusted EBITDA as defined by other companies.~~

⁽⁴⁾

The Adjusted EBITDA from the Zeolyst Joint Venture included in the environmental catalyst and services segment is $14,398 for the three months ended September 30, 2017, which includes $10,151 of equity in net income plus $1,658 of amortization of investment in affiliate step-up plus $2,563 of joint venture depreciation, amortization and interest. The Adjusted EBITDA from the Zeolyst Joint Venture included in the environmental catalyst and services segment is $10,316 for the three months ended September 30, 2016, which includes $4,683 of equity in net loss plus $12,291 of amortization of investment in affiliate step-up plus $2,690 of joint venture depreciation, amortization and interest. The Adjusted EBITDA from the Zeolyst Joint Venture included in the environmental catalyst and services segment is $39,690 for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, which includes $24,594 of equity in net income plus $6,941 of amortization of investment in affiliate step-up plus $8,073 of joint venture depreciation, amortization and interest. The Adjusted EBITDA from the Zeolyst Joint Venture included in the environmental catalyst and services segment is $19,962 for the nine months ended September 30, 2016, which includes $9,213 of equity in net loss plus $24,606 of amortization of investment in affiliate step-up plus $4,534 of joint venture depreciation, amortization and interest.


⁽⁵⁾	~~Total Segment Adjusted EBITDA differs from the Company’s consolidated Adjusted EBITDA due to unallocated corporate expenses.~~

A reconciliation ~~from~~of net ~~loss~~income attributable to PQ Group Holdings to Segment Adjusted EBITDA is as follows:


	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Reconciliation of net income attributable to PQ Group Holdings Inc. to Segment Adjusted EBITDA
Net income attributable to PQ Group Holdings Inc.	$	7,512	$	26,713	$	23,662	$	60,438
Provision for income taxes	11,764		16,718		29,453		39,472
Interest expense, net	18,642		27,697		65,372		84,855
Depreciation and amortization	45,820		44,246		136,313		135,230
Segment EBITDA	83,738		115,374		254,800		319,995
Joint venture depreciation, amortization and interest	3,597		3,722		11,054		11,198
Amortization of investment in affiliate step-up	1,659		1,658		4,975		5,875

Debt extinguishment costs	14,004		1,767		16,517		1,767
Net (gain) loss on asset disposals	(4,453)		1,136		3,948		(7,697)
Foreign currency exchange (gain) loss	(4,583)		4,457		(2,100)		5,380
LIFO expense	(751)		534		(2,549)		10,814

Transaction and other related costs	3,276		670		6,078		1,725
Equity-based compensation	6,137		4,806		18,423		13,576
Restructuring, integration and business optimization expenses	4,595		717		10,215		1,436
Defined benefit pension plan (benefit) cost	378		834		(122)		2,379
Other	962		2,009		3,500		4,730
Adjusted EBITDA	108,559		137,684		324,739		371,178
Unallocated corporate expenses	6,728		7,693		26,004		28,062
Segment Adjusted EBITDA	$	115,287	$	145,377	$	350,743	$	399,240

Three months ended
September 30, Nine months ended
September 30,
2017 2016 2017 2016
Reconciliation of net loss attributable to PQ Group Holdings Inc. to Segment Adjusted EBITDA
Net loss attributable to PQ Group Holdings Inc. $ (3,345 ) $ (10,017 ) $ (7,408 ) $ (90,410 )
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes 5,172
(3,536 ) 5,269
36,013
Interest expense, net 49,079
48,610
144,041
94,362
Depreciation and amortization 45,929
43,611
129,135
85,602
Segment EBITDA 96,835
78,668
271,037
125,567
Unallocated corporate expenses 7,885
7,316
23,474
13,940
Joint venture depreciation, amortization and interest 2,563
2,690
8,073
4,534
Amortization of investment in affiliate step-up 1,660
12,291
6,942
24,606
Amortization of inventory step-up —
5,804
871
23,518
Debt extinguishment costs 453
—
453
11,858
Losses on disposal of fixed assets 3,494
627
6,419
2,288
Foreign currency exchange losses 5,256
3,151
21,612
6,240
Non-cash revaluation of inventory, including LIFO 750
329
3,229
775
Management advisory fees 1,250
1,250
3,750
2,333
Transaction and other related costs 966
1,696
5,300
6,240
Equity-based and other non-cash compensation 1,041
1,137
3,869
4,916
Restructuring, integration and business optimization expenses 4,957
2,839
8,009
14,567
Defined benefit pension plan cost 791
1,244
2,200
2,642
Other (116 ) 1,903
2,081
2,198
Segment Adjusted EBITDA
$ 127,785
$ 120,945
$ 367,319
$ 246,222

Table of Contents

PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)

~~18. Restructuring and Other Related Costs:~~19. Stock-Based Compensation:

The ~~following table presents the components of restructuring~~Company is authorized to issue shares for common stock awards to employees, directors and ~~other related costs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:~~

Three months ended
September 30, Nine months ended
September 30,
2017 2016 2017 2016
Severance and other employee costs related to legacy Eco restructuring plan $ —
$ —
$ 830
$ 4,496
Severance and other employee costs related to performance materials plant closure 3,868
—
3,868
—
Other related costs 238
1,336
880
6,402
$ 4,106
$ 1,336
$ 5,578
$ 10,898

~~Legacy Eco Restructuring Plan~~

On July 30, 2014, Eco Services, a newly formed Delaware limited liability company and indirect subsidiary of certain investment funds affiliated with CCMP, entered into an Asset Purchase Agreement with Solvay USA, Inc. (“Solvay”), a Delaware corporation, which provided for the sale, transfer and assignment by Solvay and the acquisition, acceptance and assumption by Eco Services, of substantially allaffiliates of the ~~assets of Solvay’s Eco Services business unit of Solvay’s regeneration~~Company in connection with the PQ Group Holdings Inc. 2017 Omnibus Incentive Plan, as Amended and ~~virgin sulfuric acid production business operations in the United States~~Restated (the ~~“2014 Acquisition”~~“2017 Plan”). ~~Prior to the Asset Purchase Agreement with Solvay, Eco Services operated as a business unit within Solvay, which is an indirect, wholly owned subsidiary of Solvay SA.~~

Subsequent to the 2014 Acquisition, the Company initiated a restructuring plan designed to improve organizational efficiency and streamline the operations of Eco Services as a stand-alone company. The primary impact of the plan to the Company’s consolidated results of operations was the recognition of severance costs related to a reduction-in-force. These costs included benefits payable under ongoing Company severance plan arrangements, whereby payments are attributable to employee services rendered with benefits that accumulate over time. The liabilities and associated charges related to these severance costs are recognized by the Company when payment of the benefits becomes probable and estimable. Charges related to severance costs for the restructuring plan were $830 and $4,496 forDuring the nine months ended September 30, 2020, the Company granted 1,158,605 restricted stock units and 456,311 performance stock units (at target) under the 2017 ~~and 2016, respectively. No severance costs were incurred related~~Plan as part of its equity incentive compensation program. Each restricted stock unit provides the recipient with the right to ~~this plan~~receive a share of common stock subject to graded vesting terms based on service, which for the ~~three~~awards granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2020, requires approximately one year of service for members of the Company’s board of directors and approximately three years of service for employees.

The performance stock units granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 provide the recipients with the right to receive shares of common stock dependent 50% on the achievement of a Company-specific financial performance target and 50% on a total shareholder return (“TSR”) goal, and are generally subject to the provision of service through the vesting date of the award. The Company-specific financial performance target and the TSR goal are measured independently of each other, but achievement of both of the metrics is measured based on the same three-year performance period from January 1, 2020 through December 31, ~~2017~~2022. The TSR goal is based on the Company’s relative TSR performance against the companies included in the Russell 2000 Index over the performance period. Achievement of the Company-specific financial performance target is measured based on the average levels of achievement across the performance period. Depending on the Company’s performance against the predetermined thresholds for achievement, each performance stock unit award recipient is eligible to earn a percentage of the target number of shares granted to the recipient, ranging from 0 to 200%. The performance stock units, to the extent earned, will vest on the date the Company’s compensation and ~~2016.~~governance committee certifies the achievement of the performance metrics for the three-year period ending December 31, 2022, which will occur no later than March 1, 2023.

The value of the restricted stock units granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was based on the average of the high and low trading prices of the Company’s common stock on the NYSE on the preceding trading day, in accordance with the Company’s policy for valuing such awards. Compensation expense related to the restricted stock units is recognized on a straight-line basis over the respective vesting period.

The value of the portion of the performance stock units granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 eligible to be earned based on the achievement of the Company-specific financial performance target (50% of the award) was measured on the same basis as that of the restricted stock units, and based on the target number of shares granted; because the performance vesting conditions affect the ability of the recipients to vest in the awards, they are not factored into the fair value measure of the award. Compensation expense related to such performance stock units is recognized ratably over the requisite service period, and the Company must assess the probability that the performance conditions will be met each reporting period, and the level at which they are estimated to be attained. Should the probability assessment change during a given reporting period, the total compensation cost (both recognized and unrecognized) will be adjusted to reflect the revised assessment.

The TSR goal, which determines how much of the other 50% of the performance stock units granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 may be earned, is considered a market condition as opposed to a vesting condition. Because a market condition is not considered a vesting condition, it is reflected in the grant date fair value of an award and the associated compensation cost based on the fair value of the award is recognized over the performance period, regardless of whether the Company actually achieves the market condition or the level of achievement, as long as service is provided by the recipient. The Company used a Monte Carlo simulation to estimate the fair value of the portion of the awards subject to the TSR goal. The following table provides the assumptions used to determine the grant date fair value of the market condition-dependent / TSR goal-based portion of the Company’s performance stock units granted during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 using a Monte Carlo simulation:


Expected dividend yield	0		%
Risk-free interest rate	1.56		%
Expected volatility	28.57		%
Expected term (in years)	2.95
Grant date fair value	$	24.11

Table of Contents

PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)

~~Performance Materials Plant Closure~~

~~In September 2017,~~The following table summarizes the ~~Company approved and announced a plan to consolidate its manufacturing operations in Europe~~activity for the Company’s restricted stock units and performance ~~materials product group and close its facility in Kirchheimbolanden, Germany. The plan is part~~stock units for the nine months ended September 30, 2020:


	Restricted Stock Units			Performance Stock Units
	Number of Units	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value (per share)		Number of Units	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value (per share)
Nonvested as of December 31, 2019	1,628,436	$	15.83	550,676	$	15.41
Granted	1,158,605	$	16.60	456,311	$	20.38
Vested	(482,907)	$	15.61	0	$	0
Forfeited	(129,036)	$	16.28	(41,251)	$	15.95
Nonvested as of September 30, 2020	2,175,098	$	16.26	965,736	$	17.74

Total stock-based compensation expense for all of the Company’s ~~overall strategy with respect to the Sovitec acquisition (see Note 5 to these condensed consolidated financial statements)~~equity incentive awards was $6,137 and the realization of cost and other synergies related to the business combination. The facility will remain in operation over the short term in a reduced capacity, and the Company plans to cease operations at the location on or about March 31, 2018. The Company plans to relocate the manufacturing equipment to other European facilities, and is exploring strategic alternatives for the building and land. As a result, the Company classified the plant under the “held and used” accounting model as of September 30, 2017, as it did not meet the criteria to be classified as “held for sale.”

As a result of the decision and announcement regarding the plant, the Company performed an impairment assessment related to the fixed assets of the facility. In conducting the recoverability assessment, the Company compared the carrying value of the asset group that includes the plant to the undiscounted future cash flows of the asset group, noting that there was no indication of impairment. The Company does not anticipate the acceleration of depreciation on the fixed assets associated with the plant, as the Company continues to utilize the assets and ultimately expects to relocate the equipment.

In addition to the fixed asset recoverability evaluation, the Company recorded a severance charge related to the pending closure and other cost reductions for its performance materials product group in Europe of $3,868$4,806 for the three months ended September 30, ~~2017. The charge was fully recognized as of September 30, 2017 based on the types of benefits provided~~2020 and ~~the criteria for restructuring~~2019, respectively, and ~~exit cost recognition.~~

~~Although the Company does not expect to incur additional severance costs related to the closure, the Company will incur additional costs related to the dismantling, transportation~~$18,423 and ~~reassembly of the manufacturing equipment after the plant ceases operations, which is currently estimated to be between $500 and $1,000.~~

~~Rollforward of Restructuring Liabilities~~

~~The activity in the accrued liability balance associated with the Company’s restructuring plans, all of which related to severance and other employee costs, was as follows~~$13,576 for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017:~~

Legacy Eco Restructuring Plan Performance Materials Plant Closure Total Restructuring Charges
Balance at December 31, 2016 $ 1,643
$ —
$ 1,643
Restructuring charges 830
3,868
4,698
Cash payments (1,971 ) —
(1,971 )
Balance at September 30, 2017 $ 502
$ 3,868
$ 4,370

2020 and 2019, respectively. The ~~remaining accrued liability balance associated with~~income tax benefit recognized in the ~~restructuring plans at September 30, 2017 is expected to be paid in 2018.~~

~~Other Related Costs~~

~~The Company incurred severance~~condensed consolidated statements of income was $1,521 and ~~other business optimization costs of $238 and $1,336~~$1,187 for the three months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020 and ~~2016,~~2019, respectively, and ~~$880~~ $4,565 and ~~$6,402~~$3,353 for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. With the new grants of restricted stock units and performance stock units during the nine months ended September 30, 2020, unrecognized compensation cost at September 30, 2020 related to nonvested awards was $21,501 and $10,790 for restricted stock units and performance stock units, respectively. The weighted-average period over which these costs are expected to be recognized at September 30, 2020 is 1.56 years for the restricted stock units and 1.88 years for the performance stock units. Activity related to the Company’s stock options and restricted stock awards was not material for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017 and 2016, respectively. These costs were not associated with formal restructuring plans and primarily~~2020, other than the forfeiture of 577,365 of restricted stock awards subject to a performance vesting condition based upon the occurrence of a defined liquidity event. No expense had previously been recognized related to ~~severance charges~~these awards, as the performance vesting condition was not achieved nor considered probable of achievement.

On April 30, 2020, the Company’s stockholders approved an amendment and restatement of the 2017 Plan to increase the number of shares available under it by an additional 9,000,000 shares and include more limited share recycling provisions, resulting in fewer shares recycled subsequent to the change. At September 30, 2020, 12,239,586 shares of common stock were available for ~~certain executives, transition/duplicate staffing, professional fees~~issuance under the 2017 Plan, after giving effect to the new grants, forfeitures and other ~~expenses related to~~activity during the ~~Company’s organizational changes.~~nine months ended September 30, 2020.

~~19.~~20. Earnings per Share:

Basic earnings per share is calculated as income (loss) available to common stockholders, divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. The weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period for ~~each class~~the computation of ~~common~~basic earnings per share excludes restricted stock ~~respectively.~~ awards that have legally been issued but are nonvested during the period, as the sale of these shares is prohibited pending satisfaction of certain vesting conditions by the award recipients in order to earn the rights to the shares.

Diluted earnings per share is calculated as income (loss) available to common stockholders, divided by the weighted average number of common and potential common shares outstanding during the period, ~~for each class~~if dilutive. Potential common shares reflect (1) unvested restricted stock awards and restricted stock units with service vesting conditions, (2) performance stock units with vesting conditions considered probable of achievement and (3) options to purchase common stock, ~~if dilutive.~~all of which have been included in the diluted earnings per share calculation using the treasury stock method.

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PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)

The reconciliation from basic to diluted weighted average shares outstanding is as follows:


	Three months ended September 30,		Nine months ended September 30,
	2020	2019	2020	2019
Weighted average shares outstanding – Basic	135,106,969	134,511,819	135,292,163	134,213,571
Dilutive effect of unvested common shares and restricted stock units with service conditions, performance stock units considered probable of vesting and assumed stock option exercises and conversions	872,149	1,137,891	895,870	1,091,799
Weighted average shares outstanding – Diluted	135,979,118	135,649,710	136,188,033	135,305,370

Basic and diluted earnings per share are calculated as follows:


	Three months ended September 30,				Nine months ended September 30,
	2020		2019		2020		2019
Numerator:
Net income attributable to PQ Group Holdings Inc.	$	7,512	$	26,713	$	23,662	$	60,438

Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding – Basic	135,106,969		134,511,819		135,292,163		134,213,571
Weighted average shares outstanding – Diluted	135,979,118		135,649,710		136,188,033		135,305,370
Net income per share:
Basic income per share	$	0.06	$	0.20	$	0.17	$	0.45
Diluted income per share	$	0.06	$	0.20	$	0.17	$	0.45

Table of Contents

PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)

Three months ended
September 30, Nine months ended
September 30,
2017 2016 2017 2016
Weighted average common shares outstanding – Basic 104,096,837
103,783,719
104,020,180
81,986,221
Dilutive effect of unvested common shares with service conditions and assumed stock option exercises and conversions —
—
—
—
Weighted average common shares outstanding – Diluted 104,096,837
103,783,719
104,020,180
81,986,221

The ~~following~~ table ~~reconciles~~below presents the ~~components~~details of ~~basic~~the Company’s weighted average equity-based awards outstanding during each respective period that were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share:


	Three months ended September 30,		Nine months ended September 30,
	2020	2019	2020	2019
Restricted stock awards with performance only targets not yet achieved	950,174	1,537,572	1,323,270	1,601,474
Stock options with performance only targets not yet achieved	503,526	578,564	509,782	583,204
Anti-dilutive restricted stock awards, restricted stock units and performance stock units	1,539,506	0	1,432,906	0
Anti-dilutive stock options	844,475	863,063	846,578	863,063

Restricted stock awards and ~~diluted loss~~stock options with performance only vesting conditions were not included in the dilution calculation, as the performance targets have not been achieved nor were probable of achievement as of the end of the respective periods. On a weighted average basis, options to purchase 603,159 and 621,747 shares of common stock at $16.97 per share for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and options to purchase 241,316 shares of common stock at $17.50 per share for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share for the respective periods, because the combination of the options’ exercise price and remaining unamortized stock-based compensation expense was greater than the average market price of the common shares. On a weighted average basis, options to purchase 605,262 and 621,747 shares of common stock at $16.97 per share for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020 and ~~2016:~~

Three months ended
September 30, Nine months ended
September 30,
2017 2016 2017 2016
Numerator:
Net loss attributable to PQ Group Holdings Inc. $ (3,345 ) $ (10,017 ) $ (7,408 ) $ (90,410 )

Denominator:
Weighted average common shares outstanding – Basic 104,096,837
103,783,719
104,020,180
81,986,221
Weighted average common shares outstanding – Diluted 104,096,837
103,783,719
104,020,180
81,986,221
Net loss per common share:
Basic earnings per share $ (0.03 ) $ (0.10 ) $ (0.07 ) $ (1.10 )

Diluted earnings per share $ (0.03 ) $ (0.10 ) $ (0.07 ) $ (1.10 )

~~20. Subsequent Events:~~

On September 29, 2017, the Company’s common stock began trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “PQG”. On October 3, 2017, the Company completed the IPO of its common stock at a price2019, respectively, and options to ~~the public of $17.50 per share. The Company issued and sold 29,000,000~~purchase 241,316 shares of common stock at $17.50 per share for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, were excluded from the computation of diluted earnings per share for the respective periods, because the combination of the options’ exercise price and remaining unamortized stock-based compensation expense was greater than the average market price of the common shares. The stock options with an exercise price of $16.97 per share expire on October 2, 2027, while the stock options with an exercise price of $17.50 per share expire on August 9, 2028. Anti-dilutive awards are not included in the ~~IPO.~~ dilution calculation, as their inclusion would have the effect of increasing diluted income per share.

Table of Contents

PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

(unaudited)

21. Supplemental Cash Flow Information:

The following table presents supplemental cash flow information for the Company:


	Nine months ended September 30,
	2020		2019
Cash paid during the period for:
Income taxes, net of refunds	$	21,507	$	13,261
Interest(1)	75,345		82,349
Non-cash investing activity(2):
Capital expenditures acquired on account but unpaid as of the period end	7,425		13,265
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new lease liabilities (non-cash)(2):
Operating leases	13,058		5,148

(1)Cash paid for interest is shown net of capitalized interest for the periods presented and excludes $4,622 and $8,435 of net interest proceeds on swaps designated as net investment hedges for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively, which are included within cash flows from investing activities in the Company’s condensed consolidated statements of cash flows.

(2)The Company ~~raised net proceeds of approximately $480,525 from the IPO, after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and related offering expenses, net of reimbursements. The Company used the net proceeds~~entered into a non-monetary asset swap arrangement whereby it exchanged certain assets with a third party. Details of the ~~IPO to repay debt together with accrued and unpaid interest and applicable redemption premiums (see~~associated non-cash investing activities are further described in Note 126 to these condensed consolidated financial statements. As part of the asset swap transaction, the Company assumed a lease contract that is exclusive of those summarized in the above table.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the condensed consolidated balance sheets as of September 30, 2020 and 2019 to the total of the same amounts shown in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for ~~further information).~~the nine months then ended:


	September 30,
	2020		2019
Cash and cash equivalents	$	164,348	$	78,510
Restricted cash included in prepaid and other current assets	1,943		1,745
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash shown in the condensed consolidated statements of cash flows	$	166,291	$	80,255

22. Subsequent Events:

Definitive Agreement to Sell the Company’s Performance Materials Business

On October 15, 2020, the Company entered into a definitive agreement to sell its Performance Materials business for $650,000 in cash, subject to customary purchase price adjustments as set forth in the agreement. The planned sale of the Performance Materials business reflects continued advancement by the Company on its ‘Simpler + Stronger’ strategic path.

The Company expects to use the after-tax cash proceeds from the sale to reduce debt and return capital to its shareholders, subject to board approval and declaration. The transaction is expected to close by the end of 2020, subject to regulatory approvals and customary closing conditions. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this transaction.

This transaction met the held for sale criteria in October 2020, and consequently the financial results of the Performance Materials business will be reported in discontinued operations beginning in the fourth quarter of 2020.

Table of Contents

Redemption of New Markets Tax Credits

The Company’s NMTC financing arrangements include put/call provisions that can be exercised seven years after funding of the respective loans, whereby the Company may be obligated or entitled to repurchase the given NMTC investor’s interest in the respective investment fund for a de minimis amount. In ~~connection with~~October 2020, an affiliate of JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A. (“Chase”) exercised its put option under the ~~reclassification, stock split~~October 24, 2013 NMTC financing arrangement among Chase and ~~conversion transactions associated with~~several of its affiliates, TX CDE V LLC, an affiliate of Texas LIC Development Company LLC d/b/a/ Texas Community Development Capital, and the ~~IPO~~Company (the “2013 NMTC”). After the exercise of the put option the Company acquired ownership of the Chase investment fund, and subsequently the loans between the Company and the Chase investment fund, and between TX CDE V LLC and the Company, were settled. This resulted in the retirement of $21,000 of debt related to the ~~Company’s Class A~~2013 NMTC and ~~Class B common stock (see Note 1 to these condensed consolidated financial statements for further information),~~a corresponding $15,632 note receivable, which resulted in a gain on debt forgiveness of $5,368.

Other than the ~~Company’s outstanding restricted stock and stock option awards were converted on~~item set forth above, the same basis, including equivalent adjustments to the respective exercise prices with respect to the stock option awards. The vesting and other terms of the restricted stock and stock option awards were otherwise unchanged. In connection with the IPO, the Company’s board of directors adopted the PQ Group Holdings Inc. 2017 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2017 Plan”), with all future equity awards of the Company to be issued under the 2017 Plan. On October 2, 2017, the Company granted the following equity awards related to its common stock to certain of its officers, employees and directors in connection with the IPO: 1,654,685 restricted stock units; 621,747 stock options; and 21,067 stock awards. The restricted stock units and stock options are subject to service vesting conditions, while the stock awards were immediately vested upon grant.

~~The~~ Company has evaluated subsequent events since the balance sheet date and determined that ~~other than the items noted above,~~ there are no additional items to disclose.

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~~ITEM 2.~~	ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this report to “PQ Group Holdings,” “the company,” “we,” “us” or “our” refer to PQ Group Holdings Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

Forward-looking Statements

This periodic report on Form 10-Q (“Form 10-Q”) includes statements that express our opinions, expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, assumptions or projections regarding future events or future results and therefore are, or may be deemed to be, “forward-looking statements” ~~within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the “Act”)~~. ~~The following cautionary statements are being made pursuant to the provisions of the Act and with the intention of obtaining the benefits of the “safe harbor” provisions of the Act.~~ The words “believe,” “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “expect,” “should” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy, short- and long-term business operations and ~~objections,~~objectives, and financial needs. Examples of forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements we make regarding the sale of our Performance Materials segment, the impact of the novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”) pandemic on our operations and financial results and our liquidity, including our belief that our ~~current level of operations,~~existing cash, ~~and~~ cash equivalents and cash flow from operations, ~~and borrowings~~combined with availability under our asset based lending revolving credit ~~facilities and other lines of credit~~facility will ~~provide us adequate~~be sufficient to meet our presently anticipated future cash ~~to fund~~needs for at least the ~~working capital, capital expenditure, debt service and other requirements for our business for the foreseeable future.~~next 12 months. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment and new risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events and circumstances discussed herein may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements. Some of the key factors that could cause actual results to differ from our expectations include risks related to:

•the impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on the global economy and financial markets, as well as on our business and our suppliers, and the response of governments and of our company to the outbreak;

•our exposure to local business risks and regulations in different countries;

•general economic conditions;

•exchange rate fluctuations;

•legal and regulatory compliance;

•significant developments relating to the U.S. administration, U.S. courts’ or the United Kingdom’s exit from the European Union;

•technological or other changes in our customers’ products;

•our and our competitors’ research and development;

•fluctuations in prices of raw materials and relationships with our key suppliers;

•substantial competition;

•non-payment or non-performance by our customers;

•reliance on a small number of customers;

•potential early termination or non-renewal of customer contracts in our ~~refining services product group;~~

Refining Services segment;

•reductions in highway safety spending or taxes earmarked for highway safety spending;

•seasonal fluctuations in demand for some of our products;

•retention of certain key personnel;

•realization of our growth projects;

~~our expansion projects;~~

•potential product liability claims;

•existing and potential future government regulation;

•the extensive environmental, health and safety regulations to which we are subject;

•disruption of production and distribution of our products;

•risk of loss beyond our available insurance coverage;

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•product quality;

•successful integration of acquisitions;

~~our acquisition strategy;~~

•our joint venture investments;

•our failure to protect our intellectual property and infringement on the intellectual property rights of third parties;

•information technology risks;

•potential labor disruptions;

•litigation and other administrative and regulatory proceedings; ~~and~~

•our substantial ~~indebtedness.~~indebtedness; and

•other factors set forth in Part I, “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.

The forward-looking statements included herein are made only as of the date hereof. You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee that the future results, levels of activity, performance or events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur. Moreover, neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of the forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this Form 10-Q to conform these statements to actual results or to changes in our expectations.

Overview

We are a leading integrated and innovative global provider of specialty catalysts, ~~specialty~~ materials, ~~and~~ chemicals and ~~services~~services. We support customers globally through our strategically located network of manufacturing facilities. We believe that ~~enable environmental improvements, enhance consumer~~our products, and increase personal safety. Our products and solutions help companies produce vehicles with improved fuel efficiency and cleaner emissions. Our materials are critical ingredients in consumer products that make teeth brighter, skin softer and wounds heal faster. We produce highly engineered materials that make highways and airports safer for drivers and pilots. Because our productswhich are predominantly inorganic, and ~~carbon-free, we believe we~~services contribute to improving the sustainability of ~~our planet.~~the environment.

We conduct operations through ~~two~~four reporting segments: ~~environmental~~(1) Refining Services, (2) Catalysts (including our 50% interest in the Zeolyst Joint Venture), (3) Performance Materials, and (4) Performance Chemicals.

Refining Services: We are the leading provider of sulfuric acid recycling services to North American refineries for the production of alkylate, an essential gasoline component for lowering vapor pressure and increasing octane to meet stringent gasoline specifications and fuel efficiency standards. We are also a leading North American producer of on-purpose virgin sulfuric acid for water treatment, mining, and industrial applications.

Catalysts: We are a global supplier of finished silica catalysts and ~~services~~catalyst supports necessary to produce high strength and ~~performance materials~~high stiffness plastics used in packaging films, bottles, containers, and ~~chemicals. Our environmental catalysts and services business is~~other molded applications. We are also a leading global ~~innovator~~supplier of zeolites used for catalysts that remove nitric oxide from diesel engine emissions as well as sulfur from fuels during the refining process.

Performance Materials: We are an industry leader in North America, Europe, and South America in transportation safety. Our products are used to delineate roads and runways with highly reflective markings, improving safety by enhancing visibility at night and in poor weather. Our microspheres also serve as functional additives in industrial applications, including polymers and plastics, and in abrasive applications for metal surfaces.

Performance Chemicals: We are a leading global producer of ~~catalysts~~sodium silicates and downstream specialty silicas as well as other silicate derivative products. These products are used in a wide variety of industrial and consumer applications such as matting agents in surface coatings, clarifying agents for edible oils and beer, precursors for green tires, additives for dental cleaning and personal care products, and as feedstock for our additives and catalyst platforms.

Recent Developments

On October 15, 2020, we entered into a definitive agreement to sell our Performance Materials business for $650.0 million. We expect to use after-tax cash proceeds from the ~~refinery, emissions control~~sale to reduce debt and ~~petrochemical industries~~return capital to our shareholders, subject to board approval and declaration. The transaction is ~~also~~expected to close by the end of 2020, subject to regulatory approvals and customary closing conditions. Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2020, we expect to present the financial results of the Performance Materials business as discontinued operations.

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Impact of COVID-19 on our Business and Results

In March 2020, the outbreak of COVID-19 was declared a ~~leading provider of catalyst recycling services~~national emergency by the United States. COVID-19 continues to spread throughout the world and has adversely impacted economic activity and contributed to volatility in financial markets. In response to the ~~North American refining industry.~~COVID-19 pandemic, the federal government, various states, local and foreign governments have issued decrees and orders that have disrupted many businesses and implemented social distancing, travel and other restrictions. In response to these restrictions, we have taken a variety of actions, including an international travel ban, distribution of personal protective equipment to employees, and work-at-home requirements for many of our employees who are not an integral part of our manufacturing operations. We ~~believe~~have also implemented and refined our ~~products are mission critical for~~existing business continuity plans in an effort to minimize disruptions to our ~~customers in these growing applications~~operations.

Our manufacturing operations, as well as the operations of our key vendors and impart essential functionality in chemical and refining production processes and in emissions control for engines. Our environmental catalysts and services business consists of three product groups: silica catalysts, zeolite catalysts and refining services. Our performance materials and chemicals business is a silicates and specialty materials producer with leading supply positions for the majority of our ~~products sold~~key customers, have continued to operate with limited interruptions. Some of the ways our businesses support the battle against COVID-19 include:

•In our Refining Services segment, our plants provide critical services that refineries need to produce fuel that powers vehicles that transport goods and people to essential businesses;

•In our Catalysts segment, we produce supports used to manufacture polypropylene, which is the most common material used to make surgical masks. We also produce catalysts and supports needed to manufacture polyethylene, which is used in ~~North America, Europe, South America, Australia~~packaging materials for detergents, bleaches, specialized medical equipment and Asia (excluding China) serving diverse and growing end uses such as personal and industrial cleaning products, fuel efficient tires (“green tires”), surface coatings and food and beverage. Our products are essential additives, ingredients, and precursorsother sanitation items that are critical to preventing the ~~performance characteristics~~spread of COVID-19;

•In our Performance Materials segment, we produce high-quality microspheres which are used in respirators, hospital beds and protective goggles; and

•In our Performance Chemicals segment, our silicates are used in cleaning products such as soaps and detergents used in homes, businesses and hospitals.

Near Term Trends on Business Segment End Uses

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to unprecedented disruptions within the macro economy, which led to an overall lower sales volume demand during the third quarter of 2020. The timing and magnitude of the impact to sales volume demand varied across our portfolio of businesses due to the many end uses. Key end use trends in our business segments during the third quarter and expectations for the balance of the year are described below:

•Refining Services: This business segment was impacted the most by COVID-19 but has begun to see a significant rebound in demand from second quarter lows. Stay-at-home mandates enacted at the end of the first quarter, which continued through the second quarter, led to rapid and significant reductions in gasoline demand in the U.S. As stay-at-home restrictions were lifted toward the end of the second quarter, gasoline consumption recovered to approximately 90% of 2019 levels. Virgin sulfuric acid demand from refining and industrial customers rebounded in the third quarter, which mitigated continued pressure within the automotive and industrial production end uses. We expect these trends to continue into the fourth quarter.

•Performance Materials: We experienced a reduction in demand for our North American highway safety products as a result of reduced levels of striping activity due to COVID-related work restrictions. In Europe, demand has been showing a steady monthly improvement as countries reopened and customers returned to work on previously approved road striping projects. While the fourth quarter is typically seasonally lower than the third quarter due to weather conditions, we anticipate that demand trends will be comparable to the prior year. Demand for our engineered glass materials showed steady improvement in the third quarter, with volumes increasing for products sold to the general industrial and construction end uses. This more than offset continued slower demand for products sold to the automotive industry. We expect this utilization to extend into the fourth quarter.

•Performance Chemicals: Since the second quarter, improving signs of economic recovery are benefiting our products used for consumer product and industrial and process chemicals applications. However, demand for commercial cleaning remained soft as detergents and personal care consumption eased from the strong second-quarter surge by consumers stocking up for COVID-19 stay-at-home mandates.

•Catalysts: Our Catalysts segment delivered strong polyolefin catalyst results through the third quarter ended September 30, 2020. However, with refineries now focused on cash conservation, a number of our ~~customers’~~customers are now adjusting their change-out schedules. Demand for our emission control catalysts used in heavy-duty diesel vehicles slumped in the third quarter as our customers continued to curtail production to align with lower demand. We anticipate that demand will be well below prior year levels.

During the quarter ended September 30, 2020, we continued to take actions to mitigate the slowdown in our business as a result of the effects of COVID-19, including adjusting our production levels to meet anticipated customer demand, reducing discretionary spending, furloughs, delaying headcount additions and deferring capital maintenance expenditures.

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Operations and Supply

Although the full impact of COVID-19 on our business is currently unknown, our manufacturing facilities have continued to operate and have been providing critical materials necessary to aid in combating the COVID-19 pandemic and products ~~yet typically represent only~~we manufacture for other essential businesses. Our manufacturing plants require a ~~small portion~~limited number of on-site employees in order to continue to operate effectively. We have not experienced any material production issues to date, but have had limited and temporary shutdowns or slowdowns in some of our ~~customers’ overall end-product costs. Our performance~~facilities. Several of our manufacturing facilities experienced production delays as a result of employee absenteeism related to COVID-19. We have also seen limited disruptions in the availability of certain of our raw materials and ~~chemicals business consists of two product groups: performance chemicals and performance materials. In 2016, we served over 4,000 customers globally across many end uses and, as~~other supplies, which to date have not had a material impact on production.

Liquidity

As of September 30, ~~2017, operated out~~2020, we had cash and cash equivalents of ~~72 manufacturing facilities,~~$164.3 million and total available liquidity of $345.4 million. During the quarter ended March 31, 2020, we amended our Term Loan Facility to reduce the applicable interest rate and extend the maturity of the facility to February 2027. We also amended our existing ABL Facility to reduce the applicable interest rate, extend the maturity, and increase the aggregate amount of the revolving loan commitments available by $50.0 million to $250.0 million.

In July 2020, we entered into an agreement for a new senior secured term loan facility of $650.0 million, the proceeds of which ~~are strategically located across six continents.~~were used to refinance our existing 6.75% Senior Secured Notes due 2022 and pay the associated early redemption premiums. The new senior secured term loan facility will reduce our interest expense and will mature in February 2027.

~~Company Background~~Following these actions, we have no significant debt maturities prior to November 2025 and ~~Business Combination~~our outstanding debt obligations do not contain material financial covenants requiring us to maintain a leverage ratio below a particular level.

Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security (“CARES”) Act

On December 1, 2014, Eco Services Operations LLC (“Eco”), a Delaware limited liability company and an indirect subsidiary of investment funds affiliated with CCMP Capital Advisors, LLC (now known as CCMP Capital Advisors, LP; “CCMP”), acquired substantially allMarch 27, 2020, the CARES Act was signed into law. The provisions of the ~~assets~~CARES Act provide substantial stimulus and financial assistance measures intended to mitigate the impact of ~~Solvay’s Eco Services business unit (the “2014 Acquisition”).~~

On August 17, 2015, PQ Group Holdings Inc. (“PQ Group Holdings,” “the company,” “we,” “us,” or “our”), PQ Holdings Inc. (“PQ Holdings”), PQ Corporation, Eco, Eco Services Intermediate Holdings LLC, Eco Services Group Holdings LLC, investment funds affiliatedthe COVID-19 pandemic, including certain tax relief provisions. As permitted within the CARES Act, we began deferring payment of the employer portion of social security taxes in the second quarter and expect to continue to do so through the end of 2020, with ~~CCMP, and certain other stockholders~~50% of ~~PQ Holdings and Eco entered into a reorganization and transaction agreement pursuant to which~~ the companies consummated a series of transactions (the “Business Combination”) to reorganize and combine the businesses of PQ Holdings and Eco under a new holding company, PQ Group Holdings. The Business Combination was consummated on May 4, 2016. We refer to the business of PQ Holdings prior to the Business Combination as “legacy PQ”deferred amount due December 31, 2021 and the ~~business of Eco prior~~remaining 50% due December 31, 2022. This deferral is expected to provide approximately $6.0 million in additional liquidity in 2020. We continue to monitor any effects that may result from the ~~Business Combination as “legacy Eco.”~~

In accordance with GAAP, legacy Eco was the accounting acquirer in the Business Combination and, as such, legacy Eco is treated as our predecessor. Investment funds affiliated with CCMP held a controlling interest in legacy Eco and a non-controlling interest in legacy PQ prior to the Business Combination.

The following table summarizes, for each of the periods specified below and for which financial information is included for PQ Group Holdings in this Form 10-Q, the portion, if any, of the financial results of legacy PQ and legacy Eco that is included in the financial results for such periods presented in accordance with GAAP.

Three Months Ended
September 30, Nine Months Ended
September 30,

2017

2016

2017

2016

Operations of legacy Eco Included Included Included Included

Operations of legacy PQ Included Included Included
Partially included
(May 4 to September 30)
CARES Act.

Key Performance Indicators

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Net Income

Adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net income are ~~non-GAAP~~ financial measures that are not prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) and that we use to evaluate our operating performance, for business planning purposes and to measure our performance relative to that of our competitors. Adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net income are presented as key performance indicators as we believe these financial measures will enhance a prospective investor’s understanding of our results of operations and financial condition. EBITDA consists of net income (loss) attributable to PQ Group Holdings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization. Adjusted EBITDA consists of EBITDA adjusted for (i) non-operating income or expense, (ii) the impact of certain non-cash, nonrecurring or other items included in net income (loss) and EBITDA that we do not consider indicative of our ongoing operating performance, and (iii) depreciation, amortization and interest of our 50% share of the Zeolyst Joint Venture. Adjusted net income consists of net income (loss) attributable to PQ Group Holdings adjusted for (i) non-operating income or expense and (ii) the impact of certain non-cash, nonrecurring or other items included in net income (loss) that we do not consider indicative of our ongoing operating performance. We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures provide investors with useful financial metrics to assess our operating performance from period-to-period by excluding certain items that we believe are not representative of our core business.

You should not consider adjusted EBITDA ~~and~~or adjusted net income in isolation or as alternatives to the presentation of our financial results in accordance with GAAP. The presentation of ~~our~~ adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net income financial measures may differ from similar measures reported by other companies and may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures. In evaluating adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net income, you should be aware that we are likely to incur expenses similar to those eliminated in this presentation in the future and that certain of these items could be considered recurring in nature. Our presentation of adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net income should not be construed as an inference that our future results will be unaffected by unusual or nonrecurring items. Reconciliations of adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net income to GAAP net income (loss) are included in the results of operations discussion that follows for each of the respective periods.

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Key Factors and Trends Affecting Operating Results and Financial Condition

Sales

~~Our environmental catalysts and services business consists of three product groups: silica catalysts, zeolite catalysts, and refining services. Our environmental catalysts and services~~Over the past few months, our sales have ~~grown primarily due~~been negatively impacted by COVID-19. Declining gross domestic product in the United States and Europe, reduced demand for gasoline, stay-at-home requirements and work restrictions to ~~expansion into new end applications, including emission control catalysts, polymer catalysts,~~improve safety have temporarily reduced demand for products across our portfolio. We believe the second quarter was the trough of our demand decline as we have experienced improvement in most areas of our business during the third quarter. Refer to the discussion above under “Impact of COVID-19 on our Business and ~~refining catalysts, as well as continued supply share gains.~~ Results” for additional commentary.

Sales in our ~~environmental catalysts~~Refining Services, Performance Chemicals and ~~services segment~~Catalysts segments are made on both a purchase order basis and pursuant to long-term contracts. Product sales in our Performance Materials segment are made principally on a purchase order basis.

Our performance materials and chemicals business consists of two product groups: performance chemicals and performance materials. Expansions into new applications, including personal care and consumer cleaning, as well as share gains in existing end uses, have added to the growth of our sales. Historically, our ~~performance materials~~Performance Materials and ~~chemicals business has~~Performance Chemicals segments have experienced relatively stable demand ~~both seasonally and~~ throughout economic cycles due to the diverse consumer and industrial end uses that our products serve. Product sales from our performance chemicals product group are made on both a purchase order basis and pursuant to long-term contracts. In the performance materials product group, sales have been driven by the growth of spending on repair, maintenance and upgrade of existing highways and the construction of new highways and roads by governments around the world. Product sales in our performance materials product group are made principally on a purchase order basis. There may be modest fluctuations in timing of orders, but orders are mainly driven by demand and general economic conditions.

Cost of Goods Sold

Cost of goods sold consists of variable product costs, fixed manufacturing expenses, depreciation expense and freight expenses. Variable product costs include all raw materials, energy and packaging costs that are directly related to the manufacturing process. Fixed manufacturing expenses include all plant employment costs, manufacturing overhead and periodic maintenance costs. The primary raw materials for our Refining Services segment include spent sulfuric acid, sulfur, acids, bases (including sodium hydroxide, or “caustic soda”), and certain metals. The primary raw materials used in the manufacture of products in our ~~performance materials~~Performance Materials, Performance Chemicals and ~~chemicals business~~Catalysts segments include soda ash, industrial sand, aluminum trihydrate, sodium hydroxide, and cullet.

Most of our Refining Services contracts feature take-or-pay volume protection and/or quarterly price adjustments for commodity inputs, labor, the Chemical Engineering Index (U.S. chemical plant construction cost index) and natural gas. Spent acid for our Refining Services segment is supplied by customers for a nominal charge as part of their contracts. Over 90% of our Refining Services segment sales for the year ended December 31, 2019 were under contracts featuring quarterly price adjustments. The price adjustments generally reflect actual costs for producing acid and tend to protect us from volatility in labor, fixed costs and raw material pricing. The take-or-pay volume protection allows us to cover fixed costs through intermittent, temporary production issues at customer refineries.

For the year ended December 31, ~~2016~~2019, approximately ~~45%~~50% of our Americas silicate sales, ~~with~~which is a significant portion of our ~~largest sodium silicate customers in North America~~Performance Chemicals segment sales, were ~~made under~~derived from contracts that ~~include price adjustments for changes in the price of~~included raw ~~materials and natural gas.~~material pass-through clauses. Under these contracts, there generally is a time lag of three to nine months for price changes to pass through, depending on the magnitude of the change in cost and other market dynamics. The primary raw materials for our environmental catalysts and services business include spent sulfuric acid, sulfur, sodium silicates, acids, bases, and certain metals. Most of our refining services contracts feature take-or-pay volume protection and/or quarterly price adjustments for commodity inputs, labor, the Chemical Engineering Index (U.S. chemical plant construction cost index) and natural gas. Over 94% of our refining services product group pro forma sales for the years ended December 31, 2016 were under contracts featuring quarterly price adjustments. The price adjustments generally reflect actual costs for producing acid and tend to protect us from volatility in labor, fixed costs and raw material pricing. Freight expenses are generally passed through directly to customers. ~~Spent acid for our refining services product group is supplied by customers for a nominal charge as part of their contracts.~~

While natural gas is not a direct feedstock for any product, all businesses use natural gas powered furnaces to heat raw materials and create the chemical reactions necessary to produce end-products. We maintain multiple suppliers wherever possible, hedge exposure to fluctuations in prices for natural gas purchases in the United States, make forward purchases of natural gas in the United States, Canada, and Europe to mitigate our exposure to price volatility, and structure our customer contracts when possible to allow for the pass-through of raw material and natural gas costs.

Joint Ventures

We account for our investments in our equity joint ventures under the equity method. Our largest joint venture, the Zeolyst Joint Venture, manufactures high performance, specialty, zeolite-based catalysts for use in the ~~emissions~~packaging and engineered plastics, emission control, ~~industry, the~~refining and petrochemical ~~industry~~industries and other areas of the broader chemicals industry. We share proportionally in the management of our joint ventures with the other parties to each such joint venture.

~~Industry~~Seasonality

~~We compete~~Seasonal changes and weather conditions typically affect our Performance Materials and Refining Services segments. In particular, our Performance Materials segment generally experiences lower sales and profit in the ~~specialty chemicals~~first and materials industry. Our industry is characterized by constant development of new products and the need to support customers with new product innovation and technical services to meet their challenges. In addition, products must maintain consistent quality and be a reliable source of supply in order to meet the needs of customers. In addition, many products in the specialty chemicals and materials industry benefit from economics that favor incumbent producers because the capital cost to expand existing capacity is typically significantly less than the capital cost necessary to build a new plant. Our industry is also characterized by the need to produce consistent quality in a safe and environmentally sustainable manner.

~~Seasonality~~

We experience some seasonality, primarily with respect to the performance materials and refining services product groups. With respect to the performance materials product group, sales and earnings are generally higher during the second and thirdfourth quarters of the year asbecause highway striping projects typically occur during warmer weather months. ~~Additionally, the refining services product group~~Our Refining Services segment typically experiences similar seasonal fluctuations as a result of higher demand for gasoline products in the summer months. As a result, working capital requirements tend to be higher in the first and ~~fourth~~second quarters of the year, ~~while higher~~which can adversely affect our liquidity and cash ~~generation occurs in the second and third quarters~~flows. Because of this seasonality associated with certain of our segments, results for any one quarter are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be achieved for any other quarter or for the full year.

~~Inflation~~

Inflationary pressures may have an adverse effect on us, impacting raw material costs and other operating costs, as well as resulting in higher fixed asset replacement costs. We attempt to manage these impacts with cost control, productivity improvements and contractual arrangements, as well as price increases to customers.

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Foreign Currency

As a global business, we are subject to the impact of gains and losses on currency translations, which occur when the financial statements of foreign operations are translated into U.S. dollars. We operate a geographically diverse business with approximately 40% ~~and 34%~~ of our sales for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020 and the year ended December 31, ~~2016, respectively,~~2019 in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Because our consolidated financial results are reported in U.S. dollars, sales or earnings generated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar can result in a significant increase or decrease in the amount of those sales and earnings when translated to U.S. dollars. The foreign currencies to which we have the most significant exchange rate exposure include the Euro, British pound, Canadian dollar, Brazilian real and the Mexican peso.

~~Recent Developments~~

On August 28, 2017, in anticipation of the arrival of Hurricane Harvey, we shut down our Houston and Baytown refining services facilities in coordination with our refinery partners. We restarted our Houston facility on September 3, 2017 and our Baytown facility on September 24, 2017 and both have returned to normal operation. We believe that the operational interruption at these facilities negatively impacted our sales for the three and nine months ending September 30, 2017 by $5.6 million and our Adjusted EBITDA for the same periods by $4.7 million. We maintain business interruption insurance coverage and we expect to submit claims under such policy. However, there is no assurance that such impacts will be offset in whole or in part by recoveries under any such insurance claims in a timely manner or at all. We do not expect that these operational interruptions will have a material adverse affect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

~~Pro Forma Results of Operations~~

In addition to the analysis of historical results of operations, we have prepared unaudited supplemental pro forma results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The unaudited pro forma statements of operations reflect pro forma adjustments to the results of PQ Group Holdings to give effect to the Business Combination and the related financing transactions as if they had occurred on January 1, 2015. The unaudited pro forma adjustments include:

~~elimination of intercompany sales between legacy PQ and legacy Eco;~~

~~adjustments to depreciation expense related to the step-up in fair value of property, plant and equipment;~~

~~adjustments to amortization expense related to the step-up in fair value of definite-lived intangible assets;~~

~~removal of non-recurring adjustments related to the step-up in the fair value of inventory;~~

~~adjustments to stock compensation expense to reflect charges as they relate to our new capital structure;~~

~~adjustments related to the amortization of the step-up in fair value of property, plant, equipment and definite-lived intangible assets related to our Zeolyst Joint Venture;~~

~~adjustments to interest expense related to the senior secured term loan facility;~~

~~adjustments related to the write-off of existing deferred financing fees, original issue discounts and prepayment penalties; and~~

~~the tax effect of the aforementioned adjustments, including the effect related to the change in tax status of Eco from a limited liability company to a C-corporation.~~

The unaudited pro forma statements of operations have been prepared in accordance with Article 11 of Regulation S-X by combining the historical results of operations of legacy Eco and legacy PQ for the periods prior to May 4, 2016 and should be read in conjunction with our historical consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Form 10-Q.

The unaudited pro forma statements of operations have been prepared for illustrative purposes only and are not necessarily indicative of the combined results of operations that would have been realized had the pro forma transactions been completed as of the dates indicated, nor are they meant to be indicative of any anticipated future results of operations. The unaudited pro forma adjustments are based upon available information and assumptions we believe are factually supportable, directly attributable to the Business Combination and the related financing transactions, and with respect to the statement of operations, expected to have a continuing impact on our business, and that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. In addition, the unaudited pro forma statements of operations do not include any pro forma adjustments to reflect expected cost savings or restructuring actions which may be achievable or the impact of any non-recurring activity and transaction-related costs.

We believe that the unaudited pro forma statements of operations are a useful presentation of our results of operations as they provide comparative information, period-over-period, on a more comparable basis.

Results of Operations

Three Months Ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020 Compared to the Three Months Ended September 30, ~~2016~~2019

Highlights

The following is a summary of our financial performance for the three months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020 compared with the three months ended September 30, ~~2016.~~

2019.

Sales

~~Net sales increased $21.8~~•Sales decreased $43.5 million to ~~$391.8~~$380.3 million. The ~~increase~~decrease in sales was primarily due to ~~organic growth driven by favorable price and mix,~~lower sales volumes and the ~~contribution~~unfavorable effects of ~~$13.5 million~~foreign currency translation of sales related to our recent Sovitec acquisition, which was completed on June 12, 2017. These factors more than offset the negative impact on sales volumes from Hurricane Harvey, which caused a temporary shutdown of two refining services plants in southeast Texas.$2.5 million.

Gross Profit

•Gross profit ~~increased $7.2~~decreased $16.4 million to ~~$102.5~~$96.5 million. ~~Our increase~~The decrease in gross profit was primarily due to ~~organic growth driven~~the decline in sales volumes, partially offset by ~~favorable price and mix, as well as the~~lower production costs.

Operating Income

•Operating income decreased by $10.6 million to $47.0 million. The decrease in operating income was due to lower gross profit, ~~contributed~~which was partly offset by a gain on the ~~Sovitec acquisition~~sale of a non-core product line and reduced selling, general and administrative expenses.

Equity in Net Income of Affiliated Companies

•Equity in net income of affiliated companies for the three months ended September 30, ~~2017.~~

~~Operating Income~~

~~Operating income increased by $2.2~~2020 was $0.2 million, compared to ~~$46.5 million. Our operating income increased due to the Sovitec acquisition and the margins generated by the increase in customer pricing~~$17.3 million for the three months ended September 30, ~~2017.~~2019. The decrease of $17.1 million was due to lower earnings generated by the Zeolyst Joint Venture for the three months ended September 30, 2020.

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The following is our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income and a summary of financial results for the three months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019:


	Three months ended September 30,						Change
	2020			2019			$		%
	(in millions, except percentages)
Sales	$	380.3		$	423.8		$	(43.5)	(10.3)	%
Cost of goods sold	283.8			310.9			(27.1)		(8.7)	%
Gross profit	96.5			112.9			(16.4)		(14.5)	%
Gross profit margin	25.4		%	26.6		%
Selling, general and administrative expenses	37.1			39.5			(2.4)		(6.1)	%
Other operating expense, net	12.4			15.7			(3.3)		(21.0)	%
Operating income	47.0			57.6			(10.6)		(18.4)	%
Operating income margin	12.4		%	13.6		%
Equity in net (income) from affiliated companies	(0.2)			(17.3)			17.1		(98.8)	%
Interest expense, net	18.6			27.7			(9.1)		(32.9)	%
Debt extinguishment costs	14.0			1.8			12.2		677.8	%
Other (income) expense, net	(5.0)			1.9			(6.9)		(363.2)	%
Income before income taxes and noncontrolling interest	19.6			43.5			(23.9)		(54.9)	%
Provision for income taxes	11.8			16.7			(4.9)		(29.3)	%
Effective tax rate	60.1		%	38.4		%
Net income	7.8			26.8			(19.0)		(70.9)	%
Less: Net income attributable to the noncontrolling interest	0.3			0.1			0.2		200.0	%
Net income attributable to PQ Group Holdings Inc.	$	7.5		$	26.7		$	(19.2)	(71.9)	%

Sales


	Three months ended September 30,				Change
	2020		2019		$		%
	(in millions, except percentages)
Sales:
Refining Services	$	107.6	$	118.3	$	(10.7)	(9.0)	%
Catalysts	23.1		25.6		(2.5)		(9.8)	%
Performance Materials	104.6		115.1		(10.5)		(9.1)	%
Performance Chemicals	148.5		167.9		(19.4)		(11.6)	%
Eliminations	(3.5)		(3.1)		(0.4)
Total sales	$	380.3	$	423.8	$	(43.5)	(10.3)	%

Refining Services: Sales in Refining Services for the three months ended September 30, 2020 were $107.6 million, a decrease of $10.7 million, or 9.0%, compared to sales of $118.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease in sales was primarily due to lower average selling prices of $5.9 million and lower volumes of $4.8 million.

The decline in sales was the result of lower gasoline production due to the COVID-19 pandemic, refining disruptions caused by Hurricane Laura and the pass-through of lower sulfur pricing of $3.7 million in our virgin sulfuric acid product group.

Catalysts: Sales in Silica Catalysts for the three months ended September 30, 2020 were $23.1 million, a decrease of $2.5 million, or 9.8%, compared to sales of $25.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease in sales was primarily due to a decrease in volumes of $2.4 million. The decrease in sales was due to a decline in methyl methacrylate sales which were partially offset by continued strong demand for our polyolefin catalysts.

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Performance Materials: Sales in Performance Materials for the three months ended September 30, 2020 were $104.6 million, a decrease of $10.5 million, or 9.1%, compared to sales of $115.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease in sales was primarily due to lower volumes of $13.0 million which were offset by higher average selling price from favorable customer mix of $2.0 million.

The decrease in sales volumes was a result of lower European demand for our highway safety products, lower industrial application demand for our engineered glass products and an absence of thermoplastic sales as a result of the first quarter asset swap. The decline in sales volumes was offset by higher average selling prices for highway safety products sold in North America.

Performance Chemicals: Sales in Performance Chemicals for the three months ended September 30, 2020 were $148.5 million, a decrease of $19.4 million, or 11.6%, compared to sales of $167.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease in sales was primarily due to lower sales volumes of $18.9 million and the unfavorable effects of foreign currency translation of $2.9 million, which were partially offset by favorable sales mix of $2.4 million.

The decrease in sales was primarily a result of lower volumes of sodium silicate, sold across multiple applications, as a result of COVID-19 related customer slowdowns in production and continued decline in the zeolites market’s in which we operate. The unfavorable effects of foreign currency translation were driven by the stronger U.S. dollar.

Gross Profit

Gross profit for the three months ended September 30, 2020 was $96.5 million, a decrease of $16.4 million, or 14.5%, compared with $112.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease in gross profit was due to lower volumes of $19.8 million, unfavorable product mix of $3.6 million and unfavorable customer pricing of $1.8 million, which were partially offset by favorable manufacturing costs of $10.4 million.

The decrease in volumes was a result of lower demand for sodium silicate sold across multiple applications and the impact of COVID-19 on gasoline production, which resulted in lower demand for our regeneration services and catalyst products. The unfavorable product mix was a result of increased sales of lower-margin products sold in our North American highway product group. The favorable change in manufacturing costs was a result of lower production costs related to our European operations.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2020 were $37.1 million, a decrease of $2.4 million compared with $39.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses was due to cost controlling initiatives.

Other Operating Expense, Net

Other operating expense, net for the three months ended September 30, 2020 was $12.4 million, a decrease of $3.3 million, compared with $15.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease in other operating expense, net was due to a gain on the sale of a product group in the current year period and lower environmental costs, which were partially offset by an increase in business optimization charges.

Equity in Net Income of Affiliated Companies

Equity in net income of affiliated companies for the three months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020 was ~~$10.3~~$0.2 million, compared ~~with a $4.6 million loss for the three months ended September 30, 2016. The increase was due~~ to $4.2 million of earnings generated by our Zeolyst Joint Venture and $10.4 million of lower amortization of investment in affiliate inventory step-up costs incurred for the three months ended September 30, 2017.

~~The following is our condensed consolidated statement of operations and a summary of financial results for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016:~~

Three months ended
September 30, Change
2017 2016 $ %
Unaudited Unaudited
(in millions, except percentages)
Sales $ 391.8
$ 370.0
$ 21.8
5.9 %
Cost of goods sold 289.3
274.7
14.6
5.3 %
Gross profit 102.5
95.3
7.2
7.6 %
Gross profit margin 26.2 % 25.8 %
Selling, general and administrative expenses 36.2
36.0
0.2
0.6 %
Other operating expense, net 19.8
15.0
4.8
32.0 %
Operating income 46.5
44.3
2.2
5.0 %
Operating income margin
11.9 % 12.0 %
Equity in net (income) loss of affiliated companies (10.3 ) 4.6
(14.9 ) (323.9 )%
Interest expense, net 49.1
48.6
0.5
1.0 %
Debt extinguishment costs 0.5
—
0.5
— %
Other expense, net 5.1
4.2
0.9
21.4 %
Income (loss) before income taxes and noncontrolling interest 2.1
(13.1 ) 15.2
(116.0 )%
Provision for (benefit) income taxes 5.2
(3.5 ) 8.7
(248.6 )%
Effective tax rate 239.9 % 26.9 %
Net loss (3.1 ) (9.6 ) 6.5
(67.7 )%
Less: Net income attributable to the noncontrolling interest 0.3
0.4
(0.1 ) (25.0 )%
Net loss attributable to PQ Group Holdings Inc. $ (3.4 ) $ (10.0 ) $ 6.6
(66.0 )%

~~Sales~~

Historical
Three months ended
September 30,
Change
2017 2016
$

%

(in millions, except percentages)
Net Sales:
Performance Chemicals $ 175.5
$ 167.8
$ 7.7
4.6 %
Performance Materials 104.4
90.2
14.2
15.7 %
Eliminations (2.8) (1.9) (0.9) 47.4 %
Performance Materials & Chemicals $ 277.1
$ 256.1
$ 21.0
8.2 %

Silica Catalyst $ 15.1
$ 21.0
$ (5.9 ) (28.1 )%
Refining Services 100.4 93.3 7.1 7.6 %
Environmental Catalysts & Services 115.5 114.3 1.2 1.1 %

Inter-segment sales eliminations (0.8) (0.4) (0.4) 100.0 %

Total net sales $ 391.8
$ 370.0
$ 21.8
5.9 %

~~Performance Materials & Chemicals:~~ ~~Sales in performance materials and chemicals for the three months ended September 30, 2017 were $277.1 million, an increase of $21.0 million, or 8.2%, compared to sales of $256.1~~$17.3 million for the three months ended September 30, ~~2016.~~2019. The ~~increase in sales~~decrease was primarily due to $13.5 million related to the Sovitec acquisition, favorable effects of foreign currency exchange of $4.5 million, higher average selling price and favorable customer mix of $2.6 million and slightly higher volumes.

The higher average selling price was principally a result of customer mix, favorable U.S. dollar denominated sales and U.S. dollar cost pass through pricing in certain foreign locations. The favorable effects of foreign currency were primarily driven by the stronger Euro compared to the U.S. dollar.

~~Environmental Catalysts & Services:~~ Sales in environmental catalysts and services for the three months ended September 30, 2017 were $115.5 million, an increase of $1.2 million, or 1.1%, compared to sales of $114.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016. The increase in sales was primarily due to higher average selling price and customer mix of $6.1 million, which was partially offset by lower volumes of $4.9 million.

The higher average selling price and customer mix was driven by the higher realization from sulfuric acid regeneration contract renewals partly offset by unfavorable virgin sulfuric acid pricing due to the mix of customers. The decrease in volumes was driven by lower chemical catalysts sales due to record methyl methacrylate sales volumes in the prior year and the negative impact of Hurricane Harvey on sulfuric acid regeneration sales, which was partially offset by stronger virgin sulfuric acid sales volumes due to the timing of customer plant turnarounds.

~~Gross Profit~~

Gross profit for the three months ended September 30, 2017 was $102.5 million, an increase of $7.2 million, or 7.6%, compared with $95.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016. The increase in gross profit was due to higher average selling price of $8.7 million and $4.5 million in gross profit contributed from the Sovitec acquisition, which was partially offset by higher depreciation expense of $3.0 million, unfavorable product mix of $2.2 million and lower volumes of $1.7 million.

The higher average selling price and customer mix was driven by the higher realization from sulfuric acid regeneration contract renewals partly offset by unfavorable virgin sulfuric acid pricing due to the mix of customers. This was partly offset by unfavorable product mix and volumes due to higher methyl methacrylate sales in the prior year as well as the negative impact of Hurricane Harvey.

~~Selling, General and Administrative Expenses~~

Selling, general and administrative expenses for the three months ended September 30, 2017 were $36.2 million, a slight increase of $0.2 million compared with $36.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016.

~~Other Operating Expense, Net~~

Other operating expense, net for the three months ended September 30, 2017 was $19.8 million, an increase of $4.8 million, compared with $15.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016. The increase in other operating expense, net was due to increased losses on the sale of assets and restructuring and plant closure costs, offset by lower severance and transaction costs related to the Business Combination.

~~Equity in Net Income of Affiliated Companies~~

Equity in net income of affiliated companies for the three months ended September 30, 2017 was $10.3 million, compared with a loss of $4.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016. The increase was primarily due to an increase of $4.2$17.2 million of lower earnings ~~generated by our~~from the Zeolyst Joint Venture during the three months ended September 30, ~~2017 and $10.4 million of lower amortization on~~2020 as compared to the ~~fair value step-up of inventory and other underlying assets of our Zeolyst Joint Venture.~~three months ended September 30, 2019. The ~~increase~~decrease in earnings ~~generated by our~~from the Zeolyst Joint Venture was due to ~~higher~~a decrease of specialty catalyst orders and the impact of COVID-19 on sales ~~of aromatic~~for our emission control and ~~dewaxing catalysts and an increase in~~ hydrocracking ~~volumes to the oil refining industry.~~catalysts.

Interest Expense, Net

Interest expense, net for the three months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020 was ~~$49.1~~$18.6 million, ~~an increase~~a decrease of ~~$0.5~~$9.1 million, as compared with ~~$48.6~~$27.7 million for the three months ended September 30, ~~2016.~~2019. The decrease in interest expense, net was primarily due to lower interest rates on our variable debt, along with lower average debt balances and a favorable increase in variable versus fixed rate debt during the three months ended September 30, 2020 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2019.

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Debt Extinguishment Costs

Debt extinguishment costs for the three months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020 and 2019 were ~~$0.5 million.~~$14.0 million and $1.8 million, respectively. On ~~August 7, 2017,~~July 22, 2020, we ~~re-priced~~entered into an agreement for a new senior secured term loan facility in an aggregate principal amount of $650.0 million, which was used to repay the ~~existing U.S. dollar-denominated tranche~~remaining outstanding balance of $625.0 million on the 6.75% Senior Secured Notes due 2022. In conjunction with the issuance of the senior secured term loan facility, we paid $10.6 million in prepayment premiums and ~~existing Euro-denominated tranche of our term loans to reduce the applicable interest rates. The company~~ recorded ~~$0.2~~$0.1 million of new creditor and third-party financing fees as debt extinguishment costs. In addition, previous unamortized deferred financing costs of ~~$0.1~~$2.1 million and original issue discount of ~~$0.2~~$1.2 million associated with the ~~old debt~~6.75% Senior Secured Notes due 2022 were written off as debt extinguishment costs.

~~Other~~During the quarter ended September 30, 2019, the Company prepaid $100.0 million of outstanding principal balance on the Term Loan Facility. The Company wrote off $0.5 million of previously unamortized deferred financing costs and original issue discount of $1.2 million as debt extinguishment costs for the three months ended September 30, 2019.

Other Expense, Net

Other expense, net for the three months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020 was ~~$5.1~~income of $5.0 million, an increase of ~~$0.9~~$6.9 million, as compared with ~~$4.2~~an expense of $1.9 million for the three months ended September 30, ~~2016.~~2019. The change in other expense, net primarily consisted of ~~an increase of $1.8 million of~~ foreign currency ~~losses, which was partially offset by $0.9 million~~activity related to the non-permanent intercompany debt denominated in ~~lower professional fees.~~local currency and translated to the U.S. dollar. During the three months ended September 30, 2020, the foreign currency activity resulted in gains and, during the three months ended September 30, 2019, the foreign currency activity resulted in losses.

Provision ~~(Benefit)~~ for Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes for the three months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020 was ~~$5.2~~$11.8 million compared to a ~~$3.5~~$16.7 million ~~benefit~~provision for the three months ended September 30, ~~2016.~~2019. The effective income tax rate for the three months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020 was ~~239.9%~~60.1% compared to ~~26.9%~~38.4% for the three months ended September 30, ~~2016.~~2019.

The Company’s effective income tax rate fluctuates based primarily on changes in income mix (including the effect of loss companies), the impacts of the Global Intangible Low Taxed Income (“GILTI”) tax rules and changes in foreign exchange gains and losses, which create permanent differences in certain jurisdictions.

The difference between the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate and ~~our~~the Company’s effective income tax rate for the three months ended September 30, ~~2017 and 2016~~2020 was mainly due to the tax effect of ~~our~~permanent differences related to foreign currency exchange gain or loss, ~~recognized as a~~the inclusion of foreign earnings in U.S. taxable income, the discrete ~~item for~~impact of the ~~purposes of calculating the effective~~product line and asset sales, foreign tax rate ~~as well as the~~changes, pre-tax losses with no associated tax ~~effect of repatriating foreign earnings back to the U.S. as dividends, partially offset by lower tax rates in foreign jurisdictions as compared to the U.S. federal tax rate,~~benefit and state ~~taxes and foreign withholding~~ taxes.

Net ~~Loss~~Income Attributable to PQ Group Holdings

For the foregoing reasons and after the effect of the non-controlling interest in earnings of subsidiaries for each period presented, net ~~loss~~income attributable to PQ Group Holdings was ~~$3.4~~$7.5 million for the three months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020 compared with a net ~~loss~~income of ~~$10.0~~$26.7 million for the three months ended September 30, ~~2016.~~

2019.

Adjusted EBITDA

Summarized Segment Adjusted EBITDA information is shown below in the following table:


	Three months ended September 30,				Change
	2020		2019		$		%
	(in millions, except percentages)
Segment Adjusted EBITDA:(1)
Refining Services	$	44.3	$	51.2	$	(6.9)	(13.5)	%
Catalysts(2)	11.8		31.6		(19.8)		(62.7)	%
Performance Materials	25.3		25.8		(0.5)		(1.9)	%
Performance Chemicals	33.9		36.8		(2.9)		(7.9)	%
Total Segment Adjusted EBITDA(3)	115.3		145.4		(30.1)		(20.7)	%
Unallocated corporate expenses	(6.7)		(7.7)		1.0		13.0	%
Total Adjusted EBITDA	$	108.6	$	137.7	$	(29.1)	(21.1)	%

Table of Contents

Three months ended
September 30, Change
2017 2016 $ %
Segment Adjusted EBITDA ⁽¹⁾:

Performance Materials & Chemicals $ 65.9
$ 64.6
$ 1.3
2.0 %
Environmental Catalysts & Services ⁽²⁾
61.9
56.4
5.5
9.8 %
Total Segment Adjusted EBITDA⁽³⁾
127.8
121.0
6.8
5.6 %
Unallocated corporate costs (7.9 ) (7.4 ) (0.5 ) 6.8 %
Total Adjusted EBITDA ⁽³⁾
$ 119.9
$ 113.6
$ 6.3
5.5 %


⁽¹⁾			We define Segment Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA adjusted for certain items as noted in the reconciliation below. Our management evaluates the performance of our segments and allocates resources based primarily on Segment Adjusted EBITDA. Segment Adjusted EBITDA does not represent cash flow for periods presented and should not be considered as an alternative to net income as an indicator of our operating performance or as an alternative to cash flows as a source of liquidity. Segment Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable with EBITDA or Adjusted EBITDA as defined by other companies.

⁽²⁾

The Adjusted EBITDA from our Zeolyst Joint Venture included in the environmental catalyst and services segment is $14.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, which includes $10.2 million of equity in net income plus $1.7 million of amortization of investment in affiliate step-up plus $2.6 million of joint venture depreciation, amortization and interest. The Adjusted EBITDA from our Zeolyst Joint Venture included in the environmental catalyst and services segment is $10.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016, which includes $4.7 million of equity in net loss plus $12.3 million of amortization of investment in affiliate step-up plus $2.7 million of joint venture depreciation, amortization and interest.


⁽³⁾	~~Our total Segment Adjusted EBITDA differs from our total consolidated Adjusted EBITDA due to unallocated corporate expenses.~~

(1)We define Segment Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA adjusted for certain items as noted in the reconciliation below. Our management evaluates the performance of our segments and allocates resources based primarily on Segment Adjusted EBITDA. Segment Adjusted EBITDA does not represent cash flow for periods presented and should not be considered as an alternative to net income as an indicator of our operating performance or as an alternative to cash flows as a source of liquidity. Segment Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable with EBITDA or Adjusted EBITDA as defined by other companies.

(2)The Adjusted EBITDA from the Zeolyst Joint Venture included in the Catalysts segment was $5.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2020, which includes $0.1 million of equity in net income, excluding $1.7 million of amortization of investment in affiliate step-up plus $3.6 million of joint venture depreciation, amortization and interest. The Adjusted EBITDA from the Zeolyst Joint Venture included in the Catalysts segment was $22.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019, which includes $17.2 million of equity in net income, excluding $1.7 million of amortization of investment in affiliate step-up plus $3.7 million of joint venture depreciation, amortization and interest.

(3)Our total Segment Adjusted EBITDA differs from our total consolidated Adjusted EBITDA due to unallocated corporate expenses.

Refining Services:Adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020 was ~~$119.9~~$44.3 million, ~~an increase~~a decrease of ~~$6.3~~$6.9 million, or ~~5.5%~~13.5%, compared with ~~$113.6~~$51.2 million for the three months ended September 30, ~~2016.~~2019. The decrease in Adjusted EBITDA was a result of reduced sales volumes partially offset by cost cutting initiatives.

~~Performance Materials & Chemicals:~~Catalysts: Adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020 was ~~$65.9~~$11.8 million, ~~an increase~~a decrease of ~~$1.3~~$19.8 million, or ~~2.0%~~62.7%, compared with ~~$64.6~~$31.6 million for the three months ended September 30, ~~2016.~~

2019. The ~~increase~~decrease in Adjusted EBITDA was ~~due~~primarily a result of reduced volumes on timing of customer orders and unfavorable fixed cost absorption as production was reduced to earnings contributed by the Sovitec acquisition of $2.0 million partially offset by higher manufacturing costs to support the start-up of the ThermoDrop® production facility and higher non-pass through raw materials costs.align with anticipated lower demand.

~~Environmental Catalysts & Services:~~Performance Materials: Adjusted EBITDA for the three months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020 was ~~$61.9~~$25.3 million, ~~an increase~~a decrease of ~~$5.5~~$0.5 million, or ~~9.8%~~1.9%, compared with ~~$56.4~~$25.8 million for the three months ended September 30, ~~2016.~~

2019. The ~~increase~~decrease in Adjusted EBITDA was ~~driven primarily~~a result of lower sales volumes offset by operational optimization and efforts to minimize costs.

Performance Chemicals: Adjusted EBITDA for the ~~higher realization from sulfuric acid regeneration contract renewals and higher Zeolyst Joint Venture volumes driven by specialty catalyst sales~~three months ended September 30, 2020 was $33.9 million, a decrease of ~~aromatic and dewaxing catalysts as well as hydrocracking sales~~$2.9 million, or 7.9%, compared with $36.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease in Adjusted EBITDA was due to a decline in customer orders due to the ~~oil markets. This was partly offset by the timing~~COVID-19 pandemic.

Table of ~~plant turnaround costs and costs incurred due to Hurricane Harvey.~~Contents

A reconciliation of ~~Segment Adjusted EBITDA to~~ net ~~loss~~income attributable to PQ Group Holdings to Segment Adjusted EBITDA is as follows:


	Three months ended September 30,
	2020		2019
	(in millions)
Reconciliation of net income attributable to PQ Group Holdings Inc. to Segment Adjusted EBITDA
Net income attributable to PQ Group Holdings Inc.	$	7.5	$	26.7
Provision for income taxes	11.8		16.7
Interest expense, net	18.6		27.7
Depreciation and amortization	45.8		44.2
EBITDA	83.7		115.4
Joint venture depreciation, amortization and interest(a)	3.6		3.7
Amortization of investment in affiliate step-up(b)	1.7		1.7

Debt extinguishment costs	14.0		1.8
Net (gain) loss on asset disposals(c)	(4.5)		1.1
Foreign currency exchange (gain) loss(d)	(4.6)		4.5
LIFO (benefit) expense(e)	(0.8)		0.5

Transaction and other related costs(f)	3.3		0.7
Equity-based compensation	6.1		4.8
Restructuring, integration and business optimization expenses(g)	4.6		0.7
Defined benefit pension plan cost(h)	0.4		0.8
Other(i)	1.1		2.1
Adjusted EBITDA	108.6		137.7
Unallocated corporate expenses	6.7		7.7
Segment Adjusted EBITDA	$	115.3	$	145.4

Three months ended
September 30,
2017 2016
Reconciliation of net loss attributable to PQ Group Holdings Inc. to Segment Adjusted EBITDA
Net loss attributable to PQ Group Holdings Inc. $ (3.4 ) $ (10.0 )
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes 5.2
(3.5 )
Interest expense, net 49.1
48.6
Depreciation and amortization 45.9
43.6
EBITDA 96.8
78.7
Joint venture depreciation, amortization and interest ^(a)
2.6
2.7
Amortization of investment in affiliate step-up ^(b)
1.7
12.3
Amortization of inventory step-up ^(c)
—
5.8
Debt extinguishment costs 0.5
—
Net loss on asset disposals ^(d)
3.5
0.6
Foreign currency exchange loss ^(e)
5.3
3.2
Non-cash revaluation of inventory, including LIFO 0.8
0.3
Management advisory fees ^(f)
1.3
1.3
Transaction related costs ^(g)
1.0
1.7
Equity-based and other non-cash compensation 1.0
1.1
Restructuring, integration and business optimization expenses ^(h)
5.0
2.8
Defined benefit plan pension cost ⁽ⁱ⁾
0.8
1.2
Other ^(j)
(0.4 ) 1.9
Adjusted EBITDA 119.9
113.6

Unallocated corporate expenses 7.9
7.4
Total Segment Adjusted EBITDA $ 127.8
$ 121.0


^(a)			We use Adjusted EBITDA as a performance measure to evaluate our financial results. Because our environmental catalysts and services segment includes our 50% interest in our Zeolyst Joint Venture, we include an adjustment for our 50% proportionate share of depreciation, amortization and interest expense of our Zeolyst Joint Venture.

^(b)

(a)We use Adjusted EBITDA as a performance measure to evaluate our financial results. Because our Catalysts segment includes our 50% interest in the Zeolyst Joint Venture, we include an adjustment for our 50% proportionate share of depreciation, amortization and interest expense of the Zeolyst Joint Venture.

(b)Represents the amortization of the fair value adjustments associated with the equity affiliate investment in the Zeolyst Joint Venture as a result of the combination of the businesses of PQ Holdings Inc. and Eco Services Operations LLC in May 2016 (the “Business Combination”). We determined the fair value of the equity affiliate investment and the fair value step-up was then attributed to the underlying assets of the Zeolyst Joint Venture. Amortization is primarily related to the fair value adjustments associated with fixed assets and intangible assets, including customer relationships and technical know-how.

(c)When asset disposals occur, we remove the impact of net gain/loss of the disposed asset because such impact primarily reflects the non-cash write-off of long-lived assets no longer in use.

(d)Reflects the exclusion of the foreign currency transaction gains and losses in the statements of income which primarily relates to the non-permanent intercompany debt denominated in local currency translated to U.S. dollars.

(e)Represents non-cash adjustments to the Company’s LIFO reserves for certain inventories in the U.S. that are valued using the LIFO method, which we believe provides a means of comparison to other companies that may not use the same basis of accounting for inventories.

(f)Relates to certain transaction costs, including debt financing, due diligence and other costs related to transactions that are completed, pending or abandoned, that we believe are not representative of our ongoing business operations.

(g)Includes the impact of restructuring, integration and business optimization expenses which are incremental costs that are not representative of our ongoing business operations.

(h)Represents adjustments for defined benefit pension plan (benefit) costs in our statements of income. More than two-thirds of our defined benefit pension plan obligations are under defined benefit pension plans that are frozen, and the remaining obligations

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primarily relate to plans operated in certain of our non-U.S. locations that, pursuant to jurisdictional requirements, cannot be frozen. As such, we do not view such expenses as core to our ongoing business operations.

(i)Other costs consist of certain expenses that are not core to our ongoing business operations, including environmental remediation-related costs associated with the legacy operations of our business prior to the Business Combination, capital and franchise taxes, non-cash asset retirement obligation accretion and the initial implementation of procedures to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Included in this line-item are rounding discrepancies that may arise from rounding from dollars (in thousands) to dollars (in millions).

Represents the amortization of the fair value adjustments associated with the equity affiliate investment in our Zeolyst Joint Venture as a result of the Business Combination. We determined the fair value of the equity affiliate investment and the fair value step-up was then attributed to the underlying assets of our Zeolyst Joint Venture. Amortization is primarily related to the fair value adjustments associated with inventory, fixed assets and intangible assets, such as customer relationships, formulations and product technology.


^(c)	~~As a result of the Business Combination, there was a step-up in the fair value of inventory at PQ Holdings, which is amortized through cost of goods sold in the income statement.~~


^(d)	We do not have a history of significant asset disposals. However, when asset disposals occur, we remove the impact of net gain/loss of the disposed asset because such impact primarily reflects the non-cash write-off of long-lived assets no longer in use.


^(e)	Reflects the exclusion of the negative or positive transaction gains and losses of foreign currency in the income statement primarily related to the Euro denominated term loan and the non-permanent intercompany debt denominated in local currency translated to U.S. dollars.


^(f)	Reflects consulting fees paid to CCMP and affiliates of INEOS for consulting services that include certain financial advisory and management services. These payments ceased upon the closing of our initial public offering.


^(g)	Relates to certain transaction costs described in our condensed consolidated financial statements for the quarter ended September 30, 2017 as well as other costs related to several transactions that are completed, pending or abandoned and that we believe are not representative of our ongoing business operations.


^(h)	Includes the impact of restructuring, integration and business optimization expenses that are related to specific, one-time items, including severance for a reduction in force and post-merger integration costs that are not expected to recur.

⁽ⁱ⁾

Represents adjustments for defined benefit pension plan costs in our income statement. More than two-thirds of our defined benefit pension plan obligations are under defined benefit pension plans that are frozen and the remaining obligations primarily relate to plans operated in certain of our non-U.S. locations that, pursuant to jurisdictional requirements, cannot be frozen. As such, we do not view such expenses as core to our ongoing business operations.

^(j)

Other costs consist of certain expenses that are not core to our ongoing business operations and are generally related to specific, one-time items, including environmental remediation-related costs associated with the legacy operations of our business prior to the Business Combination, capital and franchise taxes, non-cash asset retirement obligation accretion and the initial implementation of procedures to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act.

Adjusted Net Income

Summarized adjusted net income information is shown below in the following table:


	Three months ended September 30,
	2020						2019
	Pre-tax		Tax expense (benefit)		After-tax		Pre-tax		Tax expense (benefit)		After-tax
	(in millions)
Reconciliation of net income attributable to PQ Group Holdings Inc. to Adjusted Net Income(1)(2)
Net income before non-controlling interest	$	19.6	$	11.8	$	7.8	$	43.5	$	16.7	$	26.8
Less: Net income attributable to non-controlling interest	0.3		—		0.3		0.1		—		0.1
Net income attributable to PQ Group Holdings Inc.	19.3		11.8		7.5		43.4		16.7		26.7
Amortization of investment in affiliate step-up(b)	1.7		0.8		0.9		1.7		0.6		1.1

Debt extinguishment costs	14.0		6.1		7.9		1.8		0.6		1.2
Net (gain) loss on asset disposals(c)	(4.5)		(2.6)		(1.9)		1.1		0.3		0.8
Foreign currency exchange (gain) loss(d)	(4.6)		(1.1)		(3.5)		4.5		0.6		3.9
LIFO (benefit) expense(e)	(0.8)		(0.4)		(0.4)		0.5		0.1		0.4

Transaction and other related costs(f)	3.3		1.5		1.8		0.7		0.3		0.4
Equity-based compensation	6.1		3.0		3.1		4.8		1.6		3.2
Restructuring, integration and business optimization expenses(g)	4.6		2.1		2.5		0.7		0.2		0.5
Defined benefit pension plan (benefit) cost(h)	0.4		0.2		0.2		0.8		0.3		0.5
Other(i)	1.1		0.6		0.5		2.1		0.7		1.4
Adjusted Net Income, including non-cash GILTI tax	$	40.6	$	22.0	$	18.6	$	62.1	$	22.0	$	40.1

Impact of non-cash GILTI tax(3)	—		(7.3)		7.3		—		(8.2)		8.2
Impact of tax reform(4)	—		(1.6)		1.6		—		—		—
Adjusted Net Income	$	40.6	$	13.1	$	27.5	$	62.1	$	13.8	$	48.3

Three months ended
September 30,
2017 2016
Reconciliation of net loss attributable to PQ Group Holdings Inc. to Adjusted Net Income ^{(1) (2)}

Net loss attributable to PQ Group Holdings Inc. $ (3.4 ) $ (10.0 )
Amortization of investment in affiliate step-up ^(b)
1.0
7.5
Amortization of inventory step-up ^(c)
—
3.6
Debt extinguishment costs 0.3
—
Net loss on asset disposals ^(d)
2.1
0.4
Foreign currency exchange loss ^(e)
5.2
4.3
Non-cash revaluation of inventory, including LIFO 0.5
0.2
Management advisory fees ^(f)
0.8
0.8
Transaction related costs ^(g)
0.6
1.0
Equity-based and other non-cash compensation 0.7
0.7
Restructuring, integration and business optimization expenses ^(h)
2.9
1.8
Defined benefit plan pension cost ⁽ⁱ⁾
0.5
0.8
Other ^(j)
—
1.2
Adjusted net income $ 11.2
$ 12.3


⁽¹⁾			We define adjusted net income as net loss attributable to PQ Group Holdings adjusted for non-operating income or expense and the impact of certain non-cash or other items that are included in net income that we do not consider indicative of our ongoing operating performance. Adjusted net income is presented as a key performance indicator as we believe it will enhance a prospective investor’s understanding of our results of operations and financial condition. Adjusted net income may not be comparable with net income or adjusted net income as defined by other companies.

⁽²⁾

(1)We define adjusted net income as net income attributable to PQ Group Holdings adjusted for non-operating income or expense and the impact of certain non-cash or other items that are included in net income that we do not consider indicative of our ongoing operating performance. Adjusted net income is presented as a key performance indicator as we believe it will enhance a prospective investor’s understanding of our results of operations and financial condition. Adjusted net income may not be comparable with net income or adjusted net income as defined by other companies.

(2)Refer to the Adjusted EBITDA notes above for more information with respect to each adjustment.

(3)Amount represents the impact to tax expense in net income before non-controlling interest and the related adjustments to net income associated with the GILTI provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (“TCJA”). Beginning January 1, 2018, GILTI results in taxation of “excess of foreign earnings,” which is defined as amounts greater than a 10% rate of return on applicable foreign tangible asset basis. The Company is required to record incremental tax provision impact with respect to GILTI as a result of having historical U.S. net operating loss (“NOL”) amounts to offset the GILTI taxable income inclusion. This NOL utilization precludes us from recognizing foreign tax credits (“FTCs”) which would otherwise help offset the tax impacts of GILTI. No FTCs will be recognized with respect to GILTI until our cumulative NOL balance has been exhausted.

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Because the GILTI provision does not impact our cash taxes (given available U.S. NOLs), and given that we expect to recognize FTCs to offset GILTI impacts once the NOLs are exhausted, we do not view this item as a component of core operations.

(4)Represents the transaction tax adjustment for the impact of the rate change in the United Kingdom related to the UK Finance Act recorded in net income.

~~Refer to the Adjusted EBITDA notes above for more information with respect to each adjustment.~~

The adjustments to net ~~loss~~income attributable to PQ Group Holdings Inc. are shown net of applicable tax rates ~~which range between 34.6% and 42.1%~~as determined by the calculation of our quarterly tax provision under interim financial reporting for the three months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020 and September 30, ~~2016,~~2019, except for the foreign currency exchange loss, the effects of our sales of non-core product lines and the sale of assets for which the ~~tax is~~taxes are calculated as a discrete ~~item~~items using the applicable statutory income tax rates.

Results of Operations

~~Historical and Pro Forma—~~Nine Months Ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020 Compared to the Nine Months Ended September 30, ~~2016 (the Pro Forma Discussion Compares the Historical Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017 to the Pro Forma Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016)~~2019

Highlights

The following is a summary of our financial performance for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020 compared with the nine months ended September 30, ~~2016.~~2019.

Sales

~~Historical:~~ ~~Net sales increased $372.6~~•Sales decreased $113.3 million to ~~$1,114.0~~$1,101.4 million. The ~~increase~~decrease in sales was primarily due to lower sales volumes and the ~~inclusion~~unfavorable effects of ~~$818.2 million~~foreign currency translation of legacy PQ sales in our results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to $462.1 million of legacy PQ sales included in our results of operations for the period of May 4, 2016 through September 30, 2016.

~~Pro Forma:~~ ~~Net sales increased $33.7 million to $1,114.0~~$18.1 million. The increase in sales was primarily due to the inclusion of $17.2 million of sales related to the Sovitec acquisition and higher average customer prices and mix for the nine months ended September 30, 2017.

Gross Profit

~~Historical:~~ •Gross profit ~~increased $109.0~~decreased $31.4 million to ~~$292.7~~$277.9 million. ~~Our increase~~The decrease in gross profit was primarily due to the ~~inclusion of $196.1 million of legacy PQ gross profit~~decrease in our results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to $91.6 million of legacy PQ gross profit included in our results of operations for the period of May 4, 2016 through September 30, 2016.

~~Pro Forma:~~ ~~Gross profit increased $3.6 million to $292.7 million. Our increase in gross profit was primarily due to higher pricing and the earnings contributed by the Sovitec acquisition,~~sales volumes, which ~~was~~were partially offset by ~~increased depreciation and higher~~lower manufacturing ~~costs for the nine months ended September 30, 2017.~~

costs.

Operating Income

~~Historical:~~ •Operating income ~~increased~~decreased by ~~$70.5~~$45.6 million to ~~$139.6~~$111.6 million. ~~Our increase~~The decrease in operating income was primarily due to the inclusion of $61.2 million of legacy PQ operating income in our results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to the inclusion of $19.9 million of legacy PQ operating income in our results of operations for the period of May 4, 2016 through September 30, 2016. The increase in operating income was also due to lower ~~selling, general and administrative expenses due to cost reduction initiatives and lower other operating expense, net from lower restructuring and severance related charges.~~

~~Pro forma:~~ ~~Operating income increased by $17.9 million to $139.6 million. Our operating income increased due to~~gross profit during the ~~Sovitec acquisition, the margins generated by customer pricing increases and the result of cost reduction measures for the nine months ended September 30, 2017.~~

current year period.

Equity in Net Income of Affiliated Companies

~~Historical:~~ •Equity in net income of affiliated companies for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020 was ~~$24.9~~$20.0 million, compared with ~~a loss of $9.3~~$31.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2016.~~2019. The ~~increase~~decrease of $11.6 million was due to ~~an increase~~a decrease in earnings ~~of $15.9 million~~ generated by ~~our~~the Zeolyst Joint Venture ~~during~~for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017 as compared to~~2020.

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The following is our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of income and a summary of financial results for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2016~~2020 and ~~$17.7~~2019:


	Nine months ended September 30,						Change
	2020			2019			$		%
	(in millions, except percentages)
Sales	$	1,101.4		$	1,214.7		$	(113.3)	(9.3)	%
Cost of goods sold	823.5			905.4			(81.9)		(9.0)	%
Gross profit	277.9			309.3			(31.4)		(10.2)	%
Gross profit margin	25.2		%	25.5		%
Selling, general and administrative expenses	119.3			123.6			(4.3)		(3.5)	%
Other operating expense, net	47.0			28.4			18.6		65.5	%
Operating income	111.6			157.2			(45.6)		(29.0)	%
Operating income margin	10.1		%	13.0		%
Equity in net (income) from affiliated companies	(20.0)			(31.6)			11.6		(36.7)	%
Interest expense, net	65.4			84.9			(19.5)		(23.0)	%
Debt extinguishment costs	16.5			1.8			14.7		816.7	%
Other (income) expense, net	(4.3)			1.8			(6.1)		(338.9)	%
Income before income taxes and noncontrolling interest	54.0			100.4			(46.4)		(46.2)	%
Provision for income taxes	29.4			39.5			(10.1)		(25.6)	%
Effective tax rate	54.5		%	39.3		%
Net income	24.6			60.9			(36.3)		(59.6)	%
Less: Net income attributable to the noncontrolling interest	0.9			0.5			0.4		80.0	%
Net income attributable to PQ Group Holdings Inc.	$	23.7		$	60.4		$	(36.7)	(60.8)	%

Sales


	Nine months ended September 30,				Change
	2020		2019		$		%
	(in millions, except percentages)
Sales:
Refining Services	$	298.7	$	341.5	$	(42.8)	(12.5)	%
Catalysts	73.1		62.3		10.8		17.3	%
Performance Materials	274.3		295.1		(20.8)		(7.0)	%
Performance Chemicals	465.4		526.2		(60.8)		(11.6)	%
Eliminations	(10.1)		(10.4)		0.3
Total sales	$	1,101.4	$	1,214.7	$	(113.3)	(9.3)	%

Refining Services: Sales in Refining Services for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 were $298.7 million, a decrease of $42.8 million, or 12.5%, compared to sales of $341.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease in sales was due to lower sales volumes of $24.1 million and lower average selling prices of $18.7 million.

The decline in sales was a result of lower ~~amortization on~~gasoline production due to the ~~fair value step-up~~COVID-19 pandemic and the pass-through of lower sulfur pricing of $18.4 million in our virgin sulfuric acid product group.

Catalysts: Sales in Catalysts for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 were $73.1 million, an increase of $10.8 million, or 17.3%, compared to sales of $62.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The increase in sales was primarily due to an increase in sales volumes of $12.1 million from higher demand for polyolefin catalysts and timing of customer orders in our chemical catalysts product lines.

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Performance Materials: Sales in Performance Materials for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 were $274.3 million, a decrease of $20.8 million, or 7.0%, compared with sales of $295.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease in sales was primarily due to lower sales volumes of $24.1 million and the unfavorable effects of foreign currency translation of $2.5 million, which were partially offset by higher average selling prices and favorable customer mix of $5.8 million.

The decrease in sales volumes was a result of lower European demand for our highway safety products, lower industrial application demand for our engineered glass products and an absence of thermoplastic sales as a result of the ~~underlying~~first quarter asset swap. The decline in sales volumes was offset by higher average selling prices for highway safety products sold in North America. The unfavorable effects of foreign currency translation were driven by the stronger U.S. dollar.

Performance Chemicals: Sales in Performance Chemicals for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 were $465.4 million, a decrease of $60.8 million, or 11.6%, compared to sales of $526.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease in sales was primarily due to lower sales volumes of $54.3 million and the unfavorable effects of foreign currency translation of $15.0 million, which were partially offset by higher average selling price and favorable mix of $8.5 million.

The decrease in sales was a result of lower volumes of sodium silicate sold across multiple applications in addition to reduced demand within the consumer cleaning end market as a result of COVID-19 related customer slowdowns in production, which more than offset favorable increases in product mix. The unfavorable effects of foreign currency translation were driven by the stronger U.S. dollar.

Gross Profit

Gross profit for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was $277.9 million, a decrease of $31.4 million, or 10.2%, compared with $309.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease in gross profit was due to lower sales volumes of $38.0 million, unfavorable product mix of $13.4 million, unfavorable customer pricing of $4.9 million and the unfavorable effects of foreign currency translation of $4.3 million, which was partially offset by lower manufacturing costs of $31.3 million.

Sales volumes declined as a result of lower volumes of product sold for industrial and process chemicals and consumer products end uses and lower gasoline production due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The unfavorable product mix was a result of increased sales of lower-margin products sold in our North American highway product group. The unfavorable effects of foreign currency were driven by the stronger U.S. dollar. The change in manufacturing costs was a result of the timing of plant maintenance projects and lower production costs.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was $119.3 million, a decrease of $4.3 million as compared to $123.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease in selling, general and administrative expenses was due to reductions in discretionary spending partially offset by an increase in stock compensation expense.

Other Operating Expense, Net

Other operating expense, net for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was $47.0 million, an increase of $18.6 million, compared with $28.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, other operating expense, net was driven by transaction and business optimization costs associated with the sale of various non-core assets and the resulting write-off of ~~our Zeolyst Joint Venture.~~

those non-core assets. During the nine months ended September 30, 2019, asset disposals were offset by a net gain on disposition of assets related to a non-core product line.

Equity in Net Income of Affiliated Companies

~~Pro Forma:~~ Equity in net income of affiliated companies for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020 was ~~$24.9~~$20.0 million, compared ~~with income of $8.9~~to $31.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2016.~~2019. The increase in earnings generated by our Zeolyst Joint Venture was due to higher sales in the emission control, dewaxing and aromatics end markets, partly offset by lower hydrocracking volumes to the oil refining industry.

The following is our condensed consolidated statement of operations and a summary of financial results, presented on a historical and pro forma basis, for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and 2016. The historical results of operations include legacy Eco for all periods presented and legacy PQ for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and the period of May 4, 2016 through September 30, 2016. The unaudited pro forma results of operations reflect pro forma adjustments to the results of PQ Group Holdings to give effect to the Business Combination and the related financing transactions as if they had occurred on January 1, 2015.

Historical Historical Pro Forma
Nine Months Ended
September 30, Change Nine Months Ended
September 30, Change
2017 2016 $ % 2017 2016 $ %
(in millions, except percentages)
Sales $ 1,114.0
$ 741.4
$ 372.6
50.3 % $ 1,114.0
$ 1,080.3
$ 33.7
3.1 %
Cost of goods sold 821.3
557.7
263.6
47.3 % 821.3
791.2
30.1
3.8 %
Gross profit 292.7
183.7
109.0
59.3 % 292.7
289.1
3.6
1.2 %
Gross profit margin 26.3 % 24.8 % 26.3 % 26.8 %
Selling, general and administrative expenses 105.9
74.0
31.9
43.1 % 105.9
111.5
(5.6 ) (5.0 )%
Other operating expense, net 47.2
40.6
6.6
16.3 % 47.2
55.9
(8.7 ) (15.6 )%
Operating income 139.6
69.1
70.5
102.0 % 139.6
121.7
17.9
14.7 %
Operating income margin
12.5 % 9.3 % 12.5 % 11.3 %
Equity in net (income) loss of affiliated companies (24.9 ) 9.3
(34.2 ) (367.7 )% (24.9 ) (8.9 ) (16.0 ) 179.8 %
Interest expense, net 144.0
94.4
49.6
52.5 % 144.0
142.6
1.4
1.0 %
Debt extinguishment costs 0.5
11.9
(11.4 ) (95.8 )% 0.5
—
0.5
— %
Other expense, net 21.7
7.2
14.5
201.4 % 21.7
1.7
20.0
1,176.5 %
Loss before income taxes and noncontrolling interest (1.7 ) (53.7 ) 52.0
(96.8 )% (1.7 ) (13.7 ) 12.0
(87.6 )%
Provision for income taxes 5.3
36.0
(30.7 ) (85.3 )% 5.3
42.3
(37.0 ) (87.5 )%
Effective tax rate -304.2 % -67.1 % -304.2 % -308.4 %
Net loss (7.0 ) (89.7 ) 82.7
(92.2 )% (7.0 ) (56.0 ) 49.0
(87.5 )%
Less: Net income attributable to the noncontrolling interest 0.4
0.7
(0.3 ) (42.9 )% 0.4
1.4
(1.0 ) (71.4 )%
Net loss attributable to PQ Group Holdings Inc. $ (7.4 ) $ (90.4 ) $ 83.0
(91.8 )% $ (7.4 ) $ (57.4 ) $ 50.0
(87.1 )%

~~Sales~~

Historical Pro Forma
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
Change
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
Change
2017 2016
$

%

2017 2016
$

%

(in millions, except percentages)
Net Sales:
Performance Chemicals $ 515.5
$ 278.9
$ 236.6
84.8 % $ 515.5
$ 505.3
$ 10.2
2.0 %
Performance Materials 257.7
154.1
103.6
67.2 % 257.7
238.9
18.8
7.8 %
Eliminations (7.3) (3.1) (4.2) 135.5 % (7.3) (6.1) (1.2) 21.0 %
Performance Materials & Chemicals $ 765.9
$ 429.9
$ 336.0
78.2 % $ 765.9
$ 738.1
$ 27.8
3.7 %

Silica Catalyst $ 52.3
$ 33.1
$ 19.2
58.0 % $ 52.3
$ 64.3
$ (12.0 ) (18.7 )%
Refining Services 298.5 279.3 19.2 6.9 % 298.5 279.3 19.2 6.9 %
Environmental Catalysts & Services 350.8 312.4 38.4 12.3 % 350.8 343.6 7.2 2.1 %

Inter-segment sales eliminations (2.7) (0.9) (1.8) 200.0 % (2.7) (1.4) (1.3) 79.5 %

Total net sales $ 1,114.0
$ 741.4
$ 372.6
50.3 % $ 1,114.0
$ 1,080.3
$ 33.7
3.1 %

~~Historical Sales~~

Sales for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 were $1,114.0 million, an increase of $372.6 million, or 50.3%, compared to sales of $741.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The increase in sales within our performance materials and chemicals segment was due to the inclusion of legacy PQ sales of $818.2 million in our results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to legacy PQ sales of $462.1 million in our results of operations for the period of May 4, 2016 through September 30, 2016. The increase in sales within our environmental catalysts and services segment was due to the inclusion of legacy PQ sales of $52.3 million in our results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to $33.1 million of legacy PQ sales in our results of operations for the period of May 4, 2016 through September 30, 2016 and an increase of $19.2 million in our refining services product group. The increase in our refining services product group was primarily driven by higher average selling prices of $12.6 million and increased volumes of $6.6 million. The increase in average selling price was driven by the higher realization from sulfuric acid regeneration contract renewals and the increase in volumes was due to an increased demand for virgin sulfuric acid.

~~Pro Forma Sales~~

~~Performance Materials & Chemicals:~~ Sales in performance materials and chemicals for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 were $765.9 million, an increase of $27.8 million, or 3.7%, compared to sales of $738.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The increase in salesdecrease was primarily due to the Sovitec acquisition, which contributed $17.2 million in sales, higher average selling price and customer mix of $9.3 million and favorable volumes of $3.6 million, which was partially offset by the unfavorable effects of foreign currency translation of $2.4 million.

The higher average selling price was principally a result of favorable U.S. dollar denominated sales and U.S. dollar cost pass through pricing in certain foreign locations. The increase in volumes within performance materials and chemicals was primarily driven by higher sodium silicate industrial demand and an increased silicas demand in the personal care industry, which was partially offset by lower North America highway sales as well as lower conductive sales volumes due to timing of product life cycles in the electronics markets. The stronger U.S. dollar compared to the British pound unfavorably impacted our sales which was partly offset by a stronger Brazilian Real which favorably impacted our sales.

~~Environmental Catalysts & Services:~~ Sales in environmental catalysts and services for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 were $350.8 million, an increase of $7.2 million, or 2.1%, compared to sales of $343.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The increase in sales was primarily due to higher average selling price and customer mix of $14.9 million, which was partially offset by lower volumes of $6.8 million and the unfavorable effects of foreign currency translation of $0.9 million.

lower chemical catalysts sales due to record methyl methacrylate sales volumes in the prior year and lower high-density polyethylene demand, which was partially offset by stronger virgin sulfuric acid sales volumes due to the timing of our customer’s plant turnarounds.

~~Gross Profit~~

~~Historical:~~ Gross profit for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was $292.7 million, an increase of $109.0 million, or 59.3%, compared with $183.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The increase in gross profit was due to $196.1 million attributable to the inclusion of legacy PQ gross profit in our results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to legacy PQ gross profit of $91.6 million in our results of operations for the period of May 4, 2016 through September 30, 2016 and an increase of $11.0 million from our refining services product group. The increase in our refining services gross profit was due to favorable pricing of $12.6 million and higher volumes of $4.7 million, which was partially offset by higher manufacturing costs of $4.9 million and higher depreciation expense of $1.4 million.

The favorable pricing was due to higher realization from sulfuric acid regeneration contract renewals. The increase in volume was driven by higher virgin sulfuric acid shipments to the mining industry.

~~Pro Forma:~~ Gross profit for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was $292.7 million, an increase of $3.6 million, or 1.2%, compared with $289.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The increase in gross profit was due to favorable pricing of $24.2 million, $4.7 million related to the Sovitec acquisition and higher volumes of $2.9 million, which was partially offset by higher depreciation expense of $14.6 million, higher manufacturing costs of $9.0 million, unfavorable product mix of $3.2 million and the unfavorable effects of foreign currency translation of $1.4 million.

The greater average selling price was a result of the positive impact of U.S. dollar denominated sales and U.S. dollar pass through pricing in certain foreign locations and higher realization from sulfuric acid regeneration customer contracts, partially offset by unfavorable virgin sulfuric acid customer mix. Higher manufacturing costs were primarily driven by increased costs to support the start-up of the ThermoDrop® production facility for which the product offering was released for sale towards the end of the second quarter of 2017, and higher production and labor inflation costs. The unfavorable product mix is due to the effect of higher methyl methacrylate sales volumes through the nine months ended September 30, 2016.

~~Selling, General and Administrative Expenses~~

~~Historical:~~ Selling, general and administrative expenses for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 were $105.9 million, an increase of $31.9 million, or 43.1%, compared with $74.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The increase in selling, general and administrative expenses was due to $89.8 million attributable to the inclusion of legacy PQ selling, general and administrative expenses in our results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to legacy PQ selling, general and administrative expenses of $49.1 million in our results of operations for the period of May 4, 2016 through September 30, 2016. This was partly offset by $8.7$11.7 million of lower ~~selling, general and administrative expenses as a result of cost reduction initiatives.~~

~~Pro Forma:~~ ~~Selling, general and administrative expenses for~~earnings from the nine months ended September 30, 2017 were $105.9 million, a decrease of $5.6 million, or 5.0%, compared with $111.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The reduction in selling, general and administrative expenses primarily related to our cost reduction initiatives.

~~Other Operating Expense, Net~~

~~Historical:~~ Other operating expense, net for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was $47.2 million, an increase of $6.6 million, or 16.3%, compared with $40.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The increase in other operating expense, net was due to $35.7 million attributable to the inclusion of legacy PQ other operating expense, net in our results of operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to legacy PQ other operating expense, net of $22.6 million in our results of operations for the period of May 4, 2016 through September 30, 2016. Included in other operating expense, net was an increase in losses on the sale of assets of $2.1 million, which was partly offset by $6.8 million of lower restructuring and severance related costs and $2.8 million in lower transaction related costs.

~~Pro Forma:~~ Other operating expense, net for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was $47.2 million, a decrease of $8.7 million, or 15.6%, compared with $55.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The decrease in other operating expense, net was due to $10.5 million of lower restructuring and severance related costs associated with the Business Combination and $1.3 million of lower environmental remediation charges, which were offset by $3.3 million in restructuring and plant closure costs incurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2017.

~~Equity in Net Income of Affiliated Companies~~

~~Historical:~~ Equity in net income of affiliated companies for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was $24.9 million, an increase of $34.2 million, compared with a loss of $9.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The increase was primarily due to $31.0 million of earnings generated by our Zeolyst Joint Venture during the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017 as compared~~

to $15.1 million for the period of May 4, 2016 through September 30, 2016 and $17.7 million of lower amortization expense on the fair value step-up of the underlying assets of our Zeolyst Joint Venture.

~~Pro Forma:~~ Equity in net income of affiliated companies for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was $24.9 million, an increase of $16.0 million, compared with income of $8.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016.2020. The ~~increase~~decline in earnings ~~generated by~~was a result of COVID-19 related slowdowns impacting oil refineries and the automotive industry, which led to a decrease in demand for our ~~Zeolyst Joint Venture was due to higher sales for~~ emission control and ~~increased sales of aromatic~~hydrocracking catalysts.

Interest Expense, Net

~~Historical:~~Interest expense, net for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020 was ~~$144.0~~$65.4 million, ~~an increase~~a decrease of ~~$49.6~~$19.5 million, as compared with ~~$94.4~~$84.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2016. Interest~~2019. The decrease in interest expense ~~increased~~was primarily due to ~~higher third-party~~lower interest ~~expense under~~rates on our variable debt, ~~structure compared to the legacy Eco~~along with lower average debt ~~structure on~~balances and a ~~stand-alone basis.~~favorable increase in variable versus fixed rate debt.

~~Pro Forma:~~ ~~Interest expense, net for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was $144.0 million, an increase~~

Table of ~~$1.4 million, as compared with $142.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016.~~Contents

Debt Extinguishment Costs

~~Historical:~~Debt extinguishment costs for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020 and ~~2016~~2019 were ~~$0.5~~$16.5 million and ~~$11.9~~$1.8 million, respectively. On ~~August 7, 2017,~~July 22, 2020, we ~~re-priced~~entered into an agreement for a new senior secured term loan facility in an aggregate principal amount of $650.0 million, which was used to repay the ~~existing U.S. dollar-denominated tranche~~remaining outstanding balance of $625.0 million on the 6.75% Senior Secured Notes due 2022. In conjunction with the issuance of the senior secured term loan facility, we paid $10.6 million in prepayment premiums and ~~existing Euro-denominated trance of our term loans to reduce the applicable interest rates. The company~~ recorded ~~$0.2~~$0.1 million of new creditor and third-party financing fees as debt extinguishment costs. In addition, previous unamortized deferred financing costs of $2.1 million and original issue discount of $1.2 million associated with the 6.75% Senior Secured Notes due 2022 were written off as debt extinguishment costs.

On February 7, 2020, we amended our existing senior secured term loan facility to reduce the applicable interest rates and extend the maturity of the facility to February 2027. We recorded $2.2 million of new creditor and third-party financing fees as debt extinguishment costs for the nine months ended September 30, 2020. In addition, previously unamortized deferred financing costs of $0.1 million and original issue discount of $0.2 million associated with the ~~old debt~~existing senior secured term loan facility were written off as debt extinguishment ~~costs. On May 4, 2016, and concurrently with~~costs for the ~~consummation of~~nine months ended September 30, 2020.

During the ~~Business Combination,~~nine months ended September 30, 2019, the ~~company refinanced its existing credit facilities. The company recorded $4.6~~Company prepaid $100.0 million of ~~new creditor and third-party financing fees as debt extinguishment costs. In addition, previous~~outstanding principal balance on the Term Loan Facility. The Company wrote off $0.5 million of previously unamortized deferred financing costs ~~of $6.3 million~~ and original issue discount of ~~$1.0~~$1.2 million ~~associated with the old debt were written off~~ as debt extinguishment costs.

Other Expense, Net

~~Historical:~~Other expense, net for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was ~~$21.7~~income of $4.3 million, an increase of $6.1 million, as compared with expense of $1.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017, an unfavorable change of $14.5 million, compared with other expense, net of $7.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016.~~2019. The change in other expense, net primarily consisted of ~~$21.5 million of~~an increase in foreign currency gains for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 as compared to foreign currency losses for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017 as compared~~2019 and gains related to ~~foreign~~our defined benefit plan assets. Foreign currency gains and losses ~~of $6.2 million for~~are primarily driven by the ~~nine months ended September 30, 2016.~~

~~Pro Forma:~~ Other expense, net was $21.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, an unfavorable change of $20.0 million, compared with other expense, net of $1.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The changefluctuations in ~~other income, net primarily consisted of $21.5 million of foreign~~our non-permanent intercompany debt denominated in local currency ~~losses for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 as compared~~and translated to ~~foreign currency losses of $0.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016.~~U.S. dollars.

Provision for Income Taxes

~~Historical:~~The provision for income taxes for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020 was ~~$5.3~~$29.4 million compared to a ~~$36.0~~$39.5 million provision for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2016.~~2019. The effective income tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020 was ~~(304.2)%~~54.5% compared to ~~(67.1)%~~39.3% forthe nine months ended September 30, ~~2016.~~ 2019.

The Company’s effective income tax rate fluctuates primarily due to income mix (including the effect of loss companies), the impacts of GILTI and changes in foreign exchange gains and losses, which create permanent differences in certain jurisdictions.

The difference between the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate and ~~our~~the Company’s effective income tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020 was mainly due to the impacts of GILTI, the discrete tax ~~effect~~impacts related to the asset swap agreement, the discrete impact of ~~our foreign currency exchange loss recognized as a discrete item for~~ the ~~purposes of calculating the effective tax rate as well as~~product line and asset sales, the tax effect of ~~repatriating foreign earnings back~~permanent differences related to the U.S. as dividends, partially offset by lower tax rates in foreign jurisdictions as compared to the U.S. federal tax rate, foreign withholdings taxes, state taxes and non-deductible transaction costs. The difference between the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate and our effective income tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was mainly due to the tax effect of our foreign currency exchange gain or loss, ~~recognized as a discrete item for the purposes of calculating the effective~~foreign tax rate ~~as well as the~~changes, pre-tax losses with no associated tax effect of repatriating foreign earnings back to the U.S. as dividends, partially offset by lower tax rates in foreign jurisdictions as compared to the U.S. federal tax rate, foreign withholding taxes, state taxes, non-deductible transaction costs, and change in tax status of legacy Eco. Prior to the Business Combination on May 4, 2016, legacy Eco was a single member limited liability company and taxed as a partnership for federalbenefit and state income tax purposes. As such, all income tax liabilities and/or benefits of legacy Eco were passed through to its members. Because legacy Eco was taxed as a partnership, it did not record deferred taxes on the basis difference on its financial statements. Following the Business Combination on May 4, 2016, legacy Eco had a change in tax status and is now taxed as a C-Corporation subject to federal and state corporate level income taxes at prevailing corporate rates. Minimal taxes were recorded on the book losses incurred by legacy Eco during the periods preceding the Business Combination included in the nine months ended September 30, 2016, causing the fluctuation to the Company’s effective income tax rate in comparison to the taxes recorded for the nine months ended September 30, 2016.

~~Pro Forma:~~ The provision for income taxes for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was $5.3 million compared to a $42.3 million provision for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The effective income tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was (304.2)% compared to (308.4)% for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The difference between the U.S. federal

statutory income tax rate and our effective income tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was mainly due to the tax effect of our foreign currency exchange loss recognized as a discrete item for the purposes of calculating the effective tax rate as well as the tax effect of repatriating foreign earnings back to the U.S. as dividends, partially offset by lower tax rates in foreign jurisdictions as compared to the U.S. federal tax rate, state taxes and foreign withholdings taxes. The difference between the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate and our effective income tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was mainly due to the tax effect of our foreign currency exchange loss recognized as a discrete item for the purposes of calculating the effective tax rate as well as the tax effect of repatriating foreign earnings back to the U.S. as dividends, partially offset by lower tax rates in foreign jurisdictions as compared to the U.S. federal tax rate, foreign withholding taxes, state taxes, non-deductible transaction costs, and change in tax status of legacy Eco. Prior to the Business Combination on May 4, 2016, legacy Eco was a single member limited liability company and taxed as a partnership for federal and state income tax purposes. As such, all income tax liabilities and/or benefits of legacy Eco were passed through to its members. Because legacy Eco was taxed as a partnership, it did not record deferred taxes on the basis difference on its financial statements. Following the Business Combination on May 4, 2016, legacy Eco had a change in tax status and is now taxed as a C-Corporation subject to federal and state corporate level income taxes at prevailing corporate rates. Minimal taxes were recorded on the book losses incurred by legacy Eco during the periods preceding the Business Combination included in the nine months ended September 30, 2016, causing the fluctuation to the Company’s effective income tax rate in comparison to the taxes recorded for the nine months ended September 30, 2016.

Net ~~Loss~~Income Attributable to PQ Group Holdings

~~Historical:~~For the foregoing reasons and after the effect of the non-controlling interest in earnings of subsidiaries for each period presented, net ~~loss~~income attributable to PQ Group Holdings ~~Inc.~~ was ~~$7.4~~$23.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017 as~~2020 compared ~~to a~~with net ~~loss~~income of ~~$90.4~~$60.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2016.~~2019.

~~Pro Forma:~~ ~~For the foregoing reasons and after the effect~~

Table of the non-controlling interest in earnings of subsidiaries for each period presented, net loss attributable to PQ Group Holdings Inc. was $7.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to a net loss of $57.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016.Contents

~~Historical and Pro Forma~~ Adjusted EBITDA

Summarized ~~historical and pro forma~~ Segment Adjusted EBITDA information is shown below in the following table:


	Nine months ended September 30,				Change
	2020		2019		$		%
	(in millions, except percentages)
Segment Adjusted EBITDA:(1)
Refining Services	$	116.5	$	133.7	$	(17.2)	(12.9)	%
Catalysts(2)	59.7		79.4		(19.7)		(24.8)	%
Performance Materials	66.1		65.5		0.6		0.9	%
Performance Chemicals	108.4		120.6		(12.2)		(10.1)	%
Total Segment Adjusted EBITDA(3)	350.7		399.2		(48.5)		(12.1)	%
Unallocated corporate expenses	(26.0)		(28.0)		2.0		7.1	%
Total Adjusted EBITDA	$	324.7	$	371.2	$	(46.5)	(12.5)	%

Historical Pro Forma
Nine Months Ended
September 30, Change
2017 2016 $ %
Segment Adjusted EBITDA ⁽¹⁾:

Performance Materials & Chemicals $ 184.8
$ 184.3
$ 0.5
0.3 %
Environmental Catalysts & Services ⁽²⁾
182.6
160.0
22.6
14.1 %
Total Segment Adjusted EBITDA ⁽³⁾
367.4
344.3
23.1
6.7 %
Unallocated corporate costs (23.5 ) (22.8 ) (0.7 ) 3.1 %
Total Adjusted EBITDA ⁽³⁾
$ 343.9
$ 321.5
$ 22.4
7.0 %


⁽¹⁾			We define Segment Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA adjusted for certain items as noted in the reconciliation below. Our management evaluates the performance of our segments and allocates resources based primarily on Segment Adjusted EBITDA. Segment Adjusted EBITDA does not represent cash flow for periods presented and should not be considered as an alternative to net income as an indicator of our operating performance or as an alternative to cash flows as a source of liquidity. Segment Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable with EBITDA or Adjusted EBITDA as defined by other companies.

⁽²⁾

The Adjusted EBITDA from the Zeolyst Joint Venture included in the environmental catalyst and services segment is $39.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, which includes $24.6 million of equity in net income plus $6.9 million of amortization of investment in affiliate step-up plus $8.1 million of joint venture depreciation, amortization and interest. The pro forma Adjusted EBITDA from the Zeolyst Joint Venture included in the environmental catalyst and services segment is $31.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016, which includes $8.7 million of equity in net income plus $15.3 million of amortization of investment in affiliate step-up plus $7.9 million of joint venture depreciation, amortization and interest.


⁽³⁾	~~Our total Segment Adjusted EBITDA differs from our total consolidated Adjusted EBITDA due to unallocated corporate expenses.~~

(2)The Adjusted EBITDA from the Zeolyst Joint Venture included in the Catalysts segment is $35.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2020, which includes $19.9 million of equity in net income, excluding $5.0 million of amortization of investment in affiliate step-up plus $11.1 million of joint venture depreciation, amortization and interest. The Adjusted EBITDA from the Zeolyst Joint Venture included in the Catalysts segment is $48.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019, which includes $31.5 million of equity in net income, excluding $5.9 million of amortization of investment in affiliate step-up plus $11.2 million of joint venture depreciation, amortization and interest.

(3)Our total Segment Adjusted EBITDA differs from our total consolidated Adjusted EBITDA due to unallocated corporate expenses. Rounding discrepancies may arise when rounding segment results from dollars (in thousands) to dollars (in millions).

Refining Services:Adjusted EBITDA for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020 was ~~$343.9~~$116.5 million, ~~an increase~~a decrease of ~~$22.4~~$17.2 million, or ~~7.0%~~12.9%, compared with ~~$321.5~~$133.7 million ~~on a pro forma basis~~ for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2016.~~2019. The decrease in Adjusted EBITDA was related to reduced sales driven by lower gasoline consumption partially offset by the timing of plant maintenance projects.

~~Performance Materials & Chemicals:~~Catalysts: Adjusted EBITDA for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020 was ~~$184.8~~$59.7 million, ~~an increase~~a decrease of ~~$0.5~~$19.7 million, or ~~0.3%~~24.8%, compared with ~~$184.3~~$79.4 million ~~on a pro forma basis~~ for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2016.~~

2019. The ~~increase~~decrease in Adjusted EBITDA was ~~due to stronger~~a result of lower customer demand ~~in North America industrials~~for our catalysts and ~~earnings from the Sovitec acquisition partly offset by start-up costs for the new ThermoDrop® production facility.~~unfavorable fixed cost absorption.

~~Environmental Catalysts & Services:~~Performance Materials: Adjusted EBITDA for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020 was ~~$182.6~~$66.1 million, an increase of ~~$22.6~~$0.6 million, or ~~14.1%~~0.9%, compared with ~~$160.0~~$65.5 million ~~on a pro forma basis~~ for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2016.~~

2019. The increase in Adjusted EBITDA was ~~driven primarily~~a result of favorable pricing for our North American highway safety products and operating and cost optimization, partially offset by ~~higher pricing from renegotiated regeneration services contracts and increased earnings generated by our Zeolyst Joint Venture~~lower industrial application demand for engineered glass materials.

Performance Chemicals: Adjusted EBITDA for the nine months ended September 30, 2020 was $108.4 million, a decrease of $12.2 million, or 10.1%, compared with $120.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2019. The decrease in Adjusted EBITDA was due to ~~higher sales volumes~~a decline in customer orders due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Table of ~~aromatic catalyst and catalyst sales for emission control.~~Contents

A reconciliation of ~~Segment Adjusted EBITDA and pro forma Segment Adjusted EBITDA to~~ net ~~loss and pro forma net loss~~income attributable to PQ Group Holdings to Segment Adjusted EBITDA is as follows:


	Nine months ended September 30,
	2020		2019
	(in millions)
Reconciliation of net income attributable to PQ Group Holdings Inc. to Segment Adjusted EBITDA
Net income attributable to PQ Group Holdings Inc.	$	23.7	$	60.4
Provision for income taxes	29.4		39.5
Interest expense, net	65.4		84.9
Depreciation and amortization	136.3		135.2
EBITDA	254.8		320.1
Joint venture depreciation, amortization and interest(a)	11.1		11.2
Amortization of investment in affiliate step-up(b)	5.0		5.9

Debt extinguishment costs	16.5		1.8
Net (gain) loss on asset disposals(c)	3.9		(7.7)
Foreign currency exchange (gain) loss(d)	(2.1)		5.4
LIFO (benefit) expense(e)	(2.5)		10.8

Transaction and other related costs(f)	6.1		1.7
Equity-based compensation	18.4		13.6
Restructuring, integration and business optimization expenses(g)	10.2		1.4
Defined benefit pension plan (benefit) cost(h)	(0.1)		2.4
Other(i)	3.4		4.7
Adjusted EBITDA	324.7		371.2
Unallocated corporate expenses	26.0		28.0
Segment Adjusted EBITDA	$	350.7	$	399.2

Historical Pro Forma
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2017 2016
Reconciliation of net loss attributable to PQ Group Holdings Inc. to Segment Adjusted EBITDA
Net loss attributable to PQ Group Holdings Inc. $ (7.4 ) $ (57.4 )
Provision for income taxes 5.3
42.3
Interest expense, net 144.0
142.6
Depreciation and amortization 129.1
123.2
EBITDA 271.0
250.7
Joint venture depreciation, amortization and interest ^(a)
8.1
7.9
Amortization of investment in affiliate step-up ^(b)
6.9
15.3
Amortization of inventory step-up ^(c)
0.9
5.8
Debt extinguishment costs 0.5
—
Net loss on asset disposals ^(d)
6.4
2.9
Foreign currency exchange loss ^(e)
21.6
1.0
Non-cash revaluation of inventory, including LIFO 3.2
0.8
Management advisory fees ^(f)
3.8
4.0
Transaction related costs ^(g)
5.3
5.3
Equity-based and other non-cash compensation 3.9
4.4
Restructuring, integration and business optimization expenses ^(h)
8.0
16.2
Defined benefit plan pension cost ⁽ⁱ⁾
2.2
4.0
Other ^(j)
2.1
3.2
Adjusted EBITDA 343.9
321.5

Unallocated corporate expenses 23.5
22.8
Total Segment Adjusted EBITDA $ 367.4
$ 344.3


^(a)			We use Adjusted EBITDA as a performance measure to evaluate our financial results. Because our environmental catalysts and services segment includes our 50% interest in our Zeolyst Joint Venture, we include an adjustment for our 50% proportionate share of depreciation, amortization and interest expense of our Zeolyst Joint Venture.

^(b)

(b)Represents the amortization of the fair value adjustments associated with the equity affiliate investment in the Zeolyst Joint Venture as a result of the Business Combination. We determined the fair value of the equity affiliate investment and the fair value step-up was then attributed to the underlying assets of the Zeolyst Joint Venture. Amortization is primarily related to the fair value adjustments associated with fixed assets and intangible assets, including customer relationships and technical know-how.

(c)When asset disposals occur, we remove the impact of net gain/loss of the disposed asset because such impact primarily reflects the non-cash write-off of long-lived assets no longer in use.

(d)Reflects the exclusion of the foreign currency transaction gains and losses in the statements of income primarily related to the non-permanent intercompany debt denominated in local currency translated to U.S. dollars.

(g)Includes the impact of restructuring, integration and business optimization expenses which are incremental costs that are not representative of our ongoing business operations.

Table of Contents

primarily relate to plans operated in certain of our non-U.S. locations that, pursuant to jurisdictional requirements, cannot be frozen. As such, we do not view such income or expenses as core to our ongoing business operations.

(i)Other costs consist of certain expenses that are not core to our ongoing business operations, including environmental remediation-related costs associated with the legacy operations of our business prior to a business combination consummated in a prior year period, capital and franchise taxes, non-cash asset retirement obligation accretion and the initial implementation of procedures to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Included in this line-item are rounding discrepancies that may arise from rounding from dollars (in thousands) to dollars (in millions).


^(c)	~~As a result of the Business Combination, there was a step-up in the fair value of inventory at PQ Holdings, which is amortized through cost of goods sold in the income statement.~~


^(d)	We do not have a history of significant asset disposals. However, when asset disposals occur, we remove the impact of net gain/loss of the disposed asset because such impact primarily reflects the non-cash write-off of long-lived assets no longer in use.


^(e)	Reflects the exclusion of the negative or positive transaction gains and losses of foreign currency in the income statement primarily related to the Euro denominated term loan and the non-permanent intercompany debt denominated in local currency translated to U.S. dollars.


^(f)	Reflects consulting fees paid to CCMP and affiliates of INEOS for consulting services that include certain financial advisory and management services. These payments ceased as of the closing of our initial public offering.


^(g)	Relates to certain transaction costs described elsewhere in our consolidated financial statements as well as other costs related to several transactions that are either completed, pending or abandoned and that we believe are not representative of our ongoing business operations.


^(h)	Includes the impact of restructuring, integration and business optimization expenses that are related to specific, one-time items, including severance for a reduction in force and post-merger integration costs that are not expected to recur.

⁽ⁱ⁾

^(j)

Adjusted Net Income

Summarized adjusted net income information is shown below in the following table:


	Nine months ended September 30,
	2020						2019
	Pre-tax		Tax expense (benefit)		After-tax		Pre-tax		Tax expense (benefit)		After-tax
	(in millions)
Reconciliation of net income attributable to PQ Group Holdings Inc. to Adjusted Net Income(1)(2)
Net income before non-controlling interest	$	54.0	$	29.4	$	24.6	$	100.4	$	39.5	$	60.9
Less: Net income attributable to non-controlling interest	0.9		—		0.9		0.5		—		0.5
Net income attributable to PQ Group Holdings Inc.	53.1		29.4		23.7		99.9		39.5		60.4
Amortization of investment in affiliate step-up(b)	5.0		2.1		2.9		5.9		2.1		3.8

Debt extinguishment costs	16.5		7.0		9.5		1.8		0.6		1.2
Net (gain) loss on asset disposals(c)	3.9		(0.2)		4.1		(7.7)		(1.6)		(6.1)
Foreign currency exchange (gain) loss(d)	(2.1)		(0.1)		(2.0)		5.4		(0.6)		6.0
LIFO (benefit) expense(e)	(2.5)		(1.0)		(1.5)		10.8		3.8		7.0

Transaction and other related costs(f)	6.1		2.6		3.5		1.7		0.6		1.1
Equity-based compensation	18.4		7.8		10.6		13.6		4.8		8.8
Restructuring, integration and business optimization expenses(g)	10.2		4.3		5.9		1.4		0.5		0.9
Defined benefit pension plan (benefit) cost(h)	(0.1)		—		(0.1)		2.4		0.8		1.6
Other(i)	3.4		1.5		1.9		4.7		1.5		3.2
Adjusted Net Income, including non-cash GILTI tax	$	111.9	$	53.4	$	58.5	$	139.9	$	52.0	$	87.9

Impact of non-cash GILTI tax(3)	—		(19.1)		19.1		—		(19.3)		19.3
Impact of tax reform(4)	—		(1.6)		1.6		—		—		—
Adjusted Net Income	$	111.9	$	32.7	$	79.2	$	139.9	$	32.7	$	107.2

Historical Pro Forma
Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2017 2016
Reconciliation of net loss attributable to PQ Group Holdings Inc. to Adjusted Net Income ^{(1) (2)}

Net loss attributable to PQ Group Holdings Inc. $ (7.4 ) $ (57.4 )
Amortization of investment in affiliate step-up ^(b)
4.0
9.4
Amortization of inventory step-up ^(c)
0.5
3.6
Debt extinguishment costs 0.3
—
Net loss on asset disposals ^(d)
3.7
1.8
Foreign currency exchange loss ^(e)
14.9
2.5
Non-cash revaluation of inventory, including LIFO 1.9
0.5
Management advisory fees ^(f)
2.2
2.4
Transaction related costs ^(g)
3.1
3.2
Equity-based and other non-cash compensation 2.2
2.7
Restructuring, integration and business optimization expenses ^(h)
4.6
9.9
Defined benefit plan pension cost ⁽ⁱ⁾
1.3
2.5
Other ^(j)
1.2
2.0
Adjusted net income $ 32.5
$ (16.9 )


⁽¹⁾			We define adjusted net income as net loss attributable to PQ Group Holdings adjusted for non-operating income or expense and the impact of certain non-cash or other items that are included in net income that we do not consider indicative of our ongoing operating performance. Adjusted net income is presented as a key performance indicator as we believe it will enhance a prospective investor’s understanding of our results of operations and financial condition. Adjusted net income may not be comparable with net income or adjusted net income as defined by other companies.

⁽²⁾

(2)Refer to the Adjusted EBITDA notes above for more information with respect to each adjustment.

(3)Amount represents the impact to tax expense in net income before non-controlling interest and the related adjustments to net income associated with the GILTI provisions of the TCJA. As of January 1, 2018, GILTI results in taxation of “excess of foreign earnings,” which is defined as amounts greater than a 10% rate of return on applicable foreign tangible asset basis. The Company is required to record incremental tax provision impact with respect to GILTI as a result of having historical U.S. NOLs to offset the GILTI taxable income inclusion. This NOL utilization precludes us from recognizing FTCs which would otherwise help offset the tax impacts of GILTI. No FTCs will be recognized with respect to GILTI until our cumulative NOL balance has been exhausted. Because the GILTI provision does not impact our cash taxes (given available U.S. NOLs), and given that we expect

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to recognize FTCs to offset GILTI impacts once the NOLs are exhausted, we do not view this item as a component of core operations.

(4)Represents the transaction tax adjustment for the impact of the rate change in the United Kingdom related to the UK Finance Act recorded in net income.

~~Refer to the Adjusted EBITDA notes above for more information with respect to each adjustment.~~

The adjustments to net ~~loss~~income attributable to PQ Group Holdings Inc. are shown net of applicable tax rates of ~~42.1%~~42.6% and ~~38.8%~~34.9% for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020 and ~~September 30, 2016,~~2019, respectively, except for the foreign currency exchange loss, the effects of our sales of non-core product lines and the sale of assets for which the ~~tax is~~taxes are calculated as a discrete ~~item~~items using the applicable statutory income tax rates.

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Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our primary sources of liquidity consist of cash flow from operations, existing cash balances as well as funds available under our asset based lending revolving credit facility. We expect that ongoing requirements for debt service and capital expenditures will be funded from these sources of funds. Our primary liquidity requirements include funding working capital requirements (primarily inventory and accounts receivable, net of accounts payable and other accrued liabilities), debt service requirements and capital expenditures. Our capital expenditures include both maintenance of business, which include spending on maintenance ~~of business~~ and health, safety ~~environmental initiatives~~ and ~~cost savings~~environmental initiatives as well as ~~expansion,~~growth, which includes spending to drive organic sales ~~growth. As reported for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we spent approximately $66.7 million in maintenance capital expenditures~~growth and $18.2 million in expansion capital expenditures. For the nine months ended September 30, 2016, we spent approximately $55.9 million in maintenance capital expenditures and $19.5 million in expansion capital expenditures.cost savings initiatives.

We believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents and cash flows from operations, combined with availability under our asset based lending revolving credit facility, will be sufficient to meet our presently anticipated future cash needs for at least the next 12twelve months. We may also pursue strategic acquisition or divestiture opportunities, ~~which~~which may impact our future cash requirements. We may, from time to time, increase borrowings under our asset based lending revolving credit facility to meet our future cash needs. As of September 30, ~~2017,~~2020, we had cash and cash equivalents of ~~$68.8~~$164.3 million and availability of ~~$140.6~~$181.1 million under our asset based lending revolving credit facility, after giving effect to ~~$19.6~~$18.6 million of outstanding letters of credit, ~~and $35.0 million of revolving credit facility borrowings,~~ for a total available liquidity of ~~$209.4~~$345.4 million.

We did not have any revolving credit facility borrowings as of September 30, 2020. As of September 30, ~~2017,~~2020, we were in compliance with all covenants under our ~~total indebtedness~~debt agreements.

Included in our cash and cash equivalents balance as of September 30, 2020 was ~~$2,703.1 million, with up to $140.6~~$48.4 million of ~~available borrowings~~cash and cash equivalents held in foreign jurisdictions. We repatriate cash held outside of the United States from certain foreign subsidiaries in order to meet domestic liquidity needs. Depending on domestic and foreign cash balances, we have certain flexibility to repatriate funds in order to meet those needs. Specifically, we have an intercompany loan structure in place with several of our foreign subsidiaries that allows us to repatriate foreign cash in a tax efficient manner from those subsidiaries. In certain cases, the repatriation of foreign cash under ~~our asset based lending revolving credit facility.~~ previous U.S. tax law had generally been subject to U.S. income taxes at the time of cash distribution. Due to the enactment of the TCJA in December 2017, future overseas earnings repatriation will generally no longer be subject to U.S. federal income taxes at the time of cash distribution. However, future foreign earnings may still be taxed for state income tax purposes, as well as subject to certain foreign withholding tax obligations, when cash amounts are distributed back to the U.S.

Our liquidity requirements are significant, primarily due to debt service requirements. As reported, our cash interest ~~expense~~paid for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020 and ~~2016 was~~2019 was approximately ~~$118.8~~$75.3 million and ~~$56.9~~$82.3 million, respectively. Before any impact of hedges, a one percent change in assumed interest rates for our variable interest credit facilities would have an annual impact of approximately ~~$18.1~~$16.1 million on interest expense.

~~On October 3, 2017,~~ We hedge the interest rate fluctuations on debt obligations through interest rate cap agreements. As of September 30, 2020, we completed the initial public offering of our common stock and issued and sold 29,000,000 shares of our common stock at a public offering price of $17.50 per share, for aggregate gross proceeds of $507.5 million. The aggregate net proceeds received by us from the offering were approximately $480.5 million, net of underwriting discounts of $24.1 million and offering expenses of $2.9 million, net of reimbursements. The net proceeds were used to repay $446.2 million in aggregate principal amount of PQ Corporation’s Floating Rate Senior Unsecured Notes due 2022, together with accrued and unpaidhad interest ~~and applicable redemption premiums. We recorded approximately $40.5~~rate caps on $500.0 million of notional variable debt with a cap rate of 0.84% through July 2022. In July 2020, we entered into additional interest rate cap agreements to mitigate interest rate volatility from August 2020 to August 2023, with a cap rate of 1.00% on $400.0 million of notional variable-rate debt.

Cash Flow


	Nine months ended September 30,
	2020		2019
	(in millions)
Net cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities	$	150.6	$	181.9
Investing activities	(42.1)		(54.7)
Financing activities	(10.3)		(103.2)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(5.9)		(3.4)
Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	92.3		20.6
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period	73.9		59.7
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	166.2	$	80.3

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	Nine months ended September 30,
	2020		2019
	(in millions)
Net income	$	24.6	$	60.9
Non-cash and non-working capital related activities(1)	174.6		149.7
Changes in working capital	(39.6)		(21.5)
Other operating activities	(9.0)		(7.2)
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	150.6	$	181.9

(1)Includes depreciation, amortization, amortization of deferred financing costs and original issue discount, debt extinguishment costs, ~~related to the repayment~~foreign currency exchange gains and losses, deferred income tax provision (benefit), net (gains) losses on asset disposals, stock compensation expense, net interest proceeds on swaps designated as net investment hedges (which is reflected below in net cash used in investing activities) and equity in net income and dividends received from affiliated companies.


	Nine months ended September 30,
	2020		2019
	(in millions)
Working capital changes that provided (used) cash:
Receivables	$	(20.7)	$	(22.5)
Inventories	8.6		(1.8)
Prepaids and other current assets	(0.4)		0.3
Accounts payable	(10.1)		(4.1)
Accrued liabilities	(17.0)		6.6

	$	(39.6)	$	(21.5)


	Nine months ended September 30,
	2020		2019
	(in millions)
Purchases of property, plant and equipment	$	(76.8)	$	(91.7)



Net interest proceeds on swaps designated as net investment hedges	4.6		8.4
Proceeds from sale of product line	18.0		28.0
Proceeds from sale of assets	10.3		—
Proceeds from sale of investment	1.8		—
Other, net	—		0.6
Net cash used in investing activities	$	(42.1)	$	(54.7)


	Nine months ended September 30,
	2020		2019
	(in millions)
Net revolving credit facilities borrowings	$	0.7	$	1.3
Net cash borrowings (repayments) on debt obligations	12.8		(105.8)
Other financing activities	(23.8)		1.3
Net cash used in financing activities	$	(10.3)	$	(103.2)

Table of the Floating Rate Senior Unsecured Notes due 2022 in October 2017. We anticipate the redemption of the Floating Rate Senior Unsecured Notes will reduce our annual interest expense by approximately $53.9 million.Contents

Our ability to make payments on and to refinance our indebtedness will depend on our ability to generate cash in the future. We believe that our cash on hand, together with cash from operations and, if required, borrowings under our asset based lending revolving credit facility, will be sufficient for our cash requirements for the next twelve months.

~~Cash Flow~~

Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2017 2016
(in millions)
Net cash provided by (used in)
Operating activities $ 109.8
$ 89.3
Investing activities (134.5 ) (1,861.6 )
Financing activities 29.2
1,821.4
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents (6.4 ) (2.4 )
Net change in cash and cash equivalents (1.9 ) 46.7
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period 70.7
25.2
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period $ 68.8
$ 71.9

Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2017 2016
(in millions)
Working capital changes that provided (used) cash:
Receivables $ (28.9 ) $ 3.5
Inventories 4.9
13.8
Prepaids and other current assets (6.0 ) (0.8 )
Accounts payable (9.0 ) (7.3 )
Accrued liabilities 13.5
10.1
Other, net (2.5 ) (0.8 )
$ (28.0 ) $ 18.5

Net cash provided by operating activities was ~~$109.8~~$150.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017,~~2020, compared to ~~$89.3~~$181.9 million provided for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2016.~~2019. Cash generated by operating ~~earnings after giving effect to non-cash items recognized~~activities, other than changes in ~~the income statement during the period~~working capital, was ~~higher~~lower during the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020 by ~~$67.1~~$13.3 million compared to the same period in the prior year. ~~Cash provided by~~The change in working capital during the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020 was unfavorable compared to the nine months ended September 30, ~~2016. Working~~2019. Cash used to fund working capital ~~for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 used cash of $28.0~~was $39.6 million ~~compared to cash provided of $18.5~~and $21.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2016.~~2020 and 2019, respectively.

The ~~increase~~decrease in cash generated by operating ~~earnings after giving effect to non-cash items of $67.1~~activities, other than changes in working capital, was lower by $13.3 million as compared to the prior year period ~~was~~ primarily due to a decline in sales as a result of the ~~inclusion of legacy PQ cash from operations for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to the period from May 4, 2016 through September 30, 2016 in the prior year. This resulted in~~COVID-19 pandemic and a decrease in ~~our net loss of $82.7 million, an increase of $43.5 million of depreciation and amortization expense, $18.9 million of~~ dividends received from affiliated companies and $15.4 million of foreign currency losses, which was partially offset by $34.2 million of net income from affiliated companies, $31.2 million of deferred income tax benefits, $22.6 million in lower acquisition accounting valuation adjustments on inventory sold and $5.4 million of pension and postretirement plan net funding.companies.

The decrease in cash from working capital of ~~$46.5~~$18.1 million as compared to the ~~prior~~prior year was primarily due to ~~the inclusion of legacy PQ working capital for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 as compared to the period from May 4, 2016 through September 30, 2016 in the prior year. This resulted in~~ unfavorable changes in ~~accounts receivable, inventory, prepaid and other current assets~~accrued liabilities and accounts ~~payable. The unfavorable change was~~payable which were partially offset by favorable changes in inventory and accounts receivable.

The unfavorable change in accrued ~~liabilities.~~

~~In addition~~liabilities relates to the ~~inclusion~~timing of ~~a full period of legacy PQ working capital, the~~accrued interest payments and changes in various expense accruals. The unfavorable change in accounts ~~receivable~~payable was a result of ~~higher accounts receivables from higher~~lower current ~~year pricing~~production and ~~volumes.~~the timing of plant maintenance expenditures. The ~~unfavorable~~favorable change in inventory was driven by inventory build for our new ThermoDrop® product offering. The unfavorable change in accounts payable is due to timing of payments for capital expenditures, timing of plant turnaround costs and higher raw material costs.lower production. The favorable change in ~~accrued liabilities is primarily due to~~accounts receivable was driven by the ~~timing of accrued interest under our new debt structure.~~decline in sales volumes.

Net cash used in investing activities was ~~$134.5~~$42.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017,~~2020, compared to cash used of ~~$1,861.6~~$54.7 million during the same period in ~~2016. Current year uses~~2019. Cash used in investing activities primarily consisted of ~~cash include~~ utilizing ~~$90.2~~$76.8 million and $91.7 million to fund capital expenditures during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and ~~$41.6~~2019, respectively. We received $4.6 million and $8.4 million in interest proceeds related to ~~fund~~our cross-currency swaps during the ~~Sovitec acquisition. Prior year uses~~nine months ended September 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. We received proceeds of ~~cash include utilizing $1,777.7~~$18.0 million related to ~~fund~~ the ~~Business Combination~~sale of a non-core product line and ~~$69.8~~$12.1 million related to ~~fund capital expenditures.~~the sale of non-core assets and investments during the nine months ended September 30, 2020 and $28.0 million of proceeds related to the sale of a non-core product line during the nine months ended September 30, 2019.

Net cash ~~provided by~~used in financing activities was ~~$29.2~~$10.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017,~~2020, compared to net cash ~~provided~~used of ~~$1,821.4~~$103.2 million during the same period in ~~2016. The change~~2019. Net cash used in ~~cash from~~ financing activities was primarily driven by ~~the~~

~~issuance~~$12.8 million of ~~$2,296.8~~net debt borrowings, which was offset by other financing activities related to $10.6 million of debt prepayment charges, $9.0 million in debt ~~net~~issuance costs and $4.1 million of stock buybacks during the nine months ended September 30, 2020. Net cash used in financing ~~fees, related to the Business Combination in the prior year,~~activities was primarily driven by $105.8 million of long-term debt repayments partially offset by ~~$465.7~~$1.3 million ~~in lower debt repayments and $39.6 million in~~of net ~~revolver~~ borrowings inunder our revolving credit facilities made through the ~~current year.~~nine months ended September 30, 2019.

Debt


						September 30, 2020		December 31, 2019
	September 30, 2017		December 31, 2016			(in millions)
	(in millions)
Term Loan Facility (U.S. dollar denominated)	$	918.5	$	925.4
Term Loan Facility (Euro denominated)	331.4		297.3
Senior Secured Term Loan Facility due February 2027					Senior Secured Term Loan Facility due February 2027	$	947.5	$	947.5
New Senior Secured Term Loan Facility due February 2027					New Senior Secured Term Loan Facility due February 2027	648.4		—
6.75% Senior Secured Notes due 2022	625.0		625.0		6.75% Senior Secured Notes due 2022	—		625.0
Floating Rate Senior Unsecured Notes due 2022	525.0		525.0
8.5% Senior Notes due 2022	200.0		200.0
5.75% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2025					5.75% Senior Unsecured Notes due 2025	295.0		295.0
ABL Facility	35.0		—		ABL Facility	—		—
Other	68.2		45.2		Other	65.1		64.6
Total debt	2,703.1		2,617.9		Total debt	1,956.0		1,932.1
Original issue discount	(26.5)		(28.5)		Original issue discount	(22.2)		(13.4)
Deferred financing costs	(24.8)		(27.3)		Deferred financing costs	(14.3)		(11.7)
Total debt, net of original issue discount and deferred financing costs	2,651.8		2,562.1		Total debt, net of original issue discount and deferred financing costs	1,919.5		1,907.0
Less: current portion	(54.3)		(14.5)		Less: current portion	(14.5)		(7.8)
Total long-term debt	$	2,597.5	$	2,547.6
Total long-term debt, excluding current portion					Total long-term debt, excluding current portion	$	1,905.0	$	1,899.2

As of September 30, ~~2017,~~2020, our total debt was ~~$2,703.1~~$1,956.0 million, including ~~$16.4~~$13.3 million of other foreign debt and $51.8 million of notes payable for the ~~NMTC~~New Market Tax Credit financing and excluding the original issue discount of ~~$26.5~~$22.2 million and deferred financing fees of ~~$24.8~~$14.3 million for our senior secured credit ~~facilities.~~facilities and notes. Our net debt as of September 30, ~~2017~~2020 was ~~$2,703.7~~$1,791.7 million, ~~excluding $16.4 million~~including cash and cash equivalents of ~~other foreign debt and $51.8 million of NMTC notes payable, and net of cash of $68.8~~$164.3 million. We may seek, subject to market conditions and other factors, opportunities to repurchase, refinance or otherwise reprice our debt.

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Capital Expenditures

Maintenance capital expenditures include spending on maintenance of business, ~~cost savings initiatives and~~ health, safety and environmental initiatives. ~~Expansion~~Growth capital expenditures include spending to drive organic sales ~~growth.~~growth and cost savings initiatives. These capital expenditures represent our “book” capital expenditures for which the company has recorded, but not necessarily paid for the capital expenditures.


	Nine Months Ended September 30,					Nine months ended September 30,
	2017		2016			2020		2019
	(in millions)					(in millions)
Maintenance capital expenditures	$	66.7	$	55.9	Maintenance capital expenditures	$	46.6	$	59.5
Expansion capital expenditures	18.2		19.5
Growth capital expenditures					Growth capital expenditures	13.7		20.5
Total capital expenditures	$	84.9	$	75.4	Total capital expenditures	$	60.3	$	80.0

Capital expenditures remained at a level sufficient for required maintenance and certain expansion growth initiatives during these periods. Maintenance capital expenditures were lower in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019 due to fewer plant maintenance projects incurred during the period. Growth capital expenditures were lower in the nine months ended September 30, 2020 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2019 due to deferral of project costs.

Pension Funding

We paid ~~$7.5~~$8.7 million and ~~$2.3~~$8.9 million in cash contributions into our defined benefit pension plans and other post-retirement plans during the nine months ended September 30, ~~2017~~2020 and ~~2016,~~2019, respectively. The net periodic pension expense was ~~$2.6~~$0.6 million and $2.7 million for those same periods, respectively.

Off–Balance Sheet Arrangements

We had ~~$19.6~~$18.6 million of outstanding letters of credit on our ~~revolver facility~~ABL Facility as of September 30, ~~2017.~~2020.

Contractual Obligations

Information related to our contractual obligations at December 31, 2019 can be found in Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019, filed with the SEC on February 27, 2020, which we refer to as our Annual Report on Form 10-K. During the nine months ended September 30, 2020, there have been no significant changes to our contractual obligations as disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, other than the following items.

During the quarter ended March 31, 2020, we amended our Term Loan Facility to reduce the applicable interest rate to LIBOR (with a 0% floor) plus 2.25% per annum and extend the maturity of the facility to February 2027. We anticipate that the reduction in interest rates will result in a $2.4 million reduction in interest payments per year at current interest rates. During the quarter ended March 31, 2020, we amended our ABL Facility to increase the aggregate amount of the revolving loan commitments to $250.0 million, reduce the interest rate and extend the maturity to March 2025.

In July 2020, we redeemed our existing 6.75% Senior Secured Notes due 2022 with the proceeds from a new senior secured term loan facility in an aggregate principal amount of $650.0 million with an original issue discount of 1.5% and interest at a floating rate of LIBOR (with a 1.0% minimum LIBOR floor) plus 3.0% per annum.

Our New Markets Tax Credit (“NMTC”) financing arrangements include put/call provisions that can be exercised seven years after funding of the respective loans, whereby we may be obligated or entitled to repurchase the given NMTC investor’s interest in the respective investment fund for a de minimis amount. In October 2020, an affiliate of JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A. (“Chase”) exercised its put option under the October 24, 2013 NMTC financing arrangement among Chase and several of its affiliates, TX CDE V LLC, an affiliate of Texas LIC Development Company LLC d/b/a/ Texas Community Development Capital, and our company (the “2013 NMTC”). After the exercise of the put option we acquired ownership of the Chase investment fund, and subsequently the loans between our company and the Chase investment fund, and between TX CDE V LLC and our company, were settled. This resulted in the retirement of $21.0 million of debt related to the 2013 NMTC and a corresponding $15.6 million note receivable.

Refer to Note 13, “Long-term Debt” and Note 22, “Subsequent Events,” to our condensed consolidated financial statements under Item 1, “Financial Statements,” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for additional information.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

We prepare our condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP and our significant accounting policies are described in Note 2 to our audited consolidated financial statements included in our ~~Prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(4) with the SEC~~Annual Report on ~~October 2, 2017.~~Form 10-K. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts and related disclosures. We base our estimates and judgments on historical experience and other relevant factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We evaluate our critical accounting estimates, assumptions and judgments on an ongoing basis.

There has been no material change in our critical accounting policies and use of estimates from those described ~~under~~in Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of ~~Operations”~~Operations,” included in our ~~Prospectus filed pursuant~~Annual Report on Form 10-K, other than the following item.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite lives are not amortized, but are tested for impairment annually or more frequently if events occur or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying amount. We perform our annual impairment tests of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets as of October 1 of each year.

For the purposes of the quantitative goodwill impairment test, we determine the fair value of our reporting units using a combination of a market approach and an income, or discounted cash flow, approach. Estimating the fair value of a reporting unit requires various assumptions including the use of projections of future cash flows and discount rates that reflect the risks associated with achieving those cash flows. The key assumptions used in estimating the fair value are operating margin growth rates, revenue growth rates, the weighted average cost of capital, the perpetual growth rate, and the estimated earnings market multiples of each reporting unit. The market value is estimated using publicly traded comparable company values by applying their most recent annual EBITDA multiples to ~~Rule 424(b)(4)~~the reporting unit’s EBITDA for the trailing twelve months. The income approach value is estimated using a discounted cash flow approach. The assumptions about future cash flows and growth rates are based on our assessment of a number of factors including the reporting unit’s recent performance against budget as well as management’s ability to execute on planned future strategic initiatives. Discount rate assumptions are based on an assessment of the risk inherent in those future cash flows. The fair values of the Company’s four reporting units exceeded their respective carrying amounts as of the last annual goodwill impairment test date on October 1, 2019 by the following percentages: 179% for Refining Services, 67% for Catalysts, 27% for Performance Materials and 18% for Performance Chemicals.

Based on the operating results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2020 and other considerations, we believe that it is more likely than not that the fair values for each of our reporting units and of our indefinite-lived intangible assets are still greater than their respective carrying values. Accordingly, no interim goodwill or intangible asset impairment assessments were considered necessary at September 30, 2020. The Company will continue to monitor business plans throughout 2020 to determine if an interim goodwill and intangible assets impairment evaluation should be conducted. Changes in assumptions regarding future business performance and macroeconomic conditions, particularly those associated with the ~~SEC~~COVID-19 pandemic, may have a significant impact on ~~October 2, 2017.~~future cash flows and reporting unit or intangible asset valuations. A significant downturn in global economic growth, or recessionary conditions in the U.S., Europe, South America and Asia for prolonged periods, may lead to reduced customer demand for the Company’s reporting units, or material supply chain interruptions or product shortages. To the extent that such developing economic conditions negatively impact customer demand for our products or product availability over an extended period, our businesses, results of operations and financial condition could be significantly and adversely affected, which could result in future impairments of goodwill and intangible assets.

Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

~~Refer to~~See Note 2 into our ~~September 30, 2017~~ unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for a ~~description~~discussion of ~~recent~~recently issued accounting ~~standards.~~standards and their effect on us.


~~ITEM 3.~~	~~QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.~~

ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.

Our major market risk exposure is potential losses arising from changing rates and prices regarding foreign currency exchange rate risk, interest rate risk, commodity price risk and credit risk. The audit committee of our board of directors regularly reviews foreign exchange, interest rate and commodity hedging activity and monitors compliance with our hedging policy. We do not use financial instruments for speculative purposes, and we limit our hedging activity to the underlying economic exposure.

There ~~has~~have been no material ~~change~~changes in the foreign exchange risk, interest rate risk, commodity risk or credit risk discussed in ~~“Management’s Discussion~~Item 7A., “Quantitative and ~~Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”~~Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk,” included in our ~~Prospectus filed pursuant~~Annual Report on Form 10-K other than the following items:

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Interest Rate Risk

In February 2020, we restructured our $500.0 million notional interest rate cap agreements from July 31, 2020 through July 31, 2022 to ~~Rule 424(b)(4)~~lower the interest cap rate to 2.50% with a $0.1 million premium annuitized during the ~~SEC~~effective period. In March 2020, we further restructured our $500.0 million notional interest rate cap agreements from July 31, 2020 through July 31, 2022 to lower the interest cap rate to 0.84% with a $0.9 million premium annuitized during the effective period. Including the premiums on ~~October 2, 2017.~~the original November 2018 agreement and the February and March 2020 restructurings, the total cumulative annuitized premium of $4.4 million will be paid through July 31, 2022 on our interest rate cap agreements.

In July 2020, we entered into additional interest rate cap agreements to mitigate interest rate volatility from August 2020 to August 2023, with a cap rate of 1.00% on $400.0 million of notional variable-rate debt.


~~ITEM 4.~~	~~CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.~~

ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, ~~2017,~~2020, the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”), means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were ~~effective.~~effective at a reasonable assurance level.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Starting with the last few weeks of the quarter ended March 31, 2020 and continuing through the quarter ended September 30, 2020, the majority of our office and management personnel have been working remotely as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Included within this group are individuals responsible for the execution of the Company’s set of internal controls over financial reporting. We have provided these individuals with what we believe to be the appropriate resources to continue to perform their duties on a remote basis, and are not aware of any impediments or other issues that materially affected, or which are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. We will continue to monitor and assess the COVID-19 situation for any potential impact on the design and operating effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. There were no other changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended September 30, 2020 that materially affected, or which are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II—OTHER INFORMATION


~~ITEM 1.~~	~~LEGAL PROCEEDINGS~~

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

From time to time we may be subject to various legal claims and proceedings incidental to the normal conduct of business, relating to such matters as personal injury, product liability and warranty claims, waste disposal practices, release of chemicals into the environment and other matters that may arise in the ordinary course of our business. We currently believe that there is no litigation pending that is likely to have a material adverse effect on our business. Regardless of the outcome, legal proceedings can have an adverse impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors. ~~Refer~~

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.

“Item 1A, Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K, as supplemented by “Item 1A, Risk Factors” in our quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2020, which we refer to ~~Note 16~~as the Second Quarter Form 10-Q, includes a discussion of our ~~September 30, 2017 unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements for additional information regarding the Company’s legal proceedings.~~


~~ITEM 1A.~~	~~RISK FACTORS~~

risk factors. There ~~has~~have been no material ~~change~~changes from the risk factors described in our ~~Prospectus filed pursuant~~Annual Report on Form 10-K, as supplemented by our Second Quarter Form 10-Q.

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ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS.

Tax Withholdings

The following table contains information about shares of common stock delivered to ~~Rule 424(b)(4)~~the Company by employees to satisfy income tax withholding obligations of the employees in connection with the ~~SEC on October 2, 2017.~~vesting of restricted stock units during the third quarter of 2020.

Maximum Number

Total Number of

(or Dollar Value) of

Shares of Common Stock

Total Number of

Average Price

Purchased as Part of

that May Yet Be

Shares of Common

Paid per Share of

Publicly Announced

Purchased Under the

Stock Purchased

Common Stock

Plan or Programs

Plans or Programs

July 1, 2020 - July 31, 2020

968

13.10

N/A

August 1, 2020 - August 31, 2020

12,200

12.23

N/A

September 1, 2020 - September 30, 2020

—

N/A

Total

13,168

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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS.

The following exhibits are being filed or furnished as part of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q:


Exhibit No.			Description

~~ITEM 2.~~31.1			~~UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS.~~ Certification of Chief Executive Officer of PQ Group Holdings Inc. pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2			Certification of Chief Financial Officer of PQ Group Holdings Inc. pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1			Certification of Chief Executive Officer of PQ Group Holdings Inc. pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.2			Certification of Chief Financial Officer of PQ Group Holdings Inc. pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
101			The following materials from the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of PQ Group Holdings Inc. for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income, (ii) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iii) Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, (iv) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity, (v) Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, (vi) Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and (vii) document and entity information, tagged as blocks of text and including detailed tags
104			The cover page from the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of PQ Group Holdings Inc. for the quarter ended September 30, 2020, formatted in Inline XBRL and included as Exhibit 101

~~Recent Sales~~

Table of ~~Unregistered Securities~~Contents

~~During the three months ended September 30, 2017, and after giving effect~~SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the automatic conversion of our Class B common stock into shares of our common stock in connection with the initial public offering, we issued an aggregate of 24,750 shares of our common stock subject to vesting conditions under the PQ Group Holdings Inc. Stock Incentive Plan. The shares were issued without registration in reliance on the exemptions afforded by Section 4(a)(2)requirements of the Securities Exchange Act ~~and Rule 701 promulgated thereunder.~~

~~Use~~ of ~~Proceeds from Initial Public Offering of Common Stock~~

~~On September 28, 2017, our Registration Statement~~1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on ~~Form S-1, as amended (File No. 333-218650), relating to our initial public offering of 29,000,000 shares of common stock was declared effective~~its behalf by the SEC. On October 3, 2017, we closed the sale of 29,000,000 shares of our common stock at a price of $17.50. Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC, Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC, Citigroup Global Markets Inc. and Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC served as joint book-running managers of the offering. The offering commenced on September 28, 2017 and closed on October 3, 2017.undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

We raised a total of $507.5 million in gross proceeds in the initial public offering, or approximately $480.5 million in net proceeds after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $24.1 million and $2.9 million of offering-related expenses, net of reimbursements. On October 3, 2017, all of the net proceeds from the offering were used to redeem $446.2 million in aggregate principal amount of PQ Corporation’s Floating Rate Senior Unsecured Notes due 2022 (the “Floating Rate Senior Unsecured Notes”), together with accrued and unpaid interest, and applicable redemption premiums. Andrew Currie, a member of our board of directors, held $4.0 million in principal amount of the Floating Rate Senior Unsecured Notes, and, as a result, received a portion of the net proceeds from the initial public offering.


			PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC.

Date:	November 3, 2020	By:	/s/ MICHAEL CREWS
			Michael Crews
			Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
			(Duly Authorized Officer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)


~~ITEM 6.~~	~~EXHIBITS.~~

~~The following exhibits are being filed or furnished as part of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q:~~



~~Exhibit No.~~	~~Description~~
~~3.1~~	~~Second Restated Certificate of Incorporation of PQ Group Holdings Inc.~~
~~3.2~~	~~Amended and Restated Bylaws of PQ Group Holdings Inc. (Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of the Company’s Third Amendment to its Registration Statement on Form S-1 dated September 1, 2017.)~~
~~31.1~~	~~Certification of Chief Executive Officer of PQ Group Holdings Inc. pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.~~
~~31.2~~	~~Certification of Chief Financial Officer of PQ Group Holdings Inc. pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.~~
~~32.1~~	~~Certification of Chief Executive Officer of PQ Group Holdings Inc. pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.~~
~~32.2~~	~~Certification of Chief Financial Officer of PQ Group Holdings Inc. pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.~~
~~101.INS~~	~~XBRL Instance Document.~~
~~101.SCH~~	~~XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.~~
~~101.CAL~~	~~XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.~~
~~101.DEF~~	~~XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document.~~
~~101.LAB~~	~~XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.~~
~~101.PRE~~	~~XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.~~

~~SIGNATURES~~

~~Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.~~



			~~PQ GROUP HOLDINGS INC.~~

~~Date:~~	~~November 13, 2017~~	~~By:~~	~~/s/ MICHAEL CREWS~~
			~~Michael Crews~~
			~~Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer~~
			~~(Duly Authorized Officer and Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)~~



		Page
PART I			FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.			Financial Statements (Unaudited)
			~~Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets~~	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of ~~Operations~~Income	43
			Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income ~~(Loss)~~	54
			Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets	5
			Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity	6
			Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	7
			Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	8
Item 2.			Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	3038
Item 3.			Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	5262
Item 4.			Controls and Procedures	5263

~~PART II~~	~~OTHER INFORMATION~~
~~Item 1.~~	~~Legal Proceedings~~	53
~~Item 1A.~~	~~Risk Factors~~	53
~~Item 2.~~	~~Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds~~	53
~~Item 6.~~	~~Exhibits~~	54

	~~SIGNATURES~~	55



	As of September 30, 2017		Quoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets:
Derivative contracts	$	1,098	$	—	$	1,098	$	—
Restoration plan assets	5,566		5,566		—		—
Total	$	6,664	$	5,566	$	1,098	$	—

Liabilities:
Derivative contracts	$	58	$	—	$	58	$	—



	As of December 31, 2016		Quoted Prices in Active Markets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets:
Derivative contracts	$	6,434	$	—	$	6,434	$	—
Restoration plan assets	5,594		5,594		—		—
Total	$	12,028	$	5,594	$	6,434	$	—



Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Components	Amount Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income												Affected Line Item in the Statement Where Net Income is Presented
	Three months ended September 30,						Nine months ended September 30,
	2017			2016			2017			2016
Defined benefit and other postretirement plans
Amortization of prior service cost	$	20		$	—		$	60		$	—		(a)
Amortization of net gain (loss)	19			—			58			—			(a)
	39			—			118			—			Total before tax
	(6		)	—			(19		)	—			Tax (expense) benefit
	$	33		$	—		$	99		$	—		Net of tax

Net gain (loss) from hedging activities
Interest rate caps	$	13		$	(2	)	$	22		$	(2	)	Interest expense
Natural gas swaps	94			420			104			1,148			Cost of goods sold
	107			418			126			1,146			Total before tax
	(41		)	(159		)	(48		)	(435		)	Tax (expense) benefit
	$	66		$	259		$	78		$	711		Net of tax

Total reclassifications for the period	$	99		$	259		$	177		$	711		Net of tax



Total consideration, net of cash acquired	$	41,572

Recognized amounts of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed:
Receivables	$	14,305
Inventories	7,645
Prepaid and other current assets	230
Property, plant and equipment	9,020
Other long-term assets	129

Fair value of assets acquired	31,329
Current debt	(6,420		)
Accounts payable	(10,748		)
Long-term debt	(10,189		)
Other long-term liabilities	(154		)

Fair value of net assets acquired	3,818
Goodwill	37,754
	$	41,572



	Nine months ended September 30, 2016
	(unaudited)
Pro forma sales	$	1,080,310
Pro forma net loss	(55,985		)



	Performance Materials & Chemicals		Environmental Catalysts & Services		Total
Balance as of December 31, 2016	$	852,506	$	388,923	$	1,241,429
Goodwill recognized	37,754		—		37,754
Foreign exchange impact	25,189		2,175		27,364
Balance as of September 30, 2017	$	915,449	$	391,098	$	1,306,547



	Legacy Eco Restructuring Plan			Performance Materials Plant Closure		Total Restructuring Charges
Balance at December 31, 2016	$	1,643		$	—	$	1,643
Restructuring charges	830			3,868		4,698
Cash payments	(1,971		)	—		(1,971		)
Balance at September 30, 2017	$	502		$	3,868	$	4,370



	Historical
	Three months ended September 30,				Change
	2017		2016		$			%
	(in millions, except percentages)
Net Sales:
Performance Chemicals	$	175.5	$	167.8	$	7.7		4.6	%
Performance Materials	104.4		90.2		14.2			15.7	%
Eliminations	(2.8)		(1.9)		(0.9)			47.4	%
Performance Materials & Chemicals	$	277.1	$	256.1	$	21.0		8.2	%

Silica Catalyst	$	15.1	$	21.0	$	(5.9	)	(28.1	)%
Refining Services	100.4		93.3		7.1			7.6	%
Environmental Catalysts & Services	115.5		114.3		1.2			1.1	%

Inter-segment sales eliminations	(0.8)		(0.4)		(0.4)			100.0	%

Total net sales	$	391.8	$	370.0	$	21.8		5.9	%



	Historical											Historical			Pro Forma
	Nine Months Ended September 30,						Change					Nine Months Ended September 30,						Change
	2017			2016			$			%		2017			2016			$			%
	(in millions, except percentages)
Sales	$	1,114.0		$	741.4		$	372.6		50.3	%	$	1,114.0		$	1,080.3		$	33.7		3.1	%
Cost of goods sold	821.3			557.7			263.6			47.3	%	821.3			791.2			30.1			3.8	%
Gross profit	292.7			183.7			109.0			59.3	%	292.7			289.1			3.6			1.2	%
Gross profit margin	26.3		%	24.8		%						26.3		%	26.8		%
Selling, general and administrative expenses	105.9			74.0			31.9			43.1	%	105.9			111.5			(5.6		)	(5.0	)%
Other operating expense, net	47.2			40.6			6.6			16.3	%	47.2			55.9			(8.7		)	(15.6	)%
Operating income	139.6			69.1			70.5			102.0	%	139.6			121.7			17.9			14.7	%
Operating income margin	12.5		%	9.3		%						12.5		%	11.3		%
Equity in net (income) loss of affiliated companies	(24.9		)	9.3			(34.2		)	(367.7	)%	(24.9		)	(8.9		)	(16.0		)	179.8	%
Interest expense, net	144.0			94.4			49.6			52.5	%	144.0			142.6			1.4			1.0	%
Debt extinguishment costs	0.5			11.9			(11.4		)	(95.8	)%	0.5			—			0.5			—	%
Other expense, net	21.7			7.2			14.5			201.4	%	21.7			1.7			20.0			1,176.5	%
Loss before income taxes and noncontrolling interest	(1.7		)	(53.7		)	52.0			(96.8	)%	(1.7		)	(13.7		)	12.0			(87.6	)%
Provision for income taxes	5.3			36.0			(30.7		)	(85.3	)%	5.3			42.3			(37.0		)	(87.5	)%
Effective tax rate	-304.2		%	-67.1		%						-304.2		%	-308.4		%
Net loss	(7.0		)	(89.7		)	82.7			(92.2	)%	(7.0		)	(56.0		)	49.0			(87.5	)%
Less: Net income attributable to the noncontrolling interest	0.4			0.7			(0.3		)	(42.9	)%	0.4			1.4			(1.0		)	(71.4	)%
Net loss attributable to PQ Group Holdings Inc.	$	(7.4	)	$	(90.4	)	$	83.0		(91.8	)%	$	(7.4	)	$	(57.4	)	$	50.0		(87.1	)%