UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549


FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended September 30, 20222023
OR
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from _________ to _________
Commission File Number: 001-38995

Sunnova Energy International Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware30-1192746
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification Number)
20 East Greenway Plaza, Suite 540
Houston, Texas 77046
(Address, including zip code, of principal executive offices)

(281) 892-1588
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)


Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each ClassTrading Symbol(s)Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, $0.0001 par value per shareNOVANew York Stock Exchange


Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filerAccelerated filer
Non-accelerated filerSmaller reporting company
Emerging growth company

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes No

The registrant had 114,909,899122,416,359 shares of common stock outstanding as of October 24, 2022.23, 2023.



TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.
Item 1A.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
Item 5.
Item 6.

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Table of Contents
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act"), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). Unless the context otherwise requires, the terms "Sunnova," "the Company," "we," "us" and "our" refer to Sunnova Energy International Inc. ("SEI") and its consolidated subsidiaries. Forward-looking statements generally relate to future events or Sunnova's future financial or operating performance. Actual outcomes and results may differ materially from what is expressed or forecast in such forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify these statements because they contain words such as "anticipate," "believe," "contemplate," "continue," "could," "estimate," "expect," "future," "goal," "intend," "likely," "may," "plan," "potential," "predict," "project," "seek," "should," "target," "will" or the negative of these words or other similar terms or expressions that concern our expectations, strategy, plans or intentions. Forward-looking statements contained in this report include, but are not limited to, statements about:

our future operations and financial performance following the acquisition of SunStreet Energy Group, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company ("SunStreet");
the effects of the coronavirus ("COVID-19") pandemic on our business and operations, results of operations and financial position;
the impact of Hurricane Fiona and Hurricane Ian on our business and operations, results of operations and financial position;
federal, state and local statutes, regulations and policies;
determinations of the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") of the fair market value of our solar energy systems;
the price of centralized utility-generated electricity and electricity from other sources and technologies;
technical and capacity limitations imposed by operators of the power grid;
the availability of tax rebates, credits and incentives, including changes to the rates of, or expiration of, federal tax credits and the availability of related safe harbors;
our need and ability to raise capital to finance the installation and acquisition of distributed residential solar energy systems, refinance existing debt or otherwise meet our liquidity needs;
our expectations concerning relationships with third parties, including the attraction, retention, performance and continued existence of our dealers;
our ability to manage our supply chains and distribution channels and the impact of natural disasters and other events beyond our control, such as hurricanes and the COVID-19 pandemic;control;
our ability to retain or upgrade current customers, further penetrate existing markets or expand into new markets;
our investment in our platform and new product offerings and the demand for and expected benefits of our platform and product offerings;
the ability of our solar energy systems, energy storage systems or other product offerings to operate or deliver energy for any reason, including if interconnection or transmission facilities on which we rely become unavailable;
our ability to maintain our brand and protect our intellectual property and customer data;
our ability to manage the cost of solar energy systems, energy storage systems and our service offerings;
the willingness of and ability of our dealers and suppliers to fulfill their respective warranty and other contractual obligations;
our expectations regarding litigation and administrative proceedings; and
our ability to renew or replace expiring, canceled or terminated solar service agreements at favorable rates or on a long-term basis.

Our actual results and timing of these events may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including but not limited to those discussed under "Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment and new risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events and circumstances discussed in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements. We undertake no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q to conform these statements to actual results or to changes in our expectations, except as required by law.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.
Item 1A.
Item 2.
Item 3.
Item 4.
Item 5.
Item 6.

3

Table of Contents
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements.

SUNNOVA ENERGY INTERNATIONAL INC.
UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(in thousands, except share amounts and share par values)
As of 
 September 30, 2022
As of 
 December 31, 2021
As of 
 September 30, 2023
As of 
 December 31, 2022
AssetsAssetsAssets
Current assets:Current assets:Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalentsCash and cash equivalents$412,581 $243,101 Cash and cash equivalents$467,902 $360,257 
Accounts receivable—trade, netAccounts receivable—trade, net35,743 18,584 Accounts receivable—trade, net40,170 24,435 
Accounts receivable—otherAccounts receivable—other152,942 57,736 Accounts receivable—other101,907 212,397 
Other current assets, net of allowance of $5,306 and $1,646 as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively336,047 296,321 
Other current assets, net of allowance of $4,276 and $3,250 as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectivelyOther current assets, net of allowance of $4,276 and $3,250 as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively383,961 351,300 
Total current assetsTotal current assets937,313 615,742 Total current assets993,940 948,389 
Property and equipment, netProperty and equipment, net3,537,177 2,909,613 Property and equipment, net5,119,027 3,784,801 
Customer notes receivable, net of allowance of $62,682 and $39,492 as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively2,072,264 1,204,073 
Customer notes receivable, net of allowance of $106,385 and $77,998 as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectivelyCustomer notes receivable, net of allowance of $106,385 and $77,998 as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively3,531,083 2,466,149 
Intangible assets, netIntangible assets, net169,187 190,520 Intangible assets, net141,175 162,512 
GoodwillGoodwill13,150 13,150 Goodwill13,150 13,150 
Other assetsOther assets920,634 571,136 Other assets986,930 961,891 
Total assets (1)Total assets (1)$7,649,725 $5,504,234 Total assets (1)$10,785,305 $8,336,892 
Liabilities, Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests and EquityLiabilities, Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests and EquityLiabilities, Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests and Equity
Current liabilities:Current liabilities:Current liabilities:
Accounts payableAccounts payable$94,647 $55,033 Accounts payable$194,551 $116,136 
Accrued expensesAccrued expenses121,195 81,721 Accrued expenses107,140 139,873 
Current portion of long-term debtCurrent portion of long-term debt191,131 129,793 Current portion of long-term debt470,133 214,431 
Other current liabilitiesOther current liabilities51,093 44,350 Other current liabilities96,949 71,506 
Total current liabilitiesTotal current liabilities458,066 310,897 Total current liabilities868,773 541,946 
Long-term debt, netLong-term debt, net4,807,107 3,135,681 Long-term debt, net6,710,734 5,194,755 
Other long-term liabilitiesOther long-term liabilities631,137 436,043 Other long-term liabilities1,003,922 712,741 
Total liabilities (1)Total liabilities (1)5,896,310 3,882,621 Total liabilities (1)8,583,429 6,449,442 
Commitments and contingencies (Note 15)
Commitments and contingencies (Note 14)Commitments and contingencies (Note 14)
Redeemable noncontrolling interestsRedeemable noncontrolling interests153,469 145,336 Redeemable noncontrolling interests124,082 165,737 
Stockholders' equity:Stockholders' equity:Stockholders' equity:
Common stock, 114,895,870 and 113,386,600 shares issued as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, at $0.0001 par value11 11 
Common stock, 122,405,788 and 114,939,079 shares issued as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, at $0.0001 par valueCommon stock, 122,405,788 and 114,939,079 shares issued as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, at $0.0001 par value12 11 
Additional paid-in capital—common stockAdditional paid-in capital—common stock1,633,507 1,649,199 Additional paid-in capital—common stock1,749,419 1,637,847 
Accumulated deficitAccumulated deficit(387,073)(459,715)Accumulated deficit(191,513)(364,782)
Total stockholders' equityTotal stockholders' equity1,246,445 1,189,495 Total stockholders' equity1,557,918 1,273,076 
Noncontrolling interestsNoncontrolling interests353,501 286,782 Noncontrolling interests519,876 448,637 
Total equityTotal equity1,599,946 1,476,277 Total equity2,077,794 1,721,713 
Total liabilities, redeemable noncontrolling interests and equityTotal liabilities, redeemable noncontrolling interests and equity$7,649,725 $5,504,234 Total liabilities, redeemable noncontrolling interests and equity$10,785,305 $8,336,892 

(1) The consolidated assets as of September 30, 20222023 and December 31, 20212022 include $2,721,620$4,712,182 and $2,148,398,$3,201,271, respectively, of assets of variable interest entities ("VIEs") that can only be used to settle obligations of the VIEs. These assets include cash of $33,695$51,260 and $23,538$40,382 as of September 30, 20222023 and December 31, 2021,2022, respectively; accounts receivable—trade, net of $9,834$13,789 and $6,167$8,542 as of September 30, 20222023 and December 31, 2021,2022, respectively; accounts receivable—other of $739$1,198 and $410$810 as of September 30, 20222023 and December 31, 2021,2022, respectively; other current assets of $273,175$805,774 and $272,421$422,364 as of September 30, 20222023 and December 31, 2021,2022, respectively; property and equipment, net of $2,362,041$3,778,707 and $1,817,471$2,680,587 as of September 30, 20222023 and December 31, 2021,2022, respectively; and other assets of $42,136$61,454 and $28,391$48,586 as of September 30, 20222023 and December 31, 2021,2022, respectively. The consolidated liabilities as of September 30, 20222023 and December 31, 20212022 include $59,908$88,275 and $47,225,$66,441, respectively, of liabilities of VIEs whose creditors have no recourse to Sunnova Energy International Inc. These liabilities include accounts payable of $8,965$17,502 and $6,014$9,015 as of September 30, 20222023 and December 31, 2021,2022, respectively; accrued expenses of $178$77 and $88$287 as of September 30, 20222023 and December 31, 2021,2022, respectively; other current liabilities of $2,894$6,112 and $3,845$4,420 as of September 30, 20222023 and December 31, 2021,2022, respectively; and other long-term liabilities of $47,871$64,584 and $37,278$52,719 as of September 30, 20222023 and December 31, 2021,2022, respectively.

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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SUNNOVA ENERGY INTERNATIONAL INC.
UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
20222021202220212023202220232022
RevenueRevenue$149,364 $68,901 $362,098 $176,733 Revenue$198,398 $149,364 $526,471 $362,098 
Operating expense:Operating expense:Operating expense:
Cost of revenue—depreciationCost of revenue—depreciation24,663 19,665 69,935 55,621 Cost of revenue—depreciation33,743 24,663 92,262 69,935 
Cost of revenue—inventory salesCost of revenue—inventory sales40,917 — 89,884 — Cost of revenue—inventory sales50,694 40,917 129,016 89,884 
Cost of revenue—otherCost of revenue—other15,567 7,342 32,974 13,572 Cost of revenue—other30,981 15,567 81,599 32,974 
Operations and maintenanceOperations and maintenance9,774 6,035 23,787 14,640 Operations and maintenance18,702 9,774 59,306 23,787 
General and administrativeGeneral and administrative75,897 53,372 214,362 144,028 General and administrative111,545 75,897 314,190 214,362 
Other operating expense (income)10,267 (9,337)(4,186)(5,303)
Other operating (income) expenseOther operating (income) expense(9,051)10,267 (3,134)(4,186)
Total operating expense, netTotal operating expense, net177,085 77,077 426,756 222,558 Total operating expense, net236,614 177,085 673,239 426,756 
Operating lossOperating loss(27,721)(8,176)(64,658)(45,825)Operating loss(38,216)(27,721)(146,768)(64,658)
Interest expense, netInterest expense, net18,328 26,588 36,275 84,748 Interest expense, net57,601 20,824 200,155 44,380 
Interest incomeInterest income(16,185)(9,098)(40,428)(24,266)Interest income(30,590)(16,185)(81,670)(40,428)
Loss on extinguishment of long-term debt, net— — — 9,824 
Other (income) expenseOther (income) expense(12)189 (327)60 Other (income) expense561 (12)3,969 (327)
Loss before income taxLoss before income tax(29,852)(25,855)(60,178)(116,191)Loss before income tax(65,788)(32,348)(269,222)(68,283)
Income tax expense— 64 — 64 
Income tax benefitIncome tax benefit(9,325)— (1,632)— 
Net lossNet loss(29,852)(25,919)(60,178)(116,255)Net loss(56,463)(32,348)(267,590)(68,283)
Net income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests32,195 1,622 72,455 7,665 
Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interestsNet income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests6,684 32,195 (37,269)72,455 
Net loss attributable to stockholdersNet loss attributable to stockholders$(62,047)$(27,541)$(132,633)$(123,920)Net loss attributable to stockholders$(63,147)$(64,543)$(230,321)$(140,738)
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders—basic and diluted$(0.54)$(0.25)$(1.16)$(1.12)
Net loss per share attributable to stockholders—basic and dilutedNet loss per share attributable to stockholders—basic and diluted$(0.53)$(0.56)$(1.97)$(1.23)
Weighted average common shares outstanding—basic and dilutedWeighted average common shares outstanding—basic and diluted114,816,879 112,159,698 114,293,251 110,185,333 Weighted average common shares outstanding—basic and diluted119,554,008 114,816,879 116,971,318 114,293,251 

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

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SUNNOVA ENERGY INTERNATIONAL INC.
UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
20222021
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net loss$(60,178)$(116,255)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation78,401 62,286 
Impairment and loss on disposals, net2,971 3,522 
Amortization of intangible assets21,333 14,111 
Amortization of deferred financing costs9,690 11,556 
Amortization of debt discount6,273 8,231 
Non-cash effect of equity-based compensation plans20,059 13,937 
Unrealized gain on derivatives(35,685)(5,574)
Unrealized gain on fair value instruments(4,136)(4,665)
Loss on extinguishment of long-term debt, net— 9,824 
Other non-cash items(14,087)12,622 
Changes in components of operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable(100,537)(27,194)
Other current assets(139,946)(99,731)
Other assets(84,142)(41,404)
Accounts payable1,403 (5,226)
Accrued expenses41,571 19,923 
Other current liabilities(4,243)(1,617)
Other long-term liabilities(4,542)(1,193)
Net cash used in operating activities(265,795)(146,847)
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Purchases of property and equipment(637,556)(344,044)
Payments for investments and customer notes receivable(902,773)(553,475)
Proceeds from customer notes receivable79,870 47,300 
Proceeds from investments in solar receivables9,388 — 
Other, net(282)3,038 
Net cash used in investing activities(1,451,353)(847,181)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from long-term debt2,308,033 1,890,185 
Payments of long-term debt(571,261)(815,710)
Payments on notes payable— (34,555)
Payments of deferred financing costs(24,748)(27,031)
Payments of debt discounts— (2,324)
Purchase of capped call transactions(48,420)(91,655)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net(3,345)9,911 
Contributions from redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests236,661 226,432 
Distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests(20,847)(10,407)
Payments of costs related to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests(10,380)(8,159)
Other, net(601)(283)
Net cash provided by financing activities1,865,092 1,136,404 
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash147,944 142,376 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period391,897 377,893 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period539,841 520,269 
Restricted cash included in other current assets(14,584)(52,042)
Restricted cash included in other assets(112,676)(60,071)
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period$412,581 $408,156 

Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
20232022
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net loss$(267,590)$(68,283)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation107,957 78,401 
Impairment and loss on disposals, net24,930 2,971 
Amortization of intangible assets21,324 21,333 
Amortization of deferred financing costs17,007 9,690 
Amortization of debt discount12,971 6,273 
Non-cash effect of equity-based compensation plans19,812 20,059 
Non-cash direct sales revenue(43,034)(4,448)
Provision for current expected credit losses and other bad debt expense35,085 28,773 
Unrealized gain on derivatives(10,208)(27,580)
Unrealized (gain) loss on fair value instruments and equity securities846 (4,136)
Other non-cash items2,633 (38,412)
Changes in components of operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable99,753 (100,537)
Other current assets(77,976)(139,946)
Other assets(95,321)(84,142)
Accounts payable(6,711)1,403 
Accrued expenses(35,193)41,571 
Other current liabilities9,604 (4,243)
Other long-term liabilities(10,680)(4,542)
Net cash used in operating activities(194,791)(265,795)
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Purchases of property and equipment(1,315,192)(637,556)
Payments for investments and customer notes receivable(716,972)(902,773)
Proceeds from customer notes receivable126,980 79,870 
Proceeds from investments in solar receivables8,708 9,388 
Other, net4,707 (282)
Net cash used in investing activities(1,891,769)(1,451,353)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from long-term debt2,859,489 2,308,033 
Payments of long-term debt(1,090,338)(571,261)
Payments on notes payable(4,356)— 
Payments of deferred financing costs(60,336)(24,748)
Purchase of capped call transactions— (48,420)
Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net81,329 (3,345)
Contributions from redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests520,611 236,661 
Distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests(30,159)(20,847)
Payments of costs related to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests(8,475)(10,380)
Proceeds from sales of investment tax credits for redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests4,950 — 
Other, net(6,662)(601)
Net cash provided by financing activities2,266,053 1,865,092 
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash179,493 147,944 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period545,574 391,897 
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period725,067 539,841 
Restricted cash included in other current assets(30,307)(14,584)
Restricted cash included in other assets(226,858)(112,676)
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period$467,902 $412,581 
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Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
2022202120232022
Non-cash investing and financing activities:Non-cash investing and financing activities:Non-cash investing and financing activities:
Change in accounts payable and accrued expenses related to purchases of property and equipmentChange in accounts payable and accrued expenses related to purchases of property and equipment$14,019 $50,057 Change in accounts payable and accrued expenses related to purchases of property and equipment$66,022 $14,019 
Change in accounts payable and accrued expenses related to payments for investments and customer notes receivableChange in accounts payable and accrued expenses related to payments for investments and customer notes receivable$21,750 $(37,086)Change in accounts payable and accrued expenses related to payments for investments and customer notes receivable$11,800 $21,750 
Non-cash issuance of common stock related to the settlement of contingent consideration$16,014 $— 
Non-cash conversion of convertible senior notes for common stock$— $95,648 
Supplemental cash flow information:Supplemental cash flow information:Supplemental cash flow information:
Cash paid for interestCash paid for interest$105,375 $70,415 Cash paid for interest$213,016 $105,375 
Cash paid for income taxesCash paid for income taxes$— $94 Cash paid for income taxes$11,693 $— 

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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SUNNOVA ENERGY INTERNATIONAL INC.
UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF REDEEMABLE NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS AND EQUITY
(in thousands, except share amounts)

Redeemable
Noncontrolling
Interests
Common StockAdditional
Paid-in
Capital -
Common
Stock
Accumulated
Deficit
Total
Stockholders'
Equity
Noncontrolling
Interests
Total
Equity
SharesAmount
December 31, 2020$136,124 100,412,036 $10 $1,482,716 $(530,995)$951,731 $192,826 $1,144,557 
Cumulative-effect adjustment— — — — 2,254 2,254 — 2,254 
Net income (loss)2,110 — — — (32,983)(32,983)6,809 (26,174)
Issuance of common stock, net— 8,141,766 65,541 — 65,542 — 65,542 
Equity component of debt instrument— — — (8,807)— (8,807)— (8,807)
Contributions from noncontrolling interests— — — — — — 40,802 40,802 
Distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests(1,090)— — — — — (1,743)(1,743)
Costs related to noncontrolling interests— — — — — — (55)(55)
Equity in subsidiaries attributable to parent40 — — — 37,213 37,213 (37,253)(40)
Equity-based compensation expense— — — 7,924 — 7,924 — 7,924 
Other, net(62)— — — (476)(475)
March 31, 2021137,122 108,553,802 11 1,547,375 (524,511)1,022,875 200,910 1,223,785 
Net income (loss)4,236 — — — (63,396)(63,396)(7,112)(70,508)
Issuance of common stock, net— 3,431,715 — 138,020 — 138,020 — 138,020 
Capped call transactions— — — (91,655)— (91,655)— (91,655)
Contributions from noncontrolling interests— — — — — — 75,808 75,808 
Distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests(1,128)— — — — — (2,300)(2,300)
Costs related to noncontrolling interests— — — — — — (3,035)(3,035)
Equity in subsidiaries attributable to parent— — — 57,971 57,971 (57,973)(2)
Equity-based compensation expense— — — 2,920 — 2,920 — 2,920 
Other, net(47)— — (1)— (1)(654)(655)
June 30, 2021140,185 111,985,517 11 1,596,659 (529,936)1,066,734 205,644 1,272,378 
Net income (loss)3,332 — — — (27,541)(27,541)(1,710)(29,251)
Issuance of common stock, net— 279,137 — 1,188 — 1,188 — 1,188 
Contributions from noncontrolling interests— — — — — — 109,822 109,822 
Distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests(1,146)— — — — — (3,000)(3,000)
Costs related to noncontrolling interests— — — — — — (3,037)(3,037)
Equity in subsidiaries attributable to parent— — — 51,683 51,683 (51,688)(5)
Equity-based compensation expense— — — 3,093 — 3,093 — 3,093 
Other, net— — — (1,392)(1,391)
September 30, 2021$142,377 112,264,654 $11 $1,600,940 $(505,793)$1,095,158 $254,639 $1,349,797 

Redeemable
Noncontrolling
Interests
Common StockAdditional
Paid-in
Capital -
Common
Stock
Accumulated
Deficit
Total
Stockholders'
Equity
Noncontrolling
Interests
Total
Equity
SharesAmount
December 31, 2021$145,336 113,386,600 $11 $1,649,199 $(459,715)$1,189,495 $286,782 $1,476,277 
Net income (loss)(2,432)— — — (35,058)(35,058)15,386 (19,672)
Issuance of common stock, net— 524,788 — (2,976)— (2,976)— (2,976)
Contributions from redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests3,757 — — — — — 48,132 48,132 
Distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests(1,122)— — — — — (4,732)(4,732)
Costs related to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests(57)— — — — — (2,292)(2,292)
Equity in subsidiaries attributable to parent(173)— — — 69,769 69,769 (69,596)173 
Equity-based compensation expense— — — 10,864 — 10,864 — 10,864 
Other, net(123)— — — — — 174 174 
March 31, 2022145,186 113,911,388 11 1,657,087 (425,004)1,232,094 273,854 1,505,948 
Net income (loss)4,563 — — — (41,137)(41,137)22,743 (18,394)
Issuance of common stock, net— 745,829 — 15,828 — 15,828 — 15,828 
Contributions from redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests13,423 — — — — — 111,967 111,967 
Distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests(1,239)— — — — — (5,237)(5,237)
Costs related to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests(193)— — — — — (2,417)(2,417)
Equity in subsidiaries attributable to parent(10,168)— — — 83,316 83,316 (73,148)10,168 
Equity-based compensation expense— — — 4,732 — 4,732 — 4,732 
Other, net(65)— — — (1)(1)(2,010)(2,011)
June 30, 2022151,507 114,657,217 11 1,677,647 (382,826)1,294,832 325,752 1,620,584 
Net income (loss)(1,507)— — — (64,543)(64,543)33,702 (30,841)
Issuance of common stock, net— 238,653 — (183)— (183)— (183)
Capped call transactions— — — (48,420)— (48,420)— (48,420)
Contributions from redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests5,990 — — — — — 53,392 53,392 
Distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests(1,203)— — — — — (7,314)(7,314)
Costs related to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests(8)— — — — — (226)(226)
Equity in subsidiaries attributable to parent(1,240)— — — 52,191 52,191 (50,951)1,240 
Equity-based compensation expense— — — 4,463 — 4,463 — 4,463 
Other, net(70)— — — — — (854)(854)
September 30, 2022$153,469 114,895,870 $11 $1,633,507 $(395,178)$1,238,340 $353,501 $1,591,841 
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Redeemable
Noncontrolling
Interests
Common StockAdditional
Paid-in
Capital -
Common
Stock
Accumulated
Deficit
Total
Stockholders'
Equity
Noncontrolling
Interests
Total
Equity
SharesAmount
December 31, 2021$145,336 113,386,600 $11 $1,649,199 $(459,715)$1,189,495 $286,782 $1,476,277 
Net income (loss)(2,432)— — — (33,583)(33,583)15,386 (18,197)
Issuance of common stock, net— 524,788 — (2,976)— (2,976)— (2,976)
Contributions from redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests3,757 — — — — — 48,132 48,132 
Distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests(1,122)— — — — — (4,732)(4,732)
Costs related to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests(57)— — — — — (2,292)(2,292)
Equity in subsidiaries attributable to parent(173)— — — 69,769 69,769 (69,596)173 
Equity-based compensation expense— — — 10,864 — 10,864 — 10,864 
Other, net(123)— — — — — 174 174 
March 31, 2022145,186 113,911,388 11 1,657,087 (423,529)1,233,569 273,854 1,507,423 
Net income (loss)4,563 — — — (37,003)(37,003)22,743 (14,260)
Issuance of common stock, net— 745,829 — 15,828 — 15,828 — 15,828 
Contributions from redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests13,423 — — — — — 111,967 111,967 
Distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests(1,239)— — — — — (5,237)(5,237)
Costs related to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests(193)— — — — — (2,417)(2,417)
Equity in subsidiaries attributable to parent(10,168)— — — 83,316 83,316 (73,148)10,168 
Equity-based compensation expense— — — 4,732 — 4,732 — 4,732 
Other, net(65)— — — (1)(1)(2,010)(2,011)
June 30, 2022151,507 114,657,217 11 1,677,647 (377,217)1,300,441 325,752 1,626,193 
Net income (loss)(1,507)— — — (62,047)(62,047)33,702 (28,345)
Issuance of common stock, net— 238,653 — (183)— (183)— (183)
Capped call transactions— — — (48,420)— (48,420)— (48,420)
Contributions from redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests5,990 — — — — — 53,392 53,392 
Distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests(1,203)— — — — — (7,314)(7,314)
Costs related to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests(8)— — — — — (226)(226)
Equity in subsidiaries attributable to parent(1,240)— — — 52,191 52,191 (50,951)1,240 
Equity-based compensation expense— — — 4,463 — 4,463 — 4,463 
Other, net(70)— — — — — (854)(854)
September 30, 2022$153,469 114,895,870 $11 $1,633,507 $(387,073)$1,246,445 $353,501 $1,599,946 

Redeemable
Noncontrolling
Interests
Common StockAdditional
Paid-in
Capital -
Common
Stock
Accumulated
Deficit
Total
Stockholders'
Equity
Noncontrolling
Interests
Total
Equity
SharesAmount
December 31, 2022$165,737 114,939,079 $11 $1,637,847 $(364,782)$1,273,076 $448,637 $1,721,713 
Net loss(20,404)— — — (81,083)(81,083)(8,859)(89,942)
Issuance of common stock, net— 645,580 (1,625)— (1,624)— (1,624)
Contributions from redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests60,203 — — — — — 114,748 114,748 
Distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests(1,448)— — — — — (7,106)(7,106)
Costs related to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests(2,605)— — — — — (1,460)(1,460)
Equity in subsidiaries attributable to parent(21,528)— — — 78,893 78,893 (57,365)21,528 
Equity-based compensation expense— — — 9,515 — 9,515 — 9,515 
Other, net(453)— — — — — (110)(110)
March 31, 2023179,502 115,584,659 12 1,645,737 (366,972)1,278,777 488,485 1,767,262 
Net income (loss)860 — — — (86,091)(86,091)(15,550)(101,641)
Issuance of common stock, net— 809,283 — 11,409 — 11,409 — 11,409 
Contributions from redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests40,201 — — — — — 104,204 104,204 
Distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests(2,498)— — — — — (7,320)(7,320)
Costs related to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests(719)— — — — — (721)(721)
Equity in subsidiaries attributable to parent(111,121)— — — 180,877 180,877 (69,756)111,121 
Equity-based compensation expense— — — 4,803 — 4,803 — 4,803 
Other, net(6,144)— — — — — (1,073)(1,073)
June 30, 2023100,081 116,393,942 12 1,661,949 (272,186)1,389,775 498,269 1,888,044 
Net income (loss)(8,715)— — — (63,147)(63,147)15,399 (47,748)
Issuance of common stock, net— 6,011,846 — 81,976 — 81,976 — 81,976 
Contributions from redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests137,580 — — — — — 63,675 63,675 
Distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests(3,347)— — — — — (8,440)(8,440)
Costs related to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests(2,575)— — — — — (155)(155)
Equity in subsidiaries attributable to parent(96,524)— — — 143,820 143,820 (47,296)96,524 
Equity-based compensation expense— — — 5,494 — 5,494 — 5,494 
Other, net(2,418)— — — — — (1,576)(1,576)
September 30, 2023$124,082 122,405,788 $12 $1,749,419 $(191,513)$1,557,918 $519,876 $2,077,794 

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
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(1) Description of Business and Basis of Presentation

We are a leading residential energy serviceEnergy as a Service provider, serving over 246,000386,000 customers in more than 3545 United States ("U.S.") states and territories. Sunnova Energy Corporation was incorporated in Delaware on October 22, 2012 and formed Sunnova Energy International Inc. ("SEI") as a Delaware corporation on April 1, 2019. We completed our initial public offering on July 29, 2019 (our "IPO"); and in connection with our IPO, all of Sunnova Energy Corporation's ownership interests were contributed to SEI. Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this report to "Sunnova," the "Company," "we," "our," "us," or like terms, refer to SEI and its consolidated subsidiaries.

We have a differentiated residential solar dealer model in which we partner with local dealers who originate, design and install our customers' solar energy systems, energy storage systems and related products and services on our behalf. Our focus on our dealer model enables us to leverage our dealers' specialized knowledge, connections and experience in local markets to drive customer origination while providing our dealers with access to high quality products at competitive prices, as well as technical oversight and expertise. We believe this structure provides operational flexibility, reduces exposure to labor shortages and lowers fixed costs relative to our peers, furthering our competitive advantage.

We provide our services through long-term agreements with a diversified pool of credit quality customers. Our solar service agreements typically are structured as either a legal-form lease (a "lease") of a solar energy system and/or energy storage system to the customer, the sale of the solar energy system's output to the customer under a power purchase agreement ("PPA") or the purchase of a solar energy system, and/or energy storage system and/or accessory either with financing provided by us (a "loan") or paid in full by the customer (a "sale"); however, we also offer service plans and repair services for systems we did not originate. We make it possible in some states for a customer to obtain a new roof andand/or other ancillary products as part of their solar loan.products. We also allow customers originated through our homebuilder channel the option of purchasing the system when the customer closes on the purchase of a new home. The initial term of our solar service agreements is typically between 10 and 25 years, during which time we provide or arrange for ongoing services to customers, including monitoring, maintenance and warranty services. Our lease and PPA agreements typically include an opportunity for customers to renew for up to an additional 10 years, via two five-year or one 10-year renewal options. Our ancillary products include both cash sales and loans with an initial term between one year and 20 years. Customer payments and rates can be fixed for the duration of the solar service agreement or escalated at a pre-determined percentage annually. We also receive tax benefits and other incentives from leases and PPAs, a portion of which we finance through tax equity, non-recourse debt structures and hedging arrangements in order to fund our upfront costs, overhead and growth investments. Our future success depends in part on our ability to raise capital from third-party investors and commercial sources. We have an established track record of attracting capital from diverse sources. From our inception through September 30, 2022,2023, we have raised more than $11.2$14.5 billion in total capital commitments from equity, debt and tax equity investors.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements ("interim financial statements") include our consolidated balance sheets, statements of operations, statements of redeemable noncontrolling interests and equity and statements of cash flows and have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") from records maintained by us. We have condensed or omitted certain information and note disclosures normally included in the financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP pursuant to the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") regarding interim financial reporting. As such, these interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with our 20212022 annual audited consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 24, 2022.23, 2023. Our interim financial statements reflect all normal recurring adjustments necessary, in our opinion, to state fairly our financial position and results of operations for the reported periods. Amounts reported for interim periods may not be indicative of a full year period because of our continual growth, seasonal fluctuations in demand for power, timing of maintenance and other expenditures, changes in interest expense and other factors.

Our interim financial statements include our accounts and those of our subsidiaries in which we have a controlling financial interest. In accordance with the provisions of the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 810, Consolidation, we consolidate any VIE of which we are the primary beneficiary. We form VIEs with our investors in the ordinary course of business to facilitate the funding and monetization of certain attributes associated with our solar energy systems. The typical condition for a controlling financial interest is holding a majority of the voting interests of an entity. However, a controlling financial interest may also exist in entities, such as VIEs, through arrangements that do not involve holding a majority of the voting interests. A primary beneficiary is defined as the party that has (a) the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the VIE's economic performance and (b) the
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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
obligation to absorb losses or receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. We do not
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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
consolidate a VIE in which we have a majority ownership interest when we are not considered the primary beneficiary. We have considered the provisions within the contractual arrangements that grant us power to manage and make decisions that affect the operation of our VIEs, including determining the solar energy systems contributed to the VIEs, and the installation, operation and maintenance of the solar energy systems. We consider the rights granted to the other investors under the contractual arrangements to be more protective in nature rather than substantive participating rights. As such, we have determined we are the primary beneficiary of our VIEs and evaluate our relationships with our VIEs on an ongoing basis to determine whether we continue to be the primary beneficiary. We have eliminated all intercompany transactions in consolidation.

Reclassifications

Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. These reclassifications did not have a significant impact on our interim financial statements.

Coronavirus ("COVID-19") PandemicRevisions

We have revised our previously issued interim financial statements to correct immaterial errors pertaining to our interest rate derivative financial instruments, specifically the credit valuation adjustment to account for the counterparties' credit risk. We originally did not record the estimated reduction to the derivative assets related to the credit valuation adjustment as of March 31, 2022, June 30, 2022 and September 30, 2022. These immaterial errors impacted our consolidated balance sheets, consolidated statements of operations, consolidated statements of cash flows and consolidated statements of redeemable noncontrolling interests and equity. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has resulted and may continue to result in widespread adverse impactsfollowing tables present the impact of these revisions on the global economy. We have experienced some resulting disruptions to our business operations due to the COVID-19 virus and its impacts.interim financial statements:

Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, we have continued to serviceConsolidated Balance Sheets
As of March 31, 2022
As Previously
Reported
RevisionsAs
Revised
(in thousands)
Other assets$662,456 $(1,475)$660,981 
Accumulated deficit$(423,529)$(1,475)$(425,004)

As of June 30, 2022
As Previously
Reported
RevisionsAs
Revised
(in thousands)
Other assets$802,862 $(5,609)$797,253 
Accumulated deficit$(377,217)$(5,609)$(382,826)

As of September 30, 2022
As Previously
Reported
RevisionsAs
Revised
(in thousands)
Other assets$920,634 $(8,105)$912,529 
Accumulated deficit$(387,073)$(8,105)$(395,178)

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Consolidated Statements of Operations
Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
As Previously
Reported
RevisionsAs
Revised
(in thousands)
Interest expense, net$(2,490)$1,475 $(1,015)
Loss before income tax$(20,629)$(1,475)$(22,104)
Net loss$(20,629)$(1,475)$(22,104)
Net loss attributable to stockholders$(33,583)$(1,475)$(35,058)
Net loss per share attributable to stockholders—basic and diluted$(0.30)$(0.01)$(0.31)

Three Months Ended June 30, 2022Six Months Ended June 30, 2022
As Previously
Reported
RevisionsAs
Revised
As Previously
Reported
RevisionsAs
Revised
(in thousands)
Interest expense, net$20,437 $4,134 $24,571 $17,947 $5,609 $23,556 
Loss before income tax$(9,697)$(4,134)$(13,831)$(30,326)$(5,609)$(35,935)
Net loss$(9,697)$(4,134)$(13,831)$(30,326)$(5,609)$(35,935)
Net loss attributable to stockholders$(37,003)$(4,134)$(41,137)$(70,586)$(5,609)$(76,195)
Net loss per share attributable to stockholders—basic and diluted$(0.32)$(0.04)$(0.36)$(0.62)$(0.05)$(0.67)

Three Months Ended September 30, 2022Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
As Previously
Reported
RevisionsAs
Revised
As Previously
Reported
RevisionsAs
Revised
(in thousands)
Interest expense, net$18,328 $2,496 $20,824 $36,275 $8,105 $44,380 
Loss before income tax$(29,852)$(2,496)$(32,348)$(60,178)$(8,105)$(68,283)
Net loss$(29,852)$(2,496)$(32,348)$(60,178)$(8,105)$(68,283)
Net loss attributable to stockholders$(62,047)$(2,496)$(64,543)$(132,633)$(8,105)$(140,738)
Net loss per share attributable to stockholders—basic and diluted$(0.54)$(0.02)$(0.56)$(1.16)$(0.07)$(1.23)

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
As Previously
Reported
RevisionsAs
Revised
(in thousands)
Net loss$(20,629)$(1,475)$(22,104)
Unrealized gain on derivatives$(35,349)$1,475 $(33,874)
Net cash used in operating activities$(92,129)$— $(92,129)

Six Months Ended June 30, 2022
As Previously
Reported
RevisionsAs
Revised
(in thousands)
Net loss$(30,326)$(5,609)$(35,935)
Unrealized gain on derivatives$(6,626)$5,609 $(1,017)
Net cash used in operating activities$(162,343)$— $(162,343)

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
As Previously
Reported
RevisionsAs
Revised
(in thousands)
Net loss$(60,178)$(8,105)$(68,283)
Unrealized gain on derivatives$(35,685)$8,105 $(27,580)
Net cash used in operating activities$(265,795)$— $(265,795)

Consolidated Statements of Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests and install solar energy systems and energy storage systems. The industry is currently facing shortages and shipping delays affecting the supply of energy storage systems, modules and component parts for inverters and racking used in solar energy systems available for purchase. These shortages and delays can be attributed in part to the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting government action, as well as to allegations regarding the use of forced labor in the Chinese polysilicon supply chain. While a majority of our dealers have secured sufficient quantities to permit them to continue installing through much of 2022, if these shortages and delays persist, they could impact the timing of when solar energy systems and energy storage systems can be installed and when we can acquire and begin to generate revenue from those systems. In addition, if supply chains become significantly disrupted due to additional outbreaks of the COVID-19 virus or otherwise, or more stringent health and safety guidelines are implemented, our ability to install and service solar energy systems and energy storage systems could become adversely impacted. We cannot predict the full impact the COVID-19 pandemic will have on our business, cash flows, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations at this time due to numerous uncertainties. We will continue to monitor developments affecting our workforce, our customers and our business operations generally, and will take actions we determine are necessary in order to mitigate these impacts.Equity
Accumulated Deficit
As Previously
Reported
RevisionsAs
Revised
(in thousands)
December 31, 2021$(459,715)$— $(459,715)
Net loss attributable to stockholders(33,583)(1,475)(35,058)
Equity in subsidiaries attributable to parent69,769 — 69,769 
March 31, 2022(423,529)(1,475)(425,004)
Net loss attributable to stockholders(37,003)(4,134)(41,137)
Equity in subsidiaries attributable to parent83,316 — 83,316 
Other, net(1)— (1)
June 30, 2022(377,217)(5,609)(382,826)
Net loss attributable to stockholders(62,047)(2,496)(64,543)
Equity in subsidiaries attributable to parent52,191 — 52,191 
September 30, 2022$(387,073)$(8,105)$(395,178)

(2) Significant Accounting Policies

Included below are updates to significant accounting policies disclosed in our 20212022 annual audited consolidated financial statements.

Use of Estimates

The application of GAAP in the preparation of the interim financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the interim financial statements and accompanying notes. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions believed to be reasonable, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts Receivable—Trade.    Accounts receivable—trade primarily represents trade receivables from residential customers that are generally collected in the subsequent month. Accounts receivable—trade is recorded net of an allowance for credit losses, which is based on our assessment of the collectability of customer accounts based on the best available data at the time. We review the allowance by considering factors such as historical experience, customer credit rating, contractual term, aging category and current economic conditions that may affect a customer's ability to pay to identify customers with potential disputes or collection issues. We write off accounts receivable when we deem them uncollectible. As of September 30, 2022, we have not experienced a significant increase in delinquent customer accounts and have not made any significant adjustments to our allowance for credit losses related to accounts receivable—trade as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The following table presents
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table presents the changes in the allowance for credit losses recorded against accounts receivabletrade, net in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets:

Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
20222021202220212023202220232022
(in thousands)(in thousands)
Balance at beginning of periodBalance at beginning of period$1,198 $858 $1,044 $912 Balance at beginning of period$2,143 $1,198 $1,676 $1,044 
Provision for current expected credit lossesProvision for current expected credit losses802 485 1,891 1,322 Provision for current expected credit losses1,474 802 3,579 1,891 
Write off of uncollectible accountsWrite off of uncollectible accounts(717)(424)(1,769)(1,410)Write off of uncollectible accounts(1,257)(717)(3,005)(1,769)
RecoveriesRecoveries83 54 200 148 Recoveries96 83 206 200 
Other, net— — — 
Balance at end of periodBalance at end of period$1,366 $973 $1,366 $973 Balance at end of period$2,456 $1,366 $2,456 $1,366 

Accounts Receivable—Other.    Accounts receivable—other primarily represents receivables from our dealers or other parties related to the sale of inventory and the use of inventory procured by us.

Inventory

Inventory is stated at the lower of cost and net realizable value using the first-in, first-out method. Inventory primarily represents (a) raw materials, such as energy storage systems, photovoltaic modules, inverters, meters and modems, (b) homebuilder construction in progress and (c) other associated equipment purchased. These materials are typically procured by us and used by our dealers, sold to our dealers or held for use as original parts on new solar energy systems or replacement parts on existing solar energy systems. We remove these items from inventory and record the transaction in typically one of these manners: (a) expense to operations and maintenance expense when installed as a replacement part for a solar energy system, (b) recognize in accounts receivable—other when procured by us and used by our dealers, (c) expense to cost of revenue—inventory sales if sold directly to a dealer or other party, (d) capitalize to property and equipment when installed on an existing home or business or (e) capitalize to property and equipment when placed in service under the homebuilder program. We periodically evaluate our inventory for unusable and obsolete items based on assumptions about future demand and market conditions. Based on this evaluation, provisions are made to write inventory down to net realizable value. The following table presents the detail of inventory as recorded in other current assets in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets:

As of 
 September 30, 2022
As of 
 December 31, 2021
As of 
 September 30, 2023
As of 
 December 31, 2022
(in thousands)(in thousands)
Modules and inverters$41,728 $60,661 
Energy storage systems and componentsEnergy storage systems and components98,944 43,071 Energy storage systems and components$69,082 $74,968 
Homebuilder construction in progressHomebuilder construction in progress45,055 23,642 Homebuilder construction in progress43,179 43,116 
Modules and invertersModules and inverters23,872 32,798 
Meters and modemsMeters and modems362 581 Meters and modems1,541 1,166 
OtherOther483 — Other— 65 
TotalTotal$186,572 $127,955 Total$137,674 $152,113 

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair value is an exit price representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. ASC 820 establishes a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes inputs that may be used to measure fair value as follows:

Level 1—Observable inputs that reflect unadjusted quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that are accessible at the measurement date.
Level 2—Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted market prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted market prices in markets that are not active or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.
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Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the level in the fair value hierarchy must be determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement. An assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and consideration of factors specific to the asset or liability. Our financial instruments include cash, cash equivalents, accounts receivable, customer notes receivable, investments in solar receivables, accounts payable, accrued expenses, long-term debt, interest rate swaps and caps and contingent consideration. The carrying values of accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate the fair values due to the fact that they are short-term in nature and based on quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that are accessible at the measurement date (Level 1). We estimate the fair value of our customer notes receivable based on interest rates currently offered under the loan program with similar maturities and terms (Level 3). We estimate the fair value of our investments in solar receivables based on a discounted cash flows model that utilizes market data related to solar irradiance, production factors by region and projected electric utility rates in order to build up revenue projections (Level 3). In addition, lease-related revenue and maintenance and service costs were supported through the use of available market studies and data. We estimate the fair value of our fixed-rate long-term debt based on interest rates currently offered foran analysis of debt with similar book values, maturities and termsrequired market yields based on current interest rates (Level 3). We determine the fair values of the interest rate derivative transactions based on a discounted cash flow method using contractual terms of the transactions.transactions and counterparty credit risk as key inputs. The floating interest rate is based on observable rates consistent with the frequency of the interest cash flows (Level 2). For contingent consideration, we estimate the fair value of the installation earnout using the Monte Carlo model based on the forecasted placements for the installations and the microgrid earnout using a scenario-based methodology based on the probabilities of the microgrid earnout, both using Level 3 inputs. See Note 7,6, Customer Notes Receivable, Note 8,7, Long-Term Debt and Note 9,8, Derivative Instruments.

The following tables present our financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 20222023 and December 31, 2021:2022:

As of September 30, 2022As of September 30, 2023
TotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3TotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3
(in thousands)(in thousands)
Financial assets:Financial assets:Financial assets:
Investments in solar receivablesInvestments in solar receivables$71,656 $— $— $71,656 Investments in solar receivables$64,250 $— $— $64,250 
Derivative assetsDerivative assets117,544 — 117,544 — Derivative assets129,643 — 129,643 — 
TotalTotal$189,200 $— $117,544 $71,656 Total$193,893 $— $129,643 $64,250 
Financial liabilities:Financial liabilities:Financial liabilities:
Contingent considerationContingent consideration$45,161 $— $— $45,161 Contingent consideration$12,874 $— $— $12,874 
TotalTotal$45,161 $— $— $45,161 Total$12,874 $— $— $12,874 

As of December 31, 2021As of December 31, 2022
TotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3TotalLevel 1Level 2Level 3
(in thousands)(in thousands)
Financial assets:Financial assets:Financial assets:
Investments in solar receivablesInvestments in solar receivables$82,658 $— $— $82,658 Investments in solar receivables$72,171 $— $— $72,171 
Derivative assetsDerivative assets14,351 — 14,351 — Derivative assets112,712 — 112,712 — 
TotalTotal$97,009 $— $14,351 $82,658 Total$184,883 $— $112,712 $72,171 
Financial liabilities:Financial liabilities:Financial liabilities:
Contingent considerationContingent consideration$67,895 $— $— $67,895 Contingent consideration$26,787 $— $— $26,787 
Derivative liabilities5,330 — 5,330 — 
TotalTotal$73,225 $— $5,330 $67,895 Total$26,787 $— $— $26,787 

Changes in the fair value of our investments in solar receivables are included in other operating expense/income in the consolidated statements of operations. The following table summarizes the change in the fair value of our financial assets
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accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs as recorded in other current assets and other assets (see Note 4, Detail of Certain Balance Sheet Captions) in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets:

Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
2022202120232022
(in thousands)(in thousands)
Balance at beginning of periodBalance at beginning of period$82,658 $— Balance at beginning of period$72,171 $82,658 
AdditionsAdditions969 — 
SettlementsSettlements(8,090)— Settlements(8,931)(8,090)
Loss recognized in earnings(2,912)— 
Gain (loss) recognized in earningsGain (loss) recognized in earnings41 (2,912)
Balance at end of periodBalance at end of period$71,656 $— Balance at end of period$64,250 $71,656 

Changes in the fair value of our contingent consideration are included in other operating expense/income in the consolidated statements of operations. The following table summarizes the change in the fair value of our financial liabilities accounted for at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs as recorded in other long-term liabilities in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets:

Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
2022202120232022
(in thousands)(in thousands)
Balance at beginning of periodBalance at beginning of period$67,895 $— Balance at beginning of period$26,787 $67,895 
Additions— 90,400 
SettlementsSettlements(16,014)— Settlements(10,831)(16,014)
Gain recognized in earningsGain recognized in earnings(6,720)(4,726)Gain recognized in earnings(3,082)(6,720)
Balance at end of periodBalance at end of period$45,161 $85,674 Balance at end of period$12,874 $45,161 

The following table summarizes the significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation of our liabilities as of September 30, 2023 using Level 3 inputs:

Unobservable
Input
Weighted
Average
Liabilities:
Contingent consideration - installation earnoutVolatility35.00%
Revenue risk premium15.80%15.00%
Risk-free discount rate4.24%5.25%
Contingent consideration - microgrid earnoutProbability of success25.00%10.00%
Risk-free discount rate4.24%5.25%

Significant increases or decreases in the volatility, revenue risk premium, probability of success or risk-free discount rate in isolation could result in a significantly higher or lower fair value measurement.

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Revenue

The following table presents the detail of revenue as recorded in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations:

Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
20222021202220212023202220232022
(in thousands)(in thousands)
PPA revenuePPA revenue$31,891 $25,359 $84,235 $68,443 PPA revenue$38,300 $31,891 $99,201 $84,235 
Lease revenueLease revenue25,912 17,845 71,717 51,765 Lease revenue37,966 25,912 103,468 71,717 
Inventory sales revenueInventory sales revenue45,528 — 99,773 — Inventory sales revenue51,356 45,528 137,762 99,773 
Service revenueService revenue19,323 4,309 55,282 7,024 
Solar renewable energy certificate revenueSolar renewable energy certificate revenue16,241 12,858 37,172 30,648 Solar renewable energy certificate revenue16,136 16,241 38,982 37,172 
Cash sales revenueCash sales revenue18,933 8,680 45,695 15,618 Cash sales revenue24,284 18,933 62,827 45,695 
Loan revenueLoan revenue5,012 2,126 12,582 5,000 Loan revenue9,283 5,012 24,538 12,582 
Other revenueOther revenue5,847 2,033 10,924 5,259 Other revenue1,750 1,538 4,411 3,900 
TotalTotal$149,364 $68,901 $362,098 $176,733 Total$198,398 $149,364 $526,471 $362,098 

We recognize revenue from contracts with customers as we satisfy our performance obligations at a transaction price reflecting an amount of consideration based upon an estimated rate of return, net of cash incentives. We express this rate of return as the solar rate per kilowatt hour ("kWh") in the customer contract. The amount of revenue we recognize does not equal customer cash payments because we satisfy performance obligations ahead of cash receipt or evenly as we provide continuous access on a stand-ready basis to the solar energy system. We reflect the differences between revenue recognition and cash payments received in accounts receivable, other assets or deferred revenue, as appropriate. Revenue allocated to remaining performance obligations represents contracted revenue we have not yet recognized and includes deferred revenue as well as amounts that will be invoiced and recognized as revenue in future periods. Contracted but not yet recognized revenue was approximately $2.7$4.7 billion as of September 30, 2022,2023, of which we expect to recognize approximately 4%3% over the next 12 months. We do not expect the annual recognition to vary significantly over approximately the next 20 years as the vast majority of existing solar service agreements have at least 20 years remaining, given the average age of the fleet of solar energy systems under contract is less than four years.

Certain customers may receive cash incentives. We defer recognition of the payment of these cash incentives and recognize them over the life of the contract as a reduction to revenue. The deferred payment is recorded in other assets for customers who receive the cash incentives under our lease and PPA agreements, and as a contra-liability in other long-term liabilities for customers who receive the cash incentives under our loan agreements.

PPAs.    Customers purchase electricity from us under PPAs. Pursuant to ASC 606, we recognize revenue based upon the amount of electricity delivered as determined by remote monitoring equipment at solar rates specified under the PPAs. All customers must pass our credit evaluation process. The PPAs generally have a term of 20 or 25 years with an opportunity for customers to renew for up to an additional 10 years, via two five-year or one 10-year renewal options.

Leases.    We are the lessor under lease agreements for solar energy systems and energy storage systems, which do not meet the definition of a lease under ASC 842 and are accounted for as contracts with customers under ASC 606. We recognize revenue on a straight-line basis over the contract term as we satisfy our obligation to provide continuous access to the solar energy system. All customers must pass our credit evaluation process. The lease agreements generally have a term of 20 or 25 years with an opportunity for customers to renew for up to an additional 10 years, via two five-year or one 10-year renewal options.

In most cases, we provide customers under our lease agreements a performance guarantee that each solar energy system will achieve a certain specified minimum solar energy production output, which is a significant proportion of its expected output. The specified minimum solar energy production output may not be achieved due to natural fluctuations in the weather or equipment failures from exposure and wear and tear outside of our control, among other factors. We determine the amount of the guaranteed output based on a number of different factors, including: (a) the specific site information related to the tilt of the panels, azimuth (a horizontal angle measured clockwise in degrees from a reference direction) of the panels, size of the system, and shading on site; (b) the calculated amount of available irradiance (amount of energy for a given flat surface facing a specific
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direction) based on historical average weather data and (c) the calculated amount of energy output of the solar energy system.
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While actual irradiance levels can significantly change year over year due to natural fluctuations in the weather, we expect the levels to average out over the term of a lease and to approximate the levels used in determining the amount of the performance guarantee. Generally, weather fluctuations are the most likely reason a solar energy system may not achieve a certain specified minimum solar energy production output.

If the solar energy system does not produce the guaranteed production amount, we are required to refund a portion of the previously remitted customer payments, where the repayment is calculated as the product of (a) the shortfall production amount and (b) the dollar amount (guaranteed rate) per kWh that is fixed throughout the term of the contract. These remittances of a customer's payments, if needed, are payable as early as the first anniversary of the solar energy system's placed in service date and then every annual period thereafter. See Note 15,14, Commitments and Contingencies.

Inventory Sales.    Inventory sales revenue represents revenue from the direct sale of inventory to our dealers or other parties. We recognize the related revenue under ASC 606 upon shipment.shipment or upon sale when a bill and hold agreement is in place. Shipping and handling costs are included in cost of revenue—inventory sales in the consolidated statements of operations.

Service Revenue.    Service revenue includes revenue from the direct sale of solar energy systems and energy storage systems to customers with financing provided by us and sales of service plans and repair services. We recognize revenue from the direct sale of energy storage systems in the period in which the storage components are placed in service. Service plans are available to customers whose solar energy system was not originally sold by Sunnova. We recognize revenue from service plan contracts on a straight-line basis over the life of the contract, which is typically 10 years. We recognize revenue from repair services in the period in which the service was performed.

Solar Renewable Energy Certificates.    Each solar renewable energy certificate ("SREC") represents the environmental benefit of one megawatt hour (1,000 kWh) generated by a solar energy system. SRECs can be sold separate from the actual electricity generated by the renewable-based generation source. We account for the SRECs we generate from our solar energy systems as governmental incentives with no costs incurred to obtain them and do not consider those SRECs output of the underlying solar energy systems. We classify these SRECs as inventory held until sold and delivered to third parties. As we did not incur costs to obtain these governmental incentives, the inventory carrying value for the SRECs was $0 as of September 30, 20222023 and December 31, 2021.2022. We enter into economic hedges related to expected production of SRECs through forward contracts. While these fixed price forward contracts serve as an economic hedge against spot price fluctuations for the SRECs, the contracts do not qualify for hedge accounting and are not designated as cash flow hedges or fair value hedges. The contracts require us to physically deliver the SRECs upon settlement. We recognize the related revenue under ASC 606 upon satisfaction of the performance obligation to transfer the SRECs to the stated counterparty. Payments are typically received within one month of transferring the SREC to the counterparty. The costs related to the sales of SRECs are generally limited to broker fees (recorded in cost of revenue—other), which are only paid in connection with certain transactions. In certain circumstances we are required to purchase SRECs on the open market to fulfill minimum delivery requirements under our forward contracts.

Cash Sales.    Cash sales revenue represents revenue from a customer's purchase of a solar energy system from us typically when purchasing a new home. We recognize the related revenue under ASC 606 upon verification of the home closing.

Loans.    See discussion of loan revenue in the "Loans" section below.

Other Revenue.    Other revenue includes certain state and utility incentives, revenue from the direct sale of solar energy systems and energy storage systems to customers with financing provided by us and sales of service plans.incentives. We recognize revenue from state and utility incentives in the periods in which they are earned. We recognize revenue from the direct sale of energy storage systems in the period in which the storage components are placed in service. Service plans are available to customers whose solar energy system was not originally sold by Sunnova. We recognize revenue from service plan contracts on a straight-line basis over the life of the contract, which is typically 10 years.

Loans

We offer a loan program, under which the customer finances the purchase of a solar energy system, or energy storage system and/or accessory through a solar service agreement, typically for a term of 10, 15 or 25 years. We recognize cash payments received from customers on a monthly basis under our loan program (a) as interest income, to the extent attributable to earned interest on the contract that financed the customer's purchase of the solar energy system or energy storage system;purchase; (b) as a reduction of a note receivable on the balance sheet, to the extent attributable to a return of principal (whether scheduled or prepaid) on the contract that financed the customer's purchase of the solar energy system or energy storage system;purchase; and (c) as revenue, to the extent attributable to payments for operations and maintenance services provided by us. To qualify for the loan program, a customer must pass our credit evaluation process, which requires the customer to have a minimum FICO® score of 600 to 720710 depending on certain circumstances, and we secure the loans with the solar energy
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systems, energy storage systems or energy storage systemsaccessories financed. The credit evaluation process is performed once for each customer at the time the customer is entering into the solar service agreement with us.

Our investments in solar energy systems, and energy storage systems and accessories related to the loan program that are not yet placed in service are recorded in other assets in the consolidated balance sheets and are transferred to customer notes receivable upon
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being placed in service. Customer notes receivable are recorded at amortized cost, net of an allowance for credit losses (as described below), in other current assets and customer notes receivable in the consolidated balance sheets. Accrued interest receivable related to our customer notes receivable is recorded in accounts receivable—trade, net in the consolidated balance sheets. Interest income from customer notes receivable is recorded in interest income in the consolidated statements of operations. The amortized cost of our customer notes receivable is equal to the principal balance of customer notes receivable outstanding and does not include accrued interest receivable. Customer notes receivable continue to accrue interest until they are written off against the allowance, which occurs when the balance is 180 days or more past due unless the balance is in the process of collection. Customer notes receivable are considered past due one day after the due date based on the contractual terms of the loan agreement. In all cases, customer notes receivable balances are placed on a nonaccrual status or written off at an earlier date when they are deemed uncollectible. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously written off and expected to be written off. Accrued interest receivable for customer notes receivable placed on a nonaccrual status is recorded as a reduction to interest income. Interest received on such customer notes receivable is accounted for on a cash basis until the customer notes receivable qualifies for the return to accrual status. Customer notes receivable are returned to accrual status when there is no longer any principal or interest amounts past due and future payments are reasonably assured.

The allowance for credit losses is deducted from the customer notes receivable amortized cost to present the net amount expected to be collected. It is measured on a collective (pool) basis when similar risk characteristics (such as financial asset type, customer credit rating, contractual term and vintage) exist. In determining the allowance for credit losses, we identify customers with potential disputes or collection issues and consider our historical level of credit losses and current economic trends that might impact the level of future credit losses. Adjustments to historical loss information are made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics, such as differences in underwriting standards. Expected credit losses are estimated over the contractual term of the loan agreements based on the best available data at the time and adjusted for expected prepayments when appropriate. The contractual term excludes expected extensions, renewals and modifications unless either of the following applies: (a) we have a reasonable expectation at the reporting date that a troubled debt restructuring will be executed with an individual customer or (b) the extension or renewal options are included in the original or modified contract at the reporting date and are not unconditionally cancelable by us. As of September 30, 2022, we have not experienced a significant increase in delinquent customer notes receivable and have not made any significant adjustments to our allowance forExpected credit losses related to loans as a resultare recorded in general and administrative expense in the consolidated statements of the COVID-19 pandemic.operations. See Note 7,6, Customer Notes Receivable.

Deferred Revenue

Deferred revenue consists of amounts for which the criteria for revenue recognition have not yet been met and includes (a) payments for unfulfilled performance obligations whichthat will be recognized on a straight-line basis over the remaining term of the respective solar service agreements, net of any cash incentives earned by the customers, (b) down payments and partial or full prepayments from customers and (c) differences due to the timing of energy production versus billing for certain types of PPAs. Deferred revenue was $106.8$297.8 million as of December 31, 2020.2021. The following table presents the detail of deferred revenue as recorded in other current liabilities and other long-term liabilities in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets:

As of 
 September 30, 2022
As of 
 December 31, 2021
As of 
 September 30, 2023
As of 
 December 31, 2022
(in thousands)(in thousands)
LoansLoans$490,510 $275,681 Loans$871,981 $586,128 
PPAs and leasesPPAs and leases22,345 17,274 PPAs and leases34,122 24,893 
Solar receivablesSolar receivables4,668 4,864 Solar receivables4,405 4,602 
Total (1)Total (1)$517,523 $297,819 Total (1)$910,508 $615,623 

(1) Of this amount, $24.5$46.4 million and $15.3$30.2 million is recorded in other current liabilities as of September 30, 20222023 and December 31, 2021,2022, respectively.

During the nine months ended September 30, 20222023 and 2021,2022, we recognized revenue of $5.6$28.8 million and $6.6$12.3 million, respectively, from amounts recorded in deferred revenue at the beginning of the respective years.

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Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Goodwill is reviewed for impairment at least annually or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount may be impaired. When assessing goodwill for impairment, we use qualitative and if necessary, quantitative methods in accordance with GAAP. As of September 30, 2023, we utilized a qualitative assessment and concluded it was more likely than not the fair value was greater than the carrying amount and thus, a goodwill impairment does not exist. As such, no further testing is required. Our review considered performance compared to released guidance, renewable market factors, liquidity and market capitalization including stock price along with other market factors including interest rate changes and inflation. Our annual assessment date is October 31 and should, among other events and circumstances, industry conditions deteriorate, the outlook for future operating results and cash flow decline or regulations change, costs of equity or debt capital increase, valuations for comparable public companies or our market capitalization experiences a sustained decline, we may need to further reassess the recoverability of goodwill in future periods.

Self-Insurance

In January 2023, we changed our health insurance policy for qualifying employees in the U.S. from a fully-insured policy to a self-insured policy in order to administer insurance coverage to our employees at a lower cost to us. The change in insurance policy did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. Under the self-insured policy, we maintain stop-loss coverage from a third party that limits our exposure to large claims. We record a liability associated with these benefits that includes an estimate of both claims filed and losses incurred but not yet reported based on historical claims experience. In estimating this accrual, we utilize a third-party actuary to estimate a range of expected losses, which are based on an analysis of historical data. Assumptions are monitored and adjusted when warranted by changing circumstances. We record our liability for estimated losses under our self-insured policy in accrued liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. As of September 30, 2023, our liability for self-insured claims was $4.3 million, which represents our best estimate of the future cost of claims incurred as of that date. We believe we have adequate reserves for these claims as of September 30, 2023; however, the actual value of such claims could be significantly affected if future occurrences and claims differ from these assumptions.

Sales of Investment Tax Credits ("ITCs")

In September 2023, we entered into tax credit purchase agreements with a third-party purchaser to sell to such third-party purchaser, for cash, the Section 48(a) ITCs generated by certain solar energy systems that have or will be placed in service, subject to certain conditions set forth therein. We account for ITCs using the flow-through method. For tax credit purchase agreements entered into by certain of our consolidated tax equity partnerships, we record our share of the sale as income tax benefit and the tax equity investor's share as an increase to redeemable noncontrolling interest or noncontrolling interest. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, we recognized ITC sales of $14.4 million, of which $11.8 million is recorded in income tax benefit in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and $2.6 million is recorded in redeemable noncontrolling interest in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets.

New Accounting Guidance

New accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standard setting bodies and are adopted as of the specified effective date.
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In March 2022, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No. 2022-02, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses: Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures, to eliminate the accounting guidance for troubled debt restructurings while enhancing disclosure requirements for certain loan refinancings and restructurings by creditors when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. This ASU is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning in January 2023. We are currently evaluating the impact ofadopted this ASU in January 2023 and determined it did not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

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(3) Property and Equipment

The following table presents the detail of property and equipment, net as recorded in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets:

Useful LivesAs of 
 September 30, 2022
As of 
 December 31, 2021
Useful LivesAs of 
 September 30, 2023
As of 
 December 31, 2022
(in years)(in thousands)(in years)(in thousands)
Solar energy systems35$3,442,340 $2,917,721 
Solar energy systems and energy storage systemsSolar energy systems and energy storage systems35$4,826,091 $3,719,727 
Construction in progressConstruction in progress356,213 188,518 Construction in progress619,171 329,893 
Asset retirement obligationsAsset retirement obligations3053,168 45,264 Asset retirement obligations3071,125 57,063 
Information technology systemsInformation technology systems352,203 49,673 Information technology systems3102,170 72,797 
Computers and equipmentComputers and equipment3-54,440 3,085 Computers and equipment3-56,944 4,976 
Leasehold improvementsLeasehold improvements3-64,437 3,160 Leasehold improvements3-66,170 5,558 
Furniture and fixturesFurniture and fixtures71,132 1,132 Furniture and fixtures71,172 1,172 
VehiclesVehicles4-51,638 1,638 Vehicles4-51,640 1,640 
OtherOther5-6157 157 Other5-6157 157 
Property and equipment, grossProperty and equipment, gross3,915,728 3,210,348 Property and equipment, gross5,634,640 4,192,983 
Less: accumulated depreciationLess: accumulated depreciation(378,551)(300,735)Less: accumulated depreciation(515,613)(408,182)
Property and equipment, netProperty and equipment, net$3,537,177 $2,909,613 Property and equipment, net$5,119,027 $3,784,801 

Solar Energy Systems.The amounts included in the above table for solar energy systems and energy storage systems and substantially all the construction in progress relate to our customer contracts (including PPAs and leases). These assets had accumulated depreciation of $333.9$451.9 million and $264.6$360.1 million as of September 30, 20222023 and December 31, 2021,2022, respectively.

(4) Natural Disaster Losses

We have insurance coverage related to property damage and business interruption. When a solar energy system is damaged by a natural disaster, we impair all or a portion of the net book value to operations and maintenance expense in the period for which the amount is probable and can be reasonably estimated. Insurance proceeds for property damage, up to the amount of impairment expense recorded for property damage, are estimated and recorded as a receivable (recorded in accounts receivable—other in the consolidated balance sheet) and a reduction to operations and maintenance expense when the receipt of the proceeds is deemed probable. Insurance proceeds for property damage that exceed the amount of impairment expense recorded and insurance proceeds related to business interruption are recorded when received, as a reduction to operations and maintenance expense. Costs incurred to repair or replace a solar energy system are capitalized (recorded in property and equipment, net in the consolidated balance sheet) and are classified as an investing cash outflow in the consolidated statement of cash flows. Insurance proceeds received for property damage are classified as an investing cash inflow in the consolidated statement of cash flows. Insurance proceeds received for business interruption are classified as an operating cash inflow in the consolidated statement of cash flows.

Hurricane Fiona in Puerto Rico.    In September 2022, Hurricane Fiona made landfall in Puerto Rico causing significant wind and water damage to the island's infrastructure, residences and businesses. A majority of Puerto Rico was left without electrical power. In addition, other basic utility and infrastructure services (such as water, communications, ports and other transportation networks) were severely curtailed. We are currently in the process of assessing the full extent of the damages to our operations, but our preliminary estimates are that we have no material damages to our solar energy systems and energy storage systems.

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Hurricane Ian in Florida.    In September 2022, Hurricane Ian made landfall in Florida causing catastrophic wind and water damage to the state's infrastructure, residences and businesses. We are currently in the process of assessing the full extent of the damages to our operations, but our preliminary estimates are that we have no material damages to our solar energy systems and energy storage systems.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, we incurred (a) $980,000 related to third-parties helping our customers, primarily restarting batteries and (b) $181,000 related to employees performing similar type work or other work related to the hurricanes. The following table presents the impact of the natural disaster losses as recorded in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations:
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
20222021
(in thousands)
Operations and maintenance expense:
Other natural disaster-related charges$980 $— 
General and administrative expense:
Other natural disaster-related charges181 — 
Total$1,161 $— 

(5) Detail of Certain Balance Sheet Captions

The following table presents the detail of other current assets as recorded in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets:

As of 
 September 30, 2022
As of 
 December 31, 2021
As of 
 September 30, 2023
As of 
 December 31, 2022
(in thousands)(in thousands)
InventoryInventory$186,572 $127,955 Inventory$137,674 $152,113 
Current portion of customer notes receivableCurrent portion of customer notes receivable165,884 114,910 
Restricted cashRestricted cash14,584 80,213 Restricted cash30,307 51,733 
Current portion of customer notes receivable94,061 56,074 
Other prepaid assets20,858 14,920 
Prepaid assetsPrepaid assets28,805 17,492 
Deferred receivablesDeferred receivables12,984 7,392 
Current portion of investments in solar receivablesCurrent portion of investments in solar receivables7,156 6,787 Current portion of investments in solar receivables7,618 7,107 
Prepaid inventory1,065 4,835 
Deferred receivables11,070 4,818 
OtherOther681 719 Other689 553 
TotalTotal$336,047 $296,321 Total$383,961 $351,300 

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The following table presents the detail of other assets as recorded in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets:

As of 
 September 30, 2022
As of 
 December 31, 2021
As of 
 September 30, 2023
As of 
 December 31, 2022
(in thousands)(in thousands)
Construction in progress - customer notes receivableConstruction in progress - customer notes receivable$391,435 $238,791 Construction in progress - customer notes receivable$190,019 $382,611 
Restricted cashRestricted cash226,858 133,584 
Exclusivity and other bonus arrangements with dealers, netExclusivity and other bonus arrangements with dealers, net106,089 81,756 Exclusivity and other bonus arrangements with dealers, net171,402 121,313 
Investments in solar receivablesInvestments in solar receivables64,500 75,871 Investments in solar receivables56,632 65,064 
Restricted cash112,676 68,583 
Straight-line revenue adjustment, netStraight-line revenue adjustment, net50,699 43,367 Straight-line revenue adjustment, net60,059 53,086 
OtherOther195,235 62,768 Other281,960 206,233 
TotalTotal$920,634 $571,136 Total$986,930 $961,891 

The following table presents the detail of other current liabilities as recorded in the unaudited condensed consolidated
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balance sheets:

As of 
 September 30, 2022
As of 
 December 31, 2021
As of 
 September 30, 2023
As of 
 December 31, 2022
(in thousands)(in thousands)
Interest payableInterest payable$20,752 $22,740 Interest payable$36,041 $35,258 
Deferred revenueDeferred revenue24,523 15,273 Deferred revenue46,403 30,172 
Current portion of operating and finance lease liabilityCurrent portion of operating and finance lease liability4,001 3,247 
Current portion of performance guarantee obligationsCurrent portion of performance guarantee obligations2,519 3,175 Current portion of performance guarantee obligations2,675 2,495 
Current portion of operating and finance lease liability3,002 1,850 
OtherOther297 1,312 Other7,829 334 
TotalTotal$51,093 $44,350 Total$96,949 $71,506 

(6)(5) Asset Retirement Obligations ("ARO")

AROs consist primarily of costs to remove solar energy system assets and costs to restore the solar energy system sites to the original condition, which we estimate based on current market rates. For each solar energy system, we recognize the fair value of the ARO as a liability and capitalize that cost as part of the cost basis of the related solar energy system. The related assets are depreciated on a straight-line basis over 30 years, which is the estimated average time a solar energy system will be installed in a location before being removed, and the related liabilities are accreted to the full value over the same period of time. We revise our estimated future liabilities based on recent actual experiences, including third party cost estimates, average size of solar energy systems and inflation rates, which we evaluate at least annually. Changes in our estimated future liabilities are recorded as either a reduction or addition in the carrying amount of the remaining unamortized asset and the ARO and either decrease or increase our depreciation and accretion expense amounts prospectively. The following table presents the changes in AROs as recorded in other long-term liabilities in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets:

As of September 30,Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
2022202120232022
(in thousands)(in thousands)
Balance at beginning of periodBalance at beginning of period$54,396 $41,788 Balance at beginning of period$69,869 $54,396 
Additional obligations incurredAdditional obligations incurred7,962 7,010 Additional obligations incurred14,106 7,962 
Accretion expenseAccretion expense2,687 2,094 Accretion expense3,491 2,687 
OtherOther(79)(69)Other(61)(79)
Balance at end of periodBalance at end of period$64,966 $50,823 Balance at end of period$87,405 $64,966 

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(6) Customer Notes Receivable

We offer a loan program, under which the customer finances the purchase of a solar energy system, or energy storage system and/or accessory through a solar service agreement for a term of 10, 15 or 25 years. The following table presents the detail of customer notes receivable as recorded in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets and the corresponding fair values:

As of 
 September 30, 2022
As of 
 December 31, 2021
As of 
 September 30, 2023
As of 
 December 31, 2022
(in thousands)(in thousands)
Customer notes receivableCustomer notes receivable$2,234,312 $1,301,285 Customer notes receivable$3,807,628 $2,662,307 
Allowance for credit lossesAllowance for credit losses(67,988)(41,138)Allowance for credit losses(110,661)(81,248)
Customer notes receivable, net (1)Customer notes receivable, net (1)$2,166,324 $1,260,147 Customer notes receivable, net (1)$3,696,967 $2,581,059 
Estimated fair value, netEstimated fair value, net$2,172,904 $1,274,099 Estimated fair value, net$3,609,218 $2,554,948 

(1)    Of this amount, $94.1 million and $56.1 million is recorded in other current assets as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The following table presents the changes in the allowance for credit losses related to customer notes receivable as recorded in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets:

Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
2022202120222021
(in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period$57,043 $26,018 $41,138 $17,668 
Provision for current expected credit losses (1)10,945 6,518 26,814 14,867 
Recoveries— — 36 — 
Other, net— (1)— — 
Balance at end of period$67,988 $32,535 $67,988 $32,535 

(1)    In addition, we recognized $22,000 and $49,000 during the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and $67,000 and $165,000 during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, of provision for current expected credit losses related to our long-term receivables for our customer leases.
Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
2023202220232022
(in thousands)
Balance at beginning of period$102,337 $57,043 $81,248 $41,138 
Provision for current expected credit losses8,324 10,945 29,413 26,814 
Recoveries— — — 36 
Balance at end of period$110,661 $67,988 $110,661 $67,988 

As of September 30, 20222023 and December 31, 2021,2022, we invested $391.4$190.0 million and $238.8$382.6 million, respectively, in loan solar energy systems, and energy storage systems and accessories not yet placed in service. For the three months ended September 30, 20222023 and 2021,2022, interest income related to our customer notes receivable was $15.1$26.8 million and $8.9$15.1 million, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 20222023 and 2021,2022, interest income related to our customer notes receivable was $39.1$69.9 million and $23.9$39.1 million, respectively. As of September 30, 20222023 and December 31, 2021,2022, accrued interest receivable related to our customer notes receivable was $5.5$25.8 million and $3.5$10.2 million, respectively. As of September 30, 20222023 and December 31, 2021,2022, there was $9.0$25.8 million and $0,$12.6 million, respectively, of customer notes receivable not accruing interest and there was $196,000$568,000 and $0,$278,000, respectively, of allowance recorded for loans on nonaccrual status. For the three months ended September 30, 20222023 and 2021,2022, interest income of $0 was recognized for loans on nonaccrual status and accrued interest receivable of $8,000$15,000 and $0,$8,000, respectively, was written off by reversing interest income. For the nine months ended September 30, 20222023 and 2021,2022, interest income of $0 was recognized for loans on nonaccrual status and accrued interest receivable of $505,000$32,000 and $0,$505,000, respectively, was written off by reversing interest income.

We consider the performance of our customer notes receivable portfolio and its impact on our allowance for credit losses. We also evaluate the credit quality based on the aging status and payment activity. The following table presents the aging of the amortized cost of customer notes receivable:

As of 
 September 30, 2022
As of 
 December 31, 2021
As of 
 September 30, 2023
As of 
 December 31, 2022
(in thousands)(in thousands)
1-90 days past due1-90 days past due$49,973 $23,118 1-90 days past due$147,369 $91,668 
91-180 days past due91-180 days past due10,954 5,068 91-180 days past due32,861 16,859 
Greater than 180 days past dueGreater than 180 days past due11,163 10,277 Greater than 180 days past due62,252 14,504 
Total past dueTotal past due72,090 38,463 Total past due242,482 123,031 
Not past dueNot past due2,162,222 1,262,822 Not past due3,565,146 2,539,276 
TotalTotal$2,234,312 $1,301,285 Total$3,807,628 $2,662,307 

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As of September 30, 20222023 and December 31, 2021,2022, the amortized cost of our customer notes receivable more than 90 days past due but not on nonaccrual status was $22.1$69.3 million and $15.3$31.4 million, respectively. The following table presents the amortized cost by origination year of our customer notes receivable based on payment activity.activity:

Amortized Cost by Origination YearAmortized Cost by Origination Year
20222021202020192018PriorTotal20232022202120202019PriorTotal
(in thousands)(in thousands)
Payment performance:Payment performance:Payment performance:
PerformingPerforming$992,684 $750,087 $229,865 $118,039 $77,315 $55,159 $2,223,149 Performing$1,237,601 $1,360,949 $703,184 $215,362 $111,257 $117,023 $3,745,376 
Nonperforming (1)Nonperforming (1)491 5,970 1,454 1,626 1,161 461 11,163 Nonperforming (1)1,655 26,752 16,337 4,979 4,543 7,986 62,252 
TotalTotal$993,175 $756,057 $231,319 $119,665 $78,476 $55,620 $2,234,312 Total$1,239,256 $1,387,701 $719,521 $220,341 $115,800 $125,009 $3,807,628 

(1)    A nonperforming loan is a loan in which the customer is in default and has not made any scheduled principal or interest payments for 181 days or more.

(8)(7) Long-Term Debt

Our subsidiaries with long-term debt include Sunnova Energy Corporation, Sunnova EZ-Own Portfolio, LLC ("EZOP"), Sunnova Helios II Issuer, LLC ("HELII"), Sunnova RAYS I Issuer, LLC ("RAYSI"), Sunnova Helios III Issuer, LLC ("HELIII"), Sunnova TEP Holdings, LLC ("TEPH"), Sunnova Sol Issuer, LLC ("SOLI"), Sunnova Helios IV Issuer, LLC ("HELIV"), Sunnova Asset Portfolio 8, LLC ("AP8"), Sunnova Sol II Issuer, LLC ("SOLII"), Sunnova Helios V Issuer, LLC ("HELV"), Sunnova Sol III Issuer, LLC ("SOLIII"), Sunnova Helios VI Issuer, LLC ("HELVI"), Sunnova Helios VII Issuer, LLC ("HELVII"), Sunnova Helios VIII Issuer, LLC ("HELVIII"), Sunnova Sol IV Issuer, LLC ("SOLIV") and, Sunnova Helios IX Issuer, LLC ("HELIX"), Sunnova Helios X Issuer, LLC ("HELX"), Sunnova Inventory Supply, LLC ("IS"), Sunnova Sol V Issuer, LLC ("SOLV"), Sunnova Helios XI Issuer, LLC ("HELXI"), Sunnova Helios XII Issuer, LLC ("HELXII") and Sunnova Asset Portfolio 9, LLC ("AP9"). The following table presents the detail of long-term debt, net as recorded in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets:

Nine Months Ended
September 30, 2022
Weighted Average
Effective Interest
Rates
As of September 30, 2022Year Ended
December 31, 2021
Weighted Average
Effective Interest
Rates
As of December 31, 2021Nine Months Ended
September 30, 2023
Weighted Average
Effective Interest
Rates
As of September 30, 2023Year Ended
December 31, 2022
Weighted Average
Effective Interest
Rates
As of December 31, 2022
Long-termCurrentLong-termCurrentLong-termCurrentLong-termCurrent
(in thousands, except interest rates)(in thousands, except interest rates)
SEISEISEI
0.25% convertible senior notes0.25% convertible senior notes0.71 %$575,000 $— 0.70 %$575,000 $— 0.25% convertible senior notes0.71 %$575,000 $— 0.71 %$575,000 $— 
2.625% convertible senior notes2.625% convertible senior notes3.38 %600,000 — — — 2.625% convertible senior notes3.03 %600,000 — 3.11 %600,000 — 
Debt discount, netDebt discount, net(25,596)— (12,810)— Debt discount, net(20,471)— (24,324)— 
Deferred financing costs, netDeferred financing costs, net(916)— (547)— Deferred financing costs, net(802)— (920)— 
Sunnova Energy CorporationSunnova Energy CorporationSunnova Energy Corporation
Notes payableNotes payable5.54 %— 5,878 — — 
5.875% senior notes5.875% senior notes6.54 %400,000 — 6.42 %400,000 — 5.875% senior notes6.55 %400,000 — 6.52 %400,000 — 
11.75% senior notes11.75% senior notes9.92 %400,000 — — — 
Debt discount, netDebt discount, net(3,885)— (4,629)— Debt discount, net(13,833)— (3,767)— 
Deferred financing costs, netDeferred financing costs, net(7,846)— (9,341)— Deferred financing costs, net(13,080)— (7,339)— 
EZOPEZOPEZOP
Revolving credit facilityRevolving credit facility4.40 %409,000 — 4.12 %190,000 — Revolving credit facility8.65 %639,500 — 5.10 %500,000 — 
Debt discount, netDebt discount, net(602)— (898)— Debt discount, net(343)— (532)— 
HELIIHELIIHELII
Solar asset-backed notesSolar asset-backed notes5.72 %204,016 8,632 5.71 %217,465 8,952 Solar asset-backed notes5.66 %194,933 9,065 5.69 %204,016 8,632 
Debt discount, netDebt discount, net(31)— (36)— Debt discount, net(26)— (30)— 
Deferred financing costs, netDeferred financing costs, net(3,763)— (4,346)— Deferred financing costs, net(3,090)— (3,591)— 
RAYSIRAYSIRAYSI
Solar asset-backed notesSolar asset-backed notes5.56 %107,538 9,120 5.55 %115,792 4,573 Solar asset-backed notes5.55 %106,666 6,280 5.54 %105,878 9,957 
Debt discount, netDebt discount, net(1,006)— (1,166)— Debt discount, net(807)— (960)— 
Deferred financing costs, netDeferred financing costs, net(3,558)— (3,893)— Deferred financing costs, net(3,120)— (3,451)— 
HELIIIHELIIIHELIII
Solar loan-backed notes4.43 %96,700 10,555 4.79 %105,331 10,916 
Debt discount, net(1,610)— (1,838)— 
Deferred financing costs, net(1,546)— (1,765)— 
TEPH
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Solar loan-backed notesSolar loan-backed notes4.45 %87,862 10,095 4.42 %94,247 10,438 
Debt discount, netDebt discount, net(1,318)— (1,536)— 
Deferred financing costs, netDeferred financing costs, net(1,265)— (1,474)— 
TEPHTEPH
Revolving credit facilityRevolving credit facility7.23 %317,200 — 6.86 %118,950 — Revolving credit facility9.99 %766,000 — 7.74 %425,700 — 
Debt discount, netDebt discount, net(2,310)— (3,678)— Debt discount, net(1,320)— (2,043)— 
SOLISOLISOLI
Solar asset-backed notesSolar asset-backed notes3.93 %353,484 15,998 3.91 %366,304 15,563 Solar asset-backed notes3.91 %339,489 13,672 3.92 %348,962 16,063 
Debt discount, netDebt discount, net(90)— (100)— Debt discount, net(77)— (87)— 
Deferred financing costs, netDeferred financing costs, net(7,093)— (7,881)— Deferred financing costs, net(6,035)— (6,827)— 
HELIVHELIVHELIV
Solar loan-backed notesSolar loan-backed notes4.17 %107,550 11,659 4.16 %116,579 11,937 Solar loan-backed notes4.17 %99,165 11,011 4.15 %105,655 11,494 
Debt discount, netDebt discount, net(602)— (724)— Debt discount, net(453)— (564)— 
Deferred financing costs, netDeferred financing costs, net(2,772)— (3,283)— Deferred financing costs, net(2,114)— (2,609)— 
AP8AP8AP8
Revolving credit facilityRevolving credit facility— %— — 7.17 %— — Revolving credit facility9.50 %— 213,400 20.52 %74,535 465 
SOLIISOLIISOLII
Solar asset-backed notesSolar asset-backed notes3.42 %234,214 6,379 3.42 %241,293 6,176 Solar asset-backed notes3.42 %224,368 7,340 3.41 %232,276 6,409 
Debt discount, netDebt discount, net(66)— (72)— Debt discount, net(58)— (64)— 
Deferred financing costs, netDeferred financing costs, net(4,730)— (5,192)— Deferred financing costs, net(4,106)— (4,576)— 
HELVHELVHELV
Solar loan-backed notesSolar loan-backed notes2.47 %145,470 15,590 2.44 %150,743 21,354 Solar loan-backed notes2.50 %136,508 13,709 2.47 %143,940 14,367 
Debt discount, netDebt discount, net(728)— (840)— Debt discount, net(577)— (690)— 
Deferred financing costs, netDeferred financing costs, net(2,803)— (3,230)— Deferred financing costs, net(2,234)— (2,661)— 
SOLIIISOLIIISOLIII
Solar asset-backed notesSolar asset-backed notes2.79 %281,098 16,561 2.73 %294,069 16,590 Solar asset-backed notes2.81 %261,947 16,763 2.78 %275,779 16,632 
Debt discount, netDebt discount, net(121)— (132)— Debt discount, net(106)— (117)— 
Deferred financing costs, netDeferred financing costs, net(5,799)— (6,319)— Deferred financing costs, net(5,061)— (5,616)— 
HELVIHELVIHELVI
Solar loan-backed notesSolar loan-backed notes2.09 %168,510 19,289 2.02 %181,625 21,152 Solar loan-backed notes2.11 %162,708 13,733 2.08 %167,669 16,770 
Debt discount, netDebt discount, net(42)— (48)— Debt discount, net(34)— (40)— 
Deferred financing costs, netDeferred financing costs, net(3,051)— (3,477)— Deferred financing costs, net(2,488)— (2,909)— 
HELVIIHELVIIHELVII
Solar loan-backed notesSolar loan-backed notes2.50 %129,349 16,026 2.44 %141,407 12,580 Solar loan-backed notes2.54 %125,045 10,384 2.50 %126,856 16,058 
Debt discount, netDebt discount, net(40)— (45)— Debt discount, net(33)— (38)— 
Deferred financing costs, netDeferred financing costs, net(2,294)— (2,587)— Deferred financing costs, net(1,898)— (2,193)— 
HELVIIIHELVIIIHELVIII
Solar loan-backed notesSolar loan-backed notes3.54 %253,739 30,221 — — Solar loan-backed notes3.63 %243,105 22,967 3.54 %250,014 31,099 
Debt discount, netDebt discount, net(5,487)— — — Debt discount, net(4,579)— (5,267)— 
Deferred financing costs, netDeferred financing costs, net(4,250)— — — Deferred financing costs, net(3,570)— (4,080)— 
SOLIVSOLIVSOLIV
Solar asset-backed notesSolar asset-backed notes5.70 %341,900 7,932 — — Solar asset-backed notes5.91 %329,677 8,355 5.76 %338,251 8,080 
Debt discount, netDebt discount, net(11,620)— — — Debt discount, net(9,885)— (11,190)— 
Deferred financing costs, netDeferred financing costs, net(8,305)— — — Deferred financing costs, net(7,077)— (7,996)— 
HELIXHELIXHELIX
Solar loan-backed notesSolar loan-backed notes5.41 %202,043 23,169 — — Solar loan-backed notes5.65 %191,394 23,945 5.46 %193,837 29,632 
Debt discount, netDebt discount, net(3,725)— — — Debt discount, net(3,171)— (3,589)— 
Deferred financing costs, netDeferred financing costs, net(3,417)— — — Deferred financing costs, net(2,931)— (3,303)— 
HELXHELX
Solar loan-backed notesSolar loan-backed notes7.29 %200,868 22,671 6.23 %162,301 18,335 
Debt discount, netDebt discount, net(18,035)— (12,459)— 
Deferred financing costs, netDeferred financing costs, net(3,268)— (3,319)— 
ISIS
Revolving credit facilityRevolving credit facility8.67 %30,100 — — — 
Total$4,807,107 $191,131 $3,135,681 $129,793 
SOLVSOLV
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Solar asset-backed notes6.90 %314,261 7,554 — — 
Debt discount, net(16,344)— — — 
Deferred financing costs, net(7,054)— — — 
HELXI
Solar loan-backed notes6.25 %251,057 29,644 — — 
Debt discount, net(12,451)— — — 
Deferred financing costs, net(5,494)— — — 
HELXII
Solar loan-backed notes6.67 %215,462 23,667 — — 
Debt discount, net(13,724)— — — 
Deferred financing costs, net(4,495)— — — 
AP9
Revolving credit facility11.79 %13,096 — — — 
Debt discount, net(650)— — — 
Total$6,710,734 $470,133 $5,194,755 $214,431 

Availability.    As of September 30, 2022,2023, we had $348.5$312.2 million of available borrowing capacity under our various financing arrangements, consisting of $41.0$235.5 million under the EZOP revolving credit facility, $247.5$3.3 million under the TEPH revolving credit facility, and $60.0$1.6 million under the AP8 revolving credit facility, $19.9 million under the IS revolving credit facility and $51.9 million under the AP9 revolving credit facility. There was no available borrowing capacity under any of our other financing arrangements. As of September 30, 2022,2023, we were in compliance with all debt covenants under our financing arrangements.

Weighted Average Effective Interest Rates.    The weighted average effective interest rates disclosed in the table above are the weighted average stated interest rates for each debt instrument plus the effect on interest expense for other items classified
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as interest expense, such as the amortization of deferred financing costs, amortization of debt discounts and commitment fees on unused balances for the period of time the debt was outstanding during the indicated periods.

HELVIII Debt.    In February 2022, we pooled and transferred eligible solar loans and the related receivables into HELVIII, a special purpose entity, that issued $131.9 million in aggregate principal amount of Series 2022-A Class A solar loan-backed notes, $102.2 million in aggregate principal amount of Series 2022-A Class B solar loan-backed notes and $63.8 million in aggregate principal amount of Series 2022-A Class C solar loan-backed notes (collectively, the "HELVIII Notes") with a maturity date of February 2049. The HELVIII Notes were issued at a discount of 1.55% for Class A, 2.23% for Class B and 2.62% for Class C and bear interest at an annual rate of 2.79%, 3.13% and 3.53%, respectively. The cash flows generated by these solar loans are used to service the monthly principal and interest payments on the HELVIII Notes and satisfy HELVIII's expenses, and any remaining cash can be distributed to Sunnova Helios VIII Depositor, LLC, HELVIII's sole member. In connection with the HELVIII Notes, certain of our affiliates receive a fee for managing and servicing the solar energy systems pursuant to management and service agreements. In addition, Sunnova Energy Corporation has guaranteed, among other things, (a) the obligations of certain of our subsidiaries to manage and service the solar energy systems pursuant to management and servicing agreements and (b) certain of our subsidiaries' obligations to repurchase or substitute certain ineligible solar loans eventually sold to HELVIII pursuant to the related sale and contribution agreement. HELVIII is also required to maintain certain reserve accounts for the benefit of the holders of the HELVIII Notes, each of which must be funded at all times to the levels specified in the HELVIII Notes. The holders of the HELVIII Notes have no recourse to our other assets except as expressly set forth in the HELVIII Notes.

EZOP DebtDebt..    In June 2022, we amended the EZOP revolving credit facility to, among other things, (a) extend the scheduled commitment termination date to May 2024, (b) extend the facility maturity date to November 2024, (c) increase the aggregate commitment amount from $200.0 million to $400.0 million, subject to reductions based on the outstanding principal balance of advances over certain time periods, (d) increase the uncommitted maximum facility amount from $350.0 million to $475.0 million, (e) modify the interest rate on borrowings from accruing based on the London Inter-Bank Offered Rate to accruing based on a forward-looking term rate based on the secured overnight financing rate ("Term SOFR"), plus a Term SOFR spread adjustment, (f) add an amortization event related to certain of our subsidiaries ceasing to originate solar loans (subject to certain thresholds, time periods and exceptions set forth therein), (g) add concentration limits for solar loans (1) with obligors with credit scores below certain thresholds and (2) for which the original principal balance exceeds a certain threshold and (h) modify eligibility requirements for solar loans to increase the permitted maximum original principal balance. In July 2022, we amended the EZOP revolving credit facility to, among other things, increase the uncommitted maximum facility amount from $475.0 million to $535.0 million until the earlier to occur of (a) September 29, 2022 and (b) the date upon which a specific sale of borrowing base assets and a related prepayment of outstanding debt thereunder occurs, upon the occurrence of which the uncommitted maximum facility amount will return to $475.0 million. In August 2022,February 2023, we amended the EZOP revolving credit facility to, among other things, (a) increase the aggregate commitment amount from $400.0$450.0 million to $450.0$675.0 million, (b) increase the uncommitted maximum facility amount from $535.0$575.0 million to $585.0$800.0 million, (c) amend certain provisions addressingrelated to the allocation of advances and principalcertain payments amongmade to the lenders, (d) amend certain provisions addressing lender consent rightsrelated to excess concentration limits and eligibility criteria to permit us and our affiliates to provide warranties of, and replacements for, load controllers and generators in connection with the related matterssolar loan contracts and (e) includeadd provisions to allow EZOP to request an increase in the aggregate commitment amount (subject to certain provisions addressing service incentivesconditions) by adding additional lenders to the EZOP revolving credit facility. In February 2023, Credit Suisse AG ("Credit Suisse") sold a significant part of its Securitized Products Group (the "Credit Suisse Securitized Products Sale") to Apollo Global Management ("Apollo"). Subsequently, Apollo publicly announced the majority of the assets and related matters.professionals associated with the sale are now part of or managed by ATLAS SP Partners, a new stand-alone credit firm focused on asset-backed financing and capital markets solutions ("Atlas"). In August 2022, proceeds fromMarch 2023, in connection with the HELIX Notes (as defined below) were usedCredit Suisse Securitized Products Sale, certain of our subsidiaries consented to repay $151.0 millionthe assignment of the loans and commitments of the Credit Suisse lenders to the Atlas lenders (such assignment, the "EZOP Assignment") under the EZOP revolving credit facility. In connection with the EZOP Assignment, Credit Suisse AG, New York Branch ("CSNYB") resigned as the agent under the EZOP revolving credit facility, Atlas Securitized Products Holdings, L.P. (the "Successor Agent") was appointed as the successor agent thereunder and, in aggregate principal amountconnection with such appointment, the Successor Agent assumed the agent roles under the EZOP revolving credit facility. In connection with the appointment of outstandingAtlas as Successor Agent, the borrowers and the lenders party to the applicable agency resignation and appointment agreements consented to, among other things, Atlas' ability to assign the agent role under the EZOP debt.revolving credit facility to one of its affiliates subject to certain conditions set forth therein. In September 2022,March 2023, after the EZOP Assignment, we amended the EZOP revolving credit facility to, among other things, (a) decreaseincrease the aggregate commitment amount from $675.0 million to $775.0 million, (b) increase the uncommitted maximum facility amount from $585.0$800.0 million to $575.0$900.0 million, (c) amend and (b) amendsupplement certain defaulting lender provisions and (d) update the references from CSNYB, the predecessor agent, to Atlas, the successor agent, and remove or modify certain provisions related to the agent'sborrowing, funding and allocation of certain payments madeamong the previous lender syndicate (that previously included lenders affiliated with Credit Suisse that, prior to the lenders.date of the amendment to the EZOP revolving credit facility and pursuant to the EZOP Assignment, had assigned their loans and commitments to lenders affiliated with Atlas). In August 2023, we amended the EZOP revolving credit facility to, among other things, (a) increase the aggregate commitment amount from $775.0 million to $875.0 million, (b) increase the uncommitted maximum facility amount from $900.0 million to $1.0 billion, (c) extend the maturity date from November 2024 to November 2025 and (d) amend the Advance Rate (as defined therein).
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TEPH Debt.    In March 2023, in connection with the Credit Suisse Securitized Products Sale, certain of our subsidiaries consented to the assignment of the loans and commitments of the Credit Suisse lenders to the Atlas lenders (such assignment, the "TEPH Assignment") under the TEPH revolving credit facility. In connection with the TEPH Assignment, CSNYB resigned as the agent under the TEPH revolving credit facility, Atlas was appointed as the successor agent thereunder and, in connection with such appointment, the Successor Agent assumed the agent roles under the TEPH revolving credit facility. In connection with the appointment of Atlas as Successor Agent, the borrowers and the lenders party to the applicable agency resignation and appointment agreements consented to, among other things, Atlas' ability to assign the agent role under the TEPH revolving credit facility to one of its affiliates subject to certain conditions set forth therein. In March 2023, after the TEPH Assignment, we amended the TEPH revolving credit facility to, among other things, (a) increase the aggregate commitment amount from $600.0 million to $700.0 million, (b) increase the uncommitted maximum facility amount from $689.7 million to $789.7 million, (c) add provisions to allow TEPH to request an increase in the aggregate commitment amount (subject to certain conditions) by adding additional lenders to the TEPH revolving credit facility, (d) amend and supplement certain defaulting lender provisions, (e) modify the hedging provisions to give all hedge counterparties the benefit of certain payment priorities and certain other terms previously limited to qualifying hedge counterparties (as defined by the TEPH revolving credit facility), to extend the time period for the event of default resulting from hedge counterparties ceasing to be qualifying hedge counterparties and to make other hedge-related amendments, (f) update the references from CSNYB, the predecessor administrative agent, to Atlas, the successor administrative agent, and remove or modify certain provisions related to the borrowing, funding and allocation of payments among the previous lender syndicate (that previously included lenders affiliated with Credit Suisse that, prior to the date of the amendment to the TEPH revolving credit facility and pursuant to the TEPH Assignment, had assigned their loans and commitments to lenders affiliated with Atlas), (g) add European Union bail-in provisions and (h) add certain syndication-related provisions. In August 2023, we amended the TEPH revolving credit facility to, among other things, (a) increase the aggregate commitment amount from $700.0 million to $769.3 million, (b) increase the uncommitted maximum facility amount from $789.7 million to $859.0 million and (c) extend the maturity date from November 2024 to November 2025.

SOLIVAP8 Debt.    In March 2023, we amended the AP8 revolving credit facility to, among other things, increase the aggregate commitment amount from $75.0 million to $150.0 million. In June 2023, we amended the AP8 revolving credit facility to, among other things, increase the aggregate commitment amount from $150.0 million to $185.0 million. In August 2023, we amended the AP8 revolving credit facility to, among other things, increase the aggregate commitment amount from $185.0 million to $215.0 million. We believe we will be able to satisfy this obligation due in September 2024 through refinancing of the facility or alternatively through the use of our existing cash resources and liquidity.

IS Debt.    In March 2023, IS entered into a secured revolving credit facility with Texas Capital Bank, as agent, and the lenders party thereto, for an aggregate commitment amount of $50.0 million with a maturity date of the earlier of (a) March 2026 and (b) six months from the latest maturity date of any material parent credit facility (defined as a parent credit facility with a commitment amount of $250.0 million or more that, if terminated could individually be expected to result in a liquidity event (as defined by the IS revolving credit facility)). The proceeds of the loans under the IS revolving credit facility are available to purchase or otherwise acquire certain accounts receivable and inventory, fund certain reserve accounts that are required to be maintained by IS in accordance with the revolving credit agreement and pay fees and expenses incurred in connection with the IS revolving credit facility. Interest on the borrowings under the IS revolving credit facility is due monthly. Borrowings under the IS revolving credit facility bear interest at an annual rate based on Term SOFR (as defined by the IS revolving credit facility).

SOLV Debt.    In June 2022,April 2023, we pooled and transferred eligible solar energy systems and the related asset receivables into wholly-owned subsidiaries of SOLIV,SOLV, a special purpose entity, that issued $317.0$300.0 million in aggregate principal amount of Series 2022-12023-1 Class A solar asset-backed notes and $38.0$23.5 million in aggregate principal amount of Series 2022-12023-1 Class B solar asset-backed notes (collectively, the "SOLIV"SOLV Notes") with a maturity date of April 2057.2058. The SOLIVSOLV Notes were issued at a discount of 3.55%5.01% and 2.10%,11.63% for the Class A and Class B notes, respectively, and bear interest at an annual rate equal to 4.95%5.40% and 6.35%,7.35% for the Class A and Class B notes, respectively. The cash flows generated by the solar energy systems of SOLIV'sSOLV's subsidiaries are used to service the quarterly principal and interest payments on the SOLIVSOLV Notes and satisfy SOLIV'sSOLV's expenses, and any remaining cash can be distributed to Sunnova Sol IVV Depositor, LLC, SOLIV'sSOLV's sole member. In connection with the SOLIVSOLV Notes, certain of our affiliates receive a fee for managing and servicing the solar energy systems pursuant to a transaction management agreement and management and servicing agreements. In addition, Sunnova Energy Corporation has guaranteed (a) the obligations of certain of our subsidiaries to manage and service the solar energy systems pursuant to a transaction management agreement and management and servicing agreements, (b) the managing members' obligations, in such capacity, under the related financing fund's limited liability company agreement and (c) certain of our subsidiaries' obligations to repurchase or substitute certain ineligible solar energy systems eventually sold to SOLIVSOLV pursuant to the sale and contribution agreement. SOLIVSOLV is also required to maintain certain reserve accounts for the benefit of the holders of the SOLIVSOLV Notes, each of which must remain funded at all times to the levels specified in the SOLIV Notes. The indenture requires SOLIV to track the debt service coverage ratio (such ratio, the
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"DSCR"which must remain funded at all times to the levels specified in the SOLV Notes. The indenture requires SOLV to track the debt service coverage ratio (such ratio, the "DSCR") of (a) the amount of certain payments received from customers, certain performance based incentives, certain energy credits and any applicable insurance proceeds as of a specific date to (b) interest and scheduled principal due on the SOLIVSOLV Notes as of such date, with the potential to enter into an early amortization period if the DSCR drops below a certain threshold. The holders of the SOLIVSOLV Notes have no recourse to our other assets except as expressly set forth in the SOLIVSOLV Notes.

TEPH Debt.    In June 2022, proceeds from the SOLIV Notes were used to repay $271.0 million in aggregate principal amount of outstanding TEPH debt. In September 2022, we amended the TEPH revolving credit facility to, among other things, (a) increase the aggregate commitment amount from $460.7 million to $564.7 million, (b) increase the uncommitted maximum facility amount from $600.0 million to $639.7 million, (c) extend the facility maturity date to November 2024, (d) amend certain excess concentration limitations, (e) replace the London interbank offered rate with the forward-looking term rate based on the secured overnight financing rate as the interest rate benchmark and include benchmark replacement provisions and (f) include certain provisions addressing grid services revenue and related matters. See Note 16, Subsequent Events.

HELIXHELXI Debt.    In August 2022,May 2023, we pooled and transferred eligible solar loans and the related receivables into HELIX,HELXI, a special purpose entity, that issued $178.0$174.9 million in aggregate principal amount of Series 2022-B2023-A Class A solar loan-backed notes, and $49.7$80.1 million in aggregate principal amount of Series 2022-B2023-A Class B solar loan-backed notes and $31.7 million in aggregate principal amount of Series 2023-A Class C solar loan-backed notes (collectively, the "HELIX"HELXI Notes") with a maturity date of August 2049.May 2050. The HELIXHELXI Notes were issued at a discount of 0.69%2.57% for Class A, and 5.10%5.31% for Class B and 13.56% for Class C and bear interest at an annual rate of 5.00%5.30%, 5.60% and 6.00%, for the Class A, Class B and Class C notes, respectively. The cash flows generated by these solar loans are used to service the monthly principal and interest payments on the HELIXHELXI Notes and satisfy HELIX'sHELXI's expenses, and any remaining cash can be distributed to Sunnova Helios IXXI Depositor, LLC, HELIX'sHELXI's sole member. In connection with the HELIXHELXI Notes, certain of our affiliates receive a fee for managing and servicing the solar energy systems pursuant to management and service agreements. In addition, Sunnova Energy Corporation has guaranteed, among other things, (a) the obligations of certain of our subsidiaries to manage and service the solar energy systems pursuant to management and servicing agreements and (b) certain of our subsidiaries' obligations to repurchase or substitute certain ineligible solar loans eventually sold to HELIXHELXI pursuant to the related sale and contribution agreement. HELIXHELXI is also required to maintain certain reserve accounts for the benefit of the holders of the HELIXHELXI Notes, each of which must be funded at all times to the levels specified in the HELIXHELXI Notes. The holders of the HELIXHELXI Notes have no recourse to our other assets except as expressly set forth in the HELIXHELXI Notes.

SEIHELXII Debt.    In August 2023, we pooled and transferred eligible solar loans and the related receivables into HELXII, a special purpose entity, that issued $148.5 million in aggregate principal amount of Series 2023-B Class A solar loan-backed notes, $71.1 million in aggregate principal amount of Series 2023-B Class B solar loan-backed notes and $23.1 million in aggregate principal amount of Series 2023-B Class C solar loan-backed notes (collectively, the "HELXII Notes") with a maturity date of August 2050. The HELXII Notes were issued at a discount of 4.23% for Class A, 6.67% for Class B and 12.64% for Class C and bear interest at an annual rate of 5.30%, 5.60% and 6.00% for the Class A, Class B and Class C notes, respectively. The cash flows generated by these solar loans are used to service the monthly principal and interest payments on the HELXII Notes and satisfy HELXII's expenses, and any remaining cash can be distributed to Sunnova Helios XII Depositor, LLC, HELXII's sole member. In connection with the HELXII Notes, certain of our affiliates receive a fee for managing and servicing the solar energy systems pursuant to management and service agreements. In addition, Sunnova Energy Corporation has guaranteed, among other things, (a) the obligations of certain of our subsidiaries to manage and service the solar energy systems pursuant to management and servicing agreements and (b) certain of our subsidiaries' obligations to repurchase or substitute certain ineligible solar loans eventually sold to HELXII pursuant to the related sale and contribution agreement. HELXII is also required to maintain certain reserve accounts for the benefit of the holders of the HELXII Notes, each of which must be funded at all times to the levels specified in the HELXII Notes. The holders of the HELXII Notes have no recourse to our other assets except as expressly set forth in the HELXII Notes.

AP9 Debt.    In September 2023, AP9 entered into a secured revolving credit facility with Citibank, N.A., as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto, for an aggregate commitment amount of $65.0 million with a maturity date of October 2027. The proceeds of the loans under the AP9 revolving credit facility are available to purchase or otherwise acquire home improvement loans, fund certain reserve accounts that are required to be maintained by AP9 in accordance with the AP9 revolving credit facility and pay fees and expenses incurred in connection with the AP9 revolving credit facility. Interest on the borrowings under the AP9 revolving credit facility is due monthly. Borrowings under the AP9 revolving credit facility bear interest at an annual rate based on either Term SOFR or a CP Yield Rate (as defined by the AP9 revolving credit facility).

Sunnova Energy Corporation Debt.    In June 2023, Sunnova Energy Corporation entered into an arrangement to finance $6.8 million of insurance premiums at an annual interest rate of 7.24% over ten months. In August 2022, we2023, Sunnova Energy Corporation entered into an arrangement to finance $1.5 million of insurance premiums at an annual interest rate of 7.49% over ten months. In September 2023, Sunnova Energy Corporation entered into an arrangement to finance $1.9 million of insurance premiums at an annual interest rate of 7.49% over nine months. In September 2023, Sunnova Energy Corporation issued and sold an aggregate principal amount of $600.0$400.0 million of our 2.625% convertible11.75% senior notes ("2.625% convertible11.75% senior notes") in a private placement at a discount to the initial purchasers of 2.5%approximately 2.74%, for an aggregate purchase price of $585.0approximately $389.0 million. The 2.625% convertible11.75% senior notes mature in FebruaryOctober 2028 unless earlier redeemed, repurchased or converted. In connection with the pricing of the 2.625% convertible senior notes, we used proceeds of $48.4 million to enter into privately negotiated capped call transactions, which are expected to reduce the potential dilution to common shares and/or offset potential cash payments that could be required to be made in excess of the principal amount upon any exchange of notes. Such reduction and/or offset is subject to a cap initially equal to $34.24 per share, subject to adjustments. The capped call transactions cover, subject to customary adjustments, the number of shares of our common stock initially underlying the 2.625% convertible senior notes. As the capped call transactions meet certain accounting criteria, they are classified as stockholders' equity and therefore, are recorded in additional paid-in capital—common stock in the consolidated balance sheet and are not accounted for as derivatives.

initially guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by SEI and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Sunnova Energy Corporation.
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Fair Values of Long-Term Debt.    The fair values of our long-term debt and the corresponding carrying amounts are as follows:

As of September 30, 2022As of December 31, 2021As of September 30, 2023As of December 31, 2022
Carrying
Value
Estimated
Fair Value
Carrying
Value
Estimated
Fair Value
Carrying
Value
Estimated
Fair Value
Carrying
Value
Estimated
Fair Value
(in thousands)(in thousands)
SEI 0.25% convertible senior notesSEI 0.25% convertible senior notes$575,000 $522,821 $575,000 $568,732 SEI 0.25% convertible senior notes$575,000 $510,607 $575,000 $511,733 
SEI 2.625% convertible senior notesSEI 2.625% convertible senior notes600,000 593,971 — — SEI 2.625% convertible senior notes600,000 561,077 600,000 574,693 
Sunnova Energy Corporation notes payableSunnova Energy Corporation notes payable5,878 5,878 — — 
Sunnova Energy Corporation 5.875% senior notesSunnova Energy Corporation 5.875% senior notes400,000 365,699 400,000 391,917 Sunnova Energy Corporation 5.875% senior notes400,000 358,407 400,000 359,283 
Sunnova Energy Corporation 11.75% senior notesSunnova Energy Corporation 11.75% senior notes400,000 399,397 — — 
EZOP revolving credit facilityEZOP revolving credit facility409,000 409,000 190,000 190,000 EZOP revolving credit facility639,500 639,500 500,000 500,000 
HELII solar asset-backed notesHELII solar asset-backed notes212,648 208,627 226,417 253,079 HELII solar asset-backed notes203,998 190,769 212,648 206,045 
RAYSI solar asset-backed notesRAYSI solar asset-backed notes116,658 106,933 120,365 129,575 RAYSI solar asset-backed notes112,946 98,595 115,835 104,594 
HELIII solar loan-backed notesHELIII solar loan-backed notes107,255 97,083 116,247 120,465 HELIII solar loan-backed notes97,957 85,697 104,685 93,706 
TEPH revolving credit facilityTEPH revolving credit facility317,200 317,200 118,950 118,950 TEPH revolving credit facility766,000 766,000 425,700 425,700 
SOLI solar asset-backed notesSOLI solar asset-backed notes369,482 320,655 381,867 382,511 SOLI solar asset-backed notes353,161 299,219 365,025 313,174 
HELIV solar loan-backed notesHELIV solar loan-backed notes119,209 105,559 128,516 123,189 HELIV solar loan-backed notes110,176 95,114 117,149 100,913 
AP8 revolving credit facilityAP8 revolving credit facility213,400 213,400 75,000 75,000 
SOLII solar asset-backed notesSOLII solar asset-backed notes240,593 193,442 247,469 231,894 SOLII solar asset-backed notes231,708 184,006 238,685 189,728 
HELV solar loan-backed notesHELV solar loan-backed notes161,060 141,723 172,097 165,848 HELV solar loan-backed notes150,217 128,945 158,307 135,408 
SOLIII solar asset-backed notesSOLIII solar asset-backed notes297,659 245,034 310,659 302,994 SOLIII solar asset-backed notes278,710 226,217 292,411 237,425 
HELVI solar loan-backed notesHELVI solar loan-backed notes187,799 161,195 202,777 199,159 HELVI solar loan-backed notes176,441 149,601 184,439 157,289 
HELVII solar loan-backed notesHELVII solar loan-backed notes145,375 127,664 153,987 153,518 HELVII solar loan-backed notes135,429 116,533 142,914 124,476 
HELVIII solar loan-backed notesHELVIII solar loan-backed notes283,960 257,707 — — HELVIII solar loan-backed notes266,072 233,492 281,113 252,483 
SOLIV solar asset-backed notesSOLIV solar asset-backed notes349,832 342,301 — — SOLIV solar asset-backed notes338,032 315,855 346,331 334,335 
HELIX solar loan-backed notesHELIX solar loan-backed notes225,212 214,374 — — HELIX solar loan-backed notes215,339 198,336 223,469 210,070 
HELX solar loan-backed notesHELX solar loan-backed notes223,539 217,342 180,636 183,165 
IS revolving credit facilityIS revolving credit facility30,100 30,100 — — 
SOLV solar asset-backed notesSOLV solar asset-backed notes321,815 307,706 — — 
HELXI solar loan-backed notesHELXI solar loan-backed notes280,701 268,627 — — 
HELXII solar loan-backed notesHELXII solar loan-backed notes239,129 235,836 — — 
AP9 revolving credit facilityAP9 revolving credit facility13,096 13,096 — — 
Total (1)Total (1)$5,117,942 $4,730,988 $3,344,351 $3,331,831 Total (1)$7,378,344 $6,849,352 $5,539,347 $5,089,220 

(1) Amounts exclude the net deferred financing costs (classified as debt) and net debt discounts of $119.7$197.5 million and $78.9$130.2 million as of September 30, 20222023 and December 31, 2021,2022, respectively.

For the notes payable, EZOP, TEPH, AP8, IS and AP8AP9 debt, the estimated fair values approximate the carrying amounts primarily due to the variable nature of the interest rates of the underlying instruments. For the convertible senior notes, senior notes and the HELII, RAYSI, HELIII, SOLI, HELIV, SOLII, HELV, SOLIII, HELVI, HELVII, HELVIII, SOLIV, HELIX, HELX, SOLV, HELXI and HELIXHELXII debt, we determined the estimated fair values based on a yieldan analysis of debt with similar type debt.book values, maturities and required market yields based on current interest rates.

(9)(8) Derivative Instruments

Interest Rate Swaps and Caps on EZOP Debt.    During the nine months ended September 30, 20222023 and 2021,2022, EZOP entered into interest rate swaps and caps for an aggregate notional amount of $506.6$924.4 million and $180.2$506.6 million, respectively, to economically hedge its exposure to the variable interest rates on a portion of the outstanding EZOP debt. No collateral was
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posted for the interest rate swaps and caps as they are secured under the EZOP revolving credit facility. In July 2022,August 2023, the notional amount of the interest rate swaps and caps began decreasing to match EZOP's estimated monthly principal payments on the debt. During the nine months ended September 30, 20222023 and 2021,2022, EZOP unwound interest rate swaps and caps with an aggregate notional amount of $360.2$659.6 million and $131.7$360.2 million, respectively, and recorded a realized gain of $26.8 million and $19.6 million, and a realized loss of $68,000, respectively.

Interest Rate Swaps and Caps on TEPH Debt.    During the nine months ended September 30, 20222023 and 2021,2022, TEPH entered into interest rate swaps and caps for an aggregate notional amount of $333.7$601.6 million and $236.3$333.7 million, respectively, to economically hedge its exposure to the variable interest rates on a portion of the outstanding TEPH debt. No collateral was posted for the interest rate swaps and caps as they are secured under the TEPH revolving credit facility. In October 2023, the notional amount of the interest rate swaps and caps will begin decreasing to match TEPH's estimated quarterly principal payments on the debt. During the nine months ended September 30, 20222023 and 2021,2022, TEPH unwound interest rate swaps and caps with an aggregate notional amount of $515.4$241.1 million and $121.3$515.4 million, respectively, and recorded a realized gain of $27.8$6.2 million and a realized loss of $1.6$27.8 million, respectively.
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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTSInterest Rate Swaps and Caps on AP8 Debt.    During the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, AP8 entered into interest rate swaps and caps for an aggregate notional amount of $140.0 million and $0, respectively, to economically hedge its exposure to the variable interest rates on a portion of the outstanding AP8 debt. No collateral was posted for the interest rate swaps and caps as they are secured under the AP8 revolving credit facility. The notional amount of the interest rate swaps and caps is locked for the life of the contract. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, AP8 unwound interest rate swaps and caps with an aggregate notional amount of $0 and recorded a realized gain of $470,000 and $0, respectively.

Interest Rate Swaps and Caps on AP9 Debt.    During the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, AP9 entered into interest rate swaps and caps for an aggregate notional amount of $25.0 million and $0, respectively, to economically hedge its exposure to the variable interest rates on a portion of the outstanding AP9 debt. No collateral was posted for the interest rate swaps and caps as they are secured under the AP9 revolving credit facility. In September 2025, the notional amount of the interest rate swaps and caps will begin decreasing to match AP9's estimated monthly principal payments on the debt. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, AP9 unwound interest rate swaps and caps with an aggregate notional amount of $0 and recorded a realized gain of $0.

The following table presents a summary of the outstanding derivative instruments:

As of September 30, 2022As of December 31, 2021As of September 30, 2023As of December 31, 2022
Effective
Date
Termination
Date
Fixed
Interest
Rate
Aggregate
Notional
Amount
Effective
Date
Termination
Date
Fixed
Interest
Rate
Aggregate
Notional
Amount
Effective
Date
Termination
Date
Fixed
Interest
Rate
Aggregate
Notional
Amount
Effective
Date
Termination
Date
Fixed
Interest
Rate
Aggregate
Notional
Amount
(in thousands, except interest rates)(in thousands, except interest rates)
EZOPEZOPJune 2022 -
July 2022
July 20340.890%$499,215 March 2021 -
March 2022
July 2033 -
July 2034
1.000%$261,836 EZOP
July 2023 -
September 2023
September 2029 -
November 2035
2.000%$575,550 June 2022 -
July 2022
July 20340.890%$489,477 
TEPHTEPHJuly 2022January 2035 -
October 2037
1.750% -
2.650%
333,749 February 2019 -
January 2023
January 2023 -
January 2036
0.121% -
2.534%
270,170 TEPH
July 2022 -
September 2023
October 2031 -
October 2041
2.620% - 4.035%743,740 July 2022 -
December 2022
January 2035 -
April 2041
1.520% -
2.630%
383,749 
AP8AP8
November 2022
 - August 2023
September 20254.250%215,000 November 2022September 20254.250%75,000 
AP9AP9September 2023September 20274.250%25,000 — 
TotalTotal$832,964 $532,006 Total$1,559,290 $948,226 

The following table presents the fair value of the interest rate swaps and caps as recorded in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets:

As of 
 September 30, 2022
As of 
 December 31, 2021
(in thousands)
Other assets$117,544 $14,351 
Other long-term liabilities— (5,330)
Total, net$117,544 $9,021 
As of 
 September 30, 2023
As of 
 December 31, 2022
(in thousands)
Other assets$129,643 $112,712 

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
We did not designate the interest rate swaps and caps as hedging instruments for accounting purposes. As a result, we recognize changes in fair value immediately in interest expense, net. The following table presents the impact of the interest rate swaps and caps as recorded in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations:

Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
20222021202220212023202220232022
(in thousands)(in thousands)
Realized (gain) loss$(1,928)$586 $(47,434)$1,693 
Realized gainRealized gain$(17,753)$(1,928)$(33,522)$(47,434)
Unrealized gainUnrealized gain(29,059)(2,642)(35,685)(5,574)Unrealized gain(18,219)(26,563)(10,208)(27,580)
TotalTotal$(30,987)$(2,056)$(83,119)$(3,881)Total$(35,972)$(28,491)$(43,730)$(75,014)

(10)(9) Income Taxes

Our effective income tax rate is 14% and 0% for the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and is 1% and 0% for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, and 2021.respectively. Total income tax differs from the amounts computed by applying the statutory income tax rate to loss before income tax primarily as a result of our full valuation allowance.allowance, foreign tax expense and tax benefit from ITC sales. We assessed whether we had any significant uncertain tax positions taken in a filed tax return, planned to be taken in a future tax return or claim, or otherwise subject to interpretation and determined there were none not more likely than not to be sustained upon examination, including resolution of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position, or prospectively approved when such approval may be sought in advance. Accordingly, we recorded no reserve for uncertain tax positions. Should a provision for any interest or penalties relative to unrecognized tax benefits be necessary, it is our policy to accrue for such in our income tax accounts. There were no such accruals as of September 30, 20222023 and December 31, 20212022 and we do not expect a significant change in gross unrecognized tax benefits in the next twelve months. Our tax years after 2011 remain subject to examination by the Internal Revenue Service and by the taxing authorities in the states and territories in which we operate.

(11)(10) Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests and Noncontrolling Interests

Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests

In February 2023, the Class A member of Sunnova TEP 7-B, LLC increased its capital commitment from approximately $30.0 million to approximately $125.0 million. In March 2023, the Class A member of Sunnova TEP 7-C, LLC increased its capital commitment from approximately $41.0 million to approximately $51.3 million. In May 2022,2023, we admitted a tax equity investor as the Class A member of Sunnova TEP 6-E,7-E, LLC ("TEP6E"TEP7E"), a subsidiary of Sunnova TEP 6-E7-E Manager, LLC, which is the Class B member of TEP6E.TEP7E. The Class A member of TEP6ETEP7E made a total capital commitment of approximately $17.5$51.0 million. The carrying valuesIn June 2023, we exercised our purchase option to purchase 100% of the redeemable noncontrolling interests were
27

TableClass A member's interest in Sunnova TEP I, LLC ("TEPI") for $5.9 million. This purchase resulted in an increase in our equity in TEPI of Contents
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
equal to or greater than the redemption values as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021. See Note 16, Subsequent Events.

Noncontrolling Interests

$67.0 million. In February 2022,August 2023, we admitted a tax equity investor as the Class A member of Sunnova TEP 6-B,7-G, LLC ("TEP6B"TEP7G"), a subsidiary of Sunnova TEP 6-B7-G Manager, LLC, which is the Class B member of TEP6B.TEP7G. The Class A member of TEP6BTEP7G made a total capital commitment of approximately $150.0$104.0 million. In September 2022,2023, we admitted a tax equity investor as the Class A member of Sunnova TEP 6-D,7-F, LLC ("TEP6D"TEP7F"), a subsidiary of Sunnova TEP 6-D7-F Manager, LLC, which is the Class B member of TEP6D.TEP7F. The Class A member of TEP6DTEP7F made a total capital commitment of approximately $25.0$134.9 million. See Note 16, Subsequent Events.The carrying values of the redeemable noncontrolling interests were equal to or greater than the redemption values as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Noncontrolling Interests

In April 2023, the Class A member of Sunnova TEP V-C, LLC increased its capital commitment from approximately $150.0 million to approximately $150.2 million. In April 2023, the Class A member of Sunnova TEP 6-A, LLC increased its capital commitment from approximately $50.0 million to approximately $57.7 million. In June 2023, the Class A member of Sunnova TEP 7-D, LLC increased its capital commitment from approximately $150.0 million to approximately $250.0 million.

(12)(11) Stockholders' Equity

In AprilDuring the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, we issued 693,443 and 694,446 shares of our common stock to Lenx, LLC pursuant to the terms of the earnout agreement, as amended, entered into in connection with the acquisition of SunStreet acquisition.Energy Group, LLC.

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
In August 2023, we sold 5,865,000 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $14.75 per share. We received aggregate net proceeds of approximately $82.2 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of approximately $3.9 million and offering expenses of approximately $400,000. We used the net proceeds from the offering for general corporate purposes.

(13)(12) Equity-Based Compensation

In February 2022,2023, the aggregate number of shares of common stock that may be issued pursuant to awards under the 2019 Long-Term Incentive Plan (the "LTIP") was increased by 1,265,071,1,525,652, an amount which,that, together with the shares remaining available for grant under the LTIP, is equal to 5,667,761,5,746,588 shares, or approximately 5% of the number of shares of common stock outstanding as of December 31, 2021.2022.

Stock Options

The following table summarizes stock option activity:
Number
of Stock
Options
Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price
Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term (Years)
Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
(in thousands)
Outstanding, December 31, 20212,765,815 $16.71 4.91$31,874 
Granted538,758 $27.62 9.48$14.37 
Exercised(2,884)$10.14 $46 
Forfeited(1,966)$40.14 $18.15 
Outstanding, September 30, 20223,299,723 $18.48 5.02$18,379 
Exercisable, September 30, 20222,710,515 $16.26 4.07$18,379 
Vested and expected to vest, September 30, 20223,299,723 $18.48 5.02$18,379 
Non-vested, September 30, 2022589,208 $14.71 

Number
of Stock
Options
Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price
Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term (Years)
Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
(in thousands)
Outstanding, December 31, 20223,259,459 $18.48 4.75$10,341 
Granted1,017,493 $15.01 9.49$8.82 
Exercised(36,360)$13.11 $182 
Forfeited(140,680)$21.96 $11.70 
Outstanding, September 30, 20234,099,912 $17.54 5.19$102 
Exercisable, September 30, 20232,656,858 $16.44 3.07$102 
Vested and expected to vest, September 30, 20234,099,912 $17.54 5.19$102 
Non-vested, September 30, 20231,443,054 $10.78 

The number of stock options that vested during the three months ended September 30, 20222023 and 20212022 was 0. The number of stock options that vested during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 and 2021 was 16,816 and 0, respectively.16,816. The grant date fair value of stock options that vested during the three months ended September 30, 20222023 and 20212022 was $0. The grant date fair value of stock options that vested during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 and 2021 was $309,000 and $0, respectively.$309,000. As of September 30, 2022,2023, there was $7.0$10.5 million of total unrecognized compensation expense related to stock options, which is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted average period of 2.132.04 years.

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Restricted Stock Units

The following table summarizes restricted stock unit activity:
Number of
Restricted
Stock Units
Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Outstanding, December 31, 20211,649,789 $18.48 
Granted1,015,949 $23.85 
Vested(948,404)$19.47 
Forfeited(62,939)$25.86 
Outstanding, September 30, 20221,654,395 $20.93 

Number of
Restricted
Stock Units
Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Outstanding, December 31, 20221,609,615 $20.62 
Granted2,085,532 $14.67 
Vested(961,682)$17.88 
Forfeited(311,648)$17.94 
Outstanding, September 30, 20232,421,817 $16.93 

The number of restricted stock units that vested during the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 was 145,115 and 2021 was 245,740, and 240,010, respectively. The number of restricted stock units that vested during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 was 961,682 and 2021 was 948,404, and 913,434, respectively. The grant date fair value of restricted stock units that vested during the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 and 2021 was $3.4$2.2 million and $2.9$3.4 million, respectively. The grant date fair value of restricted stock units that vested during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 and 2021 was $18.5$17.2 million and $15.3 $18.5
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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
million, respectively. As of September 30, 2022,2023, there was $27.1$31.3 million of total unrecognized compensation expense related to restricted stock units, which is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted average period of 1.551.54 years.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP")

Effective MayAs of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we established an Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the "ESPP"). We are authorized to issue up to an aggregate 750,000the number of shares of common stock under the ESPP. The ESPP allows eligible employees (as defined in the ESPP) to purchase shares of our common stock at a price per share equal to 95% of the lesser of the closing price of our common stock on the grant date or the purchase date. No shares of common stock were issued under the ESPP as of September 30, 2022.was 20,966 and 7,106, respectively.

(14)(13) Basic and Diluted Net Loss Per Share

The following table sets forth the computation of our basic and diluted net loss per share:

Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
2022202120222021
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Net loss attributable to common stockholders—basic and diluted$(62,047)$(27,541)$(132,633)$(123,920)
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders—basic and diluted$(0.54)$(0.25)$(1.16)$(1.12)
Weighted average common shares outstanding—basic and diluted114,816,879 112,159,698 114,293,251 110,185,333 
Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
2023202220232022
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Net loss attributable to stockholders—basic and diluted$(63,147)$(64,543)$(230,321)$(140,738)
Net loss per share attributable to stockholders—basic and diluted$(0.53)$(0.56)$(1.97)$(1.23)
Weighted average common shares outstanding—basic and diluted119,554,008 114,816,879 116,971,318 114,293,251 

The following table presents the weighted average shares of common stock equivalents that were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share for the periods presented because including them would have been anti-dilutive:

Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
20222021202220212023202220232022
Equity-based compensation awardsEquity-based compensation awards5,033,658 4,574,364 4,906,182 4,727,081 Equity-based compensation awards6,400,263 5,033,658 5,971,205 4,906,182 
Convertible senior notesConvertible senior notes25,294,010 16,628,073 19,548,462 8,875,206 Convertible senior notes34,150,407 25,294,010 34,150,407 19,548,462 

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(15)(14) Commitments and Contingencies

Legal.    We are a party to a number of lawsuits, claims and governmental proceedings whichthat are ordinary, routine matters incidental to our business. In addition, in the ordinary course of business, we periodically have disputes with dealers and customers. We do not expect the outcomes of these matters to have, either individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on our financial position or results of operations.

Performance Guarantee Obligations.    As of September 30, 2022,2023, we recorded $3.9$5.6 million related to our guarantee of certain specified minimum solar energy production output under our leases and loans, of which $2.5$2.7 million is recorded in other current liabilities and $1.4$2.9 million is recorded in other long-term liabilities in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2021,2022, we recorded $5.3$4.8 million related to these guarantees, of which $3.2$2.5 million is recorded in other current liabilities and $2.1$2.3 million is recorded in other long-term liabilities in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheet. The changes in our aggregate performance guarantee obligations are as follows:

As of September 30,Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
2022202120232022
(in thousands)(in thousands)
Balance at beginning of periodBalance at beginning of period$5,293 $5,718 Balance at beginning of period$4,845 $5,293 
AccrualsAccruals1,811 2,323 Accruals3,620 1,811 
SettlementsSettlements(3,170)(3,275)Settlements(2,855)(3,170)
Balance at end of periodBalance at end of period$3,934 $4,766 Balance at end of period$5,610 $3,934 

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Operating and Finance Leases.    We lease real estate and certain office equipment under operating leases and vehicles and certain other office equipment under finance leases. The following table presents the detail of lease expense as recorded in general and administrative expense in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations:

Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
20222021202220212023202220232022
(in thousands)(in thousands)
Operating lease expenseOperating lease expense$676 $401 $2,061 $1,164 Operating lease expense$754 $676 $2,138 $2,061 
Finance lease expense:Finance lease expense:Finance lease expense:
Amortization expenseAmortization expense201 157 562 251 Amortization expense308 201 787 562 
Interest on lease liabilitiesInterest on lease liabilities15 14 42 24 Interest on lease liabilities31 15 69 42 
Short-term lease expenseShort-term lease expense37 29 97 51 Short-term lease expense62 37 128 97 
Variable lease expenseVariable lease expense190 274 712 831 Variable lease expense367 190 835 712 
TotalTotal$1,119 $875 $3,474 $2,321 Total$1,522 $1,119 $3,957 $3,474 

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
The following table presents the detail of right-of-use assets and lease liabilities as recorded in other assets and other current liabilities/other long-term liabilities, respectively, in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets:

As of 
 September 30, 2022
As of 
 December 31, 2021
As of 
 September 30, 2023
As of 
 December 31, 2022
(in thousands)(in thousands)
Right-of-use assets:Right-of-use assets:Right-of-use assets:
Operating leasesOperating leases$15,193 $16,483 Operating leases$13,805 $14,706 
Finance leasesFinance leases2,384 2,187 Finance leases3,523 2,476 
Total right-of-use assetsTotal right-of-use assets$17,577 $18,670 Total right-of-use assets$17,328 $17,182 
Current lease liabilities:Current lease liabilities:Current lease liabilities:
Operating leasesOperating leases$2,267 $1,190 Operating leases$2,845 $2,451 
Finance leasesFinance leases735 660 Finance leases1,156 796 
Long-term leases liabilities:Long-term leases liabilities:Long-term leases liabilities:
Operating leasesOperating leases16,136 17,684 Operating leases14,406 15,751 
Finance leasesFinance leases963 1,024 Finance leases1,393 957 
Total lease liabilitiesTotal lease liabilities$20,101 $20,558 Total lease liabilities$19,800 $19,955 

Other information related to leases was as follows:

Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
2022202120232022
(in thousands)(in thousands)
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases (1)Operating cash flows from operating leases (1)$1,242 $883 Operating cash flows from operating leases (1)$2,187 $1,242 
Operating cash flows from finance leasesOperating cash flows from finance leases$42 $24 Operating cash flows from finance leases$69 $42 
Financing cash flows from finance leasesFinancing cash flows from finance leases$601 $283 Financing cash flows from finance leases$725 $601 
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations:Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations:Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations:
Operating leasesOperating leases$226 $452 Operating leases$703 $226 
Finance leasesFinance leases$758 $2,089 Finance leases$1,835 $758 

(1)Includes reimbursements in 20222023 and 20212022 of approximately $45,000$225,000 and $423,000,$45,000, respectively, for leasehold improvements.

As of 
 September 30, 2022
As of 
 December 31, 2021
Weighted average remaining lease term (years):
Operating leases6.857.54
Finance leases2.933.35
Weighted average discount rate:
Operating leases3.95 %3.92 %
Finance leases3.83 %3.11 %

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As of 
 September 30, 2023
As of 
 December 31, 2022
Weighted average remaining lease term (years):
Operating leases5.746.60
Finance leases3.062.86
Weighted average discount rate:
Operating leases4.07 %3.95 %
Finance leases5.81 %4.37 %

Future minimum lease payments under our non-cancelable leases as of September 30, 20222023 were as follows:

Operating
Leases
Finance
Leases
Operating
Leases
Finance
Leases
(in thousands)(in thousands)
Remaining 2022$653 $205 
20233,133 750 
Remaining 2023Remaining 2023$894 $351 
202420243,118 542 20243,496 1,180 
202520253,168 248 20253,392 716 
202620263,236 44 20263,236 370 
2027 and thereafter8,789 — 
202720273,304 147 
2028 and thereafter2028 and thereafter5,485 — 
TotalTotal22,097 1,789 Total19,807 2,764 
Amount representing interestAmount representing interest(2,821)(91)Amount representing interest(2,160)(215)
Amount representing leasehold incentivesAmount representing leasehold incentives(873)— Amount representing leasehold incentives(396)— 
Present value of future paymentsPresent value of future payments18,403 1,698 Present value of future payments17,251 2,549 
Current portion of lease liabilityCurrent portion of lease liability(2,267)(735)Current portion of lease liability(2,845)(1,156)
Long-term portion of lease liabilityLong-term portion of lease liability$16,136 $963 Long-term portion of lease liability$14,406 $1,393 

Guarantees or Indemnifications.    We enter into contracts that include indemnifications and guarantee provisions. In general, we enter into contracts with indemnities for matters such as breaches of representations and warranties and covenants contained in the contract and/or against certain specified liabilities. Examples of these contracts include dealer agreements, debt agreements, asset purchases and sales agreements, service agreements and procurement agreements. We are unable to estimate our maximum potential exposure under these agreements until an event triggering payment occurs. We do not expect to make any material payments under these agreements.

Dealer Commitments.    As of September 30, 20222023 and December 31, 2021,2022, the net unamortized balance of payments to dealers for exclusivity and other similar arrangements was $106.1$171.4 million and $81.8$121.3 million, respectively. Under these agreements, we paid $6.7$55.0 million and $5.8 million during the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and we paid $33.6 million and $25.7 million during the nine months ended September 30, 20222023 and 2021,2022, respectively. We could be obligated to make maximum payments, excluding additional amounts payable on a per watt basis if even higher thresholds are met, as follows:

Dealer
Commitments
(in thousands)
Remaining 2022$3,528 
202335,977 
202437,755 
202527,971 
20266,904 
2027 and thereafter— 
Total$112,135 

Purchase Commitments.    In December 2021, we amended an agreement with a supplier in which we agreed to purchase at least 1,420 megawatt hours of solar energy systems, energy storage systems and accessories through December 2023. The amendment does not contain specific dollar amounts or thresholds; however, as of September 30, 2022, we estimate these remaining purchase commitments will range from $480.0 million to $520.0 million. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, we purchased $55.4 million and $141.1 million, respectively, under this agreement.
Dealer
Commitments
(in thousands)
Remaining 2023$7,845 
202478,529 
202560,561 
202636,904 
202730,000 
2028 and thereafter— 
Total$213,839 

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NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Purchase Commitments.    In October 2023, we amended an agreement with a supplier in which we agreed to purchase approximately $325.0 million of energy storage systems through December 2024, with approximately $80.0 million in the fourth quarter of 2023 and approximately $245.0 million in 2024. Under this agreement, we purchased $12.8 million and $55.4 million during the three months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and we purchased $119.3 million and $141.1 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Information Technology Commitments.    We have certain long-term contractual commitments related to information technology software services and licenses. Future commitments as of September 30, 20222023 were as follows:

Information
Technology
Commitments
Information
Technology
Commitments
(in thousands)(in thousands)
Remaining 2022$16,011 
202322,918 
Remaining 2023Remaining 2023$22,649 
202420245,612 202410,181 
2025202518 20254,282 
20262026— 20262,561 
2027 and thereafter— 
202720273,300 
2028 and thereafter2028 and thereafter— 
TotalTotal$44,559 Total$42,973 

(16)(15) Subsequent Events

TEPH Debt.EZOP Debt.     In October 2022,2023, we amended the TEPHEZOP revolving credit facility to, among other things, (a) increasereallocate commitments among the aggregate commitment amount from $564.7 million to $600.0 million and (b) increase the uncommitted maximum facility amount from $639.7 million to $689.7 million.lenders.

Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests.HESI Debt.     In October 2022,2023, we admittedentered into a tax equity investor asnote purchase agreement, which at closing will indirectly benefit from a partial guarantee provided by the U.S. Department of Energy ("DOE") Loan Programs Office. The notes will not be directly guaranteed by the DOE. The offering consists of $219.6 million in aggregate principal amount of Series 2023-GRID1 Class A solar loan-backed notes and $24.4 million in aggregate principal amount of Series 2023-GRID1 Class B solar loan-backed notes (collectively, the "HESI Notes") with a maturity date of December 2050. The HESI Notes were issued at a discount of 2.46% for Class A and 9.40% for Class B and bear interest at an annual rate of 5.75% and 8.25% for the Class A member of Sunnova TEP 6-C, LLC ("TEP6C"), a subsidiary of Sunnova TEP 6-C Manager, LLC, which is theand Class B member of TEP6C.notes, respectively. The Class A member of TEP6C made a total capital commitment of approximately $30.0 million.

Noncontrolling Interests.    In October 2022, the Class A member of TEP6D increased its capital commitment from $25.0 millionoffering is expected to $75.0 million.close in November 2023, subject to customary closing conditions.
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Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis contain forward-looking statements that are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results and timing of selected events may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including but not limited to those discussed under "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" above and "Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements", "Risk Factors" and elsewhere in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") on February 24, 2022,23, 2023, our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on April 28, 202227, 2023 and July 28, 202227, 2023 and elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment and new risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events and circumstances discussed in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements. Unless the context otherwise requires, the terms "Sunnova," "the Company," "we," "us" and "our" refer to SEI and its consolidated subsidiaries.

Company Overview

We are a leading residential energy serviceEnergy as a Service provider, serving over 246,000386,000 customers in more than 3545 United States ("U.S.") states and territories. Our goal is to be the source of clean, affordable and reliable energy with a simple mission: to power energy independence so homeownershome and business owners have the freedom to live life uninterrupted. We were founded to deliver customers a better energy service at a better price; and, through our energy service offerings, we are disrupting the traditional energy landscape and the way the 21st century customer generates and consumes electricity.

We have a differentiated residential solar dealer model in which we partner with local dealers who originate, design and install our customers' solar energy systems, energy storage systems and related products and services on our behalf. Our focus on our dealer model enables us to leverage our dealers' specialized knowledge, connections and experience in local markets to drive customer origination while providing our dealers with access to high quality products at competitive prices, as well as technical oversight and expertise. We believe this structure provides operational flexibility, reduces exposure to labor shortages and lowers fixed costs relative to our peers, furthering our competitive advantage.

We offer customers products to power their homes and businesses with affordable solar energy and related products and services. We are able to offer savings compared to utility-based retail rates with little to no up-front expense to the customer in conjunction with solar and solar plus energy storage, and, in the case of the latter, are able to also provide energy resiliency. Our solar service agreements typically take the form of a lease, power purchase agreement ("PPA"), loan or loan;cash purchase; however, we also offer service plans for systems we did not originate. We make it possible in some states for a customer to obtain a new roof andand/or other ancillary products as part of their solar loan.products. We also allow customers originated through our homebuilder channel the option of purchasing the system when the customer closes on the purchase of a new home. The initial term of our solar service agreements is typically between 10 and 25 years. Service is an integral part of our agreements and includes operations and maintenance, monitoring, repairs and replacements, equipment upgrades, on-site power optimization for the customer (for both supply and demand), the ability to efficiently switch power sources among the solar panel, grid and energy storage system, as appropriate, and diagnostics. During the life of the contract, we have the opportunity to integrate related and evolving home servicing and monitoring technologies to upgrade the flexibility and reduce the cost of our customers' energy supply.

In the case of leases and PPAs, we also currently receive tax benefits and other incentives from federal, state and local governments, a portion of which we finance through tax equity, non-recourse debt structures and hedging arrangements in order to fund our upfront costs, overhead and growth investments. We have an established track record of attracting capital from diverse sources. From our inception through September 30, 2022,2023, we have raised more than $11.2$14.5 billion in total capital commitments from equity, debt and tax equity investors.

In addition to providing ongoing service as a standard component of our solar service agreements, we also offer ongoing energy services to customers who purchased their solar energy system through third parties. Under these arrangements, we agree to provide monitoring, maintenance and repair services to these customers for the life of the service contract they sign with us. In addition, we offer one-time repair services to customers who purchased their solar energy systems through third parties. We also offer complimentarycomplementary products to our agreements as well as non-solar financing. Specifically, our offerings include a non-solar loan program enabling customers to finance the purchase of products independent of a solar energy system or energy storage system. We believe the quality and scope of our comprehensive energy service offerings, whether to customers that obtained their solar energy system through us or through another party, is a key differentiator between us and our competitors.

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In April 2021, we acquired SunStreet Energy Group, LLC, Lennar Corporation's ("Lennar") residential solar platform that focuses primarily on solar energy systems and energy storage systems for homebuilders. In connection with that acquisition, we entered into an agreement pursuant to which we would be the exclusive residential solar and storage provider for Lennar's new home communities with solar across the U.S. for a period of four years. We believe the acquisition provides a new strategic path to further scale our residential solar business, reduces customer acquisition costs, provides a multi-year supply of homesitessites through the development of new home solar communities and allows us to pursue the development of clean and resilient residential microgrids across the U.S.

We also enter into leases with third-party owners of pools of solar energy systems to receive such third party's interest in those systems. In connection therewith, we assume the related customer PPA and lease obligations, entitling us to future customer cash flows as well as certain credits, rebates and incentives (including SRECs) under those agreements, in exchange for a lease payment, whether upfront or over time, to the third-party owner, which may be made in the form of cash or shares of our common stock. We believe such arrangements enhance our long-term contracted cash flows and are complementary to our overall business model.

We commenced operations in January 2013 and began providing solar energy services under our first solar energy system in April 2013. Since then, our brand, innovation and focused execution have driven significant, rapid growth in our market share and in the number of customers on our platform. We operate one of the largest residential fleets of residential solar energy systems in the U.S., comprising more than 1,4732,099 megawatts of generation capacity and serving over 246,000386,000 customers.

Recent Developments

Inflation Reduction Act of 2022

In August 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the "IRA") was signed into law. Among other things, the IRA expanded and extended the tax credits available to solar energy projects in an effort to achieve President Biden's non-binding target of net-zero emissions by 2050. The IRA extends the investment tax credit for eligible solar energy projects through at least 2032 and, depending on the location of a particular project and its ability to satisfy certain labor and domestic content requirements, the percentage can range between 30% and 50%. The IRA also allows qualifying homeowners to deduct up to 30% of the cost of installing residential solar systems from their U.S. federal income taxes, thereby returning a material portion of the purchase price of the residential solar system to homeowners. Under the terms of the current extension, the residential tax credit will remain at 30% through the end of 2032, reduce to 26% for 2033, reduce to 22% for 2034, and further reduce to 0% after the end of 2034 for residential solar systems, unless it is extended before that time.

We believe the IRA will increase demand for our services due to the extensions and expansions of tax credits that are beneficial for financing our business and reducing the costs of our services to our customers. We also expect the IRA will cause substantial investments to be made in domestic manufacturing for renewable energy infrastructure and components, which may reduce the costs of, or improve the availability of, capital goods used in providing our services. However, the impact of the IRA cannot be known with any certainty, and we may not recognize any or all of the expected benefits of the IRA.

Hurricane Fiona in Puerto Rico

In September 2022, Hurricane Fiona made landfall in Puerto Rico causing significant wind and water damage to the island's infrastructure, residences and businesses. A majority of Puerto Rico was left without electrical power. In addition, other basic utility and infrastructure services (such as water, communications, ports and other transportation networks) were severely curtailed. We are currently in the process of assessing the full extent of the damages to our operations, but our preliminary estimates are that we have no material damages to our solar energy systems and energy storage systems. See Note 4, Natural Disaster Losses, to our interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements ("interim financial statements") included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Hurricane Ian in Florida

In September 2022, Hurricane Ian made landfall in Florida causing catastrophic wind and water damage to the state's infrastructure, residences and businesses. We are currently in the process of assessing the full extent of the damages to our operations, but our preliminary estimates are that we have no material damages to our solar energy systems and energy storage systems. See Note 4, Natural Disaster Losses, to our interim financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

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COVID-19 Pandemic

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has resulted and may continue to result in widespread adverse impacts on the global economy. We have experienced some resulting disruptions to our business operations due to the COVID-19 virus and its impacts.

Social distancing guidelines, stay-at-home orders and similar measures associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as actions by individuals to reduce their potential exposure to the virus, contributed to a decline in origination. This decline reflected an inability by our dealers to perform in-person sales calls based on the stay-at-home orders in some locations. To adjust to these government measures, our dealers expanded the use of digital tools and origination channels and created new methods that offset restrictions on their ability to meet with potential new customers in person. Such efforts drove an increase in new contract origination. We have seen the use of websites, video conferencing and other virtual tools as part of our origination process expand widely and contribute to our growth.

Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, we have continued to service and install solar energy systems and energy storage systems. The industry is currently facing shortages and shipping delays affecting the supply of energy storage systems, modules and component parts for inverters and racking used in solar energy systems. These shortages and delays can be attributed in part to the COVID-19 pandemic and to government action in response to the pandemic, as well as to allegations regarding the use of forced labor in the Chinese polysilicon supply chain. While a majority of our dealers have secured sufficient quantities to permit them to continue installing and conducting repairs through much of 2022, if these shortages and delays persist, they could impact the timing of when solar energy systems and energy storage systems can be installed and repaired and when we can acquire and begin to generate revenue from those systems. In addition, if supply chains become significantly disrupted due to additional outbreaks of the COVID-19 virus or otherwise, or more stringent health and safety guidelines are implemented, our ability to install and service solar energy systems and energy storage systems could become adversely impacted.

We cannot predict the full impact the COVID-19 pandemic will have on our business, cash flows, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations at this time due to numerous uncertainties. We will continue to monitor developments affecting our workforce, our customers and our business operations generally, and will take actions we determine are necessary in order to mitigate these impacts.

Financing Transactions

In September 2022,August 2023, we admitted a tax equity investor with a total capital commitment of approximately $25.0$104.0 million. In October 2022, a tax equity investor increased its capital commitment from $25.0 million to $75.0 million. In October 2022,September 2023, we admitted a tax equity investor with a total capital commitment of approximately $30.0$134.9 million. See "—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Financing Arrangements—Tax Equity Fund Commitments" below.

In July 2022,August 2023, we amended athe revolving credit facility to,by and among Sunnova EZ-Own Portfolio, LLC ("EZOP"), certain of our other things, increasesubsidiaries party thereto, Atlas Securitized Products Holdings, L.P., as administrative agent, and the uncommitted maximum facility amount from $475.0 million to $535.0 million until the earlier to occur of (a) September 29, 2022lenders and (b) the date upon which a specific sale of borrowing base assets and a related prepayment of outstanding debt thereunder occurs, upon the occurrence of which the uncommitted maximum facility amount will return to $475.0 million. In August 2022, we further amended this revolving credit facilityother financial institutions party thereto, to, among other things, (a) increase the aggregate commitment amount from $400.0$775.0 million to $450.0$875.0 million, (b) increase the uncommitted maximum facility amount from $535.0$900.0 million to $585.0 million,$1.0 billion, (c) amend certain provisions addressingextend the allocation of advancesmaturity date from November 2024 to November 2025 and principal payments among the lenders, (d) amend certain provisions addressing lender consent rights and related matters and (e) include certain provisions addressing service incentives and related matters.the Advance Rate (as defined therein). In September 2022,October 2023, we further amended thisthe EZOP revolving credit facility to, among other things, (a) decrease the uncommitted maximum facility amount from $585.0 million to $575.0 million and (b) amend certain provisions related to the agent's allocation of certain payments made toreallocate commitments among the lenders. In August 2022, one2023, we amended the revolving credit facility by and among Sunnova TEP Holdings, LLC ("TEPH"), certain of our other subsidiaries used proceeds fromparty thereto, Atlas Securitized Products Holdings, L.P., as administrative agent, and the HELIX Notes (as defined below) to repay $151.0 million in aggregate principal amount outstanding under its financing arrangement. In September 2022, we amended a revolving credit facilitylenders and other financial institutions party thereto, to, among other things, (a) increase the aggregate commitment amount from $460.7$700.0 million to $564.7$769.3 million, (b) increase the uncommitted maximum facility amount from $600.0$789.7 million to $639.7$859.0 million and (c) extend the facility maturity date from November 2024 to November 2024, (d) amend certain excess concentration limitations, (e) replace2025. In August 2023, the London interbank offered rate with the forward-looking term rate based on the secured overnight financing rate as the interest rate benchmark and include benchmark replacement provisions and (f) include certain provisions addressing grid services revenue and related matters. In October 2022, we further amended this revolving credit facility by and among Sunnova Asset Portfolio 8, LLC ("AP8"), certain of our other subsidiaries party thereto, Banco Popular de Puerto Rico, as agent, and the lenders and other financial institutions party thereto was amended to, among other things, (a) increase the aggregate commitment amount from $564.7$185.0 million to $600.0$215.0 million. In September 2023, one of our subsidiaries, Sunnova Asset Portfolio 9, LLC ("AP9") entered into a secured revolving credit facility with Citibank, N.A., as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto, for an aggregate commitment amount of $65.0 million and (b) increasewith a maturity date of October 2027. Interest on the uncommitted maximumborrowings under the AP9 revolving credit facility amount from $639.7 million to $689.7 million. is due monthly. Borrowings under the AP9 revolving credit facility bear interest at an annual rate based on either Term SOFR or a CP Yield Rate (as defined by the AP9 revolving credit facility). See "—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Financing Arrangements—Warehouse and Other Debt Financings" below.

In August 2023, one of our subsidiaries issued $148.5 million in aggregate principal amount of Series 2023-B Class A solar loan-backed notes, $71.1 million in aggregate principal amount of Series 2023-B Class B solar loan-backed notes and $23.1 million in aggregate principal amount of Series 2023-B Class C solar loan-backed notes (collectively, the "HELXII Notes") with a maturity date of August 2050. The HELXII Notes were issued at a discount of 4.23%, 6.67% and 12.64% for the Class A, Class B and Class C notes, respectively, and bear interest at an annual rate of 5.30%, 5.60% and 6.00%, for the Class A, Class B and Class C notes, respectively. In October 2023, we entered into a note purchase agreement, which at closing will indirectly benefit from a partial guarantee provided by the U.S. Department of Energy ("DOE") Loan Programs Office. The notes will not be directly guaranteed by the DOE. The offering consists of $219.6 million in aggregate principal amount of Series 2023-GRID1 Class A solar loan-backed notes and $24.4 million in aggregate principal amount of Series 2023-GRID1 Class B solar loan-backed notes (collectively, the "HESI Notes") with a maturity date of December 2050. The HESI Notes were issued at a discount of 2.46% and 9.40% for the Class A and Class B notes respectively, and bear interest at an annual rate of
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In August 2022, one of our subsidiaries issued $178.0 million in aggregate principal amount of Series 2022-B Class A solar loan-backed notes5.75% and $49.7 million in aggregate principal amount of Series 2022-B Class B solar loan-backed notes (collectively, the "HELIX Notes") with a maturity date of August 2049. The HELIX Notes bear interest at an annual rate of 5.00% and 6.00%8.25% for the Class A and Class B notes, respectively. The offering is expected to close in November 2023, subject to customary closing conditions. See "—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Financing Arrangements—Securitizations" below. below.

In August 2022, weSeptember 2023, one of our subsidiaries issued and sold an aggregate principal amount of $600.0$400.0 million of our 2.625% convertible11.75% senior notes ("2.625% convertible11.75% senior notes") in a private placement at a discount to the initial purchasers of 2.5%approximately 2.74%, for an aggregate purchase price of $585.0approximately $389.0 million. The 2.625% convertible11.75% senior notes mature in February 2028 unless earlier redeemed, repurchased or converted. In connection with the pricing of the 2.625% convertible senior notes, we used proceeds of $48.4 million to enter into privately negotiated capped call transactions, which are expected to reduce the potential dilution to common shares and/or offset potential cash payments that could be required to be made in excess of the principal amount upon any exchange of notes. Such reduction and/or offset is subject to a cap initially equal to $34.24 per share, subject to adjustments.October 2028. See "—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Financing Arrangements—Senior Notes" below.

Microgrid Application

In September 2022,August 2023, we applied forsold 5,865,000 shares of common stock at a certificate to ownpublic offering price of $14.75 per share. We received aggregate net proceeds of approximately $82.2 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and operate residential community microgrids in California. This effort, if successful, would allow us to enter into the regulated utility sectorcommissions of electric service. Our application focuses on microgrids for new home communities where the installationapproximately $3.9 million and offering expenses of the microgrid can be performed together with the construction of the new community. If the application is granted, we will pursue the construction of residential behind-the-meter solar energy systemsapproximately $400,000. See "—Liquidity and energy storage systems that are integrated with community-scale front-of-the-meter solar, energy storage systems, backup generation systems and distribution and microgrid controls, which together will be used to serve the electric requirements for the entire residential community. The microgrids are expected to be connected to the larger grid so we can provide supplemental electricity to our customers from the wholesale market and sell excess electricity and related products to the same market.Capital Resources—Financing Arrangements—Public Offerings" below.

Securitizations

As a source of long-term financing, we securitize qualifying solar energy systems, energy storage systems and related solar service agreements into special purpose entities who issue solar asset-backed and solar loan-backed notes to institutional investors. We also securitize the cash flows generated by the membership interests in certain of our indirect, wholly-owned subsidiaries that are the managing member of a tax equity fund that owns a pool of solar energy systems, energy storage systems and related solar service agreements that were originated by one of our wholly-owned subsidiaries. The federal government currently provides business investment tax credits under Section 48(a) (the "Section 48(a) ITC") and residential clean energy credits under Section 25D (the "Section 25D Credit") of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code").amended. For projects that begin construction after December 31, 2024, the Section 48(a) ITC will be replaced with a new clean energy investment tax creditcredits under Section 48E48E(a) (the "Section 48E ITC") of the Code.. We do not securitize the Section 48(a) ITC incentives, and currently do not plan to securitize any Section 48E ITC incentives, associated with the solar energy systems and energy storage systems as part of these arrangements. However, we may in the future securitize the expected proceeds from the sale of such tax credits. We use the cash flows these solar energy systems and energy storage systems generate to service the monthly, quarterly or semi-annual principal and interest payments on the notes and satisfy the expenses and reserve requirements of the special purpose entities, with any remaining cash distributed to their sole members, who are typically our indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries. In connection with these securitizations, certain of our affiliates receive a fee for managing and servicing the solar energy systems and energy storage systems pursuant to management, servicing, facility administration and asset management agreements. The special purpose entities are also typically required to maintain a liquidity reserve account and a reserve account for equipment replacements and, in certain cases, reserve accounts for financing fund purchase option/withdrawal right exercises or storage system replacement for the benefit of the holders under the applicable series of notes, each of which are funded from initial deposits or cash flows to the levels specified therein. The creditors of these special purpose entities have no recourse to our other assets except as expressly set forth in the terms of the notes. From our inception through September 30, 2022,2023, we have issued $3.4$4.5 billion in solar asset-backed and solar loan-backed notes.

Tax Equity Funds

Our ability to offer long-term solar service agreements depends in part on our ability to finance the installation of the solar energy systems and energy storage systems by co-investing with tax equity investors, such as large banks who value the resulting customer receivables and Section 48(a) ITCs or, in the future, Section 48E ITCs, accelerated tax depreciation and other incentives related to the solar energy systems and energy storage systems, primarily through structured investments known as "tax equity". Tax equity investments are generally structured as non-recourse project financings known as "tax equity funds". In the context of
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distributed generation solar energy, tax equity investors make contributions upfront or in stages based on milestones in exchange for a share of the tax attributes and cash flows emanating from an underlying portfolio of solar energy systems and energy storage systems. In these tax equity funds, the U.S. federal income tax attributes offset taxes that otherwise would have been payable on the investors' other operations. The terms and conditions of each tax equity fund vary significantly by investor and by fund. We continue to negotiate with potential investors to create additional tax equity funds.

In general, our tax equity funds are structured using the "partnership flip" structure. Under partnership flip structures, we and our tax equity investors contribute cash into a partnership. The partnership uses this cash to acquire long-term solar service agreements, solar energy systems and energy storage systems developed by us and sells energy from such solar energy systems and energy storage systems, as applicable, to customers or directly leases the solar energy systems and energy storage systems, as applicable, to customers. We assign these solar service agreements, solar energy systems, energy storage systems and related incentives to our tax equity funds in accordance with the criteria of the specific funds. Upon such assignment and the satisfaction of certain conditions precedent, we are able to draw down on the tax equity fund commitments. The conditions precedent to funding vary across our tax equity funds but generally require that we have entered into a solar service agreement
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with the customer, the customer meets certain credit criteria, the solar energy system is expected to be eligible for the Section 48(a) ITC or the Section 48E ITC, as applicable, we have a recent appraisal from an independent appraiser establishing the fair market value of the solar energy system and the property is in an approved state or territory. Certain tax equity investors agree to receive a minimum target rate of return, typically on an after-tax basis, which varies by tax equity fund. Prior to receiving a contractual rate of return or a date specified in the contractual arrangements, the tax equity investor receives substantially all of the non-cash value attributable to the solar energy systems and energy storage systems, which includes accelerated depreciation and Section 48(a) ITCs;ITCs or Section 48E ITCs, as applicable; however, we typically receive a majority of the cash distributions, which are typically paid quarterly. After the tax equity investor receives its contractual rate of return or after a specified date, we receive substantially all of the cash and tax allocations.

We have determined we are the primary beneficiary in these tax equity funds for accounting purposes. Accordingly, we consolidate the assets and liabilities and operating results of these partnerships in our consolidated financial statements. We recognize the tax equity investors' share of the net assets of the tax equity funds as redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests in our consolidated balance sheets. The income or loss allocations reflected in our consolidated statements of operations may create significant volatility in our reported results of operations, including potentially changing net loss attributable to stockholders to net income attributable to stockholders, or vice versa, from quarter to quarter.

We typically have an option to acquire, and our tax equity investors may have an option to withdraw and require us to purchase, all the equity interests our tax equity investor holds in the tax equity funds starting approximately five years after the last solar energy system in the applicable tax equity fund is operational. If we or our tax equity investors exercise this option, we are typically required to pay at least the fair market value of the tax equity investor's equity interest and, in certain cases, a contractual minimum amount. From our inception through September 30, 2022,2023, we have received commitments of approximately $1.4$2.3 billion through the use of tax equity funds, of which an aggregate of $1.2$1.9 billion has been funded and $53.7$199.3 million remains available for use.

Key Financial and Operational Metrics

We regularly review a number of metrics, including the following key operational and financial metrics, to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, formulate our financial projections and make strategic decisions.

Number of Customers. We define number of customers to include every unique premises on which a Sunnova product is installed or on which Sunnova is obligated to perform services for a counterparty. We track the total number of customers as an indicator of our historical growth and our rate of growth from period to period.

As of 
 September 30, 2022
As of 
 December 31, 2021
Change
Number of customers246,600192,60054,000
As of 
 September 30, 2023
As of 
 December 31, 2022
Change
Number of customers386,200279,400106,800

Weighted Average Number of Systems. We calculate the weighted average number of systems based on the number of months a customer and any additional service obligation related to a solar energy system is in-service during a given measurement period. The weighted average number of systems reflects the number of systems at the beginning of a period, plus the total number of new systems added in the period adjusted by a factor that accounts for the partial period nature of those new systems. For purposes of this calculation, we assume all new systems added during a month were added in the middle of that month. The number of systems for any end of period will exceed the number of customers, as defined above, for that same end
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of period as we are also including any additional services and/or contracts a customer or third party executed for the additional work for the same residence.residence or business. We track the weighted average system count in order to accurately reflect the contribution of the appropriate number of systems to key financial metrics over the measurement period.

Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
20222021202220212023202220232022
Weighted average number of systems (excluding loan agreements and cash sales)Weighted average number of systems (excluding loan agreements and cash sales)171,600 138,500 163,800 117,800 Weighted average number of systems (excluding loan agreements and cash sales)225,200 171,600 210,900 163,800 
Weighted average number of systems with loan agreementsWeighted average number of systems with loan agreements60,800 29,000 50,900 24,600 Weighted average number of systems with loan agreements133,300 60,800 110,500 50,900 
Weighted average number of systems with cash salesWeighted average number of systems with cash sales4,300 700 3,300 300 Weighted average number of systems with cash sales10,000 4,300 8,600 3,300 
Weighted average number of systemsWeighted average number of systems236,700 168,200 218,000 142,700 Weighted average number of systems368,500 236,700 330,000 218,000 
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Adjusted EBITDA. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) plus net interest expense, depreciation and amortization expense, income tax expense, financing deal costs, natural disaster losses and related charges, net, losses on extinguishment of long-term debt, realized and unrealized gains and losses on fair value instruments and equity securities, amortization of payments to dealers for exclusivity and other bonus arrangements, legal settlements, investment tax credit ("ITC") sales and excluding the effect of certain non-recurring items we do not consider to be indicative of our ongoing operating performance such as, but not limited to, costs of our initial public offering ("IPO"), acquisition costs, losses on unenforceable contracts, indemnification payments to tax equity investors and other non-cash items such as non-cash compensation expense, asset retirement obligation ("ARO") accretion expense, provision for current expected credit losses and non-cash inventory and other impairments.

Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure we use as a performance measure. We believe investors and securities analysts also use Adjusted EBITDA in evaluating our operating performance. This measurement is not recognized in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP") and should not be viewed as an alternative to GAAP measures of performance. The GAAP measure most directly comparable to Adjusted EBITDA is net income (loss). The presentation of Adjusted EBITDA should not be construed to suggest our future results will be unaffected by non-cash or non-recurring items. In addition, our calculation of Adjusted EBITDA is not necessarily comparable to Adjusted EBITDA as calculated by other companies.

We believe Adjusted EBITDA is useful to management, investors and analysts in providing a measure of core financial performance adjusted to allow for comparisons of results of operations across reporting periods on a consistent basis. These adjustments are intended to exclude items that are not indicative of the ongoing operating performance of the business. Adjusted EBITDA is also used by our management for internal planning purposes, including our consolidated operating budget, and by our board of directors in setting performance-based compensation targets. Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered an alternative to but viewed in conjunction with GAAP results, as we believe it provides a more complete understanding of ongoing business performance and trends than GAAP measures alone. Adjusted EBITDA has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP.

Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
2023202220232022
(in thousands)
Reconciliation of Net Loss to Adjusted EBITDA:
Net loss$(56,463)$(32,348)$(267,590)$(68,283)
Interest expense, net57,601 20,824 200,155 44,380 
Interest income(30,590)(16,185)(81,670)(40,428)
Income tax benefit(9,325)— (1,632)— 
Depreciation expense40,082 27,594 107,957 78,401 
Amortization expense7,416 7,309 22,112 21,894 
EBITDA8,721 7,194 (20,668)35,964 
Non-cash compensation expense5,494 4,463 19,812 20,059 
ARO accretion expense1,257 952 3,491 2,687 
Financing deal costs608 162 1,282 582 
Natural disaster losses and related charges, net1,442 1,161 2,388 1,161 
Acquisition costs150 3,005 1,137 5,622 
Unrealized (gain) loss on fair value instruments and equity securities(8,482)10,625 846 (4,136)
Amortization of payments to dealers for exclusivity and other bonus arrangements1,996 1,185 4,957 3,110 
Legal settlements— (1,001)750 (1,001)
Provision for current expected credit losses8,360 10,967 29,467 26,881 
Non-cash inventory and other impairments6,443 864 22,106 864 
Indemnification payments to tax equity investors— 1,727 3,053 1,727 
ITC sales14,422 — 14,422 — 
Adjusted EBITDA$40,411 $41,304 $83,043 $93,520 
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Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
2022202120222021
(in thousands)
Reconciliation of Net Loss to Adjusted EBITDA:
Net loss$(29,852)$(25,919)$(60,178)$(116,255)
Interest expense, net18,328 26,588 36,275 84,748 
Interest income(16,185)(9,098)(40,428)(24,266)
Income tax expense— 64 — 64 
Depreciation expense27,594 21,961 78,401 62,286 
Amortization expense7,309 7,204 21,894 14,362 
EBITDA7,194 20,800 35,964 20,939 
Non-cash compensation expense4,463 3,093 20,059 13,937 
ARO accretion expense952 745 2,687 2,094 
Financing deal costs162 480 582 837 
Natural disaster losses and related charges, net1,161 — 1,161 — 
Acquisition costs3,005 1,565 5,622 7,053 
Loss on extinguishment of long-term debt, net— — — 9,824 
Unrealized (gain) loss on fair value instruments10,625 (8,834)(4,136)(4,665)
Amortization of payments to dealers for exclusivity and other bonus arrangements1,185 832 3,110 2,089 
Legal settlements(1,001)— (1,001)— 
Provision for current expected credit losses10,967 6,567 26,881 15,032 
Non-cash inventory impairments864 — 864 982 
Indemnification payments to tax equity investors1,727 — 1,727 — 
Adjusted EBITDA$41,304 $25,248 $93,520 $68,122 

Interest Income and Principal Payments from Customer Notes Receivable.Receivable; Principal Proceeds from Customer Notes Receivable, Net of Related Revenue; and Proceeds from Investments in Solar Receivables. Under our loan agreements, the customer obtains financing for the purchase of a solar energy system from us and we agree to operate and maintain the solar energy system throughout the duration of the agreement. Pursuant to the terms of the loan agreement, the customer makes scheduled principal and interest payments to us and has the option to prepay principal at any time in part or in full. Whereas we typically recognize payments from customers under our leases and PPAs as revenue, we recognize payments received from customers under our loan agreements (a) as interest income, to the extent attributable to earned interest on the contract that financed the customer's purchase of the solar energy system; (b) as a reduction of a note receivable on the balance sheet, to the extent attributable to a return of principal (whether scheduled or prepaid) on the contract that financed the customer's purchase of the solar energy system; and (c) as revenue, to the extent attributable to payments for operations and maintenance services provided by us. We also enter into leases with third-party owners of pools of solar energy systems to receive such third party's interest in those systems. In connection therewith, we assume the related customer PPA and lease obligations, entitling us to future customer cash flows as well as certain credits, rebates and incentives (including SRECs) under those agreements. We recognize payments received from such third parties as proceeds from investments in solar receivables.

While Adjusted EBITDA effectively captures the operating performance of our leases and PPAs, it only reflects the service portion of the operating performance under our loan agreements. We do not consider our types of solar service agreements differently when evaluating our operating performance. In order to present a measure of operating performance that provides comparability without regard to the different accounting treatment among our threedifferent types of solar service agreements, we consider interest income from customer notes receivable, and principal proceeds from customer notes receivable, net of related revenue, and proceeds from investments in solar receivables as key performance metrics. We believe these two metrics provide a more meaningful and uniform method of analyzing our operating performance when viewed in light of our other key performance metrics across the three primary types of solar service agreements.

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Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
20222021202220212023202220232022
(in thousands)(in thousands)
Interest income from customer notes receivableInterest income from customer notes receivable$15,119 $8,904 $39,051 $23,863 Interest income from customer notes receivable$26,761 $15,119 $69,950 $39,051 
Principal proceeds from customer notes receivable, net of related revenuePrincipal proceeds from customer notes receivable, net of related revenue$22,284 $14,333 $67,478 $42,408 Principal proceeds from customer notes receivable, net of related revenue$36,966 $22,284 $102,914 $67,478 
Proceeds from investments in solar receivablesProceeds from investments in solar receivables$3,779 $3,768 $8,708 $9,388 

Adjusted Operating Expense. We define Adjusted Operating Expense as total operating expense less depreciation and amortization expense, financing deal costs, natural disaster losses and related charges, net, amortization of payments to dealers for exclusivity and other bonus arrangements, legal settlements, direct sales costs, cost of revenue related to cash sales, cost of revenue related to inventory sales, unrealized gains and losses on fair value instruments, gains and losses on held-for-sale loans and excluding the effect of certain non-recurring items we do not consider to be indicative of our ongoing operating performance such as, but not limited to, costs of our IPO, acquisition costs, losses on unenforceable contracts, indemnification payments to tax equity investors and other non-cash items such as non-cash compensation expense, ARO accretion expense, provision for current expected credit losses and non-cash inventory and other impairments. Adjusted Operating Expense is a non-GAAP financial measure we use as a performance measure. We believe investors and securities analysts will also use Adjusted Operating Expense in evaluating our performance. This measurement is not recognized in accordance with GAAP and should not be viewed as an alternative to GAAP measures of performance. The GAAP measure most directly comparable to Adjusted Operating Expense is total operating expense. We believe Adjusted Operating Expense is a supplemental financial measure useful to management, analysts, investors, lenders and rating agencies as an indicator of the efficiency of our operations between reporting periods. Adjusted Operating Expense should not be considered an alternative to but viewed in conjunction with GAAP total operating expense, as we believe it provides a more complete understanding of our performance than GAAP measures alone. Adjusted Operating Expense has limitations as an analytical tool and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP, including total operating expense.

We use per system metrics, including Adjusted Operating Expense per weighted average system, as an additional way to evaluate our performance. Specifically, we consider the change in this metric from period to period as a way to evaluate our performance in the context of changes we experience in the overall customer base. While the Adjusted Operating Expense figure provides a valuable indicator of our overall performance, evaluating this metric on a per system basis allows for further nuanced understanding by management, investors and analysts of the financial impact of each additional system.

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Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
20222021202220212023202220232022
(in thousands, except per system data)(in thousands, except per system data)
Reconciliation of Total Operating Expense, Net to Adjusted Operating Expense:Reconciliation of Total Operating Expense, Net to Adjusted Operating Expense:Reconciliation of Total Operating Expense, Net to Adjusted Operating Expense:
Total operating expense, netTotal operating expense, net$177,085 $77,077 $426,756 $222,558 Total operating expense, net$236,614 $177,085 $673,239 $426,756 
Depreciation expenseDepreciation expense(27,594)(21,961)(78,401)(62,286)Depreciation expense(40,082)(27,594)(107,957)(78,401)
Amortization expenseAmortization expense(7,309)(7,204)(21,894)(14,362)Amortization expense(7,416)(7,309)(22,112)(21,894)
Non-cash compensation expenseNon-cash compensation expense(4,463)(3,093)(20,059)(13,937)Non-cash compensation expense(5,494)(4,463)(19,812)(20,059)
ARO accretion expenseARO accretion expense(952)(745)(2,687)(2,094)ARO accretion expense(1,257)(952)(3,491)(2,687)
Financing deal costsFinancing deal costs(162)(480)(582)(837)Financing deal costs(608)(162)(1,282)(582)
Natural disaster losses and related charges, netNatural disaster losses and related charges, net(1,161)— (1,161)— Natural disaster losses and related charges, net(1,442)(1,161)(2,388)(1,161)
Acquisition costsAcquisition costs(3,005)(1,565)(5,622)(7,053)Acquisition costs(150)(3,005)(1,137)(5,622)
Amortization of payments to dealers for exclusivity and other bonus arrangementsAmortization of payments to dealers for exclusivity and other bonus arrangements(1,185)(832)(3,110)(2,089)Amortization of payments to dealers for exclusivity and other bonus arrangements(1,996)(1,185)(4,957)(3,110)
Legal settlementsLegal settlements1,001 — 1,001 — Legal settlements— 1,001 (750)1,001 
Provision for current expected credit lossesProvision for current expected credit losses(10,967)(6,567)(26,881)(15,032)Provision for current expected credit losses(8,360)(10,967)(29,467)(26,881)
Non-cash inventory impairments(864)— (864)(982)
Non-cash inventory and other impairmentsNon-cash inventory and other impairments(6,443)(864)(22,106)(864)
Direct sales costsDirect sales costs(3,237)(310)(4,110)(358)Direct sales costs(12,635)(3,237)(33,199)(4,110)
Cost of revenue related to cash salesCost of revenue related to cash sales(10,225)(4,591)(23,946)(8,413)Cost of revenue related to cash sales(12,698)(10,225)(34,001)(23,946)
Cost of revenue related to inventory salesCost of revenue related to inventory sales(40,917)— (89,884)— Cost of revenue related to inventory sales(50,694)(40,917)(129,016)(89,884)
Unrealized gain (loss) on fair value instrumentsUnrealized gain (loss) on fair value instruments(10,637)9,023 3,809 4,725 Unrealized gain (loss) on fair value instruments9,043 (10,637)3,123 3,809 
Indemnification payments to tax equity investorsIndemnification payments to tax equity investors(1,727)— (1,727)— Indemnification payments to tax equity investors— (1,727)(3,053)(1,727)
Gain on held-for-sale loansGain on held-for-sale loans— 11 — 
Adjusted Operating ExpenseAdjusted Operating Expense$53,681 $38,752 $150,638 $99,840 Adjusted Operating Expense$96,390 $53,681 $261,645 $150,638 
Adjusted Operating Expense per weighted average systemAdjusted Operating Expense per weighted average system$227 $230 $691 $700 Adjusted Operating Expense per weighted average system$262 $227 $793 $691 

Estimated Gross Contracted Customer Value. We calculate estimated gross contracted customer value as defined below. We believe estimated gross contracted customer value can serve as a useful tool for investors and analysts in comparing the remaining value of our customer contracts to that of our peers.

Estimated gross contracted customer value as of a specific measurement date represents the sum of the present value of the remaining estimated future net cash flows we expect to receive from existing customers during the initial contract term of our leases and PPAs,customer agreements, which are typically 25 years in length, plus the present value of future net cash flows we expect to receive from the sale of related solar renewable energy certificates ("SREC"SRECs"), either under existing contracts or in future sales, plus the cash flows we expect to receive from energy services programs such as grid services, plus the carrying value of outstanding customer loans on our balance sheet. From these aggregate estimated initial cash flows, we subtract the present value of estimated net cash distributions to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests and estimated operating, maintenance and administrative expenses associated with the solar service agreements. These estimated future cash flows reflect the projected monthly customer payments over the life of our solar service agreements and depend on various factors including but not limited to solar service agreement type, contracted rates, expected sun hours and the projected production capacity of the solar equipment installed. For the purpose of calculating this metric, we discount all future cash flows at 4%6%.

The anticipated operating, maintenance and administrative expenses included in the calculation of estimated gross contracted customer value include, among other things, expenses related to accounting, reporting, audit, insurance, maintenance and repairs. In the aggregate, we estimate these expenses are $20 per kilowatt per year initially, with 2% annual increases for inflation, and an additional $81 per year non-escalating expense included for energy storage systems. We do not include maintenance and repair costs for inverters and similar equipment as those are largely covered by the applicable product and dealer warranties for the life of the product, but we do include additional cost for energy storage systems, which are only covered by a 10-year warranty. Expected distributions to tax equity investors vary among the different tax equity funds and are based on individual tax equity fund contract provisions.

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Estimated gross contracted customer value is forecasted as of a specific date. It is forward-looking and we use judgment in developing the assumptions used to calculate it. Factors that could impact estimated gross contracted customer value include,
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but are not limited to, customer payment defaults, or declines in utility rates or early termination of a contract in certain circumstances, including prior to installation. The following table presents the calculation of estimated gross contracted customer value as of September 30, 20222023 and December 31, 2021,2022, calculated using a 4%6% discount rate.

As of 
 September 30, 2022
As of 
 December 31, 2021
(in millions)
Estimated gross contracted customer value$5,706 $4,337 
As of 
 September 30, 2023
As of 
 December 31, 2022
(in millions)
Estimated gross contracted customer value$8,244 $5,875 

Sensitivity Analysis. The calculation of estimated gross contracted customer value and associated operational metrics requires us to make a number of assumptions regarding future revenues and costs whichthat may not prove accurate. Accordingly, we present below a sensitivity analysis with a range of assumptions. We consider a discount rate of 4%6% to be appropriate based on recent transactions that demonstrate a portfolio of residential solar service agreements is an asset class that can be securitized successfully on a long-term basis with a weighted-average coupon of less than 4%6%. We also present these metrics with a discount rate of 4%6% based on industry practice. The appropriate discount rate for these estimates may change in the future due to the level of inflation, rising interest rates, our cost of capital and consumer demand for solar energy systems. In addition, the table below provides a range of estimated gross contracted customer value amounts if different cumulative customer loss rate assumptions were used. We are presenting this information for illustrative purposes only and as a comparison to information published by our peers.

Estimated Gross Contracted Customer ValueEstimated Gross Contracted Customer ValueEstimated Gross Contracted Customer Value
As of September 30, 2022As of September 30, 2023
Discount rateDiscount rate
Cumulative customer loss rateCumulative customer loss rate2%4%6%Cumulative customer loss rate4%5%6%7%8%
(in millions)(in millions)
5%5%$6,097 $5,461 $4,977 5%$8,741 $8,338 $7,985 $7,675 $7,402 
0%0%$6,427 $5,706 $5,163 0%$9,085 $8,635 $8,244 $7,901 $7,600 

Significant Factors and Trends Affecting Our Business

Our results of operations and our ability to grow our business over time could be impacted by a number of factors and trends that affect our industry generally, as well as new offerings of services and products we may acquire or seek to acquire in the future. Additionally, our business is concentrated in certain markets, putting us at risk of region-specific disruptions such as adverse economic, regulatory, political, weather and other conditions. See "Risk Factors" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 24, 2022.23, 2023, our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q filed with the SEC on April 27, 2023 and July 27, 2023 and in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for further discussion of risks affecting our business.

Financing Availability. Our future growth depends, in significant part, on our ability to raise capital from third-party investors on competitive terms to help finance the origination of our solar energy systems under our solar service agreements. We have historically used debt, such as convertible senior notes, senior notes, asset-backed and loan-backed securitizations and warehouse facilities, tax equity, preferred equity, common equity and other financing strategies to help fund our operations. From our inception through September 30, 2022,2023, we have raised more than $11.2$14.5 billion in total capital commitments from equity, debt and tax equity investors. With respect to tax equity, there are a limited number of potential tax equity investors, and the competition for this investment capital is intense. The principal tax credit on which tax equity investors in our industry rely is the Section 48(a) ITC. ThePrior to the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 ("IRA"), which was enacted in August 2022, the amount for the Section 48(a) ITC was equal to (a) 30% of the basis of eligible solar property that began construction before 2020 if placed in service beforeor (b) 26% of the basis of eligible solar property that began construction during 2020, 2021 or 2022. TheUnder the IRA, the Section 48(a) ITC percentage decreased tois (a) 26% for eligible solar property that began construction during 2020 or 2021 if the property isafter 2019 and was placed intoin service before 2022. Under the IRA, which was enacted in August 2022 and (b) 30% for eligible solar property or eligible energy storage property that begins construction before 2025 provided (i) the Section 48(a) ITC percentage will be equal to 30% provided (a)project satisfies certain labor and apprenticeship requirements, (ii) the project has a maximum net output of less than one megawatt (as measured in alternating current) or (b)(iii) the project beginsbegan construction prior to the 60th day after the U.S. Department of Treasury issues guidance regarding prevailing wage and apprenticeship requirements.January 29, 2023. If neitherno criterion is satisfied, the base amount of the Section 48(a) ITC will be equal to 6%. In addition, the Section 48(a) ITC will be replaced by the Section 48E ITC for eligible solar energy property or eligible energy storage property that begins construction after 2024, and the Section 48E ITC percentage will be the same as the percentage for the Section 48(a) ITC and subject to the same requirements in order to receive the full benefit. The Section 48E ITC percentage will begin to phase down for projects that begin
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construction after 2032(a) 2033 or (b) if later, the first year after the year in which the U.S. Department of Treasury determines greenhouse gas emissions from the production of electricity in the United States are no more than 25% of 2022 levels. Although the application of the wage and apprenticeship requirements is unclear in the absence of guidance, weWe believe our solar energy systems and energy storage systems generally will not be subject to suchthe labor and apprenticeship requirements of the IRA due to the maximum net output of most of our solar energy systems and energy storage systems. However, solar energy systems and energy storage systems systems financed by Hestia securitizations will be subject to applicable labor requirements imposed by the DOE and the U.S. Department of Labor. In addition, the IRA added a new provision that allows taxpayers to transfer certain federal income tax credits that arise after 2022, such as the Section 48(a) ITC, to third parties for
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cash. In September 2023, we entered into our first tax credit purchase agreements. It is unclear what long-term effect the ability to transfer Section 48(a) ITCs will have on tax equity structures, although we expect the market for tax equity structures to continue for investors who will continue to value benefits that are not transferable, such as accelerated depreciation. We are continuing to evaluate the overall impact and applicability of the IRA to our ability to raise capital from third-party investors.

Our ability to raise capital from third-party investors is also affected by general economic conditions, the state of the capital markets, inflation levels and concerns about our industry or business. Specifically, interest rates have risen and remain subject to volatility that may result from action taken by the Federal Reserve. Recent data have suggested inflationary pressures may be more durable than anticipated, which could result in interest rate increases or continued higher interest rates and/or thefurther tapering of quantitative easing policies enacted towards the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic sooner than previously expected.

Cost of Solar Energy Systems and Energy Storage Systems. Upward pressure on prices of solar energy systems and energy storage systems may occur due to growth in the solar industry, regulatory policy changes, tariffs and duties, inflationary cost pressures and an increase in demand. As a result of these developments, we may pay higher prices on solar modules, which may make it less economical for us to serve certain markets. Attachment rates for energy storage systems have trended higher while the price to acquire has remained steady and increased slightly for some suppliers due to several market variables, including COVID-19, raw material shortages and freight prices, but this still remainstrended lower making the addition of energy storage systems a potential area of growth for us. Downward pressure on prices of solar energy systems and energy storage systems may lead to impairment of our inventory.

Energy Storage Systems. Our energy storage systems increase our customers' independence from the centralized utility and provide on-site backup power when there is a grid outage due to storms, wildfires, other natural disasters and general power failures caused by supply or transmission issues. In addition, at times it can be more economic to consume less energy from the grid or, alternatively, to export solar energy back to the grid. Recent technological advancements for energy storage systems allow the energy storage system to adapt to pricing and utility rate shifts by controlling the inflows and outflows of power, allowing customers to increase the value of their solar energy system plus energy storage system. The energy storage system charges during the day, making the energy it stores available to the home or business when needed. It also features software that can customize power usage for the individual customer, providing backup power, optimizing solar energy consumption versus grid consumption or preventing export to the grid as appropriate. The software is tailored based on utility regulation, economic indicators and grid conditions. The combination of energy control, increased energy resilience and independence from the grid is strong incentive for customers to adopt solar and energy storage. As energy storage systems and their related software features become more advanced, we expect to see increased adoption of energy storage systems.

Climate Change Action. As a result of increasing global awareness of and aversion to climate change impacts, we believe the renewable energy market in which we operate, and investment in climate solutions more broadly, will continue to grow as the impact of climate change increases. This trend, along with increasing commitments to reduce carbon emissions, is expected to result in increased demand for our products and services. Under the current presidential administration, the focus on cleaner energy sources and technology to decarbonize the U.S. economy continues to accelerate. The federal government's administration under President Joe Biden ("Biden administration") has taken immediate steps that we believe signify support for cleaner energy sources, including, but not limited to, rejoining the Paris Climate Accord, re-establishing a social price on carbon used in cost/benefit analysis for policy making and announcing a commitment to transition the U.S. economy to a net-zero carbon economy by 2050. We expect the Biden administration, combined with a closely divided Congress, to continue to take actions that are supportive of the renewable energy industry, such as incentivizing clean energy sources and supporting new investment in areas like renewables.

Government Regulations, Policies and Incentives. Our growth strategy depends in significant part on government policies and incentives that promote and support solar energy and enhance the economic viability of distributed residential solar. These policies and incentives come in various forms, including net metering, eligibility for accelerated depreciation such as the modified accelerated cost recovery system, SRECs, tax abatements, rebates, renewable targets, DOE loan guarantee programs, incentive programs and tax credits, particularly the Section 48(a) ITC and the Section 25D Credit. The recently enacted IRA expanded and extended the tax credits available to solar energy projects in an effort to achieve the Biden administration's non-binding target of net-zero emissions by 2050, which we expect will increase demand for our services. The IRA allows qualifying
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homeowners to deduct up to 30% of the cost of installing residential solar energy systems from their U.S. federal income taxes, thereby returning a significant portion of the purchase price of the residential solar energy system to homeowners that may participate in our solar loan programs. Under the terms of the current extension, the residential tax credit will remain at 30% through the end of 2032, reduce to 26% for 2033, reduce to 22% for 2034, and further reduce to 0% after the end of 2034 for residential solar energy systems, unless it is extended before that time. As discussed above, theThe IRA also extended the investment tax credit for solar energy projects through at least 20322033 and, depending on the location of a particular project, andits size, its ability to satisfy certain labor and domestic content requirements and the category of consumers it serves, the investment tax credit percentage can range between 30%6% and 50%70%. Policies requiring solar on new homes or new roofs, such as those enacted in California and New York City, also support the growth of distributed solar. The sale of SRECs has constituted a significant portion of our revenue historically. A change in the value of net metering credits or SRECs or changes
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in other policies or a loss or reduction in such incentives could decrease the attractiveness of distributed residential solar to us, our dealers and our customers in applicable markets, which could reduce our customer acquisition opportunities. Such a loss or reduction could also reduce our willingness to pursue certain customer acquisitions due to decreased revenue or income under our solar service agreements. Additionally, such a loss or reduction may also impact the terms of and availability of third-party financing. If any of these government regulations, policies or incentives are adversely amended, delayed, eliminated, reduced, retroactively changed or not extended beyond their current expiration dates or there is a negative impact from the recent federal law changes or proposals, our operating results and the demand for, and the economics of, distributed residential solar energy may decline, which could harm our business.

Components of Results of Operations

Revenue. We recognize revenue from contracts with customers as we satisfy our performance obligations at a transaction price reflecting an amount of consideration based upon an estimated rate of return, net of cash incentives. We express this rate of return as the solar rate per kilowatt hour ("kWh") in the customer contract. The amount of revenue we recognize does not equal customer cash payments because we satisfy performance obligations ahead of cash receipt or evenly as we provide continuous access on a stand-ready basis to the solar energy system. We reflect the differences between revenue recognition and cash payments received in accounts receivable, other assets or deferred revenue, as appropriate.

PPAs. We have determined solar service agreements under which customers purchase electricity from us should be accounted for as revenue from contracts with customers. We recognize revenue based upon the amount of electricity delivered as determined by remote monitoring equipment at solar rates specified under the contracts. The PPAs generally have a term of 20 or 25 years with an opportunity for customers to renew for up to an additional 10 years, via two five-year or one 10-year renewal options.

Lease Agreements. We are the lessor under lease agreements for solar energy systems and energy storage systems, which we account for as revenue from contracts with customers. We recognize revenue on a straight-line basis over the contract term as we satisfy our obligation to provide continuous access to the solar energy system. The lease agreements generally have a term of 20 or 25 years with an opportunity for customers to renew for up to an additional 10 years, via two five-year or one 10-year renewal options.

We provide customers under our lease agreements a performance guarantee that each solar energy system will achieve a certain specified minimum solar energy production output. The specified minimum solar energy production output may not be achieved due to natural fluctuations in the weather or equipment failures from exposure and wear and tear outside of our control, among other factors. We determine the amount of guaranteed output based on a number of different factors, including (a) the specific site information related to the tilt of the panels, azimuth (a horizontal angle measured clockwise in degrees from a reference direction) of the panels, size of the solar energy system and shading on site; (b) the calculated amount of available irradiance (amount of energy for a given flat surface facing a specific direction) based on historical average weather data and (c) the calculated amount of energy output of the solar energy system.

If the solar energy system does not produce the guaranteed production amount, we are required to provide a bill credit or refund a portion of the previously remitted customer payments, where the bill credit or repayment is calculated as the product of (a) the shortfall production amount and (b) the dollar amount (guaranteed rate) per kWh that is fixed throughout the term of the contract. These bill credits or remittances of a customer's payments, if needed, are payable in January following the end of the first three years of the solar energy system's placed in service date and then every annual period thereafter. See Note 15,14, Commitments and Contingencies, to our interim unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements ("interim financial statements") included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Inventory Sales. Inventory sales revenue represents revenue from the direct sale of inventory to our dealers or other parties. We recognize the related revenue under ASC 606 upon shipment.shipment or upon sale when a bill and hold agreement is in place.
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Service Revenue. Service revenue includes revenue from the direct sale of solar energy systems and energy storage systems to customers with financing provided by us and sales of service plans and repair services. We recognize revenue from the direct sale of energy storage systems in the period in which the storage components are placed in service. Service plans are available to customers whose solar energy system was not originally sold by Sunnova. We recognize revenue from service plan contracts on a straight-line basis over the life of the contract, which is typically 10 years. We recognize revenue from repair services in the period in which the service was performed.

SRECs. Each SREC represents the environmental benefit of one megawatt hour (1,000 kWh) generated by a solar energy system. We sell SRECs to utilities and other third parties who use the SRECs to meet renewable portfolio standards and can do so separate from the actual electricity generated by the renewable-based generation source. We account for SRECs generated from solar energy systems owned by us, as opposed to those owned by our customers, as governmental incentives with no costs incurred to obtain them and do not consider those SRECs output of the underlying solar energy systems. We classify SRECs as inventory held until sold and delivered to third parties. We enter into economic hedges with major financial institutions related to expected production of SRECs through forward contracts to partially mitigate the risk of decreases in SREC market rates. While these fixed price forward contracts serve as an economic hedge against spot price fluctuations for the SRECs, the contracts do not qualify for hedge accounting and are not designated as cash flow hedges or fair value hedges. The contracts
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require us to physically deliver the SRECs upon settlement. We recognize the related revenue upon the transfer of the SRECs to the counterparty. The costs related to the sales of SRECs are generally limited to fees for brokered transactions. Accordingly, the sale of SRECs in a period generally has a favorable impact on our operating results for that period. In certain circumstances we are required to purchase SRECs on the open market to fulfill minimum delivery requirements under our forward contracts.

Cash Sales. Cash sales revenue represents revenue from a customer's purchase of a solar energy system from us typically when purchasing a new home. We recognize the related revenue upon verification of the home closing.

Loan Agreements. We recognize payments received from customers under loan agreements (a) as interest income, to the extent attributable to earned interest on the contract that financed the customer's purchase of the solar energy system;purchase; (b) as a reduction of a note receivable on the balance sheet, to the extent attributable to a return of principal (whether scheduled or prepaid) on the contract that financed the customer's purchase of the solar energy system;purchase; and (c) as revenue, to the extent attributable to payments for operations and maintenance services provided by us. Similar to our lease agreements, we provide customers under our loan agreements a performance guarantee that each solar energy system will achieve a certain specified minimum solar energy production output, which is a significant proportion of its expected output.

Other Revenue. Other revenue includes certain state and utility incentives, revenue from the direct sale of solar energy systems and energy storage systems to customers with financing provided by us and sales of service plans.incentives. We recognize revenue from state and utility incentives in the periods in which they are earned. We recognize revenue from the direct sale of energy storage systems in the period in which the storage components are placed in service. Service plans are available to customers whose solar energy system was not originally sold by Sunnova. We recognize revenue from service plan contracts on a straight-line basis over the life of the contract, which is typically 10 years.

Cost of Revenue—Depreciation. Cost of revenue—depreciation represents depreciation on solar energy systems under lease agreements and PPAs that have been placed in service.

Cost of Revenue—Inventory Sales. Cost of revenue—inventory sales represents costs related to the procurement and direct sale of inventory to our dealers or other parties, including shipping and handling costs.

Cost of Revenue—Other. Cost of revenue—other represents costs related to cash sales, costs to purchase SRECs on the open market, SREC broker fees, payroll and related costs for Sunnova personnel who install solar energy systems and energy storage systems and other items deemed to be a cost of providing the service of selling power to customers or potential customers, such as certain costs to service loan agreements, costs for filing under the Uniform Commercial Code to maintain title, title searches, credit checks on potential customers at the time of initial contract and other similar costs, typically directly related to the volume of customers and potential customers.

Operations and Maintenance Expense. Operations and maintenance expense represents costs from third parties for maintaining and servicing the solar energy systems, property insurance, property taxes and warranties. When services for maintaining and servicing solar energy systems are provided by Sunnova personnel rather than third parties, those amounts are included in payroll costs classified within general and administrative expense. During the nine months ended September 30, 20222023 and 2021,2022, we incurred $13.3$26.6 million and $10.0$13.3 million, respectively, of Sunnova personnel costs related to maintaining and servicing solar energy systems, which are classified in general and administrative expense. In addition, operations and maintenance expense includes write downs and write-offs related to inventory adjustments, gains and losses on disposals and other impairments and impairments and costs due to natural disaster losses net of insurance proceeds recovered under our business interruption and property damage insurance coverage for natural disasters.

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General and Administrative Expense. General and administrative expense represents costs for our employees, such as salaries, bonuses, benefits and all other employee-related costs, including stock-based compensation, professional fees related to legal, accounting, human resources, finance and training, information technology and software services, marketing and communications, IPO costs, acquisition costs, travel and rent and other office-related expenses. General and administrative expense also includes depreciation on assets not classified as solar energy systems, including information technology software and development projects, vehicles, furniture, fixtures, computer equipment and leasehold improvements and accretion expense on AROs. We capitalize a portion of general and administrative costs, such as payroll-related costs, that is related to employees who are directly involved in the design, construction, installation and testing of the solar energy systems but not directly associated with a particular asset. We also capitalize a portion of general and administrative costs, such as payroll-related costs, that is related to employees who are directly associated with and devote time to internal information technology software and development projects, to the extent of the time spent directly on the application and development stage of such software project.

Other Operating Expense (Income). Expense. Other operating (income) expense (income) primarily represents changes in the fair values of certain financial instruments related to our investments in solar receivables and contingent consideration.consideration related to the installation and microgrid earnouts.
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Interest Expense, Net. Interest expense, net represents interest on our borrowings under our various debt facilities, amortization of debt discounts and deferred financing costs and realized and unrealized gains and losses on derivative instruments.

Interest Income. Interest income represents interest income from the notes receivable under our loan program and income on short term investments with financial institutions.

Loss on Extinguishment of Long-Term Debt, Net. Loss on extinguishment of long-term debt, net resulted from a make-whole payment related to the early repayment of one of our solar asset-backed notes.

Other (Income) Expense. Other (income) expense primarily represents changes in the fair value of certain financial instruments related to non-operating assets.

Income Tax Expense.Benefit. We account for income taxes under Accounting Standards Codification 740, Income Taxes. As such, we determine deferred tax assets and liabilities based on temporary differences resulting from the different treatment of items for tax and financial reporting purposes. We measure deferred tax assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to reverse. Additionally, we must assess the likelihood that deferred tax assets will be recovered as deductions from future taxable income. We have a full valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets because we believe it is more likely than not that our deferred tax assets will not be realized. We evaluate the recoverability of our deferred tax assets on a quarterly basis. The income tax expensebenefit includes the effects of taxes paidincurred in U.S. territories where the tax code for the respective territory may have separate tax reporting requirements, as applicable. We account for ITCs using the flow-through method. For tax credit purchase agreements entered into by certain of our consolidated tax equity partnerships, we record our share of the sale as income tax benefit and the tax equity investor's share as an increase to redeemable noncontrolling interest or noncontrolling interest.

Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests and Noncontrolling Interests. Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests represents tax equity interests in the net income or loss of certain consolidated subsidiaries based on hypothetical liquidation at book value.
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Results of Operations—Three Months Ended September 30, 20222023 Compared to Three Months Ended September 30, 20212022

The following table sets forth our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations data for the periods indicated.

Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
20222021Change20232022Change
(in thousands)(in thousands)
RevenueRevenue$149,364 $68,901 $80,463 Revenue$198,398 $149,364 $49,034 
Operating expense:Operating expense:Operating expense:
Cost of revenue—depreciationCost of revenue—depreciation24,663 19,665 4,998 Cost of revenue—depreciation33,743 24,663 9,080 
Cost of revenue—inventory salesCost of revenue—inventory sales40,917 — 40,917 Cost of revenue—inventory sales50,694 40,917 9,777 
Cost of revenue—otherCost of revenue—other15,567 7,342 8,225 Cost of revenue—other30,981 15,567 15,414 
Operations and maintenanceOperations and maintenance9,774 6,035 3,739 Operations and maintenance18,702 9,774 8,928 
General and administrativeGeneral and administrative75,897 53,372 22,525 General and administrative111,545 75,897 35,648 
Other operating expense (income)10,267 (9,337)19,604 
Other operating (income) expenseOther operating (income) expense(9,051)10,267 (19,318)
Total operating expense, netTotal operating expense, net177,085 77,077 100,008 Total operating expense, net236,614 177,085 59,529 
Operating lossOperating loss(27,721)(8,176)(19,545)Operating loss(38,216)(27,721)(10,495)
Interest expense, netInterest expense, net18,328 26,588 (8,260)Interest expense, net57,601 20,824 36,777 
Interest incomeInterest income(16,185)(9,098)(7,087)Interest income(30,590)(16,185)(14,405)
Other (income) expenseOther (income) expense(12)189 (201)Other (income) expense561 (12)573 
Loss before income taxLoss before income tax(29,852)(25,855)(3,997)Loss before income tax(65,788)(32,348)(33,440)
Income tax expense— 64 (64)
Income tax benefitIncome tax benefit(9,325)— (9,325)
Net lossNet loss(29,852)(25,919)(3,933)Net loss(56,463)(32,348)(24,115)
Net income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interestsNet income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests32,195 1,622 30,573 Net income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests6,684 32,195 (25,511)
Net loss attributable to stockholdersNet loss attributable to stockholders$(62,047)$(27,541)$(34,506)Net loss attributable to stockholders$(63,147)$(64,543)$1,396 

Revenue

Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
20222021Change20232022Change
(in thousands)(in thousands)
PPA revenuePPA revenue$31,891 $25,359 $6,532 PPA revenue$38,300 $31,891 $6,409 
Lease revenueLease revenue25,912 17,845 8,067 Lease revenue37,966 25,912 12,054 
Inventory sales revenueInventory sales revenue45,528 — 45,528 Inventory sales revenue51,356 45,528 5,828 
Service revenueService revenue19,323 4,309 15,014 
SREC revenueSREC revenue16,241 12,858 3,383 SREC revenue16,136 16,241 (105)
Cash sales revenueCash sales revenue18,933 8,680 10,253 Cash sales revenue24,284 18,933 5,351 
Loan revenueLoan revenue5,012 2,126 2,886 Loan revenue9,283 5,012 4,271 
Other revenueOther revenue5,847 2,033 3,814 Other revenue1,750 1,538 212 
TotalTotal$149,364 $68,901 $80,463 Total$198,398 $149,364 $49,034 

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Revenue increased by $80.5$49.0 million in the three months ended September 30, 20222023 compared to the three months ended September 30, 20212022 primarily as a result of inventory sales anddue to an increased number of solar energy systems in service. The
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weighted average number of systems (excluding systems with loan agreements, service-only agreements and cash sales) increased from approximately 102,200 for the three months ended September 30, 2021 to approximately 132,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2022.2022 to approximately 173,500 for the three months ended September 30, 2023. Excluding SREC revenue, revenue under our loan agreements, inventory sales revenue, cash sales revenue and service revenue, on a weighted average number of systems basis, revenue remained relatively flat at $432$450 per system for the three months ended September 30, 2021 compared to $450 per system for the same period in 2022 (4% increase).and 2023. Inventory sales revenue increased by $45.5$5.8 million in the three months ended September 30, 20222023 compared to the three months ended September 30, 20212022 primarily due to the sale of inventory to our dealers or other parties, which began in April 2022. SRECparties. Service revenue increased by $3.4$15.0 million in the three months ended September 30, 20222023 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021 primarily as a result of an increase in SREC prices in New Jersey. The fluctuations in SREC revenue from period to period are also affected by the total number of solar energy systems, weather seasonality and hedge and spot prices associated with the timing of the sale of SRECs. On a weighted average number of systems basis, revenues under our loan agreements increased from $73 per system for the three months ended September 30, 2021 to $82 per system for the same period in 2022 (12% increase) primarily due to higher average system cost in 2022 than in 2021.

Costan increased focus on direct sales of Revenue—Depreciation

Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
20222021Change
(in thousands)
Cost of revenue—depreciation$24,663 $19,665 $4,998 

Cost of revenue—depreciation increasedadditional services to existing customers. SREC revenue decreased by $5.0 million$105,000 in the three months ended September 30, 20222023 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021. This increase was primarily due to an increase in the weighted average number of systems (excluding systems with loan agreements, service-only agreements and cash sales) from approximately 102,200 for the three months ended September 30, 2021 to approximately 132,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2022. On a weighted average number of systems basis, cost of revenue—depreciation remained relatively flat at $192 per system for the three months ended September 30, 2021 compared to $187 per system for the same period in 2022 (3% decrease).

Cost of Revenue—Inventory Sales

Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
20222021Change
(in thousands)
Cost of revenue—inventory sales$40,917 $— $40,917 

Cost of revenue—inventory sales increased by $40.9 million in the three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021. This increase was due to costs from the sale of inventory to our dealers or other parties, which began in April 2022.

Cost of Revenue—Other

Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
20222021Change
(in thousands)
Cost of revenue—other$15,567 $7,342 $8,225 

Cost of revenue—other increased by $8.2 million in the three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021. This increase was primarily due to costs related to cash sales revenue of $5.6 million.

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Operations and Maintenance Expense

Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
20222021Change
(in thousands)
Operations and maintenance$9,774 $6,035 $3,739 

Operations and maintenance expense increased by $3.7 million in the three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021 primarily due to higher truck roll costs and natural disaster losses. Operations and maintenance expense per weighted average system, excluding net natural disaster losses and non-cash inventory impairment, remained relatively flat at $43 per system for the three months ended September 30, 2021 compared to $45 per system for the three months ended September 30, 2022.

General and Administrative Expense

Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
20222021Change
(in thousands)
General and administrative$75,897 $53,372 $22,525 

General and administrative expense increased by $22.5 million in the three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021 primarily due to increases of (a) $9.5 million of payroll and employee related expenses primarily due to the hiring of personnel to support growth, (b) $4.4 million of provision for current expected credit losses due to the growth in loan customers and (c) $1.9 million of consultants, contractors, and professional fees.

Other Operating Expense (Income)

Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
20222021Change
(in thousands)
Other operating expense (income)$10,267 $(9,337)$19,604 

Other operating expense (income) changed by $19.6 million in the three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021 primarily due to changes in the fair value of certain financial instruments and contingent consideration.

Interest Expense, Net

Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
20222021Change
(in thousands)
Interest expense, net$18,328 $26,588 $(8,260)

Interest expense, net decreased by $8.3 million in the three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021. This decrease was primarily due to increases in unrealized gains on derivatives of $26.4 million and realized gains on derivatives of $2.5 million. This was partially offset by an increase in interest expense of $19.6 million primarily due to the issuance of additional debt in 2021 and 2022.

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Interest Income

Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
20222021Change
(in thousands)
Interest income$16,185 $9,098 $7,087 

Interest income increased by $7.1 million in the three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021. This increase was primarily due to an increase in the weighted average number of systems with loan agreements from approximately 29,000 for the three months ended September 30, 2021 to approximately 60,800 for the three months ended September 30, 2022. On a weighted average number of systems basis, loan interest income decreased from $307 per system for the three months ended September 30, 2021 to $249 per system for the three months ended September 30, 2022 primarily due to a decrease in the average annual interest rate for customer loans due to market conditions.

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense decreased by $0.1 million in the three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021 primarily due to a decrease in taxes incurred in jurisdictions with separate tax-reporting requirements.

Net Income Attributable to Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests and Noncontrolling Interests

Net income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests increased by $30.6 million in the three months ended September 30, 2022 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2021 primarily due to an increase in income attributable to noncontrolling interests from tax equity funds added in 2020 and 2021.

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Results of Operations—Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022 Compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 2021

The following table sets forth our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations data for the periods indicated.

Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
20222021Change
(in thousands)
Revenue$362,098 $176,733 $185,365 
Operating expense:
Cost of revenue—depreciation69,935 55,621 14,314 
Cost of revenue—inventory sales89,884 — 89,884 
Cost of revenue—other32,974 13,572 19,402 
Operations and maintenance23,787 14,640 9,147 
General and administrative214,362 144,028 70,334 
Other operating income(4,186)(5,303)1,117 
Total operating expense, net426,756 222,558 204,198 
Operating loss(64,658)(45,825)(18,833)
Interest expense, net36,275 84,748 (48,473)
Interest income(40,428)(24,266)(16,162)
Loss on extinguishment of long-term debt, net— 9,824 (9,824)
Other (income) expense(327)60 (387)
Loss before income tax(60,178)(116,191)56,013 
Income tax expense— 64 (64)
Net loss(60,178)(116,255)56,077 
Net income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests72,455 7,665 64,790 
Net loss attributable to stockholders$(132,633)$(123,920)$(8,713)

Revenue

Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
20222021Change
(in thousands)
PPA revenue$84,235 $68,443 $15,792 
Lease revenue71,717 51,765 19,952 
Inventory sales revenue99,773 — 99,773 
SREC revenue37,172 30,648 6,524 
Cash sales revenue45,695 15,618 30,077 
Loan revenue12,582 5,000 7,582 
Other revenue10,924 5,259 5,665 
Total$362,098 $176,733 $185,365 

Revenue increased by $185.4 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2022 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2021 primarily as a result of inventory sales, an increased number of solar energy systems in service and the
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April 2021 acquisition of SunStreet. The weighted average number of systems (excluding systems with loan agreements, service-only agreements and cash sales) increased from approximately 95,800 for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 to approximately 124,200 for the nine months ended September 30, 2022. Excluding SREC revenue, revenue under our loan agreements, inventory sales revenue, cash sales revenue and service revenue, on a weighted average number of systems basis, revenue remained relatively flat at $1,290 per system for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 compared to $1,287 per system for the same period in 2022. Inventory sales revenue increased by $99.8 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2022 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2021 due to the sale of inventory to our dealers or other parties, which began in April 2022. SREC revenue increased by $6.5 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2022 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2021 primarily as a result of an increase in SREC pricesvolume in New Jersey, offset by decrease due to a forward sale that occurred in the fourth quarter of 2021.Jersey. The amount of SREC revenue recognized in each period is also affected by the total number of solar energy systems, weather seasonality and hedge and spot prices associated with the timing of the sale of SRECs. On a weighted average number of systems basis, revenues under our loan agreements (excluding accessory loans, which do not generate revenue) increased from $203$87 per system for the ninethree months ended September 30, 20212022 to $247$103 per system for the same period in 2022 (22%2023 (19% increase) primarily due to higher average system costan increase in 2022 than in 2021.the fees charged for operations and maintenance services.

Cost of Revenue—Depreciation

Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
20222021Change
(in thousands)
Cost of revenue—depreciation$69,935 $55,621 $14,314 
Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
20232022Change
(in thousands)
Cost of revenue—depreciation$33,743 $24,663 $9,080 

Cost of revenue—depreciation increased by $14.3$9.1 million in the ninethree months ended September 30, 20222023 compared to the ninethree months ended September 30, 2021.2022. This increase was primarily due to an increase in the weighted average number of systems (excluding systems with loan agreements, service-only agreements and cash sales) from approximately 95,800132,000 for the ninethree months ended September 30, 20212022 to approximately 124,200173,500 for the ninethree months ended September 30, 2022.2023. On a weighted average number of systems basis, cost of revenue—depreciation remained relatively flat at $581$187 per system for the ninethree months ended September 30, 20212022 compared to $563$194 per system for the same period in 2022 (3% decrease)2023 (4% increase).

Cost of Revenue—Inventory Sales

Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
20222021Change
(in thousands)
Cost of revenue—inventory sales$89,884 $— $89,884 
Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
20232022Change
(in thousands)
Cost of revenue—inventory sales$50,694 $40,917 $9,777 

Cost of revenue—inventory sales increased by $89.9$9.8 million in the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022 due to higher inventory sales activity.

Cost of Revenue—Other

Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
20232022Change
(in thousands)
Cost of revenue—other$30,981 $15,567 $15,414 

Cost of revenue—other increased by $15.4 million in the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. This increase was primarily due to costs related to services of $12.4 million.

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Operations and Maintenance Expense

Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
20232022Change
(in thousands)
Operations and maintenance$18,702 $9,774 $8,928 

Operations and maintenance expense increased by $8.9 million in the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022 primarily due to higher impairments and losses on disposals, truck roll costs and property insurance costs. Operations and maintenance expense per weighted average system, excluding net natural disaster losses and non-cash inventory and other impairments, increased from $45 per system for the three months ended September 30, 2022 to $47 per system for the three months ended September 30, 2023 primarily due to higher truck roll costs.

General and Administrative Expense

Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
20232022Change
(in thousands)
General and administrative$111,545 $75,897 $35,648 

General and administrative expense increased by $35.6 million in the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022 primarily due to increases in (a) payroll and employee related expenses primarily due to the hiring of personnel to support growth of $20.6 million, (b) consultants, contractors, and professional fees of $3.8 million, (c) depreciation expense of $3.4 million, (d) information technology expense of $3.2 million, (e) marketing expense of $2.4 million, (f) other personnel expense of $1.6 million and (g) legal expense of $1.4 million.

Other Operating (Income) Expense

Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
20232022Change
(in thousands)
Other operating (income) expense$(9,051)$10,267 $(19,318)

Other operating (income) expense changed by $19.3 million in the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022 primarily due to changes in the fair value of certain financial instruments and contingent consideration.

Interest Expense, Net

Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
20232022Change
(in thousands)
Interest expense, net$57,601 $20,824 $36,777 

Interest expense, net increased by $36.8 million in the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. This increase was primarily due to an increase in interest expense of $39.5 million due to higher levels of debt outstanding in 2023 compared to 2022 and a decrease in unrealized gains on derivatives of $8.3 million. This was partially offset by an increase in realized gains on derivatives of $15.8 million.

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Interest Income

Three Months Ended 
 September 30,
20232022Change
(in thousands)
Interest income$30,590 $16,185 $14,405 

Interest income increased by $14.4 million in the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022. This increase was primarily due to an increase in the weighted average number of systems with loan agreements from approximately 60,800 for the three months ended September 30, 2022 to approximately 133,300 for the three months ended September 30, 2023. On a weighted average number of systems basis, loan interest income decreased from $249 per system for the three months ended September 30, 2022 to $201 per system for the three months ended September 30, 2023 primarily due to an increase in the volume of accessory loans, which have smaller principal balances.

Income Tax Benefit

Income tax benefit increased by $9.3 million in the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022 primarily due to ITC sales that resulted in an income tax benefit offset by an increase in taxable income related to tax gains recognized on the sale of solar energy systems and energy storage systems located in separate tax-reporting jurisdictions.

Net Income Attributable to Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests and Noncontrolling Interests

Net income attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests decreased by $25.5 million in the three months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2022 primarily due to a decrease in income attributable to noncontrolling interests from tax equity funds added in 2021, 2022 and 2023.

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Results of Operations—Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023 Compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022

The following table sets forth our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations data for the periods indicated.

Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
20232022Change
(in thousands)
Revenue$526,471 $362,098 $164,373 
Operating expense:
Cost of revenue—depreciation92,262 69,935 22,327 
Cost of revenue—inventory sales129,016 89,884 39,132 
Cost of revenue—other81,599 32,974 48,625 
Operations and maintenance59,306 23,787 35,519 
General and administrative314,190 214,362 99,828 
Other operating income(3,134)(4,186)1,052 
Total operating expense, net673,239 426,756 246,483 
Operating loss(146,768)(64,658)(82,110)
Interest expense, net200,155 44,380 155,775 
Interest income(81,670)(40,428)(41,242)
Other (income) expense3,969 (327)4,296 
Loss before income tax(269,222)(68,283)(200,939)
Income tax benefit(1,632)— (1,632)
Net loss(267,590)(68,283)(199,307)
Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests(37,269)72,455 (109,724)
Net loss attributable to stockholders$(230,321)$(140,738)$(89,583)

Revenue

Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
20232022Change
(in thousands)
PPA revenue$99,201 $84,235 $14,966 
Lease revenue103,468 71,717 31,751 
Inventory sales revenue137,762 99,773 37,989 
Service revenue55,282 7,024 48,258 
SREC revenue38,982 37,172 1,810 
Cash sales revenue62,827 45,695 17,132 
Loan revenue24,538 12,582 11,956 
Other revenue4,411 3,900 511 
Total$526,471 $362,098 $164,373 

Revenue increased by $164.4 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022 primarily due to an increased number of solar energy systems in service. The weighted average number of
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systems (excluding systems with loan agreements, service-only agreements and cash sales) increased from approximately 124,200 for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 to approximately 161,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. Excluding SREC revenue, revenue under our loan agreements, inventory sales revenue, cash sales revenue and service revenue, on a weighted average number of systems basis, revenue remained relatively flat at $1,287 per system for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 compared to $1,286 per system for the same period in 2023. Inventory sales revenue increased by $38.0 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2021.2023 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022 due to the sale of inventory to our dealers or other parties, which began in April 2022. Service revenue increased by $48.3 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022 primarily due to an increased focus on direct sales of additional services to existing customers. SREC revenue increased by $1.8 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022 primarily due to increases in SREC prices in Connecticut, Puerto Rico and Pennsylvania. The amount of SREC revenue recognized in each period is also affected by the total number of solar energy systems, weather seasonality and hedge and spot prices associated with the timing of the sale of SRECs. On a weighted average number of systems basis, revenues under our loan agreements (excluding accessory loans, which do not generate revenue) increased from $253 per system for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 to $297 per system for the same period in 2023 (17% increase) primarily due to an increase in the fees charged for operations and maintenance services.

Cost of Revenue—Depreciation

Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
20232022Change
(in thousands)
Cost of revenue—depreciation$92,262 $69,935 $22,327 

Cost of revenue—depreciation increased by $22.3 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. This increase was primarily due to an increase in the weighted average number of systems (excluding systems with loan agreements, service-only agreements and cash sales) from approximately 124,200 for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 to approximately 161,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. On a weighted average number of systems basis, cost of revenue—depreciation remained relatively flat at $563 per system for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 compared to $573 per system for the same period in 2023 (2% increase).

Cost of Revenue—Inventory Sales

Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
20232022Change
(in thousands)
Cost of revenue—inventory sales$129,016 $89,884 $39,132 

Cost of revenue—inventory sales increased by $39.1 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2023 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2022. This increase was due to costs from the sale of inventory to our dealers or other parties, which began in April 2022.

Cost of Revenue—Other

Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
20222021Change
(in thousands)
Cost of revenue—other$32,974 $13,572 $19,402 
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
20232022Change
(in thousands)
Cost of revenue—other$81,599 $32,974 $48,625 

Cost of revenue—other increased by $19.4$48.6 million in the nine months ended September 30, 20222023 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2021.2022. This increase was primarily due to costs related to services of $35.8 million and costs related to cash sales revenue of $15.5 million, which began with the April 2021 acquisition of SunStreet.$10.1 million.

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Operations and Maintenance Expense

Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
20222021Change
(in thousands)
Operations and maintenance$23,787 $14,640 $9,147 
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
20232022Change
(in thousands)
Operations and maintenance$59,306 $23,787 $35,519 

Operations and maintenance expense increased by $9.1$35.5 million in the nine months ended September 30, 20222023 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 20212022 primarily due to higher impairments and losses on disposals, truck roll property insurancecosts and property taxinsurance costs. Operations and maintenance expense per weighted average system, excluding net natural disaster losses and non-cash inventory and other impairments, increased from $116 per system for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 to $131 per system for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 to $163 per system for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 primarily due to higher property tax and truck roll costs, partially offset by gains on disposals.costs.

General and Administrative Expense

Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
20222021Change
(in thousands)
General and administrative$214,362 $144,028 $70,334 
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
20232022Change
(in thousands)
General and administrative$314,190 $214,362 $99,828 

General and administrative expense increased by $70.3$99.8 million in the nine months ended September 30, 20222023 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 20212022 primarily due to increases ofin (a) $29.7 million of payroll and employee related expenses primarily due to equity-based compensation expense, the hiring of personnel to support growth of $51.1 million, (b) consultants, contractors and the additional personnel from SunStreet, (b) $11.8professional fees of $9.9 million, (c) depreciation expense of $7.2 million, (d) information technology expense of $7.0 million, (e) legal expense of $6.0 million, (f) marketing expense of $4.9 million, (g) fees of $4.6 million and (h) provision for current expected credit losses primarily due to the growth in loan customers (c) $7.5 million of amortization expense primarily due to the amortization of intangible assets acquired from SunStreet and (d) $6.1 million of consultants, contractors, and professional fees.$2.6 million.

Other Operating Income

Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
20222021Change
(in thousands)
Other operating income$(4,186)$(5,303)$1,117 
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
20232022Change
(in thousands)
Other operating income$(3,134)$(4,186)$1,052 

Other operating income decreased by $1.1 million in the nine months ended September 30, 20222023 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 20212022 primarily due to changes in the fair value of certain financial instruments and contingent consideration.

Interest Expense, Net

Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
20222021Change
(in thousands)
Interest expense, net$36,275 $84,748 $(48,473)
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
20232022Change
(in thousands)
Interest expense, net$200,155 $44,380 $155,775 

Interest expense, net decreasedincreased by $48.5$155.8 million in the nine months ended September 30, 20222023 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2021.2022. This decreaseincrease was primarily due to increases in realized gains on derivatives of $49.1 million and unrealized gains on derivatives of $30.1 million. This was partially offset by an increase in interest expense of $34.5111.0 million primarily due to the issuancehigher levels of additional debt outstanding in 20212023 compared to 2022, a decrease in unrealized gains on derivatives of $17.4 million and 2022.a decrease in realized gains on derivatives of $13.9 million.

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Interest Income

Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
20222021Change
(in thousands)
Interest income$40,428 $24,266 $16,162 
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
20232022Change
(in thousands)
Interest income$81,670 $40,428 $41,242 

Interest income increased by $16.2$41.2 million in the nine months ended September 30, 20222023 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2021.2022. This increase was primarily due to an increase in the weighted average number of systems with loan agreements from approximately 24,600 for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 to approximately 50,900 for the nine months ended September 30, 2022.2022 to approximately 110,500 for the nine months ended September 30, 2023. On a weighted average number of systems basis, loan interest income decreased from $970 per system for the nine months ended September 30, 2021 to $767 per system for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 to $633 per system for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 primarily due to a decreasean increase in the average annual interest rate for customervolume of accessory loans, due to market conditions.which have smaller principal balances.

Loss on Extinguishment of Long-Term Debt, NetIncome Tax Benefit

Loss on extinguishment of long-term debt, net decreasedIncome tax benefit increased by $9.8$1.6 million in the nine months ended September 30, 20222023 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 20212022 primarily due to a make-whole paymentITC sales that resulted in an income tax benefit offset by an increase in taxable income related to tax gains recognized on the early repaymentsale of one of our solar asset-backed notesenergy systems and energy storage systems located in June 2021.

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense decreased by $0.1 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2022 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2021 primarily due to a decrease in taxes incurred in jurisdictions with separate tax-reporting requirements.jurisdictions.

Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests and Noncontrolling Interests

Net income (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests increasedchanged by $64.8$109.7 million in the nine months ended September 30, 20222023 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 20212022 primarily due to an increase in incomeloss attributable to noncontrolling interests from tax equity funds added in 20202021, 2022 and 2021.2023.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of September 30, 2022,2023, we had total cash of $539.8$725.1 million, of which $412.6$467.9 million was unrestricted, and $348.5$312.2 million of available borrowing capacity under our various financing arrangements. We seek to maintain diversified and cost-effective funding sources to finance and maintain our operations, fund capital expenditures, including customer acquisitions, and satisfy obligations arising from our indebtedness, which may include reducing debt prior to scheduled maturities through debt repurchases, either in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, through debt redemptions or tender offers, or through repayments of bank borrowings. For a discussion of cash requirements from contractual and other obligations, see Note 15,14, Commitments and Contingencies, to our interim financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. Historically, our primary sources of liquidity have included non-recourse and recourse debt, investor asset-backed and loan-backed securitizations and cash generated from operations. Our business model requires substantial outside financing arrangements to grow the business and facilitate the deployment of additional solar energy systems. We will seek to raise additional required capital, including from new and existing tax equity investors, additional borrowings, securitizations and other potential debt and equity financing sources. We believe our cash and financing arrangements, as further described below, will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs for at least the next twelve months. As of September 30, 2022,2023, we were in compliance with all debt covenants under our financing arrangements.

As of September 30, 2023, our liquidity and financial condition had not been materially affected by the adverse developments affecting financial institutions and companies in the financial services industry, including Silicon Valley Bank and Credit Suisse. For a discussion of the potential impact of these adverse developments, see Item 1A. Risk Factors included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Financing Arrangements

The following is an update to the description of our various financing arrangements. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Financing Arrangements" in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 24, 202223, 2023 for a full description of our various financing arrangements.

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Tax Equity Fund Commitments

As of September 30, 2022,2023, we had undrawn committed capital of approximately $53.7$199.3 million under our tax equity funds, which may only be used to purchase and install solar energy systems. In February 2022,2023, a tax equity investor increased its capital commitment from approximately $30.0 million to approximately $125.0 million. In March 2023, a tax equity investor increased its capital commitment from approximately $41.0 million to approximately $51.3 million. In April 2023, two tax equity investors increased their capital commitment from approximately $200.0 million to approximately $207.8 million. In May 2023, we admitted a tax equity investor with a total capital commitment of approximately $150.0$51.0 million. In May 2022,June 2023, a tax equity investor increased its capital commitment from approximately $150.0 million to approximately $250.0 million. In August 2023, we admitted a tax equity investor with a total capital commitment of approximately $17.5$104.0 million. In September 2022,2023, we admitted a tax equity investor with a total capital commitment of approximately $25.0 million. In October 2022, a tax equity investor increased its capital commitment from $25.0 million to $75.0 million. In October 2022, we admitted a tax equity investor with a total capital commitment of approximately $30.0$134.9 million.

Warehouse and Other Debt Financings

In June 2022,February 2023, we amended athe revolving credit facility by and among EZOP, certain of our other subsidiaries party thereto, Atlas Securitized Products Holdings, L.P. (as successor to Credit Suisse AG, New York Branch), as agent, and the lenders and other financial institutions party thereto, to, among other things, (a) extend the scheduled commitment termination date to May 2024, (b) extend the facility maturity date to November 2024, (c) increase the aggregate commitment amount from $200.0$450.0 million to $400.0$675.0 million, subject to reductions based on the outstanding principal balance of advances over certain time periods, (d)(b) increase the uncommitted maximum facility amount from $350.0$575.0 million to $475.0$800.0 million, (c) amend certain provisions related to the allocation of certain payments made to the lenders, (d) amend certain provisions related to excess concentration limits and eligibility criteria to permit us and our affiliates to provide warranties of, and replacements for, load controllers and generators in connection with the related solar loan contracts and (e) modifyadd provisions to allow EZOP to request an increase in the interest rate on borrowings from accruing based onaggregate commitment amount (subject to certain conditions) by adding additional lenders to the London Inter-Bank Offered RateEZOP revolving credit facility. In February 2023, Credit Suisse AG ("LIBOR"Credit Suisse") sold a significant part of its Securitized Products Group (the "Credit Suisse Securitized Products Sale") to accruing basedApollo Global Management ("Apollo"). Subsequently, Apollo publicly announced the majority of the assets and professionals associated with the sale are now part of or managed by ATLAS SP Partners, a new stand-alone credit firm focused on a forward-looking term rate based onasset-backed financing and capital markets solutions ("Atlas"). In March 2023, in connection with the secured overnight financing rate ("Term SOFR"), plus a Term SOFR spread adjustment, (f) add an amortization event related toCredit Suisse Securitized Products Sale, certain of our subsidiaries ceasingconsented to originate solarthe assignment of the loans (subjectand commitments of the Credit Suisse lenders to certain thresholds, time periodsthe Atlas lenders (such assignment, the "EZOP Assignment") under the EZOP revolving credit facility. In connection with the EZOP Assignment, Credit Suisse AG, New York Branch ("CSNYB") resigned as the agent under the EZOP revolving credit facility, Atlas Securitized Products Holdings, L.P. (the "Successor Agent") was appointed as the successor agent thereunder and, exceptions set forth therein), (g) add concentration limits for solar loans (1)in connection with obligorssuch appointment, the Successor Agent assumed the agent roles under the EZOP revolving credit facility. In connection with credit scores below certain thresholdsthe appointment of Atlas as Successor Agent, the borrowers and (2) for which the original principal balance exceeds a certain thresholdlenders party to the applicable agency resignation and (h) modify eligibility requirements for solar loansappointment agreements consented to, increaseamong other things, Atlas' ability to assign the permitted maximum original principal balance. In July 2022, we further amended thisagent role under the EZOP revolving credit facility to among other things, increaseone of its affiliates subject to certain conditions set forth therein. In March 2023, after the uncommitted maximum facility amount from $475.0 million to $535.0 million untilEZOP Assignment, we amended the earlier to occur of (a) September 29, 2022 and (b) the date upon which a specific sale of borrowing base assets and a related prepayment of outstanding debt thereunder occurs, upon the occurrence of which the uncommitted maximum facility amount will return to $475.0 million. In August 2022, we further amended thisEZOP revolving credit facility to, among other things, (a) increase the aggregate commitment amount from $400.0$675.0 million to $450.0$775.0 million, (b) increase the uncommitted maximum facility amount from $535.0$800.0 million to $585.0$900.0 million, (c) amend and supplement certain defaulting lender provisions addressingand (d) update the allocation of advancesreferences from CSNYB, the predecessor agent, to Atlas, the successor agent, and principal payments among the lenders, (d) amend certain provisions addressing lender consent rights and related matters and (e) include certain provisions addressing service incentives and related matters. In September 2022, we further amended this revolving credit facility to, among other things, (a) decrease the uncommitted maximum facility amount from $585.0 million to $575.0 million and (b) amendremove or modify certain provisions related to the agent'sborrowing, funding and allocation of certain payments madeamong the previous lender syndicate (that previously included lenders affiliated with Credit Suisse that, prior to the lenders. In June 2022, onedate of our subsidiaries used proceeds from the SOLIV Notesamendment to repay $271.0 million in aggregate principal amount outstanding under its financing arrangement.the EZOP revolving credit facility and pursuant to the EZOP Assignment, had assigned their loans and commitments to lenders affiliated with Atlas). In August 2022, one of our subsidiaries used proceeds from the HELIX Notes to repay $151.0 million in aggregate principal amount outstanding under its financing arrangement. In September 2022,2023, we amended athe EZOP revolving credit facility to, among other things, (a) increase the aggregate commitment amount from $460.7$775.0 million to $564.7$875.0 million, (b) increase the uncommitted maximum facility amount from $600.0$900.0 million to $639.7 million,$1.0 billion, (c) extend the facility maturity date from November 2024 to November 2024,2025 and (d) amend certain excess concentration limitations, (e) replace the London interbank offered rateAdvance Rate (as defined therein). In October 2023, we amended the EZOP revolving credit facility to, among other things, reallocate commitments among the lenders.

In March 2023, in connection with the forward-looking term rate based onCredit Suisse Securitized Products Sale, certain of our subsidiaries consented to the secured overnight financing rateassignment of the loans and commitments of the Credit Suisse lenders to the Atlas lenders (such assignment, the "TEPH Assignment") under the revolving credit facility by and among TEPH, certain of our other subsidiaries party thereto, Atlas Securitized Products Holdings, L.P. (as successor to CSNYB), as agent, and the lenders and other financial institutions party thereto. In connection with the TEPH Assignment, CSNYB resigned as the interest rate benchmarkagent under the TEPH revolving credit facility, Atlas was appointed as the successor agent thereunder and, include benchmark replacement provisionsin connection with such appointment, the Successor Agent assumed the agent roles under the TEPH revolving credit facility. In connection with the appointment of Atlas as Successor Agent, the borrowers and (f) includethe lenders party to the applicable agency resignation and appointment agreements consented to, among other things, Atlas' ability to assign the agent role under the TEPH revolving credit facility to one of its affiliates subject to certain provisions addressing grid services revenue and related matters.conditions set forth therein. In October 2022,March 2023, after the TEPH Assignment, we further amended thisthe TEPH revolving credit facility to, among other things, (a) increase the aggregate commitment amount from $564.7$600.0 million to $600.0$700.0 million, and (b) increase the uncommitted maximum facility amount from $639.7$689.7 million to $689.7$789.7 million, (c) add provisions to allow TEPH to request an
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increase in the aggregate commitment amount (subject to certain conditions) by adding additional lenders to the TEPH revolving credit facility, (d) amend and supplement certain defaulting lender provisions, (e) modify the hedging provisions to give all hedge counterparties the benefit of certain payment priorities and certain other terms previously limited to qualifying hedge counterparties (as defined by the TEPH revolving credit facility), to extend the time period for the event of default resulting from hedge counterparties ceasing to be qualifying hedge counterparties and to make other hedge-related amendments, (f) update the references from CSNYB, the predecessor administrative agent, to Atlas, the successor administrative agent, and remove or modify certain provisions related to the borrowing, funding and allocation of payments among the previous lender syndicate (that previously included lenders affiliated with Credit Suisse that, prior to the date of the amendment to the TEPH revolving credit facility and pursuant to the TEPH Assignment, had assigned their loans and commitments to lenders affiliated with Atlas), (g) add European Union bail-in provisions and (h) add certain syndication-related provisions. In August 2023, we amended the TEPH revolving credit facility to, among other things, (a) increase the aggregate commitment amount from $700.0 million to $769.3 million, (b) increase the uncommitted maximum facility amount from $789.7 million to $859.0 million and (c) extend the maturity date from November 2024 to November 2025.

In March 2023, the AP8 revolving credit facility was amended to, among other things, increase the aggregate commitment amount from $75.0 million to $150.0 million. In June 2023, the revolving credit facility by and among AP8, certain of our other subsidiaries party thereto, Banco Popular de Puerto Rico, as agent, and the lenders and other financial institutions party thereto was amended to, among other things, increase the aggregate commitment amount from $150.0 million to $185.0 million. In August 2023, the AP8 revolving credit facility was amended to, among other things, increase the aggregate commitment amount from $185.0 million to $215.0 million. We believe we will be able to satisfy this obligation due in September 2024 through refinancing of the facility or alternatively through the use of our existing cash resources and liquidity.

In March 2023, Sunnova Inventory Supply, LLC, ("IS") entered into a secured revolving credit facility with Texas Capital Bank, as agent, and the lenders party thereto, for an aggregate commitment amount of $50.0 million with a maturity date of the earlier of (a) March 2026 and (b) six months from the latest maturity date of any material parent credit facility (defined as a parent credit facility with a commitment of $250.0 million or more that, if terminated could individually be expected to result in a liquidity event (as defined by the IS revolving credit facility)). The proceeds of the loans under the IS revolving credit facility are available to purchase or otherwise acquire certain accounts receivable and inventory, fund certain reserve accounts that are required to be maintained by IS in accordance with the revolving credit agreement and pay fees and expenses incurred in connection with the IS revolving credit facility. Interest on the borrowings under the IS revolving credit facility is due monthly. Borrowings under the IS revolving credit facility bear interest at an annual rate based on Term SOFR (as defined by the IS revolving credit facility).

In September 2023, AP9 entered into a secured revolving credit facility with Citibank, N.A., as administrative agent, and the lenders party thereto, for an aggregate commitment amount of $65.0 million with a maturity date of October 2027. Interest on the borrowings under the AP9 revolving credit facility is due monthly. Borrowings under the AP9 revolving credit facility bear interest at an annual rate based on either Term SOFR or a CP Yield Rate (as defined by the AP9 revolving credit facility).

Securitizations

In February 2022,April 2023, one of our subsidiaries issued $131.9$300.0 million in aggregate principal amount of Series 2022-A2023-1 Class A solar loan-backedasset-backed notes $102.2and $23.5 million in aggregate principal amount of Series 2022-A Class B solar loan-backed notes and $63.8 million in aggregate principal amount of Series 2022-A Class C solar loan-backed notes (collectively, the "HELVIII Notes") with a maturity date of February 2049. The HELVIII Notes bear interest at an annual rate of 2.79%, 3.13% and 3.53% for the Class A, Class B and Class C notes, respectively. In June 2022, one of our subsidiaries issued $317.0 million in aggregate principal amount of Series 2022-1 Class A solar asset-backed notes and $38.0 million in aggregate principal amount of Series 2022-12023-1 Class B solar asset-backed notes (collectively, the "SOLIV"SOLV Notes") with a maturity date of April 2057.2058. The SOLIVSOLV Notes bear interestwere issued at an annual ratea discount of 4.95%5.01% and 6.35%11.63% for the Class A and Class B notes, respectively. In August 2022, one of our subsidiaries issued $178.0 million in aggregate principal amount of Series 2022-B Class A solar loan-backed notesrespectively, and $49.7 million in aggregate principal amount of Series 2022-B Class B solar loan-backed notes with a maturity date of August 2049. The HELIX Notes bear interest at an annual rate of 5.00%5.40% and 6.00%7.35% for the Class A and Class B notes, respectively.

In May 2023, one of our subsidiaries issued $174.9 million in aggregate principal amount of Series 2023-A Class A solar loan-backed notes, $80.1 million in aggregate principal amount of Series 2023-A Class B solar loan-backed notes and $31.7 million in aggregate principal amount of Series 2023-A Class C solar loan-backed notes (collectively, the "HELXI Notes") with a maturity date of May 2050. The HELXI Notes were issued at a discount of 2.57%, 5.31% and 13.56% for the Class A, Class B and Class C notes, respectively, and bear interest at an annual rate of 5.30%, 5.60% and 6.00% for the Class A, Class B and Class C notes, respectively.

In August 2023, one of our subsidiaries issued $148.5 million in aggregate principal amount of Series 2023-B Class A solar loan-backed notes, $71.1 million in aggregate principal amount of Series 2023-B Class B solar loan-backed notes and $23.1 million in aggregate principal amount of Series 2023-B Class C solar loan-backed notes with a maturity date of August 2050. The HELXII Notes were issued at a discount of 4.23%, 6.67% and 12.64% for the Class A, Class B and Class C notes, respectively, and bear interest at an annual rate of 5.30%, 5.60% and 6.00%, for the Class A, Class B and Class C notes, respectively.
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In April 2023, the DOE announced a conditional commitment to guarantee 90% of up to approximately $3.3 billion of certain of our future financing arrangements under its Innovative Clean Energy Loan Guarantee Program. The commitment is subject to various customary conditions. There is no assurance the DOE's conditional commitment will be fulfilled on the terms announced or at all or that the related guarantees will provide the anticipated benefits to us. In September 2023, we entered into a $3.0 billion partial loan guarantee agreement (the "Hestia Agreement") with the DOE to support certain loans originated by us. We anticipate the Hestia Agreement will support future loan originations, reduce our weighted average cost of capital and generate interest savings. Before the DOE issues loan guarantees under the Hestia Agreement, various customary conditions must be fulfilled. In October 2023, we entered into a note purchase agreement, which at closing will indirectly benefit from a partial guarantee provided by the DOE Loan Programs Office. The notes will not be directly guaranteed by the DOE. The offering consists of $219.6 million in aggregate principal amount of Series 2023-GRID1 Class A solar loan-backed notes and $24.4 million in aggregate principal amount of Series 2023-GRID1 Class B solar loan-backed notes with a maturity date of December 2050. The HESI Notes were issued at a discount of 2.46% and 9.40% for the Class A and Class B notes respectively, and bear interest at an annual rate of 5.75% and 8.25% for the Class A and Class B notes, respectively. The offering is expected to close in November 2023, subject to customary closing conditions.

Senior Notes

In August 2022, weSeptember 2023, one of our subsidiaries issued and sold an aggregate principal amount of $600.0$400.0 million of our 2.625% convertible11.75% senior notes in a private placement at a discount to the initial purchasers of 2.5%approximately 2.74%, for an aggregate purchase price of $585.0approximately $389.0 million. The 2.625% convertible11.75% senior notes mature in February 2028 unless earlier redeemed, repurchased or converted. October 2028.

Public Offerings

In connection with the pricingAugust 2023, we sold 5,865,000 shares of the 2.625% convertible senior notes, we usedcommon stock at a public offering price of $14.75 per share. We received aggregate net proceeds of $48.4approximately $82.2 million, to enter into privately negotiated capped call transactions, which are expected to reduce the potential dilution to common shares and/or offset potential cash payments that could be required to be made in excessafter deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of the principal amount upon any exchangeapproximately $3.9 million and offering expenses of notes. Such reduction and/or offset is subject to a cap initially equal to $34.24 per share, subject to adjustments.approximately $400,000.

Historical Cash Flows—Nine Months Ended September 30, 20222023 Compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 20212022

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated:

Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
Nine Months Ended 
 September 30,
20222021Change20232022Change
(in thousands)(in thousands)
Net cash used in operating activitiesNet cash used in operating activities$(265,795)$(146,847)$(118,948)Net cash used in operating activities$(194,791)$(265,795)$71,004 
Net cash used in investing activitiesNet cash used in investing activities(1,451,353)(847,181)(604,172)Net cash used in investing activities(1,891,769)(1,451,353)(440,416)
Net cash provided by financing activitiesNet cash provided by financing activities1,865,092 1,136,404 728,688 Net cash provided by financing activities2,266,053 1,865,092 400,961 
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cashNet increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash$147,944 $142,376 $5,568 Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash$179,493 $147,944 $31,549 

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities increaseddecreased by $118.9$71.0 million in the nine months ended September 30, 20222023 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2021.2022. This increasedecrease is primarily due to a result of increasesdecrease in purchases of inventory and prepaid inventory of $78.2$176.2 million, andoffset by an increase in payments to dealers for exclusivity and other bonus arrangements of $7.9$21.4 million. This increasedecrease is offset by an increasealso due to net outflows of $78.3 million in 2023 compared to net inflows of $24.6 million in 2022 compared to net inflows of $9.6 million in 2021 based on: (a) our net loss of $60.2$267.6 million in 20222023 excluding non-cash operating items of $84.8$189.3 million, primarily from depreciation, impairments and losses on disposals, amortization of intangible assets, amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discounts, non-cash direct sales revenue, provision for current expected credit losses and other bad debt expense, unrealized net gains on derivatives, unrealized net losses on fair value instruments and equity securities and equity-based compensation charges, which results in net outflows of $78.3 million and (b) our net loss of $68.3 million in 2022 excluding non-cash operating items of $92.9 million, primarily from depreciation, impairments and losses on disposals, amortization of intangible assets, amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discounts, non-cash direct sales revenue, provision for current expected credit losses and other bad debt expense, unrealized net gains on derivatives, unrealized net gains on fair value instruments and equity-based compensation charges, which results in net inflows of $24.6 million and (b) our net loss of $116.3 million in 2021 excluding non-cash operating items of $125.9 million, primarily from depreciation, impairments and losses on disposals, amortization of intangible assets, amortization of deferred financing costs and debt discounts, unrealized net gains on derivatives, unrealized net gains on fair value instruments, losses on extinguishment of long-term debt and equity-based compensation charges, which results in net inflows of $9.6 million. These net differences between the two periods resulted in a net change in operating cash flows of $15.0$102.9 million in 20222023 compared to 2021.2022.
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Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities increased by $604.2$440.4 million in the nine months ended September 30, 20222023 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2021.2022. This increase is primarily a result of increasesdue to an increase in payments for investments and customer notes receivable of $349.3 million and purchases of property and equipment, primarily solar energy systems, of $293.5$677.6 million. This increase is partially offset by increasesa decrease in payments for investments and customer notes receivable of $185.8 million and an increase in proceeds from customer notes receivable of $32.6 million and proceeds from investments in solar receivables of $9.4$47.1 million.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities increased by $728.7$401.0 million in the nine months ended September 30, 20222023 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2021.2022. This increase is primarily a result of an increasedue to increases in net borrowings undercontributions from our debt facilitiesredeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests of $696.9$274.6 million, and a decrease in the purchase of capped call transactions of $43.2 million. This increase is partially offset by a decrease in net proceeds from the issuance of common stock of $13.3$84.7 million and net borrowings under our debt facilities of $28.0 million.

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Seasonality

The amount of electricity our solar energy systems produce is dependent in part on the amount of sunlight, or irradiation, where the assets are located. Because shorter daylight hours in winter months and poor weather conditions due to cloud cover, rain or snow results in less irradiation, the output of solar energy systems will vary depending on the season or the year. While we expect seasonal variability to occur, the geographic diversity in our assets helps to mitigate our aggregate seasonal variability.

Our Easy Plan PPAs with variable billing, Solar 20/20 Plan Agreements and Fixed Rate Power Purchase Agreements are subject to seasonality because we sell all the solar energy system's energy output to the customer at either a fixed price per kWh or indexed, variable rate per kWh. Our Easy Plan PPAs with balanced billing are not subject to seasonality (from a cash flow perspective or the customer's perspective) within a given year because the customer's payments are levelized on an annualized basis so we insulate the customer from monthly fluctuations in production. In addition, energy production true-ups and production estimate adjustments for Easy Plan PPAs with balanced billing are calculated over an entire year. However, our Easy Plan PPAs with balanced billing are subject to seasonality from a revenue recognition perspective because, similar to the Easy Plan PPAs with variable billing, we sell all the solar energy system's energy output to the customer. Our lease agreements are not subject to seasonality within a given year because we lease the solar energy system to the customer at a fixed monthly rate and the reference period for any production guarantee payments is a full year. Finally, our loan agreements are not subject to seasonality within a given year because the monthly installment payments for the financing of the customers' purchase of the solar energy system are fixed and the reference period for any production guarantee is a full year.

In addition, weather may impact our dealers' ability to install solar energy systems and energy storage systems. For example, the ability to install solar energy systems and energy storage systems during the winter months in the Northeastern U.S. is limited. This can impact the timing of when solar energy systems and energy storage systems can be installed and when we can acquire and begin to generate revenue from solar energy systems and energy storage systems.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our interim financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP, which requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, and expenses, cash flows and related disclosures. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. In many instances, we could have reasonably used different accounting estimates, and in other instances, changes in the accounting estimates are reasonably likely to occur from period-to-period. Actual results may differ from these estimates. Our future financial statements will be affected to the extent our actual results materially differ from these estimates. For further information on our significant accounting policies, see Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 24, 202223, 2023 and Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies, to our interim financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

We identify our most critical accounting policies as those that are the most pervasive and important to the portrayal of our financial position and results of operations, and that require the most difficult, subjective, and/or complex judgments by management regarding estimates about matters that are inherently uncertain. We believe the assumptions and estimates associated with our principles of consolidation, the valuation of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in acquisitions, the
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estimated useful life of our solar energy systems, the valuation of the removal assumptions, including costs, associated with AROs, the valuation of redeemable noncontrolling interests and noncontrolling interests and our allowance for current expected credit losses have the greatest subjectivity and impact on our interim financial statements. Therefore, we consider these to be our critical accounting policies and estimates. There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies and estimates as described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies, to our interim financial statements included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

We are exposed to various market risks in the ordinary course of our business. Market risk is the potential loss that may result from market changes associated with our business or with an existing or forecasted financial or commodity transaction. Our primary exposure includes changes in interest rates because certain borrowings bear interest at floating rates based on
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LIBOR, SOFR or a similar index plus a specified margin. We sometimes manage our interest rate exposure on floating-rate debt by entering into derivative instruments to hedge all or a portion of our interest rate exposure on certain debt facilities. We do not enter into any derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes. Changes in economic conditions could result in higher interest rates, thereby increasing our interest expense and operating expenses and reducing funds available to capital investments, operations and other purposes. A hypothetical 10% increase in our interest rates on our variable-rate debt facilities would have increased our interest expense by $1.0$3.4 million and $2.2$8.5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022,2023, respectively.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") and our Chief Financial Officer ("CFO"), of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, pursuant to Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act. In connection with that evaluation, our CEO and our CFO concluded our disclosure controls and procedures were effective and designed to provide reasonable assurance the information required to be disclosed is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms as of September 30, 2022,2023, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and CFO, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. The term "disclosure controls and procedures", as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company's management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

In connection with the acquisition of SunStreet, we are integrating SunStreet's internal controls over financial reporting into our financial reporting framework. Such integration has resulted and may continue to result in changes that materially affect our internal control over financial reporting (as described in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act). Other than the changes that have and may continue to result from such integration, thereThere was no change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the third quarter of 20222023 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures

Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives as specified above. However, our management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures will prevent or detect all error and fraud. Any control system, no matter how well
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designed and operated, is based upon certain assumptions and can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that its objectives will be met. Further, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within our company have been detected.

PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings.

Although we may, from time to time, be involved in litigation, claims and government proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business, we are not a party to any litigation or governmental or other proceeding we believe will have a material adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations or liquidity. In the ordinary course of business, we have disputes with dealers and customers. In general, litigation claims or regulatory proceedings can be expensive and time consuming to
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bring or defend against, may result in the diversion of management attention and resources from our business and business goals and could result in settlement or damages that could significantly affect financial results and the conduct of our business.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

There have been no material changes in the risks facing us as described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 24, 202223, 2023 except as described below.

Risks Related to Our BusinessAdverse developments affecting the financial services industry, such as actual events or concerns involving liquidity, defaults, or non-performance by financial institutions or transactional counterparties, could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

An increaseActual events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions or other companies in interest ratesthe financial services industry or the financial services industry generally, or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar risks, have in the past and may result in a decreasethe future lead to market-wide liquidity problems. For example, in originationMarch 2023, Silicon Valley Bank ("SVB") was closed by the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation, which appointed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation as receiver. Similarly, in March 2023, Signature Bank and Silvergate Capital Corp. were each swept into receivership. Further, uncertainty remains over liquidity concerns in the broader financial services industry, including for example in the case of First Republic Bank and Credit Suisse ("CS") during March 2023. In March 2023, CS agreed to be acquired by UBS following the intervention of the Swiss Federal Department of Finance, the Swiss National Bank and the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority. While we have no deposits with CS or SVB, we continue to have ongoing relationships with both banks. CS was the primary lender and agent for our homebuilder channelEZOP and a reductionTEPH revolving credit facilities until March 2023; and CS was and remains an interest rate counterparty. SVB and its successor, Silicon Valley Bridge Bank ("SVBB") were and are lenders of our TEPH revolving credit facility. To date, CS and SVBB have performed their obligations to us and have been responsive to our requests, although there can be no assurances such performance will continue in principal prepayments by our customers.the future.

Origination forWe maintain deposits at financial institutions as a part of doing business that could be at risk if another similar event were to occur. Our ongoing cash management strategy is to maintain the majority of our homebuilder channel reliesdeposit accounts in large "money center" financial institutions, but there can be no assurance this strategy will be successful. Increasing concerns regarding the U.S. or international financial systems, including bank failures and bailouts, and their potential broader effects and potential systemic risk on the constructionbanking sector generally, may adversely affect our access to capital. Any decline in available funding or access to our cash and sale of new homes byliquidity resources could, among other risks, limit our homebuilder partners. Many customersability to meet our capital needs and fund future growth or fulfill our other obligations, or result in breaches of our homebuilder partners relyfinancial and/or contractual obligations. Any of these impacts, or any other impacts resulting from the factors described above or other related or similar factors not described above, could have material adverse impacts on mortgage loans from banksour business, financial condition and other lenders to finance a substantial portionresults of the purchase price for their home. Increased mortgage interest rates may lead to lower demand for new homes and a reduced number of homes available for solar origination through our homebuilder channel. Additionally, increased interest rates may result in fewer secondary home sales, a reduction in the number of customers refinancing their mortgage and uncertainty about the economy. This could result in a material reduction in the amount of our customers making principal prepayments of their loans.operations.

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

Not applicable.

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities.

Not applicable.

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Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Item 5. Other Information.

None.Bylaws Amendment and Restatement

On October 25, 2023, our Board of Directors adopted amendments to our bylaws, effective as of such date of adoption (the "Amended and Restated Bylaws"). The Amended and Restated Bylaws, among other things, provide for reasonable steps to ensure the list of stockholders entitled to vote at a meeting would be made available electronically only to stockholders before the meeting (Section 1.5), address the adjournment of stockholders meetings (Section 1.7), clarify that, in relation to an action at a stockholder meeting, abstentions and broker non-votes will not be considered votes cast in determining the outcome of a matter (Section 1.9) and update the provisions regarding the obligations of a stockholder who intends to propose certain business or nominations of persons for the election of directors before a meeting of stockholders, including deadlines and obligations to provide and update information and representations, and to comply with applicable rules regarding the solicitation of proxies (including Rule 14a-19 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) (Section 1.10).

The foregoing summary of the Amended and Restated Bylaws is qualified in its entirety by reference to the full text of the Amended and Restated Bylaws attached to this report as Exhibit 3.2 in unmarked form, and as Exhibit 3.3 to this report in redline form marking the amendments as described above, and are incorporated herein by reference.

10b5-1 Plans

During the three months ended September 30, 2023, there were no "Rule 10b5-1 trading plans" or "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangements" adopted, modified or terminated by any of our directors or officers (as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K).
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PART IV

Item 6. Exhibits.

Exhibit No.Description
2.1
2.2
3.1
3.2
3.3
4.1∞
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.54.6
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Exhibit No.Description
10.110.1∞
10.2∞
10.3∞10.2∞
10.4
10.5∞10.3∞
10.6
10.7∞
10.8∞
10.4∞
10.5∞
31.1
31.2
32.1
32.2
101.INSXBRL Instance Document - the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its tags are embedded within the inline XBRL document.
101.SCHXBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Linkbase Document.
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Exhibit No.Description
101.CALXBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.
101.DEFXBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.
101.LABXBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.
101.PREXBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.
104Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the inline XBRL document).
__________________
∞    Portions of this exhibit have been omitted in accordance with Items 601(a)(5) and 601(b)(10) of Regulation S-K. We agree to furnish a copy of any omitted schedule or exhibit to the SEC upon request.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

SUNNOVA ENERGY INTERNATIONAL INC.
Date: October 27, 202226, 2023By:/s/ William J. Berger
William J. Berger
Chief Executive Officer and Director
(Principal Executive Officer)

Date: October 27, 202226, 2023By:/s/ Robert L. Lane
Robert L. Lane
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)

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