UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)


☒			QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 or


☐			TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 0-16533

ProAssurance Corporation

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Delaware

63-1261433

(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)

(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

100 Brookwood Place,

Birmingham,

35209

(Address of principal executive offices)

(Zip Code)

(205)

877-4400

(Registrant’s telephone number,
including area code)

(Former name, former address and former
fiscal year, if changed since last report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share	PRA	New York Stock Exchange

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

☒

Accelerated filer

☐

Non-accelerated filer

☐

Smaller reporting company

☐

Emerging growth company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of August 3, ~~2022,~~2023, there were ~~53,962,536~~52,064,808 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.

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Glossary of Terms and Acronyms

When the following terms and acronyms appear in the text of this report, they have the meanings indicated below.


Term			Meaning
AAD			Annual aggregate deductible

AOCI			Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)


Board			Board of Directors of ProAssurance Corporation
BOLI			Business owned life insurance
CARES Act			Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act

Council of Lloyd's			The governing body for Lloyd's of London
CODM			Chief Operating Decision Maker


~~COVID-19~~			~~Coronavirus Disease 2019~~
DDR			Death, disability and retirement
DPAC			Deferred policy acquisition costs
Eastern Re			Eastern Re, LTD, S.P.C.
EBUB			Earned but unbilled premium
ECO/XPL			Extra-contractual obligations/excess of policy limit claims
ERC			Employee Retention Credit

FAL			Funds at Lloyd's
FASB			Financial Accounting Standards Board

FHLB			Federal Home Loan Bank
FHLMC			Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation
FNMA			Federal National Mortgage Association
GAAP			Generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America

GNMA			Government National Mortgage Association
HCPL			Healthcare professional liability
IBNR			Incurred but not reported
Inova Re			Inova Re, LTD, S.P.C.
Interest Rate Swaps			ProAssurance's two forward-starting interest rate swap agreements associated with its Revolving Credit Agreement and Term Loan
IRS			Internal Revenue Service

LIBOR			London Interbank Offered Rate
LLC			Limited liability company
Lloyd's			Lloyd's of London market
LP			Limited partnership

Medical Technology Liability			Medical technology and life sciences products liability

~~Mortgage Loans~~			~~Two ten-year mortgage loans with original borrowing amounts of approximately $18 million and approximately $23 million, each entered into by a subsidiary of ProAssurance~~

NAV			Net asset value

NOL			Net operating loss

NORCAL			NORCAL Insurance Company, ~~formally~~formerly known as NORCAL Mutual Insurance Company
NRSRO			Nationally recognized statistical rating organization
NYSE			New York Stock Exchange
OCI			Other comprehensive income (loss)


PCAOB			Public Company Accounting Oversight Board


PPM RRG			Preferred Physicians Medical Risk Retention Group, a Mutual Insurance Company


Revolving Credit Agreement			ProAssurance's $250 million revolving credit agreement
ROE			Return on equity
ROU			Right-of-use


SEC			Securities and Exchange Commission


SOFR			Secured Overnight Financing Rate
SPC			Segregated portfolio cell

Specialty P&C			Specialty Property and Casualty
~~Syndicate 1729~~			~~Lloyd's of London Syndicate 1729~~

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Term			Meaning
Syndicate 1729			Lloyd's of London Syndicate 1729
Syndicate 6131			Lloyd's of London Syndicate 6131 was a Special Purpose Arrangement with Lloyd's of London Syndicate ~~1729~~1729.
Syndicate Credit Agreement			Unconditional revolving credit agreement with the Premium Trust Fund of Syndicate 1729

TCJA			Tax Cuts and Jobs Act H.R.1 of 2017
Term Loan			ProAssurance's $125 million delayed draw term loan
U.K.			United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
ULAE			Unallocated loss adjustment expenses
VIE			Variable interest entity
VOBA			Value of business acquired

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Caution Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

Any statements in this Form 10-Q that are not historical facts or explicitly stated as an opinion are specifically identified as forward-looking statements. These statements are based upon our estimates and anticipation of future events and are subject to significant risks, assumptions and uncertainties that could cause actual results to vary materially from the expected results described in the forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are identified by words such as, but not limited to, "anticipate," "believe," "estimate," "expect," "hope," "hopeful," "intend," "likely," "may," "optimistic," "possible," "potential," "preliminary," "project," "should," "will" and other analogous expressions. There are numerous factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements. Thus, sentences and phrases that we use to convey our view of future events and trends are expressly designated as forward-looking statements as are sections of this Form 10-Q that are identified as giving our outlook on future business.

Forward-looking statements relating to our business include among other things: statements concerning future liquidity and capital requirements, investment valuation and performance, return on equity, financial ratios, net income, premiums, losses and loss reserve, premium rates and retention of current business, competition and market conditions, the expansion of product lines, the development or acquisition of business in new geographical areas, the pricing or availability of acceptable reinsurance, actions by regulators and rating agencies, court actions, legislative actions, payment or performance of obligations under indebtedness, payment of dividends and other matters.

These forward-looking statements are subject to significant risks, assumptions and uncertainties, including, among other things, the following factors that could affect the actual outcome of future events:


l			changes in general economic conditions, including the impact of inflation or deflation and unemployment;
l			~~our ability to maintain our dividend payments;~~
l			regulatory, legislative and judicial actions or decisions that could affect our business plans or ~~operations, including changes in interpretations of certain coverages as a result of COVID-19;~~operations;
l			the enactment or repeal of tort reforms;
l			formation or dissolution of state-sponsored insurance entities providing coverages now offered by ProAssurance which could remove or add sizable numbers of insureds from or to the private insurance market;
l			changes in the interest and tax rate environment;
l			resolution of uncertain tax matters and changes in tax ~~laws, including the impact of the CARES Act;~~laws;
l			changes in laws or government regulations regarding financial markets or market activity that may affect our business;
l			changes in the ability, or perception thereof, of the U.S. government to meet its obligations that may affect the U.S. economy and our business;
l			performance of financial markets affecting the fair value of our investments or making it difficult to determine the value of our investments;
l			changes in requirements or accounting policies and practices that may be adopted by our regulatory agencies, the FASB, the SEC, the PCAOB or the NYSE that may affect our business;
l			changes in laws or government regulations affecting the financial services industry, the property and casualty insurance industry or particular insurance lines underwritten by our subsidiaries or by Syndicate 1729;
l			the effect on our insureds, particularly the insurance needs of our insureds, and our loss costs, of changes in the healthcare delivery system and/or changes in the U.S. political climate that may affect healthcare policy or our business;
l			consolidation of our insureds into or under larger entities which may be insured by competitors, or may not have a risk profile that meets our underwriting criteria or which may not use external providers for insuring or otherwise managing substantial portions of their liability risk;
l			the effect of cyclical insurance industry trends on our underwriting, including demand and pricing in the insurance and reinsurance markets in which we operate;
l			uncertainties inherent in the estimate of our loss and loss adjustment expense reserve and reinsurance recoverable;
l			changes in the availability, cost, quality or collectability of insurance/reinsurance;
l			the results of litigation, including pre- or post-trial motions, trials and/or appeals we undertake;
l			effects on our claims costs from mass tort litigation that are different from that anticipated by us;
l			allegations of bad faith which may arise from our handling of any particular claim, including failure to settle;
l			loss or consolidation of independent agents, agencies, brokers or brokerage firms;
l			changes in our organization, compensation and benefit plans;

~~Table of Contents~~


l			changes in the business or competitive environment may limit the effectiveness of our business strategy and impact our revenues;

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l			our ability to retain and recruit senior management and other qualified personnel;
l			the availability, integrity and security of our technology infrastructure and that of our third-party providers, including any susceptibility to cyber-attacks which might result in a loss of information, operating capability or actual monetary loss;
l			the impact of a ~~catastrophic~~catastrophe, natural or man-made, including a pandemic event, ~~including the COVID-19 pandemic,~~ as it relates to our business and insurance operations, investment results ~~Lloyd's Syndicates~~ and our insured risks;
l			~~the impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on our premium volume, loss reserves, investment portfolio, asset valuations, business operations and workforce;~~
l			~~the impact of a catastrophic man-made event, such as acts of terrorism, acts of war and civil and political unrest;~~
l			the effects of terrorism-related insurance legislation and laws;
l			guaranty funds and other state assessments;
l			our ability to achieve ~~continued~~ growth through expansion into new markets or through acquisitions or business combinations;
l			~~failure to successfully integrate NORCAL to achieve expected results or synergies;~~
l			changes to the ratings assigned by rating agencies to our holding company or insurance subsidiaries, individually or as a group;
l			provisions in our charter documents, Delaware law and state insurance laws may impede attempts to replace or remove management or may impede a takeover;
l			state insurance restrictions may prohibit assets held by our insurance subsidiaries, including cash and investment securities, from being used for general corporate purposes; and
l			taxing authorities can take exception to our tax positions and cause us to incur significant amounts of legal and accounting costs and, if our defense is not successful, additional tax costs, including interest and ~~penalties; and~~penalties.
l			expected benefits from completed acquisitions may not be achieved or may be delayed longer than expected due to business disruption; loss of customers, employees or key agents; increased operating costs or inability to achieve cost savings and synergies; and assumption of greater than expected liabilities, among other reasons.
Additional risks, assumptions and uncertainties that could arise from our membership in the Lloyd's market and our participation in certain Lloyd's Syndicates include, but are not limited to, the following:
l			members of Lloyd's are subject to levies by the Council of Lloyd's based on a percentage of the member's underwriting capacity, currently a maximum of 5%, but can be increased by Lloyd's;
l			Syndicate results can be affected by decisions made by the Council of Lloyd's which the management of Syndicate 1729 has little ability to control, such as a decision to not approve the business plan of Syndicate 1729, or a decision to increase the capital required to continue operations, and by our obligation to pay levies to Lloyd's;
l			Lloyd's insurance and reinsurance relationships and distribution channels could be disrupted or Lloyd's trading licenses could be revoked, making it more difficult for a Lloyd's Syndicate to distribute and market its products;
l			rating agencies could downgrade their ratings of Lloyd's as a whole; and
l			Syndicate operations are dependent on a small, specialized management team, and the loss of their services could adversely affect the Syndicate’s business. The inability to identify, hire and retain other highly qualified personnel in the future could adversely affect the quality and profitability of Syndicate 1729’s business.

Our results may differ materially from those we expect and discuss in any forward-looking statements. The principal risk factors that may cause these material differences are described in "Item 1A, Risk Factors" in our December 31, ~~2021~~2022 report on Form 10-K and other documents we file with the SEC, such as our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q.

We caution readers not to place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements, which are based upon conditions existing only as of the date made, and advise readers that these factors could affect our financial performance and could cause actual results for future periods to differ materially from any opinions or statements expressed with respect to future periods in any current statements. Except as required by law or regulations, we do not undertake and specifically decline any obligation to publicly release the result of any revisions that may be made to any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements or to reflect the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events.

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	TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

	CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED) - ~~JUNE~~JU NE 30 ~~2022~~, 2023 AND DECEMBER 31, ~~2021~~2022	7

	CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN CAPITAL (UNAUDITED) - THREE ~~THREE~~ AND SIX ~~SIX~~ MONTHS ENDED ~~JUNE~~JU NE 30 , 2023 AND 2022 ~~AND 2021~~	8

	CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (UNAUDITED) - THREE ~~THREE~~ AND SIX ~~SIX~~ MONTHS ENDED JUNE ~~30, 2022~~ 3 0 , 2023 AND ~~2021~~2022	10

	CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED) - SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, ~~2022~~2023 AND ~~2021~~2022	11

	NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)	13

	BASIS OF PRESENTATION	13

	FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT	1415
	INVESTMENTS	2324

	INCOME TAXES	3032

	RESERVE FOR LOSSES AND LOSS ADJUSTMENT EXPENSES	3133
	COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES	3235

	DEBT	3336
	DERIVATIVES	37
	SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY	3438
	VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES	3640
	EARNINGS (LOSS) PER SHARE	3640
	SEGMENT INFORMATION	3741
	BENEFIT PLANS	4245


ITEM 2.	MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS	4346

ITEM 3.	QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK	9699

ITEM 4.	CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES	99102

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1.	LEGAL PROCEEDINGS	99102
ITEM 1A.	RISK FACTORS	99102
ITEM 2.	UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS	99102
ITEM 5.	OTHER INFORMATION	102
ITEM 6.	EXHIBITS	~~100~~103
SIGNATURE		~~101~~104

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ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Unaudited)

(In thousands, except share data)


		June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021			June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Assets	Assets					Assets
Investments	Investments					Investments
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost, $3,830,737 and $3,814,847, respectively; allowance for expected credit losses, $553 as of June 30, 2022 and none as of December 31, 2021)		$	3,531,815	$	3,833,722
Fixed maturities, trading, at fair value (cost, $46,349 and $43,914, respectively)		45,274		43,670
Equity investments, at fair value (cost, $161,562 and $211,356, respectively)		147,612		214,807
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost, $3,699,049 and $3,852,411, respectively; allowance for expected credit losses, $419 as of June 30, 2023 and $427 as of December 31, 2022)						Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, at fair value (amortized cost, $3,699,049 and $3,852,411, respectively; allowance for expected credit losses, $419 as of June 30, 2023 and $427 as of December 31, 2022)	$	3,352,331	$	3,472,472
Fixed maturities, trading, at fair value (cost, $45,455 and $45,048, respectively)						Fixed maturities, trading, at fair value (cost, $45,455 and $45,048, respectively)	45,732		43,434
Equity investments, at fair value (cost, $165,612 and $162,429, respectively)						Equity investments, at fair value (cost, $165,612 and $162,429, respectively)	149,529		143,738
Short-term investments	Short-term investments	326,050		216,987		Short-term investments	315,581		245,313
Business owned life insurance	Business owned life insurance	80,818		81,767		Business owned life insurance	80,930		81,746
Investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries	Investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries	321,912		335,576		Investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries	306,027		305,210
Other investments (at fair value, $92,204 and $98,611, respectively, otherwise at cost or amortized cost)		95,496		101,794
Other investments (at fair value, $62,287 and $92,447, respectively, otherwise at cost or amortized cost)						Other investments (at fair value, $62,287 and $92,447, respectively, otherwise at cost or amortized cost)	65,287		95,770
Total Investments	Total Investments	4,548,977		4,828,323		Total Investments	4,315,417		4,387,683
Cash and cash equivalents	Cash and cash equivalents	34,832		143,602		Cash and cash equivalents	46,034		29,959

Premiums receivable (allowance for expected credit losses, $7,906 as of June 30, 2022 and $7,436 as of December 31, 2021)		245,050		241,095
Premiums receivable (allowance for expected credit losses, $7,876 as of June 30, 2023 and $7,658 as of December 31, 2022)						Premiums receivable (allowance for expected credit losses, $7,876 as of June 30, 2023 and $7,658 as of December 31, 2022)	258,867		246,094
Receivable from reinsurers on paid losses and loss adjustment expenses	Receivable from reinsurers on paid losses and loss adjustment expenses	14,902		14,599		Receivable from reinsurers on paid losses and loss adjustment expenses	26,651		15,313
Receivable from reinsurers on unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	Receivable from reinsurers on unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	469,116		451,741		Receivable from reinsurers on unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	425,560		431,889
Prepaid reinsurance premiums	Prepaid reinsurance premiums	32,730		24,571		Prepaid reinsurance premiums	34,327		29,120
Deferred policy acquisition costs	Deferred policy acquisition costs	63,113		58,940		Deferred policy acquisition costs	62,999		58,148
Deferred tax asset, net	Deferred tax asset, net	188,824		117,613		Deferred tax asset, net	202,165		209,535
Real estate, net	Real estate, net	30,413		30,342		Real estate, net	30,202		29,968
Operating lease ROU assets	Operating lease ROU assets	17,702		19,595		Operating lease ROU assets	17,032		18,987
Intangible assets, net	Intangible assets, net	70,098		73,336		Intangible assets, net	63,571		66,835
Goodwill	Goodwill	49,610		49,610		Goodwill	49,610		49,610
Other assets	Other assets	125,823		138,110		Other assets	124,977		126,858
Total Assets	Total Assets	$	5,891,190	$	6,191,477	Total Assets	$	5,657,412	$	5,699,999
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity	Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity					Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity
Liabilities	Liabilities					Liabilities
Policy liabilities and accruals	Policy liabilities and accruals					Policy liabilities and accruals
Reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses	Reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	3,572,862	$	3,579,940	Reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses	$	3,420,925	$	3,471,147
Unearned premiums	Unearned premiums	450,571		433,961		Unearned premiums	439,556		422,950
Reinsurance premiums payable	Reinsurance premiums payable	32,565		22,627		Reinsurance premiums payable	27,184		28,514
Total Policy Liabilities and Accruals	Total Policy Liabilities and Accruals	4,055,998		4,036,528		Total Policy Liabilities and Accruals	3,887,665		3,922,611

Operating lease liabilities	Operating lease liabilities	18,793		20,844		Operating lease liabilities	17,912		20,008
Other liabilities	Other liabilities	220,632		280,732		Other liabilities	206,095		226,379
Debt less unamortized debt issuance costs	Debt less unamortized debt issuance costs	425,878		424,986		Debt less unamortized debt issuance costs	426,026		426,983
Total Liabilities	Total Liabilities	4,721,301		4,763,090		Total Liabilities	4,537,698		4,595,981
Shareholders' Equity	Shareholders' Equity					Shareholders' Equity
Common shares (par value $0.01 per share, 100,000,000 shares authorized, 63,422,426 and 63,308,741 shares issued, respectively)		634		633
Common shares (par value $0.01 per share, 100,000,000 shares authorized, 63,575,853 and 63,427,796 shares issued, respectively)						Common shares (par value $0.01 per share, 100,000,000 shares authorized, 63,575,853 and 63,427,796 shares issued, respectively)	636		634
Additional paid-in capital	Additional paid-in capital	395,540		392,941		Additional paid-in capital	400,705		397,919
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (net of deferred tax expense (benefit) of ($63,367) and $4,423, respectively)		(234,188)		16,284
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (net of deferred tax expense (benefit) of ($72,739) and ($80,810), respectively)						Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (net of deferred tax expense (benefit) of ($72,739) and ($80,810), respectively)	(267,480)		(298,607)
Retained earnings	Retained earnings	1,423,865		1,434,491		Retained earnings	1,425,038		1,423,286
Treasury shares, at cost (9,325,180 shares as of each respective period end)		(415,962)		(415,962)
Treasury shares, at cost (10,857,458 and 9,464,160 shares, respectively)						Treasury shares, at cost (10,857,458 and 9,464,160 shares, respectively)	(439,185)		(419,214)
Total Shareholders' Equity	Total Shareholders' Equity	1,169,889		1,428,387		Total Shareholders' Equity	1,119,714		1,104,018
Total Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity	Total Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity	$	5,891,190	$	6,191,477	Total Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity	$	5,657,412	$	5,699,999

See accompanying notes.

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ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Capital (Unaudited)

(In thousands)


	Common Stock		Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Retained Earnings		Treasury Stock		Total
Balance at April 1, 2023	$	635	$	398,436	$	(255,978)	$	1,414,411	$	(419,214)	$	1,138,290
Common shares reacquired	—		—		—		—		(19,971)		(19,971)
Common shares issued for compensation	—		1,054		—		—		—		1,054

Share-based compensation	—		1,228		—		—		—		1,228
Net effect of restricted and performance shares issued	1		(13)		—		—		—		(12)

Other comprehensive income (loss)	—		—		(11,502)		—		—		(11,502)
Net income (loss)	—		—		—		10,627		—		10,627
Balance at June 30, 2023	$	636	$	400,705	$	(267,480)	$	1,425,038	$	(439,185)	$	1,119,714














	Common Stock		Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Retained Earnings		Treasury Stock		Total
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	634	$	397,919	$	(298,607)	$	1,423,286	$	(419,214)	$	1,104,018
Common shares reacquired	—		—		—		—		(19,971)		(19,971)
Common shares issued for compensation	—		1,064		—		—		—		1,064
Share-based compensation	—		2,374		—		—		—		2,374
Net effect of restricted and performance shares issued	2		(652)		—		—		—		(650)
Dividends to shareholders	—		—		—		(2,701)		—		(2,701)



Other comprehensive income (loss)	—		—		31,127		—		—		31,127
Net income (loss)	—		—		—		4,453		—		4,453
Balance at June 30, 2023	$	636	$	400,705	$	(267,480)	$	1,425,038	$	(439,185)	$	1,119,714

Continued on the following page.

ProAssurance Shareholders' Equity
Common Stock Additional Paid-in Capital Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Retained Earnings Treasury Stock Total
Balance at April 1, 2022 $ 634 $ 393,433 $ (124,566) $ 1,428,229 $ (415,962) $ 1,281,768
Common shares issued for compensation and effect of shares reissued to stock purchase plan — 1,061 — — — 1,061
Share-based compensation — 1,048 — — — 1,048
Net effect of restricted and performance shares issued — (2) — — — (2)
Dividends to shareholders — — — (2,705) — (2,705)
Other comprehensive income (loss) — — (109,622) — — (109,622)
Net income (loss) — — — (1,659) — (1,659)
Balance at June 30, 2022 $ 634 $ 395,540 $ (234,188) $ 1,423,865 $ (415,962) $ 1,169,889
Common Stock Additional Paid-in Capital Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Retained Earnings Treasury Stock Total
Balance at December 31, 2021 $ 633 $ 392,941 $ 16,284 $ 1,434,491 $ (415,962) $ 1,428,387
Common shares issued for compensation and effect of shares reissued to stock purchase plan — 1,068 — — — 1,068
Share-based compensation — 2,390 — — — 2,390
Net effect of restricted and performance shares issued 1 (859) — — — (858)
Dividends to shareholders — — — (5,407) — (5,407)
Other comprehensive income (loss) — — (250,472) — — (250,472)
Net income (loss) — — — (5,219) — (5,219)
Balance at June 30, 2022 $ 634 $ 395,540 $ (234,188) $ 1,423,865 $ (415,962) $ 1,169,889
Continued on the following page.

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Continued from the previous page.
Common Stock Additional Paid-in Capital Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Retained Earnings Treasury Stock Total
Balance at April 1, 2021 $ 633 $ 388,924 $ 41,522 $ 1,306,199 $ (415,962) $ 1,321,316
Common shares issued for compensation and effect of shares reissued to stock purchase plan — 678 — — — 678
Share-based compensation — 1,153 — — — 1,153
Net effect of restricted and performance shares issued — (7) — — — (7)
Dividends to shareholders — — — (2,700) — (2,700)
Other comprehensive income (loss) — — 11,550 — — 11,550
Net income (loss) — — — 92,050 — 92,050
Balance at June 30, 2021 $ 633 $ 390,748 $ 53,072 $ 1,395,549 $ (415,962) $ 1,424,040
Common Stock Additional Paid-in Capital Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Retained Earnings Treasury Stock Total
Balance at December 31, 2020 $ 632 $ 388,150 $ 75,227 $ 1,301,163 $ (415,962) $ 1,349,210
Common shares issued for compensation and effect of shares reissued to stock purchase plan — 686 — — — 686
Share-based compensation — 2,177 — — — 2,177
Net effect of restricted and performance shares issued 1 (265) — — — (264)
Dividends to shareholders — — — (5,399) — (5,399)
Other comprehensive income (loss) — — (22,155) — — (22,155)
Net income (loss) — — — 99,785 — 99,785
Balance at June 30, 2021 $ 633 $ 390,748 $ 53,072 $ 1,395,549 $ (415,962) $ 1,424,040
Continued from the previous page.


	Common Stock		Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Retained Earnings		Treasury Stock		Total
Balance at April 1, 2022	$	634	$	393,433	$	(124,566)	$	1,428,229	$	(415,962)	$	1,281,768

Common shares issued for compensation	—		1,061		—		—		—		1,061
Share-based compensation	—		1,048		—		—		—		1,048
Net effect of restricted and performance shares issued	—		(2)		—		—		—		(2)
Dividends to shareholders	—		—		—		(2,705)		—		(2,705)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	—		—		(109,622)		—		—		(109,622)
Net income (loss)	—		—		—		(1,659)		—		(1,659)
Balance at June 30, 2022	$	634	$	395,540	$	(234,188)	$	1,423,865	$	(415,962)	$	1,169,889













	Common Stock		Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Retained Earnings		Treasury Stock		Total
Balance at December 31, 2021	$	633	$	392,941	$	16,284	$	1,434,491	$	(415,962)	$	1,428,387


Common shares issued for compensation	—		1,068		—		—		—		1,068
Share-based compensation	—		2,390		—		—		—		2,390
Net effect of restricted and performance shares issued	1		(859)		—		—		—		(858)
Dividends to shareholders	—		—		—		(5,407)		—		(5,407)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	—		—		(250,472)		—		—		(250,472)
Net income (loss)	—		—		—		(5,219)		—		(5,219)
Balance at June 30, 2022	$	634	$	395,540	$	(234,188)	$	1,423,865	$	(415,962)	$	1,169,889

See accompanying notes.

Table of Contents

ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income (Unaudited)

(In thousands, except per share data)


		Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30					Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
		2022		2021		2022		2021			2023		2022		2023		2022
Revenues	Revenues									Revenues
Net premiums earned	Net premiums earned	$	247,271	$	238,993	$	512,982	$	426,351	Net premiums earned	$	247,862	$	247,271	$	487,649	$	512,982
Net investment income	Net investment income	21,944		17,417		42,387		32,434		Net investment income	31,650		21,944		61,960		42,387
Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries	Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries	5,180		11,927		12,799		18,715		Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries	6,632		5,180		5,511		12,799
Net investment gains (losses):	Net investment gains (losses):									Net investment gains (losses):
Impairment losses	Impairment losses	(972)		—		(972)		—		Impairment losses	(43)		(972)		(2,976)		(972)
Portion of impairment losses recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) before taxes	Portion of impairment losses recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) before taxes	419		—		419		—		Portion of impairment losses recognized in other comprehensive income (loss) before taxes	—		419		—		419
Net impairment losses recognized in earnings	Net impairment losses recognized in earnings	(553)		—		(553)		—		Net impairment losses recognized in earnings	(43)		(553)		(2,976)		(553)
Other net investment gains (losses)	Other net investment gains (losses)	(23,331)		10,833		(36,837)		19,682		Other net investment gains (losses)	2,989		(23,331)		8,834		(36,837)
Total net investment gains (losses)	Total net investment gains (losses)	(23,884)		10,833		(37,390)		19,682		Total net investment gains (losses)	2,946		(23,884)		5,858		(37,390)
Other income	Other income	5,314		2,458		8,119		4,462		Other income	2,741		5,314		3,528		8,119
Total revenues	Total revenues	255,825		281,628		538,897		501,644		Total revenues	291,831		255,825		564,506		538,897
Expenses	Expenses									Expenses

Net losses and loss adjustment expenses	Net losses and loss adjustment expenses	177,670		181,852		387,093		331,636		Net losses and loss adjustment expenses	191,058		177,670		396,354		387,093
Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses:	Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses:									Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses:
Operating expense	Operating expense	42,938		50,542		81,748		82,062		Operating expense	42,177		42,938		77,261		81,748
DPAC amortization	DPAC amortization	34,395		26,646		67,361		51,576		DPAC amortization	34,799		34,395		67,503		67,361
SPC U.S. federal income tax expense	SPC U.S. federal income tax expense	349		504		991		860		SPC U.S. federal income tax expense	994		349		1,526		991
SPC dividend expense (income)	SPC dividend expense (income)	(854)		2,864		1,513		4,606		SPC dividend expense (income)	3,747		(854)		5,689		1,513
Interest expense	Interest expense	4,919		5,176		9,360		8,389		Interest expense	5,502		4,919		10,965		9,360

Total expenses	Total expenses	259,417		267,584		548,066		479,129		Total expenses	278,277		259,417		559,298		548,066
Gain on bargain purchase		—		74,408		—		74,408

Income (loss) before income taxes	Income (loss) before income taxes	(3,592)		88,452		(9,169)		96,923		Income (loss) before income taxes	13,554		(3,592)		5,208		(9,169)
Provision for income taxes:	Provision for income taxes:									Provision for income taxes:
Current expense (benefit)	Current expense (benefit)	65		(4,057)		(542)		(1,049)		Current expense (benefit)	319		65		776		(542)
Deferred expense (benefit)	Deferred expense (benefit)	(1,998)		459		(3,408)		(1,813)		Deferred expense (benefit)	2,608		(1,998)		(21)		(3,408)
Total income tax expense (benefit)	Total income tax expense (benefit)	(1,933)		(3,598)		(3,950)		(2,862)		Total income tax expense (benefit)	2,927		(1,933)		755		(3,950)
Net income (loss)	Net income (loss)	(1,659)		92,050		(5,219)		99,785		Net income (loss)	10,627		(1,659)		4,453		(5,219)
Other comprehensive income (loss), after tax, net of reclassification adjustments	Other comprehensive income (loss), after tax, net of reclassification adjustments	(109,622)		11,550		(250,472)		(22,155)		Other comprehensive income (loss), after tax, net of reclassification adjustments	(11,502)		(109,622)		31,127		(250,472)
Comprehensive income (loss)	Comprehensive income (loss)	$	(111,281)	$	103,600	$	(255,691)	$	77,630	Comprehensive income (loss)	$	(875)	$	(111,281)	$	35,580	$	(255,691)
Earnings (loss) per share:	Earnings (loss) per share:									Earnings (loss) per share:
Basic	Basic	$	(0.03)	$	1.71	$	(0.10)	$	1.85	Basic	$	0.20	$	(0.03)	$	0.08	$	(0.10)
Diluted	Diluted	$	(0.03)	$	1.70	$	(0.10)	$	1.85	Diluted	$	0.20	$	(0.03)	$	0.08	$	(0.10)
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding:	Weighted average number of common shares outstanding:									Weighted average number of common shares outstanding:
Basic	Basic	54,068		53,965		54,040		53,942		Basic	53,815		54,068		53,900		54,040
Diluted	Diluted	54,186		54,048		54,165		54,023		Diluted	53,918		54,186		54,017		54,165
Cash dividends declared per common share	Cash dividends declared per common share	$	0.05	$	0.05	$	0.10	$	0.10	Cash dividends declared per common share	$	—	$	0.05	$	0.05	$	0.10

See accompanying notes.

Table of Contents

ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited)

(In thousands)


		Six Months Ended June 30					Six Months Ended June 30
		2022		2021			2023		2022
Operating Activities	Operating Activities					Operating Activities
Net income (loss)	Net income (loss)	$	(5,219)	$	99,785	Net income (loss)	$	4,453	$	(5,219)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:	Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:					Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:

Gain on bargain purchase		—		(74,408)

Depreciation and amortization, net of accretion	Depreciation and amortization, net of accretion	20,409		16,320		Depreciation and amortization, net of accretion	13,631		20,409

(Increase) decrease in cash surrender value of BOLI	(Increase) decrease in cash surrender value of BOLI	949		230		(Increase) decrease in cash surrender value of BOLI	816		949
Net investment (gains) losses	Net investment (gains) losses	37,390		(19,682)		Net investment (gains) losses	(5,858)		37,390
Share-based compensation	Share-based compensation	2,392		2,184		Share-based compensation	2,374		2,392
Deferred income tax expense (benefit)	Deferred income tax expense (benefit)	(3,408)		(1,813)		Deferred income tax expense (benefit)	(21)		(3,408)
Policy acquisition costs, net of amortization (net deferral)	Policy acquisition costs, net of amortization (net deferral)	(4,173)		(4,906)		Policy acquisition costs, net of amortization (net deferral)	(4,851)		(4,173)
Equity in (earnings) loss of unconsolidated subsidiaries	Equity in (earnings) loss of unconsolidated subsidiaries	(12,799)		(18,715)		Equity in (earnings) loss of unconsolidated subsidiaries	(5,511)		(12,799)
Distributed earnings from unconsolidated subsidiaries	Distributed earnings from unconsolidated subsidiaries	19,240		13,355		Distributed earnings from unconsolidated subsidiaries	4,678		19,240

Other, net	Other, net	(507)		198		Other, net	913		(507)
Change in:	Change in:					Change in:
Premiums receivable	Premiums receivable	(3,955)		23,711		Premiums receivable	(12,773)		(3,955)
Reinsurance related assets and liabilities	Reinsurance related assets and liabilities	(15,899)		(9,213)		Reinsurance related assets and liabilities	(11,546)		(15,899)
Other assets	Other assets	10,756		10,827		Other assets	(328)		10,756
Reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses	Reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses	(7,078)		22,207		Reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses	(50,222)		(7,078)
Unearned premiums	Unearned premiums	16,610		(41,294)		Unearned premiums	16,606		16,610
Other liabilities	Other liabilities	(58,379)		12,229		Other liabilities	(14,203)		(58,379)
Net cash provided (used) by operating activities	Net cash provided (used) by operating activities	(3,671)		31,015		Net cash provided (used) by operating activities	(61,842)		(3,671)
Investing Activities	Investing Activities					Investing Activities
Purchases of:	Purchases of:					Purchases of:
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	(340,746)		(765,518)		Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	(134,223)		(340,746)
Equity investments	Equity investments	(30,266)		(119,661)		Equity investments	(932)		(30,266)
Other investments	Other investments	(17,136)		(48,521)		Other investments	(14,645)		(17,136)

Investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries	Investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries	(20,129)		(9,476)		Investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries	(16,072)		(20,129)
Proceeds from sales or maturities of:	Proceeds from sales or maturities of:					Proceeds from sales or maturities of:
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	308,285		562,789		Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	275,630		308,285
Equity investments	Equity investments	74,700		384,989		Equity investments	1,026		74,700
Other investments	Other investments	10,930		23,207		Other investments	47,257		10,930
Net sales or (purchases) of fixed maturities, trading	Net sales or (purchases) of fixed maturities, trading	(2,449)		2,123		Net sales or (purchases) of fixed maturities, trading	(2,253)		(2,449)
Return of invested capital from unconsolidated subsidiaries	Return of invested capital from unconsolidated subsidiaries	27,352		37,420		Return of invested capital from unconsolidated subsidiaries	16,087		27,352
Net sales or maturities (purchases) of short-term investments	Net sales or maturities (purchases) of short-term investments	(109,566)		46,987		Net sales or maturities (purchases) of short-term investments	(68,927)		(109,566)
Unsettled security transactions, net change	Unsettled security transactions, net change	11,507		39,416		Unsettled security transactions, net change	2,439		11,507
Purchases of capital assets	Purchases of capital assets	(2,232)		(3,108)		Purchases of capital assets	(2,120)		(2,232)

Cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired		—		(221,576)

Other	Other	(1,363)		—		Other	2,659		(1,363)
Net cash provided (used) by investing activities	Net cash provided (used) by investing activities	(91,113)		(70,929)		Net cash provided (used) by investing activities	105,926		(91,113)
Continued on the following page.	Continued on the following page.					Continued on the following page.

Table of Contents


		Six Months Ended June 30					Six Months Ended June 30
		2022		2021			2023		2022
Continued from the previous page.	Continued from the previous page.					Continued from the previous page.
Financing Activities	Financing Activities					Financing Activities

Borrowings under Revolving Credit Agreement		—		15,000
Repayments of Mortgage Loans		—		(16,368)

Repurchase of common stock						Repurchase of common stock	(19,971)		—

Dividends to shareholders	Dividends to shareholders	(8,080)		(5,376)		Dividends to shareholders	(5,379)		(8,080)
Capital contribution received from (return of capital to) external segregated portfolio cell participants	Capital contribution received from (return of capital to) external segregated portfolio cell participants	(7,117)		(8,064)		Capital contribution received from (return of capital to) external segregated portfolio cell participants	50		(7,117)

Other	Other	1,211		(264)		Other	(2,709)		1,211
Net cash provided (used) by financing activities	Net cash provided (used) by financing activities	(13,986)		(15,072)		Net cash provided (used) by financing activities	(28,009)		(13,986)
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	(108,770)		(54,986)		Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	16,075		(108,770)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	143,602		215,782		Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	29,959		143,602
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	34,832	$	160,796	Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	46,034	$	34,832
Significant Non-Cash Transactions	Significant Non-Cash Transactions					Significant Non-Cash Transactions
Dividends declared and not yet paid		$	—	$	2,700
Operating ROU assets obtained in exchange for operating lease liabilities		$	—	$	5,275
Fair value of Contribution Certificates issued in NORCAL acquisition		$	—	$	174,999
Fair value of contingent consideration in NORCAL acquisition		$	—	$	24,000

Increase (decrease) in fair value of contingent consideration issued in NORCAL acquisition						Increase (decrease) in fair value of contingent consideration issued in NORCAL acquisition	$	(4,000)	$	—

See accompanying notes.

Table of Contents

ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

June 30, ~~2022~~2023

1. Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of ProAssurance Corporation, its wholly owned subsidiaries and VIEs in which ProAssurance is the primary beneficiary (ProAssurance, PRA or the Company). See Note 910 for more information on ProAssurance's VIE interests. The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments considered necessary for a fair presentation, consisting of normal recurring adjustments, have been included. ProAssurance’s results for the six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, ~~2022.~~2023. The accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes contained in ProAssurance’s December 31, ~~2021~~2022 report on Form 10-K.

ProAssurance operates in 5five reportable segments as follows: Specialty P&C, Workers' Compensation Insurance, Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance, Lloyd's Syndicates and Corporate. For more information on the Company's segment reporting, including the nature of products and services provided and financial information by segment, refer to Note ~~11.~~12.

Beginning in 2022, ProAssurance revised its process for estimating ULAE as a result of substantially integrating NORCAL into the Specialty P&C segment operations. ULAE are costs that cannot be attributed to processing a specific claim and are allocated to net losses and loss adjustment expenses on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income and Comprehensive Income. ProAssurance accounted for this change prospectively as a change in accounting estimate. Changes in accounting estimate are reflected prospectively beginning in the period the change in estimate occurs. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, the change in the Company's estimate of ULAE resulted in an increase of $6.3 million and $13.6 million to underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses, respectively, with an offsetting decrease of $6.3 million and $13.6 million to net losses and loss adjustment expenses, respectively, when compared to amounts that would have been estimated as ULAE under the Company's previous methodology. There was no impact on total expenses or net income (loss) in the Company's Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income and Comprehensive Income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 as a result of this change in the estimate.

Accounting Policies

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses, and disclosures related to these amounts at the date of the financial statements. The Company evaluates these estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis based on current and historical developments, market conditions, industry trends and other information that the Company believes to be reasonable under the ~~circumstances, including the potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic (see "Item 1A, Risk Factors" in ProAssurance's December 31, 2021 report on Form 10-K for additional information).~~circumstances. The Company can make no assurance that actual results will conform to its estimates and assumptions; reported results of operations may be materially affected by changes in these estimates and assumptions.

~~The~~Other than as disclosed below, the significant accounting policies followed by ProAssurance in making estimates that materially affect financial reporting are summarized in Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in ProAssurance’s December 31, ~~2021~~2022 report on Form 10-K.

Derivatives

ProAssurance records derivative instruments at fair value in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. ProAssurance accounts for the changes in fair value of derivatives depending on whether the derivative is designated as a hedging instrument and if so, the type of hedging relationship. For derivative instruments not designated as hedging instruments, ProAssurance recognizes the change in fair value of the derivative in earnings during the period of change. ProAssurance does not use derivative instruments for trading purposes.

For derivative financial instruments designed as cash flow hedges, ProAssurance formally documents all relationships between the hedging instruments and the hedged items as well as its risk-management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedged transactions. ProAssurance also formally assesses, both at the hedge's inception and on an ongoing basis, whether the derivatives that are used in hedging transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in cash flows of hedged items. When it is determined that a derivative is not highly effective as a hedge or that it has ceased to be a highly effective hedge, ProAssurance discontinues hedge accounting prospectively.

As of June 30, 2023, ProAssurance uses Interest Rate Swaps that are designated and qualify as highly effective cash flow hedges to manage its exposure to variability in cash flows of forecasted interest payments attributable to variability in the selected base rates on borrowings under the amended Revolving Credit Agreement. Changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated and qualify as highly effective cash flow hedges are recorded in AOCI, net of tax, and are reclassified into earnings when the hedged cash flows impact earnings. When the change in the fair value of a qualifying cash flow hedge is included in earnings, it is included in the same line item on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income and Comprehensive Income as the cash flows from the hedged item. The Company has elected not to offset fair value amounts recognized for the Interest Rate Swaps and fair value of the amounts recognized to reclaim cash collateral or the obligation to return cash collateral executed with counterparties under a master netting arrangement. The cash flows of derivatives used in hedging relationships are classified as either operating, investing, or financing cash flows based on the classification of the hedged item.

Table of Contents

ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

June 30, 2023

Accounting Changes Adopted

Reference Rate Reform - Deferral of LIBOR Sunset Date (ASU 2022-06)

Effective for fiscal years beginning after December 31, 2022 and interim periods within those fiscal years, the FASB amended guidance which defers the LIBOR transition date from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024. ProAssurance has ~~not adopted any accounting changes during the six months ended~~exposure to LIBOR in its available-for-sale fixed maturities portfolio which represented approximately 1% of total investments, or $60 million as of June 30, ~~2022 that~~2023; 73% of these investments with exposure to LIBOR were issued since 2020 and include provisions for an alternative benchmark rate. ProAssurance adopted the guidance beginning January 1, 2023, and adoption had ano material effect on ~~its~~ProAssurance's results of operations, financial position or cash flows.

Presentation of Financial Statements, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, Equity and Compensation—Stock Compensation (ASU 2023-03)

Effective immediately, the FASB amended guidance on July 14, 2023 to align various SEC paragraphs in the Codification to reflect the issuance of SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 120, among other things. ProAssurance adopted the guidance beginning July 14, 2023, and adoption had no material effect on ProAssurance's results of operations, financial position or cash flows.

Accounting Changes Not Yet Adopted

ProAssurance is not aware of any accounting changes not yet adopted as of June 30, ~~2022~~2023 that could have a material impact on its results of operations, financial position or cash flows.

Employee Retention Credit

In response to COVID-19, the CARES Act was signed into law on March 27, 2020 and contains several provisions for corporations, including the initial version of the ERC. In December 2020 and March 2021, the ERC was extended and expanded from 50% of qualified wages to 70%. The 2020 rules limited qualified wages to $10,000 per employee and applied to employers with 100 or fewer full-time employees in 2019. The rules were expanded in 2021 to raise the qualified wage limit to $10,000 per employee, per quarter. As an eligible employer, NORCAL filed a claim during the second quarter of 2023 for a payroll tax refund of approximately $3.8 million. The Company recorded the expected payroll tax refund as a component of operating expenses on the Condensed Consolidated Statements ofIncome and Comprehensive Income for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and as a component of other assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2023.

Table of Contents

ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

June 30, ~~2022~~2023

2. Fair Value Measurement

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A three level hierarchy has been established for valuing assets and liabilities based on how transparent (observable) the inputs are that are used to determine fair value, with the inputs considered most observable categorized as Level 1 and those that are the least observable categorized as Level 3. Hierarchy levels are defined as follows:


			Level 1:			quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities. For ProAssurance, Level 1 inputs are generally quotes for securities actively traded in exchange or over-the-counter markets.


			Level 2:			market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity (observable inputs). For ProAssurance, Level 2 inputs generally include quoted prices in markets that are not active, quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, and results from pricing models that use observable inputs such as interest rates and yield curves that are generally available at commonly quoted intervals.


			Level 3:			the reporting entity’s own assumptions about market participant assumptions based on the best information available in the circumstances (non-observable inputs). For ProAssurance, Level 3 inputs are used in situations where little or no Level 1 or 2 inputs are available or are inappropriate given the particular circumstances. Level 3 inputs include results from pricing models for which some or all of the inputs are not observable, discounted cash flow methodologies, single non-binding broker quotes and adjustments to externally quoted prices that are based on management judgment or estimation.

Fair values of assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and December 31, ~~2021~~2022 are shown in the following tables. Where applicable, the tables also indicate the fair value hierarchy of the valuation techniques utilized to determine those fair values. For some assets, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. When this is the case, the asset is categorized based on the level of the most significant input to the fair value measurement. Assessments of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement require judgment and consideration of factors specific to the assets being valued. For more information on the valuation methodologies used regarding securities in the Level 2 and Level 3 categories, see Note 3 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in ProAssurance’s December 31, ~~2021~~2022 report on Form 10-K.

~~Table of Contents~~

~~ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries~~

~~Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)~~

~~June 30, 2022~~

June 30, 2022
Fair Value Measurements Using Total
(In thousands) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Fair Value
Assets:
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale
U.S. Treasury obligations $ — $ 221,744 $ — $ 221,744
U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations — 17,633 — 17,633
State and municipal bonds — 473,168 — 473,168
Corporate debt, multiple observable inputs — 1,715,796 — 1,715,796
Corporate debt, limited observable inputs — — 74,212 74,212
Residential mortgage-backed securities — 384,952 273 385,225
Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities — 11,940 — 11,940
Other commercial mortgage-backed securities — 207,922 565 208,487
Other asset-backed securities — 420,410 3,200 423,610
Fixed maturities, trading — 45,274 — 45,274
Equity investments
Financial 10,813 289 2,125 13,227
Utilities/Energy 912 — — 912
Industrial — — 2,500 2,500
Bond funds 116,358 — — 116,358
All other 14,615 — — 14,615
Short-term investments 287,642 38,408 — 326,050
Other investments 1,948 89,355 901 92,204
Total assets categorized within the fair value hierarchy $ 432,288 $ 3,626,891 $ 83,776 4,142,955
Assets carried at NAV, which approximates fair value and which are not categorized within the fair value hierarchy, reported as a part of:
Investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries 270,288
Total assets at fair value $ 4,413,243
Liabilities:
Other liabilities $ — $ — $ 24,000 $ 24,000
Total liabilities categorized within the fair value hierarchy $ — $ — $ 24,000 $ 24,000

Table of Contents

ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

June 30, ~~2022~~2023

December 31, 2021
Fair Value Measurements Using Total
(In thousands) Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Fair Value
Assets:
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale
U.S. Treasury obligations $ — $ 238,507 $ — $ 238,507
U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations — 20,234 — 20,234
State and municipal bonds — 519,196 — 519,196
Corporate debt, multiple observable inputs — 1,851,427 — 1,851,427
Corporate debt, limited observable inputs — — 47,129 47,129
Residential mortgage-backed securities — 453,644 297 453,941
Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities — 14,141 — 14,141
Other commercial mortgage-backed securities — 231,483 — 231,483
Other asset-backed securities — 451,459 6,205 457,664
Fixed maturities, trading — 43,670 — 43,670
Equity investments
Financial 6,615 855 — 7,470
Industrial — — 2,500 2,500
Bond funds 187,059 — — 187,059
All other 17,778 — — 17,778
Short-term investments 174,944 42,043 — 216,987
Other investments 1,889 95,288 1,434 98,611
Other assets — 649 — 649
Total assets categorized within the fair value hierarchy $ 388,285 $ 3,962,596 $ 57,565 4,408,446
Assets carried at NAV, which approximates fair value and which are not categorized within the fair value hierarchy, reported as a part of:
Investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries 270,816
Total assets at fair value $ 4,679,262
Liabilities:
Other liabilities $ — $ — $ 24,000 $ 24,000
Total liabilities categorized within the fair value hierarchy $ — $ — $ 24,000 $ 24,000


	June 30, 2023
	Fair Value Measurements Using						Total
(In thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Fair Value
Assets:
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale
U.S. Treasury obligations	$	—	$	230,214	$	—	$	230,214
U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations	—		18,863		—		18,863
State and municipal bonds	—		440,231		—		440,231
Corporate debt, multiple observable inputs	—		1,621,785		—		1,621,785
Corporate debt, limited observable inputs	—		—		67,394		67,394

Residential mortgage-backed securities	—		376,263		288		376,551
Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities	—		8,764		—		8,764
Other commercial mortgage-backed securities	—		190,012		—		190,012
Other asset-backed securities	—		397,576		941		398,517
Fixed maturities, trading	—		45,732		—		45,732
Equity investments
Financial	9,884		2,219		288		12,391
Utilities/Energy	892		—		—		892

Industrial	—		—		4,946		4,946
Bond funds	113,164		—		—		113,164
All other	18,136		—		—		18,136
Short-term investments	205,896		109,685		—		315,581
Other investments	1,106		60,681		500		62,287
Other assets	—		5,455		—		5,455
Total assets categorized within the fair value hierarchy	$	349,078	$	3,507,480	$	74,357	3,930,915
Assets carried at NAV, which approximates fair value and which are not categorized within the fair value hierarchy, reported as a part of:

Investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries							270,495
Total assets at fair value							$	4,201,410

Liabilities:
Other liabilities	$	5,450	$	—	$	11,000	$	16,450
Total liabilities categorized within the fair value hierarchy	$	5,450	$	—	$	11,000	$	16,450

Table of Contents

ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

June 30, ~~2022~~2023


	December 31, 2022
	Fair Value Measurements Using						Total
(In thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Fair Value
Assets:
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale
U.S. Treasury obligations	$	—	$	221,608	$	—	$	221,608
U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations	—		19,934		—		19,934
State and municipal bonds	—		439,450		—		439,450
Corporate debt, multiple observable inputs	—		1,717,479		—		1,717,479
Corporate debt, limited observable inputs	—		—		63,973		63,973

Residential mortgage-backed securities	—		389,291		249		389,540
Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities	—		9,704		—		9,704
Other commercial mortgage-backed securities	—		194,090		—		194,090
Other asset-backed securities	—		413,989		2,705		416,694
Fixed maturities, trading	—		43,434		—		43,434
Equity investments
Financial	9,850		2,219		303		12,372
Utilities/Energy	854		—		—		854

Industrial	—		—		2,500		2,500
Bond funds	112,136		—		—		112,136
All other	15,876		—		—		15,876
Short-term investments	181,937		63,376		—		245,313
Other investments	1,881		88,783		1,783		92,447

Total assets categorized within the fair value hierarchy	$	322,534	$	3,603,357	$	71,513	3,997,404
Assets carried at NAV, which approximates fair value and which are not categorized within the fair value hierarchy, reported as a part of:

Investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries							262,485
Total assets at fair value							$	4,259,889

Liabilities:
Other liabilities	$	—	$	—	$	15,000	$	15,000
Total liabilities categorized within the fair value hierarchy	$	—	$	—	$	15,000	$	15,000

Table of Contents

ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

June 30, 2023

Level 2 Valuations

Other than as described below, see Note 3 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in ProAssurance’s December 31, ~~2021~~2022 report on Form 10-K for a summary description of the valuation methodologies used regarding securities in the Level 2 category, by security type.

Level 2 Valuation Methodologies

Other assets consisted of interest rate swap derivative instruments valued using a model which considers the volatilities from other instruments with similar maturities, strike prices and durations.

Level 3 Valuations

See Note 3 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in ProAssurance’s December 31, 2022 report on Form 10-K for a summary description of the valuation methodologies used regarding securities in the Level 3 category, by security type.

~~Level 3 Valuation Methodologies~~

~~Residential mortgage-backed, other commercial mortgage-backed securities and other asset-backed securities~~ consisted of securitizations of receivables valued using dealer quotes for similar securities or discounted cash flow models using yields currently available for similar securities. Similar securities are defined as securities of comparable credit quality that have like terms and payment features. Assessments of credit quality were based on NRSRO ratings, if available, or were subjectively determined by management if not available. At June 30, 2022, 71% of the securities were rated and the average rating was A+. At December 31, 2021, 100% of the securities were rated and the average rating was BBB+.

Quantitative Information Regarding Level 3 Valuations

Below is a quantitative information regarding securities in the Level 3 category, by security type:

Fair Value at

($ in thousands)

June 30, 2022

December 31, 2021

Valuation Technique

Unobservable Input

Range
(Weighted Average)

($ in thousands)

June 30, 2023

December 31, 2022

Valuation Technique

Unobservable Input

Range
(Weighted Average)

Assets:

Corporate debt, limited observable inputs

$74,212

$47,129

Market Comparable
Securities

Comparability Adjustment

0% - 5% (2.5%)

Corporate debt, limited observable inputs

$67,394

$63,973

Market Comparable
Securities

Comparability Adjustment

0% - 5% (2.5%)

Discounted Cash Flows

Comparability Adjustment

0% - 5% (2.5%)

Discounted Cash Flows

Comparability Adjustment

0% - 5% (2.5%)

Residential mortgage-backed securities

$273

$297

Market Comparable
Securities

Comparability Adjustment

0% - 5% (2.5%)

Residential mortgage-backed securities

$288

$249

Market Comparable
Securities

Comparability Adjustment

0% - 5% (2.5%)

Discounted Cash Flows

Comparability Adjustment

0% - 5% (2.5%)

Discounted Cash Flows

Comparability Adjustment

0% - 5% (2.5%)

Other commercial mortgage-backed securities

$565

$—

Market Comparable
Securities

Comparability Adjustment

0% - 5% (2.5%)

Discounted Cash Flows

Comparability Adjustment

0% - 5% (2.5%)

Other asset-backed securities

$3,200

$6,205

Market Comparable
Securities

Comparability Adjustment

0% - 5% (2.5%)

Other asset-backed securities

$941

$2,705

Market Comparable
Securities

Comparability Adjustment

0% - 5% (2.5%)

Discounted Cash Flows

Comparability Adjustment

0% - 5% (2.5%)

Discounted Cash Flows

Comparability Adjustment

0% - 5% (2.5%)

Equity investments

$4,625

$2,500

Discounted Cash Flows

Comparability Adjustment

0% - 10% (5%)

Equity investments

$5,234

$2,803

Discounted Cash Flows

Comparability Adjustment

0% - 10% (5%)

Other investments

$901

$1,434

Discounted Cash Flows

Comparability Adjustment

0% - 10% (5%)

Other investments

$500

$1,783

Discounted Cash Flows

Comparability Adjustment

0% - 10% (5%)

Liabilities:

Other liabilities

$24,000

Stochastic Model/Discounted Cash Flows

N/A

0% - 10% (8%)

Other liabilities

$11,000

$15,000

Stochastic Model/Discounted Cash Flows

Weighted Average Cost of Capital

0% - 10% (9%)

The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the above listed securities were the valuations of comparable securities with similar issuers, credit quality and maturity. Changes in the availability of comparable securities could result in changes in the fair value measurements.

~~Table of Contents~~

~~ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries~~

~~Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)~~

~~June 30, 2022~~

~~Fair Value Measurements - Level 3 Assets~~

~~The following tables present summary information regarding changes in the fair value of assets measured using Level 3 inputs.~~

June 30, 2022
Level 3 Fair Value Measurements – Assets
(In thousands) Corporate Debt Asset-backed Securities Equity Investments Other Investments Total
Balance, March 31, 2022 $ 53,325 $ 9,303 $ 2,500 $ 3,440 $ 68,568
Total gains (losses) realized and unrealized:
Included in earnings, as a part of:
Net investment income — — — — —
Net realized investment gains (losses) — — — (787) (787)
Included in other comprehensive income (1,319) (177) — — (1,496)
Purchases 8,787 1,473 — — 10,260
Sales (2,007) (192) — — (2,199)
Transfers in 17,828 570 2,125 — 20,523
Transfers out (2,402) (6,939) — (1,752) (11,093)
Balance, June 30, 2022 $ 74,212 $ 4,038 $ 4,625 $ 901 $ 83,776
Change in unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings for the above period for Level 3 assets held at period-end $ — $ — $ — $ (787) $ (787)

June 30, 2022
Level 3 Fair Value Measurements - Assets
(In thousands) Corporate Debt Asset-backed Securities Equity Investments Other Investments Total
Balance, December 31, 2021 $ 47,129 $ 6,502 $ 2,500 $ 1,434 $ 57,565
Total gains (losses) realized and unrealized:
Included in earnings, as a part of:
Net investment income — 1 — — 1
Net investment gains (losses) — — — (677) (677)
Included in other comprehensive income (2,312) (437) — — (2,749)
Purchases 18,498 7,058 — 1,483 27,039
Sales (3,026) (197) — (116) (3,339)
Transfers in 18,828 570 2,125 529 22,052
Transfers out (4,905) (9,459) — (1,752) (16,116)
Balance, June 30, 2022 $ 74,212 $ 4,038 $ 4,625 $ 901 $ 83,776
Change in unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings for the above period for Level 3 assets held at period-end $ — $ — $ — $ (723) $ (723)

Table of Contents

ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

June 30, ~~2022~~2023

June 30, 2021
Level 3 Fair Value Measurements – Assets
(In thousands) Corporate Debt Asset-backed Securities Equity Investments Other Investments Total
Balance, March 31, 2021 $ 7,769 $ 9,313 $ — $ 2,152 $ 19,234
Total gains (losses) realized and unrealized:
Included in earnings, as a part of:
Net investment income — — — — —
Net investment gains (losses) — — 1 (135) (134)
Included in other comprehensive income 13 82 (2) — 93
Purchases 9,215 8,003 6,583 205 24,006
Sales (160) (185) (5,730) — (6,075)
Transfers in — — — — —
Transfers out (1,772) (7,356) — — (9,128)
Balance, June 30, 2021 $ 15,065 $ 9,857 $ 852 $ 2,222 $ 27,996
Change in unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings for the above period for Level 3 assets held at period-end $ — $ — $ — $ (135) $ (135)

June 30, 2021
Level 3 Fair Value Measurements – Assets
(In thousands) Corporate Debt Asset-backed Securities Equity Investments Other Investments Total
Balance, December 31, 2020 $ 3,265 $ 8,693 $ — $ — $ 11,958
Total gains (losses) realized and unrealized:
Included in earnings, as a part of:
Net investment income 1 (2) — — (1)
Net investment gains (losses) — (11) 1 (135) (145)
Included in other comprehensive income 33 (97) (2) — (66)
Purchases 14,090 15,360 6,583 205 36,238
Sales (177) (489) (5,730) — (6,396)
Transfers in 858 — — 2,152 3,010
Transfers out (3,005) (13,597) — — (16,602)
Balance, June 30, 2021 $ 15,065 $ 9,857 $ 852 $ 2,222 $ 27,996
Change in unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings for the above period for Level 3 assets held at period-end $ — $ — $ — $ (135) $ (135)

Fair Value Measurements - Level 3 Assets & Liabilities

~~There was no change~~The following tables present summary information regarding changes in the fair value of ~~the contingent consideration from the date~~assets and liabilities measured using Level 3 inputs.


	June 30, 2023
	Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
	Assets										Liabilities
(In thousands)	Corporate Debt		Asset-backed Securities		Equity Investments		Other Investments		Total		Other Liabilities		Total Liabilities
Balance, March 31, 2023	$	76,157	$	5,054	$	2,800	$	500	$	84,511	$	(13,000)	$	(13,000)
Total gains (losses) realized and unrealized:
Included in earnings, as a part of:
Net investment income (loss)	(23)		—		—		—		(23)		—		—

Net investment gains (losses)	(3)		—		(737)		—		(740)		2,000		2,000

Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	(142)		(13)		—		—		(155)		—		—
Purchases	4,084		—		3,171		—		7,255		—		—
Sales	(3,595)		(396)		—		—		(3,991)		—		—

Transfers out	(9,084)		(3,416)		—		—		(12,500)		—		—
Balance, June 30, 2023	$	67,394	$	1,229	$	5,234	$	500	$	74,357	$	(11,000)	$	(11,000)
Change in unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings for the above period for Level 3 assets and liabilities held at period-end	$	—	$	—	$	(737)	$	—	$	(737)	$	—	$	—





















	June 30, 2023
	Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
	Assets										Liabilities
(In thousands)	Corporate Debt		Asset-backed Securities		Equity Investments		Other Investments		Total Assets		Other Liabilities		Total Liabilities
Balance, December 31, 2022	$	63,973	$	2,954	$	2,803	$	1,783	$	71,513	$	(15,000)	$	(15,000)
Total gains (losses) realized and unrealized:
Included in earnings, as a part of:
Net investment income (loss)	(23)		—		—		—		(23)		—		—

Net investment gains (losses)	13		—		(740)		—		(727)		3,000		3,000
Operating expense	—		—		—		—		—		1,000		1,000
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	67		26		—		—		93		—		—
Purchases	10,406		1,863		3,171		—		15,440		—		—

Sales	(4,027)		(396)		—		—		(4,423)		—		—
Transfers in	11,220		1,779		—		—		12,999		—		—
Transfers out	(14,235)		(4,997)		—		(1,283)		(20,515)		—		—
Balance, June 30, 2023	$	67,394	$	1,229	$	5,234	$	500	$	74,357	$	(11,000)	$	(11,000)
Change in unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings for the above period for Level 3 assets and liabilities held at period-end	$	—	$	—	$	(740)	$	—	$	(740)	$	—	$	—

Table of ~~the NORCAL acquisition on May 5, 2021~~Contents

ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to ~~December 31, 2021 or~~ Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

June 30, ~~2022.~~2023


	June 30, 2022
	Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
	Assets										Liabilities
(In thousands)	Corporate Debt		Asset-backed Securities		Equity Investments		Other Investments		Total		Other Liabilities		Total Liabilities
Balance, March 31, 2022	$	53,325	$	9,303	$	2,500	$	3,440	$	68,568	$	(24,000)	$	(24,000)
Total gains (losses) realized and unrealized:
Included in earnings, as a part of:


Net investment gains (losses)	—		—		—		(787)		(787)		—		—

Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,319)		(177)		—		—		(1,496)		—		—
Purchases	8,787		1,473		—		—		10,260		—		—
Sales	(2,007)		(192)		—		—		(2,199)		—		—
Transfers in	17,828		570		2,125		—		20,523		—		—
Transfers out	(2,402)		(6,939)		—		(1,752)		(11,093)		—		—
Balance, June 30, 2022	$	74,212	$	4,038	$	4,625	$	901	$	83,776	$	(24,000)	$	(24,000)
Change in unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings for the above period for Level 3 assets and liabilities held at period-end	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(787)	$	(787)	$	—	$	—



















	June 30, 2022
	Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
	Assets										Liabilities
(In thousands)	Corporate Debt		Asset-backed Securities		Equity Investments		Other Investments		Total Assets		Other Liabilities		Total Liabilities
Balance, December 31, 2021	$	47,129	$	6,502	$	2,500	$	1,434	$	57,565	$	(24,000)	$	(24,000)
Total gains (losses) realized and unrealized:
Included in earnings, as a part of:
Net investment income (loss)	—		1		—		—		1		—		—

Net investment gains (losses)	—		—		—		(677)		(677)		—		—
Included in other comprehensive income (loss)	(2,312)		(437)		—		—		(2,749)		—		—
Purchases	18,498		7,058		—		1,483		27,039		—		—
Sales	(3,026)		(197)		—		(116)		(3,339)		—		—
Transfers in	18,828		570		2,125		529		22,052		—		—
Transfers out	(4,905)		(9,459)		—		(1,752)		(16,116)		—		—
Balance, June 30, 2022	$	74,212	$	4,038	$	4,625	$	901	$	83,776	$	(24,000)	$	(24,000)
Change in unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings for the above period for Level 3 assets and liabilities held at period-end	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(723)	$	(723)	$	—	$	—

Table of Contents

ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

June 30, 2023

Transfers

Transfers shown in the preceding Level 3 tables were as of the end of the period in which the transfer occurred. All transfers were to or from Level 2.

All transfers in and out of Level 3 during the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021~~2022 related to securities held for which the level of market activity for identical or nearly identical securities varies from period to period. The securities were valued using multiple observable inputs when those inputs were available; otherwise the securities were valued using limited observable inputs.

~~Table of Contents~~

~~ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries~~

~~Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)~~

~~June 30, 2022~~

Fair Values Not Categorized

At June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and December 31, ~~2021,~~2022, certain LPs/LLCs and investment funds measure fund assets at fair value on a recurring basis and provide a NAV for ProAssurance's interest. The carrying value of these interests is based on the NAV provided and was considered to approximate the fair value of the interests. For investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries, ProAssurance recognizes any changes in the NAV of its interests in equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries during the period of change. In accordance with GAAP, the fair value of these investments was not classified within the fair value hierarchy. The amount of ProAssurance's unfunded commitments related to these investments as of June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and fair values of these investments as of June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and December 31, ~~2021~~2022 were as follows:


		Unfunded Commitments	Fair Value					Unfunded Commitments	Fair Value
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	June 30, 2022	June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021		(In thousands)	June 30, 2023	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022

Investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries:	Investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries:						Investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries:
Private debt funds (1)	Private debt funds (1)	$4,699	$	17,290	$	18,465	Private debt funds (1)	$1,885	$	19,970	$	19,620

Long/short equity funds (2)	Long/short equity funds (2)	None	5,335		655		Long/short equity funds (2)	None	4,876		5,089
Non-public equity funds (3)	Non-public equity funds (3)	$52,262	160,067		160,219		Non-public equity funds (3)	$51,582	144,908		144,560

Credit funds (4)	Credit funds (4)	$54,045	45,760		47,300		Credit funds (4)	$31,251	50,178		49,245

Strategy focused funds (5)	Strategy focused funds (5)	$19,108	41,836		44,177		Strategy focused funds (5)	$9,016	50,563		43,971

Total investments carried at NAV	Total investments carried at NAV		$	270,288	$	270,816	Total investments carried at NAV		$	270,495	$	262,485

Below is additional information regarding each of the investments listed in the table above as of June 30, ~~2022.~~2023.

(1)This investment is comprised of interests in 2two unrelated LP funds that are structured to provide interest distributions primarily through diversified portfolios of private debt instruments. ~~NaN~~One LP allows redemption by special consent, while the other does not permit redemption. Income and capital are to be periodically distributed at the discretion of the LPs over an anticipated time frame that spans from three to eight years.

(2)This investment is comprised of ~~interests in two unrelated LP funds. One~~one LP fund, ~~holds primarily long and short North American equities and targets absolute returns using strategies designed to take advantage of market opportunities. The other LP~~which holds long and short publicly traded securities that will passively generate income. Redemptions are ~~permitted; one~~permitted with 30 days written notice if outside of a lock-up ~~period and the other above specified thresholds (lowest threshold is 90%) which may be only partially payable until after a fund audit is completed and are then payable within 30 days.~~period.

(3)This investment is comprised of interests in multiple unrelated LP funds, each structured to provide capital appreciation through diversified investments in private equity, which can include investments in buyout, venture capital, debt including senior, second lien and mezzanine, distressed debt, collateralized loan obligations and other private equity-oriented LPs. Two of the LPs allow redemption by terms set forth in the LP agreements; the others do not permit redemption. Income and capital are to be periodically distributed at the discretion of the LP over time frames that are anticipated to span up to ten years.

(4)This investment is comprised of multiple unrelated LP funds. Two funds seek to obtain superior risk-adjusted absolute returns through a diversified portfolio of debt securities, including bonds, loans and other asset-backed instruments. The remaining funds focus on private middle market company mezzanine and senior secured loans, opportunities across the credit spectrum, mortgage backed-loans, as well as various types of loan-backed investments. One fund allows redemptions at any quarter-end with prior notice requirements of 180 days, while two other funds allow for redemptions with consent of the General Partner. The remaining funds do not allow redemptions. For the funds that do not allow redemptions, income and capital are to be periodically distributed at the discretion of the LP over time frames throughout the remaining life of the funds.

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ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

June 30, 2023

(5)This investment is comprised of multiple unrelated LPs/LLCs funds. One fund is an LLC focused on investing in North American consumer products companies, comprised of equity and equity-related securities, as well as debt instruments. A second fund is focused on aircraft investments, along with components and assets related to aircrafts. For both funds, redemptions are not permitted. ~~Another fund is an LP focused on North American energy infrastructure assets that allows redemption with consent of the General Partner.~~ The remaining funds are real estate focused LPs, one of which allows for redemption with prior notice.

ProAssurance may not sell, transfer or assign its interest in any of the above LPs/LLCs without special consent from the LPs/LLCs.

~~Table of Contents~~

~~ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries~~

~~Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)~~

~~June 30, 2022~~

Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurement

ProAssurance did not have any assets or liabilities that were measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis at June 30, ~~2022~~2023 or December 31, ~~2021.~~2022.

Financial Instruments - Methodologies Other Than Fair Value

The following table provides the estimated fair value of the Company's financial instruments that, in accordance with GAAP for the type of investment, are measured using a methodology other than fair value. Fair values provided primarily fall within the Level 3 fair value category.


		June 30, 2022				December 31, 2021					June 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value		(In thousands)	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Carrying Value		Fair Value
Financial assets:	Financial assets:									Financial assets:
BOLI	BOLI	$	80,818	$	80,818	$	81,767	$	81,767	BOLI	$	80,930	$	80,930	$	81,746	$	81,746
Other investments	Other investments	$	3,292	$	3,292	$	3,183	$	3,183	Other investments	$	3,000	$	3,000	$	3,322	$	3,322
Other assets	Other assets	$	28,743	$	28,724	$	40,581	$	40,583	Other assets	$	31,464	$	31,432	$	28,819	$	28,790
Financial liabilities:	Financial liabilities:									Financial liabilities:
Senior notes due 2023*	Senior notes due 2023*	$	250,000	$	250,653	$	250,000	$	264,000	Senior notes due 2023*	$	250,000	$	248,463	$	250,000	$	248,153

Contribution Certificates	Contribution Certificates	$	176,606	$	132,724	$	175,900	$	179,892	Contribution Certificates	$	178,437	$	132,515	$	177,525	$	134,479

Other liabilities	Other liabilities	$	27,593	$	27,593	$	52,332	$	52,332	Other liabilities	$	30,241	$	30,241	$	27,905	$	27,905
* Carrying value excludes unamortized debt issuance costs.

The fair value of the BOLI was equal to the cash surrender value associated with the policies on the valuation date.

Other investments listed in the table above include FHLB common stock carried at cost and an annuity investment carried at amortized cost. Three of ProAssurance's insurance subsidiaries are members of an FHLB. The estimated fair value of the FHLB common stock was based on the amount the subsidiaries would receive if their memberships were canceled, as the memberships cannot be sold. The fair value of the annuity represents the present value of the expected future cash flows discounted using a rate available in active markets for similarly structured instruments.

Other assets and other liabilities primarily consisted of related investment assets and liabilities associated with funded deferred compensation agreements. The fair value of the funded deferred compensation assets was based upon quoted market prices, which is categorized as a Level 1 valuation, and had a fair value of ~~$27.7~~$30.5 million and ~~$39.5~~$27.9 million at June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and December 31, ~~2021,~~2022, respectively. The fair value of the funded deferred compensation assets at December 31, 2021 included assets from a rabbi trust plan acquired in the NORCAL acquisition that was terminated during the first quarter of 2022. The rabbi trust assets consisted entirely of cash equivalents and mutual funds and had a total fair value of $5.2 million as of December 31, 2021 (see Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in ProAssurance's December 31, 2021 report on Form 10-K for additional information on the NORCAL acquisition). Other assets also included an unsecured note receivable. The fair value of the note receivable was based on the present value of expected cash flows from the note receivable, discounted at market rates on the valuation date for receivables with similar credit standings and similar payment structures. Other liabilities primarily consisted of liabilities associated with funded deferred compensation agreements. The reported balance is determined based on the amount of elective deferrals and employer contributions adjusted for periodic changes in the fair value of the participant balances based on the performance of the funds selected by the participants and had a fair value of ~~$27.6~~$30.2 million and ~~$52.3~~$27.9 million at June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and December 31, ~~2021,~~2022, respectively. The fair value of the funded deferred compensation liabilities at December 31, 2021 included liabilities from deferred compensation arrangements assumed in the NORCAL acquisition that were terminated during the first quarter of 2022 using the associated rabbi trust assets and cash; the termination of these deferred compensation arrangements did not result in a gain or loss during the first quarter of 2022. The funded deferred compensation liabilities had a total fair value of $18.4 million as of December 31, 2021 (see Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in ProAssurance's December 31, 2021 report on Form 10-K for additional information).

The fair value of the debt, excluding the Contribution Certificates, was estimated based on the present value of expected future cash outflows, discounted at rates available on the valuation date for similar debt issued by entities with a similar credit standing to ProAssurance.

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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

June 30, ~~2022~~2023

The fair value of the Contribution Certificates was estimated based on a binomial option pricing model. The Contribution Certificates iswere a portion of the purchase consideration for the NORCAL acquisition and ~~are~~were issued to certain NORCAL policyholders in the conversion, and those instruments are an obligation of NORCAL Insurance Company, the successor of NORCAL Mutual Insurance Company (see Note 2 and Note 1311 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in ProAssurance's December 31, ~~2021~~2022 report on Form 10-K for further discussion of the terms of the Contribution Certificates).

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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

June 30, ~~2022~~2023

3. Investments

Available-for-sale fixed maturities at June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and December 31, ~~2021~~2022 included the following:


		June 30, 2022											June 30, 2023
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	Fixed maturities, available-for-sale											Fixed maturities, available-for-sale
U.S. Treasury obligations	U.S. Treasury obligations	$	238,350	$	—	$	86	$	16,692	$	221,744	U.S. Treasury obligations	$	251,504	$	—	$	44	$	21,334	$	230,214
U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations	U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations	18,820		—		8		1,195		17,633		U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations	20,339		—		1		1,477		18,863
State and municipal bonds	State and municipal bonds	504,920		—		353		32,105		473,168		State and municipal bonds	476,863		—		351		36,983		440,231
Corporate debt	Corporate debt	1,961,538		553		775		171,752		1,790,008		Corporate debt	1,871,577		—		903		183,301		1,689,179
Residential mortgage-backed securities	Residential mortgage-backed securities	426,956		—		1,006		42,737		385,225		Residential mortgage-backed securities	435,406		223		485		59,117		376,551
Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities	Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities	12,542		—		—		602		11,940		Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities	9,733		—		—		969		8,764
Other commercial mortgage-backed securities	Other commercial mortgage-backed securities	224,848		—		246		16,607		208,487		Other commercial mortgage-backed securities	213,545		—		35		23,568		190,012
Other asset-backed securities	Other asset-backed securities	442,763		—		1,599		20,752		423,610		Other asset-backed securities	420,082		196		297		21,666		398,517
		$	3,830,737	$	553	$	4,073	$	302,442	$	3,531,815		$	3,699,049	$	419	$	2,116	$	348,415	$	3,352,331


		December 31, 2021						December 31, 2022
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Estimated Fair Value		(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Allowance for Expected Credit Losses		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	Fixed maturities, available-for-sale										Fixed maturities, available-for-sale
U.S. Treasury obligations	U.S. Treasury obligations	$	239,765	$	1,166	$	2,424		$	238,507	U.S. Treasury obligations	$	243,999	$	—	$	8	$	22,399	$	221,608
U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations	U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations	20,467		29		262			20,234		U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations	21,562		—		—		1,628		19,934
State and municipal bonds	State and municipal bonds	511,750		9,620		2,174			519,196		State and municipal bonds	483,584		—		177		44,311		439,450
Corporate debt	Corporate debt	1,884,455		29,050		14,949			1,898,556		Corporate debt	1,980,579		—		735		199,862		1,781,452
Residential mortgage-backed securities	Residential mortgage-backed securities	455,438		4,254		5,751			453,941		Residential mortgage-backed securities	450,870		229		555		61,656		389,540
Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities	Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities	13,909		294		62			14,141		Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities	10,576		—		—		872		9,704
Other commercial mortgage-backed securities	Other commercial mortgage-backed securities	231,226		2,530		2,273			231,483		Other commercial mortgage-backed securities	217,021		—		63		22,994		194,090
Other asset-backed securities	Other asset-backed securities	457,837		2,747		2,920			457,664		Other asset-backed securities	444,220		198		289		27,617		416,694
		$	3,814,847	$	49,690	$	30,815		$	3,833,722		$	3,852,411	$	427	$	1,827	$	381,339	$	3,472,472

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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

June 30, ~~2022~~2023

The recorded cost basis and estimated fair value of available-for-sale fixed maturities at June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.


(In thousands)	(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Due in one year or less		Due after one year through five years		Due after five years through ten years		Due after ten years		Total Fair Value		(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Due in one year or less		Due after one year through five years		Due after five years through ten years		Due after ten years		Total Fair Value
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	Fixed maturities, available-for-sale													Fixed maturities, available-for-sale
U.S. Treasury obligations	U.S. Treasury obligations	$	238,350	$	20,903	$	124,255	$	75,245	$	1,341	$	221,744	U.S. Treasury obligations	$	251,504	$	26,685	$	167,068	$	33,749	$	2,712	$	230,214
U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations	U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations	18,820		1,903		11,775		3,831		124		17,633		U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations	20,339		2,676		12,714		3,473		—		18,863
State and municipal bonds	State and municipal bonds	504,920		30,387		162,224		165,598		114,959		473,168		State and municipal bonds	476,863		33,736		149,666		148,179		108,650		440,231
Corporate debt	Corporate debt	1,961,538		165,213		823,381		698,491		102,923		1,790,008		Corporate debt	1,871,577		207,118		825,556		570,714		85,791		1,689,179
Residential mortgage-backed securities	Residential mortgage-backed securities	426,956										385,225		Residential mortgage-backed securities	435,406										376,551
Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities	Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities	12,542										11,940		Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities	9,733										8,764
Other commercial mortgage-backed securities	Other commercial mortgage-backed securities	224,848										208,487		Other commercial mortgage-backed securities	213,545										190,012
Other asset-backed securities	Other asset-backed securities	442,763										423,610		Other asset-backed securities	420,082										398,517
		$	3,830,737									$	3,531,815		$	3,699,049									$	3,352,331

Excluding obligations of the U.S. Government, U.S. Government-sponsored enterprises and a U.S. Government obligations money market fund, no investment in any entity or its affiliates exceeded 10% of shareholders’ equity at June 30, ~~2022.~~2023.

Cash and securities with a carrying value of ~~$53.8~~$56.7 million at June 30, ~~2022~~2023 were on deposit with various state insurance departments to meet regulatory requirements. ProAssurance also held securities with a carrying value of ~~$33.3~~$107.8 million at June 30, ~~2022~~2023 that are pledged as collateral security for advances under the Company's borrowing relationships with FHLBs.

As a member of Lloyd's, ProAssurance is required to maintain capital at Lloyd's, referred to as FAL, to support underwriting by Syndicate 1729. At June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, ProAssurance's FAL investments were comprised of available-for-sale fixed maturities with a fair value of ~~$30.0~~$18.7 million and cash and cash equivalents of ~~$0.3~~$0.6 million on deposit with Lloyd's in order to satisfy these FAL requirements. During the second quarter of ~~2022,~~2023, ProAssurance received a return of approximately ~~$5.5~~$4.1 million of cash from its FAL balances given Syndicate 6131 ceased underwriting on a quota share basis with Syndicate 1729 as Syndicate 6131's business is retained within Syndicate 1729 beginning with the 2022 underwriting year. In addition, the return of FAL during the second quarter of 2022 related to the settlement of the Company's participation in the results of Syndicate 1729 and Syndicate ~~6131~~6121 for the ~~2019~~2020 underwriting year.

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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

June 30, ~~2022~~2023

Investments Held in a Loss Position

The following tables provide summarized information with respect to investments held in an unrealized loss position at June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and December 31, ~~2021,~~2022, including the length of time the investment had been held in a continuous unrealized loss position.


		June 30, 2022													June 30, 2023
		Total				Less than 12 months				12 months or longer					Total				Less than 12 months				12 months or longer
		Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized			Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	Value		Loss		Value		Loss		Value		Loss		(In thousands)	Value		Loss		Value		Loss		Value		Loss
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	Fixed maturities, available-for-sale													Fixed maturities, available-for-sale
U.S. Treasury obligations	U.S. Treasury obligations	$	214,422	$	16,692	$	198,517	$	15,632	$	15,905	$	1,060	U.S. Treasury obligations	$	224,346	$	21,334	$	72,417	$	5,047	$	151,929	$	16,287
U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations	U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations	17,509		1,195		13,571		732		3,938		463		U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations	18,746		1,477		6,625		419		12,121		1,058
State and municipal bonds	State and municipal bonds	410,783		32,105		385,075		29,482		25,708		2,623		State and municipal bonds	411,244		36,983		103,378		4,625		307,866		32,358
Corporate debt	Corporate debt	1,644,974		171,752		1,430,094		143,101		214,880		28,651		Corporate debt	1,614,792		183,301		298,741		15,412		1,316,051		167,889
Residential mortgage-backed securities	Residential mortgage-backed securities	361,015		42,737		296,993		33,182		64,022		9,555		Residential mortgage-backed securities	341,913		59,117		92,609		9,871		249,304		49,246
Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities	Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities	11,940		602		9,724		448		2,216		154		Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities	8,764		969		1,822		93		6,942		876
Other commercial mortgage-backed securities	Other commercial mortgage-backed securities	202,104		16,607		185,243		15,068		16,861		1,539		Other commercial mortgage-backed securities	189,038		23,568		26,552		1,991		162,486		21,577
Other asset-backed securities	Other asset-backed securities	384,308		20,752		354,863		18,805		29,445		1,947		Other asset-backed securities	378,243		21,666		71,035		2,035		307,208		19,631
		$	3,247,055	$	302,442	$	2,874,080	$	256,450	$	372,975	$	45,992		$	3,187,086	$	348,415	$	673,179	$	39,493	$	2,513,907	$	308,922


		December 31, 2021													December 31, 2022
		Total				Less than 12 months				12 months or longer					Total				Less than 12 months				12 months or longer
		Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized			Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized		Fair		Unrealized
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	Value		Loss		Value		Loss		Value		Loss		(In thousands)	Value		Loss		Value		Loss		Value		Loss
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	Fixed maturities, available-for-sale													Fixed maturities, available-for-sale
U.S. Treasury obligations	U.S. Treasury obligations	$	190,054	$	2,424	$	181,689	$	2,206	$	8,365	$	218	U.S. Treasury obligations	$	220,991	$	22,399	$	53,199	$	2,393	$	167,792	$	20,006
U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations	U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations	16,287		262		16,287		262		—		—		U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations	19,934		1,628		8,082		663		11,852		965
State and municipal bonds	State and municipal bonds	175,442		2,174		171,930		2,039		3,512		135		State and municipal bonds	421,769		44,311		177,393		12,352		244,376		31,959
Corporate debt	Corporate debt	945,196		14,949		866,731		11,828		78,465		3,121		Corporate debt	1,708,529		199,862		687,947		42,977		1,020,582		156,885
Residential mortgage-backed securities	Residential mortgage-backed securities	326,248		5,751		290,019		4,320		36,229		1,431		Residential mortgage-backed securities	363,945		61,656		155,212		15,275		208,733		46,381
Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities	Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities	4,529		62		4,355		54		174		8		Agency commercial mortgage-backed securities	9,704		872		3,086		110		6,618		762
Other commercial mortgage-backed securities	Other commercial mortgage-backed securities	151,827		2,273		145,467		1,884		6,360		389		Other commercial mortgage-backed securities	192,359		22,994		53,270		4,087		139,089		18,907
Other asset-backed securities	Other asset-backed securities	278,915		2,920		271,463		2,796		7,452		124		Other asset-backed securities	396,452		27,617		162,192		7,050		234,260		20,567
		$	2,088,498	$	30,815	$	1,947,941	$	25,389	$	140,557	$	5,426		$	3,333,683	$	381,339	$	1,300,381	$	84,907	$	2,033,302	$	296,432

As of June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, excluding U.S. Government or U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations, there were ~~2,812~~2,781 debt securities ~~(72.3%~~(73.0% of all available-for-sale fixed maturity securities held) in an unrealized loss position representing ~~1,395~~1,402 issuers. The greatest and second greatest unrealized loss positions among those securities were approximately ~~$3.7~~$5.5 million and ~~$3.5~~$3.6 million, respectively. The securities were evaluated for impairment as of June 30, ~~2022.~~2023.

As of December 31, ~~2021,~~2022, excluding U.S. Government or U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations, there were ~~1,766~~2,901 debt securities ~~(45.8%~~(74.4% of all available-for-sale fixed maturity securities held) in an unrealized loss position representing ~~998~~1,433 issuers. The greatest and second greatest unrealized loss positions among those securities were ~~each~~ approximately ~~$0.4 million.~~$5.7 million and $4.1 million, respectively. The securities were evaluated for impairment as of December 31, ~~2021.~~2022.

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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

June 30, ~~2022~~2023

Each quarter, ProAssurance performs a detailed analysis for the purpose of assessing whether any of the securities it holds in an unrealized loss position has suffered an impairment due to credit or non-credit factors. A detailed discussion of the factors considered in the assessment is included in Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in ProAssurance's December 31, ~~2021~~2022 report on Form 10-K.

Fixed maturity securities held in an unrealized loss position at June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, excluding asset-backed securities, have paid all scheduled contractual payments and are expected to continue. Expected future cash flows of asset-backed securities, excluding those issued by GNMA, FNMA and FHLMC, held in an unrealized loss position were estimated as part of the June 30, ~~2022~~2023 impairment evaluation using the most recently available six-month historical performance data for the collateral (loans) underlying the security or, if historical data was not available, sector based assumptions, and equaled or exceeded the current amortized cost basis of the security.

The following tables present a roll forward of the allowance for expected credit losses on available-for-sale fixed maturities for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~six months ended June 30, 2021. There was no allowance for expected credit losses for the three months ended June 30, 2021.~~2022.


	Three Months Ended June 30, 2023
(In thousands)	Residential mortgage-backed securities		Other asset-backed securities		Total
Balance, at April 1, 2023	$	227	$	197	$	424




Reductions related to:
Securities sold during the period	(4)		(1)		(5)



Balance, at June 30, 2023	$	223	$	196	$	419


	Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
(In thousands)	Residential mortgage-backed securities		Other asset-backed securities		Total
Balance, at December 31, 2022	$	229	$	198	$	427




Reductions related to:
Securities sold during the period	(6)		(2)		(8)



Balance, at June 30, 2023	$	223	$	196	$	419


	Three Months Ended June 30, 2022
(In thousands)	Corporate Debt		Total
Balance, at April 1, 2022	$	—	$	—
Additional credit losses related to securities for which:
No allowance for credit losses has been previously recognized	553		553







Balance, at June 30, 2022	$	553	$	553

Six Months Ended June 30, 2022
(In thousands) Corporate Debt Total
Balance, at December 31, 2021 $ — $ —
Additional credit losses related to securities for which:
No allowance for credit losses has been previously recognized 553 553
Balance, at June 30, 2022 $ 553 $ 553


		Six Months Ended June 30, 2021		Six Months Ended June 30, 2022
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	Corporate Debt			Total		(In thousands)	Corporate Debt		Total
Balance, at December 31, 2020		$	552		$	552
Balance, at December 31, 2021							Balance, at December 31, 2021	$	—	$	—

Reductions related to:	Reductions related to:						Reductions related to:
Securities sold during the period	Securities sold during the period	(552)			(552)		Securities sold during the period	553		553

Balance, at June 30, 2021		$	—		$	—
Balance, at June 30, 2022							Balance, at June 30, 2022	$	553	$	553

Other information regarding sales and purchases of fixed maturity available-for-sale securities is as follows:

Three Months Ended June 30 Six Months Ended June 30
(In millions) 2022 2021 2022 2021
Proceeds from sales (exclusive of maturities and paydowns) $ 38.8 $ 196.2 $ 102.3 $ 258.1
Purchases $ 109.1 $ 423.3 $ 340.7 $ 765.5

~~Equity Investments~~

ProAssurance's equity investments are carried at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in income as a component of net investment gains (losses) during the period of change. Equity investments on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 primarily included bond funds and, to a lesser degree, stocks and investment funds.


	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(In millions)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Proceeds from sales (exclusive of maturities and paydowns)	$	19.6	$	38.8	$	23.4	$	102.3
Purchases	$	65.4	$	109.1	$	134.2	$	340.7

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ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

June 30, ~~2022~~2023

~~Short-term Investments~~

ProAssurance's short-term investments, which have a maturity at purchase of one year or less, are primarily comprised of investments in U.S. treasury obligations, commercial paper and money market funds. Short-term investments are carried at fair value which approximates the cost of the securities due to their short-term nature.

~~BOLI~~

ProAssurance holds BOLI policies that are carried at the current cash surrender value of the policies (original cost $42 million), which includes the BOLI policies acquired from NORCAL (original cost $10 million). All insured individuals were members of ProAssurance or NORCAL management at the time the policies were acquired. The primary purpose of the program is to offset future employee benefit expenses through earnings on the cash value of the policies. ProAssurance is the owner and beneficiary of these policies.

Net Investment Income

Net investment income (loss) by investment category was as follows:


		Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30					Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021		(In thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Fixed maturities	Fixed maturities	$	22,006	$	18,157	$	43,550	$	33,848	Fixed maturities	$	27,951	$	22,006	$	55,278	$	43,550
Equities	Equities	967		448		1,668		1,142		Equities	1,105		967		1,912		1,668
Short-term investments, including Other	Short-term investments, including Other	727		678		1,153��		952		Short-term investments, including Other	4,034		727		7,384		1,153
BOLI	BOLI	261		686		214		1,130		BOLI	459		261		1,116		214
Investment fees and expenses	Investment fees and expenses	(2,017)		(2,552)		(4,198)		(4,638)		Investment fees and expenses	(1,899)		(2,017)		(3,730)		(4,198)
Net investment income	Net investment income	$	21,944	$	17,417	$	42,387	$	32,434	Net investment income	$	31,650	$	21,944	$	61,960	$	42,387

Investment in Unconsolidated Subsidiaries

ProAssurance's investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries were as follows:


		June 30, 2022	Carrying Value					June 30, 2023	Carrying Value
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	Percentage Ownership	June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021		(In thousands)	Percentage Ownership	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Qualified affordable housing project tax credit partnerships	Qualified affordable housing project tax credit partnerships	See below	$	7,207	$	12,424	Qualified affordable housing project tax credit partnerships	See below	$	1,216	$	4,088

All other investments, primarily investment fund LPs/LLCs	All other investments, primarily investment fund LPs/LLCs	See below	314,705		323,152		All other investments, primarily investment fund LPs/LLCs	See below	304,811		301,122
			$	321,912	$	335,576			$	306,027	$	305,210

Qualified affordable housing project tax credit partnership interests held by ProAssurance generate investment returns by providing tax benefits to fund investors in the form of tax credits and project operating losses. The carrying value of these investments reflects ProAssurance's total commitments (both funded and unfunded) to the partnerships, less any amortization. At June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, ProAssurance did not have an ownership percentage greater than 20% in any tax credit partnership interests. ProAssurance's ownership percentage relative to ~~1 of~~ the tax credit partnership interests is almost 100%; this interest had a carrying value of $0.9 million. At December 31, 2021, ProAssurance's ownership percentage relative to 2 of the tax credit partnership interests was almost 100%; these interests had a carrying value of $3.2 million at December 31, 2021. ProAssurance's ownership percentage relative to the remaining tax credit partnership interests is less than 20%; these interests had a carrying value of ~~$6.3~~$1.2 million at June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~$9.2~~$4.1 million at December 31, ~~2021.~~2022. Since ProAssurance has the ability to exert influence over the partnerships but does not control them, all are accounted for using the equity method. See further discussion of the entities in which ProAssurance holds passive interests in Note 9.

~~Table of Contents~~

~~ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries~~

~~Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)~~

~~June 30, 2022~~

10.

ProAssurance holds interests in investment fund LPs/LLCs and other equity method investments and LPs/LLCs which are not considered to be investment funds. ProAssurance's ownership percentage relative to 4four and three of the LPs/LLCs is greater than 25%, at June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, which is ~~expected~~likely to be reduced as the funds mature and other investors participate in the funds; these investments had a carrying value of ~~$49.5~~$46.0 million at June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~$49.0~~$36.0 million at December 31, ~~2021.~~2022. ProAssurance's ownership percentage relative to the remaining investments and LPs/LLCs is less than 25%; these interests had a carrying value of ~~$265.2~~$258.8 million at June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~$274.2~~$265.1 million at December 31, ~~2021.~~2022. ProAssurance does not have the ability to exert control over any of these funds.

Table of Contents

ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

June 30, 2023

Equity in Earnings (Loss) of Unconsolidated Subsidiaries

Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries included losses from qualified affordable housing project tax credit partnerships and a historic tax credit partnership. Investment results recorded reflect ProAssurance's allocable portion of partnership operating results. Tax credits reduce income tax expense in the period they are utilized. The results recorded and tax credits recognized related to ProAssurance's tax credit partnership investments were as follows:


		Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30					Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021		(In thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Qualified affordable housing project tax credit partnerships	Qualified affordable housing project tax credit partnerships									Qualified affordable housing project tax credit partnerships
Losses recorded	Losses recorded	$	2,809	$	4,752	$	5,197	$	8,121	Losses recorded	$	1,511	$	2,809	$	1,865	$	5,197
Tax credits recognized	Tax credits recognized	$	1,198	$	3,330	$	2,403	$	6,654	Tax credits recognized	$	29	$	1,198	$	72	$	2,403

Historic tax credit partnership
Losses (gains) recorded*		$	(961)	$	—	$	(961)	$	(182)
Tax credits recognized		$	—	$	50	$	—	$	100
*ProAssurance holds a historic tax credit partnership which was fully amortized in 2020. This partnership generated investment returns by providing benefits to partnership investors in the form of tax credits, tax deductible project operating losses and distributions resulting from positive cash flows. ProAssurance received a distribution associated with this investment during the second quarter of 2022 and the first quarter of 2021, as a result of positive cash flows from a completed project, which was recognized as an operating gain in each respective period.
Historic tax credit partnership*										Historic tax credit partnership*
Losses (gains) recorded										Losses (gains) recorded	$	—	$	(961)	$	—	$	(961)

*ProAssurance holds a historic tax credit partnership which was fully amortized in 2020. This partnership generated investment returns by providing benefits to partnership investors in the form of tax credits, tax deductible project operating losses and distributions resulting from positive cash flows. ProAssurance received a distribution associated with this investment during the second quarter of 2022 as a result of positive cash flows from a completed project, which was recognized as an operating gain in each respective period.										*ProAssurance holds a historic tax credit partnership which was fully amortized in 2020. This partnership generated investment returns by providing benefits to partnership investors in the form of tax credits, tax deductible project operating losses and distributions resulting from positive cash flows. ProAssurance received a distribution associated with this investment during the second quarter of 2022 as a result of positive cash flows from a completed project, which was recognized as an operating gain in each respective period.

~~The tax credits generated from the Company's tax credit partnership investments of $1.2 million and $2.4 million for~~For the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022, respectively,~~2023 the Company generated a nominal amount of tax credits from its tax credit partnership investments which were deferred for use in future periods due to the Company's expected consolidated loss calculated on a tax basis. For the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2021,~~2022, the tax credits generated from the Company's tax credit partnership investments of ~~$3.4~~$1.2 million and ~~$6.8~~$2.4 million, respectively, were deferred and are expected to be utilized in future periods. Not included in the table above is $1.9 million and $2.0 million of tax credits recaptured from the 2019 tax year during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, due to the carryback of the Company's estimated NOL for ~~the six months ended June 30, 2022~~both periods to the 2021 tax year. The recaptured tax credits were earned in 2019 but not utilized until 2021 due to NOL's generated in both 2019 and 2020. As of June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, the Company had approximately ~~$51.1~~$53.2 million of available tax credit carryforwards generated from its investments in tax credit partnerships which they expect to utilize in future periods.

Tax credits provided by the underlying projects of the Company's historic tax credit partnership are typically available in the tax year in which the project is put into active service, whereas the tax credits provided by qualified affordable housing project tax credit partnerships are provided over approximately a ten year period.

Table of Contents

ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

June 30, 2023

Significant Equity Method Investees

As previously discussed, ProAssurance holds certain investments that are measured using the equity method of accounting, primarily investments in LPs/LLCs, which are carried as a part of investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Each quarter, ProAssurance assesses the significance of its equity method investees. As of June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, ProAssurance determined the following method investees to be significant:

•A&M Capital Opportunities Fund is a private equity fund that is focused on middle-market investments.

•Harbert Seniors Housing Fund I, LP is focused on investing in seniors housing real estate.

•NB CoCO Investment Fund II, LP is a private equity fund that is a co-investor in small and mid-cap companies.

•NB ~~Real Estate~~ Secondary Opportunities Fund III, LP is ana private equity fund ~~that invests in real estate private equity~~focused on secondary investments.

•Prime Storage Fund II, LP primarily invests in self-storage real estate.

•~~USB LIHTC~~WNG Aircraft Opportunities Fund II, LP is ~~a fund that invests~~focused on investing in ~~tax credit entities in low-income residential rental properties.~~

~~Table of Contents~~

~~ProAssurance Corporation~~aviation assets and ~~Subsidiaries~~

~~Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)~~

~~June 30, 2022~~

related interests.

The following table presents aggregated gross summarized financial information for the funds that ProAssurance determined to be significant as of June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, including the portion not attributable to ProAssurance, derived from the funds' financial statements which are prepared in accordance with GAAP. As the majority of ProAssurance's equity method investments report their results to the Company on a one quarter lag, the majority of the summarized financial information below is for the six months ended March 31, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021.~~2022.


(In thousands)	(In thousands)	Six Months Ended June 30				(In thousands)	Six Months Ended June 30
		2022		2021			2023		2022
Net investment income (loss)	Net investment income (loss)	$	11,049	$	(2,836)	Net investment income (loss)	$	(11,800)	$	6,042
Net investment gains (losses)	Net investment gains (losses)	78,586		6,398		Net investment gains (losses)	43,369		71,001
Net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation)	Net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation)	190,089		142,473		Net change in unrealized appreciation (depreciation)	53,349		186,575
Operating Expenses		2,656		3,432

Net gain (loss)	Net gain (loss)	$	277,068	$	142,603	Net gain (loss)	$	84,918	$	263,618

Net gain (loss) attributable to ProAssurance(1)	Net gain (loss) attributable to ProAssurance(1)	$	1,370	$	835	Net gain (loss) attributable to ProAssurance(1)	$	464	$	4,033

(1) Represents ProAssurance's share of the funds' aggregate income or loss, which is included as a component of equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries in its Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income for the six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021.~~2022.

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ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

June 30, 2023

Net Investment Gains (Losses)

Realized investment gains and losses are recognized on the first-in, first-out basis. The following table provides detailed information regarding net investment gains (losses):


		Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30					Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021		(In thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Total impairment losses:	Total impairment losses:									Total impairment losses:

Corporate debt	Corporate debt	$	(972)	$	—	$	(972)	$	—	Corporate debt	$	(48)	$	(972)	$	(2,984)	$	(972)

Asset-backed securities										Asset-backed securities	5		—		8		—
Portion of impairment losses recognized in other comprehensive income before taxes:	Portion of impairment losses recognized in other comprehensive income before taxes:									Portion of impairment losses recognized in other comprehensive income before taxes:

Corporate debt	Corporate debt	419		—		419		—		Corporate debt	—		419		—		419

Net impairment losses recognized in earnings	Net impairment losses recognized in earnings	(553)		—		(553)		—		Net impairment losses recognized in earnings	(43)		(553)		(2,976)		(553)
Gross realized gains, available-for-sale fixed maturities	Gross realized gains, available-for-sale fixed maturities	265		6,021		1,452		10,315		Gross realized gains, available-for-sale fixed maturities	460		265		539		1,452
Gross realized (losses), available-for-sale fixed maturities	Gross realized (losses), available-for-sale fixed maturities	(965)		(352)		(2,089)		(539)		Gross realized (losses), available-for-sale fixed maturities	(767)		(965)		(1,224)		(2,089)

Net realized gains (losses), trading fixed maturities	Net realized gains (losses), trading fixed maturities	(21)		(8)		(97)		64		Net realized gains (losses), trading fixed maturities	2		(21)		(106)		(97)
Net realized gains (losses), equity investments	Net realized gains (losses), equity investments	(5,125)		2,001		(5,346)		6,190		Net realized gains (losses), equity investments	17		(5,125)		101		(5,346)
Net realized gains (losses), other investments	Net realized gains (losses), other investments	(760)		1,297		(110)		4,493		Net realized gains (losses), other investments	(2,115)		(760)		(1,886)		(110)
Change in unrealized holding gains (losses), trading fixed maturities	Change in unrealized holding gains (losses), trading fixed maturities	(455)		(226)		(781)		(440)		Change in unrealized holding gains (losses), trading fixed maturities	54		(455)		151		(781)
Change in unrealized holding gains (losses), equity investments	Change in unrealized holding gains (losses), equity investments	(5,923)		1,700		(17,408)		(1,237)		Change in unrealized holding gains (losses), equity investments	(1,130)		(5,923)		2,616		(17,408)
Change in unrealized holding gains (losses), convertible securities, carried at fair value	Change in unrealized holding gains (losses), convertible securities, carried at fair value	(10,584)		529		(13,059)		339		Change in unrealized holding gains (losses), convertible securities, carried at fair value	2,929		(10,584)		4,061		(13,059)

Other		237		(129)		601		497
Other(1)										Other(1)	3,539		237		4,582		601
Net investment gains (losses)	Net investment gains (losses)	$	(23,884)	$	10,833	$	(37,390)	$	19,682	Net investment gains (losses)	$	2,946	$	(23,884)	$	5,858	$	(37,390)
(1) Includes gains of $2.0 million and $3.0 million recognized during the 2023 three and six months ended, respectively, reflecting the change in the fair value of contingent consideration issued in connection with the NORCAL acquisition. See further discussion on the contingent consideration in Note 2 and discussion on the Company's accounting policy in Note 1 in its December 31, 2022 report on Form 10-K.										(1) Includes gains of $2.0 million and $3.0 million recognized during the 2023 three and six months ended, respectively, reflecting the change in the fair value of contingent consideration issued in connection with the NORCAL acquisition. See further discussion on the contingent consideration in Note 2 and discussion on the Company's accounting policy in Note 1 in its December 31, 2022 report on Form 10-K.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, ProAssurance recognized a nominal amount and $3.0 million of credit-related impairment losses in earnings, respectively. The Company did not recognize any non-credit impairment losses in OCI during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023. The credit-related impairment losses recognized during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 related to two corporate bonds in the financial sector. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, ProAssurance recognized credit-related impairment losses in earnings of $0.6 million and non-credit impairment losses in OCI of $0.4 million. The credit-related ~~and non-credit~~ impairment losses recognized during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 related to a corporate bond in the consumer sector. ~~ProAssurance did not recognize any credit-related~~

The following table presents a roll forward of cumulative losses recorded in earning related to impaired debt securities for which a portion of the impairment ~~losses~~was recorded in ~~earnings or non-credit impairment losses in OCI during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021.~~OCI.


	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(In thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Balance beginning of period	$	57	$	—	$	57	$	—
Additional credit losses recognized during the period, related to securities for which:
No impairment has been previously recognized	—		553		—		553





Balance June 30	$	57	$	553	$	57	$	553

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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

June 30, ~~2022~~2023

~~The following table presents a roll forward of cumulative credit losses recorded in earnings related to impaired debt securities for which a portion of the impairment was recorded in OCI.~~

Three Months Ended
June 30 Six Months Ended
June 30
(In thousands) 2022 2021 2022 2021
Balance beginning of period $ — $ — $ — $ 552
Additional credit losses recognized during the period, related to securities for which:
No impairment has been previously recognized 553 — 553 —
Reductions due to:
Securities sold during the period (realized) — — — (552)
Balance June 30 $ 553 $ — $ 553 $ —

4. Income Taxes

For interim periods, ProAssurance generally utilizes the estimated annual effective tax rate method under which the Company determines its provision (benefit) for income taxes based on the current estimate of its annual effective tax rate. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, ProAssurance utilized the estimated annual effective tax rate method. Under the estimated annual effective tax rate method, items which are unusual, infrequent, or that cannot be reliably estimated are considered in the effective tax rate in the period in which the item is included in income and are referred to as discrete items. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, ~~and 2021,~~ ProAssurance utilized the discrete effective tax rate method for recording income taxes after the estimated annual effective tax rate method produced an unreliable estimated ~~effective annual tax rate. The discrete method is applied when the application of the estimated annual effective tax rate method is impractical and does not provide a reliable estimate of the~~ annual effective tax rate. ~~The Company believes the use~~See further discussion on this method in Note 4 of the ~~discrete effective tax rate method is more appropriate than the annual effective tax rate method for the six months ended~~Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in ProAssurance's June 30, 2022 ~~as minor changes in the Company's estimated ordinary income would have a significant effect~~report on the estimated annual effective tax rate and would result in sizable variations in the customary relationship between income tax expense (benefit) and pre-tax accounting income (loss). ProAssurance will reevaluate its use of this method each quarter until the Company believes a return to the estimated annual effective tax rate method is deemed appropriate.

For the six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021, the provision for income taxes is different from that which would be obtained by applying the statutory federal income tax rate to income (loss) before income taxes because ProAssurance recognizes tax credit benefits transferred from tax credit partnership investments.Form 10-Q. In calculating the Company's year-to-date income tax expense (benefit), under the ~~Company included~~estimated annual effective tax rate method, it includes the estimated benefit of tax credits for the year-to-date period based on the most recently available information provided by the tax credit partnerships; the actual amounts of credits provided by the tax credit partnerships may prove to be different than the Company's estimates. The effect of such a difference is recognized in the period identified. ~~In addition, for~~

For the six months ended June 30, ~~2021,~~2023 the provision for income taxes is different from that which would be obtained by applying the statutory federal income tax rate to income (loss) before income taxes primarily due to the estimated tax rate differential between the Company's actual effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and the Company's projected annual effective tax rate as of June 30, 2023 as calculated under the estimated annual effective tax rate method. The provision for income taxes for the six months ended June 30, 2023 is also different from that which would be obtained by applying the statutory federal income tax rate to income (loss) before income taxes due to the ~~gain on bargain purchase of $74.4~~$4 million ~~as a result of~~decrease in the ~~Company's~~contingent consideration liability related to the NORCAL acquisition, ~~of NORCAL,~~ all of which was non-taxable. See further discussion on the ~~gain on bargain purchase~~contingent consideration in Note ~~2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in ProAssurance's December 31, 2021 report on Form 10-K.~~2.

ProAssurance had a ~~receivable~~liability for U.S. federal and U.K. income taxes carried as a part of other ~~assets~~liabilities of ~~$9.9~~$5.2 million as of June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~$7.9~~a receivable of $8.0 million as of December 31, ~~2021, respectively.~~2022 carried as a part of other assets. At June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and December 31, ~~2021,~~2022, the liability for unrecognized tax benefits, which is included in the total ~~receivable~~liability for U.S. federal and U.K. income taxes, was ~~$3.4~~$4.1 million in each period which included an accrued liability for interest of approximately ~~$0.4~~$0.5 million in each period.

~~NORCAL Acquisition~~

As a result of the NORCAL acquisition, ProAssurance has U.S. federal NOL carryforwards which as of June 30, 2022 were approximately $43.0 million and will begin to expire in 2035. See Note 7 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in ProAssurance's December 31, 2021 report on Form 10-K for more information.

Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act

In response to COVID-19, the CARES Act was signed into law on March 27, 2020 and contains several provisions for corporations and eased certain deduction limitations originally imposed by the TCJA. See further discussion in Note 76 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in ProAssurance's December 31, ~~2021~~2022 report on Form 10-K. As a result of the CARES Act, ProAssurance was permitted to carryback NOLs generated in tax years 2019 and 2020 for up to five years. ProAssurance generated an NOL of approximately $33.3 million from the 2020 tax year that was carried back to the 2015 tax year which resulted in a ~~claim for a~~tax refund of approximately $11.7 ~~million.~~million received in February 2023.

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Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

June 30, ~~2022~~2023

5. Reserve for Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

The reserve for losses is established based on estimates of individual claims and actuarially determined estimates of future losses based on ProAssurance’s past loss experience, available industry data and projections as to future claims frequency, severity, inflationary trends and settlement patterns. Estimating the reserve, particularly the reserve appropriate for liability exposures, is a complex process. For a high proportion of the risks insured or reinsured by ProAssurance, claims may be resolved over an extended period of time, often five years or more, and may be subject to litigation. Estimating losses requires ProAssurance to make and revise judgments and assessments regarding multiple uncertainties over an extended period of time. As a result, the reserve estimate may vary considerably from the eventual outcome. The assumptions used in establishing ProAssurance’s reserve are regularly reviewed and updated by management as new data becomes available. Changes to estimates of previously established reserves are included in earnings in the period in which the estimate is changed. For additional information regarding ProAssurance's reserve for losses, see Note 1 and Note 108 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in ProAssurance's December 31, ~~2021~~2022 report on Form 10-K.

Activity in the reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses is summarized as follows:


(In thousands)	(In thousands)	Six Months Ended June 30, 2022		Six Months Ended June 30, 2021		Year Ended December 31, 2021		(In thousands)	Six Months Ended June 30, 2023		Six Months Ended June 30, 2022		Year Ended December 31, 2022
Balance, beginning of year	Balance, beginning of year	$	3,579,940	$	2,417,179	$	2,417,179	Balance, beginning of year	$	3,471,147	$	3,579,940	$	3,579,940
Less reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	Less reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	451,741		385,087		385,087		Less reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	431,889		451,741		451,741
Net balance, beginning of year	Net balance, beginning of year	3,128,199		2,032,092		2,032,092		Net balance, beginning of year	3,039,258		3,128,199		3,128,199
Net reserves acquired from NORCAL acquisition		—		1,089,103		1,089,103

Net losses:	Net losses:							Net losses:
Current year(1)	Current year(1)	411,397		350,252		797,732		Current year(1)	395,632		411,397		813,515
Favorable development of reserves established in prior years, net(2)		(24,304)		(18,616)		(45,483)
(Favorable) unfavorable development of reserves established in prior years, net(2)								(Favorable) unfavorable development of reserves established in prior years, net(2)	722		(24,304)		(36,753)
Total	Total	387,093		331,636		752,249		Total	396,354		387,093		776,762
Paid related to:	Paid related to:							Paid related to:
Current year	Current year	(44,903)		(32,346)		(109,925)		Current year	(33,129)		(44,903)		(108,139)
Prior years	Prior years	(366,643)		(282,713)		(635,320)		Prior years	(407,118)		(366,643)		(757,564)
Total paid	Total paid	(411,546)		(315,059)		(745,245)		Total paid	(440,247)		(411,546)		(865,703)
Net balance, end of period	Net balance, end of period	3,103,746		3,137,772		3,128,199		Net balance, end of period	2,995,365		3,103,746		3,039,258
Plus reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	Plus reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	469,116		484,059		451,741		Plus reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses	425,560		469,116		431,889
Balance, end of period	Balance, end of period	$	3,572,862	$	3,621,831	$	3,579,940	Balance, end of period	$	3,420,925	$	3,572,862	$	3,471,147

(1) Current year net losses for both the six months ended June 30, 2022 ~~and 2021~~ and year ended December 31, ~~2021~~2022 included $4.9 million ~~$1.8 million and $6.7 million, respectively,~~ of purchase accounting amortization of the negative VOBA associated with NORCAL's assumed unearned premium, which ~~is being~~was amortized over a period in proportion to the earn-out of the associated premium as a reduction to current accident year net losses (see Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in ProAssurance's December 31, ~~2021~~2022 report on Form 10-K). As of June 30, 2022, the negative VOBA was fully amortized.

(2) Net ~~favorable~~ prior year reserve development recognized for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 ~~and 2021 and~~as well as the year ended December 31, ~~2021~~2022 included $5.0 million, $5.8 million ~~$2.1 million~~ and ~~$7.9~~$10.8 million, respectively, of amortization of the purchase accounting fair value adjustment on NORCAL's assumed net reserve and amortization of the negative VOBA associated with NORCAL's DDR reserve which is recorded as a reduction to prior accident year net losses and loss adjustment expenses (see Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in ProAssurance's December 31, ~~2021~~2022 report on Form 10-K).

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ProAssurance ~~has not recognized any development related~~Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to ~~NORCAL's prior accident year reserves since the date of acquisition on May 5, 2021.~~Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

June 30, 2023

Estimating liability reserves is complex and requires the use of many assumptions. As time passes and ultimate losses for prior years are either known or become subject to a more precise estimation, ProAssurance increases or decreases the reserve estimates established in prior periods. The consolidated net unfavorable prior year reserve development recognized in the six months ended June 30, 2023 primarily reflected the continued challenging loss environment in Specialty P&C segment, as claim costs are pressured by social inflation and higher than anticipated loss severity trends which started to emerge in the fourth quarter of 2022. During the first quarter of 2023, the Company strengthened case reserves in its Specialty P&C segment related to four large claims resulting in net unfavorable prior year reserve development of $10.1 million recognized during the six months ended June 30, 2023, $7.5 million of which related to NORCAL's accident years 2016 and 2020. The net unfavorable prior year reserve development recognized in the Specialty P&C segment was partially offset by approximately $4.0 million of favorable prior year reserve development due to lower than anticipated loss emergence in the Company's Medical Technology Liability line of business, principally related to accident years 2014 through 2017. The consolidated net unfavorable loss development also reflected unfavorable development recognized during the first quarter of 2023 in the Workers' Compensation Insurance segment primarily attributable to one large claim from the 1997 accident year. The unfavorable reserve development recognized in the Lloyd's Syndicates segment was driven by higher than expected loss development on certain large claims, primarily catastrophe related losses. Consolidated net unfavorable loss development recognized in the six months ended June 30, 2023 was partially offset by favorable reserve development recognized in the Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment driven by overall favorable trends in claim closing patterns primarily in accident years 2018 through 2021.

The net favorable loss development recognized in the six months ended June 30, 2022 primarily reflected a lower than anticipated loss emergence in the Specialty P&C segment, primarily related to the 2018 through 2021 accident years. The net favorable development recognized in the Specialty P&C segment also included a

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~~ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries~~

~~Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)~~

~~June 30, 2022~~

~~$3.0~~ $3.0 million reduction in the Company's prior accident year IBNR reserve for COVID-19 during the second quarter of 2022 as early first notices of potential claims related to anticipated COVID losses have not turned into claims. The favorable development also reflected overall favorable trends in claim closing patterns in the Workers' Compensation Insurance and Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segments. The net favorable loss development recognized in the Workers' Compensation Insurance segment is primarily related to the 2017 accident ~~years 2017~~year and prior. The net favorable loss development recognized in the Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment is primarily related to ~~accident years~~the 2019 and ~~2020.~~2020 accident years. Net favorable development recognized during the six months ended June 30, 2022 was net of an increase into the Company's reserve for potential ECO/XPL claims of $4.0 million in the Specialty P&C segment. Consolidated net favorable loss development recognized in the six months ended June 30, 2022 was partially offset by unfavorable reserve development recognized in the Lloyd's Syndicates segment driven by certain catastrophe related losses. As of June 30, 2022, ProAssurance did not recognize any development related to NORCAL's accident years 2020 or prior since the date of acquisition on May 5, 2021.

The net favorable loss development recognized infor the ~~six months~~year ended ~~June 30, 2021~~December 31, 2022 primarily reflected a lower than anticipated ~~claims severity trend (i.e., the average size of a claim)~~loss emergence in the Specialty P&C segment ~~primarily~~ related to the 2017, ~~through~~ 2020 and 2021 accident ~~years.~~years, primarily attributable to NORCAL's 2021 accident year, and, to a lesser extent, the Medical Technology Liability line of business. The net favorable development recognized in the Specialty P&C segment also included a $9.0 million reduction in the Company's prior accident year IBNR reserve for COVID-19 as early first notices of potential claims related to anticipated COVID losses have not turned into claims. Further, the net favorable development recognized in the Specialty P&C segment was partially offset by higher than anticipated loss severity trends in select jurisdictions in the HCPL line of business, which emerged primarily in the fourth quarter of 2022. As of December 31, 2022, ProAssurance did not recognize any development related to NORCAL's accident years 2020 or prior since the date of acquisition on May 5, 2021. The net favorable development also reflected overall favorable trends in claim closing patterns in the Workers' Compensation Insurance and Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segments. The net favorable loss development recognized in the Workers' Compensation Insurance segment is primarily related to the 2017 ~~and prior~~through 2020 accident years. The net favorable loss development recognized in the Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment is primarily related to the ~~2018 and 2019~~2016 through 2021 accident years. Consolidated net favorable loss development recognized in ~~the six months ended June 30, 2021~~2022 was partially offset by unfavorable reserve development recognized in the Lloyd's Syndicates segment driven by higher than expected loss development on certain ~~property and~~large claims, primarily catastrophe related losses.

~~The net favorable loss development recognized for the year ended December 31, 2021 primarily reflected a lower than anticipated loss emergence in the Specialty P&C segment, primarily related~~

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ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to the 2015 through 2020 accident years. Net favorable prior accident year reserve development recognized in the Specialty P&C segment also included a $1.0 million reduction in the Company's IBNR reserve for COVID-19 during the third quarter of 2021. The net favorable development also reflected overall favorable trends in claim closing patterns in the Workers' Compensation Insurance and Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segments. The net favorable loss development recognized in the Workers' Compensation Insurance segment is primarily related to the 2012 through 2017 accident years. The net favorable loss development recognized in the Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment is primarily related to accident year 2015 and accident years 2018 through 2020.Condensed Consolidated ~~net favorable loss development recognized in 2021 was partially offset by unfavorable reserve development recognized in the Lloyd's Syndicates segment driven by certain catastrophe related losses.~~Financial Statements (Unaudited)

June 30, 2023

6. Commitments and Contingencies

ProAssurance is involved in various legal actions related to insurance policies and claims handling including, but not limited to, claims asserted by policyholders. These types of legal actions arise in the Company's ordinary course of business and, in accordance with GAAP for insurance entities, are considered as a part of the Company's loss reserving process, which is described in detail under the heading "Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses" in the Accounting Policies section in Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in ProAssurance's December 31, ~~2021~~2022 report on Form 10-K. ProAssurance also has other direct actions against the Company unrelated to its claims activity which are evaluated and accounted for as a part of other liabilities. For these corporate legal actions, the Company evaluates each case separately and establishes what it believes is an appropriate reserve based on GAAP guidance related to contingent liabilities. As of June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, there were no material reserves established for corporate legal actions.

As a member of Lloyd's, ProAssurance has obligations to Syndicate 1729 including a Syndicate Credit Agreement and FAL requirements. The Syndicate Credit Agreement iswas an unconditional revolving credit agreement to the Premium Trust Fund of Syndicate 1729 for the purpose of providing working capital. ~~At June 30, 2022, the maximum permitted borrowings under the~~The Syndicate Credit Agreement were approximately £30.0 million (approximately $36.5 million at June 30, 2022). Effective July 1, 2022, maximum permitted borrowings were reduced to £15.0 million (approximately $18.3 million at June 30, 2022) from £30.0 million under an amended Syndicate Credit Agreement executed in January 2022. The amended Syndicate Credit Agreement hashad a maturity date of June 30, 2023 and ~~contains~~contained an annual auto-renewal feature which ~~allows~~allowed for ProAssurance to elect to non-renew if notice is given at least 30 days prior to the next auto-renewal date, which is one year prior to the maturity date. On May 23, 2022, ProAssurance provided such notice of termination of the Syndicate Credit Agreements. As a result, the Syndicate Credit Agreements ~~will expire~~expired on June 30, 2023. Under the Syndicate Credit Agreement, advances bear interest at 3.8% annually and may be repaid at any time. As of June 30, 2022, there were no outstanding borrowings under the Syndicate Credit Agreement. ProAssurance provides FAL to support underwriting by Syndicate 1729 which is comprised of investment securities and cash and cash equivalents deposited with Lloyd's with a total fair value of approximately ~~$30.3~~$19.3 million at June 30, ~~2022~~2023 (see Note 3). During the second quarter of ~~2022, ProAssurance~~2023, the Company received a return of approximately ~~$5.5~~$4.1 million of cash from its FAL balances ~~given Syndicate 6131 ceased underwriting on a quota share basis with Syndicate 1729 as Syndicate~~

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~~ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries~~

~~Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)~~

~~June 30, 2022~~

~~6131's business is retained within Syndicate 1729 beginning with the 2022 underwriting year (see Note 11 for additional information). In addition, the return of FAL during the second quarter of 2022~~ related to the settlement of ~~the Company's~~its participation in the results of Syndicate 1729 and Syndicate 6131 for the ~~2019~~2020 underwriting year.

ProAssurance has entered into financial instrument transactions that may present off-balance sheet credit risk or market risk. These transactions include a short-term loan commitment and commitments to provide funding to non-public investment entities. Under the short-term loan commitment, ProAssurance has agreed to advance funds on a 30 day basis to a counterparty provided there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. As of June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, ProAssurance had total funding commitments related to non-public investment entities as well as the short-term loan commitment of approximately ~~$223.7~~$178.5 million which included the amount at risk if the full short-term loan is extended and the counterparties default. However, the credit risk associated with the short-term loan commitment is minimal as the counterparties to the contract are highly rated commercial institutions and to-date have been performing in accordance with their contractual obligations. As such, ProAssurance’s expected credit losses associated with this short-term loan commitment were nominal in amount as of June 30, ~~2022.~~2023.

ProAssurance ~~has previously~~ entered into a services agreement with a company to provide data analytics services for certain product lines within the Company's HCPL book of business. ~~In November 2021, ProAssurance executed an amendment to this~~Under the services agreement, ~~which extended~~ the ~~Company's commitment an additional three years for~~Company has committed to an annual fee of approximately $3.5 ~~million.~~million for three years. In addition, the ~~amended~~ services agreement contains an annual one-year auto-extension feature, in November, unless either party elects to non-renew the services agreement by providing notice at least six-months prior to the end of the contract. ProAssurance incurred operating expenses associated with this services agreement of ~~$0.9~~$0.8 million and ~~$1.8~~$1.7 million for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, respectively, as compared to ~~$0.6~~$0.9 million and ~~$1.2~~$1.8 million for the same respective periods of ~~2021.~~2022. As of June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, the remaining commitment under this agreement was estimated to be approximately ~~$8.1~~$4.6 million.

The purchase consideration in the NORCAL acquisition included contingent consideration. NORCAL policyholders who elected to receive NORCAL stock and tender it to ProAssurance are eligible for a share of contingent consideration in an amount of up to approximately $84 million depending upon the after-tax development of NORCAL's ultimate net losses between December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2023. ~~The estimated fair value of this contingent consideration was $24 million as~~As of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, ~~which is unchanged from~~ the ~~acquisition date of May 5, 2021,~~contingent consideration liability was $11.0 million and ~~was derived~~$15.0 million, respectively, carried at fair value utilizing a stochastic ~~model.~~model (see Note 2). This estimate does not guarantee that contingent consideration will ultimately be paid. Depending on NORCAL's actual ultimate net loss development between December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2023, the actual amount due to eligible policyholders may be greater than or less than the ~~$24~~$11.0 million current fair value estimate. See further discussion around the contingent consideration ~~in Note 2~~ and ~~further discussion on~~ the NORCAL acquisition in Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in ProAssurance's December 31, ~~2021~~2022 report on Form 10-K.

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ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

June 30, 2023

7. Debt

ProAssurance’s outstanding debt consisted of the following:


($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021		($ in thousands)	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
Senior Notes due 2023, unsecured, interest at 5.3% annually	Senior Notes due 2023, unsecured, interest at 5.3% annually	$	250,000	$	250,000	Senior Notes due 2023, unsecured, interest at 5.3% annually	$	250,000	$	250,000
Contribution Certificates due 2031, interest at 3.0% (effective interest rate at 4.35%) paid annually beginning April 2022		176,606		175,900
Contribution Certificates due 2031, interest at 3.0% (effective interest rate at 4.35%) paid annually in April						Contribution Certificates due 2031, interest at 3.0% (effective interest rate at 4.35%) paid annually in April	178,437		177,525

Total principal	Total principal	426,606		425,900		Total principal	428,437		427,525
Less unamortized debt issuance costs	Less unamortized debt issuance costs	728		914		Less unamortized debt issuance costs	2,411		542
Debt less unamortized debt issuance costs	Debt less unamortized debt issuance costs	$	425,878	$	424,986	Debt less unamortized debt issuance costs	$	426,026	$	426,983

Revolving Credit Agreement and Term Loan

On April 28, 2023, ProAssurance ~~has a Revolving Credit Agreement with 7 participating lenders. The~~executed an amendment to the Revolving Credit Agreement, which ~~expires~~extended the expiration from November 2024 to April 2028 and includes a $125 million delayed draw term loan ("Term Loan"). The Term Loan is available to be drawn during a five year period after closing, subject to customary borrowing conditions. The Company intends to draw on the amended Revolving Credit Agreement, including the Term Loan, to refinance its Senior Notes that mature November 2023 (see additional information on the Company's Senior Notes in Note 11 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in ProAssurance's December 31, 2022 report on Form 10-K). The amended Revolving Credit Agreement may be used for general corporate purposes, including, but not limited to, short-term working capital, share repurchases as authorized by the Board and support for other activities. ProAssurance's amended Revolving Credit Agreement permits borrowings up to $250 million, and has available a $50 million accordion feature which, if successfully subscribed, would expand the permitted borrowings to a maximum of $300 million. As of June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and December 31, ~~2021,~~2022, there were no outstanding borrowings on the Revolving Credit Agreement. The amended Revolving Credit Agreement permits ProAssurance to borrow, repay and reborrow from the lenders during the term of the amended Revolving Credit Agreement.

All borrowings are required to be repaid prior to the expiration date of the amended Revolving Credit Agreement. ProAssurance is required to pay a commitment fee, ranging from 0.20% to 0.45% based on ProAssurance’s debt to capitalization ratio, on the average unused portion of the amended Revolving Credit Agreement during the term of the agreement. Borrowings under the agreements may be secured or unsecured and accrue interest at a selected base rate, adjusted by a margin, which can vary from 0% to 2.375%, based on ProAssurance’s debt to capitalization ratio and whether the borrowing is secured or unsecured. The base rate selected may either be the current one-, three- or six-month SOFR, with the SOFR term selected fixing the interest period for which the rate is effective. If no selection is made, the base rate defaults to the highest of (1) Zero, (2) the Prime rate, (3) the Federal Funds rate plus 0.5% or (4) the one-month SOFR Adjusted Screen Rate plus 1.0%, determined daily. Rates are reset each successive interest period until the borrowing is repaid.

33The amended Revolving Credit Agreement contains customary representations, covenants and events constituting default, and remedies for default. Additionally, the agreement carries the following financial covenants:

~~Table~~(1)ProAssurance is not permitted to have a leverage ratio of ~~Contents~~consolidated funded indebtedness (principally, obligations for borrowed money, obligations evidenced by instruments such as notes or acceptances, standby and commercial letters of credit, and contingent obligations) to consolidated total capitalization (principally, total non-trade liabilities on a consolidated basis plus consolidated shareholders’ equity, exclusive of AOCI) greater than 0.35 to 1.0, determined at the end of each fiscal quarter.

(2)ProAssurance ~~Corporation~~is required to maintain a minimum net worth, excluding AOCI, of at least $912 million.

(3)ProAssurance is required to maintain minimum liquidity, which will include cash, securities, and ~~Subsidiaries~~capacity on its revolving line, of at least $25 million.

~~Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)~~

As of June 30, ~~2022~~2023, ProAssurance is in compliance with all covenants of the amended Revolving Credit Agreement.

Covenant Compliance

There are no financial covenants associated with the Senior Notes or the Contribution Certificates due 2023 and 2031, respectively.

The amended Revolving Credit Agreement contains customary representations, covenants and events constituting default, and remedies for ~~default. The Revolving Credit Agreement also defines financial covenants regarding permitted leverage ratios.~~default, as previously discussed. As of June 30, 2023, ProAssurance is ~~currently~~ in compliance with all covenants of the amended Revolving Credit Agreement.

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ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

June 30, 2023

Additional Information

For additional information regarding ProAssurance's debt, see Note 1311 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in ProAssurance's December 31, ~~2021~~2022 report on Form 10-K.

8. Derivatives

ProAssurance is exposed to certain risks relating to its ongoing business and investment activities. ProAssurance utilizes derivative instruments as part of its risk management strategy to reduce the market risk related to fluctuations in future interest rates associated with a portion of its variable-rate debt. See Note 1 for the Company's accounting policy regarding derivative instruments.

To manage the Company's exposure to variability in cash flows of forecasted interest payments attributable to variability in the selected base rates on borrowings under both the amended Revolving Credit Agreement and Term Loan, ProAssurance entered into two forward-starting interest rate swap agreements ("Interest Rate Swaps") on May 2, 2023, each with an effective date of December 29, 2023 and a maturity date of March 31, 2028. ProAssurance's Interest Rate Swaps are designated and qualify as highly effective cash flow hedges, consequently, changes in the fair value of the Interest Rate Swaps are recorded in AOCI, net of tax, and are reclassified into earnings when the hedged cash flows impact earnings. The Interest Rate Swap hedging the variability in cash flows associated with interest payments on the amended Revolving Credit Agreement will have a constant $125 million notional amount throughout the term of the swap, while the Interest Rate Swap hedging the variability in cash flows associated with interest payments on the Term Loan will have an amortizing $125 million notional amount, which is designed to match the outstanding principal on the Term Loan throughout the term of the swap. Borrowings under the amended Revolving Credit Agreement and Term Loan will accrue interest at a selected base rate, adjusted by a margin. The Interest Rate Swaps effectively fix the base rate on borrowings under the amended Revolving Credit Agreement and Term Loan to 3.187% and 3.207%, respectively. The margin component of the interest rate, which can vary from 0% to 2.375%, will remain variable and is based on ProAssurance’s debt to capitalization ratio. Additional information regarding the Company's amended Revolving Credit Agreement and Term Loan is provided in Note 7.

ProAssurance received cash collateral from the counterparty to secure the net present value of future cash flows associated with the Interest Rate Swaps of $5.5 million and is reflected as a component of other liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2023.

The following table provides a summary of the volume and fair value position of the Interest Rate Swaps as well as the reporting location in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2023.

($ in thousands)

June 30, 2023

Derivatives Designated and Qualifying as Cash Flow Hedging Instruments

Location in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

Number of Instruments

Aggregate Notional Amount(1)

Estimated Fair Value(2)

Interest Rate Swaps

Other Assets

$250,000

$5,455

(1) Volume is represented by the derivative instruments' notional amount.

(2) Additional information regarding the fair value of the Company's Interest Rate Swaps is provided in Note 2.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, ProAssurance did not reclassify any gain or loss on the Interest Rate Swaps from AOCI into earnings. At June 30, 2023, management estimates that it will reclassify approximately $2.4 million of pre-tax net gains on the Interest Rate Swaps from AOCI to earnings over the next twelve months, beginning on the effective date of the Interest Rate Swaps, which will be recorded to interest expense. See additional information on gains or losses related to the Interest Rate Swaps reported as a component of AOCI in Note 9.

As a result of the Interest Rate Swaps, ProAssurance is exposed to risk that the counterparty will fail to meet its contractual obligations. To mitigate this counterparty credit risk, ProAssurance only enters into derivative contracts with carefully selected major financial institutions based upon their credit ratings and monitors their creditworthiness. As of June 30, 2023, the counterparty had an investment grade rating of A and has performed in accordance with their contractual obligations.

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ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

June 30, 2023

9. Shareholders’ Equity

At June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and December 31, ~~2021,~~2022, ProAssurance had 100 million shares of authorized common stock and 50 million shares of authorized preferred stock. The Board has the authority to determine provisions for the issuance of preferred shares, including the number of shares to be issued, the designations, powers, preferences and rights, and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions of such shares.

ProAssurance declared cash dividends of $0.05 per share during the first quarter of 2023 and each of the first two quarters of ~~both~~ 2022, totaling $2.7 million and ~~2021, totaling~~ $5.4 million, ~~for each six-month period.~~respectively. In light of the price range in which the Company's stock traded in the second quarter of 2023, the Board decided to suspend payment of a quarterly cash dividend. Instead, the Company used available capital to repurchase shares pursuant to the existing share repurchase authorization. Any decision to pay future cash dividends is subject to the Board’s final determination after a comprehensive review of financial performance, future expectations and other factors deemed relevant by the Board. See Note 1412 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in ProAssurance's December 31, ~~2021~~2022 report on Form 10-K for additional information.

At June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, Board authorizations for the repurchase of common shares or the retirement of outstanding debt of ~~$110~~$86.4 million remained available for use. ProAssurance repurchased approximately 1.4 million common shares at a cost of $20.0 million during the second quarter of 2023. ProAssurance did not repurchase any common shares during the six months ended June 30, ~~2022 or 2021.~~2022.

Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) and Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The following tables provide a detailed breakout of the components of AOCI and the amounts reclassified from AOCI to net income (loss). The tax effects of all amounts in the tables below, except for an immaterial amount of unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities held at the Company's U.K. subsidiary, were computed using the enacted U.S. federal corporate tax rate of 21%. OCI included a deferred tax benefit of ~~$29.6~~$2.7 million and ~~$67.8~~a deferred tax expense of $8.1 million for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, respectively, ~~as compared to a deferred tax expense of $3.2 million~~ and a deferred tax benefit of ~~$5.1~~$29.6 million and $67.8 million for the same respective periods of ~~2021.~~2022.

The changes in the balance of each component of AOCI for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were as follows:


(In thousands)	Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses) on Securities		Cash Flow Hedging Gains (Losses) (1)		Non-credit Impairments		Unrecognized Change in Defined Benefit Plan Liabilities		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Balance April 1, 2023	$	(254,513)	$	—	$	(11)	$	(1,454)	$	(255,978)
OCI, before reclassifications, net of tax	(16,074)		4,310		—		—		(11,764)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of tax	262		—		—		—		262
Net OCI, current period	(15,812)		4,310		—		—		(11,502)
Balance at June 30, 2023	$	(270,325)	$	4,310	$	(11)	$	(1,454)	$	(267,480)









(In thousands)	Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses) on Securities		Cash Flow Hedging Gains (Losses) (1)		Non-credit Impairments		Unrecognized Change in Defined Benefit Plan Liabilities		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Balance, December 31, 2022	$	(297,142)	$	—	$	(11)	$	(1,454)	$	(298,607)
OCI, before reclassifications, net of tax	23,933		4,310		—		—		28,243
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of tax	2,884		—		—		—		2,884
Net OCI, current period	26,817		4,310		—		—		31,127
Balance, June 30, 2023	$	(270,325)	$	4,310	$	(11)	$	(1,454)	$	(267,480)

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ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

June 30, ~~2022~~2023

~~The changes in the balance of each component of AOCI for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:~~

(In thousands) Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses) Non-credit Impairments Unrecognized Change in Defined Benefit and Post Retirement Liabilities Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Balance, April 1, 2022 $ (125,907) $ — $ 1,341 $ (124,566)
OCI, before reclassifications, net of tax (110,191) (331) — (110,522)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of tax 1,053 — (153) 900
Net OCI, current period (109,138) (331) (153) (109,622)
Balance, June 30, 2022 $ (235,045) $ (331) $ 1,188 $ (234,188)


(In thousands)	(In thousands)	Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses)		Non-credit Impairments		Unrecognized Change in Defined Benefit and Post Retirement Liabilities		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		(In thousands)	Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses) on Securities		Non-credit Impairments		Unrecognized Change in Defined Benefit Plan Liabilities		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Balance, December 31, 2021		$	14,929	$	—	$	1,355	$	16,284
Balance April 1, 2022										Balance April 1, 2022	$	(125,907)	$	—	$	1,341	$	(124,566)
OCI, before reclassifications, net of tax	OCI, before reclassifications, net of tax	(250,999)		(331)		—		(251,330)		OCI, before reclassifications, net of tax	(110,191)		(331)		—		(110,522)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of tax	Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of tax	1,025		—		(167)		858		Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of tax	1,053		—		(153)		900
Net OCI, current period	Net OCI, current period	(249,974)		(331)		(167)		(250,472)		Net OCI, current period	(109,138)		(331)		(153)		(109,622)
Balance, June 30, 2022		$	(235,045)	$	(331)	$	1,188	$	(234,188)
Balance at June 30, 2022										Balance at June 30, 2022	$	(235,045)	$	(331)	$	1,188	$	(234,188)









(In thousands)	Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses) on Securities		Non-credit Impairments		Unrecognized Change in Defined Benefit Plan Liabilities		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Balance, December 31, 2021	$	14,929	$	—	$	1,355	$	16,284
OCI, before reclassifications, net of tax	(250,999)		(331)		—		(251,330)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of tax	1,025		—		(167)		858
Net OCI, current period	(249,974)		(331)		(167)		(250,472)
Balance, June 30, 2022	$	(235,045)	$	(331)	$	1,188	$	(234,188)

(In thousands) Unrealized Investment Gains (Losses) Non-credit Impairments
Unrecognized Change in Defined Benefit Plan Liabilities(1)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Balance, December 31, 2020 $ 75,388 $ (57) $ (104) $ 75,227
OCI, before reclassifications, net of tax (14,497) — 8 (14,489)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of tax (7,723) 57 — (7,666)
Net OCI, current period (22,220) 57 8 (22,155)
Balance, June 30, 2021 $ 53,168 $ — $ (96) $ 53,072
(1)For the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, amounts represent the re-estimation of the defined benefit plan liability assumed in the Eastern acquisition. The defined benefit plan was frozen as to the earnings of additional benefits and the benefit plan liability was reestimated annually. The Company terminated Eastern's defined benefit plan during the third quarter of 2021.
(1) ProAssurance entered into two forward-starting interest rate swap agreements ("Interest Rate Swaps") on May 2, 2023, each of which are designated and qualify as a cash flow hedge. See Note 8 for additional information on the Interest Rate Swaps.

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ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

June 30, ~~2022~~2023

9.10. Variable Interest Entities

ProAssurance holds passive interests in a number of entities that are considered to be VIEs under GAAP guidance. ProAssurance's VIE interests principally consist of interests in LPs/LLCs formed for the purpose of achieving diversified equity and debt returns. ProAssurance's VIE interests, carried as a part of investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries, totaled ~~$291.9~~$277.6 million at June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~$303.7~~$277.5 million at December 31, ~~2021.~~2022. ProAssurance does not have power over the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of these VIEs and thus is not the primary beneficiary. Investments in entities where ProAssurance holds a greater than minor interest but does not hold a controlling interest are accounted for using the equity method. Therefore, ProAssurance has not consolidated these VIEs. ProAssurance’s involvement with each of these VIEs is limited to its direct ownership interest in the VIE. Except for the funding commitments disclosed in Note 6, ProAssurance has no arrangements with any of these VIEs to provide other financial support to or on behalf of the VIE. At June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, ProAssurance’s maximum loss exposure relative to these investments was limited to the carrying value of ProAssurance’s investment in the VIE.

~~As a result of the Company's acquisition of NORCAL (see Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in ProAssurance's December 31, 2021 report on Form 10-K),~~ ProAssurance is the primary beneficiary of PPM RRG. While there is no direct ownership of PPM RRG by ProAssurance, it manages the business operations of PPM RRG through its management services agreement and has effective control of the PPM RRG's Board of Directors through an irrevocable voting proxy. The management services agreement allows ProAssurance to provide management and oversight services to the RRG, which includes the ability to make business decisions impacting the operations of PPM RRG. PPM RRG has a $5 million surplus note to NORCAL which is its only source of capital. ~~ProAssurance has consolidated the account balances and transactions of PPM RRG beginning on the NORCAL acquisition date of May 5, 2021.~~ At June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, approximately ~~$147~~$134 million and $154 million of ProAssurance's assets, respectively, and approximately ~~$147~~$134 million and $154 million of its liabilities, respectively, included on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet were related to PPM RRG.

~~10.~~11. Earnings (Loss) Per Share

Diluted weighted average shares is calculated as basic weighted average shares plus the effect, calculated using the treasury stock method, of assuming that restricted share units and performance share units have vested. The following table provides a reconciliation between the Company's basic weighted average number of common shares outstanding to its diluted weighted average number of common shares outstanding:


(In thousands, except per share data)	(In thousands, except per share data)	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30				(In thousands, except per share data)	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
		2022		2021		2022		2021			2023		2022		2023		2022
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding, basic	Weighted average number of common shares outstanding, basic	54,068		53,965		54,040		53,942		Weighted average number of common shares outstanding, basic	53,815		54,068		53,900		54,040
Dilutive effect of securities:	Dilutive effect of securities:									Dilutive effect of securities:
Restricted Share Units	Restricted Share Units	104		81		109		78		Restricted Share Units	87		104		95		109
Performance Share Units	Performance Share Units	14		2		16		3		Performance Share Units	16		14		22		16

Weighted average number of common shares outstanding, diluted	Weighted average number of common shares outstanding, diluted	54,186		54,048		54,165		54,023		Weighted average number of common shares outstanding, diluted	53,918		54,186		54,017		54,165
Effect of dilutive shares on earnings (loss) per share	Effect of dilutive shares on earnings (loss) per share	$	—	$	(0.01)	$	—	$	—	Effect of dilutive shares on earnings (loss) per share	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

The diluted weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~ 2023

excluded approximately ~~4,000~~339,000 and ~~2,000,~~170,000, respectively, of common share equivalents issuable under the Company's stock compensation plans, as compared to approximately ~~37,000~~4,000 and ~~19,000~~2,000 during the same respective periods of ~~2021,~~2022, as their effect would have been antidilutive.

Dilutive common share equivalents are reflected in the earnings (loss) per share calculation while antidilutive common share equivalents are not reflected in the earnings (loss) per share calculation. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, all incremental common share equivalents were not included in the computation of diluted earnings (loss) per share because to do so would have been antidilutive for ~~the~~each period.

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ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

June 30, ~~2022~~2023

~~11.~~12. Segment Information

ProAssurance's segments are based on the Company's internal management reporting structure for which financial results are regularly evaluated by the Company's CODM to determine resource allocation and assess operating performance. The Company continually assesses its internal management reporting structure and information evaluated by its CODM to determine whether any changes have occurred that would impact its segment reporting structure.

The Company operates in 5five segments that are organized around the nature of the products and services provided: Specialty P&C, Workers' Compensation Insurance, Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance, Lloyd's Syndicates and Corporate. Additional information regarding ProAssurance's segments is included in Note 1816 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in ProAssurance’s December 31, ~~2021~~2022 report on Form 10-K. A description of each of ProAssurance's 5five operating and reportable segments follows.

•Specialty P&C includes professional liability insurance and medical technology liability insurance.

•Workers' Compensation Insurance includes workers' compensation insurance products which are provided primarily to employers with 1,000 or fewer employees.

•Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance includes the results (underwriting profit or loss, plus investment results, net of U.S. federal income taxes) of SPCs at Inova Re and Eastern Re, the Company's Cayman Islands SPC operations.

•Lloyd's Syndicates includes the results from ProAssurance's participation in Lloyd's of London Syndicate 1729 and Syndicate 6131. ProAssurance's participation in the results of Syndicate 1729 for the ~~2022~~2023 underwriting year remains unchanged from the ~~2021~~2022 underwriting year at 5%~~. Effective January 1, 2022,~~ and the Company ceased participation in Syndicate 6131 ~~ceased underwriting on a quota share basis with Syndicate 1729 as Syndicate 6131's applicable business is retained within Syndicate 1729~~ beginning with the 2022 ~~year of account.~~underwriting year. Due to the quarter lag, the Company's ceased participation in Syndicate 6131 was not reflected in ~~the Company's~~its results until the second quarter of 2022.

•Corporate includes ProAssurance's investment operations ~~and excludes~~excluding those reported in the Company's Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance and Lloyd's Syndicates segments. In addition, this segment includes corporate expenses, interest expense, U.S. income taxes and non-premium revenues generated outside of the Company's insurance entities.

The accounting policies of the segments are described in Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in ProAssurance’s December 31, ~~2021~~2022 report on Form 10-K. ProAssurance evaluates the performance of its Specialty P&C and Workers' Compensation Insurance segments based on before tax underwriting profit or loss. ProAssurance evaluates the performance of its Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment based on operating profit or loss, which includes investment results of investment assets solely allocated to SPC operations, net of U.S. federal income taxes. Performance of the Lloyd's Syndicates segment is evaluated based on operating profit or loss, which includes investment results of investment assets solely allocated to Lloyd's Syndicate operations, net of U.K. income tax expense. Performance of the Corporate segment is evaluated based on the contribution made to consolidated after-tax results. ProAssurance accounts for inter-segment transactions as if the transactions were to third parties at current market prices. Assets are not allocated to segments because investments, other than the investments discussed above that are solely allocated to the Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance and Lloyd's Syndicates segments, and other assets are not managed at the segment level. The tabular information that follows shows the financial results of the Company's reportable segments reconciled to results reflected in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. ProAssurance does not consider ~~a gain on bargain purchase~~changes in the fair value of contingent consideration or transaction-related costs for completed business combinations, including any related tax impacts, in assessing the financial performance of its operating and reportable segments, and thus are included in the reconciliation of segment results to consolidated results.

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ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

June 30, ~~2022~~2023

Financial results by segment were as follows:

Three Months Ended June 30, 2022
(In thousands) Specialty P&C Workers' Compensation Insurance Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance Lloyd's Syndicates Corporate Inter-segment Eliminations Consolidated
Net premiums earned $ 183,547 $ 41,709 $ 16,222 $ 5,793 $ — $ — $ 247,271
Net investment income — — 211 143 21,590 — 21,944
Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries — — — — 5,180 — 5,180
Net investment gains (losses) — — (2,782) (485) (20,617) — (23,884)
Other income (expense)(1)
1,903 517 1 129 3,626 (862) 5,314
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses(2)
(137,002) (27,947) (9,272) (3,449) — — (177,670)
Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses(1)(2)
(48,077) (13,669) (5,237) (1,508) (9,019) 862 (76,648)
SPC U.S. federal income tax expense(3)
— — (349) — — — (349)
SPC dividend (expense) income — — 854 — — — 854
Interest expense — — — — (4,919) — (4,919)
Income tax benefit (expense) — — — — 1,789 — 1,789
Segment results $ 371 $ 610 $ (352) $ 623 $ (2,370) $ — (1,118)
Reconciliation of segments to consolidated results:
Transaction-related costs, net(4)
(541)
Net income (loss) $ (1,659)
Significant non-cash items:
Depreciation and amortization, net of accretion $ 2,948 $ 874 $ 345 $ 10 $ 5,882 $ — $ 10,059


		Six Months Ended June 30, 2022															Three Months Ended June 30, 2023
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	Specialty P&C		Workers' Compensation Insurance		Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance		Lloyd's Syndicates		Corporate		Inter-segment Eliminations		Consolidated		(In thousands)	Specialty P&C		Workers' Compensation Insurance		Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance		Lloyd's Syndicates		Corporate		Inter-segment Eliminations		Consolidated
Net premiums earned	Net premiums earned	$	381,514	$	82,393	$	35,536	$	13,539	$	—	$	—	$	512,982	Net premiums earned	$	178,902	$	41,018	$	24,094	$	3,848	$	—	$	—	$	247,862
Net investment income	Net investment income	—		—		323		355		41,709		—		42,387		Net investment income	—		—		603		137		30,910		—		31,650
Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries	Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries	—		—		—		—		12,799		—		12,799		Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries	—		—		—		—		6,632		—		6,632
Net investment gains (losses)	Net investment gains (losses)	—		—		(3,493)		(884)		(33,013)		—		(37,390)		Net investment gains (losses)	—		—		1,194		33		(281)		—		946
Other income (expense)(1)	Other income (expense)(1)	2,924		1,199		1		263		5,691		(1,959)		8,119		Other income (expense)(1)	1,021		651		1		5		2,173		(1,110)		2,741
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses~~(2)~~	Net losses and loss adjustment expenses~~(2)~~	(302,960)		(55,158)		(20,763)		(8,212)		—		—		(387,093)		Net losses and loss adjustment expenses~~(2)~~	(145,044)		(29,762)		(13,816)		(2,436)		—		—		(191,058)
Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses~~(2)~~(1)	Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses~~(2)~~(1)	(90,958)		(26,669)		(9,605)		(4,218)		(17,756)		1,959		(147,247)		Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses~~(2)~~(1)	(47,439)		(14,400)		(6,538)		(1,434)		(8,275)		1,110		(76,976)
SPC U.S. federal income tax expense~~(3)~~(2)	SPC U.S. federal income tax expense~~(3)~~(2)	—		—		(991)		—		—		—		(991)		SPC U.S. federal income tax expense~~(3)~~(2)	—		—		(994)		—		—		—		(994)
SPC dividend (expense) income	SPC dividend (expense) income	—		—		(1,513)		—		—		—		(1,513)		SPC dividend (expense) income	—		—		(3,747)		—		—		—		(3,747)
Interest expense	Interest expense	—		—		—		—		(9,360)		—		(9,360)		Interest expense	—		—		—		—		(5,502)		—		(5,502)
Income tax benefit (expense)	Income tax benefit (expense)	—		—		—		—		3,559		—		3,559		Income tax benefit (expense)	—		—		—		—		(2,927)		—		(2,927)
Segment results	Segment results	$	(9,480)	$	1,765	$	(505)	$	843	$	3,629	$	—	(3,748)		Segment results	$	(12,560)	$	(2,493)	$	797	$	153	$	22,730	$	—	8,627
Reconciliation of segments to consolidated results:	Reconciliation of segments to consolidated results:															Reconciliation of segments to consolidated results:

Transaction-related costs, net(4)														(1,471)
Contingent Consideration Adjustment(3)																Contingent Consideration Adjustment(3)													2,000
Net income (loss)	Net income (loss)													$	(5,219)	Net income (loss)													$	10,627
Significant non-cash items:	Significant non-cash items:															Significant non-cash items:

Depreciation and amortization, net of accretion	Depreciation and amortization, net of accretion	$	5,540	$	1,748	$	715	$	24	$	12,382	$	—	$	20,409	Depreciation and amortization, net of accretion	$	2,559	$	854	$	(552)	$	2	$	3,091	$	—	$	5,954


	Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
(In thousands)	Specialty P&C		Workers' Compensation Insurance		Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance		Lloyd's Syndicates		Corporate		Inter-segment Eliminations		Consolidated
Net premiums earned	$	358,245	$	81,821	$	39,394	$	8,189	$	—	$	—	$	487,649
Net investment income	—		—		1,024		325		60,611		—		61,960
Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries	—		—		—		—		5,511		—		5,511
Net investment gains (losses)	—		—		2,355		22		481		—		2,858
Other income (expense)(1)	2,014		1,232		1		2		2,500		(2,221)		3,528
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses	(309,096)		(60,606)		(22,238)		(4,414)		—		—		(396,354)
Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses(1)	(88,399)		(27,379)		(11,575)		(3,155)		(16,477)		2,221		(144,764)
SPC U.S. federal income tax expense(2)	—		—		(1,526)		—		—		—		(1,526)
SPC dividend (expense) income	—		—		(5,689)		—		—		—		(5,689)
Interest expense	—		—		—		—		(10,965)		—		(10,965)
Income tax benefit (expense)	—		—		—		—		(755)		—		(755)
Segment results	$	(37,236)	$	(4,932)	$	1,746	$	969	$	40,906	$	—	1,453
Reconciliation of segments to consolidated results:
Contingent Consideration Adjustment(3)													3,000
Net income (loss)													$	4,453
Significant non-cash items:

Depreciation and amortization, net of accretion	$	5,199	$	1,723	$	(488)	$	3	$	7,194	$	—	$	13,631

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ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

June 30, ~~2022~~2023

Three Months Ended June 30, 2021
(In thousands) Specialty P&C Workers' Compensation Insurance Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance Lloyd's Syndicates Corporate Inter-segment Eliminations Consolidated
Net premiums earned $ 168,635 $ 40,626 $ 16,272 $ 13,460 $ — $ — $ 238,993
Net investment income — — 206 518 16,693 — 17,417
Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries — — — — 11,927 — 11,927
Net realized gains (losses) — — 1,580 89 9,164 — 10,833
Other income (expense)(1)
1,471 900 1 361 351 (626) 2,458
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses (140,214) (27,751) (8,443) (5,444) — — (181,852)
Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses(1)
(28,877) (12,712) (5,293) (4,721) (5,929) 626 (56,906)
SPC U.S. federal income tax expense(2)
— — (504) — — — (504)
SPC dividend (expense) income — — (2,864) — — — (2,864)
Interest expense — — — — (5,176) — (5,176)
Income tax benefit (expense) — — — — (220) — (220)
Segment results $ 1,015 $ 1,063 $ 955 $ 4,263 $ 26,810 $ — 34,106
Reconciliation of segments to consolidated results:
Gain on bargain purchase 74,408
Transaction-related costs, net(4)
(16,464)
Net income (loss) $ 92,050
Significant non-cash items:
Gain on bargain purchase $ 74,408
Depreciation and amortization, net of accretion $ 3,134 $ 903 $ 361 $ 16 $ 5,183 $ — $ 9,597


	Three Months Ended June 30, 2022
(In thousands)	Specialty P&C		Workers' Compensation Insurance		Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance		Lloyd's Syndicates		Corporate		Inter-segment Eliminations		Consolidated
Net premiums earned	$	183,547	$	41,709	$	16,222	$	5,793	$	—	$	—	$	247,271
Net investment income	—		—		211		143		21,590		—		21,944
Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries	—		—		—		—		5,180		—		5,180
Net investment gains (losses)	—		—		(2,782)		(485)		(20,617)		—		(23,884)
Other income (expense)(1)	1,903		517		1		129		3,626		(862)		5,314
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses	(137,002)		(27,947)		(9,272)		(3,449)		—		—		(177,670)
Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses(1)	(48,077)		(13,669)		(5,237)		(1,508)		(9,019)		862		(76,648)
SPC U.S. federal income tax expense(2)	—		—		(349)		—		—		—		(349)
SPC dividend (expense) income	—		—		854		—		—		—		854
Interest expense	—		—		—		—		(4,919)		—		(4,919)
Income tax benefit (expense)	—		—		—		—		1,789		—		1,789
Segment results	$	371	$	610	$	(352)	$	623	$	(2,370)	$	—	(1,118)
Reconciliation of segments to consolidated results:



Transaction-related costs, net(4)													(541)
Net income (loss)													$	(1,659)
Significant non-cash items:

Depreciation and amortization, net of accretion	$	2,948	$	874	$	345	$	10	$	5,882	$	—	$	10,059


	Six Months Ended June 30, 2022
(In thousands)	Specialty P&C		Workers' Compensation Insurance		Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance		Lloyd's Syndicates		Corporate		Inter-segment Eliminations		Consolidated
Net premiums earned	$	381,514	$	82,393	$	35,536	$	13,539	$	—	$	—	$	512,982
Net investment income	—		—		323		355		41,709		—		42,387
Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries	—		—		—		—		12,799		—		12,799
Net investment gains (losses)	—		—		(3,493)		(884)		(33,013)		—		(37,390)
Other income (expense)(1)	2,924		1,199		1		263		5,691		(1,959)		8,119
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses	(302,960)		(55,158)		(20,763)		(8,212)		—		—		(387,093)
Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses(1)	(90,958)		(26,669)		(9,605)		(4,218)		(17,756)		1,959		(147,247)
SPC U.S. federal income tax expense(2)	—		—		(991)		—		—		—		(991)
SPC dividend (expense) income	—		—		(1,513)		—		—		—		(1,513)
Interest expense	—		—		—		—		(9,360)		—		(9,360)
Income tax benefit (expense)	—		—		—		—		3,559		—		3,559
Segment results	$	(9,480)	$	1,765	$	(505)	$	843	$	3,629	$	—	(3,748)
Reconciliation of segments to consolidated results:


Transaction-related costs(4)													(1,471)
Net income (loss)													$	(5,219)
Significant non-cash items:

Depreciation and amortization, net of accretion	$	5,540	$	1,748	$	715	$	24	$	12,382	$	—	$	20,409

(1) Includes certain fees for services provided by the Workers' Compensation Insurance segment to the SPCs at Inova Re and Eastern Re which are recorded as expenses within the Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment and as other income within the Workers' Compensation Insurance segment. These fees are primarily SPC rental fees and are eliminated between segments in consolidation.
(2) Represents the provision for U.S. federal income taxes for SPCs at Inova Re, which have elected to be taxed as a U.S. corporation under Section 953(d) of the Internal Revenue Code. U.S. federal income taxes are included in the total SPC net results and are paid by the individual SPCs.
(3) Represents the change in the fair value of contingent consideration issued in connection with the NORCAL acquisition included as a component of consolidated net investment gains (losses) on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income. See further discussion on the contingent consideration in Note 2.
(4) Represents the transaction-related costs, after-tax, associated with the acquisition of NORCAL. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 pre-tax transaction-related costs of approximately $0.7 million and $1.9 million, respectively, were included as a component of consolidated operating expense and the associated income tax benefit of approximately $0.2 million and $0.4 million, respectively, were included as a component of consolidated income tax benefit (expense) on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income.

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ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

June 30, ~~2022~~

Six Months Ended June 30, 2021
(In thousands) Specialty P&C Workers' Compensation Insurance Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance Lloyd's Syndicates Corporate Inter-segment Eliminations Consolidated
Net premiums earned $ 284,249 $ 80,636 $ 32,156 $ 29,310 $ — $ — $ 426,351
Net investment income — — 427 1,246 30,761 — 32,434
Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries — — — — 18,715 — 18,715
Net investment gains (losses) — — 2,568 (26) 17,140 — 19,682
Other income (expense)(1)
1,939 1,293 2 582 2,245 (1,599) 4,462
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses (241,400) (53,958) (17,867) (18,411) — — (331,636)
Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses(1)
(55,223) (24,998) (10,320) (11,311) (12,177) 1,599 (112,430)
SPC U.S. federal income tax expense(3)
— — (860) — — — (860)
SPC dividend (expense) income — — (4,606) — — — (4,606)
Interest expense — — — — (8,389) — (8,389)
Income tax benefit (expense) — — — — (1,151) — (1,151)
Segment results $ (10,435) $ 2,973 $ 1,500 $ 1,390 $ 47,144 $ — 42,572
Reconciliation of segments to consolidated results:
Gain on bargain purchase 74,408
Transaction-related costs(4)
(17,195)
Net income (loss) $ 99,785
Significant non-cash items:
Gain on bargain purchase $ 74,408
Depreciation and amortization, net of accretion $ 5,305 $ 1,806 $ 677 $ 32 $ 8,500 $ — $ 16,320
(1) Certain fees for services provided to the SPCs at Inova Re and Eastern Re are recorded as expenses within the Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment and as other income within the Workers' Compensation Insurance segment. These fees are primarily SPC rental fees and are eliminated between segments in consolidation.
(2) Beginning in 2022, ProAssurance revised its process for estimating ULAE as a result of substantially integrating NORCAL into the Specialty P&C segment operations. The change in the Company's estimate of ULAE increased underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses with an offsetting decrease to net losses and loss adjustment expenses in the Specialty P&C segment; there was no impact on segment results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022. See further discussion on this change in estimate in Note 1.
(3) Represents the provision for U.S. federal income taxes for SPCs at Inova Re, which have elected to be taxed as a U.S. corporation under Section 953(d) of the Internal Revenue Code. U.S. federal income taxes are included in the total SPC net results and are paid by the individual SPCs.
(4) Represents the transaction-related costs, after-tax, associated with the acquisition of NORCAL. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 pre-tax transaction-related costs of approximately $0.7 million and $1.9 million, respectively, as compared to $20.3 million and $21.2 million for the same respective periods of 2021 were included as a component of consolidated operating expense and the associated income tax benefit of approximately $0.2 million and $0.4 million, respectively, as compared to $3.8 million and $4.0 million for the same respective periods of 2021 were included as a component of consolidated income tax benefit (expense) on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income.

~~Table of Contents~~

~~ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries~~

~~Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)~~

~~June 30, 2022~~2023

The following table provides detailed information regarding ProAssurance's gross premiums earned by product as well as a reconciliation to net premiums earned. All gross premiums earned are from external customers except as noted. ProAssurance's insured risks are primarily within the U.S.


		Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30					Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021		(In thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Specialty P&C Segment	Specialty P&C Segment									Specialty P&C Segment
Gross premiums earned:	Gross premiums earned:									Gross premiums earned:
HCPL	HCPL	$	165,496	$	150,784	$	341,043	$	247,829	HCPL	$	168,928	$	165,496	$	331,315	$	341,043
Small Business Unit	Small Business Unit	26,188		25,905		52,726		51,831		Small Business Unit	25,931		26,188		52,005		52,726
Medical Technology Liability	Medical Technology Liability	9,968		9,613		19,968		18,551		Medical Technology Liability	10,610		9,968		21,156		19,968
Other	Other	203		172		397		323		Other	—		203		—		397
Ceded premiums earned	Ceded premiums earned	(18,308)		(17,839)		(32,620)		(34,285)		Ceded premiums earned	(26,567)		(18,308)		(46,231)		(32,620)
Segment net premiums earned	Segment net premiums earned	183,547		168,635		381,514		284,249		Segment net premiums earned	178,902		183,547		358,245		381,514

Workers' Compensation Insurance Segment	Workers' Compensation Insurance Segment									Workers' Compensation Insurance Segment
Gross premiums earned:	Gross premiums earned:									Gross premiums earned:

Traditional business	Traditional business	45,395		43,693		88,551		85,436		Traditional business	44,660		45,395		88,200		88,551
Alternative market business	Alternative market business	18,126		17,017		36,004		33,906		Alternative market business	17,484		18,126		35,110		36,004
Ceded premiums earned	Ceded premiums earned	(21,812)		(20,084)		(42,162)		(38,706)		Ceded premiums earned	(21,126)		(21,812)		(41,489)		(42,162)
Segment net premiums earned	Segment net premiums earned	41,709		40,626		82,393		80,636		Segment net premiums earned	41,018		41,709		81,821		82,393

Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance Segment	Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance Segment									Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance Segment
Gross premiums earned:	Gross premiums earned:									Gross premiums earned:
Workers' compensation(1)	Workers' compensation(1)	17,092		16,254		34,270		32,368		Workers' compensation(1)	16,329		17,092		32,633		34,270
HCPL(2)	HCPL(2)	1,504		2,173		5,990		4,026		HCPL(2)	10,061		1,504		11,360		5,990

Ceded premiums earned	Ceded premiums earned	(2,374)		(2,155)		(4,724)		(4,238)		Ceded premiums earned	(2,296)		(2,374)		(4,599)		(4,724)
Segment net premiums earned	Segment net premiums earned	16,222		16,272		35,536		32,156		Segment net premiums earned	24,094		16,222		39,394		35,536

Lloyd's Syndicates Segment	Lloyd's Syndicates Segment									Lloyd's Syndicates Segment
Gross premiums earned:	Gross premiums earned:									Gross premiums earned:
Property and casualty	Property and casualty	6,443		16,635		15,675		37,020		Property and casualty	4,522		6,443		9,568		15,675
Ceded premiums earned	Ceded premiums earned	(650)		(3,175)		(2,136)		(7,710)		Ceded premiums earned	(674)		(650)		(1,379)		(2,136)
Segment net premiums earned	Segment net premiums earned	5,793		13,460		13,539		29,310		Segment net premiums earned	3,848		5,793		8,189		13,539

Consolidated net premiums earned	Consolidated net premiums earned	$	247,271	$	238,993	$	512,982	$	426,351	Consolidated net premiums earned	$	247,862	$	247,271	$	487,649	$	512,982

(1) Premium for all periods is assumed from the Workers' Compensation Insurance segment.

(2) Premium for all periods is assumed from the Specialty P&C segment.

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ProAssurance Corporation and Subsidiaries

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)

June 30, ~~2022~~2023

~~12.~~13. Benefit Plans

ProAssurance ~~assumed~~sponsors a defined benefit pension plan ~~on May 5, 2021 as a result of its acquisition of NORCAL,~~ which covers substantially all NORCAL employees (except those that were previous employees of Medicus Insurance Company and FD Insurance Company, employees of PPM RRG as well as new hires after December 31, 2013). Benefits are based on years of service and the employee’s average of the highest five years of annual compensation. Annual contributions to the defined benefit pension plan are ~~not less than~~above the minimum funding standards outlined in the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended. ProAssurance makes contributions to the defined benefit pension plan with the goal of ensuring that it is adequately funded to meet its future obligations. ProAssurance did not make any contributions to the pension plan during the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and does not anticipate making any contributions for the remainder of ~~2022.~~2023. The defined benefit pension plan no longer has future service accruals or compensation increases because this plan was frozen effective December 31, 2015. See ~~Notes 2 and 19~~Note 17 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in ProAssurance's December 31, ~~2021~~2022 report on Form 10-K for more information regarding ~~ProAssurance's acquisition of NORCAL and~~ the defined benefit pension ~~plan, respectively.~~plan.

The components of the net periodic benefit cost (income) for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021~~2022 were as follows:


($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30				($ in thousands)	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30

		2022		2021		2022		2021			2023		2022		2023		2022
Components of net periodic benefit cost (income):	Components of net periodic benefit cost (income):										Components of net periodic benefit cost (income):

Interest cost	Interest cost	$	720	$	474	$	1,431	$	474	Interest cost	$	914	$	720	$	1,818	$	1,431
Expected return on Plan assets	Expected return on Plan assets	(1,001)		(642)		(1,990)		(642)		Expected return on Plan assets	(884)		(1,001)		(1,758)		(1,990)

Total net periodic benefit cost (income)*	Total net periodic benefit cost (income)*	$	(281)	$	(168)	$	(559)	$	(168)	Total net periodic benefit cost (income)*	$	30	$	(281)	$	60	$	(559)
*Net periodic benefit cost (income) is included as a component of operating expense on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021.
*Net periodic benefit cost (income) is included as a component of operating expense on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.										*Net periodic benefit cost (income) is included as a component of operating expense on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes to those statements which accompany this report. Throughout the discussion we use certain terms and abbreviations, which can be found in the Glossary of Terms and Acronyms at the beginning of this report. In addition, a glossary of insurance terms and phrases is available on the investor section of our website. Throughout the discussion, references to "ProAssurance," "PRA," "Company," "we," "us" and "our" refer to ProAssurance Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries. The discussion contains certain forward-looking information that involves significant risks, assumptions and uncertainties. As discussed under the heading "Caution Regarding Forward-Looking Statements," our actual financial condition and results of operations could differ significantly from these forward-looking statements.

ProAssurance Overview

ProAssurance Corporation is a holding company for property and casualty insurance companies. Our insurance subsidiaries provide professional liability insurance, liability insurance for medical technology and life sciences risks and workers' compensation insurance. We also provide capital to Syndicate 1729 at Lloyd's of London.

We operate in five segments which are based on our internal management reporting structure for which financial results are regularly evaluated by our CODM to determine resource allocation and assess operating performance: Specialty P&C, Workers' Compensation Insurance, Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance, Lloyd's Syndicates and Corporate. Additional information on ProAssurance's five operating and reportable segments is included in Note 1816 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our December 31, ~~2021~~2022 report on Form 10-K and in the Segment Results sections herein that follow.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared in conformity with GAAP. Preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts we report on those statements. We evaluate these estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis based on current and historical developments, market conditions, industry trends and other information that we believe to be reasonable under the ~~circumstances, including the potential impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic (see "Item 1A, Risk Factors" in our December 31, 2021 report on Form 10-K for additional information).~~circumstances. We can make no assurance that actual results will conform to our estimates and assumptions; reported results of operations may be materially affected by changes in these estimates and assumptions. A detailed discussion of our critical accounting estimates is included in our Critical Accounting Estimates section in Item 7 of our December 31, ~~2021~~2022 report on Form 10-K.

Management considers the following accounting estimates to be critical because they involve significant judgment by management and those judgments could result in a material effect on our financial statements:

•Reserve for losses and loss adjustment expenses

•Reinsurance

•Valuation of investments and impairment of securities

•Goodwill

•Income taxes

Goodwill / Intangibles

In accordance with GAAP, goodwill and intangible assets are tested for impairment annually or more frequently if circumstances indicate an impairment may have occurred. The date of our annual impairment testing is October 1. For our last annual impairment test at October 1 2022, we performed quantitative assessments that supported a conclusion that the fair value of all of the reporting units with goodwill exceeded their carrying value.

Impairment of goodwill is tested at the reporting unit level, which is consistent with our reportable segments identified in Note 12 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. Of the five reporting units, two have goodwill: Workers' Compensation Insurance and Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance.

During the second quarter of 2023, we performed a quantitative goodwill impairment assessment on our Workers' Compensation Insurance reporting unit as of June 30, 2023, due to market conditions impacting that reporting unit's actual and projected results along with a broader decline in our stock price that occurred for a sustained period of time during the second quarter of 2023. We also estimated the fair value of our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance reporting unit for purposes of reconciling to our market capitalization, which indicated that the fair value of the reporting unit significantly exceeded the carrying amount.

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For the interim impairment assessment performed on June 30, 2023, management estimated the fair value of the Workers' Compensation Insurance reporting unit using both an income approach and a market approach based on the valuation methodologies and process for developing assumptions discussed in our Critical Accounting Estimates section in Item 7 of our December 31, 2022 report on Form 10-K under the heading "Goodwill / Intangibles." To corroborate the reporting unit's valuation, the Company performed a reconciliation of the estimate of the aggregate fair value of all reporting units to ProAssurance's market capitalization, including consideration of a control premium. As a result of the quantitative assessment, management concluded that the fair value of the Workers' Compensation Insurance reporting unit exceeded the carrying value as of the testing date by approximately 3%; therefore, goodwill was not impaired. Continued market conditions that have, or could reasonably be expected to have, additional negative impacts on our actual and projected results could necessitate additional impairment testing in the future, which could result in future goodwill impairments. No goodwill impairment was recorded during the second quarter of 2023. Furthermore, the analysis of certain of our definite and indefinite lived intangible assets indicated no impairment at June 30, 2023. Additional information regarding our goodwill and intangible assets is included in Note 1 and Note 7 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in ProAssurance's December 31, 2022 report on Form 10-K.

Estimation of Taxes / Tax Credits

For interim periods, we generally utilize the estimated annual effective tax rate method under which we determine our provision (benefit) for income taxes based on the current estimate of our annual effective tax rate. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, we utilized the estimated annual effective tax rate method. Under the estimated annual effective tax rate method, items which are unusual, infrequent, or that cannot be reliably estimated are considered in the effective tax rate in the period in which the item is included in income and are referred to as discrete items. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, ~~and 2021,~~ we utilized the discrete effective tax rate method for recording income taxes after the estimated annual effective tax rate method produced an unreliable estimated annual effective tax rate. ~~The discrete~~See further discussion on this method ~~is applied when~~in the ~~application~~Critical Accounting Estimates section under the heading "Estimation of ~~the estimated annual effective tax rate method is impractical and does not provide a reliable estimate~~Taxes/Tax Credits" of ~~the annual effective tax rate. We believe the use of the discrete effective tax rate method for the six months ended~~our June 30, 2022 ~~is more appropriate than the annual effective tax rate method as minor changes in~~report on Form 10-Q. In calculating our ~~estimated ordinary income would have a significant effect on the estimated annual effective tax rate and would result in sizable variations in the customary relationship between~~year-to-date income tax expense (benefit) ~~and pre-tax accounting income (loss).~~

~~Table~~, we include the estimated benefit of ~~Contents~~

~~Accounting Changes~~

~~Beginning in 2022, we revised our process~~tax credits for estimating ULAE as a result of substantially integrating NORCAL into our Specialty P&C segment operations. ULAE are costs that cannot be attributed to processing a specific claim and are allocated to net losses and loss adjustment expensesthe year-to-date period based on the ~~Condensed Consolidated Statement~~most recently available information provided by the tax credit partnerships; the actual amounts of ~~Income and Comprehensive Income. We have accounted for this change prospectively as~~credits provided by the tax credit partnerships may prove to be different than our estimates. The effect of such a ~~change in accounting estimate. Changes in accounting estimate are reflected prospectively beginning~~difference is recognized in the period identified.

Contingent Consideration

Contingent consideration is measured at fair value on the ~~change in estimate occurs. The change in our estimate~~date of ~~ULAE resulted in an increase to underwriting, policy~~ acquisition and ~~operating expenses~~remeasured at fair value each subsequent reporting period. Given the contingent consideration associated with ~~an offsetting decrease to~~the NORCAL acquisition is dependent upon the after-tax development of NORCAL's ultimate net losses between December 31, 2020 and ~~loss adjustment expenses~~December 31, 2023, we bifurcate changes in ~~our Specialty P&C segment; there was no impact on total expenses or~~the contingent consideration each period between fair value changes and, if applicable, changes in estimates of NORCAL's ultimate net ~~income (loss)~~losses for accident years 2020 and prior. Changes in ~~our Condensed Consolidated Statement~~the contingent consideration related to fair value are recognized in earnings as a component of ~~Income~~net investment gains (losses) and ~~Comprehensive Income~~changes in the contingent consideration related to changes in estimates of NORCAL's ultimate net losses for accident years 2020 and prior are recognized in earnings as component of operating expenses.

During the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022.~~2023, we recorded a $2.0 million and $4.0 million decrease to the contingent consideration liability, respectively. The decrease recorded during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 is comprised of $2.0 million and $3.0 million, respectively, related to the remeasurement of the liability to fair value at June 30, 2023, and is reflected as a component of net investment gains (losses). The decrease recorded during the six months ended June 30, 2023, also includes $1 million related to the impact of $7.5 million of unfavorable development recognized in the first quarter of 2023 on NORCAL's reserves related to accident year's 2020 and prior and is reflected as a component of operating expenses. See further discussion ~~on this change in estimate in the Segment Results - Specialty Property & Casualty section~~ that follows ~~and in Note 1~~under the heading Results of ~~the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.~~Operations.

Accounting Changes

We did not have any ~~other~~ change in accounting estimate or policy that had a material effect on our results of operations or financial position during the six months ended June 30, ~~2022.~~2023. We are not aware of any accounting changes not yet adopted as of June 30, ~~2022~~2023 that could have a material impact on our results of operations, financial position or cash flows.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources and Financial Condition

Overview

ProAssurance Corporation is a holding company and is a legal entity separate and distinct from its subsidiaries. As a holding company, our principal source of external revenue is our investment revenues. In addition, dividends from our operating subsidiaries represent another source of funds for our obligations, including debt service and shareholder ~~dividends.~~dividends, if declared. We also charge our operating subsidiaries within our Specialty P&C ~~(including the acquired wholly owned operating subsidiaries of NORCAL effective January 1, 2022)~~ and Workers' Compensation Insurance segments a management fee based on the extent to which services are provided to the subsidiary and the amount of gross premium written by the subsidiary. At June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, we held cash and liquid investments of approximately ~~$55~~$57 million outside our insurance subsidiaries that were available for use without regulatory approval or other restriction. We also have $250 million in permitted borrowings available under our Revolving Credit Agreement as well as the possibility of a $50 million accordion feature, if successfully subscribed. On April 28, 2023, we executed an amendment to the Revolving Credit Agreement, which includes an additional $125 million delayed draw Term Loan. We intend to draw $125 million on the Revolving Credit Agreement and fund the $125 million Term Loan to refinance our Senior Notes that mature November 2023. See further information regarding the amended Revolving Credit Agreement and Term Loan in Note 7 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. As of August 3, ~~2022,~~2023, no borrowings were outstanding under our amended Revolving Credit Agreement.

To date, during ~~2022,~~2023, our operating subsidiaries have paid dividends to us of approximately ~~$22~~$16 million, all of which ~~included $21 million that was~~were paid in July ~~2022. Additionally, we anticipate that our operating subsidiaries will pay dividends of approximately $19 million in August 2022.~~2023. Dividends paid in July ~~and anticipated to be paid in August 2022~~2023 have not been included in our cash and liquid investments held outside of ~~our~~ insurance subsidiaries at June 30, ~~2022.~~2023. Excluding the dividends paid in July ~~2022 and anticipated to be paid in August 2022,~~2023, our insurance subsidiaries, in the aggregate, are permitted to pay dividends of approximately ~~$108~~$133 million over the remainder of ~~2022~~2023 without prior approval of state insurance regulators. However, the payment of any dividend requires prior notice to the insurance regulator in the state of domicile, and the regulator may reduce or prevent the dividend if, in its judgment, payment of the dividend would have an adverse effect on the surplus of the insurance subsidiary. We make the decision to pay dividends from an insurance subsidiary based on the capital needs of that subsidiary and may pay less than the permitted dividend or may also request permission to pay an additional amount (an extraordinary dividend).

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Operating Activities and Related Cash Flows

Reinsurance

Within our Specialty P&C segment, we use insurance and reinsurance (collectively, “reinsurance”) to provide capacity to write larger limits of liability, to provide reimbursement for losses incurred under the higher limit coverages we offer and to provide protection against losses in excess of policy limits. Within our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment, we use reinsurance to reduce our net liability on individual risks, to mitigate the effect of significant loss occurrences (including catastrophic events), to stabilize underwriting results and to increase underwriting capacity by decreasing leverage. In both our Specialty P&C and Workers' Compensation Insurance segments, we use reinsurance in risk sharing arrangements to align our objectives with those of our strategic business partners and to provide custom insurance solutions for large customer groups. Within our Lloyd's Syndicates segment, Syndicate 1729 utilizes reinsurance to provide capacity to write larger limits of liability on individual risks, to provide protection against catastrophic loss and to provide protection against losses in excess of policy limits. The discussion in our Liquidity section under the same heading in Item 7 of our December 31, ~~2021~~2022 report on Form 10-K includes additional information regarding our reinsurance agreements.

Our HCPL and Medical Technology Liability treaties renew annually on October 1 and our Workers' Compensation treaty renews annually on May 1. Our traditional workers' compensation treaty renewed May 1, ~~2022~~2023 at a higher rate than the previous treaty; all other material terms were consistent with the expiring treaty. The significant coverages provided by our current excess of loss reinsurance agreements are ~~detailed~~depicted in the following table.

Excess of Loss Reinsurance Agreements

Healthcare Professional Liability

Medical Technology & Life Sciences Products

Workers' Compensation - Traditional

(1) Effective October 1, 2020, one prepaid limit reinstatement of $21M and a second limit reinstatement of up to $21M for the second layer, subject to reinstatement premium, which attaches after the first reinstatement has been completely exhausted. All limit reinstatements thereafter require no additional premium. Effective October 1, 2021, limits can be reinstated a maximum of four times.

(2) Prior to October 1, 2020, retention was $1M.

(3) Historically, retention has ranged from ~~2.5%~~0% to 32.5%.

(4) Historically, retention has ranged from $1M to $2M.

(5) Subject to a limit of $20M per individual claimant. If an individual loss were to exceed this level the Company would retain this excess exposure.

(6) Subject to an AAD where retention is 3.5% of subject earned premium in annual losses otherwise recoverable in excess of the $500K retention per loss occurrence.

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For the workers' compensation business ceded to Inova Re and Eastern Re, each SPC has in place its own reinsurance ~~arrangements;~~arrangements, which are illustrated in the following table.

Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance


Per Occurrence Coverage						Aggregate Coverage

(1) The attachment point is based on a percentage of written premium within individual cells, ranges from 85% to 94%, and varies by cell.

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Cash Flows

Cash flows between periods compare as follows:


		Six Months Ended June 30							Six Months Ended June 30
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	2022		2021		Change		(In thousands)	2023		2022		Change
Net cash provided (used) by:	Net cash provided (used) by:							Net cash provided (used) by:
Operating activities	Operating activities	$	(3,671)	$	31,015	$	(34,686)	Operating activities	$	(61,842)	$	(3,671)	$	(58,171)
Investing activities	Investing activities	(91,113)		(70,929)		(20,184)		Investing activities	105,926		(91,113)		197,039
Financing activities	Financing activities	(13,986)		(15,072)		1,086		Financing activities	(28,009)		(13,986)		(14,023)
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	$	(108,770)	$	(54,986)	$	(53,784)	Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	$	16,075	$	(108,770)	$	124,845

The principal components of our operating cash flows are the excess of premiums collected and net investment income over losses paid and operating costs, including income taxes. Timing delays exist between the collection of premiums and the payment of losses associated with the premiums. Premiums are generally collected within the twelve-month period after the policy is written, while our claim payments are generally paid over a more extended period of time. Likewise, timing delays exist between the payment of claims and the collection of any associated reinsurance recoveries.

The decrease in operating cash flows of ~~$34.7~~$58.2 million for the six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 as compared to the six months ended June 30, ~~2021~~2022 was primarily due to:

•A decrease in net premium receipts of $61.0 million primarily driven by our Specialty P&C segment due to an increase in cash paid to reinsurers primarily associated with our excess of loss reinsurance arrangements and a decrease in premium receipts due to the competitive market conditions on terms and pricing. In addition, the decrease in net premium receipts reflected our ceased participation in Syndicate 6131 for the 2022 underwriting year.

•An increase in paid losses of ~~$137.4~~$26.0 million driven by our Specialty P&C segment primarily due to ~~NORCAL paid losses~~a higher number of claims resolved with large indemnity payments as compared to the prior year period, as claim costs in our HCPL line of business are pressured by social inflation and ~~the payment of three large claims totaling $16.4 million during the first quarter of 2022.~~higher than anticipated loss severity trends.

•~~An increase~~A decrease in cash received from investment income of $3.3 million driven by a decrease in distributed earnings and redemptions from our portfolio of investments in LPs/LLCs.

The decrease in operating cash flows was partially offset by:

•A decrease in cash paid for operating expenses of ~~$59.1~~$18.8 million driven by ~~our Specialty P&C and Corporate segments, partially offset by~~ the ~~effect~~prior year impact of transaction-related costs associated with our acquisition of NORCAL in 2021. The increase in cash paid for operating expenses in our Specialty P&C and Corporate segments was driven by an increase in compensation-related costs primarily attributable to an increase in headcount due to the addition of NORCAL employees. Furthermore, the increase in our Specialty P&C segment reflected an increase in commissions paid driven by additional premiums from our acquisition of NORCAL. Additionally, the increase reflected the termination of deferred compensation arrangements assumed in the NORCAL acquisition during the first quarter of 2022 totaling approximately $13.2 ~~million.~~million and, to a lesser extent, a timing difference related to a decrease in agency commissions in our Specialty P&C segment. See further discussion of NORCAL's deferred compensation arrangements in Note 23 to the Notes to ~~Condensed~~ Consolidated Financial ~~Statements.~~Statements in our December 31, 2022 report on Form 10-K.

•The effect of a tax refund of approximately ~~$9.0~~$11.7 million which we received in February ~~2021 and an income tax extension payment of $1.1 million for the 2021 tax year during the second quarter of 2022. See~~2023 (see additional discussion onwithin this ~~refund in our Liquidity~~ section under the heading "Taxes" ~~in Item 7 of our December 31, 2021 report on Form 10-K.~~

~~The decrease in operating cash flows was partially offset by:~~

•An increase in net premium receipts of $144.3 million primarily driven by our Specialty P&C segment, partially offset by a decrease in our Lloyd's Syndicates segment. The increase in our Specialty P&C segment was due to additional premiums from our acquisition of NORCAL and the beneficial impacts of our re-underwriting efforts and focus on rate adequacy. The decrease in premium receipts in our Lloyd's Syndicates segment reflected our ceased participation in Syndicate 6131 for the 2022 underwriting year and the impact of our decreased participation in the results of Syndicates 1729 and 6131 for the 2021 underwriting year.

•An increase in cash received from investment income of $28.7 million driven by an increase in distributed earnings and redemptions from our portfolio of investments in LPs/LLCs. The increase in the current period also reflected an increase in our investment balances due to the acquisition of NORCAL.that follows).

The remaining variance in operating cash flows for the six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 as compared to the same period of ~~2021~~2022 was composed of individually insignificant components.

We manage our investing cash flows to ensure that we will have sufficient liquidity to meet our obligations, taking into consideration the timing of cash flows from our investments, including interest payments, dividends and principal payments, as well as the expected cash flows to be generated by our operations as discussed in this section under the heading "Investing Activities and Related Cash Flows."

Our financing cash flows are primarily comprised of share repurchases and dividend ~~payments. See further discussion of~~payments to our ~~financing activities in this section under the heading "Financing Activities and Related Cash Flows."~~stockholders.

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Taxes

We are subject to the tax laws and regulations of the U.S., Cayman Islands and U.K. We file a consolidated U.S. federal income tax return that includes the parent company and its U.S. subsidiaries, except for ProAssurance American Mutual, A Risk Retention Group. Our filing obligations include a requirement to make quarterly payments of estimated taxes to the IRS using the corporate tax rate effective for the tax year. We did not make any quarterly estimated tax payments during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 as we expect NOL carryforwards to offset any income taxes due. During the second quarter of 2022, we made a nominal safe harbor quarterly estimated tax payment and also made an income tax extension payment of $1.1 million for the 2021 tax year; we did not make any quarterly estimated tax payments or income tax extension payments during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 as we expected NOL carryforwards to offset any income taxes due.year.

As a result of the CARES Act that was signed into law on March 27, 2020, we were permitted to carryback NOLs generated in tax years 2019 and 2020 for up to five years. See further discussion in the Critical Accounting ~~Estimate~~Estimates section under the heading "U.S. Tax Legislation" and Note 76 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our December 31, ~~2021~~2022 report on Form 10-K. We generated an NOL of approximately $33.3 million from the 2020 tax year that was carried back to the 2015 tax year that resulted in a ~~claim for a~~tax refund of approximately $11.7 million which ~~we currently anticipate to receive by December 31, 2022.~~

~~As a result of our acquisition of NORCAL, we recorded $46.8 million of net deferred tax assets reflecting~~was received in February 2023. In addition, the ~~remeasurement of NORCAL's historical net deferred tax assets at~~CARES Act included the ~~acquisition date of May 5, 2021. The net deferred tax assets acquired from NORCAL were subject to recalculation following application of all purchase accounting adjustments and our assessment~~initial version of the ~~realizability~~ERC which was extended and expanded in December 2020 and March 2021. See further discussion of ~~NORCAL's deferred~~the ERC in Note 1 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. As an eligible employer under the provisions of the CARES Act, NORCAL filed a claim for a payroll tax ~~assets.~~ refund of approximately $3.8 million during the second quarter of 2023, based on eligible wages paid during 2020.

As a result of the NORCAL acquisition, we have U.S. federal NOL carryforwards, which were approximately ~~$43.0~~$32.3 million as of June 30, ~~2022.~~2023. These NOL carryforwards are subject to limitation by Internal Revenue Code Section 382 and will begin to expire in 2035. For additional information on the NORCAL acquisition see Note 2 ~~and Note 7~~ of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our December 31, ~~2021~~2022 report on Form 10-K.

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Investing Activities and Related Cash Flows

Our investments at June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and December 31, ~~2021~~2022 are comprised as follows:


		June 30, 2022				December 31, 2021					June 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	Carrying Value		% of Total Investment		Carrying Value		% of Total Investment		($ in thousands)	Carrying Value		% of Total Investment		Carrying Value		% of Total Investment
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale	Fixed maturities, available-for-sale									Fixed maturities, available-for-sale
U.S. Treasury obligations	U.S. Treasury obligations	$	221,744	5	%	$	238,507	5	%	U.S. Treasury obligations	$	230,214	5	%	$	221,608	5	%
U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations	U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations	17,633		1	%	20,234		1	%	U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations	18,863		1	%	19,934		1	%
State and municipal bonds	State and municipal bonds	473,168		10	%	519,196		11	%	State and municipal bonds	440,231		10	%	439,450		10	%
Corporate debt	Corporate debt	1,790,008		39	%	1,898,556		39	%	Corporate debt	1,689,179		39	%	1,781,452		41	%
Residential mortgage-backed securities	Residential mortgage-backed securities	385,225		9	%	453,941		9	%	Residential mortgage-backed securities	376,551		9	%	389,540		8	%
Commercial mortgage-backed securities	Commercial mortgage-backed securities	220,427		5	%	245,624		5	%	Commercial mortgage-backed securities	198,776		5	%	203,794		5	%
Other asset-backed securities	Other asset-backed securities	423,610		9	%	457,664		9	%	Other asset-backed securities	398,517		9	%	416,694		9	%
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale	Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale	3,531,815		78	%	3,833,722		79	%	Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale	3,352,331		78	%	3,472,472		79	%
Fixed maturities, trading	Fixed maturities, trading	45,274		1	%	43,670		1	%	Fixed maturities, trading	45,732		1	%	43,434		1	%
Total fixed maturities	Total fixed maturities	3,577,089		79	%	3,877,392		80	%	Total fixed maturities	3,398,063		79	%	3,515,906		80	%

Equity investments(1)	Equity investments(1)	147,612		3	%	214,807		4	%	Equity investments(1)	149,529		3	%	143,738		3	%
Short-term investments	Short-term investments	326,050		7	%	216,987		4	%	Short-term investments	315,581		7	%	245,313		6	%
BOLI	BOLI	80,818		2	%	81,767		2	%	BOLI	80,930		2	%	81,746		2	%
Investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries	Investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries	321,912		7	%	335,576		7	%	Investment in unconsolidated subsidiaries	306,027		7	%	305,210		7	%
Other investments	Other investments	95,496		2	%	101,794		3	%	Other investments	65,287		2	%	95,770		2	%
Total investments	Total investments	$	4,548,977	100	%	$	4,828,323	100	%	Total investments	$	4,315,417	100	%	$	4,387,683	100	%
(1) Includes $116.4 million and $187.1 million of investment grade bond funds as of June 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, which are not subject to significant equity price risk.
(1) Includes $113.2 million and $112.1 million of investment grade bond funds as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, which are not subject to significant equity price risk.										(1) Includes $113.2 million and $112.1 million of investment grade bond funds as of June 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, which are not subject to significant equity price risk.

At June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, 99% of our investments in available-for-sale fixed maturity securities were rated and the average rating was A+. The distribution of our investments in available-for-sale fixed maturity securities by rating were as follows:


		June 30, 2022				December 31, 2021					June 30, 2023				December 31, 2022
($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	Carrying Value		% of Total Investment		Carrying Value		% of Total Investment		($ in thousands)	Carrying Value		% of Total Investment		Carrying Value		% of Total Investment
Rating*	Rating*									Rating*
AAA	AAA	$	1,003,906	28	%	$	1,129,136	29	%	AAA	$	981,442	29	%	$	1,008,230	29	%
AA+	AA+	123,992		4	%	130,077		3	%	AA+	111,357		3	%	113,659		3	%
AA	AA	228,063		6	%	254,570		7	%	AA	205,775		6	%	210,247		6	%
AA-	AA-	190,500		5	%	194,661		5	%	AA-	180,069		5	%	190,106		5	%
A+	A+	223,186		6	%	221,473		6	%	A+	273,215		8	%	264,950		8	%
A	A	477,788		14	%	521,598		14	%	A	400,317		12	%	432,442		12	%
A-	A-	340,456		10	%	364,147		9	%	A-	343,807		10	%	345,671		10	%
BBB+	BBB+	291,713		8	%	292,984		8	%	BBB+	194,162		6	%	213,794		6	%
BBB	BBB	251,287		7	%	300,650		8	%	BBB	300,643		9	%	305,987		9	%
BBB-	BBB-	147,935		4	%	127,982		3	%	BBB-	128,872		4	%	137,596		4	%
Below investment grade	Below investment grade	244,521		7	%	296,444		8	%	Below investment grade	231,507		7	%	249,400		7	%
Not rated	Not rated	8,468		1	%	—		—	%	Not rated	1,165		1	%	390		1	%
Total	Total	$	3,531,815	100	%	$	3,833,722	100	%	Total	$	3,352,331	100	%	$	3,472,472	100	%
*Average of three NRSRO sources, presented as an S&P equivalent. Source: S&P, Copyright ©2022, S&P Global Market Intelligence
*Average of three NRSRO sources, presented as an S&P equivalent. Source: S&P, Copyright ©2023, S&P Global Market Intelligence										*Average of three NRSRO sources, presented as an S&P equivalent. Source: S&P, Copyright ©2023, S&P Global Market Intelligence

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A detailed listing of our investment holdings as of June 30, ~~2022~~2023 is located under the Financial Information heading on the Investor Relations page of our website which can be reached directly at https://investor.proassurance.com/financial-information/quarterly-investment-supplements/default.aspx or through links from the Investor Relations section of our website, investor.proassurance.com.

We manage our investments to ensure that we will have sufficient liquidity to meet our obligations, taking into consideration the timing of cash flows from our investments, including interest payments, dividends and principal payments, as well as the expected cash flows to be generated or used by our operations. In addition to the interest and dividends we will receive from our investments, we anticipate that between ~~$100~~$90 million and ~~$120~~$140 million of our portfolio will mature (or be paid down) each quarter over the next twelve months and become available, if needed, to meet our cash flow requirements. In response to higher severity trends and an increase in paid losses in our HCPL line of business, we have reduced the rate of reinvestment of these cash flows in order to allow for additional cash availability. The primary outflow of cash at our insurance subsidiaries is related to paid losses and operating costs, including income taxes. The payment of individual claims cannot be predicted with certainty; therefore, we rely upon the history of paid claims in estimating the timing of future claims payments with consideration to current and anticipated industry trends and macroeconomic conditions. To the extent that we may have an unanticipated shortfall in cash, we may either liquidate securities or borrow funds under existing borrowing arrangements through our Revolving Credit Agreement and the FHLB system. Permitted borrowings under our Revolving Credit Agreement are $250 million with the possibility of an additional $50 million accordion feature, if successfully subscribed. On April 28, 2023, we executed an amendment to the Revolving Credit Agreement, which includes an additional $125 million delayed draw Term Loan. We intend to draw $125 million on the Revolving Credit Agreement and fund the $125 million Term Loan to refinance our Senior Notes that mature November 2023. Given the duration of our investments, we do not foresee a shortfall that would require us to meet operating cash needs through additional borrowings. Additional information regarding our Revolving Credit Agreement is detailed in Note 7 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

At June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, our FAL was comprised of fixed maturity securities with a fair value of ~~$30.0~~$18.7 million and cash and cash equivalents of ~~$0.3~~$0.6 million deposited with Lloyd's. ~~See further discussion in Note 3 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.~~During the second quarter of ~~2022,~~2023, we received a return of approximately ~~$5.5~~$4.1 million of cash from our FAL balances ~~given Syndicate 6131 ceased underwriting on a quota share basis with Syndicate 1729 beginning with the 2022 underwriting year as well as~~related to the settlement of our participation in the results of Syndicate 1729 and Syndicate 6131 for the ~~2019~~2020 underwriting year. See further discussion in Note 3 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Our investment portfolio continues to be primarily composed of high quality fixed income securities with approximately 92% of our fixed maturities being investment grade securities as determined by national rating agencies. The weighted average effective duration of our fixed maturity securities at June 30, ~~2022~~2023 was ~~3.74~~3.34 years; the weighted average effective duration of our fixed maturity securities combined with our short-term securities was ~~3.42~~3.06 years.

The carrying value and unfunded commitments for certain of our investments were as follows:


		Carrying Value				June 30, 2022				Carrying Value				June 30, 2023
($ in thousands, except expected funding period)	($ in thousands, except expected funding period)	June 30, 2022		December 31, 2021		Unfunded Commitment		Expected funding period in years	($ in thousands, except expected funding period)	June 30, 2023		December 31, 2022		Unfunded Commitment		Expected funding period in years
Qualified affordable housing project tax credit partnerships (1)	Qualified affordable housing project tax credit partnerships (1)	$	7,207	$	12,424	$	287	5	Qualified affordable housing project tax credit partnerships (1)	$	1,216	$	4,088	$	133	4

All other investments, primarily investment fund LPs/LLCs	All other investments, primarily investment fund LPs/LLCs	314,705		323,152		148,451		5	All other investments, primarily investment fund LPs/LLCs	304,811		301,122		109,154		4
Total	Total	$	321,912	$	335,576	$	148,738		Total	$	306,027	$	305,210	$	109,287
(1) The carrying value reflects our total commitments (both funded and unfunded) to the partnerships, less any amortization, since our initial investment. We fund these investments based on funding schedules maintained by the partnerships.	(1) The carrying value reflects our total commitments (both funded and unfunded) to the partnerships, less any amortization, since our initial investment. We fund these investments based on funding schedules maintained by the partnerships.								(1) The carrying value reflects our total commitments (both funded and unfunded) to the partnerships, less any amortization, since our initial investment. We fund these investments based on funding schedules maintained by the partnerships.

Investment fund LPs/LLCs are by nature less liquid and may involve more risk than other investments. We manage our risk through diversification of asset class and geographic location. At June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, we had investments in 3532 separate investment funds with a total carrying value of ~~$314.7~~$304.8 million which represented approximately 7% of our total investments. Our investment fund LPs/LLCs generate earnings from trading portfolios, secured debt, debt securities, multi-strategy funds and private equity investments, and the performance of these LPs/LLCs is affected by the volatility of equity and credit markets. For our investments in LPs/LLCs, we record our allocable portion of the partnership operating income or loss as the results of the LPs/LLCs become available, typically following the end of a reporting period.

~~Treasury Shares~~

In July 2022, we repurchased approximately 139,000 common shares at a cost of approximately $3.2 million, conducted through a 10b5-1 stock repurchase plan. As of August 3, 2022, our remaining Board authorization was approximately $106.4 million.

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Treasury Shares

We repurchased approximately 1.4 million common shares at a cost of approximately $20.0 million, conducted through a 10b5-1 stock repurchase plan during the second quarter of 2023. We did not repurchase any shares during the six months ended June 30, 2022. In July 2023, we repurchased approximately 0.7 million common shares at a cost of approximately $10.3 million conducted through a 10b5-1 stock repurchase plan, and as of August 8, 2023, our remaining Board authorization was approximately $76.1 million.

Shareholder Dividends

Our Board declared quarterly cash dividends of $0.05 per share during the first quarter of 2023 and each of the first and second quarters of 2022, each of which was paid in the following quarter. The Board continually evaluates how best to return capital to shareholders. In light of the price range in which our stock traded in the second quarter of 2023, the Board decided to suspend payment of a quarterly cash dividend. Instead, we used available capital to repurchase shares pursuant to the existing share repurchase authorization. Any decision to pay future cash dividends is subject to the Board’s final determination after a comprehensive review of financial performance, future expectations and other factors deemed relevant by the Board.

Debt

Our debt less unamortized debt issuance costs at June 30, 2023 is $426 million and is comprised of Senior Notes, Contribution Certificates and a Revolving Credit Agreement.

At June 30, ~~2022~~2023 our debt included $250 million of outstanding unsecured ~~senior notes.~~Senior Notes. The notes bear interest at 5.3% annually and are due in November 2023, although they may be redeemed in whole or part prior to maturity. There are no financial covenants associated with these notes.

NORCAL Insurance Company, successor to NORCAL Mutual Insurance Company, issued Contribution Certificates, which bear interest at 3.0% annually and are due in 2031, to certain NORCAL policyholders in the conversion. The Contribution Certificates have a principal amount of $191 million and were recorded at their fair value of $175 million at the date of the NORCAL acquisition on May 5, 2021. The difference of $16 million between the recorded acquisition date fair value and the principal balance of the Contribution Certificates will be accreted utilizing the effective interest method over the term of the certificates of ten years as an increase to interest expense. Furthermore, interest payments are subject to deferral if we do not receive permission from the California Department of Insurance prior to payment. We received permission from the California Department of Insurance to pay the ~~first~~ annual interest payment, which was paid in April ~~2022.~~2023. See Note 2 and Note 1311 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our December 31, ~~2021~~2022 report on Form 10-K for additional information on the Contribution Certificates issued in the NORCAL acquisition. There are no financial covenants associated with these certificates.

~~We have a~~On April 28, 2023, we executed an amendment to the Revolving Credit Agreement, which ~~expires in~~extended the expiration from November 2024 ~~that~~to April 2028 and includes an additional $125 million delayed draw Term Loan. The amended Revolving Credit Agreement may be used for general corporate purposes, including, but not limited to, short-term working capital, share repurchases as authorized by the Board and support for other activities. Our amended Revolving Credit Agreement permits borrowings of up to $250 million as well as the possibility of a $50 million accordion feature, if successfully subscribed. AtThe Term Loan is available to be drawn up to $125 million during a five year period after closing, subject to customary borrowing conditions. We intend to draw on the Revolving Credit Agreement, including the Term Loan, to refinance our Senior Notes that mature November 2023. As of June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, there were no outstanding borrowings on our amended Revolving Credit Agreement; we are in compliance with the financial covenants of the amended Revolving Credit Agreement.

Additional information regarding our debt is provided in Note 7 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

~~We utilized an interest rate cap agreement with a notional amount of $35 million to~~To manage our exposure to ~~increases in LIBOR. Per the~~ interest rate ~~cap agreement,~~risk due to variability in the base rate on borrowings under the amended Revolving Credit Agreement and Term Loan, we ~~were entitled to receive cash payments if and when the three-month LIBOR exceeds 2.35%. In April 2022, we terminated our~~entered into two forward-starting interest rate ~~cap agreement that was previously utilized to manage~~swap agreements ("Interest Rate Swaps") on May 2, 2023, each with an effective date of December 29, 2023 and maturity date of March 31, 2028. Additional information regarding our ~~exposure to increases~~Interest Rate Swaps is provided in ~~LIBOR on Mortgage Loans that were fully repaid in 2021. As a result of the termination, we received $2.1 million in proceeds during the second quarter of 2022. See~~ Note 21 and Note 8 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial ~~Statements of our December 31, 2021 report on Form 10-K for additional information on our interest rate cap agreement.~~Statements.

Three of our insurance subsidiaries are members of an FHLB. Through membership, those subsidiaries have access to secured cash advances which can be used for liquidity purposes or other operational needs. In order for us to use FHLB proceeds, regulatory approvals may be required depending on the nature of the transaction. To date, those subsidiaries have not materially utilized their membership for borrowing purposes.

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Results of Operations – Three and Six Months Ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 Compared to Three and Six Months Ended June 30, ~~2021~~2022

Selected consolidated financial data for each period is summarized in the table below.


		Three Months Ended June 30									Six Months Ended June 30										Three Months Ended June 30									Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands, except per share data)	($ in thousands, except per share data)	2022			2021			Change			2022			2021			Change			($ in thousands, except per share data)	2023			2022			Change			2023			2022			Change
Revenues:	Revenues:																			Revenues:
Net premiums written	Net premiums written	$	210,151		$	188,214		$	21,937		$	521,066		$	390,484		$	130,582		Net premiums written	$	214,046		$	210,151		$	3,895		$	498,955		$	521,066		$	(22,111)

Net premiums earned	Net premiums earned	$	247,271		$	238,993		$	8,278		$	512,982		$	426,351		$	86,631		Net premiums earned	$	247,862		$	247,271		$	591		$	487,649		$	512,982		$	(25,333)

Net investment result	Net investment result	27,124			29,344			(2,220)			55,186			51,149			4,037			Net investment result	38,282			27,124			11,158			67,471			55,186			12,285
Net investment gains (losses)	Net investment gains (losses)	(23,884)			10,833			(34,717)			(37,390)			19,682			(57,072)			Net investment gains (losses)	2,946			(23,884)			26,830			5,858			(37,390)			43,248
Other income	Other income	5,314			2,458			2,856			8,119			4,462			3,657			Other income	2,741			5,314			(2,573)			3,528			8,119			(4,591)
Total revenues	Total revenues	255,825			281,628			(25,803)			538,897			501,644			37,253			Total revenues	291,831			255,825			36,006			564,506			538,897			25,609

Expenses:	Expenses:																			Expenses:

Net losses and loss adjustment expenses	Net losses and loss adjustment expenses	177,670			181,852			(4,182)			387,093			331,636			55,457			Net losses and loss adjustment expenses	191,058			177,670			13,388			396,354			387,093			9,261
Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses	Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses	77,333			77,188			145			149,109			133,638			15,471			Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses	76,976			77,333			(357)			144,764			149,109			(4,345)
SPC U.S. federal income tax expense	SPC U.S. federal income tax expense	349			504			(155)			991			860			131			SPC U.S. federal income tax expense	994			349			645			1,526			991			535
SPC dividend expense (income)	SPC dividend expense (income)	(854)			2,864			(3,718)			1,513			4,606			(3,093)			SPC dividend expense (income)	3,747			(854)			4,601			5,689			1,513			4,176
Interest expense	Interest expense	4,919			5,176			(257)			9,360			8,389			971			Interest expense	5,502			4,919			583			10,965			9,360			1,605

Total expenses	Total expenses	259,417			267,584			(8,167)			548,066			479,129			68,937			Total expenses	278,277			259,417			18,860			559,298			548,066			11,232
Gain on bargain purchase		—			74,408			(74,408)			—			74,408			(74,408)

Income (loss) before income taxes	Income (loss) before income taxes	(3,592)			88,452			(92,044)			(9,169)			96,923			(106,092)			Income (loss) before income taxes	13,554			(3,592)			17,146			5,208			(9,169)			14,377
Income tax expense (benefit)	Income tax expense (benefit)	(1,933)			(3,598)			1,665			(3,950)			(2,862)			(1,088)			Income tax expense (benefit)	2,927			(1,933)			4,860			755			(3,950)			4,705
Net income (loss)	Net income (loss)	$	(1,659)		$	92,050		$	(93,709)		$	(5,219)		$	99,785		$	(105,004)		Net income (loss)	$	10,627		$	(1,659)		$	12,286		$	4,453		$	(5,219)		$	9,672
Non-GAAP operating income (loss)	Non-GAAP operating income (loss)	$	16,328		$	26,602		$	(10,274)		$	24,008		$	28,688		$	(4,680)		Non-GAAP operating income (loss)	$	8,562		$	16,328		$	(7,766)		$	490		$	24,008		$	(23,518)
Earnings (loss) per share:	Earnings (loss) per share:																			Earnings (loss) per share:
Basic	Basic	$	(0.03)		$	1.71		$	(1.74)		$	(0.10)		$	1.85		$	(1.95)		Basic	$	0.20		$	(0.03)		$	0.23		$	0.08		$	(0.10)		$	0.18
Diluted	Diluted	$	(0.03)		$	1.70		$	(1.73)		$	(0.10)		$	1.85		$	(1.95)		Diluted	$	0.20		$	(0.03)		$	0.23		$	0.08		$	(0.10)		$	0.18
Non-GAAP operating income (loss) per share:	Non-GAAP operating income (loss) per share:																			Non-GAAP operating income (loss) per share:
Basic	Basic	$	0.30		$	0.49		$	(0.19)		$	0.44		$	0.53		$	(0.09)		Basic	$	0.16		$	0.30		$	(0.14)		$	0.01		$	0.44		$	(0.43)
Diluted	Diluted	$	0.30		$	0.49		$	(0.19)		$	0.44		$	0.53		$	(0.09)		Diluted	$	0.16		$	0.30		$	(0.14)		$	0.01		$	0.44		$	(0.43)
Net loss ratio	Net loss ratio	71.9		%	76.1		%	(4.2		pts)	75.5		%	77.8		%	(2.3		pts)	Net loss ratio	77.1		%	71.9		%	5.2		pts	81.3		%	75.5		%	5.8		pts
Underwriting expense ratio	Underwriting expense ratio	31.3		%	32.3		%	(1.0		pts)	29.1		%	31.3		%	(2.2		pts)	Underwriting expense ratio	31.1		%	31.3		%	(0.2		pts)	29.7		%	29.1		%	0.6		pts
Combined ratio	Combined ratio	103.2		%	108.4		%	(5.2		pts)	104.6		%	109.1		%	(4.5		pts)	Combined ratio	108.2		%	103.2		%	5.0		pts	111.0		%	104.6		%	6.4		pts
Operating ratio	Operating ratio	94.3		%	101.1		%	(6.8		pts)	96.3		%	101.5		%	(5.2		pts)	Operating ratio	95.4		%	94.3		%	1.1		pts	98.3		%	96.3		%	2.0		pts
Effective tax rate	Effective tax rate	53.8		%	(4.1		%)	57.9		pts	43.1		%	(3.0		%)	46.1		pts	Effective tax rate	21.6		%	53.8		%	(32.2		pts)	14.5		%	43.1		%	(28.6		pts)
Return on equity*	Return on equity*	(0.4		%)	9.0		%	(9.4		pts)	(0.7		%)	5.0		%	(5.7		pts)	Return on equity*	3.2		%	(0.4		%)	3.6		pts	0.5		%	(0.7		%)	1.2		pts
Non-GAAP operating return on equity*	Non-GAAP operating return on equity*	5.3		%	8.0		%	(2.7		pts)	3.7		%	4.3		%	(0.6		pts)	Non-GAAP operating return on equity*	3.0		%	5.3		%	(2.3		pts)	0.1		%	3.7		%	(3.6		pts)
																																							*Annualized. See further discussion on this calculation in the Executive Summary of Operations section under the heading "Non-GAAP Operating ROE."
In all tables that follow, the abbreviation "nm" indicates that the information or the percentage change is not meaningful.	In all tables that follow, the abbreviation "nm" indicates that the information or the percentage change is not meaningful.																			In all tables that follow, the abbreviation "nm" indicates that the information or the percentage change is not meaningful.

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Table of Contents

Executive Summary of Operations

The following sections provide an overview of our consolidated and segment results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 as compared to the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2021.~~2022. See the Segment Results sections that follow for additional information regarding each segment's results.

Revenues

The following table shows our consolidated and segment net premiums earned:


		Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30									Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	2022		2021		Change				2022		2021		Change				($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Net premiums earned	Net premiums earned																	Net premiums earned
Specialty P&C	Specialty P&C	$	183,547	$	168,635	$	14,912	8.8	%	$	381,514	$	284,249	$	97,265	34.2	%	Specialty P&C	$	178,902	$	183,547	$	(4,645)	(2.5	%)	$	358,245	$	381,514	$	(23,269)	(6.1	%)
Workers' Compensation Insurance	Workers' Compensation Insurance	41,709		40,626		1,083		2.7	%	82,393		80,636		1,757		2.2	%	Workers' Compensation Insurance	41,018		41,709		(691)		(1.7	%)	81,821		82,393		(572)		(0.7	%)
Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance	Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance	16,222		16,272		(50)		(0.3	%)	35,536		32,156		3,380		10.5	%	Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance	24,094		16,222		7,872		48.5	%	39,394		35,536		3,858		10.9	%
Lloyd's Syndicates	Lloyd's Syndicates	5,793		13,460		(7,667)		(57.0	%)	13,539		29,310		(15,771)		(53.8	%)	Lloyd's Syndicates	3,848		5,793		(1,945)		(33.6	%)	8,189		13,539		(5,350)		(39.5	%)
Consolidated total	Consolidated total	$	247,271	$	238,993	$	8,278	3.5	%	$	512,982	$	426,351	$	86,631	20.3	%	Consolidated total	$	247,862	$	247,271	$	591	0.2	%	$	487,649	$	512,982	$	(25,333)	(4.9	%)

~~For~~Our consolidated net premiums earned remained relatively unchanged for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and decreased $25.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022, consolidated net premiums earned included earned premium from our acquisition of NORCAL of approximately $71.0 million and $151.9 million, respectively, as compared to $48.5 million during both the three and six months ended June 30, 2021. Excluding NORCAL premiums, our consolidated net premiums earned decreased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 by $14.3 million and $16.8 million, respectively,2023 as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021~~2022.

•For our Specialty P&C segment, net premiums earned decreased during the 2023 three- and six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of 2022 driven by the pro rata effect of a decrease in the volume of premium written during the preceding twelve months due to our process of evaluating the NORCAL book of business and implementing ProAssurance's underwriting strategies. Additionally, net premiums earned inalso reflected adjustments made during the first quarter of 2023 and second quarter of 2022 which increased ceded premiums owed under our ~~Lloyd's Syndicates and Specialty P&C segments, partially offset by an increase in net premiums earned in our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment.~~ swing rated reinsurance arrangements related to prior accident year losses; no such adjustment was made during the current period.

•The decrease in our Lloyd's Syndicates segment for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 was due to ~~our decreased participation in~~ the ~~results~~pro rata effect of ~~Syndicate 1729 and Syndicate 6131 for the 2021 underwriting year and, to~~ a lesser extent, our ceased participation in Syndicate 6131 for the 2022 underwriting year. In the second quarter of 2021, we wrote a tail policy which resulted in $7.8 million of one-time premium written and fully earned at that time. The non-recurrence of this one-time transaction was the largest impact to the decline in earned premium for our legacy Specialty P&C business. The decreasereduction in net premiums ~~earned in our Specialty P&C segment also reflected the effect of an adjustment made~~written during the ~~second quarter of 2022 to ceded premiums owed under reinsurance agreements related to prior accident year losses; no such adjustments were made during the same respective period of 2021.~~ preceding twelve months.

•For our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment, ~~the increase in~~ net premiums earned ~~during~~decreased for the ~~2022~~2023 three- and six-month periods ~~reflected~~as compared to the same respective periods of 2022 driven by the continuation of competitive market conditions, partially offset by an increase in ~~audit premiums billed to policyholders and, for~~ the ~~2022 six-month period, the prior year effect of a $1.2 million reduction in our~~carried EBUB estimate ~~during the first quarter~~ of ~~2021.~~ $1.9 million and $2.9 million, respectively.

•Net premiums earned in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment ~~remained relatively unchanged for the 2022 three-month period and~~ increased for the ~~2022~~2023 three- and six-month ~~period~~periods as compared to the same respective periods of 2022 driven by the impact of tail coverage premiums primarily related to one program in which we do not participate in the underwriting results, which resulted in ~~$3.0~~$7.9 million of one-time premium written and fully earned during the ~~first~~second quarter of ~~2022.~~2023.

Table of Contents

The following table shows our consolidated net investment result:


		Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30									Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	2022		2021		Change				2022		2021		Change				($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Net investment income	Net investment income	$	21,944	$	17,417	$	4,527	26.0	%	$	42,387	$	32,434	$	9,953	30.7	%	Net investment income	$	31,650	$	21,944	$	9,706	44.2	%	$	61,960	$	42,387	$	19,573	46.2	%
Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries*	Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries*	5,180		11,927		(6,747)		(56.6	%)	12,799		18,715		(5,916)		(31.6	%)	Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries*	6,632		5,180		1,452		28.0	%	5,511		12,799		(7,288)		(56.9	%)
Net investment result	Net investment result	$	27,124	$	29,344	$	(2,220)	(7.6	%)	$	55,186	$	51,149	$	4,037	7.9	%	Net investment result	$	38,282	$	27,124	$	11,158	41.1	%	$	67,471	$	55,186	$	12,285	22.3	%
*Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries includes our share of the operating results of interests we hold in certain LPs/LLCs as well as operating losses associated with our tax credit partnership investments, which are designed to generate returns in the form of tax credits and tax-deductible project operating losses.

The increase in our consolidated net investment income for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021 was driven by the addition of NORCAL's investment portfolio and also~~2022 reflected higher average book yields as we continue to reinvest at higher rates as our portfolio matures. ~~Furthermore, the increase in net investment income during the 2022 three- and six-month periods reflected the prior year impact of capital planning in anticipation of closing the NORCAL acquisition.~~ Equity in earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries ~~decreased~~increased for the three ~~and six~~ months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 as compared to the same ~~respective periods~~period of ~~2021 driven by lower reported earnings from a~~

~~Table~~2022 primarily due to the performance of ~~Contents~~

~~few LP investments,~~two LPs, which are ~~primarily~~generally reported to us on a one-quarter lag, and reflected higher market ~~volatility~~valuations during the fourth quarter of 2022 and first quarter of 2023. The decrease in equity in earnings of unconsolidated subsidiaries for the six months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to the same period of 2022 was driven by the performance of one LP, which was reported to us on a one-quarter lag, and reflected lower market valuations during the fourth quarter of 2022, partially offset by lower amortization of tax credit partnership operating losses.

The following table shows our total consolidated net investment gains (losses):


	Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Net impairment losses recognized in earnings	$	(43)	$	(553)	$	510	(92.2	%)	$	(2,976)	$	(553)	$	(2,423)	438.2	%
Other net investment gains (losses)(1)	2,989		(23,331)		26,320		112.8	%	8,834		(36,837)		45,671		124.0	%
Net investment gains (losses)	$	2,946	$	(23,884)	$	26,830	112.3	%	$	5,858	$	(37,390)	$	43,248	115.7	%
(1) Consolidated other net investment gains (losses) in the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 include gains of $2.0 million and $3.0 million, respectively, reflecting the change in the fair value of contingent consideration issued in connection with the NORCAL acquisition (see Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our December 31, 2022 report on Form 10-K for additional information on the NORCAL acquisition). We do not consider these adjustments in assessing the financial performance of any of our operating or reportable segments and therefore, we have excluded them from the Segment Results sections that follow.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, we recognized a nominal amount and $3.0 million of credit-related impairment losses in earnings, respectively, related to two corporate bonds in the financial sector. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 we recognized credit-related impairment losses of $0.6 million and non-credit impairments in OCI of $0.4 million related to a corporate bond in the consumer sector. Additional information regarding investment impairment losses is provided in Note 3 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

We recognized $2.9 million and $5.9 million of net investment gains for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, driven by unrealized holding gains resulting from changes in the fair value of our convertible securities, the remeasurement of the contingent consideration liability and, to a lesser extent, death benefit proceeds from a BOLI contract, partially offset by realized losses on the sale of certain other investments. We recognized $23.9 million and $37.4 million of net investment losses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively, driven by unrealized holding losses resulting from changes in the fair value of our equity investments.

Table of Contents

The following table shows our consolidated other income:


		Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30									Three Months Ended June 30, 2023								Six Months Ended June 30, 2023
($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	2022		2021		Change				2022		2021		Change				($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Other income	Other income	$	5,314	$	2,458	$	2,856	116.2	%	$	8,119	$	4,462	$	3,657	82.0	%	Other income	$	2,741	$	5,314	$	(2,573)	(48.4	%)	$	3,528	$	8,119	$	(4,591)	(56.5	%)

The ~~increase~~decrease in consolidated other income for the ~~2022~~2023 three- and six-month periods was driven by the effect of foreign currency exchange rate losses recognized during the first half of 2023 as compared to foreign currency exchange rate gains recognized during the prior year periods. These foreign currency exchange rate changes ~~of $2.7~~resulted in a $2.9 million and ~~$3.1~~$5.2 million decrease for the 2023 three- and six-month periods, respectively, in ~~our Corporate segment~~other income as compared to the same respective periods of 2022 and are related to foreign currency denominated loss reserves associated with premium assumed from an international medical professional liability insured in our Specialty P&C segment. We mitigate foreign exchange exposure by generally matching the currency and duration of associated investments to the corresponding loss reserves. In accordance with GAAP, the impact on the market value of ~~available for sale~~available-for-sale fixed maturities due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates is reflected as part of OCI. Conversely, the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on loss reserves is reflected through net income (loss) as a component of other income. The effect of exchange rate changes on foreign currency denominated loss reserves are reported in our Corporate segment to be consistent with the reporting of the foreign currency denominated invested assets and associated investment income.

Expenses

The following table shows our consolidated and segment net loss ratios and net prior accident year reserve development.


		Three Months Ended June 30									Six Months Ended June 30										Three Months Ended June 30									Six Months Ended June 30
($ in millions)	($ in millions)	2022			2021			Change			2022			2021			Change			($ in millions)	2023			2022			Change			2023			2022			Change
Current accident year net loss ratio	Current accident year net loss ratio																			Current accident year net loss ratio
Consolidated ratio	Consolidated ratio	79.5		%	81.9		%	(2.4		pts)	80.2		%	82.2		%	(2.0		pts)	Consolidated ratio	79.6		%	79.5		%	0.1		pts	81.1		%	80.2		%	0.9		pts
Specialty P&C	Specialty P&C	84.1		%	89.4		%	(5.3		pts)	85.0		%	89.6		%	(4.6		pts)	Specialty P&C	84.7		%	84.1		%	0.6		pts	86.0		%	85.0		%	1.0		pts
Workers' Compensation Insurance	Workers' Compensation Insurance	71.8		%	73.0		%	(1.2		pts)	71.8		%	72.0		%	(0.2		pts)	Workers' Compensation Insurance	72.6		%	71.8		%	0.8		pts	72.6		%	71.8		%	0.8		pts
Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance	Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance	70.7		%	62.9		%	7.8		pts	67.3		%	65.8		%	1.5		pts	Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance	62.9		%	70.7		%	(7.8		pts)	63.7		%	67.3		%	(3.6		pts)
Lloyd's Syndicates	Lloyd's Syndicates	14.1		%	37.2		%	(23.1		pts)	29.9		%	56.1		%	(26.2		pts)	Lloyd's Syndicates	23.8		%	14.1		%	9.7		pts	38.4		%	29.9		%	8.5		pts
Calendar year net loss ratio	Calendar year net loss ratio																			Calendar year net loss ratio
Consolidated ratio	Consolidated ratio	71.9		%	76.1		%	(4.2		pts)	75.5		%	77.8		%	(2.3		pts)	Consolidated ratio	77.1		%	71.9		%	5.2		pts	81.3		%	75.5		%	5.8		pts
Specialty P&C	Specialty P&C	74.6		%	83.1		%	(8.5		pts)	79.4		%	84.9		%	(5.5		pts)	Specialty P&C	81.1		%	74.6		%	6.5		pts	86.3		%	79.4		%	6.9		pts
Workers' Compensation Insurance	Workers' Compensation Insurance	67.0		%	68.3		%	(1.3		pts)	66.9		%	66.9		%	—		pts	Workers' Compensation Insurance	72.6		%	67.0		%	5.6		pts	74.1		%	66.9		%	7.2		pts
Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance	Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance	57.2		%	51.9		%	5.3		pts	58.4		%	55.6		%	2.8		pts	Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance	57.3		%	57.2		%	0.1		pts	56.5		%	58.4		%	(1.9		pts)
Lloyd's Syndicates	Lloyd's Syndicates	59.5		%	40.4		%	19.1		pts	60.7		%	62.8		%	(2.1		pts)	Lloyd's Syndicates	63.3		%	59.5		%	3.8		pts	53.9		%	60.7		%	(6.8		pts)
Favorable (unfavorable) reserve development, prior accident years	Favorable (unfavorable) reserve development, prior accident years																			Favorable (unfavorable) reserve development, prior accident years
Consolidated	Consolidated	$	19.0		$	13.8		$	5.2		$	24.3		$	18.6		$	5.7		Consolidated	$	6.3		$	19.0		$	(12.7)		$	(0.7)		$	24.3		$	(25.0)
Specialty P&C	Specialty P&C	$	17.4		$	10.5		$	6.9		$	21.3		$	13.2		$	8.1		Specialty P&C	$	6.5		$	17.4		$	(10.9)		$	(1.1)		$	21.3		$	(22.4)
Workers' Compensation Insurance	Workers' Compensation Insurance	$	2.0		$	1.9		$	0.1		$	4.0		$	4.1		$	(0.1)		Workers' Compensation Insurance	$	—		$	2.0		$	(2.0)		$	(1.2)		$	4.0		$	(5.2)
Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance	Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance	$	2.2		$	1.8		$	0.4		$	3.2		$	3.3		$	(0.1)		Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance	$	1.3		$	2.2		$	(0.9)		$	2.9		$	3.2		$	(0.3)
Lloyd's Syndicates	Lloyd's Syndicates	$	(2.6)		$	(0.4)		$	(2.2)		$	(4.2)		$	(2.0)		$	(2.2)		Lloyd's Syndicates	$	(1.5)		$	(2.6)		$	1.1		$	(1.3)		$	(4.2)		$	2.9

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Table of Contents

The primary drivers of the change in our consolidated current accident year net loss ~~ratio~~ratios for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021~~2022 were as follows:

Increase (Decrease)
~~2022~~2023 versus ~~2021~~2022

(In percentage points)

Comparative
three-month
periods

Comparative
six-month
periods

Estimated ratio increase (decrease) attributable to:

NORCAL ~~Operations~~

~~(1.6 pts)~~

~~0.2 pts~~

~~NORCAL~~ Acquisition - Purchase Accounting Amortization

~~(0.2 pts)~~

~~(0.5 pts)~~

~~Change in Estimate of ULAE~~

~~(2.6 pts)~~

~~Custom Physician Tail Policy~~

~~0.6~~1.0 pts

~~0.3~~1.0 pts

Ceded Premium Adjustments, Prior Accident Years

~~1.0 pts~~(1.2 pts)

~~0.5 pts~~(0.1 pts)

~~SPCs Estimated Aggregate Reinsurance~~

~~0.5 pts~~

~~0.4 pts~~

All other, net

~~(0.1 pts)~~0.3 pts

~~(0.3 pts)~~— pts

~~Decrease~~Increase in the consolidated current accident year net loss ratio

~~(2.4 pts)~~0.1 pts

~~(2.0 pts)~~0.9 pts

•Excluding the impact of the items specifically identified in the table above, our consolidated current accident year net loss ~~ratios~~ratio for the three months ended June 30, 2023 increased 0.3 percentage points and was essentially unchanged for the six months ended June 30, ~~2022 decreased 0.1 and 0.3 percentage points, respectively,~~2023 as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021 driven by our Specialty P&C, Lloyd's Syndicates and Workers' Compensation Insurance segments.~~2022. The improvement in the current accident year net loss ratios in our Specialty P&C segment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 was driven by a decrease to certain expected loss ratios in our Standard Physician line of business primarily reflecting the improvement in pricing and terms that we have obtained in our estimate of expected losses, which we began recognizing in the second half of 2021, somewhat offset by changes in the mix of business. For our Lloyd's Syndicates segment, the lower current accident year net loss ratios for the 2022 three- and six-month periods were driven by decreases to certain loss estimates during the first quarter of 2022, partially offset by lower reinsurance recoveries as a proportion of gross losses as compared to the prior year periods. The improvement in the current accident year net loss ratios in our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 primarily reflected an improvement in loss frequency and severity trends, partially offset by the continuation of intense price competition and the resulting renewal rate decreases.

•As shown in the previous table, initial loss ratios associated with NORCAL policies are higher than the average for the other books of business in our Specialty P&C segment; however, we reduced certain expected NORCAL loss ratios during the fourth quarter of 2021 due to favorable frequency trends which resulted in a 1.6 percentage point decreaseincrease in our consolidated current accident year net loss ratio for the three months ended June 30, ~~2022 as compared to the prior year quarter. For the six months ended June 30, 2022, the impact of NORCAL's~~2023 reflected a higher ~~initial loss ratios also resulted in a 0.2 percentage point increase in our consolidated~~ current accident year net loss ratio ~~as compared to the same respective prior year period due to a higher volume of NORCAL premium~~in our Specialty P&C and Workers' Compensation Insurance segments.

◦The increase in the current ~~year. Also~~accident year net loss ratio in our Specialty P&C segment for the three months ended June 30, 2023, excluding the impact of the items specifically identified in the table above, was driven by an increase to certain expected loss ratios in our HCPL line of business as we continue to observe higher than anticipated loss severity trends in select jurisdictions that started to emerge in the fourth quarter of 2022 and, to a lesser extent, changes in the mix of business, partially offset by a decrease to certain expected loss ratios in our HCPL line of business that we began recognizing in the second half of 2022.

◦The increase in the current accident year net loss ratio in our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment for the three months ended June 30, 2023 was driven by an increase in estimated losses within the AAD and, to a lesser extent, higher ULAE.

•As a result of our acquisition of NORCAL, our consolidated current accident year net loss ratios were impacted by the amortization of the negative VOBA associated with NORCAL's assumed unearned premium which is recorded as a reduction to current accident year net losses and accounted for a 0.2 and 0.5 percentage point decrease, respectively, in our current period ratios as compared to the prior year. As of June 30, 2022, the negative VOBA associated with NORCAL's assumed unearned premium has been fully amortized.

•Beginning in 2022, we revised our process of estimating ULAE in our Specialty P&C segment as a result of substantially integrating NORCAL into our operations, which accounted for a 2.6 percentage point decrease in our consolidated current accident year net loss ratios for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 were impacted by the purchase accounting amortization of the negative VOBA associated with ~~an offsetting 2.6~~NORCAL's assumed unearned premium of $2.5 million and $4.9 million, respectively, which was recorded as a reduction to current accident year net losses in the prior year periods. As of June 30, 2022, the negative VOBA was fully amortized which resulted in a 1.0 percentage point increase in ~~our consolidated expense ratios for~~each of the same current periods with no impact to our consolidated combined ratios, total expenses or net income. See additional information on this change in ULAE estimate in the Segment Results - Specialty Property and Casualty section that follows.

•~~Our consolidated current accident year net loss ratios for the 2021~~2023 three- and six-month periods were also impacted by a large Custom Physician tail policy written and fully earned in our Specialty P&C segment during the second quarter of 2021 ($7.8 million of net premiums earned with a lower loss ratio than the Specialty P&C segment's average initial loss ratio), which accounted for a decrease of 0.6 and 0.3 percentage points, respectively,ratios as compared to the prior year ~~ratios.~~periods.

~~Table of Contents~~

•During the ~~2022 three-~~first quarter of 2023 and ~~six-month periods,~~second quarter of 2022, we increased our ~~estimates~~estimate of premiums owed under swing rated reinsurance agreements related to prior accident years in our Specialty P&C segment which decreased net premium earned (the denominator of the current accident year net loss ratio); however, the adjustment was greater in the prior year period as compared to 2023 and accounted for a ~~1.0~~1.2 and ~~0.5~~0.1 percentage point ~~increase, respectively,~~decrease in our consolidated ~~current period ratios.~~2023 three- and six-month periods ratio, respectively. No such ~~adjustments were~~adjustment was made during the ~~2021 three- and six-month periods.~~2023 three-month period. See the Segment Results - Specialty Property and Casualty section that follows under the heading "Ceded Premiums Written" for additional information.

•Table of Contents~~Furthermore,~~

In the 2023 three-month period, our consolidated calendar year net loss ratio was lower than our consolidated current accident year net loss ~~ratios for the 2022 three- and six-month periods reflected the effects of a decrease in~~ratio whereas our estimate of aggregate reinsurance under the workers' compensation programs in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment, which accounted for an increase of 0.5 and 0.4 percentage points, respectively,consolidated calendar year net loss ratio in the 2023 six-month period was higher than our consolidated current ~~period ratios as compared~~accident year net loss ratio due to the recognition of net unfavorable prior year ~~periods. The decrease~~reserve development, as shown in the ~~estimated aggregate reinsurance reflected an improvement in expected ultimate program year losses in certain programs.~~

~~In both~~previous table. For the 2022 ~~and 2021~~ three- and six-month periods, our consolidated calendar year net loss ~~ratios were~~ratio was lower than our consolidated current accident year net loss ~~ratios~~ratio due to the recognition of net favorable prior year reserve development, as shown in the previous table. The following table shows the components of our consolidated ~~current~~ net prior accident year reserve development:

Three Months Ended June 30 Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands) 2022 2021 Change 2022 2021 Change
Net favorable reserve development $ 16,074 $ 11,658 $ 4,416 37.9 % $ 18,505 $ 16,507 $ 1,998 12.1 %
NORCAL Acquisition - Purchase Accounting Amortization* 2,900 2,109 791 37.5 % 5,799 2,109 3,690 175.0 %
Total net favorable reserve development $ 18,974 $ 13,767 $ 5,207 37.8 % $ 24,304 $ 18,616 $ 5,688 30.6 %
*See Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our December 31, 2021 report on Form 10-K for additional information on the remaining expected amortization of the NORCAL acquisition purchase accounting adjustments.


	Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Net favorable (unfavorable) reserve development	$	3,824	$	16,074	$	(12,250)	(76.2	%)	$	(5,743)	$	18,505	$	(24,248)	(131.0	%)
NORCAL Acquisition - Purchase Accounting Amortization*	2,510		2,900		(390)		(13.4	%)	5,021		5,799		(778)		(13.4	%)
Total net favorable (unfavorable) reserve development	$	6,334	$	18,974	$	(12,640)	(66.6	%)	$	(722)	$	24,304	$	(25,026)	(103.0	%)
*See Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our December 31, 2022 report on Form 10-K for additional information on the remaining expected amortization of the NORCAL acquisition purchase accounting adjustments.

•We reduced our prior accident year IBNR reserve for COVID-19 by $3.0 million during the second quarter of 2022 as early first notices of potential claims related to anticipated COVID losses have not turned into claims. See additional discussion on the COVID-19 IBNR reserve in our Critical Accounting Estimates section under the heading "Reserve for Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses" in our December 31, 2021 report on Form 10-K.

•~~Development~~The net favorable development recognized in our Specialty P&C segment during ~~the 2022 three- and six-month periods~~three months ended June 30, 2023 was due to lower than anticipated loss emergence in our Medical Technology Liability line of business, principally related to accident years ~~2018~~2014 through ~~2021.~~2017.

•The loss environment in our HCPL line of business in our Specialty P&C segment continues to be challenging in some jurisdictions, as claim costs are pressured by social inflation and higher than anticipated loss severity trends which started to emerge in the fourth quarter of 2022. We are monitoring the impact that these trends have ~~not~~on our open case reserves and prior year development. During the first quarter of 2023, we strengthened case reserves related to four large claims resulting in net unfavorable development of $10.1 million recognized ~~any development~~during the first quarter of 2023, $7.5 million of which related to NORCAL's ~~prior~~ accident ~~year reserves since the date of acquisition on May 5, 2021.~~years 2016 and 2020.

•For our Workers' Compensation Insurance ~~and~~segment, the net unfavorable development for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was primarily attributable to one large claim from the 1997 accident year.

•The net favorable development recognized in the Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance ~~segments, the net favorable development recognized~~segment during the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 reflected overall favorable trends in claim closing ~~patterns.~~patterns primarily in accident years 2016 through 2020.

•We recognized ~~$2.6~~$1.5 million and ~~$4.2~~$1.3 million of unfavorable prior year development in our Lloyd's Syndicates segment during the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, respectively, driven by higher than expected losses and development on certain large claims, primarily catastrophe related losses.

~~Table of Contents~~

Our consolidated and segment underwriting expense ratios were as follows:


		Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30							Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
		2022		2021		Change		2022		2021		Change			2023		2022		Change		2023		2022		Change
Underwriting Expense Ratio	Underwriting Expense Ratio													Underwriting Expense Ratio
Consolidated (1)	Consolidated (1)	31.3	%	32.3	%	(1.0	pts)	29.1	%	31.3	%	(2.2	pts)	Consolidated (1)	31.1	%	31.3	%	(0.2	pts)	29.7	%	29.1	%	0.6	pts
Specialty P&C	Specialty P&C	26.2	%	17.1	%	9.1	pts	23.8	%	19.4	%	4.4	pts	Specialty P&C	26.5	%	26.2	%	0.3	pts	24.7	%	23.8	%	0.9	pts
Workers' Compensation Insurance	Workers' Compensation Insurance	32.8	%	31.3	%	1.5	pts	32.4	%	31.0	%	1.4	pts	Workers' Compensation Insurance	35.1	%	32.8	%	2.3	pts	33.5	%	32.4	%	1.1	pts
Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance	Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance	32.3	%	32.5	%	(0.2	pts)	27.0	%	32.1	%	(5.1	pts)	Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance	27.1	%	32.3	%	(5.2	pts)	29.4	%	27.0	%	2.4	pts
Lloyd's Syndicates	Lloyd's Syndicates	26.0	%	35.1	%	(9.1	pts)	31.2	%	38.6	%	(7.4	pts)	Lloyd's Syndicates	37.3	%	26.0	%	11.3	pts	38.5	%	31.2	%	7.3	pts
Corporate (2)	Corporate (2)	3.6	%	2.5	%	1.1	pts	3.5	%	2.9	%	0.6	pts	Corporate (2)	3.3	%	3.6	%	(0.3	pts)	3.4	%	3.5	%	(0.1	pts)
(1) Consolidated underwriting expenses include transaction-related costs associated with our acquisition of NORCAL that are not included in a segment as we do not consider these costs in assessing the financial performance of any of our operating or reportable segments. See Note 11 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a reconciliation of our segment results to our consolidated results.
(1) Consolidated underwriting expenses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 include $0.7 million and $1.9 million, respectively, of transaction-related costs associated with our acquisition of NORCAL that are not included in a segment as we do not consider these costs in assessing the financial performance of any of our operating or reportable segments. We did not incur any transaction-related costs during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023. See Note 12 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a reconciliation of our segment results to our consolidated results.														(1) Consolidated underwriting expenses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 include $0.7 million and $1.9 million, respectively, of transaction-related costs associated with our acquisition of NORCAL that are not included in a segment as we do not consider these costs in assessing the financial performance of any of our operating or reportable segments. We did not incur any transaction-related costs during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023. See Note 12 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a reconciliation of our segment results to our consolidated results.
(2) There are no net premiums earned associated with the Corporate segment. Ratios shown are the contribution of the Corporate segment to the consolidated ratio (Corporate operating expenses divided by consolidated net premiums earned).	(2) There are no net premiums earned associated with the Corporate segment. Ratios shown are the contribution of the Corporate segment to the consolidated ratio (Corporate operating expenses divided by consolidated net premiums earned).													(2) There are no net premiums earned associated with the Corporate segment. Ratios shown are the contribution of the Corporate segment to the consolidated ratio (Corporate operating expenses divided by consolidated net premiums earned).

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The change in our consolidated underwriting expense ~~ratio~~ratios for the ~~2022~~2023 three- and six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021~~2022 was primarily attributable to the following:


	Increase (Decrease) ~~2022~~2023 versus ~~2021~~2022
(In percentage points)	Comparative three-month ~~period~~periods	Comparative six-month ~~period~~periods
Estimated ratio increase (decrease) attributable to:
Change in Net Premiums Earned and DPAC amortization(1)	0.1 pts	0.6 pts
Employee Retention Credit	— pts	(~~0.1~~0.8 pts)
Contingent Consideration Remeasurement Adjustment	— pts	(0.2 pts)
Transaction-related Costs(2)	(0.3 pts)	(~~0.5~~0.3 pts)
~~NORCAL DPAC Amortization - Prior Period Purchase Accounting Impact~~	~~2.6 pts~~	~~1.5 pts~~
~~Change in Estimate of ULAE~~	~~2.6 pts~~	~~2.6 pts~~
Tail Premium~~(2)~~	~~1.1 pts~~	~~0.3 pts~~
~~Transaction-related Costs~~(3)	(~~8.2~~0.5 pts)	~~(4.6 pts)~~— pts

All other, net	~~1.0~~0.5 pts	~~(1.5 pts)~~1.3 pts
~~Decrease~~Increase (decrease) in the underwriting expense ratio	(~~1.0~~0.2 pts)	~~(2.2 pts)~~0.6 pts
(1) Excludes tail premium.
(2)See footnote 1 in the previous table for more information.
(3) Represents the effect of the change in premium earned from tail policies as there is typically minimal deferred acquisition costs associated with tail premium (see further discussion in the Segment Results - Specialty Property and Casualty and Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance sections that follow).
~~(3)~~ Represents transaction-related costs associated with our acquisition of NORCAL of $0.7 million and $1.9 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively, as compared to $20.3 million and $21.2 million for the same respective periods of 2021. While these costs are included in our consolidated results, they are not allocated to an individual segment as we do not consider these costs in assessing the financial performance of any of our operating or reportable segments. See Note 11~~of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a reconciliation of our segment results to our consolidated results.~~

•Excluding the impact of the items specifically identified in the table above, our consolidated underwriting expense ~~ratio~~ratios for the ~~three~~2023 three- and ~~six months ended June 30, 2022~~six-month periods increased by ~~1.0 percentage points~~0.5 and ~~decreased by 1.5~~1.3 percentage points, respectively, as compared to the same respective ~~prior year periods.~~periods of 2022. The increase in our consolidated underwriting expense ~~ratio~~ratios for the ~~2022 three-month period~~2023 three- and six-month periods was ~~primarily~~ driven by an increase in operating expenses ~~due to higher professional fees and higher amounts accrued for performance-related incentive plans due to our improved combined ratio and other performance metrics~~ in our Specialty P&C ~~segment. Furthermore, our consolidated underwriting expense ratio for the 2022 three-month period reflected~~and Workers' Compensation Insurance segments due to an increase in compensation-related ~~costs, business-related travel~~expenses and, ~~marketing in our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment.~~to a lesser extent, travel-related expenses. The decrease in our consolidated underwriting expense ratio for the 2022 six-month period was driven by lower operating expenses due to the benefits from prior organizational restructurings and proactive expense management as well as expense synergies recognized from the NORCAL acquisition in our Specialty P&C segment. The decreaseincrease in the ~~2022~~2023 six-month period ratio also reflected the ~~change~~prior year impact of the decrease in our allowance for expected credit losses in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment related to the collection of customer accounts that were previously written off.

~~Table of Contents~~

•As shown in the previous table, our consolidated underwriting expense ratios for ~~both~~ the ~~2022~~2023 three- and six-month periods ~~are higher~~reflected a decline in consolidated net premiums earned, excluding the impact of tail premium, which outpaced the change in consolidated DPAC amortization, driven by our Specialty P&C and Workers' Compensation Insurance segments, resulting in a 0.1 and 0.6 percentage point increase in our 2023 three- and six-month periods ratios, respectively, as compared to the same respective periods of 2021 reflecting the impact of lower DPAC amortization than would have otherwise been recognized associated with NORCAL policies during each of the 2021 three- and six-month periods due to the application of GAAP purchase accounting rules in 2021. Under these purchase accounting rules, the capitalized policy acquisition costs for NORCAL policies written prior to the acquisition date were written off through purchase accounting on May 5, 2021 rather than being expensed pro rata over the remaining term of the associated policies (see Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our December 31, 2021 report on Form 10-K for more information). DPAC amortization in our Specialty P&C segment for the 2022 three-month period included a more normalized level of amortization associated with NORCAL policies whereas the 2022 six-month period was approximately $1.0 million lower than would have otherwise been recognized. Normalizing the prior year amortization would have increased our consolidated underwriting expense ratios for the 2021 three- and six-month periods by 2.6 and 1.5 percentage points, respectively.2022.

•As shown in the previous table, ~~the~~our consolidated underwriting expense ~~ratios~~ratio for the ~~three and six months ended June 30, 2022~~2023 six-month period reflected the impact of a ~~revision~~payroll tax refund of $3.8 million recognized in the first quarter of 2023 as a reduction to operating expenses in our ~~process of estimating ULAE~~Specialty P&C segment related to the employee retention credit available to us under the CARES Act, which resulted in ~~approximately $6.3 million and $13.6 million, respectively, of expenses remaining~~a 0.8 percentage point decrease in ~~operating expenses instead of being allocated to net losses and loss adjustment expenses. As a result, this change in ULAE estimate had offsetting impacts to~~ our ~~consolidated loss and expense ratios during the same periods with no impact to our consolidated combined ratio, total expenses or net income.~~current period ratio. See additional discussion on ~~this change in ULAE estimate in~~ the ~~Segment Results - Specialty Property and Casualty section that follows.~~

~~Gain on Bargain Purchase~~

As a result of the NORCAL acquisition, we recognized a gain on bargain purchase of $74.4 million during the second quarter of 2021 representing the excess of the fair value of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed over the purchase consideration. We do not consider this gain in assessing the financial performance of any of our operating or reportable segments and therefore, we excluded it from the Segment Results sections that follow. See further discussion around the gain on bargain purchase recognized from the NORCAL acquisitionERC in Note 21 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements ~~included~~and previous discussion in the Liquidity section under the heading "Taxes."

•As shown in the previous table, our consolidated underwriting expense ratio for the 2023 six-month period reflected the impact of the remeasurement of the contingent consideration liability associated with the NORCAL acquisition, which resulted in a 0.2 percentage point decrease in our ~~December 31, 2021 report~~2023 six-month period ratio. As previously discussed, we recognized $7.5 million of unfavorable development in the first quarter of 2023 on ~~Form 10-K.~~NORCAL's reserves related to accident year's 2020 and prior. Given the contingent consideration is dependent upon the after-tax development of those accident years, we factored in the unfavorable development in the remeasurement of the contingent consideration which resulted in a $1.0 million decrease to the liability. This $1.0 million decrease was recorded as a reduction to operating expenses in our Specialty P&C segment to be consistent with the reporting of changes in NORCAL's reserves. See further discussion on the contingent consideration in Note 2 and Note 6 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Taxes

Our consolidated provision for income taxes and effective tax rates for the six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021~~2022 were as follows:


($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	Six Months Ended June 30								($ in thousands)	Six Months Ended June 30
		2022		2021		Change					2023		2022		Change
Income (loss) before income taxes	Income (loss) before income taxes	$	(9,169)	$	96,923	$	(106,092)	(109.5	%)	Income (loss) before income taxes	$	5,208	$	(9,169)	$	14,377	156.8	%
Less: Income tax expense (benefit)		(3,950)		(2,862)		(1,088)		(38.0	%)
Income tax expense (benefit)										Income tax expense (benefit)	755		(3,950)		4,705		119.1	%
Net income (loss)	Net income (loss)	$	(5,219)	$	99,785	$	(105,004)	(105.2	%)	Net income (loss)	$	4,453	$	(5,219)	$	9,672	185.3	%
Effective tax rate	Effective tax rate	43.1%		(3.0%)		46.1 pts				Effective tax rate	14.5%		43.1%		(28.6 pts)

We recognized income tax expense of $0.8 million and an income tax benefit of $3.9 ~~million and $2.9~~ million during the six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, respectively; however, the comparability of our effective tax rates is impacted by our use of the ~~consolidated pre-tax loss recognized during~~estimated annual effective tax rate method for the 2023 six-month period versus our use of the discrete effective tax rate method for the 2022 six-month period ~~as compared to consolidated pre-tax income recognized~~(see further discussion on these methods in the ~~2021 six-month period.~~Critical Accounting Estimates section under the heading "Estimation of Taxes/Tax Credits").

Our effective tax ~~rates~~rate for ~~both~~ the ~~2022 and 2021~~2023 six-month ~~periods were~~period was different from the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% primarily due to the estimated tax rate differential between our actual effective tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2023 and our projected annual effective tax rate as of June 30, 2023 as calculated under the estimated annual effective tax rate method. Our effective tax rate for the 2022 six-month period was different from the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% primarily due to the benefit recognized from the tax credits transferred to us from our tax credit partnership investments. Additionally, our effective tax rate for the 2021 six-month period was different from the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% due to the non-taxable $74.4 million gain on bargain purchase related to the NORCAL acquisition, as previously discussed. See further discussion of other notable items impacting our effective tax rate in the Segment Operating Results - Corporate section that follows under the heading "Taxes."

~~Table of Contents~~

Operating Ratio

Our operating ratio is our combined ratio, less our investment income ratio. This ratio provides the combined effect of underwriting profitability and investment income. Our operating ratio for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021~~2022 was as follows:


		Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30							Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
		2022		2021		Change		2022		2021		Change			2023		2022		Change		2023		2022		Change
Combined ratio	Combined ratio	103.2	%	108.4	%	(5.2	pts)	104.6	%	109.1	%	(4.5	pts)	Combined ratio	108.2	%	103.2	%	5.0	pts	111.0	%	104.6	%	6.4	pts
Less: investment income ratio	Less: investment income ratio	8.9	%	7.3	%	1.6	pts	8.3	%	7.6	%	0.7	pts	Less: investment income ratio	12.8	%	8.9	%	3.9	pts	12.7	%	8.3	%	4.4	pts
Operating ratio	Operating ratio	94.3	%	101.1	%	(6.8	pts)	96.3	%	101.5	%	(5.2	pts)	Operating ratio	95.4	%	94.3	%	1.1	pts	98.3	%	96.3	%	2.0	pts

Combined ratio, excluding transaction-related costs*	Combined ratio, excluding transaction-related costs*	102.9	%	99.9	%	3.0	pts	104.3	%	104.2	%	0.1	pts	Combined ratio, excluding transaction-related costs*	108.2	%	102.9	%	5.3	pts	111.0	%	104.3	%	6.7	pts
*Our consolidated combined ratios for the 2022 three- and six-month periods includes $0.7 million and $1.9 million, respectively, of transaction-related costs included in consolidated operating expenses associated with our acquisition of NORCAL as compared to $20.3 million and $21.2 million for the same respective periods of 2021. Given these costs do not reflect normal operating expenses, we have excluded their impact from our calculation of the consolidated combined ratio. See previous discussion under the heading "Expenses."
*Our consolidated combined ratio for the 2022 three- and six-month periods includes $0.7 million and $1.9 million, respectively, of transaction-related costs included in consolidated operating expenses associated with our acquisition of NORCAL. We did not incur any transaction-related costs during the 2023 three- and six-month periods. Given these costs do not reflect normal operating expenses, we have excluded their impact from our calculation of the consolidated combined ratio presented above. See previous discussion under the heading "Expenses."														*Our consolidated combined ratio for the 2022 three- and six-month periods includes $0.7 million and $1.9 million, respectively, of transaction-related costs included in consolidated operating expenses associated with our acquisition of NORCAL. We did not incur any transaction-related costs during the 2023 three- and six-month periods. Given these costs do not reflect normal operating expenses, we have excluded their impact from our calculation of the consolidated combined ratio presented above. See previous discussion under the heading "Expenses."

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The primary drivers of the change in our operating ratios were as follows:


	Increase (Decrease) ~~2022~~2023 versus ~~2021~~2022
(In percentage points)	Comparative three-month periods	Comparative six-month periods
Estimated ratio increase (decrease) attributable to:

~~NORCAL Acquisition - Purchase Accounting Amortization~~Investment Results	(~~0.5~~3.9 pts)	(~~1.2~~4.4 pts)
~~Investment Results~~Employee Retention Credit	~~(1.6 pts)~~— pts	(~~0.7~~0.8 pts)
~~Transaction-related Costs~~Contingent Consideration Remeasurement Adjustment	~~(8.2 pts)~~	~~(4.6 pts)~~
~~NORCAL DPAC Amortization - Prior Period Purchase Accounting Impact~~	~~2.6 pts~~	~~1.5 pts~~
~~All other, net~~	~~0.9~~— pts	(0.2 pts)
~~Decrease~~Transaction-related Costs	(0.3 pts)	(0.3 pts)
Change in Prior Accident Year Reserve Development	4.9 pts	4.7 pts
Change in Net Premiums Earned and DPAC amortization	0.1 pts	0.7 pts
NORCAL Acquisition - Purchase Accounting Amortization(1)	1.2 pts	1.2 pts
Ceded Premium Adjustment, Prior Accident Years	(1.2 pts)	(0.1 pts)
All other, net	0.3 pts	1.2 pts
Increase in the operating ratio	~~(6.8 pts)~~1.1 pts	~~(5.2 pts)~~2.0 pts
(1) Includes the impact of purchase accounting amortization on current accident year net losses and prior accident year reserve development. See Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our December 31, 2022 report on Form 10-K for additional information on the remaining expected amortization of the NORCAL acquisition purchase accounting adjustments.

Excluding the impact of the items specifically identified in the table above, our operating ratio for the ~~2022~~2023 three-month period remained relatively unchanged and increased ~~by 0.9~~1.2 percentage points ~~and remained essentially unchanged~~ for the ~~2022~~2023 six-month period as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021.~~2022. The increase in our operating ratio for the ~~2022 three-month~~2023 six-month period was ~~primarily due to a higher net loss ratio~~driven by an increase in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment driven by the change in aggregate reinsurance recoveries, partially offset by an improvement in our net loss ratio in our Specialty P&C segment driven by a decrease to certain loss ratios in our Standard Physician line of business, which we began recognizing in the second half of 2021.consolidated underwriting expense ratio. See previous discussion in this section under the heading "Expenses" and further discussion in our Segment Operating Results sections that follow.

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Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Non-GAAP Operating Income (Loss)

Non-GAAP operating income (loss) is a financial measure that is widely used to evaluate performance within the insurance sector. In calculating Non-GAAP operating income (loss), we have excluded the effects of the items listed in the following table that do not reflect normal results. We believe Non-GAAP operating income (loss) presents a useful view of the performance of our insurance operations, however it should be considered in conjunction with net income (loss) computed in accordance with GAAP.

The following table is a reconciliation of net income (loss) to Non-GAAP operating income (loss):


		Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30					Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(In thousands, except per share data)	(In thousands, except per share data)	2022		2021		2022		2021		(In thousands, except per share data)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Net income (loss)	Net income (loss)	$	(1,659)	$	92,050	$	(5,219)	$	99,785	Net income (loss)	$	10,627	$	(1,659)	$	4,453	$	(5,219)
Items excluded in the calculation of Non-GAAP operating income (loss):	Items excluded in the calculation of Non-GAAP operating income (loss):									Items excluded in the calculation of Non-GAAP operating income (loss):
Net investment (gains) losses(1)	Net investment (gains) losses(1)	23,884		(10,833)		37,390		(19,682)		Net investment (gains) losses(1)	(2,946)		23,884		(5,858)		37,390
Net investment gains (losses) attributable to SPCs which no profit/loss is retained ~~(1)~~(2)	Net investment gains (losses) attributable to SPCs which no profit/loss is retained ~~(1)~~(2)	(2,198)		1,275		(2,800)		2,065		Net investment gains (losses) attributable to SPCs which no profit/loss is retained ~~(1)~~(2)	939		(2,198)		1,852		(2,800)
Transaction-related costs ~~(2)~~(3)	Transaction-related costs ~~(2)~~(3)	685		20,282		1,862		21,208		Transaction-related costs ~~(2)~~(3)	—		685		—		1,862

Guaranty fund assessments (recoupments)	Guaranty fund assessments (recoupments)	113		130		125		133		Guaranty fund assessments (recoupments)	1		113		(74)		125

Gain on bargain purchase (3)		—		(74,408)		—		(74,408)

Pre-tax effect of exclusions	Pre-tax effect of exclusions	22,484		(63,554)		36,577		(70,684)		Pre-tax effect of exclusions	(2,006)		22,484		(4,080)		36,577

Tax effect, at 21% (4)	Tax effect, at 21% (4)	(4,497)		(1,894)		(7,350)		(413)		Tax effect, at 21% (4)	(59)		(4,497)		117		(7,350)
After-tax effect of exclusions	After-tax effect of exclusions	17,987		(65,448)		29,227		(71,097)		After-tax effect of exclusions	(2,065)		17,987		(3,963)		29,227
Non-GAAP operating income (loss)	Non-GAAP operating income (loss)	$	16,328	$	26,602	$	24,008	$	28,688	Non-GAAP operating income (loss)	$	8,562	$	16,328	$	490	$	24,008

Per diluted common share:	Per diluted common share:									Per diluted common share:
Net income (loss)	Net income (loss)	$	(0.03)	$	1.70	$	(0.10)	$	1.85	Net income (loss)	$	0.20	$	(0.03)	$	0.08	$	(0.10)
Effect of exclusions	Effect of exclusions	0.33		(1.21)		0.54		(1.32)		Effect of exclusions	(0.04)		0.33		(0.07)		0.54
Non-GAAP operating income (loss) per diluted common share	Non-GAAP operating income (loss) per diluted common share	$	0.30	$	0.49	$	0.44	$	0.53	Non-GAAP operating income (loss) per diluted common share	$	0.16	$	0.30	$	0.01	$	0.44
(1) Net investment gains (losses) on investments related to SPCs are recognized in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment. SPC results, including any net investment gain or loss, that are attributable to external cell participants are reflected in the SPC dividend expense (income). To be consistent with our exclusion of net investment gains (losses) recognized in earnings, we are excluding the portion of net investment gains (losses) that is included in the SPC dividend expense (income) which is attributable to the external cell participants.
(2) Transaction-related costs associated with our acquisition of NORCAL. We are excluding these costs as they do not reflect normal operating results and are unique and non-recurring in nature.
(3) Gain on bargain purchase associated with our acquisition of NORCAL which is considered unusual, infrequent and non-recurring in nature. As such, we have excluded the gain on bargain purchase from Non-GAAP operating income (loss) as it does not reflect normal operating results.
(4) The 21% rate is the annual expected statutory tax rate associated with the taxable or tax deductible items listed above. We utilized the discrete effective tax rate method for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021. Our statutory tax rate was applied to these items in calculating net income (loss), excluding the 2021 gain on bargain purchase and net realized gains (losses) and related adjustments. Net investment gains (losses) in our Corporate segment are treated as discrete items and are tax effected at the annual expected statutory tax rate (21%) in the period they are included in our consolidated tax provision and net income (loss). The taxes associated with the net investment gains (losses) related to SPCs in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment are paid by the individual SPCs and are not included in our consolidated tax provision or net income (loss); therefore, both the net investment gains (losses) from our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment and the adjustment to exclude the portion of net investment gains (losses) included in the SPC dividend expense (income) in the table above are not tax effected. The 2021 gain on bargain purchase is non-taxable and therefore had no associated income tax impact.
(1) Net investment gains (losses) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 include gains of $2.0 million and $3.0 million related to the change in the fair value of contingent consideration issued in connection with the NORCAL acquisition, respectively. We have excluded this adjustment as it does not reflect normal operating results. See further discussion around the contingent consideration in Note 2 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and discussion on our accounting policy in the Critical Accounting Estimates section under the heading "Contingent Consideration."										(1) Net investment gains (losses) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 include gains of $2.0 million and $3.0 million related to the change in the fair value of contingent consideration issued in connection with the NORCAL acquisition, respectively. We have excluded this adjustment as it does not reflect normal operating results. See further discussion around the contingent consideration in Note 2 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and discussion on our accounting policy in the Critical Accounting Estimates section under the heading "Contingent Consideration."
(2) Net investment gains (losses) on investments related to SPCs are recognized in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment. SPC results, including any net investment gain or loss, that are attributable to external cell participants are reflected in the SPC dividend expense (income). To be consistent with our exclusion of net investment gains (losses) recognized in earnings, we are excluding the portion of net investment gains (losses) that is included in the SPC dividend expense (income) which is attributable to the external cell participants.										(2) Net investment gains (losses) on investments related to SPCs are recognized in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment. SPC results, including any net investment gain or loss, that are attributable to external cell participants are reflected in the SPC dividend expense (income). To be consistent with our exclusion of net investment gains (losses) recognized in earnings, we are excluding the portion of net investment gains (losses) that is included in the SPC dividend expense (income) which is attributable to the external cell participants.
(3) Transaction-related costs associated with our acquisition of NORCAL. We are excluding these costs as they do not reflect normal operating results and are unique and non-recurring in nature.										(3) Transaction-related costs associated with our acquisition of NORCAL. We are excluding these costs as they do not reflect normal operating results and are unique and non-recurring in nature.
(4) The 21% rate is the annual expected statutory tax rate associated with the taxable or tax deductible items listed above. We utilized the estimated annual effective tax rate method for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, while we utilized the discrete effective tax rate method for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022. For the 2023 periods our effective tax rate was applied to these items in calculating net income (loss), excluding net investment gains (losses) and related adjustments. For the 2023 periods, the gain related to the change in the fair value of contingent consideration is non-taxable and therefore had no associated income tax impact. For the 2022 periods, our statutory tax rate was applied to these items in calculating net income (loss). See further discussion on these methods in the Critical Accounting Estimates section under the heading "Estimation of Taxes/Tax Credits". Net investment gains (losses) in our Corporate segment are treated as discrete items and are tax effected at the annual expected statutory tax rate (21%) in the period they are included in our consolidated tax provision and net income (loss). The taxes associated with the net investment gains (losses) related to SPCs in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment are paid by the individual SPCs and are not included in our consolidated tax provision or net income (loss); therefore, both the net investment gains (losses) from our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment and the adjustment to exclude the portion of net investment gains (losses) included in the SPC dividend expense (income) in the table above are not tax effected.										(4) The 21% rate is the annual expected statutory tax rate associated with the taxable or tax deductible items listed above. We utilized the estimated annual effective tax rate method for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, while we utilized the discrete effective tax rate method for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022. For the 2023 periods our effective tax rate was applied to these items in calculating net income (loss), excluding net investment gains (losses) and related adjustments. For the 2023 periods, the gain related to the change in the fair value of contingent consideration is non-taxable and therefore had no associated income tax impact. For the 2022 periods, our statutory tax rate was applied to these items in calculating net income (loss). See further discussion on these methods in the Critical Accounting Estimates section under the heading "Estimation of Taxes/Tax Credits". Net investment gains (losses) in our Corporate segment are treated as discrete items and are tax effected at the annual expected statutory tax rate (21%) in the period they are included in our consolidated tax provision and net income (loss). The taxes associated with the net investment gains (losses) related to SPCs in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment are paid by the individual SPCs and are not included in our consolidated tax provision or net income (loss); therefore, both the net investment gains (losses) from our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment and the adjustment to exclude the portion of net investment gains (losses) included in the SPC dividend expense (income) in the table above are not tax effected.

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Non-GAAP Operating ROE

Non-GAAP operating ROE is a financial measure that is calculated as annualized Non-GAAP operating income (loss) for the period divided by the average of beginning and ending total GAAP shareholders’ equity. As previously discussed, in calculating Non-GAAP operating income (loss), we have excluded the effects of certain items that do not reflect normal results. Non-GAAP operating ROE measures the overall after-tax profitability of our insurance operations and shows how efficiently capital is being used; however, it should be considered in conjunction with ROE computed in accordance with GAAP. The following table is a reconciliation of ROE to Non-GAAP operating ROE for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021:~~2022:


		Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30							Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
		2022		2021		Change		2022		2021		Change			2023		2022		Change		2023		2022		Change
ROE(1)	ROE(1)	(0.4	%)	9.0	%	(9.4	pts)	(0.7	%)	5.0	%	(5.7	pts)	ROE(1)	3.2	%	(0.4	%)	3.6	pts	0.5	%	(0.7	%)	1.2	pts
Pre-tax effect of items excluded in the calculation of Non-GAAP operating ROE	Pre-tax effect of items excluded in the calculation of Non-GAAP operating ROE	7.2	%	(0.4	%)	7.6	pts	5.5	%	(0.6	%)	6.1	pts	Pre-tax effect of items excluded in the calculation of Non-GAAP operating ROE	(0.2	%)	7.2	%	(7.4	pts)	(0.4	%)	5.5	%	(5.9	pts)
Tax effect, at 21%(2)	Tax effect, at 21%(2)	(1.5	%)	(0.6	%)	(0.9	pts)	(1.1	%)	(0.1	%)	(1.0	pts)	Tax effect, at 21%(2)	—	%	(1.5	%)	1.5	pts	—	%	(1.1	%)	1.1	pts
Non-GAAP operating ROE	Non-GAAP operating ROE	5.3	%	8.0	%	(2.7	pts)	3.7	%	4.3	%	(0.6	pts)	Non-GAAP operating ROE	3.0	%	5.3	%	(2.3	pts)	0.1	%	3.7	%	(3.6	pts)
(1) The $74.4 million gain on bargain purchase recognized during the second quarter of 2021 was excluded in our calculation of ROE for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 consistent with our treatment of gains on bargain purchases from previous acquisitions. Further, transaction-related costs associated with our acquisition of NORCAL were not annualized in our quarterly calculation of ROE for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 as these costs are considered non-recurring in nature.
(1) The transaction-related costs associated with our acquisition of NORCAL were not annualized in our quarterly calculation of ROE for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 as these costs are considered non-recurring in nature.														(1) The transaction-related costs associated with our acquisition of NORCAL were not annualized in our quarterly calculation of ROE for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 as these costs are considered non-recurring in nature.
(2) The 21% rate is the annual expected statutory tax rate associated with the taxable or tax deductible items. See further discussion in footnote 4 in this section under the heading "Non-GAAP Operating Income."	(2) The 21% rate is the annual expected statutory tax rate associated with the taxable or tax deductible items. See further discussion in footnote 4 in this section under the heading "Non-GAAP Operating Income."													(2) The 21% rate is the annual expected statutory tax rate associated with the taxable or tax deductible items. See further discussion in footnote 4 in this section under the heading "Non-GAAP Operating Income."

Non-GAAP operating ROE ~~was impacted by~~for the ~~amortization of purchase accounting adjustments during the 2022 and 2021~~2023 three- and six-month periods ~~associated with our acquisition of NORCAL, which increased our Non-GAAP operating ROE~~decreased by ~~0.6~~2.3 and ~~1.1~~3.6 percentage points, ~~for the 2022 three- and six-month periods,~~ respectively, as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021. See Note 2 of~~2022 driven by an increase in the ~~Notes~~consolidated current accident year net loss ratio and, to ~~Consolidated Financial Statements~~a lesser extent, unfavorable prior year development in our December 31, 2021 report on Form 10-K for additional information on the NORCAL acquisition and the related purchase accounting adjustments. Excluding the purchase accounting amortization, Non-GAAP operating ROE for the 2022 three- and six-month periods decreasedLloyd's Syndicates segment, partially offset by ~~3.3 and 1.7 percentage points, respectively, largely~~an increase in investment income due to ~~a lower amount of~~higher average book yields as we continue to reinvest at higher rates as our portfolio matures. The 2023 six-month period also reflected unfavorable prior year ~~DPAC amortization associated with NORCAL policies than would have otherwise been recognized~~development in our Specialty P&C and Workers' Compensation Insurance segments during the ~~2021 three-~~first quarter of 2023 and, ~~six-month periods due~~ to ~~the application of GAAP purchase accounting rules (see previous discussion under the heading "Expenses"). Furthermore, the decrease in ROE for the 2022 three- and six-month periods reflected~~a lesser extent, a decrease in our investment results driven by our results from our portfolio of investments in LPs/~~LLCs and unfavorable prior year development in our Lloyd's Syndicates segment.~~LLCs. See previous ~~discussion~~discussions in this section under the ~~heading "Revenues"~~headings "Executive Summary of Operations" and further discussion in our Segment Operating Results sections that follow.

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Non-GAAP Adjusted Book Value per Share

Book value per share is calculated as total GAAP shareholders’ equity divided by the total number of common shares outstanding at the balance sheet date. This ratio measures the net worth of the Company to shareholders on a per share basis.

Non-GAAP adjusted book value per share is a Non-GAAP measure widely used within the insurance sector and is calculated as shareholders’ equity, excluding AOCI, divided by the total number of common shares outstanding at the balance sheet date. This Non-GAAP calculation measures the net worth of the Company to shareholders on a per share basis excluding AOCI to eliminate the temporary and potentially significant effects of fluctuations in interest rates on our fixed income portfolio; however, it should be considered in conjunction with book value per share computed in accordance with GAAP. The increase in interest rates ~~during~~in 2022 ~~lead~~led to significant unrealized holding losses on our available-for-sale fixed maturity investments resulting in volatility in ~~AOCI.~~AOCI; however, interest rates and bond yields declined during the first quarter of 2023 leading to unrealized holding gains on our available-for-sale fixed maturity investments during the first quarter of 2023, partially offset by unrealized holding losses on our available-for-sale fixed maturity investments during the second quarter of 2023. See Note 89 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

The following table is a reconciliation of our book value per share to Non-GAAP adjusted book value per share at December 31, ~~2021~~2022 and June 30, ~~2022:~~2023:


	Book Value Per Share
Book Value Per Share at December 31, ~~2021~~2022	$	~~26.46~~20.46
Less: AOCI Per Share(1)	~~0.30~~(5.53)
Non-GAAP Adjusted Book Value Per Share at December 31, ~~2021~~2022	~~26.16~~25.99
Increase (decrease) to Non-GAAP Adjusted Book Value Per Share during the six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 attributable to:
Dividends ~~declared~~paid	~~(0.10)~~(0.05)
Cumulative repurchase of shares(2)	0.32

Net income (loss)	~~(0.10)~~0.08

Other(3)	(0.03)
Non-GAAP Adjusted Book Value Per Share at June 30, ~~2022~~2023	$		~~25.96~~26.31
Add: AOCI Per Share(1)	~~(4.33)~~(5.07)
Book Value Per Share at June 30, ~~2022~~2023	$	~~21.63~~21.24
(1) Primarily the impact of accumulated unrealized investment gains (losses) on our available-for-sale fixed maturity investments. See Note 9 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.
(2) Represents the impact of our repurchase of 1.4 million common shares, conducted through a 10b5-1 stock repurchase plan during the second quarter of 2023. See previous discussion in the Liquidity section under the heading "Treasury Shares" for additional information.
(3) Includes the impact of share-based compensation.

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Segment Results - Specialty Property & Casualty

Our Specialty P&C segment focuses on professional liability insurance and medical technology liability insurance as discussed in Note 1816 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our December 31, ~~2021~~2022 report on Form 10-K. On May 5, 2021, we completed our acquisition of NORCAL, an underwriter of healthcare professional liability insurance (Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our December 31, 2021 report on Form 10-K provides additional information regarding this acquisition). Segment results reflected pre-tax underwriting profit or loss from these insurance lines and included the amortization of certain purchase accounting adjustments. Segment results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 ~~and 2021~~ exclude transaction-related costs associated with our acquisition of NORCAL as we do not consider these costs in assessing the financial performance of the segment. We did not incur any transaction-related costs during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023. Segment results included the following:


		Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30									Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	2022		2021		Change				2022		2021		Change				($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Net premiums written	Net premiums written	$	150,015	$	127,434	$	22,581	17.7	%	$	384,853	$	248,747	$	136,106	54.7	%	Net premiums written	$	145,562	$	150,015	$	(4,453)	(3.0	%)	$	359,627	$	384,853	$	(25,226)	(6.6	%)
Net premiums earned	Net premiums earned	$	183,547	$	168,635	$	14,912	8.8	%	$	381,514	$	284,249	$	97,265	34.2	%	Net premiums earned	$	178,902	$	183,547	$	(4,645)	(2.5	%)	$	358,245	$	381,514	$	(23,269)	(6.1	%)
Other income	Other income	1,903		1,471		432		29.4	%	2,924		1,939		985		50.8	%	Other income	1,021		1,903		(882)		(46.3	%)	2,014		2,924		(910)		(31.1	%)
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses	Net losses and loss adjustment expenses	(137,002)		(140,214)		3,212		(2.3	%)	(302,960)		(241,400)		(61,560)		25.5	%	Net losses and loss adjustment expenses	(145,044)		(137,002)		(8,042)		5.9	%	(309,096)		(302,960)		(6,136)		2.0	%
Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses	Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses	(48,077)		(28,877)		(19,200)		66.5	%	(90,958)		(55,223)		(35,735)		64.7	%	Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses	(47,439)		(48,077)		638		(1.3	%)	(88,399)		(90,958)		2,559		(2.8	%)
Segment results	Segment results	$	371	$	1,015	$	(644)	(63.4	%)	$	(9,480)	$	(10,435)	$	955	9.2	%	Segment results	$	(12,560)	$	371	$	(12,931)	(3,485.4	%)	$	(37,236)	$	(9,480)	$	(27,756)	(292.8	%)

Net loss ratio	Net loss ratio	74.6%		83.1%		(8.5 pts)				79.4%		84.9%		(5.5 pts)				Net loss ratio	81.1%		74.6%		6.5 pts				86.3%		79.4%		6.9 pts
Underwriting expense ratio	Underwriting expense ratio	26.2%		17.1%		9.1 pts				23.8%		19.4%		4.4 pts				Underwriting expense ratio	26.5%		26.2%		0.3 pts				24.7%		23.8%		0.9 pts

Premiums Written

Changes in our premium volume within our Specialty P&C segment are generally driven by three primary factors: (1) the amount of new business written, (2) our retention of existing business and (3) the premium charged for business that is renewed, which is affected by rates charged and by the amount and type of coverage an insured chooses to purchase. In addition, premium volume may periodically be affected by shifts in the timing of renewals between periods. ~~For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, our premium volume was primarily affected by our acquisition of NORCAL.~~

The medical professional liability market, which accounts for a majority of the revenues in this segment, remains challenging as physicians continue joining hospitals or larger group practices and, therefore, are no longer purchasing individual or group policies in the standard market. In addition, some competitors have chosen to compete primarily on price. Both factors may impact our ability to write new business and retain existing business. Furthermore, the insurance and reinsurance markets have historically been cyclical, characterized by extended periods of intense price competition and other periods of reduced capacity. The medical professional liability market has been particularly affected by these cycles. Underwriting cycles are driven, among other reasons, by excess capacity available to compete for the business. Changes in the frequency and severity of losses may also affect the cycles of the insurance and reinsurance markets significantly. During “soft markets” where price competition is high and underwriting profits are poor, growth and retention of business become challenging which may result in reduced premium volumes.

Gross, ceded and net premiums written were as follows:


		Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30									Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	2022		2021		Change				2022		2021		Change				($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Gross premiums written	Gross premiums written	$	167,760	$	142,035	$	25,725	18.1	%	$	425,433	$	280,323	$	145,110	51.8	%	Gross premiums written	$	170,174	$	167,760	$	2,414	1.4	%	$	409,049	$	425,433	$	(16,384)	(3.9	%)
Less: Ceded premiums written	Less: Ceded premiums written	17,745		14,601		3,144		21.5	%	40,580		31,576		9,004		28.5	%	Less: Ceded premiums written	24,612		17,745		6,867		38.7	%	49,422		40,580		8,842		21.8	%
Net premiums written	Net premiums written	$	150,015	$	127,434	$	22,581	17.7	%	$	384,853	$	248,747	$	136,106	54.7	%	Net premiums written	$	145,562	$	150,015	$	(4,453)	(3.0	%)	$	359,627	$	384,853	$	(25,226)	(6.6	%)

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Gross Premiums Written

Gross premiums written by component were as follows:

Three Months Ended June 30 Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands) 2022 2021 Change 2022 2021 Change
Professional Liability
HCPL
Standard Physician(1)(12)
$ 43,689 $ 49,734 $ (6,045) (12.2 %) $ 96,342 $ 102,351 $ (6,009) (5.9 %)
NORCAL Standard Physician(2)
39,082 16,340 22,742 139.2 % 145,558 16,340 129,218 790.8 %
Total Standard Physician 82,771 66,074 16,697 25.3 % 241,900 118,691 123,209 103.8 %
Specialty
Custom Physician(3)
12,449 6,755 5,694 84.3 % 19,856 22,592 (2,736) (12.1 %)
NORCAL Custom Physician(4)
4,399 1,205 3,194 265.1 % 16,037 1,205 14,832 1,230.9 %
Hospitals and Facilities(5)
10,969 10,410 559 5.4 % 25,166 26,751 (1,585) (5.9 %)
NORCAL Hospitals and Facilities(6)
5,401 2,387 3,014 126.3 % 8,468 2,387 6,081 254.8 %
Senior Care(7)(12)
177 719 (542) (75.4 %) 4,670 5,760 (1,090) (18.9 %)
Reinsurance assumed(8)
8,128 4,090 4,038 98.7 % 17,889 14,527 3,362 23.1 %
Total Specialty 41,523 25,566 15,957 62.4 % 92,086 73,222 18,864 25.8 %
Total HCPL 124,294 91,640 32,654 35.6 % 333,986 191,913 142,073 74.0 %
Small Business Unit(9)
22,982 23,178 (196) (0.8 %) 45,501 45,944 (443) (1.0 %)
Tail Coverages(10)(12)
5,521 13,318 (7,797) (58.5 %) 15,359 21,456 (6,097) (28.4 %)
NORCAL Tail Coverages(10)
3,832 2,450 1,382 56.4 % 11,565 2,450 9,115 372.0 %
Total Professional Liability 156,629 130,586 26,043 19.9 % 406,411 261,763 144,648 55.3 %
Medical Technology Liability(11)
10,913 11,194 (281) (2.5 %) 18,613 18,178 435 2.4 %
Other 218 255 (37) (14.5 %) 409 382 27 7.1 %
Total Gross Premiums Written $ 167,760 $ 142,035 $ 25,725 18.1 % $ 425,433 $ 280,323 $ 145,110 51.8 %


	Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Professional Liability
HCPL
Standard Physician(1)	$	75,032	$	84,271	$	(9,239)	(11.0	%)	$	213,149	$	240,715	$	(27,566)	(11.5	%)
Specialty
Custom Physician(2)(9)	20,693		15,348		5,345		34.8	%	49,424		37,078		12,346		33.3	%
Hospitals and Facilities(3)	14,653		16,370		(1,717)		(10.5	%)	28,063		33,634		(5,571)		(16.6	%)
Senior Care(4)(9)	210		177		33		18.6	%	4,997		4,670		327		7.0	%
Reinsurance assumed(5)	9,048		8,128		920		11.3	%	21,429		17,889		3,540		19.8	%

Total Specialty	44,604		40,023		4,581		11.4	%	103,913		93,271		10,642		11.4	%
Total HCPL	119,636		124,294		(4,658)		(3.7	%)	317,062		333,986		(16,924)		(5.1	%)
Small Business Unit(6)	21,969		22,982		(1,013)		(4.4	%)	43,220		45,501		(2,281)		(5.0	%)
Tail Coverages(7)(9)	16,530		9,353		7,177		76.7	%	27,658		26,924		734		2.7	%
Total Professional Liability	158,135		156,629		1,506		1.0	%	387,940		406,411		(18,471)		(4.5	%)
Medical Technology Liability(8)	12,039		10,913		1,126		10.3	%	21,109		18,613		2,496		13.4	%
Other	—		218		(218)		nm		—		409		(409)		nm
Total Gross Premiums Written	$	170,174	$	167,760	$	2,414	1.4	%	$	409,049	$	425,433	$	(16,384)	(3.9	%)

(1) Standard Physician premium ~~exclusive~~was our greatest source of ~~NORCAL,~~premium revenues in both 2023 and 2022 and is comprised of twelve month term policies and, to a lesser extent, three month term policies. Standard Physician premium decreased for the ~~2022~~2023 three- and six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021~~2022 driven by retention losses, the impact of the conversion of three month term policies to twelve month term policies in the prior year period and, to a lesser extent, ~~the shifting~~net timing differences of ~~certain policies totaling $2.7~~$2.3 million and ~~$4.2~~$3.4 million, ~~respectively, from our Standard Physician line to our Custom Physician line of business.~~respectively. Partially offsetting these factors during the ~~2022~~2023 three- and six-month periods was an increase in renewal pricing and, to a lesser extent, new business ~~written.~~written, including the addition of a $1.1 million policy during the second quarter of 2023. Retention losses during the 2023 three- and six-month periods generally reflect our pursuit of rate adequacy in a competitive market where other carriers may not have the same objectives, appreciate the rate need, or are attempting to gain market share despite near term underwriting losses (see additional discussion in Part I Item 1. Business of our December 31, 2022 report on Form 10-K under the heading "Competition"). Renewal pricing increases during the ~~2022~~2023 three- and six-month periods reflect the rising loss cost environment and new business written reflects the competitive market conditions. Retention losses during the 2022 three- and six-month periods generally reflect our underwriting strategy as we emphasize careful risk selection, rate adequacy, improved contract terms and a willingness to walk away from business that does not fit our goal of achieving a long-term underwriting profit. Our underwriting and strategic planning process includes a continual evaluation of venues, specialties and other areas to improve our underwriting results. Retention losses during the 2022 six-month period also reflected the loss of a $2.0 million policy that chose to utilize self-insurance as well as the loss of a $1.0 million policy due to price competition.

(2) NORCAL Standard Physician premium represents premium contributed by NORCAL since the date of acquisition and is comprised of twelve month term policies and, to a lesser extent, three month term policies. NORCAL Standard Physician premium increased during the 2022 three- and six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of 2021 driven by one month of additional premium for the 2022 three-month period and four months of additional premium for the 2022 six-month period as compared to the same respective periods of 2021 due to the timing of our acquisition of NORCAL on May 5, 2021. In addition, NORCAL Standard Physician premium increased during the 2022 three- and six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of 2021 due to an increase in renewal pricing and, to a lesser extent, new business written, partially offset by retention losses. In addition, retention for the 2022 three- and six-month periods reflects the process of evaluating the NORCAL book of business and implementing ProAssurance's underwriting strategies.

~~Table of Contents~~

~~(3)~~ Custom Physician premium includes large physician groups, multi-state physician groups and non-standard physicians and is written primarily on an excess and surplus lines basis. The increase in Custom Physician premium during the ~~2022 three-month period~~2023 three- and six-month periods as compared to the same ~~period~~respective periods of ~~2021~~2022 was driven by new business written, net timing differences of $4.6 million and $5.2 million, respectively, primarily related to the prior year renewal of several policies and, to a lesser extent, an increase in renewal pricing, ~~and, to a lesser extent, new business written,~~ partially offset by retention losses, including the loss of a $1.7 million policy due to the consolidation of an insured with a larger entity which is not insured by us. Custom Physician premium decreased for the 2022 six-month period as compared to the same period of 2021 driven by retention losses, partially offset by an increase in renewal pricing and, to a lesser extent, new business written. Additionally, Custom Physician premium during the 2022 three- and six-month periods reflected the shifting of certain policies totaling $2.7 million and $4.2 million, respectively, to our Custom Physician line from our Standard Physician line of business.losses. Renewal pricing increases for the ~~2022~~2023 three- and six-month periods reflect pricing actions taken in response to a rising loss cost environment and new business written reflects the competitive market conditions. The retention ~~rate~~losses in our Custom Physician book for the 2022 six-month period reflects the impact of the loss of two large policies totaling $9.0 million due to the willingness of competitors to offer pricing and terms that did not meet our underwriting criteria during the first quarter of 2022, which resulted in a decrease to our Specialty retention rate of 9.6 percentage points.

~~(4)~~ NORCAL Custom Physician premium represents premium contributed by NORCAL since the date of acquisition and includes large complex physician groups, multi-state physician groups and non-standard physicians and is written primarily on an excess and surplus lines basis. NORCAL Custom Physician premium increased during the 2022 three- and six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of 2021 driven by one month of additional premium for the 2022 three-month period and four months of additional premium for the 2022 six-month period as compared to the same respective periods of 2021 due to the timing of our acquisition of NORCAL on May 5, 2021. In addition, NORCAL Custom Physician premium increased during the 2022 three- and six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of 2021 driven by new business written, partially offset by retention losses. Retention losses during the 20222023 three- and six-month periods reflect our focus on underwriting discipline as well as the loss of a ~~$2.2~~$2.8 million policy due to ~~price competition as well as our continued evaluation of~~ the ~~NORCAL book of business and implementing ProAssurance's underwriting strategies.~~insured moving to a captive arrangement.

~~(5)~~(3) Hospitals and Facilities premium (which includes hospitals, surgery centers and miscellaneous medical facilities) ~~was relatively unchanged for the 2022 three-month period and~~ decreased for the ~~2022~~2023 three- and six-month ~~period~~periods as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021. The decrease in Hospitals and Facilities premium for the~~ 2022 ~~six-month period was~~ driven by retention losses, ~~and, to a lesser extent, net timing differences of $3.9 million. The decrease in Hospitals and Facilities premium for the 2022 six-month period was~~ partially offset by new business written, primarily miscellaneous medical facilities and, to a lesser extent, an increase in renewal pricing. Retention losses in the ~~2022~~2023 six-month period were largely attributable to the loss of a ~~$1.4~~$4.6 million policy due to the insured entering into a captive arrangement ~~and our non-renewal of a $1.2 million policy~~ during the first quarter of ~~2022 due~~2023, which resulted in a decrease to our ~~focus on underwriting discipline.~~Specialty retention rate of 5.5 percentage points. Renewal pricing increases for the ~~2022~~2023 three- and six-month periods reflect rate increases and contract modifications that we believe are appropriate given the current loss environment and new business written reflects the competitive market conditions.

~~(6)~~ ~~NORCAL Hospitals and Facilities premium represents premium contributed by NORCAL since the date~~Table of acquisition and includes hospitals, surgery centers and miscellaneous medical facilities. NORCAL Hospitals and Facilities premium increased during the 2022 three- and six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of 2021 driven by one month of additional premium for the 2022 three-month period and four months of additional premium for the 2022 six-month period as compared to the same respective periods of 2021 due to the timing of our acquisition of NORCAL on May 5, 2021. In addition, NORCAL Hospitals and Facilities premium increased during the 2022 three- and six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of 2021 driven by an increase in renewal pricing and, to a lesser extent, new business written, partially offset by retention losses. Retention losses for 2022 three- and six-month periods are largely attributable to the continued process of evaluating the NORCAL book of business and implementing ProAssurance's underwriting strategies.Contents

~~(7)~~(4) Senior Care premium includes facilities specializing in long term residential care primarily for the elderly ranging from independent living through skilled nursing. Our Senior Care premium ~~decreased~~was relatively unchanged for the ~~2022~~2023 three- and six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021 driven by~~2022 as retention losses ~~partially~~were more than offset by new business written and ~~to a lesser extent,~~ an increase in renewal pricing. ~~The lower premium retention for the 2022 six-month period was primarily due to a large account renewing with a meaningful reduction in exposure driven by a reduction in the number of owned facilities.~~

~~Table of Contents~~

~~(8)~~(5) We offer custom alternative risk solutions including assumed reinsurance. The increase in premium during the ~~2022~~2023 three- and six-month periods was driven by an increase in premiums assumed on a quota share basis through a strategic partnership in place since 2016 with an international medical professional liability ~~insurer. In 2021, we increased our participation~~insurer and, for the 2023 six-month period, an increase in ~~the original program and entered into another program with this insurer in a new international territory. We anticipate the volume of premium~~premiums assumed through ~~this partnership will continue to grow going forward. The increase in premium during the 2022 six-month period was partially offset by the impact of an assumed~~a reinsurance arrangement with a regional hospital group entered into during the first quarter of 2021 which resulted in $4.5 million of premium written, comprised of $2.3 million of retroactive premium written and fully earned and $2.2 million of prospective premium written (see Note 5 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our December 31, 2021 report on Form 10-K).hospital.

~~(9)~~(6) Our Small Business Unit is comprised of premium associated with podiatrists, legal professionals, dentists and chiropractors. Our Small Business Unit premium ~~remained relatively unchanged~~decreased during the ~~2022~~2023 three- and six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021 as~~2022 driven by retention losses, ~~were almost entirely~~partially offset by an increase in renewal pricing and, to a lesser extent, new business written. The increase in renewal pricing during the ~~2022~~2023 three- and six-month periods was primarily the result of an increase in the rate charged for certain renewed policies in select states.

~~(10)~~(7) We offer extended reporting endorsement or "tail" coverage to insureds who discontinue their claims-made coverage with us, and we also periodically offer tail coverage through stand-alone policies. Tail coverage premiums are generally 100% earned in the period written because the policies insure only incidents that occurred in prior periods and are not cancellable. The amount of tail coverage premium written can vary significantly from period to period. The decrease in Tail Coverages during the 2022 three- and six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of 2021 was primarily due to the prior year effect of $7.8 million of tail premium written and fully earned during the second quarter of 2021 associated with a large Custom Physician policy.

~~(11)~~(8) Our Medical Technology Liability business is marketed throughout the U.S.; coverage is typically offered on a primary basis, within specified limits, to manufacturers and distributors of medical technology and life sciences products including entities conducting human clinical trials. In addition to the previously listed factors that affect our premium volume, our Medical Technology Liability premium is also impacted by the sales volume of insureds. Our Medical Technology Liability premium ~~remained relatively unchanged during the 2022 three-month period and~~ increased during the ~~2022~~2023 three- and six-month ~~period~~periods as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021. The increase in our Medical Technology Liability Premium during the~~ 2022 ~~six-month period was~~ driven by new business written and, ~~to a lesser extent,~~for the 2023 six-month period, an increase in renewal pricing, partially offset by retention losses. Renewal pricing increases during the ~~2022~~2023 six-month period are primarily due to changes in the sales volume ~~of certain insureds partially offset by renewal pricing decreases during the 2022 three-month period due to~~and changes in exposure of certain insureds. Retention losses during the ~~2022~~2023 three- and six-month periods are primarily attributable to insureds no longer needing coverage, insureds no longer in business, an increase in competition on terms and pricing, cancellation for non-payment, as well as merger activity within the industry.

~~(12)~~(9) Certain components of our gross premiums written include alternative market premiums. We currently cede either all or a portion of the alternative market premium, net of reinsurance, to three SPCs of our wholly owned Cayman Islands reinsurance subsidiaries, Inova Re and Eastern Re, which are reported in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment (see further discussion in the Ceded Premiums Written section that follows). The portion not ceded to the SPCs is retained within our Specialty P&C segment.


		Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30									Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in millions)	($ in millions)	2022		2021		Change				2022		2021		Change				($ in millions)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Standard Physician		$	—	$	2.0	$	(2.0)	nm		$	—	$	2.0	$	(2.0)	nm

Custom Physician	Custom Physician	2.0		—		2.0		nm		2.0		—		2.0		nm		Custom Physician	$	2.7	$	2.0	$	0.7	35.0	%	$	2.7	$	2.0	$	0.7	35.0	%

Senior Care	Senior Care	—		0.4		(0.4)		nm		3.9		4.6		(0.7)		(15.2	%)	Senior Care	0.6		—		0.6		nm		3.5		3.9		(0.4)		(10.3	%)
Tail Coverages	Tail Coverages	—		0.4		(0.4)		nm		3.0		0.7		2.3		328.6	%	Tail Coverages	8.0		—		8.0		nm		8.0		3.0		5.0		166.7	%
Total	Total	$	2.0	$	2.8	$	(0.8)	(28.6	%)	$	8.9	$	7.3	$	1.6	21.9	%	Total	$	11.3	$	2.0	$	9.3	465.0	%	$	14.2	$	8.9	$	5.3	59.6	%

Alternative market gross premiums written ~~decreased during the 2022 three-month period and~~ increased during the ~~2022~~2023 three- and six-month ~~period~~periods as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021. The decrease during the~~ 2022 ~~three-month period was driven by timing differences related to the prior year renewal of certain policies. The increase during the 2022 six-month period was~~ driven by an increase in tail coverage, ~~premium,~~ primarily related to one ~~program. Additionally, a $2.0 million expiring Standard Physician policy~~program in ~~one program renewed as a Custom Physician policy during~~which we do not participate in the ~~second quarter of 2022.~~underwriting results.

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We are committed to a rate structure that will allow us to fulfill our obligations to our insureds while generating competitive long-term returns for our shareholders. Our pricing continues to be based on expected losses as indicated by our historical loss data and available industry loss data. In recent years, this practice has resulted in rate increases and we anticipate further rate increases due to indications of increasing projected loss severity. Additionally, the pricing of our business includes the effects of filed rates, surcharges and discounts. Renewal pricing ~~can also reflect~~reflects changes in our exposure base, deductibles, self-insurance retention limits and other policy terms and conditions. See further explanation of changes in renewal pricing above under the heading "Gross Premiums Written".

The change in renewal pricing for our Specialty P&C segment, including by major component, was as follows:


		Three Months Ended June 30		Six Months Ended June 30			Three Months Ended June 30		Six Months Ended June 30
		2022		2022			2023		2023
Specialty P&C segment	Specialty P&C segment	6	%	8	%	Specialty P&C segment	6	%	6	%
HCPL	HCPL					HCPL
Standard Physician	Standard Physician	8	%	7	%	Standard Physician	7	%	5	%
Specialty	Specialty	7	%	12	%	Specialty	9	%	11	%
Total HCPL	Total HCPL	7	%	8	%	Total HCPL	7	%	6	%
Small Business Unit	Small Business Unit	5	%	4	%	Small Business Unit	4	%	4	%
Medical Technology Liability	Medical Technology Liability	(1	%)	3	%	Medical Technology Liability	—	%	1	%

New business written by major component on a direct basis was as follows:


		Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30					Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(In millions)	(In millions)	2022		2021		2022		2021		(In millions)	2023		2022		2023		2022
HCPL	HCPL									HCPL
Standard Physician	Standard Physician	$	2.0	$	1.0	$	3.8	$	1.6	Standard Physician	$	3.4	$	2.0	$	7.8	$	3.8
Specialty	Specialty	4.3		3.7		8.0		12.4		Specialty	5.9		4.3		10.6		8.0
Total HCPL	Total HCPL	6.3		4.7		11.8		14.0		Total HCPL	9.3		6.3		18.4		11.8
Small Business Unit	Small Business Unit	0.6		0.8		1.6		1.8		Small Business Unit	0.6		0.6		1.2		1.6
Medical Technology Liability	Medical Technology Liability	0.9		1.7		2.6		3.5		Medical Technology Liability	2.4		0.9		3.5		2.6
Total	Total	$	7.8	$	7.2	$	16.0	$	19.3	Total	$	12.3	$	7.8	$	23.1	$	16.0

For our Specialty P&C segment, we calculate retention as annualized renewed premium divided by all annualized premium subject to renewal. Retention is affected by a number of factors. We may lose insureds to competitors or to alternative insurance mechanisms such as risk retention groups, captive arrangements or self-insurance entities (often when physicians join hospitals or large group practices) or due to pricing or other issues. We may choose not to renew an insured as a result of our underwriting evaluation. Insureds may also terminate coverage because they have left the practice of medicine for various reasons, principally for retirement, death or disability, but also for personal reasons. See further explanation of changes in retention above under the heading "Gross Premiums Written".

Retention for our Specialty P&C segment, including by major component, was as follows:


		Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30					Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
		2022		2021		2022		2021			2023		2022		2023		2022
Specialty P&C segment	Specialty P&C segment	84	%	86	%	82	%	81	%	Specialty P&C segment	83	%	84	%	84	%	82	%
HCPL	HCPL									HCPL
Standard Physician~~(1)~~	Standard Physician~~(1)~~	86	%	88	%	86	%	87	%	Standard Physician~~(1)~~	88	%	86	%	88	%	86	%
Specialty	Specialty	72	%	72	%	67	%	62	%	Specialty	66	%	72	%	68	%	67	%
Total HCPL	Total HCPL	81	%	84	%	81	%	78	%	Total HCPL	81	%	81	%	83	%	81	%
Small Business Unit	Small Business Unit	92	%	91	%	91	%	91	%	Small Business Unit	89	%	92	%	88	%	91	%
Medical Technology Liability	Medical Technology Liability	95	%	89	%	90	%	88	%	Medical Technology Liability	82	%	95	%	85	%	90	%

(1) See Gross Premiums Written section above for further explanation of retention decline in 2022.

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Ceded Premiums Written

Ceded premiums represent the amounts owed to our reinsurers for their assumption of a portion of our losses. Our HCPL and Medical Technology Liability excess of loss reinsurance arrangements renew annually on October 1. Through our current excess of loss reinsurance arrangements which renewed effective October 1, 2022, we generally retain the first $2 million in risk insured by us and cede coverages in excess of this amount. For our HCPL coverages in excess of $2 million, we generally retain from 0% to 5% of the next $24 million of risk. ~~Our~~There were no significant changes in the cost or structure of our HCPL ~~excess of loss reinsurance arrangement that renewed on~~treaty upon the October 1, 2021 renewed at a lower gross rate and prospectively incorporated NORCAL policies. Prior to October 1, 2021, NORCAL policies were reinsured under separate reinsurance agreements, primarily excess of loss, which have historically renewed annually on January 1. For the NORCAL excess of loss reinsurance arrangement that renewed on January 1, 2021, retention was generally the first $2 million in risk and coverages in excess of this amount were ceded up to $24 million.2022 renewal. For our Medical Technology Liability treaty, ~~which also renewed effective October 1, 2021,~~ we ~~also~~do not retain ~~2.5%~~any of the next $8 million of risk for coverages in excess of $2 million. ~~There were no significant~~

We pay our reinsurers a ceding premium in exchange for their accepting the risk, and in certain of our excess of loss arrangements, the ultimate amount of which is determined by the loss experience of the business ceded, subject to certain minimum and maximum amounts. Given the length of time that it takes to resolve our claims, many years may elapse before all losses recoverable under a reinsurance arrangement are known. As a part of the process of estimating our loss reserve we also make estimates regarding the amounts recoverable under our reinsurance arrangements. As a result, we may have an adjustment to our estimate of expected losses and associated recoveries for prior year ceded losses under certain loss sensitive reinsurance agreements. Any changes to estimates of premiums ceded related to prior accident years are fully earned in the period the changes in ~~the cost or structure of our Medical Technology Liability treaty upon the October 2021 renewal.~~estimates occur.

Ceded premiums written were as follows:


		Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30									Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	2022		2021		Change				2022		2021		Change				($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Excess of loss reinsurance arrangements (1)	Excess of loss reinsurance arrangements (1)	$	7,821	$	7,703	$	118	1.5	%	$	17,317	$	15,381	$	1,936	12.6	%	Excess of loss reinsurance arrangements (1)	$	8,816	$	7,821	$	995	12.7	%	$	20,040	$	17,317	$	2,723	15.7	%
Other shared risk arrangements (2)	Other shared risk arrangements (2)	4,206		3,968		238		6.0	%	8,542		7,931		611		7.7	%	Other shared risk arrangements (2)	3,982		4,206		(224)		(5.3	%)	10,548		8,542		2,006		23.5	%
Premium ceded to SPCs (3)	Premium ceded to SPCs (3)	1,399		2,134		(735)		(34.4	%)	8,280		6,603		1,677		25.4	%	Premium ceded to SPCs (3)	10,396		1,399		8,997		643.1	%	13,285		8,280		5,005		60.4	%
NORCAL premiums ceded since acquisition(4)		—		67		(67)		nm		—		67		(67)		nm

Other ceded premiums written~~(5)~~	Other ceded premiums written~~(5)~~	1,319		729		590		80.9	%	3,441		1,594		1,847		115.9	%	Other ceded premiums written~~(5)~~	1,418		1,319		99		7.5	%	3,349		3,441		(92)		(2.7	%)
Adjustment to premiums owed under reinsurance agreements, prior accident years, net~~(6)~~(4)	Adjustment to premiums owed under reinsurance agreements, prior accident years, net~~(6)~~(4)	3,000		—		3,000		nm		3,000		—		3,000		nm		Adjustment to premiums owed under reinsurance agreements, prior accident years, net~~(6)~~(4)	—		3,000		(3,000)		nm		2,200		3,000		(800)		(26.7	%)
Total ceded premiums written	Total ceded premiums written	$	17,745	$	14,601	$	3,144	21.5	%	$	40,580	$	31,576	$	9,004	28.5	%	Total ceded premiums written	$	24,612	$	17,745	$	6,867	38.7	%	$	49,422	$	40,580	$	8,842	21.8	%

(1) We generally reinsure risks under our excess of loss reinsurance arrangements pursuant to which the reinsurers agree to assume all or a portion of all risks that we insure above our individual risk retention levels. Premium due to reinsurers is based on a rate factor applied to gross premiums written subject to cession under the arrangement. The increase in ceded premiums written under our excess of loss reinsurance arrangements during the ~~2022~~2023 three- and six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021~~2022 was driven by additional ceded premiums of $1.7 million and $6.1 million, respectively, as a result of incorporating NORCAL policies into our existing HCPL excess of loss reinsurance arrangements with the October 1, 2021 renewal, as previously discussed. Excluding NORCAL, ceded premiums written under our excess of loss reinsurance arrangements decreased by approximately $1.6 million and $4.2 million during the 2022 three- and six-month periods, respectively, primarily due to a decreasean increase in the overall volume of gross premiums written subject to cession and, ~~to a lesser extent,~~for the ~~higher retention and reduced rate~~2023 six-month period, the impact of prior year adjustments on ~~the~~certain of our reinsurance arrangements reaching maximum limits eligible for cession on certain treaty ~~year effective October 1, 2021.~~years.

(2) We have entered into various shared risk arrangements, including quota share, fronting and captive arrangements, with certain large healthcare systems and other insurance entities. While we cede a large portion of the premium written under these arrangements, they provide us an opportunity to grow net premium through strategic partnerships. ~~These~~Ceded premiums written under our shared risk arrangements ~~primarily include~~decreased during the 2023 three-month period as compared to the same period of 2022 driven by a decrease in premium ceded to our Ascension Health program. The increase in ceded premiums written under our shared risk arrangements during the ~~2022 three- and~~2023 six-month ~~periods~~period as compared to the same ~~respective periods~~period of ~~2021~~2022 was ~~primarily due to~~driven by an ~~increase in premium ceded to our Ascension Health Program.~~existing insured entering into a shared risk arrangement during the first quarter of 2023.

(3) As previously discussed, as a part of our alternative market solutions, all or a portion of certain healthcare premium written is ceded to SPCs in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment under either excess of loss or quota share reinsurance agreements, depending on the structure of the individual program. See the Segment Results - Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance section for further discussion on the cession to the SPCs from our Specialty P&C segment. Premiums ceded to SPCs increased during the 2022 three-month period decreased as compared to the same period of 2021 driven by timing differences related to the prior year renewal of certain policies. The increase in premiums ceded to SPCs during the 2022 six-month period as compared to the same period of 2021 was driven by the impact of tail coverages, primarily related to one program (see discussion in footnote 12 under the heading "Gross Premiums Written").

~~Table of Contents~~

~~(4)~~ NORCAL policies written prior to September 30, 2021 were reinsured under separate reinsurance agreements, primarily excess of loss; however, these policies were incorporated into our existing HCPL excess of loss reinsurance arrangements with the October 1, 2021 renewal, as previously discussed. For NORCAL's previous excess of loss agreement, deposit ceded premium, as defined in the contract, was initially estimated and recorded at the inception date of the treaty, generally January 1, as an estimate of ceded premiums written for the full contract year based on information provided by brokers and reinsurers. As a result, the majority of ceded premiums for NORCAL's excess of loss reinsurance arrangement was recorded by NORCAL before the acquisition in their first quarter 2021 results and were expensed pro rata throughout the contract year. However, these initial estimates of ceded premiums may be periodically adjusted as new information is received and are fully earned in the period the changes in estimates occur. NORCAL's ceded premiums written for the 2021 three- and six-month periods primarily reflected cyber liability coverages. Effective October 1, 2021 and January 2022, we prospectively incorporated NORCAL policies into our existing HCPL excess of loss reinsurance and cyber liability arrangements, respectively.

~~(5)~~ ~~The increase in other ceded premiums written during the 2022~~2023 three- and six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021 was primarily~~2022 driven by the ~~incorporation~~impact of ~~NORCAL's cyber liability coverages into our existing HCPL cyber liability arrangement with~~tail coverage, primarily related to one program (see previous discussion in footnote 9 under the ~~January 1, 2022 renewal, as previously discussed.~~heading "Gross Premiums Written").

~~(6)~~Table of Contents

4) Given the length of time that it takes to resolve our claims, many years may elapse before all losses recoverable under a reinsurance arrangement are known. As a part of the process of estimating our loss reserve we also make estimates regarding the amounts recoverable under our reinsurance arrangements. As previously discussed, the premiums ultimately ceded under certain of our swing rated excess of loss reinsurance arrangements are subject to the losses ceded under the arrangements. As part of ~~the~~our review of our reserves during the second quarter of 2023, we concluded that our estimate of expected losses and associated recoveries for prior year ceded losses was reasonable; therefore, we did not adjust our estimate of ceded premiums owed to reinsurers. As part of our review of our reserves for the 2023 six-month period and the 2022 three- and six-month periods, we increased our estimate of expected losses and associated recoveries for prior year ceded losses, as well as our estimate of ceded premiums owed to ~~reinsurers~~reinsurers. The increase for the 2023 six-month period was due to the overall change in expected loss recoveries attributable to one prior year large claim during the first quarter of 2023. The increase for the 2022 three- and six-month periods was due to the overall change in expected loss recoveries attributable to one large claim during the second quarter of 2022. We do not believe this isolated claim indicates a change in overall loss trends for us or the industry. As part of the review of our reserves during both the 2021 three- and six-month periods, we concluded that our estimate of expected losses and associated recoveries for prior year ceded losses was reasonable; therefore, we did not adjust our estimate of ceded premiums owed to reinsurers during the 2021 three- and six-month periods. Changes to estimates of premiums ceded related to prior accident years are fully earned in the period the changes in estimates occur.

Ceded Premiums Ratio

As shown in the table below, our ceded premiums ratios were affected during the 2023 six-month period and 2022 three- and six-month periods by revisions to our estimate of premiums owed to reinsurers related to coverages provided in prior accident years. The ceded premiums ratio was as follows:


		Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30							Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
		2022		2021		Change		2022		2021		Change			2023		2022		Change		2023		2022		Change
Ceded premiums ratio	Ceded premiums ratio	10.6	%	10.3	%	0.3	pts	9.5	%	11.3	%	(1.8	pts)	Ceded premiums ratio	14.5	%	10.6	%	3.9	pts	12.1	%	9.5	%	2.6	pts
Less the effect of adjustments in premiums owed under reinsurance agreements, prior accident years (as previously discussed)	Less the effect of adjustments in premiums owed under reinsurance agreements, prior accident years (as previously discussed)	1.8	%	—	%	1.8	pts	0.7	%	—	%	0.7	pts	Less the effect of adjustments in premiums owed under reinsurance agreements, prior accident years (as previously discussed)	—	%	1.8	%	(1.8	pts)	0.5	%	0.7	%	(0.2	pts)
Ratio, current accident year	Ratio, current accident year	8.8	%	10.3	%	(1.5	pts)	8.8	%	11.3	%	(2.5	pts)	Ratio, current accident year	14.5	%	8.8	%	5.7	pts	11.6	%	8.8	%	2.8	pts

The above table reflects ceded premiums written, excluding the effect of prior year ceded premium adjustments, as previously discussed, as a percent of gross premiums written. ~~The decrease in our~~Our current accident year ceded premiums ~~ratios~~ratio for the ~~2022~~2023 three- and six-month periods increased as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021 was~~2022 driven by an increase in premium ceded to SPCs and, for the ~~reduced rate on~~2023 six-month period, the prior year impact of certain of our excess of loss reinsurance arrangements reaching maximum limits eligible for ~~the~~cession on prior treaty ~~year effective October 1, 2021~~years and for the 2022 six-month period, the impact of the addition of the NORCAL gross written premium base during the first quarter of 2022. The decrease in our ceded premiums ratio for the 2022 six-month period as compared to the same period of 2021 was partially offset by an increase in premiums ceded ~~to SPCs.~~under our shared risk arrangements. See additional discussion ~~on NORCAL ceded premiums and premiums ceded to SPCs~~ above under the heading "Ceded Premiums Written."

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Net Premiums Earned

Net premiums earned consist of gross premiums earned less the portion of earned premiums that we cede to our reinsurers for their assumption of a portion of our losses. Because premiums are generally earned pro rata over the entire policy period, fluctuations in premiums earned tend to lag those of premiums written. The majority of our policies carry a term of one year; however, some of our Medical Technology Liability policies have a multi-year term and some of our ~~NORCAL~~ Standard Physician policies have a three-month ~~term. In addition, prior to the third quarter of 2020, we wrote certain Standard Physician policies with a twenty-four month~~ term. Tail coverage premiums are generally 100% earned in the period written because the policies insure only incidents that occurred in prior periods and are not cancellable. Retroactive coverage premiums are 100% earned at the inception of the contract, as all of the associated underlying loss events occurred in the past. Additionally, any ceded premium changes due to changes to estimates of premiums owed under reinsurance agreements for prior accident years are fully earned in the period of change.

Net premiums earned were as follows:


		Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30									Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	2022		2021		Change				2022		2021		Change				($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Gross premiums earned	Gross premiums earned	$	201,855	$	186,474	$	15,381	8.2	%	$	414,134	$	318,534	$	95,600	30.0	%	Gross premiums earned	$	205,469	$	201,855	$	3,614	1.8	%	$	404,476	$	414,134	$	(9,658)	(2.3	%)
Less: Ceded premiums earned	Less: Ceded premiums earned	18,308		17,839		469		2.6	%	32,620		34,285		(1,665)		(4.9	%)	Less: Ceded premiums earned	26,567		18,308		8,259		45.1	%	46,231		32,620		13,611		41.7	%
Net premiums earned	Net premiums earned	$	183,547	$	168,635	$	14,912	8.8	%	$	381,514	$	284,249	$	97,265	34.2	%	Net premiums earned	$	178,902	$	183,547	$	(4,645)	(2.5	%)	$	358,245	$	381,514	$	(23,269)	(6.1	%)

Gross premiums earned ~~included earned premium from our acquisition of NORCAL of approximately $73.4 million and $153.1 million~~increased during the ~~2022 three- and six-month periods, respectively,~~2023 three-month period as compared to ~~$50.7 million during both~~the same period of ~~the 2021 three- and six-month periods. Excluding NORCAL premiums,~~2022 due to an increase in tail coverage, primarily related to one program. The decrease in gross premiums earned during the ~~2022 three- and~~2023 six-month ~~periods decreased $7.3 million and $6.8 million, respectively,~~period as compared to the same ~~respective periods~~period of ~~2021~~2022 was driven by ~~tail~~the pro rata effect of a decrease in the volume of written premium ~~associated with a Custom Physician policy, which resulted in $7.8 million of one-time written and fully earned~~ during the ~~prior year period (see previous discussion in footnote 10 under~~preceding twelve months due to our process of evaluating the ~~heading "Gross Premiums Written"), partially offset by the beneficial impacts~~NORCAL book of ~~our re-underwriting efforts~~business and ~~focus on rate adequacy.~~implementing ProAssurance's underwriting strategies.

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Ceded premiums earned during the 2023 six-month period and 2022 three- and six-month periods ~~reflected an adjustment made during the second quarter of 2022 to~~included prior accident year ceded ~~premiums owed~~premium adjustments under swing rated reinsurance agreements ~~related to prior accident year losses; no such adjustments were made during the same respective periods of 2021~~ (see previous discussion in footnote 64 under the heading "Ceded Premiums Written"). After removing the effect of the prior accident year ceded premium ~~adjustment,~~adjustments, ceded premiums earned ~~decreased $2.5~~increased by $11.3 million and ~~$4.7~~$14.4 million during the ~~2022~~2023 three- and six-month periods, respectively, as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021. The remaining decrease during the~~ 2022 ~~three- and six-month periods was~~ driven by the pro rata effect of ~~a decrease~~an increase in premium ceded under our ~~shared risk and~~ excess of loss arrangements during the preceding twelve ~~months.~~months and an increase in tail coverage ceded to SPCs, primarily related to one program, during the second quarter of 2023.

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Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

The determination of calendar year losses involves the actuarial evaluation of incurred losses for the current accident year and the actuarial re-evaluation of incurred losses for prior accident years.

Accident year refers to the accounting period in which the insured event becomes a liability of the insurer. For claims-made policies, which represent the majority of the premiums written in our Specialty P&C segment, the insured event generally becomes a liability when the event is first reported to us and the policy that is in effect at that time ~~responds to~~covers the claim. For occurrence policies, the insured event becomes a liability when the event takes place even though the claim may be reported to us at a later date. For retroactive coverages, the insured event becomes a liability at inception of the underlying contract. We believe that measuring losses on an accident year basis is the best measure of the underlying profitability of the premiums earned in that period, since it associates policy premiums earned with the estimate of the losses incurred related to those policy premiums.

The following table summarizes calendar year net loss ratios for our Specialty P&C segment by separating losses between the current accident year and all prior accident years. The net loss ratios for our Specialty P&C segment were as follows:


		Net Loss Ratios (1)										Net Loss Ratios (1)
		Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30							Three Months Ended June 30										Six Months Ended June 30
		2022	2021	Change		2022		2021		Change			2023				2022			Change			2023			2022			Change

Calendar year net loss ratio	Calendar year net loss ratio	74.6%	83.1%	(8.5	pts)	79.4	%	84.9	%	(5.5	pts)			Calendar year net loss ratio	81.1	%		74.6	%		6.5	pts		86.3	%		79.4	%		6.9	pts
Less impact of prior accident years on the net loss ratio	Less impact of prior accident years on the net loss ratio	(9.5%)	(6.3%)	(3.2	pts)	(5.6	%)	(4.7	%)	(0.9	pts)			Less impact of prior accident years on the net loss ratio	(3.6	%)		(9.5	%)		5.9	pts		0.3	%		(5.6	%)		5.9	pts
Current accident year net loss ratio(2)	Current accident year net loss ratio(2)	84.1%	89.4%	(5.3	pts)	85.0	%	89.6	%	(4.6	pts)			Current accident year net loss ratio(2)	84.7	%		84.1	%		0.6	pts		86.0	%		85.0	%		1.0	pts

(1)Net losses, as specified, divided by net premiums earned.

(2)For the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, our current accident year net loss ~~ratio~~ratios (as shown in the table above), ~~improved 5.3~~increased 0.6 and ~~4.6~~1.0 percentage points, respectively, as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021.~~2022. The change in our current accident year net loss ~~ratio in each period was~~ratios were primarily attributable to the following:

(In percentage points)

Increase (Decrease)
~~2022~~2023 versus ~~2021~~2022

Comparative
three-month
periods

Comparative
six-month
periods

Estimated ratio increase (decrease) attributable to:

~~NORCAL Operations~~

~~(2.4 pts)~~

~~(1.3 pts)~~

NORCAL Acquisition - Purchase Accounting Amortization

1.3 pts

Ceded Premium Adjustment, Prior Accident Years

(~~0.3~~1.4 pts)

(~~0.7~~0.1 pts)

~~Change in Estimate of ULAE~~

~~(3.5 pts)~~

~~(3.6 pts)~~

~~Custom Physician Tail Policy~~

~~1.2 pts~~

~~0.7 pts~~

~~Ceded Premium Adjustments, Prior Accident Years~~

~~1.4 pts~~

~~0.7 pts~~

All other, net

~~(1.7 pts)~~0.7 pts

(~~0.4~~0.2 pts)

~~Decrease~~Increase in current accident year net loss ratio

~~(5.3 pts)~~0.6 pts

~~(4.6 pts)~~1.0 pts

•Excluding the impact of the items specifically identified in the table above, our current accident year net loss ~~ratios~~ratio increased 0.7 percentage points for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and remained relatively unchanged for the six months ended June 30, ~~2022 improved 1.7 and 0.4 percentage points, respectively,~~2023 as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021~~2022. The increase in our current accident year net loss ratio for the 2023 three-month period was driven by an increase to certain expected loss ratios in our HCPL line of business as we continue to observe higher than anticipated loss severity trends in select jurisdictions that started to emerge in the fourth quarter of 2022 and, to a lesser extent, changes in the mix of business. The increase in our current accident year net loss ratio for the 2023 three-month period was partially offset by a decrease to certain expected loss ratios in our ~~Standard Physician~~HCPL line of business, ~~primarily reflecting the improvement in pricing and terms that we have obtained in our estimate of expected losses,~~ which we began recognizing in the second half of ~~2021, somewhat offset by changes in the mix of business. Furthermore, we continue to observe a reduction in claims frequency that started to emerge in 2020, some of which is~~2022, due to ~~our re-underwriting efforts and~~favorable frequency trends, some of which, we believe, is associated with the COVID-19 pandemic including the disruption of the court systems. Given the consistent and prolonged nature of this favorable claims frequency trend, we reduced certain expected loss ratios inwas attributable to our Standard Physician line of business during the third and fourth quarters of 2021. We continue to remain cautious in recognizing the full impact of these favorable trends in our current accident year reserve due to the long-tailed nature of our HCPL claims as well as the uncertainty surrounding the length and severity of the pandemic.

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•Initial expected loss ratios associated with NORCAL policies are higher than the average for our other books of business in this segment; however, we reduced certain expected NORCAL loss ratios during the fourth quarter of 2021 due to favorable frequency trends, as previously discussed, leading to a 2.4 percentage point improvement in our segment current accident year net loss ratio for the current quarter as compared to the prior year quarter. NORCAL policies resulted in a 1.3 percentage point improvement in our segment current accident year net loss ratios for the six months ended June 30, 2022 as compared to the prior year period given the higher volume of NORCAL premium in the 2022 six-month period. We continue the process of evaluating the NORCAL book of business and implementing ProAssurance's underwriting strategies.

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•~~Also as~~As a result of our acquisition of NORCAL, our current accident year net loss ratios for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 ~~and 2021~~ were impacted by the purchase accounting amortization of $2.5 million and $4.9 million, respectively, related to the negative VOBA associated with NORCAL's assumed unearned premium which iswas recorded as a reduction to current accident year net ~~losses and accounted for a 0.3 and 0.7 percentage point decrease, respectively, in our current period ratios.~~losses. As of June 30, 2022, the negative VOBA ~~associated with NORCAL's assumed unearned premium has been~~was fully ~~amortized.~~

•~~Beginning~~amortized which resulted in ~~2022, we revised our process of estimating ULAE as~~ a result of substantially integrating NORCAL into our Specialty P&C segment operations, which accounted for a 3.5 and 3.6 percentage point decrease in our current accident year net loss ratios for the 2022 three- and six-month periods, respectively, with an offsetting 3.5 and 3.61.3 percentage point increase ~~respectively,~~ in ~~our current period expense ratios with no impact to our combined ratios or segment results during~~the each of the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022, respectively (see discussion on our expense~~2023 ratios ~~in the following section under the heading "Underwriting, Policy Acquisition and Operating Expenses").~~

•Our current accident year net loss ratios for the 2021 three- and six-month periods were impacted by a large Custom Physician tail policy ($7.8 million of net premiums earned recorded with a lower loss ratio than the segment's average initial loss ratio), which accounted for a 1.2 and 0.7 percentage point decrease, respectively, inas compared to the prior ~~period ratios.~~year periods.

•During the 2023 six-month period and 2022 three- and six-month periods, we increased our estimate of premiums owed under reinsurance agreements related to prior accident years which decreased net premium earned (the denominator of the current accident year net loss ratio); however, the adjustment was greater in the ~~second quarter of 2022~~prior year period as compared to 2023 and accounted for a 1.4 and ~~0.7~~0.1 percentage point ~~increase, respectively,~~decrease in our ~~current period ratios.~~2023 three- and six-month periods ratio, respectively. No such ~~adjustments were~~adjustment was made during the ~~2021 three- and six-month periods.~~three months ended June 30, 2023. See the previous discussion under the heading "Ceded Premiums Written" for additional information.

We re-evaluate our previously established reserve each quarter based upon the most recently completed actuarial analysis supplemented by any new analysis, information or trends that have emerged since the date of that study. We also take into account currently available industry trend information.

The following table shows the components of our net prior accident year reserve development:
Three Months Ended June 30 Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands) 2022 2021 Change 2022 2021 Change
Net favorable reserve development $ 14,499 $ 8,400 $ 6,099 72.6 % $ 15,500 $ 11,074 $ 4,426 40.0 %
NORCAL Acquisition - Purchase Accounting Amortization* 2,900 2,109 791 37.5 % 5,799 2,109 3,690 175.0 %
Total net favorable reserve development $ 17,399 $ 10,509 $ 6,890 65.6 % $ 21,299 $ 13,183 $ 8,116 61.6 %
*See Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our December 31, 2021 report on Form 10-K for additional information on the remaining expected amortization of the NORCAL acquisition purchase accounting adjustments.


	Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change

Net favorable (unfavorable) reserve development	$	4,000	$	14,499	$	(10,499)	(72.4	%)	$	(6,109)	$	15,500	$	(21,609)	(139.4	%)
NORCAL Acquisition - Purchase Accounting Amortization*	2,510		2,900		(390)		(13.4	%)	5,020		5,799		(779)		(13.4	%)
Total net favorable (unfavorable) reserve development	$	6,510	$	17,399	$	(10,889)	(62.6	%)	$	(1,089)	$	21,299	$	(22,388)	(105.1	%)
*See Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our December 31, 2022 report on Form 10-K for additional information on the remaining expected amortization of the NORCAL acquisition purchase accounting adjustments.

•~~Development~~Net favorable development recognized during the three months ended June 30, 2023 was due to lower than anticipated loss emergence in our Medical Technology Liability line of business, principally related to accident years 2014 through 2017. Net favorable development recognized during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 principally related to accident years 2018 through 2020. ~~Development~~

•The loss environment in our HCPL line of business continues to be challenging in some jurisdictions, as claim costs are pressured by social inflation and higher than anticipated loss severity trends which started to emerge in the fourth quarter of 2022. We are monitoring the impact that these trends have on our open case reserves and prior year development. During the first quarter of 2023, we strengthened case reserves related to four large claims resulting in net unfavorable development of $10.1 million recognized during the ~~three and~~ six months ended June 30, ~~2021 principally related to accident years 2017 through 2020. We have not recognized any development~~2023, $7.5 million of which related to NORCAL's ~~prior~~ accident ~~year reserves since~~years 2016 and 2020.

•Net favorable development recognized during the ~~date~~six months ended June 30, 2022 was net of ~~acquisition on May 5, 2021 based on~~an increase of $4.0 million in our ~~comparison of expected loss emergence to actual loss emergence.~~reserve for potential ECO/XPL; no such adjustment was made during the current period.

•Net favorable development recognized during the six months ended June 30, 2022 included an increase of $4.0 million in our reserve for potential ECO/XPL claims, as compared to a reduction in this same reserve of $1.6 million and $1.4 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively.

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A detailed discussion of factors influencing our recognition of loss development is included in our Critical Accounting Estimates section under the heading "Reserve for Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses" in our December 31, ~~2021~~2022 report on Form 10-K. Assumptions used in establishing our reserve are regularly reviewed and updated by management as new data becomes available. Any adjustments necessary are reflected in the then current operations. Due to the size of our reserve, even a small percentage adjustment to the assumptions can have a material effect on our results of operations for the period in which the change is made, as was the case in both ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021.~~2022.

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Underwriting, Policy Acquisition and Operating Expenses

Our Specialty P&C segment underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses were comprised as follows:


		Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30									Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	2022		2021		Change				2022		2021		Change				($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
DPAC amortization	DPAC amortization	$	24,236	$	13,785	$	10,451	75.8	%	$	45,978	$	26,181	$	19,797	75.6	%	DPAC amortization	$	22,762	$	24,236	$	(1,474)	(6.1	%)	$	46,499	$	45,978	$	521	1.1	%
Management fees	Management fees	995		856		139		16.2	%	2,397		1,856		541		29.1	%	Management fees	799		995		(196)		(19.7	%)	1,963		2,397		(434)		(18.1	%)
Other underwriting and operating expenses	Other underwriting and operating expenses	22,846		14,236		8,610		60.5	%	42,583		27,186		15,397		56.6	%	Other underwriting and operating expenses	23,878		22,846		1,032		4.5	%	39,937		42,583		(2,646)		(6.2	%)
Total	Total	$	48,077	$	28,877	$	19,200	66.5	%	$	90,958	$	55,223	$	35,735	64.7	%	Total	$	47,439	$	48,077	$	(638)	(1.3	%)	$	88,399	$	90,958	$	(2,559)	(2.8	%)

DPAC amortization decreased for the ~~2022 three-~~2023 three-month period and increased for the 2023 six-month period as compared to the same respective periods ~~increased due~~of 2022. The decrease in DPAC amortization for the 2023 three-month period reflected an increase in ceding commission income, which is an offset to expense, primarily attributable to one alternative market program written in the current period and, to a ~~higher amount of premium written~~lesser extent, a decrease in brokerage expenses. The increase for the 2023 six-month period was driven by ~~our 2021 acquisition~~the prior year impact of ~~NORCAL. Due to~~purchase accounting from the NORCAL ~~acquisition and application of GAAP purchase accounting rules,~~acquisition. For the ~~level of~~2022 six-month period, DPAC amortization ~~in each of the 2021 three- and six-month periods~~ was approximately ~~$6.3~~$1.0 million lower than would have otherwise been ~~recognized.~~recognized for the period due to the application of GAAP purchase accounting rules. Under these purchase accounting rules, the capitalized policy acquisition costs for NORCAL policies written prior to the acquisition date were written off through purchase accounting on May 5, 2021 rather than being expensed pro rata over the remaining term of the associated policies (see Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our December 31, 2021 report on Form 10-K for more information). DPAC amortization for the 2022 three-month period included a more normalized level of amortization associated with NORCAL policies whereas the 2022 six-month period was approximately $1.0 million lower than would have otherwise been recognized.policies. The remaining ~~increase~~decrease in DPAC amortization for the ~~2022 three- and~~2023 six-month ~~periods~~period as compared to the same ~~respective periods~~period of ~~2021~~2022 reflected a decrease in brokerage expenses and, to a lesser extent, an increase in ceding commission income, as previously discussed, partially offset by an increase in compensation-related expenses due to an increase in headcount and, to a lesser extent, an increase in agency commissions due to a higher volume of commissionable premium driven by NORCAL as well as an increase in brokerage expenses due to our increased participation with an international medical professional liability insurer in our Specialty line of business (see discussion under the heading "Gross Premiums Written").premium.

Management fees are charged pursuant to a management agreement by the Corporate segment to the operating subsidiaries within our Specialty P&C segment for services provided based on the extent to which services are provided to the subsidiary and the amount of premium written by the subsidiary. ~~Fluctuations~~While the terms of the management agreement were

generally consistent between 2023 and 2022, fluctuations in the amount of premium written by each subsidiary can result in corresponding variations in the management fee charged to each subsidiary during a particular period. Due to continued organizational structure enhancements in our Specialty P&C segment during 2021 as well as operational alignments as a result of the integration of NORCAL, the extent to which services are provided exclusively by the Corporate segment to the operating subsidiaries within the segment decreased further effective January 1, 2022. Accordingly, we reduced the fee charged to the operating subsidiaries in 2022. Also effective January 1, 2022, the management agreement included the wholly owned operating subsidiaries of NORCAL contributing to $0.2 million and $0.8 million of additional management fees in the 2022 three- and six-month periods, respectively.

Other underwriting and operating expenses increased ~~during~~for the 2023 three-month period and decreased for the 2023 six-month period as compared to the same respective periods of 2022. The increase in other underwriting and operating expenses for the 2023 three-month period reflected an increase in compensation-related expenses due to organizational structure changes and the movement of certain employees from the Corporate segment beginning in the third quarter of 2022 ~~three-~~ and an increase in amounts accrued for performance-related incentive plans due to the improvement of the related performance metrics. The decrease in other underwriting and operating expenses for the 2023 six-month ~~periods~~period was primarily due to a ~~revision~~claim for a payroll tax refund of $3.8 million recognized in the first quarter of 2023 as a reduction to ~~our process of estimating ULAE which resulted in approximately $6.3 million and $13.6 million, respectively, of expenses remaining in~~ operating expenses ~~instead of being allocated~~related to ~~net losses and loss adjustment expenses. As a result, this change in ULAE estimate had offsetting impacts~~the employee retention credit available to ~~our loss and expense ratios during~~us under the ~~2022 three- and six-month periods with no impact to our combined ratio or segment results.~~CARES Act. See additional discussion on ~~this change~~the ERC in ~~ULAE estimate~~Note 1 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and previous discussion in the Liquidity section under the heading "Taxes." In addition, the decrease in other underwriting and operating expenses for the 2023 six-month period reflects the impact of the remeasurement of the contingent consideration liability associated with the NORCAL acquisition. We recognized $7.5 million of unfavorable development in the first quarter of 2023 on NORCAL's reserves related to accident year's 2020 and prior (see additional discussion in the previous section under the heading "Losses and Loss Adjustment ~~Expenses."~~Expenses"). Given the contingent consideration is dependent upon the after-tax development of those accident years, we factored in the unfavorable development in the remeasurement of the contingent consideration which resulted in a $1.0 million decrease to the liability during the first quarter of 2023. This $1.0 million decrease was recorded as a reduction to operating expenses in the segment to be consistent with the reporting of NORCAL's reserves. See further discussion on the contingent consideration in Note 2 and Note 6 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. Excluding the impact of ~~the change in ULAE,~~these items, other underwriting and operating expenses increased ~~due~~$2.2 million for the 2023 six-month period as compared to the same period of 2022 driven by an increase in ~~professional fees~~compensation-related costs and, to a lesser extent, higher amounts accrued for performance-related incentive plans due to our improved combined ratio and other performance metrics. The increase in professional fees for the 2022 three- and six-month periods was primarily attributable to an increase in IT consulting fees and additional external audit fees in 2022 due to the inclusion of NORCAL. The increase in other underwriting and operatingtravel-related expenses, ~~for the 2022 six-month period also reflected~~partially offset by certain one-time expenses of $1.6 million incurred during the ~~first quarter of~~prior year period. One-time expenses for the 2022 six-month period were mainly comprised of one-time bonuses, employee severance charges and lease exit costs.

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Underwriting Expense Ratio (the Expense Ratio)

Our expense ratio for the Specialty P&C segment was as follows:

Three Months Ended June 30 Six Months Ended June 30
2022 2021 Change 2022 2021 Change
Underwriting expense ratio 26.2 % 17.1 % 9.1 pts 23.8 % 19.4 % 4.4 pts


	Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
	2023		2022		Change		2023		2022		Change
Underwriting expense ratio	26.5	%	26.2	%	0.3	pts	24.7	%	23.8	%	0.9	pts

The change in our expense ratio for the ~~2022~~2023 three- and six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021~~2022 was primarily attributable to the following:


	Increase (Decrease) ~~2022~~2023 versus ~~2021~~2022
(In percentage points)	Comparative three-month ~~period~~periods	Comparative six-month ~~period~~periods
Estimated ratio increase (decrease) attributable to:

~~Increase~~Change in Net Premiums Earned and DPAC amortization~~(1)~~	~~1.1 pts~~(0.5 pts)	~~0.6~~0.2 pts
NORCAL DPAC Amortization - Prior Period Purchase Accounting Impact	~~3.8~~— pts	~~2.2~~0.7 pts
~~Change in Estimate of ULAE~~Employee Retention Credit	~~3.5~~— pts	~~3.6 pts~~(1.1 pts)
~~Tail Premium~~Contingent Consideration Remeasurement Adjustment~~(2)~~	~~0.7~~— pts	~~— pts~~(0.3 pts)


All other, net	—0.8 pts	~~(2.0 pts)~~1.4 pts
Increase in the underwriting expense ratio	~~9.1~~0.3 pts	~~4.4~~0.9 pts
~~(1)~~ ~~Excludes tail premium.~~
~~(2)~~ ~~Represents the effect of the change in premium earned from tail policies as there is typically minimal expense associated with tail premium (see discussion under the heading "Gross Premiums Written").~~

~~The higher~~Excluding the impact of the items specifically identified in the table above, our expense ratios increased for ~~both~~ the ~~2022~~2023 three- and six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021 reflect the impact of lower DPAC amortization than would have otherwise been recognized during each of the 2021 three-~~2022 by 0.8 and ~~six-month periods due~~1.4 percentage points, respectively, driven by higher compensation-related costs and, to ~~the application of GAAP purchase accounting rules in 2021 and change in estimate of ULAE,~~a lesser extent, travel-related expenses, as previously discussed. As shown in the previous table, normalizing the prior year DPAC amortization would have increased our expense ratios for the 2021 three- and six-month periods by 3.8 and 2.2 percentage points, respectively. The ~~increase~~decrease in the expense ratio from ~~the increase in~~lower DPAC amortization in relation to the decline in net premiums earned for the ~~2022 three- and six-month periods~~2023 three-month period of ~~1.1 and 0.6~~0.5 percentage points ~~respectively,~~ primarily reflects an increase in ceding commission income, as previously discussed. The expense ratio for the 2023 six-month period reflected a decline in net premiums earned which outpaced the decline in DPAC amortization, excluding the prior year purchase accounting impact, driven by higher agency commissions due to a higher volume of commissionable premium, ~~driven by NORCAL. The change~~resulting in ~~other operating expenses decreased our expense~~a 0.2 percentage point increase in the current period ratio ~~for the 2022 six-month period by 2.0 percentage points primarily due~~as compared to the benefits from prior organizational restructurings and proactive expense management as well as expense synergies recognized from the NORCAL acquisition, partially offset by an increase in professional fees and, to a lesser extent, higher amounts accrued for performance-related incentive plans, as previously discussed.same period of 2022.

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Segment Results - Workers' Compensation Insurance

Our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment includes workers' compensation products provided to employers generally with 1,000 or fewer employees, as discussed in Note 1816 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our December 31, ~~2021~~2022 report on Form 10-K. Workers' compensation products offered include guaranteed cost policies, policyholder dividend policies, retrospectively-rated policies, deductible policies and alternative market programs. Alternative market programs include services related to program design, fronting, claims administration, risk management, SPC rental, asset management and SPC management services. Alternative market program premiums are 100% ceded to either the SPCs within our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment or ~~to a limited extent, an~~captive insurers unaffiliated ~~captive insurer~~with ProAssurance for ~~one program.~~two programs. Our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment results reflect pre-tax underwriting profit or loss from these workers' compensation products, exclusive of investment results, which are included in our Corporate segment. Segment results included the following:

Three Months Ended June 30 Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands) 2022 2021 Change 2022 2021 Change
Net premiums written $ 42,558 $ 40,784 $ 1,774 4.3 % $ 87,824 $ 87,668 $ 156 0.2 %
Net premiums earned $ 41,709 $ 40,626 $ 1,083 2.7 % $ 82,393 $ 80,636 $ 1,757 2.2 %
Other income 517 900 (383) (42.6 %) 1,199 1,293 (94) (7.3 %)
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses (27,947) (27,751) (196) 0.7 % (55,158) (53,958) (1,200) 2.2 %
Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses (13,669) (12,712) (957) 7.5 % (26,669) (24,998) (1,671) 6.7 %
Segment results $ 610 $ 1,063 $ (453) (42.6 %) $ 1,765 $ 2,973 $ (1,208) (40.6 %)
Net loss ratio 67.0% 68.3% (1.3 pts) 66.9% 66.9% — pts
Underwriting expense ratio 32.8% 31.3% 1.5 pts 32.4% 31.0% 1.4 pts


	Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Net premiums written	$	42,323	$	42,558	$	(235)	(0.6	%)	$	89,894	$	87,824	$	2,070	2.4	%

Net premiums earned	$	41,018	$	41,709	$	(691)	(1.7	%)	$	81,821	$	82,393	$	(572)	(0.7	%)
Other income	651		517		134		25.9	%	1,232		1,199		33		2.8	%
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses	(29,762)		(27,947)		(1,815)		6.5	%	(60,606)		(55,158)		(5,448)		9.9	%
Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses	(14,400)		(13,669)		(731)		5.3	%	(27,379)		(26,669)		(710)		2.7	%
Segment results	$	(2,493)	$	610	$	(3,103)	(508.7	%)	$	(4,932)	$	1,765	$	(6,697)	(379.4	%)

Net loss ratio	72.6%		67.0%		5.6 pts				74.1%		66.9%		7.2 pts
Underwriting expense ratio	35.1%		32.8%		2.3 pts				33.5%		32.4%		1.1 pts

Premiums Written

Our workers’ compensation premium volume is driven by five primary factors: (1) the amount of new business written, (2) retention of our existing book of business, (3) premium rates charged on our renewal book of business, (4) changes in payroll exposure and (5) audit premium.

Gross, ceded and net premiums written were as follows:


		Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30									Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	2022		2021		Change				2022		2021		Change				($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Gross premiums written	Gross premiums written	$	63,634	$	57,845	$	5,789	10.0	%	$	135,752	$	130,173	$	5,579	4.3	%	Gross premiums written	$	62,757	$	63,634	$	(877)	(1.4	%)	$	136,187	$	135,752	$	435	0.3	%
Less: Ceded premiums written	Less: Ceded premiums written	21,076		17,061		4,015		23.5	%	47,928		42,505		5,423		12.8	%	Less: Ceded premiums written	20,434		21,076		(642)		(3.0	%)	46,293		47,928		(1,635)		(3.4	%)
Net premiums written	Net premiums written	$	42,558	$	40,784	$	1,774	4.3	%	$	87,824	$	87,668	$	156	0.2	%	Net premiums written	$	42,323	$	42,558	$	(235)	(0.6	%)	$	89,894	$	87,824	$	2,070	2.4	%

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Gross Premiums Written

Gross premiums written by product were as follows:


		Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30									Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	2022		2021		Change				2022		2021		Change				($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Traditional business:	Traditional business:																	Traditional business:
Guaranteed cost	Guaranteed cost	$	35,719	$	32,865	$	2,854	8.7	%	$	71,222	$	71,061	$	161	0.2	%	Guaranteed cost	$	33,769	$	35,719	$	(1,950)	(5.5	%)	$	71,568	$	71,222	$	346	0.5	%
Policyholder dividend	Policyholder dividend	5,530		6,740		(1,210)		(18.0	%)	13,392		14,260		(868)		(6.1	%)	Policyholder dividend	5,795		5,530		265		4.8	%	12,966		13,392		(426)		(3.2	%)
Deductible	Deductible	468		386		82		21.2	%	2,588		2,439		149		6.1	%	Deductible	428		468		(40)		(8.5	%)	2,759		2,588		171		6.6	%
Retrospective~~(1)~~	Retrospective~~(1)~~	2,430		2,205		225		10.2	%	3,076		2,660		416		15.6	%	Retrospective~~(1)~~	2,535		2,430		105		4.3	%	2,839		3,076		(237)		(7.7	%)
Other	Other	2,111		1,706		405		23.7	%	3,726		3,306		420		12.7	%	Other	1,558		2,111		(553)		(26.2	%)	3,260		3,726		(466)		(12.5	%)
Change in EBUB estimate																		Change in EBUB estimate	1,900		—		1,900		nm		2,900		—		2,900		nm
Total traditional business (1)																		Total traditional business (1)	45,985		46,258		(273)		(0.6	%)	96,292		94,004		2,288		2.4	%
Alternative market business(2)	Alternative market business(2)	17,376		13,943		3,433		24.6	%	41,748		37,657		4,091		10.9	%	Alternative market business(2)	16,772		17,376		(604)		(3.5	%)	39,895		41,748		(1,853)		(4.4	%)
Change in EBUB estimate		—		—		—		nm		—		(1,210)		1,210		nm
Total	Total	$	63,634	$	57,845	$	5,789	10.0	%	$	135,752	$	130,173	$	5,579	4.3	%	Total	$	62,757	$	63,634	$	(877)	(1.4	%)	$	136,187	$	135,752	$	435	0.3	%

(1) Gross premiums written in our traditional business decreased during the three months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to the same period of 2022, primarily reflecting lower renewal premium, partially offset by new business written, an increase in the carried EBUB estimate and, to a lesser extent, higher audit premium. The ~~change~~increase in ~~retrospectively-rated policies included an adjustment that decreased premium by $0.6 million and $0.7 million~~traditional gross premiums written for the ~~three and~~ six months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to the same period of 2022 was driven by new business written, higher audit premium and an increase in the carried EBUB estimate, partially offset by lower renewal premium. Policy audits processed during the 2023 three- and six-month periods resulted in audit premium billed to policyholders totaling $2.3 million and $4.8 million, respectively, as compared to ~~$0.3~~$1.8 million and ~~$0.4~~$1.9 million for the same respective periods in 2022. We increased our carried EBUB estimate in both the 2023 three- and six-month periods based on recent audit trends and our expectation of ~~2021.~~higher levels of audit premium due to wage inflation. Renewal premium results for the 2023 three- and six-month periods reflected premium retention of 80% and 81%, respectively, and rate decreases of 7% in each period, partially offset by an increase in payroll exposure. Retention and renewal rate changes reflect the continuation of competitive market conditions and renewal rates also reflect the impact of compounded state loss cost decreases in our core operating territories.

Gross premiums written increased during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 as compared to the same respective periods of 2021 primarily driven by an increase in audit premium and renewal business and, for the 2022 six-month period, the prior year impact of the reduction of our EBUB estimate, partially offset by a decrease in new business. Policy audits processed during the 2022 three- and six-month periods resulted in audit premium billed to policyholders totaling $3.0 million and $4.7 million, respectively, as compared to audit premium returned to policyholders of $1.0 million and $1.8 million for the same respective periods in 2021. We did not adjust our EBUB estimate for the 2022 three- and six-month periods or the 2021 three-month period; however, we reduced our EBUB estimate by $1.2 million for the 2021 six-month period. The increase in renewal business reflects payroll exposure increases related to labor market strengthening and wage inflation and strong renewal retention, partially offset by renewal rate decreases. Renewal retention was 87% and 87% for the 2022 three- and six-month periods, respectively, as compared to 85% and 88% for the same respective periods of 2021. Renewal rates decreased 5% and 4% during the 2022 three- and six-month periods, respectively, as compared to 3% during each of the same respective periods of 2021. New business written decreased $2.3 million and $4.3 million during the 2022 three- and six-month periods, respectively, as compared to the same respective periods of 2021, reflecting the competitive workers' compensation market conditions and a reduction in new business submissions during the 2022 three- and six-month periods.

We retained 100% of the ~~fifteen (six~~sixteen (seven in the second quarter) workers’ compensation alternative market programs that were up for renewal during the six months ended June 30, ~~2022.~~2023.

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New business, audit premium, renewal retention and renewal price changes for our traditional business and ~~the~~ alternative market business are shown in the table below:


		Three Months Ended June 30																			Three Months Ended June 30
		2022									2021										2023									2022
($ in millions)	($ in millions)	Traditional Business			Alternative Market Business			Segment Results			Traditional Business			Alternative Market Business			Segment Results			($ in millions)	Traditional Business			Alternative Market Business			Segment Results			Traditional Business			Alternative Market Business			Segment Results
New business	New business	$	3.6		$	0.9		$	4.5		$	6.1		$	0.7		$	6.8		New business	$	5.6		$	1.5		$	7.1		$	3.6		$	0.9		$	4.5
Audit premium (excluding EBUB)	Audit premium (excluding EBUB)	$	1.8		$	1.2		$	3.0		$	(1.2)		$	0.2		$	(1.0)		Audit premium (excluding EBUB)	$	2.3		$	0.9		$	3.2		$	1.8		$	1.2		$	3.0
Retention rate (1)	Retention rate (1)	88		%	83		%	87		%	85		%	83		%	85		%	Retention rate (1)	80		%	84		%	81		%	88		%	83		%	87		%
Change in renewal pricing (2)	Change in renewal pricing (2)	(5		%)	(5		%)	(5		%)	(3		%)	(5		%)	(3		%)	Change in renewal pricing (2)	(7		%)	(6		%)	(7		%)	(5		%)	(5		%)	(5		%)

		Six Months Ended June 30																			Six Months Ended June 30
		2022									2021										2023									2022
($ in millions)	($ in millions)	Traditional Business			Alternative Market Business			Segment Results			Traditional Business			Alternative Market Business			Segment Results			($ in millions)	Traditional Business			Alternative Market Business			Segment Results			Traditional Business			Alternative Market Business			Segment Results
New business	New business	$	7.1		$	2.1		$	9.2		$	12.0		$	1.5		$	13.5		New business	$	12.2		$	2.7		$	14.9		$	7.1		$	2.1		$	9.2
Audit premium (excluding EBUB)	Audit premium (excluding EBUB)	$	1.9		$	2.8		$	4.7		$	(2.2)		$	0.4		$	(1.8)		Audit premium (excluding EBUB)	$	4.8		$	2.1		$	6.9		$	1.9		$	2.8		$	4.7
Retention rate (1)	Retention rate (1)	87		%	89		%	87		%	87		%	89		%	88		%	Retention rate (1)	81		%	88		%	83		%	87		%	89		%	87		%
Change in renewal pricing (2)	Change in renewal pricing (2)	(4		%)	(4		%)	(4		%)	(2		%)	(5		%)	(3		%)	Change in renewal pricing (2)	(7		%)	(6		%)	(6		%)	(4		%)	(4		%)	(4		%)

(1) We calculate our workers' compensation retention rate as annualized expiring renewed premium divided by all annualized expiring premium subject to renewal. Our retention rate can be impacted by various factors, including price or other competitive issues, insureds being acquired, or a decision not to renew based on our underwriting evaluation.	(1) We calculate our workers' compensation retention rate as annualized expiring renewed premium divided by all annualized expiring premium subject to renewal. Our retention rate can be impacted by various factors, including price or other competitive issues, insureds being acquired, or a decision not to renew based on our underwriting evaluation.																			(1) We calculate our workers' compensation retention rate as annualized expiring renewed premium divided by all annualized expiring premium subject to renewal. Our retention rate can be impacted by various factors, including price or other competitive issues, insureds being acquired, or a decision not to renew based on our underwriting evaluation.
(2) The pricing of our business includes an assessment of the underlying policy exposure and market conditions. We continue to base our pricing on expected losses, as indicated by our historical loss data.	(2) The pricing of our business includes an assessment of the underlying policy exposure and market conditions. We continue to base our pricing on expected losses, as indicated by our historical loss data.																			(2) The pricing of our business includes an assessment of the underlying policy exposure and market conditions. We continue to base our pricing on expected losses, as indicated by our historical loss data.

Table of Contents

Ceded Premiums Written

Ceded premiums written were as follows:


		Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30									Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	2022		2021		Change				2022		2021		Change				($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Premiums ceded to SPCs(1)	Premiums ceded to SPCs(1)	$	15,235	$	13,926	$	1,309	9.4	%	$	36,723	$	34,608	$	2,115	6.1	%	Premiums ceded to SPCs(1)	$	14,717	$	15,235	$	(518)	(3.4	%)	$	34,709	$	36,723	$	(2,014)	(5.5	%)
Premiums ceded to external reinsurers(2)	Premiums ceded to external reinsurers(2)	3,632		3,211		421		13.1	%	6,787		6,186		601		9.7	%	Premiums ceded to external reinsurers(2)	3,739		3,632		107		2.9	%	7,168		6,787		381		5.6	%
Premiums ceded to unaffiliated captive insurers(1)	Premiums ceded to unaffiliated captive insurers(1)	2,141		17		2,124		12,494.1	%	5,025		3,049		1,976		64.8	%	Premiums ceded to unaffiliated captive insurers(1)	2,055		2,141		(86)		(4.0	%)	5,186		5,025		161		3.2	%
Change in return premium estimate under external reinsurance(3)	Change in return premium estimate under external reinsurance(3)	225		(21)		246		1,171.4	%	254		(495)		749		151.3	%	Change in return premium estimate under external reinsurance(3)	52		225		(173)		(76.9	%)	67		254		(187)		(73.6	%)
Estimated revenue share under external reinsurance(4)	Estimated revenue share under external reinsurance(4)	(157)		(72)		(85)		118.1	%	(861)		(843)		(18)		2.1	%	Estimated revenue share under external reinsurance(4)	(129)		(157)		28		(17.8	%)	(837)		(861)		24		(2.8	%)
Total ceded premiums written	Total ceded premiums written	$	21,076	$	17,061	$	4,015	23.5	%	$	47,928	$	42,505	$	5,423	12.8	%	Total ceded premiums written	$	20,434	$	21,076	$	(642)	(3.0	%)	$	46,293	$	47,928	$	(1,635)	(3.4	%)
(1) Represents alternative market business that is ceded under 100% quota share reinsurance agreements to the SPCs in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment. Premiums ceded to unaffiliated captive insurers represent alternative market business for two programs that are ceded under 100% quota share reinsurance agreements. See further discussion on alternative market gross premiums written in our Segment Operating Results - Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance section under the heading "Gross Premiums Written" that follows.																		(1) Represents alternative market business that is ceded under 100% quota share reinsurance agreements to the SPCs in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment. Premiums ceded to unaffiliated captive insurers represent alternative market business for two programs that are ceded under 100% quota share reinsurance agreements. See further discussion on alternative market gross premiums written in our Segment Operating Results - Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance section under the heading "Gross Premiums Written" that follows.
(2) Under our external reinsurance treaty for traditional business, we retain the first $0.5 million in risk insured by us and cede losses in excess of this amount on each loss occurrence, subject to an AAD, equal to 3.5% of subject earned premium for the treaty year effective May 1, 2023. Premiums ceded under our traditional reinsurance treaty are based on premiums earned during the treaty period.																		(2) Under our external reinsurance treaty for traditional business, we retain the first $0.5 million in risk insured by us and cede losses in excess of this amount on each loss occurrence, subject to an AAD, equal to 3.5% of subject earned premium for the treaty year effective May 1, 2023. Premiums ceded under our traditional reinsurance treaty are based on premiums earned during the treaty period.
(3) Changes in the return premium estimate reflect adjustments to our estimate of expected future recovery of ceded premium based on the underlying loss experience of our reinsurance treaties that include a provision for return premium.																		(3) Changes in the return premium estimate reflect adjustments to our estimate of expected future recovery of ceded premium based on the underlying loss experience of our reinsurance treaties that include a provision for return premium.
(4) We are party to a revenue sharing agreement with our reinsurance broker under which we participate in the broker's revenue earned under our reinsurance treaties based on the volume of premium ceded. We estimate the amount of revenue we expect to receive under this agreement as premiums are recognized and ceded to the reinsurers.																		(4) We are party to a revenue sharing agreement with our reinsurance broker under which we participate in the broker's revenue earned under our reinsurance treaties based on the volume of premium ceded. We estimate the amount of revenue we expect to receive under this agreement as premiums are recognized and ceded to the reinsurers.

Premiums ceded to SPCs represent alternative market business that is ceded under 100% quota share reinsurance agreements to the SPCs in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment. Premiums ceded to unaffiliated captive insurers represent alternative market business for two programs that are ceded under a 100% quota share reinsurance agreements. Alternative marketCeded premiums written ~~increased for~~decreased during the ~~2022 three-~~three and ~~six-month periods~~six months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021, which resulted~~2022, primarily reflecting a decrease in ~~higher~~alternative market premiums ceded to ~~SPCs. See further discussion on alternative market gross premiums written in our Segment Operating Results -~~the Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance ~~section~~segment, partially offset by an increase in premiums ceded under our external reinsurance treaty, reflecting higher reinsurance rates, and, for the ~~heading "Gross Premiums Written" that follows. The~~2023 six-month period, an increase in premiums ceded to unaffiliated captive insurers during the 2022 three- and six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of 2021 was driven by a new program that was effective June 1, 2022. The policies in the new program were previously written in our traditional book of business; therefore, the premium ceded to the unaffiliated captive resulted in a decrease in net premiums written for the Workers' Compensation Insurance segment.

~~Table of Contents~~

Under our external reinsurance treaty for traditional business, we retain the first $0.5 million in risk insured by us and cede losses in excess of this amount on each loss occurrence, subject to an AAD, equal to 3.5% of subject earned premium for the treaty year effective May 1, 2022. Premiums ceded under our traditional reinsurance treaty are based on premiums earned during the treaty period. The increase in premiums ceded to external reinsurers during the 2022 three- and six-month periods primarily reflected an increase in reinsurance rates.

Changes in the return premium estimate reflected adjustments to our estimate of expected future recovery of ceded premium based on the underlying loss experience of our reinsurance treaties that include a provision for return premium. As shown in the table above, we decreased our estimate of return premium by $0.2 million and $0.3 million during the 2022 three- and six-month periods, respectively, as compared to an increase by a nominal amount and $0.5 million during the same respective periods in 2021. Changes in the estimated return premium primarily reflect adjustments to loss estimates on previously reported reinsured claims.

We are party to a revenue sharing agreement with our reinsurance broker under which we participate in the broker's revenue earned under our reinsurance treaties based on the volume of premium ceded. We estimate the amount of revenue we expect to receive under this agreement as premiums are recognized and ceded to the reinsurers.insurers.

Ceded Premiums Ratio

Ceded premiums ratio was as follows:


		Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30							Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
		2022		2021		Change		2022		2021		Change			2023		2022		Change		2023		2022		Change
Ceded premiums ratio, as reported	Ceded premiums ratio, as reported	34.3	%	33.1	%	1.2	pts	33.8	%	32.4	%	1.4	pts	Ceded premiums ratio, as reported	34.0	%	34.3	%	(0.3	pts)	33.6	%	33.8	%	(0.2	pts)
Less the effect of:	Less the effect of:													Less the effect of:
Premiums ceded to SPCs (100%)	Premiums ceded to SPCs (100%)	24.5	%	24.5	%	—	pts	26.2	%	25.1	%	1.1	pts	Premiums ceded to SPCs (100%)	23.2	%	24.5	%	(1.3	pts)	25.0	%	26.2	%	(1.2	pts)
Retrospective premium adjustments		0.1	%	—	%	0.1	pts	0.1	%	—	%	0.1	pts

Premiums ceded to unaffiliated captive insurers (100%)	Premiums ceded to unaffiliated captive insurers (100%)	1.7	%	1.6	%	0.1	pts	0.7	%	1.7	%	(1.0	pts)	Premiums ceded to unaffiliated captive insurers (100%)	2.6	%	1.7	%	0.9	pts	1.4	%	0.7	%	0.7	pts
Change in EBUB		—	%	—	%	—	pts	—	%	0.1	%	(0.1	pts)
Change in return premium estimate under external reinsurance		0.5	%	—	%	0.5	pts	0.3	%	(0.6	%)	0.9	pts

Estimated revenue share	Estimated revenue share	(0.3	%)	(0.2	%)	(0.1	pts)	(1.0	%)	(1.0	%)	—	pts	Estimated revenue share	(0.3	%)	(0.3	%)	—	pts	(1.0	%)	(1.0	%)	—	pts
Assumed premiums earned (not ceded to external reinsurers)	Assumed premiums earned (not ceded to external reinsurers)	(0.3	%)	(0.3	%)	—	pts	(0.3	%)	(0.3	%)	—	pts	Assumed premiums earned (not ceded to external reinsurers)	(0.4	%)	(0.3	%)	(0.1	pts)	(0.3	%)	(0.3	%)	—	pts
EBUB estimate														EBUB estimate	(0.4	%)	—	%	(0.4	pts)	(0.3	%)	—	%	(0.3	pts)
Ceded premiums ratio (related to external reinsurance), less the effects of above	Ceded premiums ratio (related to external reinsurance), less the effects of above	8.1	%	7.5	%	0.6	pts	7.8	%	7.4	%	0.4	pts	Ceded premiums ratio (related to external reinsurance), less the effects of above	9.3	%	8.7	%	0.6	pts	8.8	%	8.2	%	0.6	pts

The above table reflects traditional ceded premiums earned as a percent of traditional gross premiums earned. As discussed above, premiums ceded under our traditional reinsurance treaty are based on premiums earned during the treaty period. The increase in the ceded premiums ~~ratio~~ratios for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021~~2022 primarily reflected ~~an increase in~~the higher reinsurance rates.

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Net Premiums Earned

Net premiums earned consist of gross premiums earned less the portion of earned premiums that we cede to SPCs in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment, external reinsurers (including changes related to the return premium and revenue share estimates) and the unaffiliated captive insurers. Because premiums are generally earned pro rata over the entire policy period, fluctuations in premiums earned tend to lag those of premiums written. Our workers’ compensation policies are twelve month term policies, and premiums are earned on a pro rata basis over the policy period. Net premiums earned also include premium adjustments related to the audit of our insureds' payrolls, changes in our estimates related to EBUB ~~estimate~~ and premium adjustments related to retrospectively-rated policies. Payroll audits are conducted subsequent to the end of the policy period and any related premium adjustments ~~processed~~ are recorded as fully earned in the current period. ~~In addition, we carry an estimate for~~We evaluate our estimates related to EBUB and ~~evaluate the estimate~~retrospectively-rated premium adjustments on a quarterly ~~basis.~~basis with any adjustments being included in written and earned premium in the current period.

Net premiums earned were as follows:


		Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30									Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	2022		2021		Change				2022		2021		Change				($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Gross premiums earned	Gross premiums earned	$	63,521	$	60,710	$	2,811	4.6	%	$	124,555	$	119,342	$	5,213	4.4	%	Gross premiums earned	$	62,144	$	63,521	$	(1,377)	(2.2	%)	$	123,310	$	124,555	$	(1,245)	(1.0	%)
Less: Ceded premiums earned	Less: Ceded premiums earned	21,812		20,084		1,728		8.6	%	42,162		38,706		3,456		8.9	%	Less: Ceded premiums earned	21,126		21,812		(686)		(3.1	%)	41,489		42,162		(673)		(1.6	%)
Net premiums earned	Net premiums earned	$	41,709	$	40,626	$	1,083	2.7	%	$	82,393	$	80,636	$	1,757	2.2	%	Net premiums earned	$	41,018	$	41,709	$	(691)	(1.7	%)	$	81,821	$	82,393	$	(572)	(0.7	%)

Net premiums earned ~~increased~~decreased during the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021 primarily reflecting an increase in audit premium and, for~~2022 driven by the ~~six months ended June 30, 2022, the prior year reduction to EBUB,~~continuation of competitive market conditions, partially offset by the ~~pro rata effect of lower net premiums written during the preceding twelve months~~increase in our carried EBUB estimate and higher ~~reinsurance costs.~~audit premium.

Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

We estimate our current accident year loss and loss adjustment expenses by developing actual reported losses using historical loss development factors, adjusted to reflect current and expected trends based on various internal analyses and supplemental information. The following table summarizes calendar year net loss ratios by separating losses between the current accident year and all prior accident years. Calendar year and current accident year net loss ratios by component were as follows:


		Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30							Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
		2022		2021		Change		2022		2021		Change			2023		2022		Change		2023		2022		Change
Calendar year net loss ratio	Calendar year net loss ratio	67.0	%	68.3	%	(1.3	pts)	66.9	%	66.9	%	—	pts	Calendar year net loss ratio	72.6	%	67.0	%	5.6	pts	74.1	%	66.9	%	7.2	pts
Less impact of prior accident years on the net loss ratio	Less impact of prior accident years on the net loss ratio	(4.8	%)	(4.7	%)	(0.1	pts)	(4.9	%)	(5.1	%)	0.2	pts	Less impact of prior accident years on the net loss ratio	—	%	(4.8	%)	4.8	pts	1.5	%	(4.9	%)	6.4	pts
Current accident year net loss ratio	Current accident year net loss ratio	71.8	%	73.0	%	(1.2	pts)	71.8	%	72.0	%	(0.2	pts)	Current accident year net loss ratio	72.6	%	71.8	%	0.8	pts	72.6	%	71.8	%	0.8	pts
Less estimated ratio increase (decrease) attributable to:														Less estimated ratio increase (decrease) attributable to:
Change in the AAD														Change in the AAD	3.4	%	2.4	%	1.0	pts	3.4	%	2.4	%	1.0	pts
Current accident year net loss ratio, excluding the effect of the change in the AAD														Current accident year net loss ratio, excluding the effect of the change in the AAD	69.2	%	69.4	%	(0.2	pts)	69.2	%	69.4	%	(0.2	pts)

The ~~decrease in the~~ current accident year net loss ratio increased during the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021~~2022 primarily ~~reflected~~due to an ~~improvement~~increase in estimated losses within the AAD and higher ULAE. As shown in the previous table, losses recognized within the AAD contributed a 1.0 percentage point increase in the current accident year loss ~~frequency~~ratio for both of the 2023 three- and ~~severity trends,~~six-month periods (see previous discussion of the AAD under the heading "Ceded Premiums Written"). The increase in ULAE was primarily due to higher average headcount in our claims department and associated compensation-related costs and accounted for 0.5 percentage points of the increase in the current accident year loss ratios for both of the 2023 three- and six-month periods. Excluding the impact of AAD and ULAE, the current accident year loss ratio decreased 0.7 percentage points for each of the 2023 three- and six-month periods, reflecting the impact of higher audit premium, including an increase in our carried EBUB estimate, and lower reported claim frequency, partially offset by the ~~continuation~~effect of ~~intense price competition and the resulting~~ renewal rate decreases. The current accident year net loss ratios for the 2021 three- and six-month periods reflected higher claim activity as workers returned to employment with the easing of pandemic-related restrictions. The current accident year net loss ratio for the 2021 three-month period was also impacted by an increase in the full-year loss ratio from 71% in the first quarter to 72% in the second quarter of 2021.

Calendar year incurred losses (excluding IBNR) in excess of our per occurrence reinsurance retention, before consideration of the AAD, ~~(see previous discussion under the heading "Ceded Premiums Written"), decreased $3.5~~increased 0.4 million and ~~$1.8~~decreased $1.5 million for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, respectively, as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021.~~2022. We retained losses in excess of our per occurrence retention totaling ~~$1.0~~$1.4 million and ~~$2.0~~$2.8 million during the ~~2022~~2023 three- and six-month periods, respectively, as compared to ~~$1.5~~$1.0 million and ~~$2.7~~$2.0 million for the same respective periods of ~~2021~~2022 which reflected ~~losses~~our estimate of loss activity within the AAD. ~~There were no current accident~~

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We did not recognize any prior year ~~reported losses ceded to reinsurers during~~reserve development for the three ~~and~~months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to net favorable prior year reserve development of $2.0 million for the same period of 2022. For the six months ended June 30, ~~2022 or 2021,~~2023 we recognized net unfavorable prior year reserve development of $1.2 million as ~~all losses were within the AAD.~~

~~We recognized net~~compared to favorable prior year reserve development of ~~$2.0 million and~~ $4.0 million for the ~~three and~~same period of 2022. The net unfavorable prior year reserve development for the six months ended June 30, ~~2022, respectively, as compared to $1.9 million and $4.1 million for~~2023 was driven primarily by a large claim from the ~~same respective periods of 2021.~~1997 accident year. The net favorable prior year ~~reserve~~ development for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 ~~and 2021~~ reflected overall favorable trends in claim closing ~~patterns. Net favorable development for the 2022~~patterns and ~~2021 three- and six-month periods was~~ primarily related to accident years 2017 and prior.

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Underwriting, Policy Acquisition and Operating Expenses

Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses include the amortization of commissions, premium taxes and underwriting salaries, which are capitalized and deferred over the related workers’ compensation policy period, net of ceding commissions earned. The capitalization of underwriting salaries can vary as they are subject to the success rate of our contract acquisition efforts. These expenses also include a management fee charged by our Corporate segment, which represents intercompany charges pursuant to a management ~~agreement, and the amortization of intangible assets, primarily related to the acquisition of Eastern by ProAssurance.~~agreement. The management fee is based on the extent to which services are provided to the subsidiary and the amount of premium written by the subsidiary.

Our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses were comprised as follows:


		Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30									Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	2022		2021		Change				2022		2021		Change				($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
DPAC amortization	DPAC amortization	$	7,531	$	7,249	$	282	3.9	%	$	14,592	$	13,990	$	602	4.3	%	DPAC amortization	$	7,434	$	7,531	$	(97)	(1.3	%)	$	14,444	$	14,592	$	(148)	(1.0	%)
Management fees	Management fees	477		434		43		9.9	%	1,018		976		42		4.3	%	Management fees	466		477		(11)		(2.3	%)	1,016		1,018		(2)		(0.2	%)
Other underwriting and operating expenses	Other underwriting and operating expenses	9,105		8,343		762		9.1	%	17,972		16,594		1,378		8.3	%	Other underwriting and operating expenses	9,795		9,105		690		7.6	%	18,665		17,972		693		3.9	%
Policyholder dividend expense	Policyholder dividend expense	284		233		51		21.9	%	493		502		(9)		(1.8	%)	Policyholder dividend expense	316		284		32		11.3	%	431		493		(62)		(12.6	%)
SPC ceding commission offset	SPC ceding commission offset	(3,728)		(3,547)		(181)		5.1	%	(7,406)		(7,064)		(342)		4.8	%	SPC ceding commission offset	(3,611)		(3,728)		117		(3.1	%)	(7,177)		(7,406)		229		(3.1	%)
Total	Total	$	13,669	$	12,712	$	957	7.5	%	$	26,669	$	24,998	$	1,671	6.7	%	Total	$	14,400	$	13,669	$	731	5.3	%	$	27,379	$	26,669	$	710	2.7	%

~~The increase in~~ DPAC amortization decreased for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 as compared to the same respective periods ~~in 2021 primarily reflected the increase~~of 2022, consistent with a decrease in gross premiums earned.

~~The increase in other~~Other underwriting and operating expenses increased for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021~~2022 driven by increases in compensation-related costs, travel-related expenses and, to a lesser extent, IT costs. The increase in compensation-related costs primarily reflected an increase in costs related to compensation, business-related travel, marketing and, for the 2022 six-month period, lease exit costs. Marketing costs included advertising and website-related activities that were planned for 2022. Business-related travel has increased as a result of the easing of pandemic-related restrictions. During the first quarter of 2022, we recognized one-time lease exit costs of $0.2 million due to the early termination of an office lease; however, as a result, we anticipate annual expense savings of approximately $0.1 million.headcount.

As previously discussed, alternative market premiums written by our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment are 100% ceded, less a ceding commission, to either the SPCs in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment or ~~to a limited extent, the~~ unaffiliated captive insurers. The ceding commission charged to the SPCs consists of an amount for fronting fees, cell rental fees, commissions, premium taxes, claims administration fees and risk management fees. The fronting fees, commissions, premium taxes and risk management fees are recorded as an offset to underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses. Cell rental fees are recorded as a component of other income and claims administration fees are recorded as ceded ULAE. The ~~increase~~decrease in SPC ceding commissions earned for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021,~~2022, primarily reflected the ~~increase~~decrease in alternative market ceded earned premium.

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Underwriting Expense Ratio (the Expense Ratio)

The underwriting expense ratio included the impact of the following:


		Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30							Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
		2022		2021		Change		2022		2021		Change			2023		2022		Change		2023		2022		Change
Underwriting expense ratio, as reported	Underwriting expense ratio, as reported	32.8	%	31.3	%	1.5	pts	32.4	%	31.0	%	1.4	pts	Underwriting expense ratio, as reported	35.1	%	32.8	%	2.3	pts	33.5	%	32.4	%	1.1	pts
Less estimated ratio increase (decrease) attributable to:	Less estimated ratio increase (decrease) attributable to:													Less estimated ratio increase (decrease) attributable to:
Impact of ceding commissions received from SPCs	Impact of ceding commissions received from SPCs	3.7	%	3.1	%	0.6	pts	3.6	%	3.0	%	0.6	pts	Impact of ceding commissions received from SPCs	4.3	%	3.7	%	0.6	pts	3.9	%	3.6	%	0.3	pts
Retrospective premium adjustment		0.3	%	0.1	%	0.2	pts	0.2	%	0.1	%	0.1	pts

Impact of audit premium	Impact of audit premium	(0.9	%)	0.6	%	(1.5	pts)	(0.5	%)	0.8	%	(1.3	pts)	Impact of audit premium	(2.4	%)	(0.9	%)	(1.5	pts)	(2.1	%)	(0.5	%)	(1.6	pts)
Change in return premium estimate under external reinsurance		0.1	%	—	%	0.1	pts	0.1	%	(0.1	%)	0.2	pts
Estimated revenue share		(0.1	%)	—	%	(0.1	pts)	(0.2	%)	(0.2	%)	—	pts
Impact of change in EBUB estimate														Impact of change in EBUB estimate	(1.2	%)	—	%	(1.2	pts)	(0.8	%)	—	%	(0.8	pts)

Underwriting expense ratio, less listed effects	Underwriting expense ratio, less listed effects	29.7	%	27.5	%	2.2	pts	29.2	%	27.4	%	1.8	pts	Underwriting expense ratio, less listed effects	34.4	%	30.0	%	4.4	pts	32.5	%	29.3	%	3.2	pts

Excluding the items noted in the table above, the expense ratio increased for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, primarily reflecting the ~~increase in other underwriting and~~higher operating expenses, as previously ~~discussed.~~discussed, and lower net premiums earned due to the continuation of competitive market conditions.

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Premiums Written

Gross, ceded and net premiums written were as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Gross premiums written	$	170,174	$	167,760	$	2,414	1.4	%	$	409,049	$	425,433	$	(16,384)	(3.9	%)
Less: Ceded premiums written	24,612		17,745		6,867		38.7	%	49,422		40,580		8,842		21.8	%
Net premiums written	$	145,562	$	150,015	$	(4,453)	(3.0	%)	$	359,627	$	384,853	$	(25,226)	(6.6	%)

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Gross Premiums Written

Gross premiums written by component were as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Professional Liability
HCPL
Standard Physician(1)	$	75,032	$	84,271	$	(9,239)	(11.0	%)	$	213,149	$	240,715	$	(27,566)	(11.5	%)
Specialty
Custom Physician(2)(9)	20,693		15,348		5,345		34.8	%	49,424		37,078		12,346		33.3	%
Hospitals and Facilities(3)	14,653		16,370		(1,717)		(10.5	%)	28,063		33,634		(5,571)		(16.6	%)
Senior Care(4)(9)	210		177		33		18.6	%	4,997		4,670		327		7.0	%
Reinsurance assumed(5)	9,048		8,128		920		11.3	%	21,429		17,889		3,540		19.8	%

Total Specialty	44,604		40,023		4,581		11.4	%	103,913		93,271		10,642		11.4	%
Total HCPL	119,636		124,294		(4,658)		(3.7	%)	317,062		333,986		(16,924)		(5.1	%)
Small Business Unit(6)	21,969		22,982		(1,013)		(4.4	%)	43,220		45,501		(2,281)		(5.0	%)
Tail Coverages(7)(9)	16,530		9,353		7,177		76.7	%	27,658		26,924		734		2.7	%
Total Professional Liability	158,135		156,629		1,506		1.0	%	387,940		406,411		(18,471)		(4.5	%)
Medical Technology Liability(8)	12,039		10,913		1,126		10.3	%	21,109		18,613		2,496		13.4	%
Other	—		218		(218)		nm		—		409		(409)		nm
Total Gross Premiums Written	$	170,174	$	167,760	$	2,414	1.4	%	$	409,049	$	425,433	$	(16,384)	(3.9	%)

(1) Standard Physician premium was our greatest source of premium revenues in both 2023 and 2022 and is comprised of twelve month term policies and, to a lesser extent, three month term policies. Standard Physician premium decreased for the 2023 three- and six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of 2022 driven by retention losses, the impact of the conversion of three month term policies to twelve month term policies in the prior year period and, to a lesser extent, net timing differences of $2.3 million and $3.4 million, respectively. Partially offsetting these factors during the 2023 three- and six-month periods was an increase in renewal pricing and, to a lesser extent, new business written, including the addition of a $1.1 million policy during the second quarter of 2023. Retention losses during the 2023 three- and six-month periods generally reflect our pursuit of rate adequacy in a competitive market where other carriers may not have the same objectives, appreciate the rate need, or are attempting to gain market share despite near term underwriting losses (see additional discussion in Part I Item 1. Business of our December 31, 2022 report on Form 10-K under the heading "Competition"). Renewal pricing increases during the 2023 three- and six-month periods reflect the rising loss cost environment and new business written reflects the competitive market conditions.

(2) Custom Physician premium includes large physician groups, multi-state physician groups and non-standard physicians and is written primarily on an excess and surplus lines basis. The increase in Custom Physician premium during the 2023 three- and six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of 2022 was driven by new business written, net timing differences of $4.6 million and $5.2 million, respectively, primarily related to the prior year renewal of several policies and, to a lesser extent, an increase in renewal pricing, partially offset by retention losses. Renewal pricing increases for the 2023 three- and six-month periods reflect pricing actions taken in response to a rising loss cost environment and new business written reflects the competitive market conditions. The retention losses in our Custom Physician book for the 2023 three- and six-month periods reflect our focus on underwriting discipline as well as the loss of a $2.8 million policy due to the insured moving to a captive arrangement.

(3) Hospitals and Facilities premium (which includes hospitals, surgery centers and miscellaneous medical facilities) decreased for the 2023 three- and six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of 2022 driven by retention losses, partially offset by new business written, primarily miscellaneous medical facilities and, to a lesser extent, an increase in renewal pricing. Retention losses in the 2023 six-month period were largely attributable to the loss of a $4.6 million policy due to the insured entering into a captive arrangement during the first quarter of 2023, which resulted in a decrease to our Specialty retention rate of 5.5 percentage points. Renewal pricing increases for the 2023 three- and six-month periods reflect rate increases and contract modifications that we believe are appropriate given the current loss environment and new business written reflects the competitive market conditions.

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(4) Senior Care premium includes facilities specializing in long term residential care primarily for the elderly ranging from independent living through skilled nursing. Our Senior Care premium was relatively unchanged for the 2023 three- and six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of 2022 as retention losses were more than offset by new business written and an increase in renewal pricing.

(5) We offer custom alternative risk solutions including assumed reinsurance. The increase in premium during the 2023 three- and six-month periods was driven by an increase in premiums assumed on a quota share basis through a strategic partnership in place since 2016 with an international medical professional liability insurer and, for the 2023 six-month period, an increase in premiums assumed through a reinsurance arrangement with a hospital.

(6) Our Small Business Unit is comprised of premium associated with podiatrists, legal professionals, dentists and chiropractors. Our Small Business Unit premium decreased during the 2023 three- and six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of 2022 driven by retention losses, partially offset by an increase in renewal pricing and, to a lesser extent, new business written. The increase in renewal pricing during the 2023 three- and six-month periods was primarily the result of an increase in the rate charged for certain renewed policies in select states.

(7) We offer extended reporting endorsement or "tail" coverage to insureds who discontinue their claims-made coverage with us, and we also periodically offer tail coverage through stand-alone policies. Tail coverage premiums are generally 100% earned in the period written because the policies insure only incidents that occurred in prior periods and are not cancellable. The amount of tail coverage premium written can vary significantly from period to period.

(8) Our Medical Technology Liability business is marketed throughout the U.S.; coverage is typically offered on a primary basis, within specified limits, to manufacturers and distributors of medical technology and life sciences products including entities conducting human clinical trials. In addition to the previously listed factors that affect our premium volume, our Medical Technology Liability premium is also impacted by the sales volume of insureds. Our Medical Technology Liability premium increased during the 2023 three- and six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of 2022 driven by new business written and, for the 2023 six-month period, an increase in renewal pricing, partially offset by retention losses. Renewal pricing increases during the 2023 six-month period are primarily due to changes in the sales volume and changes in exposure of certain insureds. Retention losses during the 2023 three- and six-month periods are primarily attributable to insureds no longer needing coverage, insureds no longer in business, an increase in competition on terms and pricing, cancellation for non-payment, as well as merger activity within the industry.

(9) Certain components of our gross premiums written include alternative market premiums. We currently cede either all or a portion of the alternative market premium, net of reinsurance, to three SPCs of our wholly owned Cayman Islands reinsurance subsidiaries, Inova Re and Eastern Re, which are reported in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment (see further discussion in the Ceded Premiums Written section that follows). The portion not ceded to the SPCs is retained within our Specialty P&C segment.


	Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in millions)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change

Custom Physician	$	2.7	$	2.0	$	0.7	35.0	%	$	2.7	$	2.0	$	0.7	35.0	%

Senior Care	0.6		—		0.6		nm		3.5		3.9		(0.4)		(10.3	%)
Tail Coverages	8.0		—		8.0		nm		8.0		3.0		5.0		166.7	%
Total	$	11.3	$	2.0	$	9.3	465.0	%	$	14.2	$	8.9	$	5.3	59.6	%

Alternative market gross premiums written increased during the 2023 three- and six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of 2022 driven by an increase in tail coverage, primarily related to one program in which we do not participate in the underwriting results.

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We are committed to a rate structure that will allow us to fulfill our obligations to our insureds while generating competitive long-term returns for our shareholders. Our pricing continues to be based on expected losses as indicated by our historical loss data and available industry loss data. In recent years, this practice has resulted in rate increases and we anticipate further rate increases due to indications of increasing projected loss severity. Additionally, the pricing of our business includes the effects of filed rates, surcharges and discounts. Renewal pricing reflects changes in our exposure base, deductibles, self-insurance retention limits and other policy terms and conditions. See further explanation of changes in renewal pricing above under the heading "Gross Premiums Written".

The change in renewal pricing for our Specialty P&C segment, including by major component, was as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30		Six Months Ended June 30
	2023		2023
Specialty P&C segment	6	%	6	%
HCPL
Standard Physician	7	%	5	%
Specialty	9	%	11	%
Total HCPL	7	%	6	%
Small Business Unit	4	%	4	%
Medical Technology Liability	—	%	1	%

New business written by major component on a direct basis was as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(In millions)	2023		2022		2023		2022
HCPL
Standard Physician	$	3.4	$	2.0	$	7.8	$	3.8
Specialty	5.9		4.3		10.6		8.0
Total HCPL	9.3		6.3		18.4		11.8
Small Business Unit	0.6		0.6		1.2		1.6
Medical Technology Liability	2.4		0.9		3.5		2.6
Total	$	12.3	$	7.8	$	23.1	$	16.0

Retention for our Specialty P&C segment, including by major component, was as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Specialty P&C segment	83	%	84	%	84	%	82	%
HCPL
Standard Physician	88	%	86	%	88	%	86	%
Specialty	66	%	72	%	68	%	67	%
Total HCPL	81	%	81	%	83	%	81	%
Small Business Unit	89	%	92	%	88	%	91	%
Medical Technology Liability	82	%	95	%	85	%	90	%

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Ceded Premiums Written

Ceded premiums written were as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Excess of loss reinsurance arrangements (1)	$	8,816	$	7,821	$	995	12.7	%	$	20,040	$	17,317	$	2,723	15.7	%
Other shared risk arrangements (2)	3,982		4,206		(224)		(5.3	%)	10,548		8,542		2,006		23.5	%
Premium ceded to SPCs (3)	10,396		1,399		8,997		643.1	%	13,285		8,280		5,005		60.4	%

Other ceded premiums written	1,418		1,319		99		7.5	%	3,349		3,441		(92)		(2.7	%)
Adjustment to premiums owed under reinsurance agreements, prior accident years, net(4)	—		3,000		(3,000)		nm		2,200		3,000		(800)		(26.7	%)
Total ceded premiums written	$	24,612	$	17,745	$	6,867	38.7	%	$	49,422	$	40,580	$	8,842	21.8	%

(2) We have entered into various shared risk arrangements, including quota share, fronting and captive arrangements, with certain large healthcare systems and other insurance entities. While we cede a large portion of the premium written under these arrangements, they provide us an opportunity to grow net premium through strategic partnerships. Ceded premiums written under our shared risk arrangements decreased during the 2023 three-month period as compared to the same period of 2022 driven by a decrease in premium ceded to our Ascension Health program. The increase in ceded premiums written under our shared risk arrangements during the 2023 six-month period as compared to the same period of 2022 was driven by an existing insured entering into a shared risk arrangement during the first quarter of 2023.

(3) As previously discussed, as a part of our alternative market solutions, all or a portion of certain healthcare premium written is ceded to SPCs in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment under either excess of loss or quota share reinsurance agreements, depending on the structure of the individual program. See the Segment Results - Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance section for further discussion on the cession to the SPCs from our Specialty P&C segment. Premiums ceded to SPCs increased during the 2023 three- and six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of 2022 driven by the impact of tail coverage, primarily related to one program (see previous discussion in footnote 9 under the heading "Gross Premiums Written").

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4) Given the length of time that it takes to resolve our claims, many years may elapse before all losses recoverable under a reinsurance arrangement are known. As a part of the process of estimating our loss reserve we also make estimates regarding the amounts recoverable under our reinsurance arrangements. As previously discussed, the premiums ultimately ceded under certain of our swing rated excess of loss reinsurance arrangements are subject to the losses ceded under the arrangements. As part of our review of our reserves during the second quarter of 2023, we concluded that our estimate of expected losses and associated recoveries for prior year ceded losses was reasonable; therefore, we did not adjust our estimate of ceded premiums owed to reinsurers. As part of our review of our reserves for the 2023 six-month period and the 2022 three- and six-month periods, we increased our estimate of expected losses and associated recoveries for prior year ceded losses, as well as our estimate of ceded premiums owed to reinsurers. The increase for the 2023 six-month period was due to the overall change in expected loss recoveries attributable to one prior year large claim during the first quarter of 2023. The increase for the 2022 three- and six-month periods was due to the overall change in expected loss recoveries attributable to one large claim during the second quarter of 2022. Changes to estimates of premiums ceded related to prior accident years are fully earned in the period the changes in estimates occur.

Ceded Premiums Ratio


	Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
	2023		2022		Change		2023		2022		Change
Ceded premiums ratio	14.5	%	10.6	%	3.9	pts	12.1	%	9.5	%	2.6	pts
Less the effect of adjustments in premiums owed under reinsurance agreements, prior accident years (as previously discussed)	—	%	1.8	%	(1.8	pts)	0.5	%	0.7	%	(0.2	pts)
Ratio, current accident year	14.5	%	8.8	%	5.7	pts	11.6	%	8.8	%	2.8	pts

The ~~Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance~~above table reflects ceded premiums written, excluding the effect of prior year ceded premium adjustments, as previously discussed, as a percent of gross premiums written. Our current accident year ceded premiums ratio for the 2023 three- and six-month periods increased as compared to the same respective periods of 2022 driven by an increase in premium ceded to SPCs and, for the 2023 six-month period, the prior year impact of certain of our excess of loss reinsurance arrangements reaching maximum limits eligible for cession on prior treaty years and an increase in premiums ceded under our shared risk arrangements. See additional discussion above under the heading "Ceded Premiums Written."

Net Premiums Earned

Net premiums earned consist of gross premiums earned less the portion of earned premiums that we cede to our reinsurers for their assumption of a portion of our losses. Because premiums are generally earned pro rata over the entire policy period, fluctuations in premiums earned tend to lag those of premiums written. The majority of our policies carry a term of one year; however, some of our Medical Technology Liability policies have a multi-year term and some of our Standard Physician policies have a three-month term. Tail coverage premiums are generally 100% earned in the period written because the policies insure only incidents that occurred in prior periods and are not cancellable. Retroactive coverage premiums are 100% earned at the inception of the contract, as all of the associated underlying loss events occurred in the past. Additionally, any ceded premium changes due to changes to estimates of premiums owed under reinsurance agreements for prior accident years are fully earned in the period of change.

Net premiums earned were as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Gross premiums earned	$	205,469	$	201,855	$	3,614	1.8	%	$	404,476	$	414,134	$	(9,658)	(2.3	%)
Less: Ceded premiums earned	26,567		18,308		8,259		45.1	%	46,231		32,620		13,611		41.7	%
Net premiums earned	$	178,902	$	183,547	$	(4,645)	(2.5	%)	$	358,245	$	381,514	$	(23,269)	(6.1	%)

Gross premiums earned increased during the 2023 three-month period as compared to the same period of 2022 due to an increase in tail coverage, primarily related to one program. The decrease in gross premiums earned during the 2023 six-month period as compared to the same period of 2022 was driven by the pro rata effect of a decrease in the volume of written premium during the preceding twelve months due to our process of evaluating the NORCAL book of business and implementing ProAssurance's underwriting strategies.

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Ceded premiums earned during the 2023 six-month period and 2022 three- and six-month periods included prior accident year ceded premium adjustments under swing rated reinsurance agreements (see previous discussion in footnote 4 under the heading "Ceded Premiums Written"). After removing the effect of the prior accident year ceded premium adjustments, ceded premiums earned increased by $11.3 million and $14.4 million during the 2023 three- and six-month periods, respectively, as compared to the same respective periods of 2022 driven by the pro rata effect of an increase in premium ceded under our excess of loss arrangements during the preceding twelve months and an increase in tail coverage ceded to SPCs, primarily related to one program, during the second quarter of 2023.

Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

Accident year refers to the accounting period in which the insured event becomes a liability of the insurer. For claims-made policies, which represent the majority of the premiums written in our Specialty P&C segment, the insured event generally becomes a liability when the event is first reported to us and the policy that is in effect at that time covers the claim. For occurrence policies, the insured event becomes a liability when the event takes place even though the claim may be reported to us at a later date. For retroactive coverages, the insured event becomes a liability at inception of the underlying contract. We believe that measuring losses on an accident year basis is the best measure of the underlying profitability of the premiums earned in that period, since it associates policy premiums earned with the estimate of the losses incurred related to those policy premiums.


	Net Loss Ratios (1)
	Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
	2023		2022		Change		2023		2022		Change

Calendar year net loss ratio	81.1	%	74.6	%	6.5	pts	86.3	%	79.4	%	6.9	pts
Less impact of prior accident years on the net loss ratio	(3.6	%)	(9.5	%)	5.9	pts	0.3	%	(5.6	%)	5.9	pts
Current accident year net loss ratio(2)	84.7	%	84.1	%	0.6	pts	86.0	%	85.0	%	1.0	pts

(1)Net losses, as specified, divided by net premiums earned.

(2)For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, our current accident year net loss ratios (as shown in the table above), increased 0.6 and 1.0 percentage points, respectively, as compared to the same respective periods of 2022. The change in our current accident year net loss ratios were primarily attributable to the following:

(In percentage points)

Increase (Decrease)
2023 versus 2022

Comparative
three-month
periods

Comparative
six-month
periods

Estimated ratio increase (decrease) attributable to:

NORCAL Acquisition - Purchase Accounting Amortization

1.3 pts

Ceded Premium Adjustment, Prior Accident Years

(1.4 pts)

(0.1 pts)

All other, net

0.7 pts

(0.2 pts)

Increase in current accident year net loss ratio

0.6 pts

1.0 pts

•Excluding the impact of the items specifically identified in the table above, our current accident year net loss ratio increased 0.7 percentage points for the three months ended June 30, 2023 and remained relatively unchanged for the six months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to the same respective periods of 2022. The increase in our current accident year net loss ratio for the 2023 three-month period was driven by an increase to certain expected loss ratios in our HCPL line of business as we continue to observe higher than anticipated loss severity trends in select jurisdictions that started to emerge in the fourth quarter of 2022 and, to a lesser extent, changes in the mix of business. The increase in our current accident year net loss ratio for the 2023 three-month period was partially offset by a decrease to certain expected loss ratios in our HCPL line of business, which we began recognizing in the second half of 2022, due to favorable frequency trends, some of which, we believe, was attributable to our process of evaluating the NORCAL book of business and implementing ProAssurance's underwriting strategies.

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•As a result of our acquisition of NORCAL, our current accident year net loss ratios for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 were impacted by the purchase accounting amortization of $2.5 million and $4.9 million, respectively, related to the negative VOBA associated with NORCAL's assumed unearned premium which was recorded as a reduction to current accident year net losses. As of June 30, 2022, the negative VOBA was fully amortized which resulted in a 1.3 percentage point increase in the each of the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 ratios as compared to the prior year periods.

•During the 2023 six-month period and 2022 three- and six-month periods, we increased our estimate of premiums owed under reinsurance agreements related to prior accident years which decreased net premium earned (the denominator of the current accident year net loss ratio); however, the adjustment was greater in the prior year period as compared to 2023 and accounted for a 1.4 and 0.1 percentage point decrease in our 2023 three- and six-month periods ratio, respectively. No such adjustment was made during the three months ended June 30, 2023. See the previous discussion under the heading "Ceded Premiums Written" for additional information.

The following table shows the components of our net prior accident year reserve development:


	Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change

Net favorable (unfavorable) reserve development	$	4,000	$	14,499	$	(10,499)	(72.4	%)	$	(6,109)	$	15,500	$	(21,609)	(139.4	%)
NORCAL Acquisition - Purchase Accounting Amortization*	2,510		2,900		(390)		(13.4	%)	5,020		5,799		(779)		(13.4	%)
Total net favorable (unfavorable) reserve development	$	6,510	$	17,399	$	(10,889)	(62.6	%)	$	(1,089)	$	21,299	$	(22,388)	(105.1	%)
*See Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our December 31, 2022 report on Form 10-K for additional information on the remaining expected amortization of the NORCAL acquisition purchase accounting adjustments.

•Net favorable development recognized during the three months ended June 30, 2023 was due to lower than anticipated loss emergence in our Medical Technology Liability line of business, principally related to accident years 2014 through 2017. Net favorable development recognized during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 principally related to accident years 2018 through 2020.

•The loss environment in our HCPL line of business continues to be challenging in some jurisdictions, as claim costs are pressured by social inflation and higher than anticipated loss severity trends which started to emerge in the fourth quarter of 2022. We are monitoring the impact that these trends have on our open case reserves and prior year development. During the first quarter of 2023, we strengthened case reserves related to four large claims resulting in net unfavorable development of $10.1 million recognized during the six months ended June 30, 2023, $7.5 million of which related to NORCAL's accident years 2016 and 2020.

•Net favorable development recognized during the six months ended June 30, 2022 was net of an increase of $4.0 million in our reserve for potential ECO/XPL; no such adjustment was made during the current period.

A detailed discussion of factors influencing our recognition of loss development is included in our Critical Accounting Estimates section under the heading "Reserve for Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses" in our December 31, 2022 report on Form 10-K. Assumptions used in establishing our reserve are regularly reviewed and updated by management as new data becomes available. Any adjustments necessary are reflected in the then current operations. Due to the size of our reserve, even a small percentage adjustment to the assumptions can have a material effect on our results of operations for the period in which the change is made, as was the case in both 2023 and 2022.

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Underwriting, Policy Acquisition and Operating Expenses

Our Specialty P&C segment underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses were comprised as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
DPAC amortization	$	22,762	$	24,236	$	(1,474)	(6.1	%)	$	46,499	$	45,978	$	521	1.1	%
Management fees	799		995		(196)		(19.7	%)	1,963		2,397		(434)		(18.1	%)
Other underwriting and operating expenses	23,878		22,846		1,032		4.5	%	39,937		42,583		(2,646)		(6.2	%)
Total	$	47,439	$	48,077	$	(638)	(1.3	%)	$	88,399	$	90,958	$	(2,559)	(2.8	%)

DPAC amortization decreased for the 2023 three-month period and increased for the 2023 six-month period as compared to the same respective periods of 2022. The decrease in DPAC amortization for the 2023 three-month period reflected an increase in ceding commission income, which is an offset to expense, primarily attributable to one alternative market program written in the current period and, to a lesser extent, a decrease in brokerage expenses. The increase for the 2023 six-month period was driven by the prior year impact of purchase accounting from the NORCAL acquisition. For the 2022 six-month period, DPAC amortization was approximately $1.0 million lower than would have otherwise been recognized for the period due to the application of GAAP purchase accounting rules. Under these purchase accounting rules, the capitalized policy acquisition costs for NORCAL policies written prior to the acquisition date were written off through purchase accounting on May 5, 2021 rather than being expensed pro rata over the remaining term of the associated policies. The remaining decrease in DPAC amortization for the 2023 six-month period as compared to the same period of 2022 reflected a decrease in brokerage expenses and, to a lesser extent, an increase in ceding commission income, as previously discussed, partially offset by an increase in compensation-related expenses due to an increase in headcount and, to a lesser extent, an increase in agency commissions due to a higher volume of commissionable premium.

Other underwriting and operating expenses increased for the 2023 three-month period and decreased for the 2023 six-month period as compared to the same respective periods of 2022. The increase in other underwriting and operating expenses for the 2023 three-month period reflected an increase in compensation-related expenses due to organizational structure changes and the movement of certain employees from the Corporate segment beginning in the third quarter of 2022 and an increase in amounts accrued for performance-related incentive plans due to the improvement of the related performance metrics. The decrease in other underwriting and operating expenses for the 2023 six-month period was primarily due to a claim for a payroll tax refund of $3.8 million recognized in the first quarter of 2023 as a reduction to operating expenses related to the employee retention credit available to us under the CARES Act. See additional discussion on the ERC in Note 1 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and previous discussion in the Liquidity section under the heading "Taxes." In addition, the decrease in other underwriting and operating expenses for the 2023 six-month period reflects the impact of the remeasurement of the contingent consideration liability associated with the NORCAL acquisition. We recognized $7.5 million of unfavorable development in the first quarter of 2023 on NORCAL's reserves related to accident year's 2020 and prior (see additional discussion in the previous section under the heading "Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses"). Given the contingent consideration is dependent upon the after-tax development of those accident years, we factored in the unfavorable development in the remeasurement of the contingent consideration which resulted in a $1.0 million decrease to the liability during the first quarter of 2023. This $1.0 million decrease was recorded as a reduction to operating expenses in the segment to be consistent with the reporting of NORCAL's reserves. See further discussion on the contingent consideration in Note 2 and Note 6 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. Excluding the impact of these items, other underwriting and operating expenses increased $2.2 million for the 2023 six-month period as compared to the same period of 2022 driven by an increase in compensation-related costs and, to a lesser extent, travel-related expenses, partially offset by certain one-time expenses of $1.6 million incurred during the prior year period. One-time expenses for the 2022 six-month period were mainly comprised of one-time bonuses, employee severance charges and lease exit costs.

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Underwriting Expense Ratio (the Expense Ratio)

Our expense ratio for the Specialty P&C segment was as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
	2023		2022		Change		2023		2022		Change
Underwriting expense ratio	26.5	%	26.2	%	0.3	pts	24.7	%	23.8	%	0.9	pts

The change in our expense ratio for the 2023 three- and six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of 2022 was primarily attributable to the following:


	Increase (Decrease) 2023 versus 2022
(In percentage points)	Comparative three-month periods	Comparative six-month periods
Estimated ratio increase (decrease) attributable to:

Change in Net Premiums Earned and DPAC amortization	(0.5 pts)	0.2 pts
NORCAL DPAC Amortization - Prior Period Purchase Accounting Impact	— pts	0.7 pts
Employee Retention Credit	— pts	(1.1 pts)
Contingent Consideration Remeasurement Adjustment	— pts	(0.3 pts)


All other, net	0.8 pts	1.4 pts
Increase in the underwriting expense ratio	0.3 pts	0.9 pts

Excluding the impact of the items specifically identified in the table above, our expense ratios increased for the 2023 three- and six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of 2022 by 0.8 and 1.4 percentage points, respectively, driven by higher compensation-related costs and, to a lesser extent, travel-related expenses, as previously discussed. The decrease in the expense ratio from lower DPAC amortization in relation to the decline in net premiums earned for the 2023 three-month period of 0.5 percentage points primarily reflects an increase in ceding commission income, as previously discussed. The expense ratio for the 2023 six-month period reflected a decline in net premiums earned which outpaced the decline in DPAC amortization, excluding the prior year purchase accounting impact, driven by higher agency commissions due to a higher volume of commissionable premium, resulting in a 0.2 percentage point increase in the current period ratio as compared to the same period of 2022.

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Segment Results - Workers' Compensation Insurance

Our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment includes ~~the results (underwriting profit~~workers' compensation products provided to employers generally with 1,000 or ~~loss, plus investment results, net of U.S. federal income taxes) of SPCs at Inova Re and Eastern Re, our Cayman Islands SPC operations,~~fewer employees, as discussed in Note 1816 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our December 31, ~~2021~~2022 report on Form 10-K. Workers' compensation products offered include guaranteed cost policies, policyholder dividend policies, retrospectively-rated policies, deductible policies and alternative market programs. Alternative market programs include services related to program design, fronting, claims administration, risk management, SPC rental, asset management and SPC management services. Alternative market program premiums are 100% ceded to either the SPCs within our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment or captive insurers unaffiliated with ProAssurance for two programs. Our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment results reflect pre-tax underwriting profit or loss from these workers' compensation products, exclusive of investment results, which are ~~segregated pools~~included in our Corporate segment. Segment results included the following:


	Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Net premiums written	$	42,323	$	42,558	$	(235)	(0.6	%)	$	89,894	$	87,824	$	2,070	2.4	%

Net premiums earned	$	41,018	$	41,709	$	(691)	(1.7	%)	$	81,821	$	82,393	$	(572)	(0.7	%)
Other income	651		517		134		25.9	%	1,232		1,199		33		2.8	%
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses	(29,762)		(27,947)		(1,815)		6.5	%	(60,606)		(55,158)		(5,448)		9.9	%
Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses	(14,400)		(13,669)		(731)		5.3	%	(27,379)		(26,669)		(710)		2.7	%
Segment results	$	(2,493)	$	610	$	(3,103)	(508.7	%)	$	(4,932)	$	1,765	$	(6,697)	(379.4	%)

Net loss ratio	72.6%		67.0%		5.6 pts				74.1%		66.9%		7.2 pts
Underwriting expense ratio	35.1%		32.8%		2.3 pts				33.5%		32.4%		1.1 pts

Premiums Written

Our workers’ compensation premium volume is driven by five primary factors: (1) the amount of ~~assets~~new business written, (2) retention of our existing book of business, (3) premium rates charged on our renewal book of business, (4) changes in payroll exposure and ~~liabilities that provide~~(5) audit premium.

Gross, ceded and net premiums written were as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Gross premiums written	$	62,757	$	63,634	$	(877)	(1.4	%)	$	136,187	$	135,752	$	435	0.3	%
Less: Ceded premiums written	20,434		21,076		(642)		(3.0	%)	46,293		47,928		(1,635)		(3.4	%)
Net premiums written	$	42,323	$	42,558	$	(235)	(0.6	%)	$	89,894	$	87,824	$	2,070	2.4	%

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Gross Premiums Written

Gross premiums written by product were as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Traditional business:
Guaranteed cost	$	33,769	$	35,719	$	(1,950)	(5.5	%)	$	71,568	$	71,222	$	346	0.5	%
Policyholder dividend	5,795		5,530		265		4.8	%	12,966		13,392		(426)		(3.2	%)
Deductible	428		468		(40)		(8.5	%)	2,759		2,588		171		6.6	%
Retrospective	2,535		2,430		105		4.3	%	2,839		3,076		(237)		(7.7	%)
Other	1,558		2,111		(553)		(26.2	%)	3,260		3,726		(466)		(12.5	%)
Change in EBUB estimate	1,900		—		1,900		nm		2,900		—		2,900		nm
Total traditional business (1)	45,985		46,258		(273)		(0.6	%)	96,292		94,004		2,288		2.4	%
Alternative market business(2)	16,772		17,376		(604)		(3.5	%)	39,895		41,748		(1,853)		(4.4	%)
Total	$	62,757	$	63,634	$	(877)	(1.4	%)	$	136,187	$	135,752	$	435	0.3	%

(1) Gross premiums written in our traditional business decreased during the three months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to the same period of 2022, primarily reflecting lower renewal premium, partially offset by new business written, an ~~insurance facility for~~increase in the carried EBUB estimate and, to a ~~defined set of risks. Assets of each SPC are solely~~lesser extent, higher audit premium. The increase in traditional gross premiums written for the ~~benefit~~six months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to the same period of ~~that individual cell~~2022 was driven by new business written, higher audit premium and ~~each SPC is solely responsible~~an increase in the carried EBUB estimate, partially offset by lower renewal premium. Policy audits processed during the 2023 three- and six-month periods resulted in audit premium billed to policyholders totaling $2.3 million and $4.8 million, respectively, as compared to $1.8 million and $1.9 million for the ~~liabilities~~same respective periods in 2022. We increased our carried EBUB estimate in both the 2023 three- and six-month periods based on recent audit trends and our expectation of ~~that individual cell. Assets~~higher levels of ~~one SPC are statutorily protected from~~audit premium due to wage inflation. Renewal premium results for the ~~creditors~~2023 three- and six-month periods reflected premium retention of ~~the others. Each SPC is owned, fully or~~80% and 81%, respectively, and rate decreases of 7% in ~~part,~~each period, partially offset by an ~~individual company, agency, group or association~~increase in payroll exposure. Retention and renewal rate changes reflect the ~~results~~continuation of competitive market conditions and renewal rates also reflect the ~~SPCs~~impact of compounded state loss cost decreases in our core operating territories.

(2) A majority of alternative market premiums are ~~attributable~~ceded to ~~the participants of that cell. We participate to a varying degree in the results of selected~~ SPCs and, for the SPCs in which we participate, our participation interest ranges from a low of 20% to a high of 85%. SPC results attributable to external cell participants are reported as an SPC dividend (expense) income in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment. ~~In addition,~~See further discussion on alternative market gross premiums written in our Segment Operating Results - Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance section under the heading "Gross Premiums Written" that follows. We retained 100% of the sixteen (seven in the second quarter) workers’ compensation alternative market programs that were up for renewal during the six months ended June 30, 2023.

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New business, audit premium, renewal retention and renewal price changes for our traditional business and alternative market business are shown in the table below:


	Three Months Ended June 30
	2023									2022
($ in millions)	Traditional Business			Alternative Market Business			Segment Results			Traditional Business			Alternative Market Business			Segment Results
New business	$	5.6		$	1.5		$	7.1		$	3.6		$	0.9		$	4.5
Audit premium (excluding EBUB)	$	2.3		$	0.9		$	3.2		$	1.8		$	1.2		$	3.0
Retention rate (1)	80		%	84		%	81		%	88		%	83		%	87		%
Change in renewal pricing (2)	(7		%)	(6		%)	(7		%)	(5		%)	(5		%)	(5		%)

	Six Months Ended June 30
	2023									2022
($ in millions)	Traditional Business			Alternative Market Business			Segment Results			Traditional Business			Alternative Market Business			Segment Results
New business	$	12.2		$	2.7		$	14.9		$	7.1		$	2.1		$	9.2
Audit premium (excluding EBUB)	$	4.8		$	2.1		$	6.9		$	1.9		$	2.8		$	4.7
Retention rate (1)	81		%	88		%	83		%	87		%	89		%	87		%
Change in renewal pricing (2)	(7		%)	(6		%)	(6		%)	(4		%)	(4		%)	(4		%)

(1) We calculate our workers' compensation retention rate as annualized expiring renewed premium divided by all annualized expiring premium subject to renewal. Our retention rate can be impacted by various factors, including price or other competitive issues, insureds being acquired, or a decision not to renew based on our underwriting evaluation.
(2) The pricing of our business includes an assessment of the underlying policy exposure and market conditions. We continue to base our pricing on expected losses, as indicated by our historical loss data.

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Ceded Premiums Written

Ceded premiums written were as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Premiums ceded to SPCs(1)	$	14,717	$	15,235	$	(518)	(3.4	%)	$	34,709	$	36,723	$	(2,014)	(5.5	%)
Premiums ceded to external reinsurers(2)	3,739		3,632		107		2.9	%	7,168		6,787		381		5.6	%
Premiums ceded to unaffiliated captive insurers(1)	2,055		2,141		(86)		(4.0	%)	5,186		5,025		161		3.2	%
Change in return premium estimate under external reinsurance (3)	52		225		(173)		(76.9	%)	67		254		(187)		(73.6	%)
Estimated revenue share under external reinsurance (4)	(129)		(157)		28		(17.8	%)	(837)		(861)		24		(2.8	%)
Total ceded premiums written	$	20,434	$	21,076	$	(642)	(3.0	%)	$	46,293	$	47,928	$	(1,635)	(3.4	%)
(1) Represents alternative market business that is ceded under 100% quota share reinsurance agreements to the SPCs in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment. Premiums ceded to unaffiliated captive insurers represent alternative market business for two programs that are ceded under 100% quota share reinsurance agreements. See further discussion on alternative market gross premiums written in our Segment Operating Results - Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance section under the heading "Gross Premiums Written" that follows.
(2) Under our external reinsurance treaty for traditional business, we retain the first $0.5 million in risk insured by us and cede losses in excess of this amount on each loss occurrence, subject to an AAD, equal to 3.5% of subject earned premium for the treaty year effective May 1, 2023. Premiums ceded under our traditional reinsurance treaty are based on premiums earned during the treaty period.
(3) Changes in the return premium estimate reflect adjustments to our estimate of expected future recovery of ceded premium based on the underlying loss experience of our reinsurance treaties that include a provision for return premium.
(4) We are party to a revenue sharing agreement with our reinsurance broker under which we participate in the broker's revenue earned under our reinsurance treaties based on the volume of premium ceded. We estimate the amount of revenue we expect to receive under this agreement as premiums are recognized and ceded to the reinsurers.

Ceded premiums written decreased during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to the same respective periods of 2022, primarily reflecting a decrease in alternative market premiums ceded to the Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment, ~~includes the investment results of the SPCs as the investments are solely~~partially offset by an increase in premiums ceded under our external reinsurance treaty, reflecting higher reinsurance rates, and, for the ~~benefit~~2023 six-month period, an increase in premiums ceded to unaffiliated captive insurers.

Ceded Premiums Ratio

Ceded premiums ratio was as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
	2023		2022		Change		2023		2022		Change
Ceded premiums ratio, as reported	34.0	%	34.3	%	(0.3	pts)	33.6	%	33.8	%	(0.2	pts)
Less the effect of:
Premiums ceded to SPCs (100%)	23.2	%	24.5	%	(1.3	pts)	25.0	%	26.2	%	(1.2	pts)

Premiums ceded to unaffiliated captive insurers (100%)	2.6	%	1.7	%	0.9	pts	1.4	%	0.7	%	0.7	pts


Estimated revenue share	(0.3	%)	(0.3	%)	—	pts	(1.0	%)	(1.0	%)	—	pts
Assumed premiums earned (not ceded to external reinsurers)	(0.4	%)	(0.3	%)	(0.1	pts)	(0.3	%)	(0.3	%)	—	pts
EBUB estimate	(0.4	%)	—	%	(0.4	pts)	(0.3	%)	—	%	(0.3	pts)
Ceded premiums ratio (related to external reinsurance), less the effects of above	9.3	%	8.7	%	0.6	pts	8.8	%	8.2	%	0.6	pts

The above table reflects traditional ceded premiums earned as a percent of traditional gross premiums earned. As discussed above, premiums ceded under our traditional reinsurance treaty are based on premiums earned during the ~~cell participants and investment results attributable to external cell participants are reflected~~treaty period. The increase in the ~~SPC dividend (expense) income. As of~~ceded premiums ratios for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to the same respective periods of 2022 ~~there were 27 (4 inactive) SPCs. The SPCs assume workers' compensation insurance, healthcare professional liability insurance or a combination of~~primarily reflected the two from our Workers' Compensation Insurance and Specialty P&C segments. As of June 30, 2022, there were two SPCs that assumed both workers' compensation insurance and healthcare professional liability insurance and one SPC that assumed only healthcare professional liability insurance.

~~Segment results reflects our share of the underwriting and investment results of the SPCs in which we participate, and included the following:~~

Three Months Ended June 30 Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands) 2022 2021 Change 2022 2021 Change
Net premiums written $ 14,515 $ 14,208 $ 307 2.2 % $ 39,732 $ 36,396 $ 3,336 9.2 %
Net premiums earned $ 16,222 $ 16,272 $ (50) (0.3 %) $ 35,536 $ 32,156 $ 3,380 10.5 %
Net investment income 211 206 5 2.4 % 323 427 (104) (24.4 %)
Net investment gains (losses) (2,782) 1,580 (4,362) (276.1 %) (3,493) 2,568 (6,061) (236.0 %)
Other income 1 1 — — % 1 2 (1) (50.0 %)
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses (9,272) (8,443) (829) 9.8 % (20,763) (17,867) (2,896) 16.2 %
Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses (5,237) (5,293) 56 (1.1 %) (9,605) (10,320) 715 (6.9 %)
SPC U.S. federal income tax expense (1)
(349) (504) 155 (30.8 %) (991) (860) (131) 15.2 %
SPC net results (1,206) 3,819 (5,025) (131.6 %) 1,008 6,106 (5,098) (83.5 %)
SPC dividend (expense) income (2)
854 (2,864) 3,718 (129.8 %) (1,513) (4,606) 3,093 (67.2 %)
Segment results (3)
$ (352) $ 955 $ (1,307) (136.9 %) $ (505) $ 1,500 $ (2,005) (133.7 %)
Net loss ratio 57.2% 51.9% 5.3 pts 58.4% 55.6% 2.8 pts
Underwriting expense ratio 32.3% 32.5% (0.2 pts) 27.0% 32.1% (5.1 pts)
(1) Represents the provision for U.S. federal income taxes for SPCs at Inova Re, which have elected to be taxed as a U.S. corporation under Section 953(d) of the Internal Revenue Code. U.S. federal income taxes are included in the total SPC net results and are paid by the individual SPCs.
(2) Represents the net (profit) loss attributable to external cell participants.
(3) Represents our share of the net profit (loss) and OCI of the SPCs in which we participate.

higher reinsurance rates.

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Net Premiums Earned

Net premiums earned consist of gross premiums earned less the portion of earned premiums that we cede to SPCs in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment, external reinsurers (including changes related to the return premium and revenue share estimates) and the unaffiliated captive insurers. Because premiums are generally earned pro rata over the entire policy period, fluctuations in premiums earned tend to lag those of premiums written. Our workers’ compensation policies are twelve month term policies, and premiums are earned on a pro rata basis over the policy period. Net premiums earned also include premium adjustments related to the audit of our insureds' payrolls, changes in our estimates related to EBUB and premium adjustments related to retrospectively-rated policies. Payroll audits are conducted subsequent to the end of the policy period and any related premium adjustments are recorded as fully earned in the current period. We evaluate our estimates related to EBUB and retrospectively-rated premium adjustments on a quarterly basis with any adjustments being included in written and earned premium in the current period.

Net premiums earned were as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Gross premiums earned	$	62,144	$	63,521	$	(1,377)	(2.2	%)	$	123,310	$	124,555	$	(1,245)	(1.0	%)
Less: Ceded premiums earned	21,126		21,812		(686)		(3.1	%)	41,489		42,162		(673)		(1.6	%)
Net premiums earned	$	41,018	$	41,709	$	(691)	(1.7	%)	$	81,821	$	82,393	$	(572)	(0.7	%)

Net premiums earned decreased during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to the same respective periods of 2022 driven by the continuation of competitive market conditions, partially offset by the increase in our carried EBUB estimate and higher audit premium.

Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses


	Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
	2023		2022		Change		2023		2022		Change
Calendar year net loss ratio	72.6	%	67.0	%	5.6	pts	74.1	%	66.9	%	7.2	pts
Less impact of prior accident years on the net loss ratio	—	%	(4.8	%)	4.8	pts	1.5	%	(4.9	%)	6.4	pts
Current accident year net loss ratio	72.6	%	71.8	%	0.8	pts	72.6	%	71.8	%	0.8	pts
Less estimated ratio increase (decrease) attributable to:
Change in the AAD	3.4	%	2.4	%	1.0	pts	3.4	%	2.4	%	1.0	pts
Current accident year net loss ratio, excluding the effect of the change in the AAD	69.2	%	69.4	%	(0.2	pts)	69.2	%	69.4	%	(0.2	pts)

The current accident year net loss ratio increased during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to the same respective periods of 2022 primarily due to an increase in estimated losses within the AAD and higher ULAE. As shown in the previous table, losses recognized within the AAD contributed a 1.0 percentage point increase in the current accident year loss ratio for both of the 2023 three- and six-month periods (see previous discussion of the AAD under the heading "Ceded Premiums Written"). The increase in ULAE was primarily due to higher average headcount in our claims department and associated compensation-related costs and accounted for 0.5 percentage points of the increase in the current accident year loss ratios for both of the 2023 three- and six-month periods. Excluding the impact of AAD and ULAE, the current accident year loss ratio decreased 0.7 percentage points for each of the 2023 three- and six-month periods, reflecting the impact of higher audit premium, including an increase in our carried EBUB estimate, and lower reported claim frequency, partially offset by the effect of renewal rate decreases.

Calendar year incurred losses (excluding IBNR) in excess of our per occurrence reinsurance retention, before consideration of the AAD, increased 0.4 million and decreased $1.5 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, as compared to the same respective periods of 2022. We retained losses in excess of our per occurrence retention totaling $1.4 million and $2.8 million during the 2023 three- and six-month periods, respectively, as compared to $1.0 million and $2.0 million for the same respective periods of 2022 which reflected our estimate of loss activity within the AAD.

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We did not recognize any prior year reserve development for the three months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to net favorable prior year reserve development of $2.0 million for the same period of 2022. For the six months ended June 30, 2023 we recognized net unfavorable prior year reserve development of $1.2 million as compared to favorable prior year reserve development of $4.0 million for the same period of 2022. The net unfavorable prior year reserve development for the six months ended June 30, 2023 was driven primarily by a large claim from the 1997 accident year. The net favorable prior year development for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 reflected overall favorable trends in claim closing patterns and primarily related to accident years 2017 and prior.

Underwriting, Policy Acquisition and Operating Expenses

Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses include the amortization of commissions, premium taxes and underwriting salaries, which are capitalized and deferred over the related workers’ compensation policy period, net of ceding commissions earned. The capitalization of underwriting salaries can vary as they are subject to the success rate of our contract acquisition efforts. These expenses also include a management fee charged by our Corporate segment, which represents intercompany charges pursuant to a management agreement. The management fee is based on the extent to which services are provided to the subsidiary and the amount of premium written by the subsidiary.

Our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses were comprised as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
DPAC amortization	$	7,434	$	7,531	$	(97)	(1.3	%)	$	14,444	$	14,592	$	(148)	(1.0	%)
Management fees	466		477		(11)		(2.3	%)	1,016		1,018		(2)		(0.2	%)
Other underwriting and operating expenses	9,795		9,105		690		7.6	%	18,665		17,972		693		3.9	%
Policyholder dividend expense	316		284		32		11.3	%	431		493		(62)		(12.6	%)
SPC ceding commission offset	(3,611)		(3,728)		117		(3.1	%)	(7,177)		(7,406)		229		(3.1	%)
Total	$	14,400	$	13,669	$	731	5.3	%	$	27,379	$	26,669	$	710	2.7	%

DPAC amortization decreased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to the same respective periods of 2022, consistent with a decrease in gross premiums earned.

Other underwriting and operating expenses increased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to the same respective periods of 2022 driven by increases in compensation-related costs, travel-related expenses and, to a lesser extent, IT costs. The increase in compensation-related costs primarily reflected an increase in headcount.

As previously discussed, alternative market premiums written by our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment are 100% ceded, less a ceding commission, to either the SPCs in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment or unaffiliated captive insurers. The ceding commission charged to the SPCs consists of an amount for fronting fees, cell rental fees, commissions, premium taxes, claims administration fees and risk management fees. The fronting fees, commissions, premium taxes and risk management fees are recorded as an offset to underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses. Cell rental fees are recorded as a component of other income and claims administration fees are recorded as ceded ULAE. The decrease in SPC ceding commissions earned for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to the same respective periods of 2022, primarily reflected the decrease in alternative market ceded earned premium.

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Underwriting Expense Ratio (the Expense Ratio)

The underwriting expense ratio included the impact of the following:


	Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
	2023		2022		Change		2023		2022		Change
Underwriting expense ratio, as reported	35.1	%	32.8	%	2.3	pts	33.5	%	32.4	%	1.1	pts
Less estimated ratio increase (decrease) attributable to:
Impact of ceding commissions received from SPCs	4.3	%	3.7	%	0.6	pts	3.9	%	3.6	%	0.3	pts

Impact of audit premium	(2.4	%)	(0.9	%)	(1.5	pts)	(2.1	%)	(0.5	%)	(1.6	pts)
Impact of change in EBUB estimate	(1.2	%)	—	%	(1.2	pts)	(0.8	%)	—	%	(0.8	pts)


Underwriting expense ratio, less listed effects	34.4	%	30.0	%	4.4	pts	32.5	%	29.3	%	3.2	pts

Excluding the items noted in the table above, the expense ratio increased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, primarily reflecting the higher operating expenses, as previously discussed, and lower net premiums earned due to the continuation of competitive market conditions.

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Premiums Written

~~Premiums~~Changes in our ~~Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance~~premium volume within our Specialty P&C segment are ~~assumed from either our Workers' Compensation Insurance or Specialty P&C segments. Premium volume is~~generally driven by ~~five~~three primary factors: (1) the amount of new business written, (2) our retention of existing business and (3) the premium charged for business that is renewed, which is affected by rates charged and by the amount and type of coverage an insured chooses to purchase. In addition, premium volume may periodically be affected by shifts in the timing of renewals between periods.

The medical professional liability market, which accounts for a majority of the revenues in this segment, remains challenging as physicians continue joining hospitals or larger group practices and, therefore, are no longer purchasing individual or group policies in the standard market. In addition, some competitors have chosen to compete primarily on price. Both factors may impact our ability to write new business and retain existing ~~book~~business. Furthermore, the insurance and reinsurance markets have historically been cyclical, characterized by extended periods of intense price competition and other periods of reduced capacity. The medical professional liability market has been particularly affected by these cycles. Underwriting cycles are driven, among other reasons, by excess capacity available to compete for the business. Changes in the frequency and severity of losses may also affect the cycles of the insurance and reinsurance markets significantly. During “soft markets” where price competition is high and underwriting profits are poor, growth and retention of business ~~(3)~~become challenging which may result in reduced premium ~~rates charged on the renewal book of business and, for workers' compensation business, (4) changes in payroll exposure and (5) audit premium.~~volumes.

Gross, ceded and net premiums written were as follows:


		Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30									Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	2022		2021		Change				2022		2021		Change				($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Gross premiums written	Gross premiums written	$	16,634	$	16,060	$	574	3.6	%	$	45,003	$	41,211	$	3,792	9.2	%	Gross premiums written	$	170,174	$	167,760	$	2,414	1.4	%	$	409,049	$	425,433	$	(16,384)	(3.9	%)
Less: Ceded premiums written	Less: Ceded premiums written	2,119		1,852		267		14.4	%	5,271		4,815		456		9.5	%	Less: Ceded premiums written	24,612		17,745		6,867		38.7	%	49,422		40,580		8,842		21.8	%
Net premiums written	Net premiums written	$	14,515	$	14,208	$	307	2.2	%	$	39,732	$	36,396	$	3,336	9.2	%	Net premiums written	$	145,562	$	150,015	$	(4,453)	(3.0	%)	$	359,627	$	384,853	$	(25,226)	(6.6	%)

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Gross Premiums Written

Gross premiums written ~~reflected reinsurance premiums assumed~~ by component were as follows:

Three Months Ended June 30 Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands) 2022 2021 Change 2022 2021 Change
Workers' compensation $ 15,235 $ 13,926 $ 1,309 9.4 % $ 36,723 $ 34,608 $ 2,115 6.1 %
Healthcare professional liability 1,399 2,134 (735) (34.4 %) 8,280 6,603 1,677 25.4 %
Gross Premiums Written $ 16,634 $ 16,060 $ 574 3.6 % $ 45,003 $ 41,211 $ 3,792 9.2 %


	Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Professional Liability
HCPL
Standard Physician(1)	$	75,032	$	84,271	$	(9,239)	(11.0	%)	$	213,149	$	240,715	$	(27,566)	(11.5	%)
Specialty
Custom Physician(2)(9)	20,693		15,348		5,345		34.8	%	49,424		37,078		12,346		33.3	%
Hospitals and Facilities(3)	14,653		16,370		(1,717)		(10.5	%)	28,063		33,634		(5,571)		(16.6	%)
Senior Care(4)(9)	210		177		33		18.6	%	4,997		4,670		327		7.0	%
Reinsurance assumed(5)	9,048		8,128		920		11.3	%	21,429		17,889		3,540		19.8	%

Total Specialty	44,604		40,023		4,581		11.4	%	103,913		93,271		10,642		11.4	%
Total HCPL	119,636		124,294		(4,658)		(3.7	%)	317,062		333,986		(16,924)		(5.1	%)
Small Business Unit(6)	21,969		22,982		(1,013)		(4.4	%)	43,220		45,501		(2,281)		(5.0	%)
Tail Coverages(7)(9)	16,530		9,353		7,177		76.7	%	27,658		26,924		734		2.7	%
Total Professional Liability	158,135		156,629		1,506		1.0	%	387,940		406,411		(18,471)		(4.5	%)
Medical Technology Liability(8)	12,039		10,913		1,126		10.3	%	21,109		18,613		2,496		13.4	%
Other	—		218		(218)		nm		—		409		(409)		nm
Total Gross Premiums Written	$	170,174	$	167,760	$	2,414	1.4	%	$	409,049	$	425,433	$	(16,384)	(3.9	%)

~~Gross premiums written~~(1) Standard Physician premium was our greatest source of premium revenues in both 2023 and 2022 and is comprised of twelve month term policies and, to a lesser extent, three month term policies. Standard Physician premium decreased for the ~~three~~2023 three- and six months ended June 30, 2022 and 2021 were primarily comprised of workers' compensation coverages assumed from our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment. Workers' compensation gross premiums written increased during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021~~2022 driven by ~~higher audit premium~~retention losses, the impact of the conversion of three month term policies to twelve month term policies in the prior year period and, to a lesser extent, net timing differences of $2.3 million and $3.4 million, respectively. Partially offsetting these factors during the 2023 three- and six-month periods was an increase in renewal pricing and, to a lesser extent, new business written, including the addition of a $1.1 million policy during the second quarter of 2023. Retention losses during the 2023 three- and six-month periods generally reflect our pursuit of rate adequacy in a competitive market where other carriers may not have the same objectives, appreciate the rate need, or are attempting to gain market share despite near term underwriting losses (see additional discussion in Part I Item 1. Business of our December 31, 2022 report on Form 10-K under the heading "Competition"). Renewal pricing increases during the 2023 three- and six-month periods reflect the rising loss cost environment and new business ~~partially offset by renewal rate decreases of 5%~~written reflects the competitive market conditions.

(2) Custom Physician premium includes large physician groups, multi-state physician groups and ~~4%, respectively. Healthcare professional liability gross premiums~~non-standard physicians and is written ~~decreased~~primarily on an excess and surplus lines basis. The increase in Custom Physician premium during the ~~three months ended June 30, 2022~~2023 three- and ~~increased during the six months ended June 30, 2022~~six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021. The decrease during the three months ended June 30, 2022 primarily reflects the impact of non-renewed policies. The increase during the six months ended June 30,~~ 2022 was driven by new business written, net timing differences of $4.6 million and $5.2 million, respectively, primarily related to the ~~effect~~prior year renewal of several policies and, to a lesser extent, an increase in renewal pricing, partially offset by retention losses. Renewal pricing increases for the 2023 three- and six-month periods reflect pricing actions taken in response to a rising loss cost environment and new business written reflects the competitive market conditions. The retention losses in our Custom Physician book for the 2023 three- and six-month periods reflect our focus on underwriting discipline as well as the loss of a $2.8 million policy due to the insured moving to a captive arrangement.

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	Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in millions)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change

Custom Physician	$	2.7	$	2.0	$	0.7	35.0	%	$	2.7	$	2.0	$	0.7	35.0	%

Senior Care	0.6		—		0.6		nm		3.5		3.9		(0.4)		(10.3	%)
Tail Coverages	8.0		—		8.0		nm		8.0		3.0		5.0		166.7	%
Total	$	11.3	$	2.0	$	9.3	465.0	%	$	14.2	$	8.9	$	5.3	59.6	%

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We are committed to a rate structure that will allow us to fulfill our obligations to our insureds while generating competitive long-term returns for our shareholders. Our pricing continues to be based on expected losses as indicated by our historical loss data and available industry loss data. In recent years, this practice has resulted in ~~$3.0 million~~rate increases and we anticipate further rate increases due to indications of ~~one-time premium written~~increasing projected loss severity. Additionally, the pricing of our business includes the effects of filed rates, surcharges and ~~fully earned during~~discounts. Renewal pricing reflects changes in our exposure base, deductibles, self-insurance retention limits and other policy terms and conditions. See further explanation of changes in renewal pricing above under the ~~first quarter of 2022. We retained 100% of the fourteen (six~~heading "Gross Premiums Written".

The change in ~~the second quarter) workers' compensation programs and two (one in the second quarter) healthcare professional liability programs up~~renewal pricing for ~~renewal during the six months ended June 30, 2022.~~our Specialty P&C segment, including by major component, was as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30		Six Months Ended June 30
	2023		2023
Specialty P&C segment	6	%	6	%
HCPL
Standard Physician	7	%	5	%
Specialty	9	%	11	%
Total HCPL	7	%	6	%
Small Business Unit	4	%	4	%
Medical Technology Liability	—	%	1	%

New business ~~audit~~written by major component on a direct basis was as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(In millions)	2023		2022		2023		2022
HCPL
Standard Physician	$	3.4	$	2.0	$	7.8	$	3.8
Specialty	5.9		4.3		10.6		8.0
Total HCPL	9.3		6.3		18.4		11.8
Small Business Unit	0.6		0.6		1.2		1.6
Medical Technology Liability	2.4		0.9		3.5		2.6
Total	$	12.3	$	7.8	$	23.1	$	16.0

For our Specialty P&C segment, we calculate retention as annualized renewed premium divided by all annualized premium subject to renewal. Retention is affected by a number of factors. We may lose insureds to competitors or to alternative insurance mechanisms such as risk retention ~~and renewal price~~groups, captive arrangements or self-insurance entities (often when physicians join hospitals or large group practices) or due to pricing or other issues. We may choose not to renew an insured as a result of our underwriting evaluation. Insureds may also terminate coverage because they have left the practice of medicine for various reasons, principally for retirement, death or disability, but also for personal reasons. See further explanation of changes in retention above under the heading "Gross Premiums Written".

Retention for ~~the assumed workers' compensation premium is shown in the table below:~~our Specialty P&C segment, including by major component, was as follows:

Three Months Ended June 30 Six Months Ended June 30
($ in millions) 2022 2021 2022 2021
New business $ 0.9 $ 0.7 $ 2.1 $ 1.5
Audit premium $ 1.2 $ 0.2 $ 2.8 $ 0.4
Retention rate (1)
83 % 83 % 89 % 89 %
Change in renewal pricing (2)
(5 %) (5 %) (4 %) (5 %)
(1) We calculate our workers' compensation retention rate as annualized expiring renewed premium divided by all annualized expiring premium subject to renewal. Our retention rate can be impacted by various factors, including price or other competitive issues, insureds being acquired, or a decision not to renew based on our underwriting evaluation.
(2) The pricing of our business includes an assessment of the underlying policy exposure and market conditions. We continue to base our pricing on expected losses, as indicated by our historical loss data.


	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
	2023		2022		2023		2022
Specialty P&C segment	83	%	84	%	84	%	82	%
HCPL
Standard Physician	88	%	86	%	88	%	86	%
Specialty	66	%	72	%	68	%	67	%
Total HCPL	81	%	81	%	83	%	81	%
Small Business Unit	89	%	92	%	88	%	91	%
Medical Technology Liability	82	%	95	%	85	%	90	%

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Ceded Premiums Written

Ceded premiums written were as follows:


		Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30									Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	2022		2021		Change				2022		2021		Change				($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Ceded premiums written		$	2,119	$	1,852	$	267	14.4	%	$	5,271	$	4,815	$	456	9.5	%
Excess of loss reinsurance arrangements (1)																		Excess of loss reinsurance arrangements (1)	$	8,816	$	7,821	$	995	12.7	%	$	20,040	$	17,317	$	2,723	15.7	%
Other shared risk arrangements (2)																		Other shared risk arrangements (2)	3,982		4,206		(224)		(5.3	%)	10,548		8,542		2,006		23.5	%
Premium ceded to SPCs (3)																		Premium ceded to SPCs (3)	10,396		1,399		8,997		643.1	%	13,285		8,280		5,005		60.4	%

Other ceded premiums written																		Other ceded premiums written	1,418		1,319		99		7.5	%	3,349		3,441		(92)		(2.7	%)
Adjustment to premiums owed under reinsurance agreements, prior accident years, net(4)																		Adjustment to premiums owed under reinsurance agreements, prior accident years, net(4)	—		3,000		(3,000)		nm		2,200		3,000		(800)		(26.7	%)
Total ceded premiums written																		Total ceded premiums written	$	24,612	$	17,745	$	6,867	38.7	%	$	49,422	$	40,580	$	8,842	21.8	%

~~For~~(1) We generally reinsure risks under our excess of loss reinsurance arrangements pursuant to which the ~~workers' compensation business, each SPC has in place its own external reinsurance coverage. The healthcare professional liability business is assumed net~~reinsurers agree to assume all or a portion of ~~reinsurance from~~all risks that we insure above our ~~Specialty P&C segment; therefore, there are no ceded premiums related to the healthcare professional liability business reflected in the table above. The~~individual risk retention ~~for each loss occurrence for the workers' compensation business ranges from $0.3 million~~levels. Premium due to ~~$0.4 million~~reinsurers is based on ~~the program, with limits up~~a rate factor applied to ~~$119.7 million. In addition, each program has aggregate reinsurance coverage between $1.1 million and $2.1 million on a program year basis. Premiums ceded under our SPC reinsurance treaty are based on~~gross premiums written ~~during~~subject to cession under the ~~treaty period.~~arrangement. The ~~change~~increase in ceded premiums written under our excess of loss reinsurance arrangements during the ~~three~~2023 three- and ~~six months ended June 30, 2022~~six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021 primarily reflected the~~2022 was driven by an increase in ~~workers' compensation gross premiums written and~~ the ~~impact of rate increases under the external reinsurance treaty. External reinsurance rates vary based on the alternative market program.~~

~~Ceded Premiums Ratio~~

~~Ceded premiums ratio was as follows:~~

Three Months Ended June 30 Six Months Ended June 30
2022 2021 Change 2022 2021 Change
Ceded premiums ratio 13.9% 13.3% 0.6 pts 14.4% 13.9% 0.5 pts

~~The above table reflects ceded premiums as a percent~~overall volume of gross premiums written subject to cession and, for the ~~workers' compensation business only;~~2023 six-month period, the impact of prior year adjustments on certain of our reinsurance arrangements reaching maximum limits eligible for cession on certain treaty years.

(2) We have entered into various shared risk arrangements, including quota share, fronting and captive arrangements, with certain large healthcare ~~professional liability business is assumed~~systems and other insurance entities. While we cede a large portion of the premium written under these arrangements, they provide us an opportunity to grow net premium through strategic partnerships. Ceded premiums written under our shared risk arrangements decreased during the 2023 three-month period as compared to the same period of ~~reinsurance, as discussed above. The~~2022 driven by a decrease in premium ceded ~~premiums ratio reflects the weighted average reinsurance rates of all SPC programs.~~to our Ascension Health program. The increase in ~~the~~ ceded premiums ~~ratio~~written under our shared risk arrangements during the 2023 six-month period as compared to the same period of 2022 was driven by an existing insured entering into a shared risk arrangement during the first quarter of 2023.

(3) As previously discussed, as a part of our alternative market solutions, all or a portion of certain healthcare premium written is ceded to SPCs in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment under either excess of loss or quota share reinsurance agreements, depending on the structure of the individual program. See the Segment Results - Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance section for further discussion on the ~~three~~cession to the SPCs from our Specialty P&C segment. Premiums ceded to SPCs increased during the 2023 three- and ~~six months ended June 30, 2022~~six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021~~2022 driven by the impact of tail coverage, primarily ~~reflected~~related to one program (see previous discussion in footnote 9 under the heading "Gross Premiums Written").

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4) Given the length of time that it takes to resolve our claims, many years may elapse before all losses recoverable under a reinsurance arrangement are known. As a part of the process of estimating our loss reserve we also make estimates regarding the amounts recoverable under our reinsurance arrangements. As previously discussed, the premiums ultimately ceded under certain of our swing rated excess of loss reinsurance arrangements are subject to the losses ceded under the arrangements. As part of our review of our reserves during the second quarter of 2023, we concluded that our estimate of expected losses and associated recoveries for prior year ceded losses was reasonable; therefore, we did not adjust our estimate of ceded premiums owed to reinsurers. As part of our review of our reserves for the 2023 six-month period and the 2022 three- and six-month periods, we increased our estimate of expected losses and associated recoveries for prior year ceded losses, as well as our estimate of ceded premiums owed to reinsurers. The increase for the 2023 six-month period was due to the overall change in expected loss recoveries attributable to one prior year large claim during the first quarter of 2023. The increase for the 2022 three- and six-month periods was due to the overall change in expected loss recoveries attributable to one large claim during the second quarter of 2022. Changes to estimates of premiums ceded related to prior accident years are fully earned in the period the changes in estimates occur.

Ceded Premiums Ratio


	Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
	2023		2022		Change		2023		2022		Change
Ceded premiums ratio	14.5	%	10.6	%	3.9	pts	12.1	%	9.5	%	2.6	pts
Less the effect of adjustments in premiums owed under reinsurance agreements, prior accident years (as previously discussed)	—	%	1.8	%	(1.8	pts)	0.5	%	0.7	%	(0.2	pts)
Ratio, current accident year	14.5	%	8.8	%	5.7	pts	11.6	%	8.8	%	2.8	pts

The above table reflects ceded premiums written, excluding the effect of prior year ceded premium adjustments, as previously discussed, as a percent of gross premiums written. Our current accident year ceded premiums ratio for the 2023 three- and six-month periods increased as compared to the same respective periods of 2022 driven by an increase in premium ceded to SPCs and, for the 2023 six-month period, the prior year impact of certain of our excess of loss reinsurance ~~rates.~~arrangements reaching maximum limits eligible for cession on prior treaty years and an increase in premiums ceded under our shared risk arrangements. See additional discussion above under the heading "Ceded Premiums Written."

Net Premiums Earned

Net premiums earned consist of gross premiums earned less the portion of earned premiums that ~~the SPCs~~we cede to ~~external reinsurers.~~our reinsurers for their assumption of a portion of our losses. Because premiums are generally earned pro rata over the entire policy period, fluctuations in premiums earned tend to lag those of premiums written. ~~Policies ceded to the SPCs are twelve month~~The majority of our policies carry a term of one year; however, some of our Medical Technology Liability policies have a multi-year term and some of our Standard Physician policies have a three-month term. Tail coverage premiums are generally 100% earned ~~on a pro rata basis over~~in the ~~policy period. Net~~period written because the policies insure only incidents that occurred in prior periods and are not cancellable. Retroactive coverage premiums are 100% earned ~~also include premium adjustments related to~~at the ~~audit of workers' compensation insureds' payrolls. Payroll audits are conducted subsequent to the end~~inception of the ~~policy period and~~contract, as all of the associated underlying loss events occurred in the past. Additionally, any ~~related adjustments~~ceded premium changes due to changes to estimates of premiums owed under reinsurance agreements for prior accident years are ~~recorded as~~ fully earned in the ~~current period.~~period of change.

~~Gross, ceded and net~~Net premiums earned were as follows:


		Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30									Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	2022		2021		Change				2022		2021		Change				($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Gross premiums earned	Gross premiums earned	$	18,596	$	18,427	$	169	0.9	%	$	40,260	$	36,394	$	3,866	10.6	%	Gross premiums earned	$	205,469	$	201,855	$	3,614	1.8	%	$	404,476	$	414,134	$	(9,658)	(2.3	%)
Less: Ceded premiums earned	Less: Ceded premiums earned	2,374		2,155		219		10.2	%	4,724		4,238		486		11.5	%	Less: Ceded premiums earned	26,567		18,308		8,259		45.1	%	46,231		32,620		13,611		41.7	%
Net premiums earned	Net premiums earned	$	16,222	$	16,272	$	(50)	(0.3	%)	$	35,536	$	32,156	$	3,380	10.5	%	Net premiums earned	$	178,902	$	183,547	$	(4,645)	(2.5	%)	$	358,245	$	381,514	$	(23,269)	(6.1	%)

~~Net~~Gross premiums earned ~~remained relatively unchanged~~increased during the ~~three months ended June 30, 2022~~2023 three-month period as compared to the same period of ~~2021. The~~2022 due to an increase in ~~net~~tail coverage, primarily related to one program. The decrease in gross premiums earned during the ~~six months ended June 30, 2022 primarily reflected~~2023 six-month period as compared to the ~~aforementioned effect of $3.0 million of tail premium fully written and earned during the first quarter~~same period of 2022 ~~and the increase in audit premium billed to policyholders, partially offset~~was driven by the pro rata effect of a ~~reduction~~decrease in ~~net premiums~~the volume of written premium during the preceding twelve ~~months.~~months due to our process of evaluating the NORCAL book of business and implementing ProAssurance's underwriting strategies.

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Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

Accident year refers to the accounting period in which the insured event becomes a liability of the insurer. For claims-made policies, which represent the majority of the premiums written in our Specialty P&C segment, the insured event generally becomes a liability when the event is first reported to us and the policy that is in effect at that time covers the claim. For occurrence policies, the insured event becomes a liability when the event takes place even though the claim may be reported to us at a later date. For retroactive coverages, the insured event becomes a liability at inception of the underlying contract. We believe that measuring losses on an accident year basis is the best measure of the underlying profitability of the premiums earned in that period, since it associates policy premiums earned with the estimate of the losses incurred related to those policy premiums.


	Net Loss Ratios (1)
	Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
	2023		2022		Change		2023		2022		Change

Calendar year net loss ratio	81.1	%	74.6	%	6.5	pts	86.3	%	79.4	%	6.9	pts
Less impact of prior accident years on the net loss ratio	(3.6	%)	(9.5	%)	5.9	pts	0.3	%	(5.6	%)	5.9	pts
Current accident year net loss ratio(2)	84.7	%	84.1	%	0.6	pts	86.0	%	85.0	%	1.0	pts

(1)Net losses, as specified, divided by net premiums earned.

(In percentage points)

Increase (Decrease)
2023 versus 2022

Comparative
three-month
periods

Comparative
six-month
periods

Estimated ratio increase (decrease) attributable to:

NORCAL Acquisition - Purchase Accounting Amortization

1.3 pts

Ceded Premium Adjustment, Prior Accident Years

(1.4 pts)

(0.1 pts)

All other, net

0.7 pts

(0.2 pts)

Increase in current accident year net loss ratio

0.6 pts

1.0 pts

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•During the 2023 six-month period and 2022 three- and six-month periods, we increased our estimate of premiums owed under reinsurance agreements related to prior accident years which decreased net premium earned (the denominator of the current accident year net loss ratio); however, the adjustment was greater in the prior year period as compared to 2023 and accounted for a 1.4 and 0.1 percentage point decrease in our 2023 three- and six-month periods ratio, respectively. No such adjustment was made during the three months ended June 30, 2023. See the previous discussion under the heading "Ceded Premiums Written" for additional information.

The following table shows the components of our net prior accident year reserve development:


	Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change

Net favorable (unfavorable) reserve development	$	4,000	$	14,499	$	(10,499)	(72.4	%)	$	(6,109)	$	15,500	$	(21,609)	(139.4	%)
NORCAL Acquisition - Purchase Accounting Amortization*	2,510		2,900		(390)		(13.4	%)	5,020		5,799		(779)		(13.4	%)
Total net favorable (unfavorable) reserve development	$	6,510	$	17,399	$	(10,889)	(62.6	%)	$	(1,089)	$	21,299	$	(22,388)	(105.1	%)
*See Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our December 31, 2022 report on Form 10-K for additional information on the remaining expected amortization of the NORCAL acquisition purchase accounting adjustments.

•The loss environment in our HCPL line of business continues to be challenging in some jurisdictions, as claim costs are pressured by social inflation and higher than anticipated loss severity trends which started to emerge in the fourth quarter of 2022. We are monitoring the impact that these trends have on our open case reserves and prior year development. During the first quarter of 2023, we strengthened case reserves related to four large claims resulting in net unfavorable development of $10.1 million recognized during the six months ended June 30, 2023, $7.5 million of which related to NORCAL's accident years 2016 and 2020.

A detailed discussion of factors influencing our recognition of loss development is included in our Critical Accounting Estimates section under the heading "Reserve for Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses" in our December 31, 2022 report on Form 10-K. Assumptions used in establishing our reserve are regularly reviewed and updated by management as new data becomes available. Any adjustments necessary are reflected in the then current operations. Due to the size of our reserve, even a small percentage adjustment to the assumptions can have a material effect on our results of operations for the period in which the change is made, as was the case in both 2023 and 2022.

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Underwriting, Policy Acquisition and Operating Expenses

Our Specialty P&C segment underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses were comprised as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
DPAC amortization	$	22,762	$	24,236	$	(1,474)	(6.1	%)	$	46,499	$	45,978	$	521	1.1	%
Management fees	799		995		(196)		(19.7	%)	1,963		2,397		(434)		(18.1	%)
Other underwriting and operating expenses	23,878		22,846		1,032		4.5	%	39,937		42,583		(2,646)		(6.2	%)
Total	$	47,439	$	48,077	$	(638)	(1.3	%)	$	88,399	$	90,958	$	(2,559)	(2.8	%)

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Underwriting Expense Ratio (the Expense Ratio)

Our expense ratio for the Specialty P&C segment was as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
	2023		2022		Change		2023		2022		Change
Underwriting expense ratio	26.5	%	26.2	%	0.3	pts	24.7	%	23.8	%	0.9	pts

The change in our expense ratio for the 2023 three- and six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of 2022 was primarily attributable to the following:


	Increase (Decrease) 2023 versus 2022
(In percentage points)	Comparative three-month periods	Comparative six-month periods
Estimated ratio increase (decrease) attributable to:

Change in Net Premiums Earned and DPAC amortization	(0.5 pts)	0.2 pts
NORCAL DPAC Amortization - Prior Period Purchase Accounting Impact	— pts	0.7 pts
Employee Retention Credit	— pts	(1.1 pts)
Contingent Consideration Remeasurement Adjustment	— pts	(0.3 pts)


All other, net	0.8 pts	1.4 pts
Increase in the underwriting expense ratio	0.3 pts	0.9 pts

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Segment Results - Workers' Compensation Insurance

Our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment includes workers' compensation products provided to employers generally with 1,000 or fewer employees, as discussed in Note 16 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our December 31, 2022 report on Form 10-K. Workers' compensation products offered include guaranteed cost policies, policyholder dividend policies, retrospectively-rated policies, deductible policies and alternative market programs. Alternative market programs include services related to program design, fronting, claims administration, risk management, SPC rental, asset management and SPC management services. Alternative market program premiums are 100% ceded to either the SPCs within our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment or captive insurers unaffiliated with ProAssurance for two programs. Our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment results reflect pre-tax underwriting profit or loss from these workers' compensation products, exclusive of investment results, which are included in our Corporate segment. Segment results included the following:


	Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Net premiums written	$	42,323	$	42,558	$	(235)	(0.6	%)	$	89,894	$	87,824	$	2,070	2.4	%

Net premiums earned	$	41,018	$	41,709	$	(691)	(1.7	%)	$	81,821	$	82,393	$	(572)	(0.7	%)
Other income	651		517		134		25.9	%	1,232		1,199		33		2.8	%
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses	(29,762)		(27,947)		(1,815)		6.5	%	(60,606)		(55,158)		(5,448)		9.9	%
Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses	(14,400)		(13,669)		(731)		5.3	%	(27,379)		(26,669)		(710)		2.7	%
Segment results	$	(2,493)	$	610	$	(3,103)	(508.7	%)	$	(4,932)	$	1,765	$	(6,697)	(379.4	%)

Net loss ratio	72.6%		67.0%		5.6 pts				74.1%		66.9%		7.2 pts
Underwriting expense ratio	35.1%		32.8%		2.3 pts				33.5%		32.4%		1.1 pts

Premiums Written

Gross, ceded and net premiums written were as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Gross premiums written	$	62,757	$	63,634	$	(877)	(1.4	%)	$	136,187	$	135,752	$	435	0.3	%
Less: Ceded premiums written	20,434		21,076		(642)		(3.0	%)	46,293		47,928		(1,635)		(3.4	%)
Net premiums written	$	42,323	$	42,558	$	(235)	(0.6	%)	$	89,894	$	87,824	$	2,070	2.4	%

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Gross Premiums Written

Gross premiums written by product were as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Traditional business:
Guaranteed cost	$	33,769	$	35,719	$	(1,950)	(5.5	%)	$	71,568	$	71,222	$	346	0.5	%
Policyholder dividend	5,795		5,530		265		4.8	%	12,966		13,392		(426)		(3.2	%)
Deductible	428		468		(40)		(8.5	%)	2,759		2,588		171		6.6	%
Retrospective	2,535		2,430		105		4.3	%	2,839		3,076		(237)		(7.7	%)
Other	1,558		2,111		(553)		(26.2	%)	3,260		3,726		(466)		(12.5	%)
Change in EBUB estimate	1,900		—		1,900		nm		2,900		—		2,900		nm
Total traditional business (1)	45,985		46,258		(273)		(0.6	%)	96,292		94,004		2,288		2.4	%
Alternative market business(2)	16,772		17,376		(604)		(3.5	%)	39,895		41,748		(1,853)		(4.4	%)
Total	$	62,757	$	63,634	$	(877)	(1.4	%)	$	136,187	$	135,752	$	435	0.3	%

(1) Gross premiums written in our traditional business decreased during the three months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to the same period of 2022, primarily reflecting lower renewal premium, partially offset by new business written, an increase in the carried EBUB estimate and, to a lesser extent, higher audit premium. The increase in traditional gross premiums written for the six months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to the same period of 2022 was driven by new business written, higher audit premium and an increase in the carried EBUB estimate, partially offset by lower renewal premium. Policy audits processed during the 2023 three- and six-month periods resulted in audit premium billed to policyholders totaling $2.3 million and $4.8 million, respectively, as compared to $1.8 million and $1.9 million for the same respective periods in 2022. We increased our carried EBUB estimate in both the 2023 three- and six-month periods based on recent audit trends and our expectation of higher levels of audit premium due to wage inflation. Renewal premium results for the 2023 three- and six-month periods reflected premium retention of 80% and 81%, respectively, and rate decreases of 7% in each period, partially offset by an increase in payroll exposure. Retention and renewal rate changes reflect the continuation of competitive market conditions and renewal rates also reflect the impact of compounded state loss cost decreases in our core operating territories.

(2) A majority of alternative market premiums are ceded to SPCs in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment. See further discussion on alternative market gross premiums written in our Segment Operating Results - Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance section under the heading "Gross Premiums Written" that follows. We retained 100% of the sixteen (seven in the second quarter) workers’ compensation alternative market programs that were up for renewal during the six months ended June 30, 2023.

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New business, audit premium, renewal retention and renewal price changes for our traditional business and alternative market business are shown in the table below:


	Three Months Ended June 30
	2023									2022
($ in millions)	Traditional Business			Alternative Market Business			Segment Results			Traditional Business			Alternative Market Business			Segment Results
New business	$	5.6		$	1.5		$	7.1		$	3.6		$	0.9		$	4.5
Audit premium (excluding EBUB)	$	2.3		$	0.9		$	3.2		$	1.8		$	1.2		$	3.0
Retention rate (1)	80		%	84		%	81		%	88		%	83		%	87		%
Change in renewal pricing (2)	(7		%)	(6		%)	(7		%)	(5		%)	(5		%)	(5		%)

	Six Months Ended June 30
	2023									2022
($ in millions)	Traditional Business			Alternative Market Business			Segment Results			Traditional Business			Alternative Market Business			Segment Results
New business	$	12.2		$	2.7		$	14.9		$	7.1		$	2.1		$	9.2
Audit premium (excluding EBUB)	$	4.8		$	2.1		$	6.9		$	1.9		$	2.8		$	4.7
Retention rate (1)	81		%	88		%	83		%	87		%	89		%	87		%
Change in renewal pricing (2)	(7		%)	(6		%)	(6		%)	(4		%)	(4		%)	(4		%)

(1) We calculate our workers' compensation retention rate as annualized expiring renewed premium divided by all annualized expiring premium subject to renewal. Our retention rate can be impacted by various factors, including price or other competitive issues, insureds being acquired, or a decision not to renew based on our underwriting evaluation.
(2) The pricing of our business includes an assessment of the underlying policy exposure and market conditions. We continue to base our pricing on expected losses, as indicated by our historical loss data.

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Ceded Premiums Written

Ceded premiums written were as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Premiums ceded to SPCs(1)	$	14,717	$	15,235	$	(518)	(3.4	%)	$	34,709	$	36,723	$	(2,014)	(5.5	%)
Premiums ceded to external reinsurers(2)	3,739		3,632		107		2.9	%	7,168		6,787		381		5.6	%
Premiums ceded to unaffiliated captive insurers(1)	2,055		2,141		(86)		(4.0	%)	5,186		5,025		161		3.2	%
Change in return premium estimate under external reinsurance (3)	52		225		(173)		(76.9	%)	67		254		(187)		(73.6	%)
Estimated revenue share under external reinsurance (4)	(129)		(157)		28		(17.8	%)	(837)		(861)		24		(2.8	%)
Total ceded premiums written	$	20,434	$	21,076	$	(642)	(3.0	%)	$	46,293	$	47,928	$	(1,635)	(3.4	%)
(1) Represents alternative market business that is ceded under 100% quota share reinsurance agreements to the SPCs in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment. Premiums ceded to unaffiliated captive insurers represent alternative market business for two programs that are ceded under 100% quota share reinsurance agreements. See further discussion on alternative market gross premiums written in our Segment Operating Results - Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance section under the heading "Gross Premiums Written" that follows.
(2) Under our external reinsurance treaty for traditional business, we retain the first $0.5 million in risk insured by us and cede losses in excess of this amount on each loss occurrence, subject to an AAD, equal to 3.5% of subject earned premium for the treaty year effective May 1, 2023. Premiums ceded under our traditional reinsurance treaty are based on premiums earned during the treaty period.
(3) Changes in the return premium estimate reflect adjustments to our estimate of expected future recovery of ceded premium based on the underlying loss experience of our reinsurance treaties that include a provision for return premium.
(4) We are party to a revenue sharing agreement with our reinsurance broker under which we participate in the broker's revenue earned under our reinsurance treaties based on the volume of premium ceded. We estimate the amount of revenue we expect to receive under this agreement as premiums are recognized and ceded to the reinsurers.

Ceded premiums written decreased during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to the same respective periods of 2022, primarily reflecting a decrease in alternative market premiums ceded to the Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment, partially offset by an increase in premiums ceded under our external reinsurance treaty, reflecting higher reinsurance rates, and, for the 2023 six-month period, an increase in premiums ceded to unaffiliated captive insurers.

Ceded Premiums Ratio

Ceded premiums ratio was as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
	2023		2022		Change		2023		2022		Change
Ceded premiums ratio, as reported	34.0	%	34.3	%	(0.3	pts)	33.6	%	33.8	%	(0.2	pts)
Less the effect of:
Premiums ceded to SPCs (100%)	23.2	%	24.5	%	(1.3	pts)	25.0	%	26.2	%	(1.2	pts)

Premiums ceded to unaffiliated captive insurers (100%)	2.6	%	1.7	%	0.9	pts	1.4	%	0.7	%	0.7	pts


Estimated revenue share	(0.3	%)	(0.3	%)	—	pts	(1.0	%)	(1.0	%)	—	pts
Assumed premiums earned (not ceded to external reinsurers)	(0.4	%)	(0.3	%)	(0.1	pts)	(0.3	%)	(0.3	%)	—	pts
EBUB estimate	(0.4	%)	—	%	(0.4	pts)	(0.3	%)	—	%	(0.3	pts)
Ceded premiums ratio (related to external reinsurance), less the effects of above	9.3	%	8.7	%	0.6	pts	8.8	%	8.2	%	0.6	pts

The above table reflects traditional ceded premiums earned as a percent of traditional gross premiums earned. As discussed above, premiums ceded under our traditional reinsurance treaty are based on premiums earned during the treaty period. The increase in the ceded premiums ratios for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to the same respective periods of 2022 primarily reflected the higher reinsurance rates.

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Net Premiums Earned

Net premiums earned consist of gross premiums earned less the portion of earned premiums that we cede to SPCs in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment, external reinsurers (including changes related to the return premium and revenue share estimates) and the unaffiliated captive insurers. Because premiums are generally earned pro rata over the entire policy period, fluctuations in premiums earned tend to lag those of premiums written. Our workers’ compensation policies are twelve month term policies, and premiums are earned on a pro rata basis over the policy period. Net premiums earned also include premium adjustments related to the audit of our insureds' payrolls, changes in our estimates related to EBUB and premium adjustments related to retrospectively-rated policies. Payroll audits are conducted subsequent to the end of the policy period and any related premium adjustments are recorded as fully earned in the current period. We evaluate our estimates related to EBUB and retrospectively-rated premium adjustments on a quarterly basis with any adjustments being included in written and earned premium in the current period.

Net premiums earned were as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Gross premiums earned	$	62,144	$	63,521	$	(1,377)	(2.2	%)	$	123,310	$	124,555	$	(1,245)	(1.0	%)
Less: Ceded premiums earned	21,126		21,812		(686)		(3.1	%)	41,489		42,162		(673)		(1.6	%)
Net premiums earned	$	41,018	$	41,709	$	(691)	(1.7	%)	$	81,821	$	82,393	$	(572)	(0.7	%)

Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses


	Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
	2023		2022		Change		2023		2022		Change
Calendar year net loss ratio	72.6	%	67.0	%	5.6	pts	74.1	%	66.9	%	7.2	pts
Less impact of prior accident years on the net loss ratio	—	%	(4.8	%)	4.8	pts	1.5	%	(4.9	%)	6.4	pts
Current accident year net loss ratio	72.6	%	71.8	%	0.8	pts	72.6	%	71.8	%	0.8	pts
Less estimated ratio increase (decrease) attributable to:
Change in the AAD	3.4	%	2.4	%	1.0	pts	3.4	%	2.4	%	1.0	pts
Current accident year net loss ratio, excluding the effect of the change in the AAD	69.2	%	69.4	%	(0.2	pts)	69.2	%	69.4	%	(0.2	pts)

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Underwriting, Policy Acquisition and Operating Expenses

Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses include the amortization of commissions, premium taxes and underwriting salaries, which are capitalized and deferred over the related workers’ compensation policy period, net of ceding commissions earned. The capitalization of underwriting salaries can vary as they are subject to the success rate of our contract acquisition efforts. These expenses also include a management fee charged by our Corporate segment, which represents intercompany charges pursuant to a management agreement. The management fee is based on the extent to which services are provided to the subsidiary and the amount of premium written by the subsidiary.

Our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses were comprised as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
DPAC amortization	$	7,434	$	7,531	$	(97)	(1.3	%)	$	14,444	$	14,592	$	(148)	(1.0	%)
Management fees	466		477		(11)		(2.3	%)	1,016		1,018		(2)		(0.2	%)
Other underwriting and operating expenses	9,795		9,105		690		7.6	%	18,665		17,972		693		3.9	%
Policyholder dividend expense	316		284		32		11.3	%	431		493		(62)		(12.6	%)
SPC ceding commission offset	(3,611)		(3,728)		117		(3.1	%)	(7,177)		(7,406)		229		(3.1	%)
Total	$	14,400	$	13,669	$	731	5.3	%	$	27,379	$	26,669	$	710	2.7	%

DPAC amortization decreased for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to the same respective periods of 2022, consistent with a decrease in gross premiums earned.

As previously discussed, alternative market premiums written by our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment are 100% ceded, less a ceding commission, to either the SPCs in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment or unaffiliated captive insurers. The ceding commission charged to the SPCs consists of an amount for fronting fees, cell rental fees, commissions, premium taxes, claims administration fees and risk management fees. The fronting fees, commissions, premium taxes and risk management fees are recorded as an offset to underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses. Cell rental fees are recorded as a component of other income and claims administration fees are recorded as ceded ULAE. The decrease in SPC ceding commissions earned for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to the same respective periods of 2022, primarily reflected the decrease in alternative market ceded earned premium.

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Underwriting Expense Ratio (the Expense Ratio)

The underwriting expense ratio included the impact of the following:


	Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
	2023		2022		Change		2023		2022		Change
Underwriting expense ratio, as reported	35.1	%	32.8	%	2.3	pts	33.5	%	32.4	%	1.1	pts
Less estimated ratio increase (decrease) attributable to:
Impact of ceding commissions received from SPCs	4.3	%	3.7	%	0.6	pts	3.9	%	3.6	%	0.3	pts

Impact of audit premium	(2.4	%)	(0.9	%)	(1.5	pts)	(2.1	%)	(0.5	%)	(1.6	pts)
Impact of change in EBUB estimate	(1.2	%)	—	%	(1.2	pts)	(0.8	%)	—	%	(0.8	pts)


Underwriting expense ratio, less listed effects	34.4	%	30.0	%	4.4	pts	32.5	%	29.3	%	3.2	pts

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Segment Results - Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance

The Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment includes the results (underwriting profit or loss, plus investment results, net of U.S. federal income taxes) of SPCs at Inova Re and Eastern Re, our Cayman Islands SPC operations, as discussed in Note 16 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our December 31, 2022 report on Form 10-K. SPCs are segregated pools of assets and liabilities that provide an insurance facility for a defined set of risks. Assets of each SPC are solely for the benefit of that individual cell and each SPC is solely responsible for the liabilities of that individual cell. Assets of one SPC are statutorily protected from the creditors of the others. Each SPC is owned, fully or in part, by an individual company, agency, group or association and the results of the SPCs are attributable to the participants of that cell. We participate to a varying degree in the results of selected SPCs and, for the SPCs in which we participate, our participation interest ranges from a low of 15% to a high of 85%. SPC results attributable to external cell participants are reported as an SPC dividend (expense) income in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment. In addition, our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment includes the investment results of the SPCs as the investments are solely for the benefit of the cell participants and investment results attributable to external cell participants are reflected in the SPC dividend (expense) income. As of June 30, 2023, there were 27 (4 inactive) SPCs. The SPCs assume workers' compensation insurance, healthcare professional liability insurance or a combination of the two from our Workers' Compensation Insurance and Specialty P&C segments. As of June 30, 2023, there were two SPCs that assumed both workers' compensation insurance and healthcare professional liability insurance and one SPC that assumed only healthcare professional liability insurance.

Segment results reflects our share of the underwriting and investment results of the SPCs in which we participate, and included the following:


	Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Net premiums written	$	23,057	$	14,515	$	8,542	58.8	%	$	43,005	$	39,732	$	3,273	8.2	%

Net premiums earned	$	24,094	$	16,222	$	7,872	48.5	%	$	39,394	$	35,536	$	3,858	10.9	%
Net investment income	603		211		392		185.8	%	1,024		323		701		217.0	%
Net investment gains (losses)	1,194		(2,782)		3,976		142.9	%	2,355		(3,493)		5,848		167.4	%
Other income	1		1		—		—	%	1		1		—		—	%
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses	(13,816)		(9,272)		(4,544)		49.0	%	(22,238)		(20,763)		(1,475)		7.1	%
Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses	(6,538)		(5,237)		(1,301)		24.8	%	(11,575)		(9,605)		(1,970)		20.5	%
SPC U.S. federal income tax expense (1)	(994)		(349)		(645)		184.8	%	(1,526)		(991)		(535)		54.0	%
SPC net results	4,544		(1,206)		5,750		476.8	%	7,435		1,008		6,427		637.6	%
SPC dividend (expense) income (2)	(3,747)		854		(4,601)		538.8	%	(5,689)		(1,513)		(4,176)		276.0	%
Segment results (3)	$	797	$	(352)	$	1,149	326.4	%	$	1,746	$	(505)	$	2,251	445.7	%

Net loss ratio	57.3%		57.2%		0.1 pts				56.5%		58.4%		(1.9 pts)
Underwriting expense ratio	27.1%		32.3%		(5.2 pts)				29.4%		27.0%		2.4 pts
(1) Represents the provision for U.S. federal income taxes for SPCs at Inova Re, which have elected to be taxed as a U.S. corporation under Section 953(d) of the Internal Revenue Code. U.S. federal income taxes are included in the total SPC net results and are paid by the individual SPCs.
(2) Represents the net (profit) loss attributable to external cell participants.
(3) Represents our share of the net profit (loss) and OCI of the SPCs in which we participate.

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Premiums Written

Premiums in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment are assumed from either our Workers' Compensation Insurance or Specialty P&C segments. Premium volume is driven by five primary factors: (1) the amount of new business written, (2) retention of the existing book of business, (3) premium rates charged on the renewal book of business and, for workers' compensation business, (4) changes in payroll exposure and (5) audit premium.

Gross, ceded and net premiums written were as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Gross premiums written	$	25,113	$	16,634	$	8,479	51.0	%	$	47,994	$	45,003	$	2,991	6.6	%
Less: Ceded premiums written	2,056		2,119		(63)		(3.0	%)	4,989		5,271		(282)		(5.4	%)
Net premiums written	$	23,057	$	14,515	$	8,542	58.8	%	$	43,005	$	39,732	$	3,273	8.2	%

Gross Premiums Written

Gross premiums written reflected reinsurance premiums assumed by component as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Workers' compensation	$	14,717	$	15,235	$	(518)	(3.4	%)	$	34,709	$	36,723	$	(2,014)	(5.5	%)
Healthcare professional liability	10,396		1,399		8,997		643.1	%	13,285		8,280		5,005		60.4	%

Gross Premiums Written	$	25,113	$	16,634	$	8,479	51.0	%	$	47,994	$	45,003	$	2,991	6.6	%

Gross premiums written for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022 were primarily comprised of workers' compensation coverages assumed from our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment. Workers' compensation gross premiums written decreased during the 2023 three- and six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of 2022 driven by lower renewal and audit premium. Renewal premium for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 reflected premium retention of 84% and 88%, respectively, and rate decreases of 6% in each period, partially offset by an increase in payroll exposure. Healthcare professional liability gross premiums written increased during the 2023 three- and six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of 2022, reflecting $7.9 million of tail premium written during the second quarter of 2023 related to one program in which we do not participate in the underwriting results. See further discussion in our Segment Results - Specialty Property & Casualty section under the heading "Premiums Written." We retained 100% of the fourteen (six in the second quarter) workers' compensation programs and two (one in the second quarter) healthcare professional liability programs up for renewal during the six months ended June 30, 2023.

New business, audit premium, retention and renewal price changes for the assumed workers' compensation premium is shown in the table below:


	Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
($ in millions)	2023			2022			2023			2022
New business	$	1.5		$	0.9		$	2.7		$	2.1
Audit premium	$	0.9		$	1.2		$	2.1		$	2.8
Retention rate (1)	84		%	83		%	88		%	89		%
Change in renewal pricing (2)	(6		%)	(5		%)	(6		%)	(4		%)
(1) We calculate our workers' compensation retention rate as annualized expiring renewed premium divided by all annualized expiring premium subject to renewal. Our retention rate can be impacted by various factors, including price or other competitive issues, insureds being acquired, or a decision not to renew based on our underwriting evaluation.
(2) The pricing of our business includes an assessment of the underlying policy exposure and market conditions. We continue to base our pricing on expected losses, as indicated by our historical loss data.

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Ceded Premiums Written

Ceded premiums written were as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Ceded premiums written	$	2,056	$	2,119	$	(63)	(3.0	%)	$	4,989	$	5,271	$	(282)	(5.4	%)

For the workers' compensation business, each SPC has in place its own external reinsurance coverage. The healthcare professional liability business is assumed net of reinsurance from our Specialty P&C segment; therefore, there are no ceded premiums related to the healthcare professional liability business reflected in the table above. The risk retention for each loss occurrence for the workers' compensation business ranges from $0.3 million to $0.4 million based on the program, with limits up to $119.7 million. In addition, each program has aggregate reinsurance coverage between $1.1 million and $2.1 million on a program year basis. Premiums ceded under our SPC reinsurance treaty are based on premiums written during the treaty period. The change in ceded premiums written during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to the same respective periods of 2022 primarily reflected the decrease in workers' compensation gross premiums written and the impact of rate changes under the external reinsurance treaty. External reinsurance rates vary based on the alternative market program.

Ceded Premiums Ratio

Ceded premiums ratio was as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30			Six Months Ended June 30
	2023	2022	Change	2023	2022	Change
Ceded premiums ratio	14.0%	13.9%	0.1 pts	14.4%	14.4%	— pts

The above table reflects ceded premiums as a percent of gross premiums written for the workers' compensation business only; healthcare professional liability business is assumed net of reinsurance, as discussed above. The ceded premiums ratio reflects the weighted average reinsurance rates of all SPC programs.

Net Premiums Earned

Net premiums earned consist of gross premiums earned less the portion of earned premiums that the SPCs cede to external reinsurers. Because premiums are generally earned pro rata over the entire policy period, fluctuations in premiums earned tend to lag those of premiums written. Policies ceded to the SPCs are twelve month term policies and premiums are earned on a pro rata basis over the policy period. Net premiums earned also include premium adjustments related to the audit of workers' compensation insureds' payrolls. Payroll audits are conducted subsequent to the end of the policy period and any related adjustments are recorded as fully earned in the current period.

Gross, ceded and net premiums earned were as follows:


	Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Gross premiums earned	$	26,390	$	18,596	$	7,794	41.9	%	$	43,993	$	40,260	$	3,733	9.3	%
Less: Ceded premiums earned	2,296		2,374		(78)		(3.3	%)	4,599		4,724		(125)		(2.6	%)
Net premiums earned	$	24,094	$	16,222	$	7,872	48.5	%	$	39,394	$	35,536	$	3,858	10.9	%

Net premiums earned increased during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to the same respective periods of 2022, primarily reflecting the healthcare professional liability tail premium written and fully earned during the second quarter of 2023, partially offset by a reduction in workers' compensation net premiums earned.

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Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

The following table summarizes the calendar year net loss ratios by separating losses between the current accident year and all prior accident years. The current accident year net loss ratio reflects the aggregate loss ratio for all programs. Loss reserves and associated reinsurance are estimated for each program on a quarterly basis. Each SPC has in place its own reinsurance agreement, and the attachment point of aggregate reinsurance coverage varies by program. Due to the size of some of the programs, quarterly loss results, including changes in estimated aggregate reinsurance, can create volatility in the current accident year net loss ratio from period to period.

Calendar year and current accident year net loss ratios for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021~~2022 were as follows:


		Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30							Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
		2022		2021		Change		2022		2021		Change			2023		2022		Change		2023		2022		Change
Calendar year net loss ratio	Calendar year net loss ratio	57.2	%	51.9	%	5.3	pts	58.4	%	55.6	%	2.8	pts	Calendar year net loss ratio	57.3	%	57.2	%	0.1	pts	56.5	%	58.4	%	(1.9	pts)
Less impact of prior accident years on the net loss ratio	Less impact of prior accident years on the net loss ratio	(13.5	%)	(11.0	%)	(2.5	pts)	(8.9	%)	(10.2	%)	1.3	pts	Less impact of prior accident years on the net loss ratio	(5.6	%)	(13.5	%)	7.9	pts	(7.2	%)	(8.9	%)	1.7	pts
Current accident year net loss ratio	Current accident year net loss ratio	70.7	%	62.9	%	7.8	pts	67.3	%	65.8	%	1.5	pts	Current accident year net loss ratio	62.9	%	70.7	%	(7.8	pts)	63.7	%	67.3	%	(3.6	pts)
Less estimated ratio increase (decrease) attributable to:	Less estimated ratio increase (decrease) attributable to:													Less estimated ratio increase (decrease) attributable to:
Change in estimated aggregate reinsurance	Change in estimated aggregate reinsurance	2.4	%	(5.2	%)	7.6	pts	1.7	%	(3.4	%)	5.1	pts	Change in estimated aggregate reinsurance	0.1	%	2.4	%	(2.3	pts)	0.1	%	1.7	%	(1.6	pts)
Current accident year net loss ratio, excluding the effect of the change in estimated aggregate reinsurance	Current accident year net loss ratio, excluding the effect of the change in estimated aggregate reinsurance	68.3	%	68.1	%	0.2	pts	65.6	%	69.2	%	(3.6	pts)	Current accident year net loss ratio, excluding the effect of the change in estimated aggregate reinsurance	62.8	%	68.3	%	(5.5	pts)	63.6	%	65.6	%	(2.0	pts)

During the 2023 and 2022 three- and six-month periods, we decreased our estimate of aggregate reinsurance, which increased our current accident year net loss ~~ratios~~ratio 0.1 percentage points in both of the 2023 three- and six-month periods as compared to 2.4 and 1.7 percentage points for the same respective periods of ~~2021. The decrease in the estimated aggregate reinsurance reflected an improvement in expected ultimate program year losses in certain programs.~~2022. See additional information regarding the SPC's aggregate reinsurance agreements in our Liquidity section under the heading "Operating Activities and Related Cash Flows."

The current accident year net loss ~~ratio,~~ratios, excluding the effect of changes in estimated aggregate reinsurance, ~~was relatively unchanged for~~decreased in the ~~2022 three-month period~~2023 three- and ~~decreased 3.6 percentage points for~~six-month periods reflecting a decrease in the ~~2022 six-month period, as compared to~~workers' compensation current accident year net loss ratio, partially offset by an increase in the ~~same respective periods of 2021.~~healthcare professional liability current accident year net loss ratio. The ~~improvement~~decrease in the workers' compensation current accident year net loss ratio for the ~~2022~~2023 three- and six-month ~~period~~periods primarily reflects ~~favorable trends~~a reduction in ~~prior accident year workers' compensation~~ claim ~~results~~frequency and ~~their impact on our analysis of the current year loss estimate,~~severity, partially offset by the continuation of intense price competition and the resulting renewal rate ~~decreases~~decreases. The increase in the ~~workers' compensation business.~~healthcare professional liability current accident year net loss ratio for the 2023 three- and six-month periods primarily reflected the effect of the tail coverage written and fully earned during the second quarter of 2023 related to one program in which we do not participate in the underwriting results.

Calendar year incurred losses (excluding IBNR) ceded to our external reinsurers ~~increased $7.1~~decreased $8.6 million and ~~$2.4~~$7.2 million for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, respectively, as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021.~~2022. Current accident year ceded incurred losses (excluding IBNR) ~~increased $6.2~~decreased $6.7 million and ~~$4.1~~$6.8 million for the ~~2022~~2023 three- and six-month periods, respectively, as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021. The increase in both the calendar year and current accident year ceded incurred losses is driven by two large 2022 accident year loss occurrences.~~2022.

We recognized net favorable prior year reserve development of ~~$2.2~~$1.3 million and ~~$3.2~~$2.9 million for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, respectively, as compared to ~~$1.8~~$2.2 million and ~~$3.3~~$3.2 million for the same respective periods of 2022. The net favorable development for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 entirely related to the workers' compensation business and reflected overall favorable trends in claim closing patterns primarily in accident years 2018 through 2021. The net favorable prior year reserve development for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 related entirely to workers’ compensation business, which reflected overall favorable trends in claim closing patterns primarily in accident years 2019 and 2020. The net favorable prior year reserve development for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021 also related entirely to the workers’ compensation business which primarily reflected overall favorable claim trends in claim closing patterns in accident years ~~2018~~2019 and ~~2019.~~2020.

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Underwriting, Policy Acquisition and Operating Expenses

Our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance segment underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses were comprised as follows:


		Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30									Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	2022		2021		Change				2022		2021		Change				($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
DPAC amortization	DPAC amortization	$	4,859	$	4,769	$	90	1.9	%	$	10,152	$	9,405	$	747	7.9	%	DPAC amortization	$	6,030	$	4,859	$	1,171	24.1	%	$	10,606	$	10,152	$	454	4.5	%
Policyholder dividend expense	Policyholder dividend expense	13		111		(98)		(88.3	%)	79		284		(205)		(72.2	%)	Policyholder dividend expense	108		13		95		730.8	%	141		79		62		78.5	%
Other underwriting and operating expenses	Other underwriting and operating expenses	365		413		(48)		(11.6	%)	(626)		631		(1,257)		(199.2	%)	Other underwriting and operating expenses	400		365		35		9.6	%	828		(626)		1,454		232.3	%
Total	Total	$	5,237	$	5,293	$	(56)	(1.1	%)	$	9,605	$	10,320	$	(715)	(6.9	%)	Total	$	6,538	$	5,237	$	1,301	24.8	%	$	11,575	$	9,605	$	1,970	20.5	%

DPAC amortization primarily represents ceding commissions, which vary by program and are paid to our Workers' Compensation Insurance and Specialty P&C segments for premiums assumed. Ceding commissions include an amount for fronting fees, commissions, premium taxes and risk management fees, which are reported as an offset to underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses within our Workers' Compensation Insurance and Specialty P&C segments. In addition, ceding commissions paid to our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment include cell rental fees which are recorded as other income and claims administration fees which are recorded as ceded ULAE within our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment. The increase in DPAC amortization in the 2023 three- and six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of 2022 primarily reflected an increase in earned premium, driven by the healthcare professional liability tail coverage written and fully earned during the second quarter of 2023.

The increase in policyholder dividend expense for the 2023 three- and six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of 2022 primarily reflects changes in estimated dividends for one SPC program, in which we do not participate in the underwriting results.

Other underwriting and operating expenses primarily include bank fees, professional fees and changes in the allowance for expected credit losses. Other underwriting and operating expenses remained relatively unchanged for the ~~2022~~2023 three-month period and increased for the 2023 six-month period due to the collection in 2022 of a large customer account balance that was previously written off in 2021. Excluding the impact of a reduction in the allowance for credit losses, other underwriting and operating expenses for the 2023 six-month period were relatively unchanged as compared to the same period of 2021. The decrease in other underwriting and operating expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2022 as compared to the same period of 2021 primarily reflected the change in our allowance for expected credit losses related to the collection of customer accounts that were previously written off.

The decrease in policyholder dividend expense for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 as compared to the same respective periods of 2021, related primarily to one SPC program, in which we do not participate.2022.

Underwriting Expense Ratio (the Expense Ratio)

The underwriting expense ratio included the impact of the following:


		Three Months Ended June 30			Six Months Ended June 30				Three Months Ended June 30			Six Months Ended June 30
		2022	2021	Change	2022	2021	Change		2023	2022	Change	2023	2022	Change
Underwriting expense ratio, as reported	Underwriting expense ratio, as reported	32.3%	32.5%	(0.2 pts)	27.0%	32.1%	(5.1 pts)	Underwriting expense ratio, as reported	27.1%	32.3%	(5.2 pts)	29.4%	27.0%	2.4 pts
Less: impact of audit premium on expense ratio	Less: impact of audit premium on expense ratio	(2.6%)	(0.4%)	(2.2 pts)	(2.2%)	(0.3%)	(1.9 pts)	Less: impact of audit premium on expense ratio	(1.1%)	(2.6%)	1.5 pts	(1.6%)	(2.2%)	0.6 pts

Underwriting expense ratio, excluding the effect of audit premium	Underwriting expense ratio, excluding the effect of audit premium	34.9%	32.9%	2.0 pts	29.2%	32.4%	(3.2 pts)	Underwriting expense ratio, excluding the effect of audit premium	28.2%	34.9%	(6.7 pts)	31.0%	29.2%	1.8 pts

Excluding the effect of audit premium, the underwriting expense ~~ratio~~ratios decreased for the 2023 three-month period and increased for the ~~2022 three-month period and decreased for the 2022~~2023 six-month period as compared the same respective periods of ~~2021.~~2022. The decrease in the 2023 three-month period primarily reflected the impact of the healthcare professional liability tail coverage, as previously discussed, which was fully earned during the quarter and is subject to a lower ceding commission. The increase in the underwriting expense ratio for the 2022 three-month period primarily reflected an increase in the average ceding commissions incurred and an increase in ceded premiums earned resulting from higher reinsurance costs. The decrease in the underwriting expense ratio for the 20222023 six-month period was primarily ~~reflected~~driven by the ~~change~~prior year impact of a reduction in the allowance for ~~expected~~ credit losses ~~and policyholder dividend expense,~~for one program in which we do not participate in the underwriting results, as previously discussed, ~~above.~~partially offset by the impact of the tail coverage premium in the current period.

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Segment Results - Lloyd's Syndicates

Our Lloyd's Syndicates segment includes the results from our participation in Syndicate 1729 and Syndicate 6131 at Lloyd's of London. In addition to our participation in Syndicate results, we have investments in ~~and other obligations to~~ our Lloyd's Syndicates ~~consisting of a Syndicate Credit Agreement and FAL requirements.~~referred to as FAL. For the ~~2022~~2023 underwriting year, our FAL was comprised of investment securities and cash and cash equivalents deposited with Lloyd's which at June 30, ~~2022~~2023 had a fair value of approximately ~~$30.3~~$19.3 million, as discussed in Note 3 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. During the second quarter of ~~2022,~~2023 we received a return of approximately ~~$5.5~~$4.1 million of cash from our FAL balances given Syndicate 6131 ceased underwriting on a quota share basis with Syndicate 1729 as Syndicate 6131's business is retained within Syndicate 1729 beginning with the 2022 underwriting year. The return of FAL during the second quarter of 2022 also related to the settlement of our participation in the results of Syndicate 1729 and Syndicate 6131 for the ~~2019~~2020 underwriting year. ~~The discussion in our Segment Operating Results under the same heading in Item 7 of our December 31, 2021 report on Form 10-K includes additional information regarding our participation.~~

We normally report results from our involvement in Lloyd's Syndicates on a quarter lag, except when information is available that is material to the current period. Furthermore, the investment results associated with our FAL investments and certain U.S. paid administrative expenses are reported concurrently as that information is available on an earlier time frame.

Our participation in the results of Syndicate 1729 for the ~~2022~~2023 underwriting year remains unchanged from the ~~2021~~2022 underwriting year at 5%~~. Effective January 1, 2022,~~ and we ceased participation in Syndicate 6131 ~~ceased underwriting on a quota share basis with Syndicate 1729 as Syndicate 6131's applicable business is retained within Syndicate 1729~~ beginning with the 2022 ~~year of account. The results from our participation in Syndicate 6131 from open~~ underwriting ~~years prior to 2022 will continue to earn out pro rata over the entire policy period of the underlying business.~~year. Due to the quarter lag, our ceased participation in Syndicate 6131 was not reflected in our results until the second quarter of 2022. See further discussion regarding our participation in the Syndicates in the section titled Segment Results - Lloyd's Syndicates in Item 7 of our December 31, 2022 report on Form 10-K.

In addition to the results of our participation in Lloyd's Syndicates, as discussed above, our Lloyd's Syndicates segment also includes 100% of the results of our wholly owned subsidiaries that support our operations at Lloyd's. For the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021,~~2022, the results of our Lloyd's Syndicates segment were as follows:

Three Months Ended June 30 Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands) 2022 2021 Change 2022 2021 Change
Gross premiums written $ 4,081 $ 8,629 $ (4,548) (52.7 %) $ 9,897 $ 22,732 $ (12,835) (56.5 %)
Less: Ceded premiums written 1,018 2,841 (1,823) (64.2 %) 1,240 5,059 (3,819) (75.5 %)
Net premiums written $ 3,063 $ 5,788 $ (2,725) (47.1 %) $ 8,657 $ 17,673 $ (9,016) (51.0 %)
Net premiums earned $ 5,793 $ 13,460 $ (7,667) (57.0 %) $ 13,539 $ 29,310 $ (15,771) (53.8 %)
Net investment income 143 518 (375) (72.4 %) 355 1,246 (891) (71.5 %)
Net investment gains (losses) (485) 89 (574) (644.9 %) (884) (26) (858) 3,300.0 %
Other income 129 361 (232) (64.3 %) 263 582 (319) (54.8 %)
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses (3,449) (5,444) 1,995 (36.6 %) (8,212) (18,411) 10,199 (55.4 %)
Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses (1,508) (4,721) 3,213 (68.1 %) (4,218) (11,311) 7,093 (62.7 %)
Segment results $ 623 $ 4,263 $ (3,640) (85.4 %) $ 843 $ 1,390 $ (547) (39.4 %)
Net loss ratio 59.5% 40.4% 19.1 pts 60.7% 62.8% (2.1 pts)
Underwriting expense ratio 26.0% 35.1% (9.1 pts) 31.2% 38.6% (7.4 pts)

~~Table of Contents~~


	Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Gross premiums written	$	4,997	$	4,081	$	916	22.4	%	$	8,486	$	9,897	$	(1,411)	(14.3	%)
Less: Ceded premiums written	1,893		1,018		875		86.0	%	2,057		1,240		817		65.9	%
Net premiums written	$	3,104	$	3,063	$	41	1.3	%	$	6,429	$	8,657	$	(2,228)	(25.7	%)
Net premiums earned	$	3,848	$	5,793	$	(1,945)	(33.6	%)	$	8,189	$	13,539	$	(5,350)	(39.5	%)
Net investment income	137		143		(6)		(4.2	%)	325		355		(30)		(8.5	%)
Net investment gains (losses)	33		(485)		518		106.8	%	22		(884)		906		102.5	%
Other income (expense)	5		129		(124)		(96.1	%)	2		263		(261)		(99.2	%)
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses	(2,436)		(3,449)		1,013		(29.4	%)	(4,414)		(8,212)		3,798		(46.2	%)
Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses	(1,434)		(1,508)		74		(4.9	%)	(3,155)		(4,218)		1,063		(25.2	%)

Segment results	$	153	$	623	$	(470)	(75.4	%)	$	969	$	843	$	126	14.9	%
Net loss ratio	63.3%		59.5%		3.8 pts				53.9%		60.7%		(6.8 pts)
Underwriting expense ratio	37.3%		26.0%		11.3 pts				38.5%		31.2%		7.3 pts

Premiums

Net premiums written remained relatively unchanged for the 2023 three-month period and decreased ~~during~~for the ~~2022 three- and~~2023 six-month ~~periods~~period as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021~~2022. The decrease in net premiums written during the 2023 six-month period as compared to the same period of 2022 was driven by our ceased participation in Syndicate 6131 for the 2022 underwriting year, and, for the 2022 six-month period, the impact of our decreased participation in the results of Syndicates 1729 and 6131 for the 2021 underwriting year. The decrease in net premiums written for the 2022 three- and six-month periods was partially offset by volume increases on renewal business and renewal pricing increases, primarily on casualty and property insurance coverages, as well as new business written, primarily on ~~specialty and~~ property insurance ~~coverages.~~coverage. Net premiums earned decreased ~~$7.7~~$1.9 million and ~~$15.8~~$5.4 million during the ~~2022~~2023 three- and six-month periods, respectively, as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021~~2022 primarily attributable to the pro rata effect of a reduction in net premiums written during the preceding twelve months.

Table of Contents

Net Losses and Loss Adjustment Expenses

The following table summarizes calendar year net loss ratios by separating losses between the current accident year and all prior accident years. Net loss ratios for the period were as follows:


		Net Loss Ratios													Net Loss Ratios
		Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30							Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
		2022		2021		Change		2022		2021		Change			2023		2022		Change		2023		2022		Change
Calendar year net loss ratio	Calendar year net loss ratio	59.5	%	40.4	%	19.1	pts	60.7	%	62.8	%	(2.1	pts)	Calendar year net loss ratio	63.3	%	59.5	%	3.8	pts	53.9	%	60.7	%	(6.8	pts)
Less: impact of prior accident years on the net loss ratio	Less: impact of prior accident years on the net loss ratio	45.4	%	3.2	%	42.2	pts	30.8	%	6.7	%	24.1	pts	Less: impact of prior accident years on the net loss ratio	39.5	%	45.4	%	(5.9	pts)	15.5	%	30.8	%	(15.3	pts)
Current accident year net loss ratio	Current accident year net loss ratio	14.1	%	37.2	%	(23.1	pts)	29.9	%	56.1	%	(26.2	pts)	Current accident year net loss ratio	23.8	%	14.1	%	9.7	pts	38.4	%	29.9	%	8.5	pts

The ~~decrease~~increase in the current accident year net loss ~~ratio~~ratios for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021~~2022 was driven by ~~decreases to~~ certain ~~loss estimates during~~catastrophe related losses. The increase for the ~~first quarter of 2022,~~six months ended June 30, 2023 was partially offset by ~~lower~~higher reinsurance recoveries as a proportion of gross losses as compared to the prior year ~~periods.~~period.

We recognized ~~$2.6~~$1.5 million and ~~$4.2~~$1.3 million of unfavorable prior year development during the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023, respectively, as compared to ~~$0.4~~$2.6 million and ~~$2.0~~$4.2 million for the same respective periods of ~~2021.~~2022. The unfavorable prior year development for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 was driven by higher than expected losses and development on certain large claims, primarily catastrophe related losses.

Underwriting, Policy Acquisition and Operating Expenses

For the ~~2022~~2023 three- and six-month periods, the underwriting expense ratio ~~decreased~~increased by ~~9.1~~11.3 and ~~7.4~~7.3 percentage points, respectively, as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021~~2022 which primarily reflected the impact of ~~our ceased participation in Syndicate 6131 for~~ the ~~2022 underwriting year. Syndicate 6131 incurred nominal operating expenses during the current period whereas the net premiums~~mix of policies earned ~~during the same period also includes premium~~ from open underwriting years ~~prior~~in which we participated at a higher degree and, to ~~2022. The decrease~~a lesser extent, an increase in ~~the underwriting expense ratio for the 2022 six-month period also reflected the impact of our reduced participation in the results of Syndicate 1729 and Syndicate 6131 for the 2021 underwriting year.~~operating expenses.

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Segment Results - Corporate

Our Corporate segment includes our investment operations ~~and excludes~~excluding those reported in our Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance and Lloyd's Syndicates segments as discussed in Note 1816 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our December 31, ~~2021~~2022 report on Form 10-K. In addition, this segment includes corporate expenses, interest expense, U.S. income taxes and non-premium revenues generated outside of our insurance entities. Segment results for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 exclude the change in fair value of contingent consideration and, ~~2021 exclude~~for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, transaction-related costs ~~and~~including the associated income tax benefit related to the NORCAL acquisition as we do not consider these items in assessing the financial performance of the ~~segment (for~~segment. We did not incur any transaction-related costs during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023. For additional information on the NORCAL acquisition see Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our December 31, ~~2021~~2022 report on Form ~~10-K).~~10-K. Segment results for our Corporate segment ~~was~~were net earnings of $22.7 million and $40.9 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, as compared to a net loss of $2.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2022 and net earnings of $3.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2022 ~~as compared to net earnings of $26.8 million and $47.1 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively,~~ and included the following:


		Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30									Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	2022		2021		Change				2022		2021		Change				($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Net investment income	Net investment income	$	21,590	$	16,693	$	4,897	29.3	%	$	41,709	$	30,761	$	10,948	35.6	%	Net investment income	$	30,910	$	21,590	$	9,320	43.2	%	$	60,611	$	41,709	$	18,902	45.3	%
Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries	Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries	$	5,180	$	11,927	$	(6,747)	(56.6	%)	$	12,799	$	18,715	$	(5,916)	(31.6	%)	Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries	$	6,632	$	5,180	$	1,452	28.0	%	$	5,511	$	12,799	$	(7,288)	(56.9	%)
Net investment gains (losses)	Net investment gains (losses)	$	(20,617)	$	9,164	$	(29,781)	(325.0	%)	$	(33,013)	$	17,140	$	(50,153)	(292.6	%)	Net investment gains (losses)	$	(281)	$	(20,617)	$	20,336	(98.6	%)	$	481	$	(33,013)	$	33,494	101.5	%
Other income	Other income	$	3,626	$	351	$	3,275	933.0	%	$	5,691	$	2,245	$	3,446	153.5	%	Other income	$	2,173	$	3,626	$	(1,453)	(40.1	%)	$	2,500	$	5,691	$	(3,191)	(56.1	%)
Operating expense	Operating expense	$	9,019	$	5,929	$	3,090	52.1	%	$	17,756	$	12,177	$	5,579	45.8	%	Operating expense	$	8,275	$	9,019	$	(744)	(8.2	%)	$	16,477	$	17,756	$	(1,279)	(7.2	%)
Interest expense	Interest expense	$	4,919	$	5,176	$	(257)	(5.0	%)	$	9,360	$	8,389	$	971	11.6	%	Interest expense	$	5,502	$	4,919	$	583	11.9	%	$	10,965	$	9,360	$	1,605	17.1	%
Income tax expense (benefit)	Income tax expense (benefit)	$	(1,789)	$	220	$	(2,009)	(913.2	%)	$	(3,559)	$	1,151	$	(4,710)	(409.2	%)	Income tax expense (benefit)	$	2,927	$	(1,789)	$	4,716	263.6	%	$	755	$	(3,559)	$	4,314	121.2	%

Net Investment Income, Equity in Earnings (Loss) of Unconsolidated Subsidiaries, Net Investment Gains (Losses)

Net Investment Income

Net investment income is primarily derived from the income earned by our fixed maturity securities and also includes dividend income from equity securities, income from our short-term and cash equivalent investments, earnings from other investments and changes in the cash surrender value of BOLI contracts, net of investment fees and expenses.

Net investment income (loss) by investment category was as follows:


		Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30									Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	2022		2021		Change				2022		2021		Change				($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Fixed maturities	Fixed maturities	$	21,600	$	17,351	$	4,249	24.5	%	$	42,700	$	32,076	$	10,624	33.1	%	Fixed maturities	$	27,516	$	21,600	$	5,916	27.4	%	$	54,419	$	42,700	$	11,719	27.4	%
Equities	Equities	967		448		519		115.8	%	1,668		1,142		526		46.1	%	Equities	1,105		967		138		14.3	%	1,912		1,668		244		14.6	%
Short-term investments, including Other	Short-term investments, including Other	700		681		19		2.8	%	1,104		879		225		25.6	%	Short-term investments, including Other	3,650		700		2,950		421.4	%	6,675		1,104		5,571		504.6	%
BOLI	BOLI	261		685		(424)		(61.9	%)	214		1,129		(915)		(81.0	%)	BOLI	459		261		198		75.9	%	1,116		214		902		421.5	%
Investment fees and expenses	Investment fees and expenses	(1,938)		(2,472)		534		(21.6	%)	(3,977)		(4,465)		488		(10.9	%)	Investment fees and expenses	(1,820)		(1,938)		118		(6.1	%)	(3,511)		(3,977)		466		(11.7	%)
Net investment income	Net investment income	$	21,590	$	16,693	$	4,897	29.3	%	$	41,709	$	30,761	$	10,948	35.6	%	Net investment income	$	30,910	$	21,590	$	9,320	43.2	%	$	60,611	$	41,709	$	18,902	45.3	%

Fixed Maturities

Income from our fixed maturities increased during the ~~2022~~2023 three- and six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021~~2022 driven by higher average investment balances primarily attributable to the addition of fixed maturity securities valued at $1.1 billion to our portfolio on May 5, 2021 as a result of the NORCAL acquisition (see Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in ProAssurance's December 31, 2021 report on Form 10-K for additional information). In addition, the increase in income from our fixed maturities during the 2022 three- and six-month periods reflected higher average book yields as we continue to reinvest at higher rates as our portfolio matures. ~~As a result of the NORCAL acquisition,~~However, average investment balances ~~over a twelve-month period~~ were approximately ~~17%~~1.7% and ~~34% higher~~0.7% lower for the ~~2022~~2023 three- and six-month periods, respectively, as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021; excluding~~2022 as we have reduced the ~~impact~~rate of reinvestment in order to allow for additional cash availability, primarily related to operating costs and the ~~acquisition, average investment balances were approximately 2% and 4% higher, respectively.~~repurchase of our stock. See additional information on our operating cash flows in the Liquidity section under the heading "Cash Flows."

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Average yields for our fixed maturity portfolio were as follows:


		Three Months Ended June 30		Six Months Ended June 30			Three Months Ended June 30		Six Months Ended June 30
		2022	2021	2022	2021		2023	2022	2023	2022
Average income yield	Average income yield	2.3%	2.2%	2.3%	2.0%	Average income yield	3.0%	2.3%	3.0%	2.3%
Average tax equivalent income yield	Average tax equivalent income yield	2.3%	2.2%	2.3%	2.0%	Average tax equivalent income yield	3.0%	2.3%	3.0%	2.3%

Short-term Investments and Other Investments

~~Equities~~

Short-term investments, which have a maturity at purchase of one year or less are carried at fair value, which approximates their cost basis, and are primarily composed of investments in U.S. treasury obligations, commercial paper and money market funds. Income from our ~~equity portfolio~~short-term and other investments increased during the ~~2022~~2023 three- and six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021 which reflected changes~~2022 primarily due to higher yields given the increase in ~~the mix of equities owned.~~interest rates.

BOLI

We hold BOLI policies that are carried at the current cash surrender value of the policies, which includes the BOLI policies acquired from NORCAL. All insured individuals were members of ProAssurance or NORCAL management at the time the policies were acquired. Income from our BOLI policies ~~decreased~~increased in ~~2022~~the 2023 three- and six-month periods as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021~~2022 primarily attributable to ~~a decrease~~an increase in the cash surrender ~~value of policies acquired from NORCAL.~~value.

Equity in Earnings (Loss) of Unconsolidated Subsidiaries

Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries was comprised as follows:


		Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30									Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	2022		2021		Change				2022		2021		Change				($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
All other investments, primarily investment fund LPs/LLCs	All other investments, primarily investment fund LPs/LLCs	$	7,028	$	16,680	$	(9,652)	(57.9	%)	$	17,035	$	26,654	$	(9,619)	(36.1	%)	All other investments, primarily investment fund LPs/LLCs	$	8,143	$	7,028	$	1,115	15.9	%	$	7,376	$	17,035	$	(9,659)	(56.7	%)
Tax credit partnerships	Tax credit partnerships	(1,848)		(4,753)		2,905		(61.1	%)	(4,236)		(7,939)		3,703		(46.6	%)	Tax credit partnerships	(1,511)		(1,848)		337		(18.2	%)	(1,865)		(4,236)		2,371		(56.0	%)
Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries	Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries	$	5,180	$	11,927	$	(6,747)	(56.6	%)	$	12,799	$	18,715	$	(5,916)	(31.6	%)	Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries	$	6,632	$	5,180	$	1,452	28.0	%	$	5,511	$	12,799	$	(7,288)	(56.9	%)

We hold interests in certain LPs/LLCs that generate earnings from trading portfolios, secured debt, debt securities, multi-strategy funds and private equity investments. The performance of the LPs/LLCs is affected by the volatility of equity and credit markets. For our investments in LPs/LLCs, we record our allocable portion of the partnership operating income or loss as the results of the LPs/LLCs become available, typically following the end of a reporting period. Our investment results from our portfolio of investments in LPs/LLCs for the ~~2022 three- and six-month periods~~2023 three-month period as compared to the same ~~respective periods~~period of ~~2021 decreased~~2022 increased primarily due to ~~lower earnings from a few LP/LLCs and~~the performance of two LPs which reflected higher market ~~volatility~~valuations during the fourth quarter of 2022 and first quarter of 2023. Our investment results for our portfolio of investments in LPs/LLCs decreased for the 2023 six-month period as compared to the same period of 2022 primarily due to the performance of one LP which reflected lower market valuations during the fourth quarter of 2022.

Our tax credit partnership investments are designed to generate returns in the form of tax credits and tax-deductible project operating losses and are comprised of qualified affordable housing project tax credit partnerships and a historic tax credit partnership. We account for our tax credit partnership investments under the equity method and record our allocable portion of the operating losses of the underlying properties based on estimates provided by the partnerships. For our qualified affordable housing project tax credit partnerships, we adjust our estimates of our allocable portion of operating losses periodically as actual operating results of the underlying properties become available. The primary ~~benefit~~benefits of tax credits and tax-deductible operating losses from ~~our~~the historic tax credit ~~partnership~~partnerships are earned in a short period with potential for additional cash flows extending over several years. The results from our tax credit partnership investments for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 reflected lower partnership operating losses as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021, partially offset by an increase in our estimate~~2022.

Table of ~~operating losses by $0.6 million in the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 as compared to $1.5 million in the three and six months ended June 30, 2021.~~Contents

The tax benefits received from our tax credit partnerships, which are not reflected in our investment results, reduced our tax expense in ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021~~2022 as follows:


		Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30					Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(In millions)	(In millions)	2022		2021		2022		2021		(In millions)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Tax credits recognized during the period	Tax credits recognized during the period	$	1.2	$	3.4	$	2.4	$	6.8	Tax credits recognized during the period	$	—	$	1.2	$	—	$	2.4
Tax benefit of tax credit partnership operating losses	Tax benefit of tax credit partnership operating losses	$	0.4	$	1.0	$	0.9	$	1.7	Tax benefit of tax credit partnership operating losses	$	0.3	$	0.4	$	0.4	$	0.9

~~Table~~For each of ~~Contents~~

~~The tax credits generated from our tax credit partnership investments of $1.2 million and $2.4 million for~~ the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022, respectively,~~2023 we generated a nominal amount of tax credits from our tax credit partnership investments which were deferred ~~for use~~to be utilized in future periods due to our expected consolidated loss calculated on a tax basis. For the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2021~~2022 the tax credits generated from our tax credit partnership investments of ~~$3.4~~$1.2 million and ~~$6.8~~$2.4 million ~~respectively,~~ were deferred to be utilized in future ~~periods.~~periods, respectively. Not included in the table above is $1.9 million and $2.0 million of tax credits recaptured from the 2019 tax year during the six months ended June 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, due to the carryback of our estimated NOL for ~~the six months ended June 30, 2022~~both periods to the 2021 tax year. The recaptured tax credits were earned in 2019 but not utilized until 2021 due to NOL's generated in both 2019 and 2020. As of June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, we had approximately ~~$51.1~~$53.2 million of available tax credit carryforwards generated from our investments in tax credit partnerships which we expect to utilize in future periods.

Tax credits provided by the underlying projects of our historic tax credit partnership are typically available in the tax year in which the project is put into active service, whereas the tax credits provided by qualified affordable housing project tax credit partnerships are provided over approximately a ten year period.

~~Non-GAAP Financial Measure – Tax Equivalent Investment Result~~

We believe that to fully understand our investment returns it is important to consider the current tax benefits associated with certain investments as the tax benefit received represents a portion of the return provided by our tax-exempt bonds, BOLI, common and preferred stocks, and tax credit partnership investments (collectively, our tax-preferred investments). We impute a pro forma tax-equivalent result by estimating the amount of fully-taxable income needed to achieve the same after-tax result as is currently provided by our tax-preferred investments. We believe this better reflects the economics behind our decision to invest in certain asset classes that are either taxed at lower rates and/or result in reductions to our current federal income tax expense. Our pro forma tax-equivalent investment result is shown in the table that follows as well as a reconciliation of our GAAP net investment result to our tax equivalent result.

Three Months Ended June 30 Six Months Ended June 30
(In thousands) 2022 2021 2022 2021
GAAP net investment result:
Net investment income $ 21,590 $ 16,693 $ 41,709 $ 30,761
Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries 5,180 11,927 12,799 18,715
GAAP net investment result $ 26,770 $ 28,620 $ 54,508 $ 49,476
Pro forma tax-equivalent investment result $ 26,973 $ 27,139 $ 52,354 $ 50,022
Reconciliation of pro forma and GAAP tax-equivalent investment result:
GAAP net investment result $ 26,770 $ 28,620 $ 54,508 $ 49,476
Taxable equivalent adjustments, calculated using the 21% federal statutory tax rate
State and municipal bonds 134 103 267 218
BOLI 69 182 57 300
Dividends received — 26 — 28
Tax credit partnerships* — (1,792) (2,478) —
Pro forma tax-equivalent investment result $ 26,973 $ 27,139 $ 52,354 $ 50,022
*Due to our expected consolidated loss calculated on a tax basis for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, the tax credits recognized from our tax credit partnership investments were deferred to be utilized in future periods; however, during the six months ended June 30, 2022, we recaptured a portion of tax credits earned in 2019, that were utilized in 2021, as a result of our expected carry back of our 2022 NOL to the 2021 tax year, resulting in a current tax expense related to tax credit partnerships. We earned tax credits totaling $3.4 million and $6.8 million from our tax credit partnership investments during the three and six months ended June 30, 2021, respectively. As of the second quarter of 2021, all of these tax credits were deferred for use in future periods due to the utilization of NOLs available to us following our acquisition of NORCAL.

~~Table of Contents~~

Net Investment Gains (Losses)

The following table provides detailed information regarding our net investment gains (losses).


		Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30					Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021		(In thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Total impairment losses	Total impairment losses									Total impairment losses

Corporate debt	Corporate debt	$	(972)	$	—	$	(972)	$	—	Corporate debt	$	(48)	$	(972)	$	(2,984)	$	(972)
Asset-backed securities										Asset-backed securities	5		—		8		—

Portion of impairment losses recognized in other comprehensive income before taxes:	Portion of impairment losses recognized in other comprehensive income before taxes:									Portion of impairment losses recognized in other comprehensive income before taxes:
Corporate debt	Corporate debt	419		—		419		—		Corporate debt	—		419		—		419
Net impairment losses recognized in earnings	Net impairment losses recognized in earnings	(553)		—		(553)		—		Net impairment losses recognized in earnings	(43)		(553)		(2,976)		(553)
Gross realized gains, available-for-sale fixed maturities	Gross realized gains, available-for-sale fixed maturities	256		5,434		1,361		9,596		Gross realized gains, available-for-sale fixed maturities	460		256		539		1,361
Gross realized (losses), available-for-sale fixed maturities	Gross realized (losses), available-for-sale fixed maturities	(884)		(315)		(1,978)		(502)		Gross realized (losses), available-for-sale fixed maturities	(744)		(884)		(1,201)		(1,978)
Net realized gains (losses), equity investments	Net realized gains (losses), equity investments	(5,235)		1,119		(5,928)		5,275		Net realized gains (losses), equity investments	—		(5,235)		—		(5,928)
Net realized gains (losses), other investments	Net realized gains (losses), other investments	(760)		1,297		(110)		4,493		Net realized gains (losses), other investments	(2,116)		(760)		(1,887)		(110)
Change in unrealized holding gains (losses), equity investments	Change in unrealized holding gains (losses), equity investments	(3,095)		1,230		(13,347)		(2,558)		Change in unrealized holding gains (losses), equity investments	(2,308)		(3,095)		361		(13,347)
Change in unrealized holding gains (losses), convertible securities, carried at fair value as a part of other investments	Change in unrealized holding gains (losses), convertible securities, carried at fair value as a part of other investments	(10,583)		529		(13,058)		339		Change in unrealized holding gains (losses), convertible securities, carried at fair value as a part of other investments	2,929		(10,583)		4,061		(13,058)
Other	Other	237		(130)		600		497		Other	1,541		237		1,584		600
Net investment gains (losses)	Net investment gains (losses)	$	(20,617)	$	9,164	$	(33,013)	$	17,140	Net investment gains (losses)	$	(281)	$	(20,617)	$	481	$	(33,013)

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, we recognized a nominal amount and $3.0 million of credit-related impairment losses in earnings, respectively. We did not recognize any non-credit impairment losses in OCI during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023. The credit-related impairment losses recognized during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 related to two corporate bonds in the financial sector. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 we recognized credit-related impairment losses ~~in earnings~~ of $0.6 million and non-credit ~~impairment losses~~impairments in OCI of $0.4 million. The credit-related and non-credit impairment losses ~~recognized~~in OCI during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022 related to a corporate bond in the consumer sector.

We ~~did not recognize any credit-related impairment~~recognized a nominal amount of net investment losses ~~in earnings or non-credit impairment losses in OCI~~ during the ~~three~~2023 three-month period and ~~six months ended June 30, 2021.~~

We$0.5 million of net investment gains during the 2023 six-month period. Net investment gains during the 2023 six-month period were driven by unrealized holding gains resulting from changes in the fair value of our convertible securities and, to a lesser extent, death benefit proceeds from a BOLI contract. During the 2022 three- and six-month periods, we recognized $20.6 million and $33.0 million of net investment losses, ~~during the 2022 three- and six-month periods,~~ respectively, driven by unrealized holding losses resulting from changes in the fair value of our convertible securities and equity ~~investments and, to a lesser extent, realized losses from the sale~~investments.

Table of equity investments during the period. During the 2021 three- and six-month periods, we recognized $9.2 million and $17.1 million of net investment gains, respectively, driven primarily by realized gains on the sale of certain available-for-sale fixed maturities and equity investments.Contents

Other Income

Other income was ~~$3.6~~$2.2 million and ~~$5.7~~$2.5 million for the ~~2022~~2023 three- and six-month periods, respectively, as compared to ~~$0.4~~$3.6 million and ~~$2.2~~$5.7 million during the same respective periods of ~~2021.~~2022. The ~~increase~~decrease in other income for the ~~2022~~2023 three- and six-month periods was driven by the effect of foreign currency exchange rate losses recognized during the first half of 2023 as compared to foreign currency exchange rate gains recognized during the prior year periods. These foreign currency exchange rate changes ~~of $2.7~~resulted in a $2.9 million and ~~$3.1~~$5.2 million decrease in other income for the 2023 three- and six-month periods, respectively, as compared to the same respective periods of 2022 and are related to foreign currency denominated loss reserves associated with premium assumed from an international medical professional liability insured in our Specialty P&C segment. We mitigate foreign exchange exposure by generally matching the currency and duration of associated investments to the corresponding loss reserves. In accordance with GAAP, the impact on the market value of ~~available for sale~~available-for-sale fixed maturities due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates is reflected as part of OCI. Conversely, the impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on loss reserves is reflected through net income (loss) as a component of other income. The effect of exchange rate changes on foreign currency denominated loss reserves are reported in our Corporate segment to be consistent with the reporting of the foreign currency denominated invested assets and associated investment income.

~~Table of Contents~~

Operating Expenses

Corporate segment operating expenses were comprised as follows:


		Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30									Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	2022		2021		Change				2022		2021		Change				($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Operating expenses	Operating expenses	$	10,474	$	8,075	$	2,399	29.7	%	$	21,154	$	16,866	$	4,288	25.4	%	Operating expenses	$	9,540	$	10,474	$	(934)	(8.9	%)	$	19,456	$	21,154	$	(1,698)	(8.0	%)
Management fee offset	Management fee offset	(1,455)		(2,146)		691		(32.2	%)	(3,398)		(4,689)		1,291		(27.5	%)	Management fee offset	(1,265)		(1,455)		190		(13.1	%)	(2,979)		(3,398)		419		(12.3	%)
Total	Total	$	9,019	$	5,929	$	3,090	52.1	%	$	17,756	$	12,177	$	5,579	45.8	%	Total	$	8,275	$	9,019	$	(744)	(8.2	%)	$	16,477	$	17,756	$	(1,279)	(7.2	%)

Operating expenses ~~increased $2.4 million and $4.3 million during~~decreased for the ~~2022~~2023 three- and six-month periods by $0.9 million and $1.7 million, respectively, as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021~~2022 primarily due to ~~an increase~~a decrease in compensation-related costs and, to a lesser extent, a decrease in professional ~~fees and, for the 2022 six-month period, share-based compensation expenses.~~fees. The ~~increase~~decrease in compensation-related costs during the ~~2022~~2023 three- and six-month periods ~~was driven by an increase~~primarily reflected a decrease in segment headcount due to the addition of Corporate NORCAL employees. Subsequent to acquisition on May 5, 2021, compensation-related costs of all NORCAL employees were reported in our Specialty P&C segment. Beginning in 2022, compensation-related costs for Corporate NORCAL employees are reported in our Corporate segment. In addition, the increase in compensation-related costs also reflected higher amounts accrued for performance-related incentive plans due to ~~our improved~~the decline of the related performance metrics. ~~The increase~~In addition, the decrease in ~~share-based compensation expense~~compensation-related costs during the 2023 three- and six-month periods reflected a decrease in segment headcount due to organizational structure changes and the movement of certain employees to the Specialty P&C segment beginning in the ~~2022~~third quarter of 2022. The decrease in professional fees during the 2023 six-month period was primarily attributable to a decrease in employee placement fees as a result of filling open positions across the ~~effect of the incorporation of certain NORCAL employees into our share-based compensation plans beginning~~organization in 2022.

Operating subsidiaries within our Specialty P&C segment and our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment are charged a management fee by the Corporate segment for services provided to these subsidiaries. The management fee is based on the extent to which services are provided to the subsidiary and the amount of premium written by the subsidiary. Under the arrangement, the expenses associated with such services are reported as expenses of the Corporate segment, and the management fees charged are reported as an offset to Corporate operating expenses. ~~Fluctuations~~While the terms of the arrangement were generally consistent between 2023 and 2022, fluctuations in the amount of premium written by each subsidiary can result in corresponding variations in the management fee charged to each subsidiary during a particular period. Due to continued organizational structure enhancements in our Specialty P&C segment during 2021 as well as operational alignments as a result of the integration of NORCAL, the extent to which services are provided exclusively by the Corporate segment to the operating subsidiaries within the Specialty P&C segment decreased further effective January 1, 2022. Accordingly, we reduced the fee charged to the operating subsidiaries within the Specialty P&C segment during the first quarter of 2022. Also effective January 1, 2022, the management agreement included the wholly owned operating subsidiaries of NORCAL contributing to $0.2 million and $0.8 million of additional management fees during the 2022 three- and six-month periods, respectively. There were no changes to the extent to which services are provided exclusively by the Corporate segment to the operating subsidiaries within our Workers' Compensation Insurance segment in 2022.

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Interest Expense

Consolidated interest expense for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021~~2022 was comprised as follows:


		Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30									Three Months Ended June 30								Six Months Ended June 30
($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	2022		2021		Change				2022		2021		Change				($ in thousands)	2023		2022		Change				2023		2022		Change
Senior Notes due 2023	Senior Notes due 2023	$	3,357	$	3,357	$	—	—	%	$	6,714	$	6,714	$	—	—	%	Senior Notes due 2023	$	3,357	$	3,357	$	—	—	%	$	6,714	$	6,714	$	—	—	%
Contribution Certificates (including accretion)(1)	Contribution Certificates (including accretion)(1)	1,679		1,128		551		48.8	%	3,532		1,128		2,404		213.1	%	Contribution Certificates (including accretion)(1)	1,884		1,679		205		12.2	%	3,743		3,532		211		6.0	%
Revolving Credit Agreement (including fees and amortization)(2)	Revolving Credit Agreement (including fees and amortization)(2)	273		291		(18)		(6.2	%)	519		506		13		2.6	%	Revolving Credit Agreement (including fees and amortization)(2)	261		273		(12)		(4.4	%)	508		519		(11)		(2.1	%)
Mortgage Loans (including amortization)		—		217		(217)		nm		—		365		(365)		nm

(Gain)/loss on interest rate cap	(Gain)/loss on interest rate cap	(390)		183		(573)		313.1	%	(1,405)		(324)		(1,081)		(333.6	%)	(Gain)/loss on interest rate cap	—		(390)		390		nm		—		(1,405)		1,405		nm
Interest expense	Interest expense	$	4,919	$	5,176	$	(257)	(5.0	%)	$	9,360	$	8,389	$	971	11.6	%	Interest expense	$	5,502	$	4,919	$	583	11.9	%	$	10,965	$	9,360	$	1,605	17.1	%
(1) Includes accretion of approximately $0.4 million and $0.9 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively, as compared to approximately $0.2 million in each period of 2021, which is recorded as an increase to interest expense as a result of the difference between the recorded acquisition date fair value and the principal balance of the Contribution Certificates associated with our acquisition of NORCAL.
(2) There were no outstanding borrowings on our Revolving Credit Agreement during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022; interest expense primarily reflected unused commitment fees. The 2021 three- and six-month periods reflected an increase in weighted average outstanding borrowings which were $9.2 million and $4.6 million, respectively.
(1) Includes accretion of approximately $0.5 million and $0.9 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, as compared to $0.4 million and $0.9 million during the same respective periods of 2022, which is recorded as an increase to interest expense as a result of the difference between the recorded acquisition date fair value and the principal balance of the Contribution Certificates associated with our acquisition of NORCAL.																		(1) Includes accretion of approximately $0.5 million and $0.9 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, as compared to $0.4 million and $0.9 million during the same respective periods of 2022, which is recorded as an increase to interest expense as a result of the difference between the recorded acquisition date fair value and the principal balance of the Contribution Certificates associated with our acquisition of NORCAL.
(2) There were no outstanding borrowings on our Revolving Credit Agreement during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 or 2022. Interest expense in both the 2023 and 2022 three- and six-month periods primarily reflected unused commitment fees.																		(2) There were no outstanding borrowings on our Revolving Credit Agreement during the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 or 2022. Interest expense in both the 2023 and 2022 three- and six-month periods primarily reflected unused commitment fees.

Consolidated interest expense ~~remained relatively unchanged for~~increased during the ~~2022 three-month period~~three and ~~increased for the 2022 six-month period~~six months ended June 30, 2023 as compared to the same respective periods of ~~2021. The increase in consolidated interest expense for the~~ 2022 ~~six-month period was~~ driven by the ~~Contribution Certificates associated with our acquisition~~prior year impact of ~~NORCAL on May 5, 2021 (see Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our December 31, 2021 report on Form 10-K), partially offset by~~ the change in fair value of our interest rate cap which was terminated ~~during~~in the second quarter of 2022. See further discussion of our previous interest rate cap agreement ~~and outstanding debt~~ in Note ~~2 and Note 7 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, respectively, and further discussion of our Contribution Certificates in Note 13~~3 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our December 31, ~~2021~~2022 report on Form ~~10-K.~~10-K and further discussion on our outstanding debt in Note 7 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Taxes

Tax expense allocated to our Corporate segment includes U.S. tax only, which would include U.S. tax expense incurred from our corporate membership in Lloyd's of London. Any U.K. tax expense incurred by the U.K. based subsidiaries of our Lloyd's Syndicates segment is allocated to that segment. The SPCs at Inova Re, one of our Cayman Islands reinsurance subsidiaries, have each made a 953(d) election under the U.S. Internal Revenue Code and are subject to U.S. federal income tax; therefore, tax expense allocated to our Corporate segment also includes tax expense incurred from any SPC at Inova Re in which we have a participation interest of 80% or greater as those SPCs are required to be included in our consolidated tax return. Consolidated tax expense (benefit) reflects the tax expense (benefit) of both segments and the tax impact of items excluded from segment reporting, as shown in the table below:


		Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30					Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
(In thousands)	(In thousands)	2022		2021		2022		2021		(In thousands)	2023		2022		2023		2022
Corporate segment income tax expense (benefit)	Corporate segment income tax expense (benefit)	$	(1,789)	$	220	$	(3,559)	$	1,151	Corporate segment income tax expense (benefit)	$	2,927	$	(1,789)	$	755	$	(3,559)

Income tax expense (benefit) - transaction-related costs*	Income tax expense (benefit) - transaction-related costs*	(144)		(3,818)		(391)		(4,013)		Income tax expense (benefit) - transaction-related costs*	—		(144)		—		(391)
Consolidated income tax expense (benefit)	Consolidated income tax expense (benefit)	$	(1,933)	$	(3,598)	$	(3,950)	$	(2,862)	Consolidated income tax expense (benefit)	$	2,927	$	(1,933)	$	755	$	(3,950)
*Represents the income tax benefit associated with the transaction-related costs related to our acquisition of NORCAL that are not included in a segment as we do not consider these costs in assessing the financial performance of any of our operating or reportable segments. See Note 11 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a reconciliation of our segment results to our consolidated results.
*Represents the income tax benefit associated with the transaction-related costs related to our acquisition of NORCAL that are not included in a segment as we do not consider these costs in assessing the financial performance of any of our operating or reportable segments. See Note 12 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a reconciliation of our segment results to our consolidated results.										*Represents the income tax benefit associated with the transaction-related costs related to our acquisition of NORCAL that are not included in a segment as we do not consider these costs in assessing the financial performance of any of our operating or reportable segments. See Note 12 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for a reconciliation of our segment results to our consolidated results.

Listed below are the primary factors affecting our consolidated effective tax ~~rates~~rate for the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021.~~2022. The comparability of each factor's impact on our effective tax rate is affected by the consolidated pre-tax ~~loss~~income recognized during the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 as compared to the consolidated pre-tax ~~income~~loss recognized during the same respective periods of ~~2021.~~2022. Factors that have the same directional impact on income tax expense in each period have an opposite impact on our effective tax rate due to the effective tax rate being calculated based upon a pre-tax ~~loss~~income during the three and six months ended June 30, ~~2022~~2023 versus the pre-tax ~~income~~loss during the same respective periods of ~~2021.~~2022. These factors include the following:


		Three Months Ended June 30									Three Months Ended June 30
		2022				2021						2023				2022
($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	Income tax (benefit) expense		Rate Impact		Income tax (benefit) expense		Rate Impact		($ in thousands)		Income tax (benefit) expense		Rate Impact		Income tax (benefit) expense		Rate Impact
Computed "expected" tax expense (benefit) at statutory rate	Computed "expected" tax expense (benefit) at statutory rate	$	(754)	21.0	%	$	18,575	21.0	%	Computed "expected" tax expense (benefit) at statutory rate		$	2,847	21.0	%	$	(754)	21.0	%
Tax-exempt income (1)	Tax-exempt income (1)	(381)		10.6	%	(291)		(0.3	%)	Tax-exempt income (1)		(186)		(1.4	%)	(381)		10.6	%
Tax credits	Tax credits	(1,198)		33.4	%	(3,380)		(3.8	%)	Tax credits		(29)		(0.2	%)	(1,198)		33.4	%
Non-U.S. operating results	Non-U.S. operating results	(131)		3.7	%	(895)		(1.1	%)	Non-U.S. operating results		(35)		(0.3	%)	(131)		3.7	%
Tax deficiency (excess tax benefit) on share-based compensation		1		—	%	(17)		—	%

Non-taxable contingent consideration (2)										Non-taxable contingent consideration (2)		(420)		(3.1	%)	—		—	%

Change in uncertain tax positions		19		(0.5	%)	91		0.1	%
Estimated annual tax rate differential (2)		—		—	%	(2,087)		(2.4	%)
Non-taxable gain on bargain purchase (3)		—		—	%	(15,626)		(17.7	%)

Estimated annual tax rate differential (3)										Estimated annual tax rate differential (3)		142		1.0	%	—		—	%
State Income Taxes										State Income Taxes		591		4.4	%	225		(6.3	%)

Other	Other	511		(14.4	%)	32		0.1	%	Other		17		0.2	%	306		(8.6	%)
Total income tax expense (benefit)	Total income tax expense (benefit)	$	(1,933)	53.8	%	$	(3,598)	(4.1	%)	Total income tax expense (benefit)		$	2,927	21.6	%	$	(1,933)	53.8	%

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		Six Months Ended June 30									Six Months Ended June 30
		2022				2021					2023				2022
($ in thousands)	($ in thousands)	Income tax (benefit) expense		Rate Impact		Income tax (benefit) expense		Rate Impact		($ in thousands)	Income tax (benefit) expense		Rate Impact		Income tax (benefit) expense		Rate Impact
Computed "expected" tax expense (benefit) at statutory rate	Computed "expected" tax expense (benefit) at statutory rate	$	(1,925)	21.0	%	$	20,354	21.0	%	Computed "expected" tax expense (benefit) at statutory rate	$	1,094	21.0	%	$	(1,925)	21.0	%
Tax-exempt income (1)	Tax-exempt income (1)	(476)		5.2	%	(477)		(0.5	%)	Tax-exempt income (1)	(504)		(9.6	%)	(476)		5.2	%
Tax credits	Tax credits	(2,403)		26.2	%	(6,754)		(7.0	%)	Tax credits	(72)		(1.4	%)	(2,403)		26.2	%
Non-U.S. operating results	Non-U.S. operating results	(177)		2.0	%	(292)		(0.3	%)	Non-U.S. operating results	(203)		(3.9	%)	(177)		2.0	%
Tax deficiency (excess tax benefit) on share-based compensation	Tax deficiency (excess tax benefit) on share-based compensation	341		(3.7	%)	280		0.3	%	Tax deficiency (excess tax benefit) on share-based compensation	188		3.6	%	341		(3.7	%)

Non-taxable contingent consideration (2)										Non-taxable contingent consideration (2)	(840)		(16.1	%)	—		—	%

Change in uncertain tax positions	Change in uncertain tax positions	40		(0.4	%)	—		—	%	Change in uncertain tax positions	46		0.9	%	40		(0.4	%)
Estimated annual tax rate differential (3)										Estimated annual tax rate differential (3)	1,573		30.2	%	—		—	%
State Income Taxes										State Income Taxes	48		0.9	%	165		(1.8	%)
Interest Income from IRS refunds										Interest Income from IRS refunds	(333)		(6.4	%)	—		—	%

Non-taxable gain on bargain purchase (3)		—		—	%	(15,626)		(16.1	%)
Other	Other	650		(7.2	%)	(347)		(0.4	%)	Other	(242)		(4.7	%)	485		(5.4	%)
Total income tax expense (benefit)	Total income tax expense (benefit)	$	(3,950)	43.1	%	$	(2,862)	(3.0	%)	Total income tax expense (benefit)	$	755	14.5	%	$	(3,950)	43.1	%

(1) Includes tax-exempt interest, dividends received deduction and change in cash surrender value of BOLI.

(2) ~~During~~Represents the ~~second quarter~~tax impact of ~~2021, we reversed~~the $2 million and $4 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, respectively, decrease in the contingent consideration liability issued in connection with the NORCAL acquisition, all of which are non-taxable. See further discussion on the contingent consideration in Note 2 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and in Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our December 31, 2022 report on Form 10-K.

(3) Represents the tax rate differential between our actual effective tax rate for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and our projected annual effective tax rate as of June 30, 2023 as calculated under the estimated annual effective tax rate method. There was no tax rate differential recorded for the three and six months ended ~~March 31, 2021~~June 30, 2022 as we utilized the discrete effective tax rate method ~~for the six months ended~~at June 30, ~~2021; therefore, there is no tax rate differential for the six-months ended June 30, 2021~~2022 (see further discussion on this method in the Critical Accounting Estimates section under the heading "Estimation of Taxes/Tax Credits").

~~(3)~~ ~~Represents~~For the three and six months ended June 30, 2023, the provision (benefit) for income taxes and the effective tax rate were determined utilizing the estimated annual effective tax rate method which is based upon our current estimate of our annual effective tax rate at the end of each quarterly reporting period (the projected annual effective tax rate) plus the impact of ~~the gain on bargain purchase as a result of our acquisition of NORCAL on May 5, 2021. See further discussion on the gain on bargain purchase in Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements~~certain discrete items that are not included in ~~our December 31, 2021 report on Form 10-K.~~

the projected annual effective tax rate. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, ~~and 2021~~ we utilized the discrete effective tax rate method for recording the provision (benefit) for income taxes which treats the income tax expense (benefit) for the period as if it were the income tax expense (benefit) for the full year and determines the income tax expense (benefit) on that ~~basis (see~~basis. See further discussion on ~~this method~~the methods utilized to compute interim taxes in the Critical Accounting Estimates section under the heading "Estimation of Taxes/Tax ~~Credits").~~Credits." Our effective tax rates for both the ~~2022 and 2021~~2023 three- and six-month periods were different from the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% primarily due to the estimated tax rate differential between our actual effective tax rate for the three and six months ended June 30, 2023 and our projected annual effective tax rate as of June 30, 2023 as calculated under the estimated annual effective tax rate method. In addition, our effective tax rates for both the 2023 three- and six-month periods were impacted by the $2 million and $4 million, respectively, decrease in the contingent consideration liability related to the NORCAL acquisition, all of which was non-taxable. See further discussion on our contingent consideration in Note 2 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. Our effective tax rates for both the 2022 three- and six-month periods were different from the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% primarily due to the benefit recognized from the tax credits transferred to us from our tax credit partnership investments. We recognized tax credits of $1.2 million and $2.4 million during the three and six months ended June 30, 2022, respectively, as compared to $3.4 million and $6.8 million for the same respective periods of 2021. While projected tax credits for 2022 are less than 2021, they continue to have a significant impact on the effective tax rate for the 2022 three- and six-month periods. Additionally, our effective tax rates for the 2021 three- and six-month periods were different from the statutory federal income tax rate of 21% due to the gain on bargain purchase of $74.4 million related to the NORCAL acquisition, all of which was non-taxable. There were no other individually significant items impacting our effective tax rates for the ~~2022~~2023 and ~~2021~~2022 three- and six-month periods.

Our effective tax rate for the 2023 six-month period, as shown in the table above, differed from our projected annual effective tax rate of 16.2% due to certain discrete items. These discrete items decreased our effective tax rate by 1.7% for the 2023 six-month period and were comprised of individually insignificant components.

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ITEM 3. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.

We believe that we are principally exposed to two types of market risk: interest rate risk and credit risk. We have limited exposure to foreign currency risk as we issue few insurance contracts denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar and we have few monetary or non-monetary assets or obligations denominated in foreign currencies.

Interest Rate Risk

Investments

Our fixed maturities portfolio is exposed to interest rate risk. Fluctuations in interest rates have a direct impact on the market valuation of these securities. As interest rates rise, market values of fixed income portfolios fall and vice versa. Certain of the securities are held in an unrealized loss position; we do not intend to sell and believe we will not be required to sell any debt security held in an unrealized loss position before its anticipated recovery. If recovery is not anticipated, we will record an impairment loss through earnings either by establishing a credit allowance or by directly reducing the security's amortized cost basis if there is an intent to sell.

The following tables summarize estimated changes in the fair value of our available-for-sale fixed maturity securities for specific hypothetical changes in interest rates by asset class at June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and December 31, ~~2021.~~2022. There are principally two factors that determine interest rates on a given security: changes in the level of yield curves and credit spreads. As different asset classes can be affected in different ways by movements in those two factors, we have separated our portfolio by asset class in the following tables.


		Interest Rate Shift in Basis Points											Interest Rate Shift in Basis Points
		June 30, 2022											June 30, 2023
($ in millions)	($ in millions)	(200)		(100)		Current		100		200		($ in millions)	(200)		(100)		Current		100		200
Fair Value:	Fair Value:											Fair Value:
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:	Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:											Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury obligations	U.S. Treasury obligations	$	239	$	230	$	222	$	217	$	209	U.S. Treasury obligations	$	245	$	237	$	230	$	223	$	217
U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations	U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations	19		18		18		16		16		U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations	20		19		19		18		18
State and municipal bonds	State and municipal bonds	514		493		473		471		451		State and municipal bonds	476		458		440		423		406
Corporate debt	Corporate debt	1,935		1,860		1,790		1,797		1,727		Corporate debt	1,808		1,747		1,689		1,634		1,581
Asset-backed securities	Asset-backed securities	1,095		1,063		1,029		1,061		1,026		Asset-backed securities	1,034		1,004		974		944		915
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale	Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale	$	3,802	$	3,664	$	3,532	$	3,562	$	3,429	Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale	$	3,583	$	3,465	$	3,352	$	3,242	$	3,137

Duration:	Duration:											Duration:
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:	Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:											Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury obligations	U.S. Treasury obligations	3.82		3.79		3.71		3.64		3.58		U.S. Treasury obligations	3.17		3.08		3.00		2.93		2.86
U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations	U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations	2.50		2.74		2.87		2.92		2.93		U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations	3.13		3.16		3.14		3.08		3.02
State and municipal bonds	State and municipal bonds	3.99		4.09		4.23		4.37		4.45		State and municipal bonds	3.79		3.87		3.97		4.10		4.20
Corporate debt	Corporate debt	4.09		4.04		3.97		3.90		3.81		Corporate debt	3.51		3.48		3.44		3.39		3.32
Asset-backed securities	Asset-backed securities	2.79		2.97		3.13		3.20		3.21		Asset-backed securities	2.82		2.91		2.98		3.01		2.99
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale	Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale	3.68		3.71		3.74		3.74		3.70		Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale	3.32		3.34		3.34		3.34		3.30

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		Interest Rate Shift in Basis Points											Interest Rate Shift in Basis Points
		December 31, 2021											December 31, 2022
($ in millions)	($ in millions)	(200)		(100)		Current		100		200		($ in millions)	(200)		(100)		Current		100		200
Fair Value:	Fair Value:											Fair Value:
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:	Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:											Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury obligations	U.S. Treasury obligations	$	260	$	249	$	239	$	229	$	219	U.S. Treasury obligations	$	236	$	229	$	222	$	215	$	208
U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations	U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations	21		21		20		20		19		U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations	21		21		20		19		19
State and municipal bonds	State and municipal bonds	564		541		519		498		478		State and municipal bonds	476		458		439		422		404
Corporate debt	Corporate debt	2,063		1,979		1,899		1,821		1,748		Corporate debt	1,919		1,848		1,781		1,718		1,658
Asset-backed securities	Asset-backed securities	1,211		1,186		1,157		1,123		1,087		Asset-backed securities	1,072		1,041		1,010		979		949
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale	Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale	$	4,119	$	3,976	$	3,834	$	3,691	$	3,551	Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale	$	3,724	$	3,597	$	3,472	$	3,353	$	3,238

Duration:	Duration:											Duration:
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:	Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:											Fixed maturities, available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasury obligations	U.S. Treasury obligations	4.42		4.33		4.25		4.18		4.10		U.S. Treasury obligations	3.41		3.36		3.30		3.25		3.20
U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations	U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations	1.58		1.63		2.64		2.84		2.85		U.S. Government-sponsored enterprise obligations	3.41		3.45		3.43		3.38		3.32
State and municipal bonds	State and municipal bonds	4.22		4.20		4.26		4.36		4.49		State and municipal bonds	3.91		3.99		4.10		4.21		4.30
Corporate debt	Corporate debt	4.17		4.13		4.13		4.14		4.11		Corporate debt	3.79		3.74		3.68		3.60		3.52
Asset-backed securities	Asset-backed securities	2.33		2.25		2.67		3.13		3.39		Asset-backed securities	2.76		2.87		2.97		3.00		3.01
Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale	Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale	3.64		3.58		3.71		3.86		3.93		Total fixed maturities, available-for-sale	3.48		3.50		3.50		3.48		3.45

Computations of prospective effects of hypothetical interest rate changes are based on numerous assumptions, including the maintenance of the existing level and composition of fixed income security assets, and should not be relied on as indicative of future results.

Certain shortcomings are inherent in the method of analysis presented in the computation of the fair value of fixed rate instruments. Actual values may differ from the projections presented should market conditions vary from assumptions used in the calculation of the fair value of individual securities, including non-parallel shifts in the term structure of interest rates and changing individual issuer credit spreads.

At June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, our fixed maturities portfolio includes fixed maturities classified as trading securities which do not have a significant amount of exposure to market interest rates or credit spreads.

Our cash and short-term investments at June 30, ~~2022~~2023 were carried at fair value which approximates their cost basis due to their short-term nature. Our cash and short-term investments lack significant interest rate sensitivity due to their short duration.

Debt

~~Our Revolving Credit Agreement is~~We are exposed to interest rate risk ~~as it is LIBOR based and a 1% change~~due to variability in ~~LIBOR will impact annual interest expense only to~~ the ~~extent that there is an outstanding balance. For every $100 million drawn~~base rate on borrowings under our amended Revolving Credit Agreement ~~a 1% change in interest rates will change our annual interest expense by $1 million. Any outstanding balances on~~and Term Loan. See further information regarding the amended Revolving Credit Agreement ~~can be repaid~~and Term Loan in Note 7 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. Borrowings under our amended Revolving Credit Agreement and Term Loan accrue interest at a selected SOFR base rate, adjusted by a margin. To manage our exposure to interest rate risk on ~~each maturity date,~~any borrowings under these agreements, we entered into two Interest Rate Swaps which ~~has typically ranged from one~~effectively fix the base rate on borrowings under the amended Revolving Credit Agreement and Term Loan to ~~three months.~~3.187% and 3.207%, respectively. See further information regarding the Interest Rate Swaps in Note 7 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. As of June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, no borrowings were outstanding under our Revolving Credit Agreement.

Defined Benefit Pension Plan

We are exposed to certain economic risks related to the costs of our defined benefit pension plan, including changes in discount rates for high quality corporate bonds and changes in the expected return on plan assets. See further discussion in our December 31, ~~2021~~2022 report on Form 10-K within Item 7, Management's Discussion and Analysis, in the Critical Accounting Estimates section under the heading "Pension."

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Credit Risk

We have exposure to credit risk primarily as a holder of fixed income securities. We control this exposure by emphasizing investment grade credit quality in the fixed income securities we purchase.

As of June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, 92% of our fixed maturity securities were rated investment grade as determined by NRSROs, such as Fitch, Moody’s and Standard & Poor’s. We believe that this concentration in investment grade securities reduces our exposure to credit risk on our fixed income investments to an acceptable level. However, investment grade securities, in spite of their rating, can rapidly deteriorate and result in significant losses. Ratings published by the NRSROs are one of the tools used to

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evaluate the creditworthiness of our securities. The ratings reflect the subjective opinion of the rating agencies as to the creditworthiness of the securities; therefore, we may be subject to additional credit exposure should the ratings prove to be unreliable.

We also have exposure to credit risk related to our premiums receivable and receivables from reinsurers; however, to-date we have not experienced any significant amount of credit losses. At June 30, ~~2022,~~2023, our premiums receivable was approximately ~~$245~~$259 million, net of an allowance for expected credit losses of approximately $8 million. See Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in our December 31, ~~2021~~2022 report on Form 10-K for further information on our allowance for expected credit losses related to our premiums receivable. Our receivables from reinsurers (with regard to both paid and unpaid losses) approximated ~~$484~~$452 million at June 30, ~~2022~~2023 and ~~$466~~$447 million at December 31, ~~2021.~~2022. We monitor the credit risk associated with our reinsurers using publicly available financial and rating agency data. We have not historically experienced material credit losses due to the financial condition of a reinsurer, and as of June 30, ~~2022~~2023 our expected credit losses associated with our receivables from reinsurers were nominal in amount.

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ITEM 4. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.

The principal executive officer and principal financial officer of the Company participated in management’s evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in SEC Rule 13a-15(e)) as of June 30, ~~2022.~~2023. ProAssurance’s disclosure controls and procedures are designed to reasonably assure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding disclosure and is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms. Based on that evaluation, the principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no significant changes in our internal controls over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, those controls during the quarter.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.

See Note 6 of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS.

Our results may differ materially from those we expect and discuss in any forward-looking statements. The principal risk factors that may cause these differences are described in "Item 1A, Risk Factors" in our December 31, ~~2021~~2022 report on Form 10-K and other documents we file with the SEC, such as our current reports on Form 8-K. There have been no material changes to the "Risk Factors" disclosed in Part 1, Item 1A of ProAssurance's December 31, ~~2021~~2022 report on Form 10-K.

ITEM 2. UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS.

(a)Not applicable.

(b)Not applicable.

(c)Information required by Item 703 of Regulation S-K.

~~Period~~

~~Total Number of Shares Purchased~~

~~Average Price Paid per Share~~

~~Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs~~

~~Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs* (In thousands)~~

~~April 1 - April 30, 2022~~

—

~~N/A~~

—

~~$109,643~~

~~May 1 - May 31, 2022~~

—

~~N/A~~

—

~~$109,643~~

~~June 1 - June 30, 2022~~

—

~~N/A~~

—

~~$109,643~~

~~Total~~

—

$—

—


Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased	Average Price Paid per Share	Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs* (In thousands)
April 1 - 30, 2023	—	N/A	—	$106,390
May 1 - 31, 2023	115,248	$12.20	115,248	$104,967
June 1 - 30, 2023	1,278,050	$14.36	1,278,050	$86,420
Total	1,393,298	$14.18	1,393,298

*Under its current plan begun in November 2010, the Board has authorized $600 million for the repurchase of common shares or the retirement of outstanding debt. This is ProAssurance’s only plan for the repurchase of common shares, and the plan has no expiration date.

ITEM 5. OTHER INFORMATION

During the three months ended June 30, 2023, no director or officer of the Company adopted or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement, as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

102

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ITEM 6. EXHIBITS


Exhibit Number						Description

~~10.1~~						~~Amendment to Facility Agreement effective July 1, 2022, between ProAssurance and the Premiums Trust Fund of Syndicate 1729~~









31.1						Certification of Principal Executive Officer of ProAssurance as required under SEC rule 13a-14(a).

31.2						Certification of Principal Financial and Accounting Officer of ProAssurance as required under SEC rule 13a-14(a).

32.1						Certification of Principal Executive Officer of ProAssurance as required under SEC Rule 13a-14(b) and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code, as amended (18 U.S.C. 1350).

32.2						Certification of Principal Financial and Accounting Officer of ProAssurance as required under SEC Rule 13a-14(b) and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code, as amended (18 U.S.C. 1350).

101.INS						XBRL Instance Document

101.SCH						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document

101.PRE						XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

~~100~~103

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SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.


PROASSURANCE CORPORATION

August 8, ~~2022~~2023


/s/ Dana S. Hendricks
Dana S. Hendricks
Chief Financial Officer
(Duly authorized officer and principal financial officer)

~~101~~104


	ProAssurance Shareholders' Equity
	Common Stock		Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Retained Earnings		Treasury Stock		Total
Balance at April 1, 2022	$	634	$	393,433	$	(124,566)	$	1,428,229	$	(415,962)	$	1,281,768
Common shares issued for compensation and effect of shares reissued to stock purchase plan	—		1,061		—		—		—		1,061
Share-based compensation	—		1,048		—		—		—		1,048
Net effect of restricted and performance shares issued	—		(2)		—		—		—		(2)
Dividends to shareholders	—		—		—		(2,705)		—		(2,705)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	—		—		(109,622)		—		—		(109,622)
Net income (loss)	—		—		—		(1,659)		—		(1,659)
Balance at June 30, 2022	$	634	$	395,540	$	(234,188)	$	1,423,865	$	(415,962)	$	1,169,889

	Common Stock		Additional Paid-in Capital		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Retained Earnings		Treasury Stock		Total
Balance at December 31, 2021	$	633	$	392,941	$	16,284	$	1,434,491	$	(415,962)	$	1,428,387

Common shares issued for compensation and effect of shares reissued to stock purchase plan	—		1,068		—		—		—		1,068
Share-based compensation	—		2,390		—		—		—		2,390
Net effect of restricted and performance shares issued	1		(859)		—		—		—		(858)
Dividends to shareholders	—		—		—		(5,407)		—		(5,407)



Other comprehensive income (loss)	—		—		(250,472)		—		—		(250,472)
Net income (loss)	—		—		—		(5,219)		—		(5,219)
Balance at June 30, 2022	$	634	$	395,540	$	(234,188)	$	1,423,865	$	(415,962)	$	1,169,889
Continued on the following page.


	June 30, 2022
	Level 3 Fair Value Measurements – Assets
(In thousands)	Corporate Debt		Asset-backed Securities		Equity Investments		Other Investments		Total
Balance, March 31, 2022	$	53,325	$	9,303	$	2,500	$	3,440	$	68,568
Total gains (losses) realized and unrealized:
Included in earnings, as a part of:
Net investment income	—		—		—		—		—

Net realized investment gains (losses)	—		—		—		(787)		(787)

Included in other comprehensive income	(1,319)		(177)		—		—		(1,496)
Purchases	8,787		1,473		—		—		10,260
Sales	(2,007)		(192)		—		—		(2,199)
Transfers in	17,828		570		2,125		—		20,523
Transfers out	(2,402)		(6,939)		—		(1,752)		(11,093)
Balance, June 30, 2022	$	74,212	$	4,038	$	4,625	$	901	$	83,776
Change in unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings for the above period for Level 3 assets held at period-end	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(787)	$	(787)





















	June 30, 2022
	Level 3 Fair Value Measurements - Assets

(In thousands)	Corporate Debt		Asset-backed Securities		Equity Investments		Other Investments		Total
Balance, December 31, 2021	$	47,129	$	6,502	$	2,500	$	1,434	$	57,565
Total gains (losses) realized and unrealized:
Included in earnings, as a part of:
Net investment income	—		1		—		—		1

Net investment gains (losses)	—		—		—		(677)		(677)


Included in other comprehensive income	(2,312)		(437)		—		—		(2,749)
Purchases	18,498		7,058		—		1,483		27,039

Sales	(3,026)		(197)		—		(116)		(3,339)
Transfers in	18,828		570		2,125		529		22,052
Transfers out	(4,905)		(9,459)		—		(1,752)		(16,116)
Balance, June 30, 2022	$	74,212	$	4,038	$	4,625	$	901	$	83,776
Change in unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings for the above period for Level 3 assets held at period-end	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(723)	$	(723)


	June 30, 2021
	Level 3 Fair Value Measurements – Assets
(In thousands)	Corporate Debt		Asset-backed Securities		Equity Investments		Other Investments		Total
Balance, March 31, 2021	$	7,769	$	9,313	$	—	$	2,152	$	19,234
Total gains (losses) realized and unrealized:
Included in earnings, as a part of:
Net investment income	—		—		—		—		—

Net investment gains (losses)	—		—		1		(135)		(134)
Included in other comprehensive income	13		82		(2)		—		93
Purchases	9,215		8,003		6,583		205		24,006
Sales	(160)		(185)		(5,730)		—		(6,075)
Transfers in	—		—		—		—		—
Transfers out	(1,772)		(7,356)		—		—		(9,128)
Balance, June 30, 2021	$	15,065	$	9,857	$	852	$	2,222	$	27,996
Change in unrealized gains (losses) included in earnings for the above period for Level 3 assets held at period-end	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(135)	$	(135)


	Three Months Ended June 30, 2021
(In thousands)	Specialty P&C		Workers' Compensation Insurance		Segregated Portfolio Cell Reinsurance		Lloyd's Syndicates		Corporate		Inter-segment Eliminations		Consolidated
Net premiums earned	$	168,635	$	40,626	$	16,272	$	13,460	$	—	$	—	$	238,993
Net investment income	—		—		206		518		16,693		—		17,417
Equity in earnings (loss) of unconsolidated subsidiaries	—		—		—		—		11,927		—		11,927
Net realized gains (losses)	—		—		1,580		89		9,164		—		10,833
Other income (expense)(1)	1,471		900		1		361		351		(626)		2,458
Net losses and loss adjustment expenses	(140,214)		(27,751)		(8,443)		(5,444)		—		—		(181,852)
Underwriting, policy acquisition and operating expenses(1)	(28,877)		(12,712)		(5,293)		(4,721)		(5,929)		626		(56,906)
SPC U.S. federal income tax expense(2)	—		—		(504)		—		—		—		(504)
SPC dividend (expense) income	—		—		(2,864)		—		—		—		(2,864)
Interest expense	—		—		—		—		(5,176)		—		(5,176)
Income tax benefit (expense)	—		—		—		—		(220)		—		(220)
Segment results	$	1,015	$	1,063	$	955	$	4,263	$	26,810	$	—	34,106
Reconciliation of segments to consolidated results:
Gain on bargain purchase													74,408


Transaction-related costs, net(4)													(16,464)
Net income (loss)													$	92,050
Significant non-cash items:
Gain on bargain purchase													$	74,408
Depreciation and amortization, net of accretion	$	3,134	$	903	$	361	$	16	$	5,183	$	—	$	9,597