ASEH was formed pursuant to the consummation of the Share Exchange on April 30, 2018. ASE is ASEH’s predecessor entity; therefore, the financial and operational results of ASEH for periods before the Share Exchange were prepared under the assumption that ASEH owned 100% shareholdings of ASE. The related assets and liabilities in ASEH’s financial data, before the date of incorporation, was recognized based on the carrying amounts of those in ASE’s financial data. The financial data of ASEH for 2018 consists the results of:

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Exchange Rates

Fluctuations in the exchange rate between NT dollars and U.S. dollars will affect the U.S. dollar equivalent of the NT dollar price of our common shares on the TWSE and, as a result, will likely affect the market price of the ADSs. Fluctuations will also affect the U.S. dollar conversion by the depositary under our ADS deposit agreement referred to below of cash dividends paid in NT dollars on, and the NT dollar proceeds received by the depositary from any sale of, common shares represented by ADSs, in each case, according to the terms of the deposit agreement dated September 29, 2000 and as amended and supplemented from time to time among us,April 30, 2018, Citibank N.A., as depositary, and the holders and beneficial owners from time to time of the ADSs, which we refer to as the deposit agreement.

CAPITALIZATION AND INDEBTEDNESS

Not applicable.

REASON FOR THE OFFER AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Not applicable.

RISK FACTORS

Below please find a summary of the principal risks we face, organized under relevant headings.

Risks Relating to the SPIL Acquisition

Risks Relating to Our Business

Risks Relating to Taiwan, R.O.C.

Risks Relating to Ownership of Our Common Shares and the ADSs

Below please find the detailed analysis of the principal risks we face.

Risks Relating to the SPIL Acquisition

Due to the SPIL Acquisition, our financial and operational results for 2018of annual and interim periods may not be comparable with prior periodscomparable.

ASEH was formed pursuant to the consummation of the Share Exchange on April 30, 2018. ASE is ASEH’s predecessor entity; therefore, the financial and operational results of ASEH for periods before the Share Exchange were prepared under the assumption that ASEH owned 100% shareholdings of ASE. The financial and operational results before April 30, 2018 reflect the business operations of ASE prior to the establishment of ASEH.ASE. The financial and operational results for the second quarter of 2018 reflect the business operations of ASE starting from April 1, 2018 and the business operations of ASEH starting from April 30, 2018. The financial and operational results after April 30, 2018 including third quarter and fourth quarter of 2018, reflect the combined operations after the SPIL Acquisition. Therefore, the financial and operational results of these quartersannual and interim periods may not be comparable and the consolidated financial information for periods after the SPIL Acquisition may not be comparable with the consolidated financial information for the prior periods. In addition, the audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018 may not be comparable to that of the prior years.comparable.

There may be risks associated with our current holding company structure.

We entered into the Joint Share Exchange Agreement with SPIL in June 2016, pursuant to which ASEH, a holding company in Taiwan, holds 100% of the equity interests in both ASE and SPIL such that ASE and SPIL became wholly owned subsidiaries of ASEH. Other than the aforementioned change in corporate structure, ASE and SPIL maintained independent operations as each did before the consummation of the SPIL Acquisition. The common shares of ASE and SPIL were delisted from the TWSE. The ADSs of ASE and SPIL were delisted from NYSE and NASDAQ, respectively, and became eligible for deregistration under the Exchange Act. Subsequently, the common shares of ASEH were listed on the TWSE, and the ADSs of ASEH were listed on the NYSE. The implementation of such corporate structure restructuring plan may result in contingent risks, including increase in tax liabilities or trading discounts relating to a holding company discount that may become apparent in the future. For details about the Joint Share Exchange Agreement, see “Item 10. Additional Information—Material Contract.”

The SAMR Anti-Monopoly Bureau may ultimately take unfavorable actions against us even if we fully comply with the 24 months Hold-Separate conditions.

On November 24, 2017, we received approval from the Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China (“MOFCOM”) for the Share Exchange under the condition that ASE and SPIL maintain independent operations, among other conditions, for 24 months (“Hold-Separate conditions”). On April 10, 2018, the Anti-Monopoly Bureau under the newly-formed State Administration for Market Regulation (“SAMR”) assumed MOFCOM’s responsibility for antitrust enforcement and continues to monitor our compliance with relevant antitrust laws. While we abide by the Hold-Separate conditions, the Anti-Monopoly Bureau has the authority to and may further impose more restrictive conditions without advance notice.

In the event that the Hold-Separate conditions cannot be satisfied, we may re-evaluate our interest in SPIL and may consider, among other legally permissible alternatives, to dispose our SPIL shares at a loss, which may significantly affect our financial position. If we receive more restrictive antitrust related conditions from the Anti-Monopoly Bureau, we may face greater difficulties in successfully integrating SPIL into our existing organization or in realizing anticipated benefits and cost synergies afterwards. Each of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations, including our relationship with customers, suppliers, employees and other constituencies, or otherwise adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Relating to Our Business

Since we are dependent on the highly cyclical semiconductor and electronics industries and conditions in the markets for the end-use applications of our products, our revenues and net income may fluctuate significantly.

Our business is affected by market conditions in the highly cyclical semiconductor and electronics industries. Most of our customers operate in this industry, and variations in order levels from our customers and service fee rates may result in volatility in our revenues and net income. From time to time, the semiconductor and electronics industries have experienced significant, and sometimes prolonged, downturns. As our business is, and will continue to be, dependent on the requirements for independent packaging, testing and electronic manufacturing services,EMS, any future downturn in the industry would reduce demand for our services. For example, in the fourth quarter of 2008, the global economic crisis resulted in a significant deterioration in demand for our customers’ products, which in turn affected demand for our services and adversely affected our operating results. Although demand has recovered, we expect there to be continued downward pressure on our average selling prices and continued volatility with respect to our sales volumes in the future. If we cannot reduce our costs or adjust our product mix to sufficiently offset any decline in sales volumes, our profitability will suffer, and we may incur losses.

Market conditions in the semiconductor and electronics industries depend to a large degree on conditions in the markets for the end-use applications of various products, such as communications, computing and consumer electronics products. Any deterioration of conditions in the markets for the end-use applications would reduce demand for our services, and would likely have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. In 2018,2020, approximately 49.9%53.3%, 14.0%14.1% and 36.1%32.6% of our operating revenues from packaging and testing were attributed to the packaging and testing of semiconductors used in communications, computing and consumer electronics/industrial/automotive/other applications, respectively. In the same year, approximately 35.7%42.5%, 14.2%8.0%, 34.3%36.2%, 10.0%9.1% and 5.8%4.2% of our operating revenues from electronic manufacturing servicesEMS were attributed to the communications, computerscomputing and storage, consumer electronics applications, industrial and automotive applications and other, respectively. Across end-use applications, our customers face intense competition and significant shifts in demand, which could put pricing pressure on our services and may adversely affect our revenues and net income.

A reversal or slowdown in the outsourcing trend for semiconductor packaging and testing services and electronic manufacturing servicesEMS could adversely affect our growth prospects and profitability.

Semiconductor manufacturers that have their own in-house packaging and testing capabilities, known as integrated device manufacturers and original equipment manufacturers, have increasingly outsourced stages of the production process, including packaging, testing, electronic manufacturing and assembly, to independent companies in order to reduce costs, eliminate product complexity and meet fast-to-market requirements. In addition, the availability of advanced independent semiconductor manufacturing services has also enabled the growth of so-called “fabless” semiconductor companies that focus exclusively on design and marketing and outsource their manufacturing, packaging and testing requirements to independent companies. We cannot assure you that these manufacturers and companies will continue to outsource their packaging, testing and manufacturing requirements to third parties like us. Furthermore, during an economic downturn, these integrated device manufacturers typically rely more on their own in-house packaging and testing capabilities, therefore decreasing their need to outsource. A reversal of, or a slowdown in, this outsourcing trend could result in reduced demand for our services and adversely affect our growth prospects and profitability.

Any global economic downturn could adversely affect the demand for our products and services, and a protracted global economic crisis would have a material adverse effect on us.

The global financial markets experienced significant disruptions in 2008 and the United States, Europe and other economies went into a recession. The recovery from the lows of 2008 and 2009 was uneven and it is facing new challenges, including a European sovereign debt crisis that began in 2011, a referendum in the United Kingdom in June 2016, in which the majority of voters voted in favor of an exit from the European Union (“Brexit”), and continuing high unemployment rates in much of the world. It is unclear what the long-term impact of the European sovereign debt crisis will be and uncertainty remains over the long-term effects of the expansionary monetary and fiscal policies that have been adopted by the central banks and financial authorities of some of the world’s leading economies. There are also increased uncertainty inFollowing the wake of Brexit, which has resulted in downgrade of the credit ratingscease of the United Kingdom from the EU on January 31, 2020 and an increase in volatility inthe end of the Brexit transition period on December 31, 2020, it remains unclear how Brexit would affect the fiscal, monetary and regulatory landscape within the United Kingdom, the EU and globally. There has been a general adverse impact on the global economies and financial markets.markets as the COVID-19 outbreak continues to evolve into a worldwide health crisis. Any economic downturn or crisis may cause our customers to do the following:

cancel or reduce planned expenditures for our products and services. Any uncertainty or significant volatility in global economic conditions may also make it difficult for our customers to accurately forecast and plan future business activities and may have a material adverse effect on us.

If we are unable to compete favorably in the highly competitive markets of semiconductor packaging and testing and electronic manufacturing services,EMS, our revenues and net income may decrease.

The markets of semiconductor packaging and testing and electronic manufacturing servicesEMS are very competitive. We face competition from a number of sources, including other independent semiconductor packaging and testing companies, integrated device manufacturers, and other electronic manufacturing servicesEMS providers with large-scale manufacturing capabilities who can quickly react to market changes. We believe that the principal competitive factors in our industry are:

We face increasing competition, as most of our customers obtain services from more than one source. Rapid technological advances and aggressive pricing strategies by our competitors may continue to increase competition. Our ability to compete depends on factors both within and outside of our control and may be constrained by the distinct characteristics and production requirements of individual products. We cannot assure you that we will be able to continue to improve production efficiency and maintain reasonable profit for all of our products.

In addition, some of our competitors may have superior financial, marketing, manufacturing, research and development and technological resources than we do. For example, the central government of the P.R.C. as well as provincial and municipal governments have provided various incentives to domestic companies in the semiconductor industry, including major semiconductor testing and packaging providers, such as Jiangsu Changjiang Electronics Technology Co., Ltd. Similarly, our customers may face competition from their competitors in the P.R.C., and such competitors may also receive significant subsidies from the P.R.C. government. As we are downstream suppliers, the impact of such government policies on competition and price pressure of our customers may negatively impact our own business. Increasing competition may lead to declines in product prices and profitability and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects.

Our profitability depends on our ability to respond to rapid technological changes in the semiconductor industry.

The semiconductor industry is characterized by rapid increases in the diversity and complexity of semiconductors. As a result, we expect that we will need to constantly offer more sophisticated packaging and testing technologies and processes in order to respond to competitive industry conditions and customer requirements. We have successfully combined our packaging, testing and materials technologies with the expertise of electronic manufacturing servicesEMS at the systems level to develop our SiP business. We also entered into multiple technology license agreements with DECA Technologies Inc. to advance our fan-out technology. There is, however, no assurance that our development efforts for our SiP business or the use of licensed technology to further advance our fan-out technology will be successful.

Additionally, in August 2018, we resolved to sell our 30.0% equity interest of ASEN to Tsinghua Unigroup Ltd.. We believe the strategic relationship with Tsinghua Unigroup Ltd. will allow us to expand our opportunities in the P.R.C.’s fast-growing semiconductor market. Although we expect this strategic relationship will expand our opportunities in the semiconductor market, we cannot assure you that this relationship will be productive or lead to sustainable commercial success. We continue to develop new products in anticipation of future demand. However, there is no assurance that the launch of any new product will be successful or that whether we will be able to produce sufficient quantities of these products to meet market demand. If we fail to develop, or obtain access to, advances in packaging or testing technologies or processes, we may become less competitive and less profitable. In addition, advances in technology typically lead to declining average selling prices for semiconductors packaged or tested with older technologies or processes. As a result, if we cannot reduce the costs associated with our services, the profitability of a given service and our overall profitability may decrease over time.

Our operating results are subject to significant fluctuations, which could adversely affect the market value of your investment.

Our operating results have varied significantly from period to period and may continue to vary in the future. Downward fluctuations in our operating results may result in decreases in the market price of our common shares and the ADSs. Among the more important factors affecting our quarterly and annual operating results are the following:

Due to the factors listed above, our future operating results or growth rates may be below the expectations of research analysts and investors. If so, the market price of our common shares and the ADSs, and thus the market value of your investment, may fall.

Due to our high percentage of fixed costs, we may be unable to maintain our gross margin at past levels if we are unable to achieve relatively high capacity utilization rates.

Our operations, in particular our testing operations, are characterized by relatively high fixed costs. We expect to continue to incur substantial depreciation and other expenses in connection with our acquisitions of equipment and facilities. Our profitability depends not only on the pricing levels for our services or products, but also on utilization rates for our machinery and equipment, commonly referred to as “capacity utilization rates.” In particular, increases or decreases in our capacity utilization rates can significantly affect gross margins since the unit cost generally decreases as fixed costs are allocated over a larger number of units. In periods of low demand, we experience relatively low capacity utilization rates in our operations, which leads to reduced margins. For example, in the fourth quarter of 2008, we experienced lower than anticipated utilization rates in our operations due to a significant decline in worldwide demand for our packaging and testing services, which resulted in reduced margins during that period. Although capacity utilization rates have recovered since 2009, weWe cannot assure you that we will be able to maintain or surpass our past gross margin levels if we cannot consistently achieve or maintain relatively high capacity utilization rates.

If we are unable to manage our expansion or investments effectively, our growth prospects may be limited and our future profitability and core business operations may be adversely affected.

We have significantly expanded our operations through acquisitions and joint ventures in recent years. In 2010, we acquiredFor our expansion or investments, see “Item 4. Information on the controlling interest of Universal Scientific Industrial to expand our product offering scope to electronic manufacturing services. In May 2015, we entered into a joint venture agreement with TDK Corporation to further expand our business in embedded substrates. In June 2016, we entered into the Joint Share Exchange Agreement with SPIL to take advantage of the synergy effect of business combination between SPILCompany—Business Overview—Strategy—Strategically Expand and ASE. In February 2018, we entered into a joint venture agreement with Qualcomm Incorporated to expand our SiP business. In August 2018, to advance our global supply system and expand our commercial reach in Europe, we entered into an equity transfer agreement with Chung Hong Electronics (Suzhou) Co., Ltd. to acquire its 60.0% equity in its Polish subsidiary Chung Hong Electronics Poland SP.Z.O.O. In August 2018, we also entered into a joint venture framework contract and shareholder agreement with Cancon Information Industry Co., Ltd. to align corporate resources and advance our position in the field of secure and controllable high-performance server products. In October 2018, we entered into a share capital and reserves increase agreement with Jinhua Integrated Circuit Co., Ltd. to jointly invest in Siliconware Electronics (Fujian) Co., Limited to form a strategic alliance to secure stable orders; this agreement however has been paused and will not be continued in the foreseeable future. In January 2019, we entered into a project investment agreement with China Merchants Group of Huizhou Daya Bay Economic and Technological Development Zone of Guangdong Province, to set up a wholly-owned subsidiary in Huizhou Daya Bay Economic and Technological Development Zone to address the growing needs of our capacity expansion and the development of our business in South China.Streamline Production Capacity.”

While we expect that we will continue to expand our operations in the future to broaden our product offerings, rapid expansion may strain our managerial, technical, financial, operational and other resources. As a result of our expansion, we have implemented and will continue to implement additional operational and financial controls and hire and train additional personnel. Any failure to manage our growth effectively could lead to inefficiencies and redundancies and result in reduced growth prospects and profitability.

In addition, we have made several investments in the real estate development businesses in China. The P.R.C. property market is volatile and may experience undersupply or oversupply and property price fluctuations. The central and local governments frequently adjust monetary and other fiscal policies to prevent and curtail the overheating of the economy. Such policies may lead to changes in market conditions, including price instability and imbalance of supply and demand in respect of office, residential, retail, entertainment, cultural and intellectual properties. Our exposure to risks related to real estate development may also increase over time as a result of our expansion into such a business. We may continue to make investments in this area in the future and our diversification in this industry may put pressure on our managerial, financial, operational and other resources. Our exposure to risks related to real estate development may also increase over time as a result of our expansion into such a business. There can be no assurance that our investments in such a business will yield the anticipated returns and that our expansion into such a business, including the resulting diversion of management’s attention, will not adversely affect our core business operations.

We may not be successful in pursuing mergers and acquisitions. Any mergers or acquisitions we make may lead to a diversion of management resources.

Our future success may depend on acquiring businesses and technologies, making investments or forming joint ventures that complement, enhance or expand our current product offerings or otherwise offer us growth opportunities. In pursuing such acquisitions, we may face competition from other companies in the semiconductor industry. Our ability to acquire or invest in suitable targets may be limited by applicable laws and regulations in the R.O.C., P.R.C., the United States and other jurisdictions where we do business. Even if we are successful in making such acquisitions or investments, we may have to expend substantial amounts of cash, incur debt, assume loss-making divisions and incur other types of expenses. We may also face challenges in successfully integrating any acquired companies into our existing organization or in creating the anticipated synergistic benefits. Each of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The financial performance of our equity method investments could adversely affect our results of operations.

As part of our business strategy, we have and may continue to pursue acquisitions of businesses and assets, strategic alliances and joint ventures. We currently have equity investments in certain entities and the accounting treatment applied for these investments varies depending on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, our percentage ownership, our percentage of membership of investee’s board and the level of influence we have over the relevant entity. Any losses experienced by these entities could adversely affect our results of operations and the value of our investment. In addition, if these entities were to fail and cease operations, we may lose the entire value of our investment and the stream of any shared profits.

There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain or enhance the value or performance of our investee companies or that we will achieve the returns or benefits sought from such investments. If our interests differ from those of other investors in our investee companies, we may not be able to enjoy synergies with the investee and it may adversely affect our financial results or financial condition.

We did not recognize impairment loss in 2016 and 2017 in our investment using the equity method of accounting. In 2018, we evaluated the recoverable amount of our equity method investments, Deca Technologies Inc., by the present value of cash flow projection made by equity method investment’s management with a discount rate of 14.1%. The recoverable amount was lower than its carrying amount, therefore, we recognized impairment charges of NT$521.0 million, (US$17.0 million).NT$400.2 million and nil in 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively, in our investments under the equity method. See note 14 to our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report and see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Operating Results and Trend Information—Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates—Valuation of Investments.”

The packaging and testing businesses are capital intensive. If we cannot obtain additional capital when we need it, our growth prospects and future profitability may be adversely affected.

The packaging and testing business is capital intensive. We will need capital to fund the expansion of our facilities as well as fund our research and development activities in order to remain competitive. We believe that our existing cash, marketable securities, expected cash flow from operations and existing credit lines under our loan facilities will be sufficient to meet our capital expenditures, working capital, cash obligations under our existing debt and lease arrangements, and other requirements for at least the next twelve months. However, future capacity expansions or market or other developments may cause us to require additional funds. Our ability to obtain external financing in the future is subject to a variety of uncertainties, including:

If we are unable to obtain funding in a timely manner or on acceptable terms, our results of operations and financial conditions may be materially and adversely affected.

Restrictive covenants and broad default provisions in our existing debt agreements may materially restrict our operations as well as adversely affect our liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.

We are a party to numerous loans and other agreements relating to the incurrence of debt, which may include restrictive covenants and broad default provisions. In general, covenants in the agreements governing our existing debt, and debt we may incur in the future, may materially restrict our operations, including our ability to incur debt, pay dividends, make certain investments and payments, other than in connection with restructurings of consolidated entities, and encumber or dispose of assets. In addition, any global economic deterioration or ineffective expansion may cause us to incur significant net losses or force us to assume considerable liabilities. We cannot assure you that we will be able to remain in compliance with our financial covenants, which, as a result, may lead to a default. This may thereby restrict our ability to access unutilized credit facilities or the global capital markets to meet our liquidity needs. Furthermore, a default under any agreement by us or our subsidiaries may trigger cross-defaults under our other agreements. In the event of default, we may not be able to cure the default or obtain a waiver on a timely basis. An event of default under any agreement timely governing our existing or future debt, if not cured or waived, could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.

We have on occasion failed to comply with certain financial covenants in some of our loan agreements. Such non-compliance may also have, through broadly worded cross-default provisions, resulted in default under some of the agreements governing our other existing debt. For example, we failed to comply with certain financial covenants in some of our loan agreements as a result of our acquisition of the controlling interest of Universal Scientific Industrial in February 2010, for which we have timely obtained waivers from our counterparties. If we are unable to timely rectify any possible non-compliance under such loan agreements or obtain applicable waivers or amendments, we would breach our financial covenants and our financial condition would be adversely affected. As of December 31, 2018,2020, we were not in breach of any of the financial covenants under our existing loan agreements, although we cannot provide any assurance that we will not breach any of such financial covenants in the future.

We depend on select personnel and could be affected by the loss of their services.

We depend on the continued service of our executive officers and skilled technical personnel. Our business could suffer if we lose the services of any of these personnel and cannot adequately replace them. Although some of these management personnel have entered into employment agreements with us, they may nevertheless leave before the expiration of these agreements. We are not insured against the loss of the services of any of our personnel. In addition, these proceedings may divert these and other employees’ attention from our business operations.

In addition, weWe may be required to increase substantially the number of these employees in connection with our expansion plans, and there is intense competition for their services in this industry. We may not be able to either retain our present personnel or attract additional qualified personnel as and when needed. In addition, we may need to increase employee compensation levels in order to attract and retain our existing officers and employees and the additional personnel that we expect to require. Recently, some companies accelerate efforts to malicious talent poaching Taiwan semiconductor experts by offering a high position with handsome pay. If such malicious acts involving technology theft growing worse, Taiwan’s semiconductor industry would be seriously affected and our business would be adversely jeopardized.

Furthermore, a portion of the workforce at our facilities in Taiwan are foreign workers employed under work permits, which are subject to government regulations on renewal and other terms. Consequently, our business could also suffer if the Taiwan regulations relating to the employment of foreign workers were to become significantly more restrictive or if we are otherwise unable to attract or retain these workers at a reasonable cost.

Thecost.The ongoing proceeding involving Dr. Tien Wu may have an adverse impact on our business and cause our common shares and ADS price to decline.

Dr. Tien Wu, ASEH’s director and chief operating officer, is currently undergoingwas involved in a criminal proceeding brought by the Taiwan Kaohsiung Prosecutor’sDistrict Prosecutors Office. The indictment allegesalleged that Dr. Tien Wu violated Article 157-1 of the R.O.C. Securities and Exchange Act for insider trading activities involving SPIL common shares conducted during the period when the Initial SPIL Tender Offers, the Second SPIL Tender Offers and negotiations of the memorandum of understanding in relation to SPIL Acquisition took place. Dr. Tien Wu iswas accused of tipping off a friend about the aforementioned tender offers and negotiation ahead of the public announcements. No judicial conclusion has been reached yet for this proceeding. Further development of this proceeding may result in regulatory scrutiny fromAfter an investigation that spanned over two years, the TWSE or other regulatorsTaiwan Kaohsiung District Court pronounced its judgment on a discretionary basis. IfFebruary 5, 2020 that Dr. Tien Wu is sentenced duefound to be NOT guilty. On March 20, 2020, the alleged violations, investor confidence in our company could be impaired and our business capacity to retain or attract clients could be negatively affected.Taiwan Kaohsiung District Prosecutors Office filed an appeal against the February 5, 2020 judgment. This matter is now being tried by the Taiwan High Court Kaohsiung Branch Court. ASEH has reinforced internal control measures after this incident and no ASEH directors are expected to become party to any current or future litigation related to Dr. Tien Wu.

On October 26, 2018, the R.O.C. Securities and Futures Investors Protection Center ("SFIPC") filed a civil lawsuit against Dr. Tien Wu and ASEH, requesting the court to remove him from ASEH’s board based on Article 10-1 of the Securities Investor and Futures Trader Protection Act. On August 25, 2020, the Taiwan Ciaotou District Court ruled in favor of Dr. Tien Wu. The proceedingSFIPC filed an appeal against the August 25, 2020 judgment. This matter is currently stayednow being tried by consent of the parties for a period of four months starting from March 28, 2019.Taiwan High Court Kaohsiung Branch Court. There is no assurance that this proceeding or the further scrutiny from regulators will not generate publicity or media attention. Any negative publicity in connection to this legal proceeding may adversely affect ASEH’s brand and reputation and result in a material adverse impact on their business operations and prospects. As ASEH depends on the continued service of its executive officers and is not insured against the loss of service of any of their personnel, ASEH’s business operations could suffer if it loses the service of any executive officers, including Dr. Tien Wu, and cannot adequately replace them.

If we are unable to obtain additional packaging and testing equipment or facilities in a timely manner and at a reasonable cost, our competitiveness and future profitability may be adversely affected.

The semiconductor packaging and testing businesses are capital intensive and require significant investment in expensive equipment manufactured by a limited number of suppliers. The market for semiconductor packaging and testing equipment is characterized, from time to time, by intense demand, limited supply and long delivery cycles. Our operations and expansion plans depend on our ability to obtain a significant amount of such equipment from a limited number of suppliers. From time to time we have also leased certain equipment. We have no binding supply agreements with any of our suppliers and acquire our packaging and testing equipment on a purchase order basis, which exposes us to changing market conditions and other substantial risks. For example, shortages of capital equipment could result in an increase in the price of equipment and longer delivery times. Semiconductor packaging and testing also require us to operate sizeable facilities. If we are unable to obtain equipment or facilities in a timely manner, we may be unable to fulfill our customers’ orders, which could adversely affect our growth prospects as well as financial condition and results of operations. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—Business Overview—Equipment.”

Fluctuations in exchange rates could result in foreign exchange losses.

Currently, the majority of our revenues are denominated in U.S. dollars, with a portion denominated in NT dollars and Japanese yen. Our operating costs and operating expenses, on the other hand, are incurred in several currencies, primarily NT dollars, U.S. dollars, RMB, Japanese yen, Korean won, as well as, to a lesser extent, Singapore dollars and Malaysian ringgit.ringgit, Polish zloty and EUR. In addition, a substantial portion of our capital expenditures, primarily for the purchase of packaging and testing equipment, has been, and is expected to continue to be, denominated in U.S. dollars, with the remainder in Japanese yen. Fluctuations in exchange rates, primarily among the U.S. dollar, and Japanese yen and HKD against the NT dollar and RMB, will affect our costs and operating margins. In addition, these fluctuations could result in exchange losses and increased costs in NT dollar and other local currency terms. Despite hedging and mitigating techniques implemented by us, fluctuations in exchange rates have affected, and may continue to affect, our financial condition and results of operations. We recognized net foreign exchange gains of NT$1,928.4 million in 2016, net foreign exchange gains of NT$3,502.6 million in 2017 andrecorded net foreign exchange losses of NT$1,015.6 million in 2018, net foreign exchange gains of NT$1,125.7 million in 2019, and net foreign exchange gains of NT$1,005.4 million (US$33.235.8 million) in 2018.2020. We cannot assure you that we will achieve foreign exchange gains in the future. See “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk—Market Risk—Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk.”

The loss of a large customer or disruption of our strategic alliance or other commercial arrangements with semiconductor foundries and providers of other complementary semiconductor manufacturing services may result in a decline in our revenues and profitability.

Although we have a large customer base, we have derived and expect to continue to derive a large portion of our revenues from a small group of customers during any particular period due in part to the concentration of market share in the semiconductor and electronics industries. Our five largest customers together accounted for approximately 42.0%46.2%, 46.4%51.1% and 46.2%54.5% of our operating revenues in 2016, 20172018, 2019 and 2018,2020, respectively. One customer accounted for more than 10.0% of our operating revenues in 2016, 20172018 and 2018.2020, and two of our customers individually accounted for more than 10.0% of our operating revenues in 2019. The demand for our services from a customer is directly dependent upon that customer��scustomer’s level of business activity, which could vary significantly from year to year. Our key customers typically operate in the cyclical semiconductor and electronic business and, in the past, have varied, and may vary in the future, order levels significantly from period to period. Some of these companies are relatively small, have limited operating histories and financial resources, and are highly exposed to the cyclicality of the industry. We cannot assure you that these customers or any other customers will continue to place orders with us in the future at the same levels as in past periods. The loss of one or more of our significant customers, or reduced orders by any one of them, and our inability to replace these customers or make up for such orders, could adversely affect our revenues and profitability. In addition, we have in the past reduced, and may in the future be requested to reduce, our prices to limit the level of order cancellations. Any price reduction would likely reduce our margins and profitability.

Since 1997, we have maintained a strategic alliance with Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Limited, or TSMC, one of the world’s largest dedicated semiconductor foundries. TSMC designates us as their non-exclusivenonexclusive preferred provider of packaging and testing services for semiconductors manufactured by TSMC. In May 2015, we entered into a joint venture agreement with TDK Corporation to further expand our business in embedded substrates. In February 2018, we entered into a joint venture agreement with Qualcomm Incorporated to expand our SiP business. In August 2018, we resolved to sell our 30.0% equity interest in ASEN to TsinghuaUnigroup Ltd. In August 2018, we entered into an equity transfer agreement with Chung Hong Electronics (Suzhou) Co., Ltd. to acquire its 60.0% quity in its subsidiary Chung Hong Electronics Poland SP.Z.O.O. to set up production base and expand our business in Europe to build a much more complete global supply system. In August 2018, we also entered into a joint venture framework contract and shareholder agreement with Cancon Information Industry Co., Ltd. to integrate the industrial resources to cooperate deeply in the field of secure and controllable high-performance server products for customers. In January 2019, we entered into a project investment agreement with China Merchants Group of Huizhou Daya Bay Economic and Technological Development Zone of Guangdong Provinceg to set up a wholly-owned subsidiary in Huizhou Daya Bay Economic and Technological Development Zoneto meet the growing needs of our capacity expansion and the development of our business in South China. Such strategic alliances, as well as our other commercial arrangements with providers of other complementary semiconductor manufacturing services, enable us to offer total semiconductor manufacturing solutions to our customers. These strategic alliances and other commercial arrangements may not achieve their anticipated commercial benefits and may be terminated at any time. For example, in February 2018, we entered into a joint venture agreement with Qualcomm Incorporated to form Semicondutores Avancados do Brasil S.A. to expand our SiP business and in December 2020, both parties agreed to terminate the agreement due to a failure to achieve certain agreed conditions. Any failure in successfully maintaining such alliances, any termination of such alliances or our failure to enter into substantially similar strategic alliances or commercial arrangements may adversely affect our competitiveness and our revenues and profitability.

We rely on a limited number of key customers in certain products for our revenues, and our results of operations may be adversely affected by a reduction of business from our key customers.

Our results of operations also depend on the performance and business of our key customers. Accordingly, risks that could seriously harm our key customers could harm us as well, including:

The launch and market acceptance of our individual key customers’ products could significantly impact our product and customer mix, resulting in significant volatility in the demand for the solutions we offer and our results of operations. It is also possible that a key customer’s market share with respect to its product may decline as its competitors introduce new products, which could adversely affect our results of operations, particularly if we are unable to sell our solutions to such competitors. Furthermore, sales of our key customers’ products are subject to seasonal fluctuation.

Our revenues and profitability may decline if we are unable to obtain adequate supplies of raw materials in a timely manner and at a reasonable price.

Our operations, such as packaging operations, substrate operations and electronic manufacturing services,EMS, require that we obtain adequate supplies of raw materials on a timely basis. Shortages in the supply of raw materials have in the past resulted in occasional price increases and delivery delays. In addition, the operations of some of our suppliers are vulnerable to natural disasters, such as earthquakes and typhoons, the occurrences of which may deteriorate and prolong the shortage or increase the uncertainty of the supply of raw materials. We experienced a disruption to the supply of raw materials from Japan for about three to four weeks due to the fear of radiation contamination and the reduction or postponement in production by some of our Japanese suppliers. Although the purchase of supplies from Japan has been restored to the previous level, we cannot assure you that we will not suffer long-termin the long term from the impact of the earthquake and the tsunami. In addition, further earthquakes, aftershocks thereof or other disasters in Japan or other regions in which we operate may cause a decline in our sales. Any of the above events or developments may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Raw materials such as IC substrates are prone to supply shortages since such materials are produced by a limited number of suppliers, such as Kinsus Interconnect Technology Corporation, NanyaNan Ya Printed Circuit Board Corporation, Samsung Electro-MechanicsLG Innotek Co., Ltd., and Unimicron Technology Corp.Corporation. Our operations conducted through our wholly owned subsidiaries ASE Electronics and ASE Shanghai have improved our ability to obtain IC substrates on a timely basis and at a reasonable cost. In 2018,2020, our interconnect materials operations supplied approximately 14.2%10.1% of our consolidated substrate requirements by value. We do not expect that our internal interconnect materials operations will be able to meet all of our interconnect materials requirements. Consequently, we will remain dependent on market supply and demand for our raw materials. In addition, recent fluctuations in prices of precious metals, such as gold, have also affected the price at which we have been able to purchase the principal raw materials we use in our packaging processes. We cannot guarantee that we will not experience shortages in the near future or that we will be able to obtain adequate supplies of raw materials in a timely manner or at a reasonable price. Our revenues and net income could decline if we are unable to obtain adequate supplies of high quality raw materials in a timely manner or if there are significant increases in the costs of raw materials that we cannot pass on to our customers.

Regulations related to conflict minerals could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act contains provisions to improve transparency and accountability concerning the supply of certain minerals, known as conflict minerals, which are defined as cassiterite, columbite-tantalite, gold, wolframite or their derivatives and other minerals determined by the U.S. government to be financing conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo and adjoining countries. As a result, in August 2012 the SEC adopted annual disclosure and reporting requirements for those companies who use conflict minerals in their products. These rules require companies that manufacture or contract to manufacture products for which conflict minerals are necessary to the functionality or production to begin scrutinizing the origin of conflict minerals in their products starting from January 1, 2013, and file a new form, Form SD, containing the conflict minerals disclosure by May 31 for the prior calendar year, beginning May 31, 2014. We filed a specialized disclosure report on Form SD forsince the years ended December 31,reporting period of 2013 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017, on May 30, 2014, June 1, 2015, May 31, 2016, May 31, 2017 and April 27, 2018 respectively. Pursuant to the SEC rules governing conflict minerals disclosures, we have engagedretained an independent auditing firm to conduct audits on our due diligence framework to provide a private sector report for our specialized disclosure report on Form SD forsince the years ended December 31, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018.reporting period of 2014. As a result, there will be costs associated with complying with these disclosure requirements, including costs for diligence to determine the sources of conflict minerals used in our products and other potential changes to products, processes or sources of supply as a consequence of such verification activities. The implementation of these rules could adversely affect the sourcing, supply and pricing of materials used in our products.

As there may be only a limited number of suppliers offering “conflict free” minerals, we cannot be sure that we will be able to obtain necessary “conflict free” minerals from such suppliers in sufficient quantities or at competitive prices. Also, we may face adverse effects to our reputation if we determine that certain of our products contain minerals not determined to be conflict free or if we are unable to sufficiently verify the origins for all conflict minerals used in our products through the procedures we may implement.

System security risks, data protection breaches or unexpected system outage or failures could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We rely on the efficient and uninterrupted operation of complex information technology applications, systems and networks to operate our business. Our systems are vulnerable to damage or interruption from earthquakes, terrorist attacks, floods, fires, power loss, telecommunications failures, cyber-attacks, computer viruses, computer denial of service attacks or other attempts to harm our system, and similar events. In recent years, the risks that we face from cyber-attacks have increased significantly. Some of these attacks may originate from well-organized, highly skilled organizations. Although there have not been reported major cyber-attacks against our systems in the recent years, any such attack or system or network disruption could result in a loss of our intellectual property, the release of commercially sensitive information, customer or employee personal data. Failures to protect the privacy of customer and employee confidential data against breaches of network security could result in damage to our reputation.

Furthermore, some of our data centers are located in areas with a high risk of major earthquakes. Our data centers are also subject to break-ins, sabotage and intentional acts of vandalism, and to potential disruptions if the operators of these facilities have financial difficulties. Some of our systems are not fully redundant, and our disaster recovery planning cannot account for all eventualities. The occurrence of a natural disaster, a decision to close a facility we are using without adequate notice for financial reasons or other unanticipated problems at our data centers could result in loss of production capabilities and lengthy interruptions in our service. Any damage to or failure of our systems could result in interruptions in our service. Interruptions in our service could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

A cybersecurity breach could interfere with our business operations, compromise confidential information, adversely impact our reputation and operating results and potentially lead to litigation and other liabilities.

Cybersecurity threats continue to expand and evolve globally. We established information security management committee which is dedicated to enhancing information security, preventing and mitigating information security threats and risks by developing strategic plans for information security, establishing benchmarks for information security maturity assessments, promoting information security risk management in our subsidiaries, and coordinating internal and external technologies, resources and information. Our cybersecuritychief information security officer is responsible for regular reviews of all our subsidiaries’ information security management and incident response system includes a risk notificationplans, and assessment schemesubmits the information security governance report to the board of directors in the fourth quarter of each year. In addition, our major subsidiaries have obtained ISO 27001 certification (information security management system). We also have established management procedures for the reporting and handling of information security incidents which allow employees to report any security incidents to ensure prompt handling, followed by efficient responses that categorizes and implements different responses to address different levels of cybersecurity risk.will mitigate information security risks. In addition, we have implemented enterpriseconduct an annual disaster recovery drill to mitigate the risk of service disruptions caused by impacts from major crisis events to our information systems. All employees participate in our annual proprietary information protection training courses, which include training on information security policy, management programs atframework, and control measures.

Furthermore, we employ certain third party auditor to conduct an annual audit and review of our major manufacturing sitesinformation security performance. In the event of a sudden external cyber-attack, our on-site safety teams immediately hold a meeting to share information, discuss responses and have included cybersecurity threats as an integral subject in these programs.countermeasures; external experts would be invited to join the meeting to conduct reviews and analyses if necessary. While we actively take measures to manage information technology security risks, there can be no assurance that these measures will be sufficient to mitigate all potential risks to our system, networks and data.

Although we protect our on-site safety teams conduct periodic meetings to update our cybersecuritytrade secrets and customer data through strict enforcement and protection protocols, and cybersecurity is a key part of our risk management program that our management regularly reviews, a failure or breach in security could expose us and our customers, dealers and suppliers to risks of unauthorized access to information technology systems, misuse and compromise of confidential information, manipulation and destruction of data, which could potentially result in disruption of our business operations and adversely affect our reputation, competitive position, financial condition and results of operations. Security breaches could also result in litigation with third parties, regulatory actions and higher costs of implementing additional data protection measures.

Negative publicity may adversely affect our brand and reputation, which may result in a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and business prospects and cause fluctuations in the price of our common shares and ADSs.

Any negative publicity may damage our brand and reputation, harm our ability to attract and retain customers and have a material adverse impact on our results of operations as well as cause fluctuations in the trading price of our common shares and ADSs. In addition, any change in policy or the direction in which we carry out our corporate social responsibility or corporate sustainability activities may also have an adverse effect on our business reputation. In recent years, we have experienced and may continue to experience negative publicity in connection with administrative penalties and criminal charges related to alleged violations of environmental regulations and laws. For further details, see “Item 4. Information on the Company—Business Overview—Environmental Matters,” “Item 4. Information on the Company—Property, Plants and Equipment” and “Item 8. Financial Information—Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings.”

Any environmental claims or failure to comply with any present or future environmental regulations, as well as any fire or other industrial accident, may require us to spend additional funds and may materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to various laws and regulations relating to the use, storage, discharge and disposal of chemical by-products of, and water used in, our packaging and interconnect materials production processes, and the emission of volatile organic compounds and the discharge and disposal of solid industrial wastes from electronic manufacturing servicesEMS operations. In the recent years, we have been subject to environmental administrative actions and judicial proceedings related to certain wastewater discharge incidents that occurred at our facilities. As a result of these proceedings, we have been subject to monetary fines as well as sanctions, including orders to suspend or limit our operations and criminal charges against us.

On December 20, 2013, the Kaohsiung Environmental Protection Bureau imposed a fine of NT$102.0 million (the “Administrative Fine”) upon us for alleged violations of the Water Pollution Control Act. We filed an administrative appeal to nullify the Administrative Fine, which was dismissed by the Kaohsiung City Government. In August 2014, we appealed to the Kaohsiung High Administrative Court seeking to (i) revoke Kaohsiung City Government’s decision, (ii) lift the administrative penalty imposed on us and (iii) demand a refund of the Administrative Fine. On March 22, 2016, the Kaohsiung High Administrative Court revoked Kaohsiung City Government’s decision and lifted the administrative penalty. Our demand for a refund of the Administrative Fine was dismissed. We appealed to the Supreme Administrative Court on April 14, 2016 against the Kaohsiung High Administrative Court’s unfavorable ruling in dismissing a refund. On June 8, 2017, the Supreme Administrative Court overturned Kaohsiung High Administrative Court’s decision and ordered Kaohsiung Environmental Protection Bureau to refund the Administrative Fine paid by us.

In connection with the same alleged violations at our K7 plant, in October 2014, the Kaohsiung District Court ruled that we were in violation of the R.O.C. Waste Disposal Act and imposed on us a criminal penalty of NT$3.0 million. We appealed the case to the Taiwan High Court Kaohsiung District Branch in November 2014. On September 29, 2015, the Taiwan High Court Kaohsiung District Branch overturned the decision made by Kaohsiung District Court and found us not guilty and repealed the criminal penalty imposed on us. The verdict was final and not appealable. For additionalfurther details, of these administrative actions and judicial proceedings related to our K7 Plant see “Item 4. Information on the Company—Business Overview—Environmental Matters,” “Item 4. Information on the Company—Property, Plants and Equipment” and “Item 8. Financial Information—Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings.” Defending against any of these pending or future actions will likely be costly and time-consuming and could significantly divert management’s efforts and resources. Any penalties, fines, damages or settlements made in connection with any criminal, civil, and/or administrative investigations and/or lawsuits may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and future prospects.

We have made, and expect to continue to make, expenditures to maintain strict compliance with such environmental laws and regulations. For example, in order to demonstrate our commitment to environmental protection, in December 2013, our board of directors approved contributions to environmental protection efforts in Taiwan in a total amount of not less than NT$3,000.0 million, to be made in the next 30 years. For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2017 and 2018, we have made contributions in the amount of NT$100.0 million (US$3.3 million) each, respectively, through ASE Cultural and Educational Foundation to fund various environmental projects, and our board of directors have resolved in a resolution in February 2019 to contribute NT$100.0 million (US$3.3 million) through ASE Cultural and Educational Foundation in environmental projects in 2019. The costs of current and future compliance with environmental laws and regulations could require us to acquire costly equipment or to incur other significant expenses that may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Climate change, water shortage and other environmental concerns maycould negatively affect our business.business and financial planning.

There is increasing concern that climate change is occurring and may have dramatic effects on human activity without aggressivesubstantial remediation, steps.increasing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions could adversely affect the global economy irreversibly. A modest change in temperatureaverage global temperatures would result in increased coastal flooding, changingaltered precipitation patterns and increasingincreased risk of extinctionbiodiversity loss for the world’svulnerable species. Extreme weather conditions, such as heat, droughts and floods, thatwhich occur due to climate change can also impact our business operations.operations and financial performance. For example, since our business operations depend on adequate supplies of water, an extended droughtsdrought may affect our ability to obtain sufficient amounts of water and threaten our production capacity.capability.

We believe that we should play our part in the mitigation of man-made climate change. For instance, we have incorporated green design standards and building concepts into the construction of our facilities. Since 2012, we have been committed to constructing all of our new Taiwan manufacturing facilities and office buildings while following the most up-to-date green building standards, such as the US Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, LEED and the Taiwan Ecology, Energy Saving, Waste Reduction and Health standards, EEWH. Also we are transitioning green factories into low-carbon buildings by introducing the ‘carbon footprint of buildings’ concept in 2015, in which the carbon emissions of buildings were quantified and analyzed throughout their lifecycle to drive carbon reductions from the design stage.

Public expectations for reductions in greenhouse gas emissions could result in increased energy, transportation and raw material costs. Scientific examination of, political attention to and rules and regulations on issues surrounding the existence and extent of man-made climate change may result in an increase in the cost of production due to increase in the prices of energy and introduction of energy or carbon tax. Various regulatory developments have been introduced that focus on restricting or managing emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gases. Enterprises may need to purchase at higher costs emission credits, new equipment or raw materials with lower carbon footprints. These developments and further legislation that is likely to be enacted could negatively affect our operations. Changesoperations and financial performance. Also, changes in environmental regulations, such as those that concern the use of perfluorinated compounds (known commonly as PFC’s), could increase our production costs, which may adversely affect our results of operation and financial condition.results.

Stable water supply of sufficient amounts of good quality freshwater plays a critical role for ASEH. Taiwan is also susceptible to typhoons and drought, which may cause damage and business interruptions to facilities. Since our business operations depend on adequate supplies of water, an extended drought may affect our ability to obtain sufficient water and threaten our production capability. Although we have not been directly affected by droughts, we are dependent upon water for our packaging and substrates operations and a drought could interrupt such operations. Not only freshwater supply is key to our business operations, we also have established a sustainable water recycling system and implemented water management strategies to identify and prevent water-shortage related risks, hence, about 100% withdrawal of freshwater was recycled to process and facility. Our water management program is based on the core ideas of reduce, reuse and recycle. We continuously seek opportunities to improve our operational resilience through effective water use management.

We may be subject to intellectual property rights disputes, which could materially adversely affect our business.

Our ability to compete successfully and achieve future growth depends, in part, on our ability to develop and protect our proprietary technologies and to secure on commercially acceptable terms certain technologies that we do not own. We cannot assure you that we will be able to independently develop, obtain patents for, protect or secure from any third party, the technologies required. Our failure to successfully obtain such technology may seriously harm our competitive position.

Our ability to compete successfully also depends, in part, on our ability to operate without infringing the proprietary rights of others. We have no means of knowing what patent applications have been filed in the United States or elsewhere until they are granted or published. In particular, the semiconductor and electronics industries are characterized by frequent litigation regarding patent and other intellectual property rights. It is common for patent owners to assert their patents against semiconductor manufacturers. We have received from time to time communication from third parties asserting patents that cover certain of our technologies and alleging infringement of intellectual property rights of others, and we may continue receiving such communication in the future. In the event that any third party makes a valid claim against us or against our customers, we could be required to:

Any one of these developments could place substantial financial and administrative burden on us and hinder our business. In February 2006, Tessera filed a suit against usASE Inc., ASE (U.S.) Inc. and others alleging patent infringement. In February 2014, ASE Inc. and our U.S. subsidiary, ASE (U.S.) Inc. reached a term sheet agreement with Tessera to fully resolve the remaining legal proceedings between each other, under which weASE Inc. and ASE (U.S.) Inc. would pay a total of US$30.0 million to Tessera (which was fully recognized by us in the fourth quarter of 2013) and both Tessera and weASE Inc. and ASE (U.S.) Inc. would dismiss all pending claims against each other. The final settlement agreement was entered into among the parties in October 2014 and the final settlement amount was reduced to US$27.0 million. In October 2014, the United States District Court for the Northern District of California dismissed all claims between Tessera and us. WeASE Inc. and ASE (U.S.) Inc. ASE Inc. and ASE (U.S.) Inc. have fully paid the settlement amount in January 20152015. In connection to the 2016 patent dispute between Broadcom and reversedTessera, SPIL and Broadcom settled the dispute for a total of US$5.0 million in February 2020. This settlement amount of US$3.0 millionwas recognized in our consolidated financial statements for the fourth quarter of 2014.year end December 31, 2019. See “Item 8. Financial Information—Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings” for more information about the Broadcom Patent Dispute.

Any litigation, whether as plaintiff or defendant and regardless of the outcome, is costly and diverts company resources. Any of the foregoing could harm our competitive position and render us unable to provide some of our services operations.

Our major shareholders may take actions that are not in, or may conflict with, our public shareholders’ best interest.

Members of the Chang family own, directly or indirectly, a significant interest in our outstanding common shares. See “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—Major Shareholders.” Accordingly, these shareholders will continue to have the ability to exercise a significant influence over our business, including matters relating to:

Members of the Chang family may take actions that you may not agree with or that are not in our or our public shareholders’ best interests.

We are an R.O.C. company and, because the rights of shareholders under R.O.C. law differ from those under U.S. law and the laws of certain other countries, you may have difficulty protecting your shareholder rights.

Our corporate affairs are governed by our Articles of Incorporation and by the laws governing corporations incorporated in the R.O.C. The rights of shareholders and the responsibilities of management and the members of the board of directors under R.O.C. law are different from those applicable to a corporation incorporated in the United States and certain other countries. As a result, public shareholders of R.O.C. companies may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in connection with actions taken by management or members of the board of directors than they would as public shareholders of a corporation in the United States or certain other countries.

We have made investments in, and are exploring the possibility of expanding our businesses and operations to, or making additional investments in, the P.R.C., which may expose us to additional political, regulatory, economic and foreign investment risks.

We currently maintain packaging and testing facilities and electronic manufacturing servicesEMS sites in the P.R.C. We also made substantial investments in P.R.C. real estate development through our subsidiaries in the P.R.C. Under P.R.C. laws and regulations, foreign investment projects, such as our subsidiaries, must obtain certain approvals from the relevant governmental authorities in the provinces or special economic zones in which they are located and, in some circumstances, from the relevant authorities in the P.R.C. central government. Foreign investment projects must also comply with certain regulatory requirements. However, P.R.C. laws and regulations are often subject to varying interpretations and means of enforcement, and additional approvals from the relevant governmental authorities may be required for the operations of our P.R.C. subsidiaries. If required, we cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain these approvals in a timely manner, if at all. Because the P.R.C. government holds significant discretion in determining matters relating to foreign investment, we cannot assure you that the relevant governmental authorities will not take action that is materially adverse to our P.R.C. operations.

In addition, the P.R.C. stock market is subject to extreme price and volume fluctuations. We are the controlling shareholder of Universal Scientific IndustrialUSI Shanghai, which is an entity currently listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange. The P.R.C. securities markets have recently experienced, and may experience in the future, significant volatility. Any volatility may have a significant effect on Universal Scientific IndustrialUSI Shanghai’s share price and may indirectly affect the market price of our common shares and ADSs.

Our global manufacturing and sales activities subject us to risks associated with legal, political, economic or other conditions or developments in various jurisdictions, including in particular the R.O.C. and the P.R.C., which could negatively affect our business and financial status and therefore the market value of your investment.

Our principal executive office and our principal production facilities are located in the R.O.C., and a substantial majority of our net revenues are derived from our operations in the R.O.C. and the P.R.C. In addition, we have operations worldwide and a significant percentage of our revenue comes from sales to locations outside the R.O.C. or the P.R.C. Operating in the R.O.C., P.R.C. and other overseas locations exposes us to changes in policies and laws, including environmental regulations, as well as the general political and economic conditions, security risks, health conditions and possible disruptions in transportation networks, in the various countries in which we operate, which could result in an adverse effect on our business operations in such countries. If any of our global operations are affected by the legal, political, economic or other conditions in the jurisdiction we operate, our results of operations as well as market price and the liquidity of our ADSs and common shares may be materially and adversely affected.

Any impairment charges may have a material adverse effect on our net income.

Under IFRS, we are required to evaluate our assets, such as property, plant and equipment, intangible assets, including goodwill, and investments in financial instruments, for possible impairment at least annually or whenever there is an indication of impairment. If certain criteria are met, we are required to record an impairment charge.

With respect to assets, we recognized impairment charges of NT$980.1654.1 million, NT$764.9601.2 million and NT$654.1992.3 million (US$21.435.3 million) in 2016, 20172018, 2019 and 2018,2020, respectively, primarily as a result of impairment charges related to property, plant and equipment and investments under the equity method investments and goodwill.method. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Operating Results and Trend Information—Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates—Impairment of Tangible and Intangible Assets Other Than Goodwill,” “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Operating Results and Trend Information—Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates—Valuation of Investments” and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Operating Results and Trend Information—Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates—Goodwill.”

We are unable to estimate the extent and timing of any impairment charges for future years and we cannot give any assurance that impairment charges will not be required in periods subsequent to December 31, 2018.2020. Any impairment charge could have a material adverse effect on our net income. The determination of an impairment charge at any given time is based significantly on our expected results of operations over a number of years in the future. As a result, an impairment charge is more likely to occur during a period in which our operating results and outlook are otherwise already depressed.

Any failure to achieve and maintain effective internal controls could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

We are subject to reporting obligations under the U.S. securities laws. The SEC as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 adopted rules requiring every public company to include a management report on the effectiveness of such company’s internal control over financial reporting in its annual report. In addition, an independent registered public accounting firm must report on such company’s internal control over financial reporting.

As effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports and is important to help prevent fraud, any failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could harm our business and result in a loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which in turn could negatively impact the trading price of our common shares and ADSs. Furthermore, we may need to incur additional costs and use additional management and other resources in an effort to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and other requirements going forward. Please refer to “Item 15. Controls and Procedures” for details on our internal control over financial reporting.

Our insurance coverage may be inadequate to cover all of our business risks.

Although we seek to obtain insurance for some of our main operational risks, the amount of our insurance coverage may not be adequate to cover all potential claims or liabilities, and we may be forced to bear substantial costs resulting from risks and uncertainties of our business. There is also no guarantee that we will be able to obtain insurance coverage when desired or that insurance will be available on commercially attractive terms. Any failure to obtain adequate insurance coverage on terms favorable to us, or at all, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We could potentially face tax uncertainties arising from the decisions, activities and operations undertaken by us.

There are many business activities that may give rise to tax issues in our daily operations, ranging from procurement, research and development activities, manufacturing to product storage and distribution, among other activities. Additional tax liabilities such as double taxation, inapplicability of tax incentives, tax adjustment and related interest and penalties may arise if all these tax issues are not dealt with properly. The development and evolution of tax laws and regulations present considerable uncertainties in interpretation and enforcement, which could call for more onerous compliance measures and tax audits in the jurisdictions in which we operate. Failure to comply with any change in tax laws could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have business operations in multiple countries and our worldwide operations are taxed under the laws of the jurisdictions in which we operate. However, the integrated nature of our worldwide operations can produce conflicting claims from revenue authorities in different countries as to the profits to be taxed in the individual countries. Recently, tax authorities around the world have heightened their scrutiny of company tax filings and have adopted a more rigid regulatory posture. As part of this shift, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development has proposed a number of tax law changes under its Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Action Plans to address issues of transparency, coherence and substance. The EU list of non-cooperative jurisdictions for tax purposes is part of the EU's external strategy for taxation and aims to contribute to ongoing efforts to promote tax good governance worldwide. If the countries where our operations are based be added into EU list of non-cooperative jurisdictions for tax purposes could adversely affect our operations.

Uncertainty under United States corporate income tax reform legislation could adversely affect our operating results and financial condition.

TheOn December 22, 2017, the United States recently enacted tax reform legislation (the “Tax Reform Legislation”) that, among other things, reduced the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% and imposes an alternative “base erosion and anti-abuse tax” (“BEAT”) on U.S. corporations that make deductible payments to foreign related persons in excess of specified amounts. The reduction in the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate is expected to be beneficial to us in future years in which our consolidated U.S. subsidiaries have net income subject to U.S. tax.

There areThe U.S. Internal Revenue Service has issued proposed and final regulations in relation to many aspects of the new law. However, a number of uncertainties and ambiguitiesremain as to the interpretation and application of many of the provisions in the Tax Reform Legislation including the provisions relating to the BEAT.and related regulations. In the absence of final guidance and clearer interpretation by the regulators on these issues, we will use what we believe are reasonable interpretations and assumptions in interpreting and applying the Tax Reform Legislation and related regulations for purposes of determining our income tax payable and results of operations, which may change as we receive additional clarification and implementation guidance. It is also possible that the U.S. Internal Revenue Service could issue subsequent guidance or take positions on audit that differ from the interpretations and assumptions that we previously made, which could have a material adverse effect on our cash tax liabilities, results of operations and financial condition.

We face risks related to public health epidemics, including the recent novel coronavirus outbreaks.

Our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected if a public health epidemic interferes with our ability, or that of our employees, suppliers, customers and other business partners to perform our and their respective responsibilities and obligations related to the conduct of our business. Since November 2019, a novel strain of coronavirus (COVID-19) has spread across the world. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic. To date, the COVID-19 outbreak has caused significant disruption to the financial markets and international supply chains, which can substantially depress global business activities, restrict access to capital and result in a long-term economic downturn that would negatively affect our operating results. Any interruption to our supply chain can cause shortages in materials and labor supplies that are key to our commercial operations and negatively impact our business results. COVID-19 related factors, including facility shutdowns mandated by national or regional public health policies, could also prevent our sites from operating in full capacity and adversely affect our financial position.

To combat the impact of COVID-19, we continually update our preventative policies for our manufacturing facilities and provide constant monitoring of our operations. We go beyond just adopting control measures to comply with local government health and safety regulations. For example, we have implemented enhanced health and safety protocols across our sites, including temperature screening, mandatory and self-quarantine protocols, suspension of non-critical overseas business travel, remote work arrangements and social distancing guidelines in our employee cafeteria, changing rooms, conference rooms as well as other public common areas to reduce the risk of disease exposure. We build a class 100K clean room facility to manufacture high quality surgical face masks and provide free of charge to employees in Taiwan to help prevent transmission. While we have leveraged corporate resources across our business platform and manufacturing sites to mitigate the potential impact that COVID-19 might have on our operations and there has been intensifying efforts to contain the spread of the COVID-19 by the governments of the countries and territories affected, the extent to which COVID-19 impacts our results remains highly uncertain and depends on future developments, including new information which may emerge concerning the severity of the COVID-19, the effective of COVID-19 vaccines and their ability to prevent the transmission of the coronavirus, among others.

We face uncertainties relating to the phasing out of LIBOR.

In July 2017, the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority, which regulates the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR), announced that it intends to phase out LIBOR by the end of 2021. Discontinuation of LIBOR and uncertainty as to the nature of such potential changes, alternative reference rates or other reforms may impact the amounts of interest we pay under our debt arrangements and to the extent that the impact on our operation due to such transition remains uncertain.

Escalation of tensions between South Korea and North Korea could have an adverse effect on our operations in South Korea and the market value of our shares.

The political relationship between South Korea and North Korea has been tense throughout Korea’s modern history. The level of tension between the two countries has heightened and may increase abruptly as a result of current and future events. In recent years, there have been increasing security concerns stemming from North Korea’s nuclear weapons and ballistic missile programs and uncertainty regarding North Korea’s actions and possible responses from the international community. Although we do not derive any revenue from, nor sell any products in, North Korea, any further increase in tension between North and South Korea, for example, if North Korea experiences a leadership crisis, high-level contacts between South Korea and North Korea break down or military hostilities occur, could have a material adverse effect on our South Korea subsidiary, our business, financial condition, results of operations and the market value of our common stock.

Any attempt by the U.S. government to withdraw from or materially modify existing international trade agreements or take further actions against certain P.R.C. technology companies could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The U.S. is currently undergoing major political changes, which has created uncertainty regarding future U.S. trade policies. The United States government has made certain comments that suggest the U.S. is not supportive of certain existing international trade agreements, such as the North America Free Trade Agreement. The United States government has also issued executive orders to withdraw the U.S. from the Trans-Pacific Partnership. The United States government has shown inclinations to withdraw the U.S. from the World Trade Organization, which can lead to greater economic instability. If the U.S. were to withdraw from or materially modify certain international trade agreements to which it is a party, or if tariffs continue to be raised on foreign-sourced goods imported to the U.S., our U.S. customers may seek new suppliers in the U.S. or other countries, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

In addition, the United States government has also escalated disputes with certain P.R.C. technology companies, some of which are our customers, over issues in cybersecurity. Since mid-2018, political tension has increased between the U.S. and the P.R.C. and has escalated into a tariff war. On January 15, 2020, the United States and the P.R.C. signed the Phase One trade deal, which officially agreed to the rollback of tariffs, expansion of trade purchases, and renewed commitments on intellectual property, technology transfer, and currency practices. Any future re-adoption or expansion of United States trade restrictions and tariffs, quotas and embargoes, or further escalation of the United States and the P.R.C. trade war can adversely impact our business operations.

We may not be successful in pursuing mergers and acquisitions. Any mergers or acquisitions we make may lead to a diversion of management resources.

Our future success may depend on acquiring businesses and technologies, making investments or forming joint ventures that complement, enhance or expand our current product offerings or otherwise offer us growth opportunities. In pursuing such acquisitions, we may face competition from other companies in the semiconductor industry. Our ability to acquire or invest in suitable targets may be limited by applicable laws and regulations in the R.O.C., P.R.C., the United States, European countries and other jurisdictions where we do business. Even if we are successful in making such acquisitions or investments, we may have to expend substantial amounts of cash, incur debt, assume loss-making divisions and incur other types of expenses. We may also face challenges in successfully integrating any acquired companies into our existing organization or in creating the anticipated synergistic benefits. Each of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Relating to Taiwan, R.O.C.

Strained relations between the R.O.C. and the P.R.C. and disruptions in Taiwan’s political environment caused by domestic political events could negatively affect our business and the market value of your investment.

Our principal executive offices and our principal facilities are located in Taiwan and approximately 48.6%56.9%, 47.6%58.7% and 56.9%56.3% of our operating revenues in 2016, 20172018, 2019 and 2018,2020, respectively, were derived from our operations in Taiwan. Accordingly, our business and financial condition may be affected by changes in local governmental policies and political and social instability.

The R.O.C. has a unique international political status. The government of the P.R.C. asserts sovereignty over all of China, including Taiwan, and does not recognize the legitimacy of the R.O.C. government. Although significant economic and cultural relations have been established in recent years between the R.O.C. and the P.R.C., relations have often been strained. Any major change in the Taiwanese political environment, including the outcome of presidential or municipal elections, or potential shifts in government policy, may affect the direction of economic and political developments and negatively impact the economic and political environment in Taiwan. Past developments related to the interaction between the R.O.C. and the P.R.C., domestic political events or election results have on occasion depressed the market prices of the securities of Taiwanese or Taiwan-related companies, including our own. Relations between the R.O.C. and the P.R.C. and other factors affecting the political or economic conditions in Taiwan could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations, as well as the market price and the liquidity of our common shares and ADSs.

Currently, we manufacture interconnect materials in the P.R.C. through our wholly owned subsidiary, ASE Shanghai. We also provide packaging and testing services in the P.R.C. through some of our subsidiaries. In addition, we engage in the P.R.C. in real estate development and the manufacture of computer peripherals and electronic components through our subsidiaries in the P.R.C. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—Organizational Structure—Our Consolidated Subsidiaries.” In the past, R.O.C. companies, including ourselves, were prohibited from investing in facilities for the packaging and testing of semiconductors in the P.R.C. Although the prohibitions have been relaxed since February 2010, the R.O.C. government currently still restricts certain types of investments by R.O.C. companies, including ourselves, in the P.R.C. We do not know when or if such laws and policies governing investment in the P.R.C. will be amended, and we cannot assure you that such R.O.C. investment laws and policies will permit us to make further investments of certain types in the P.R.C. in the future that we consider beneficial to us. Our growth prospects and profitability may be adversely affected if we are restricted from making certain additional investments in the P.R.C. and are not able to fully capitalize on the growth of the semiconductor industry in the P.R.C.

As a substantial portion of our business and operations is located in Taiwan, we are vulnerable to natural disasters including earthquakes, typhoons, drought, and other natural disasters, as well as power outages and other industrial incidents, which could severely disrupt the normal operation of our business and adversely affect our results of operations.

Taiwan is susceptible to earthquakes and has experienced severe earthquakes which caused significant property damage and loss of life, particularly in the central and eastern parts of Taiwan.life. Earthquakes have damaged production facilities and adversely affected the operations of many companies involved in the semiconductor and other industries. For example, in February 2016, an earthquake measuring 6.4 on the Richter magnitude scale occurred in Kaohsiung caused several deathdeaths and property damages. However, the earthquake did not have a material impact on our operations. We have never experienced structural damage to our facilities or damage to our machinery and equipment as a result of these earthquakes. In the past, however, we have experienced interruptions to our production schedule primarily as a result of power outages caused by earthquakes.

Taiwan is also susceptible to typhoons, which may cause damage and business interruptions to companies with facilities located in Taiwan. For example, on September 14, 2016, Taiwan experienced severe damage from typhoon Meranti that caused severe flooding, extensive property damage and loss of electricity for thousands of households. Taiwan has experienced severe droughts in the past. Although we have not been directly affected by droughts, we are dependent upon water for our packaging and substrates operations and a drought could interrupt such operations. In addition, a drought could interrupt the manufacturing process of the foundries located in Taiwan, in turn disrupting some of our customers’ production, which could result in a decline in the demand for our services. In addition, theThe supply of electrical power in Taiwan, which is primarily provided by Taiwan Power Company, the state-owned electric utility, is susceptible to disruptionpower disruptions that could be prolonged and frequent, caused by overload as a result of high demand or other reasons.

Kaohsiung is one Such power disruptions could further be exacerbated with the government of Taiwan set the major industrial cities in Taiwan. Our testing and packaging businesses have been founded in Kaohsiung and currently our primary testing and packaging operations are located in Kaohsiung.target of achieving a nuclear-free homeland by 2025. In July 2014, following leaks from underground propene pipes, a series of propene pipeline explosions occurred in the Cian-Jhen and Ling-Ya districts of Kaohsiung. 32 people were killed and 321 others were injured from this incident. Although we have not been directly affected by the explosion, future industrial incidents could negatively affect our operation and result in interruption or delay of our operation or production capacity.

On August 15, 2017, for example, Taiwan suffered a massive power blackout, which left millions of homes, offices and factories without power. Although the power blackout did not have a material impact on our operations, future power blackout may disrupt our business operations and adversely affect our results of operations.

Taiwan is also susceptible to typhoons, which may cause damage and business interruptions to companies with facilities located in Taiwan. However, on the other hand, Taiwan did not experience a typhoon in 2020 and faces worst drought in 56 years recently. Our manufacturing process uses extensive amounts of freshwater. Our primary water recycling methods are ultra-filtration systems, chemical mechanical polishing wastewater recycling, and reverse osmosis water recycling. We also harvest rainwater for scrubbing towers and cooling towers. In addition, we take responsive measures by water supply levels such as regularly check water storage and recycling equipment, prepare truckloads of water for meeting future water demand and refine manufacturing capacity in responding to water allocation. Although we have not been directly affected by droughts, we are dependent upon water for our packaging and substrates operations and a drought could interrupt such operations. In addition, a drought could interrupt the manufacturing process of the foundries, in turn disrupting some of our customers’ production, which could result in a decline in the demand for our services. While we aim to minimize the impact of water risks and plan ahead to soften the impact, we cannot assure that water storage will not affect our operations.

In addition, we are also subject to the risk of industrial and workplace accidents that could lead to injury or loss of life, damages to our facilities, and adversely impact our business reputation, commercial prospects and operations, as well as our share price and dividends.

Our production facilities as well as many of our suppliers and customers and providers of complementary semiconductor manufacturing services, including wafer foundries, are located in Taiwan. If our customers are affectedimpacted by annatural disasters including earthquake, a typhoon, a drought or any other natural disasters, orindustrial incidents including power outage or other industrial incidents, itand labor strikes, these events could result incause a decline in the demand for our services. If our suppliers or providers of complementary semiconductor manufacturing services are affected by the aforementioned events, our production schedule could be interrupted, or delayed. As a result, a major earthquake, typhoon, drought or other natural disaster in Taiwan, or a power outage or other industrial incident could severely disrupt the normal operation of our business and have a material adverse effect onwhich can adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations.

We face risks related to health epidemics and outbreaks of contagious diseases, including H5N1 influenza, H7N9 influenza, H9N2 influenza, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, or SARS, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, or MERS, Ebola virus and Zika virus.

There have been reports of outbreaks of a highly pathogenic influenza caused by the H5N1, H7N9 and H9N2 viruses, in certain regions of Asia and other parts of the world. In recent years, Ebola virus disease broke out in West Africa, with a number of people having died of the disease in countries such as Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia. There are also cases of patients diagnosed with Ebola in the United States and Europe. In addition, Zika virus disease broke out in the Americas in 2015 and is currently ongoing, infecting people throughout South America, Central America, Mexico and the Caribbean. The disease is strongly linked to cases of microcephaly and Guillain–Barré syndrome in Brazil. An outbreak of such contagious diseases in the human population could result in a widespread health crisis that could adversely affect the economies and financial markets of many countries. Additionally, a recurrence of SARS, a highly contagious form of atypical pneumonia, similar to the occurrence in 2003, which affected the P.R.C., Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, Vietnam and certain other countries, and MERS, a viral respiratory infection which affected South Korea in 2015, would also have similar adverse effects. Since most of our operations and customers and suppliers are based in Asia (mainly in Taiwan and the P.R.C.), an outbreak of H5N1 influenza, H7N9 influenza, H9N2 influenza, SARS, MERS, Ebola, Zika virus or other contagious diseases in Asia or elsewhere, or the perception that such an outbreak could occur, and the measures taken by the governments of countries affected, including the R.O.C. and the P.R.C., could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Escalation of tensions between South Korea and North Korea could have an adverse effect on our operations in South Korea and the market value of our shares.

Relationship between South Korea and North Korea have been tense throughout Korea’s modern history. The level of tension between the two Koreas has fluctuated and may increase abruptly as a result of current and future events. In recent years, there have been heighted security concerns stemming from North Korea’s nuclear weapons and ballistic missile programs and increased uncertainty regarding North Korea’s actions and possible responses from the international community.

Although we do not derive any revenue from, nor sell any products in, North Korea, any further increase in tensions between South Korea and North Korea that may occur, for example, if North Korea experiences a leadership crisis, high-level contacts between South Korea and North Korea break down, or military hostilities occur, could have a material adverse effect on the South Korea economy and on our South Korea subsidiary, our business, financial condition, results of operations and the market value of our common stock.

Any attempt by the U.S. government to withdraw from or materially modify existing international trade agreements or take further actions against certain P.R.C. technology companies could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The U.S. is currently undergoing major political changes, which has created uncertainty regarding future U.S. trade policies. The United States government has made certain comments that suggest the U.S. is not supportive of certain existing international trade agreements, such as the North America Free Trade Agreement. The United States government has also issued executive orders to withdraw the U.S. from the Trans-Pacific Partnership. The United States government has shown inclinations to withdraw the U.S. from the World Trade Organization, which can lead to greater economic instability. In addition, the United States government has also escalated disputes with certain P.R.C. technology companies, some of which are our clients, over issues in cybersecurity. Since mid-2018, political tension has increased between the U.S. and the P.R.C. and has escalated into a tariff war; this may negatively affect our business operations in the U.S and the P.R.C. At this time, it remains unclear what actions, if any, the United States government will take with respect to other existing international trade agreements. If the U.S. were to withdraw from or materially modify certain international trade agreements to which it is a party, or if tariffs continue to be raised on foreign-sourced goods imported to the U.S., our U.S. customers may seek new suppliers in the U.S. or other countries, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Risks Relating to Ownership of Our Common Shares and the ADSs

The market for our common shares and the ADSs may not be liquid.

Active, liquid trading markets generally result in lower price volatility and more efficient execution of buy and sell orders for investors, compared to less active and less liquid markets. Liquidity of a securities market is often a function of the volume of the underlying shares that are publicly held by unrelated parties.

There has been no trading market outside the R.O.C. for our common shares and the only trading market for our common shares is the TWSE. The outstanding ADSs are listed on the NYSE. There is no assurance that the market for our common shares or the ADSs will be active or liquid.

Although ADS holders are entitled to withdraw our common shares underlying the ADSs from the depositary at any time, R.O.C. law requires that our common shares be held in an account in the R.O.C. or sold for the benefit of the holder on the TWSE. In connection with any withdrawal of common shares from our ADS facility, the ADSs evidencing these common shares will be cancelled.canceled. Unless additional ADSs are issued, the effect of withdrawals will be to reduce the number of outstanding ADSs. If a significant number of withdrawals are effected, the liquidity of our ADSs will be substantially reduced. We cannot assure you that the ADS depositary will be able to arrange for a sale of deposited shares in a timely manner or at a specified price, particularly during periods of illiquidity or volatility.

If a non-R.O.C. holder of ADSs withdraws and holds common shares, such holder of ADSs will be required to appoint a tax guarantor, local agent and custodian in the R.O.C. and register with the TWSE or the Taipei Exchange in order to buy and sell securities on the TWSE.

When a non-R.O.C. holder of ADSs elects to withdraw and hold common shares represented by ADSs, such holder of the ADSs will be required to appoint an agent for filing tax returns and making tax payments in the R.O.C. Such agent will be required to meet the qualifications set by the R.O.C. Ministry of Finance and, upon appointment, becomes the guarantor of the withdrawing holder’s tax payment obligations. Evidence of the appointment of a tax guarantor, the approval of such appointment by the R.O.C. tax authorities and tax clearance certificates or evidentiary documents issued by such tax guarantor may be required as conditions to such holder repatriating the profits derived from the sale of common shares. We cannot assure you that a withdrawing holder will be able to appoint, and obtain approval for, a tax guarantor in a timely manner.

In addition, under current R.O.C. law, such withdrawing holder is required to register with the TWSE or the Taipei Exchange and appoint a local agent in the R.O.C. to, among other things, open a bank account and open a securities trading account with a local securities brokerage firm, pay taxes, remit funds and exercise such holder’s rights as a shareholder. Furthermore, such withdrawing holder must appoint a local bank or a local securities firm to act as custodian for confirmation and settlement of trades, safekeeping of securities and cash proceeds and reporting and declaration of information. Without satisfying these requirements, non-R.O.C. withdrawing holders of ADSs would not be able to hold or otherwise subsequently sell our common shares on the TWSE or otherwise.

Pursuant to Mainland InvestorsP.R.C. Regulations, only QDIIs or persons that have otherwise obtained the approval from the MOEAIC and registered with the TWSE are permitted to withdraw and hold our shares from a depositary receipt facility. In order to hold our shares, such QDIIs are required to appoint an agent and custodian as required by the Mainland InvestorsP.R.C. Regulations. If the aggregate amount of our shares held by any QDII or shares received by any QDII upon a single withdrawal or in the aggregate accounts for 10.0% of our total issued and outstanding shares, such QDII must obtain the prior approval from the MOEAIC. We cannot assure you that such approval would be granted.

The market value of your investment may fluctuate due to the volatility of the R.O.C. securities market.

The trading price of our ADSs may be affected by the trading price of our common shares on the TWSE. The R.O.C. securities market is smaller and more volatile than the securities markets in the United States and in many European countries. The TWSE has experienced substantial fluctuations in the prices and volumes of sales of listed securities and there are currently limits on the range of daily price movements on the TWSE. TheDuring 2020, the TWSE Weighted Index peaked at 12,495.3 in February 1990, and subsequently fell to a low of 2,560.5 in October 1990. On March 13, 2000, the Taiwan Stock Exchange Index experienced a 617-point drop, which represented the single largest decrease in the Taiwan Stock Exchange Index in its history. During the period from January 1, 2018 to14,732.53 on December 31, 2018, the Taiwan Stock Exchange Index peaked at 11,235.11 on January 23, 2018,2020. and reached a low of 9,478.998,681.34 on December 26, 2018. During the period from January 1, 2018 to April 17, 2018, the trading price of ASE’s common shares ranged from NT$46.10 per share to NT$37.50 per share. The last trading day for ASE’s common shares was on April 17, 2018. The common shares of ASEH have begun trading since April 30, 2018. During the period from April 30, 2018 to December 31, 2018,March 19, 2020, and the trading price of our common shares ranged from NT$84.6049.95 per share to NT$56.1083.80 per share. On AprilMarch 19, 2019,2021, the Taiwan Stock ExchangeTWSE Weighted Index closed at 10,968.5016,070.24 and the closing value of our common shares was NT$75.50108.00 per share.

The TWSE is particularly volatile during times of political instability, including when relations between Taiwan and the P.R.C. are strained. Several investment funds affiliated with the R.O.C. government have also from time to time purchased securities from the TWSE to support the trading level of the TWSE. Moreover, the TWSE has experienced problems such as market manipulation, insider trading and settlement defaults. The recurrence of these or similar problems could have an adverse effect on the market price and liquidity of the securities of R.O.C. companies, including our common shares and ADSs, in both the domestic and international markets.

We may not continue to declare cash dividends in any particular amount.

We intend to continue to pay dividends. However, future dividends may be affected by, among other things, the best interests of our companyCompany and our shareholders, our results of operations, cash balances and future cash requirements, financial condition, investments and acquisitions, legal risks, and other factors that the board of directors may consider relevant. Our dividend payments may change from time to time, and we cannot assure that we will continue to declare dividends in any particular amounts. A reduction in, a delay of, or elimination of our dividend payments could adversely affect our share price.

Holders of common shares and ADSs may experience dilution if we issue stock bonuses and stock options to employees or sell additional equity or equity-linked securities.

Similar to other R.O.C. technology companies, we issue bonuses from time to time in the form of common shares. Prior to 2009, bonuses issued in the form of our common shares were valued at par. Beginning in 2009, bonusesBonuses in the form of our common shares are valued at the closing price of our common shares on the day prior to our shareholders’ meeting.meeting of the board of directors. In addition, under the R.O.C. Company Law we may, upon approval from our board of directors and the R.O.C. Securities and Futures Bureau of the FSC, establish employee stock option plans provided that shareholders’ approval is required if the exercise price of an option would be less than the closing price of our common shares on the TWSE on the grant date of the option. ASE maintained 2010 and 2015 employee stock option plans before the combination with SPIL.

ASEH assumed ASE’s obligations for employee share options that were issued before the execution of the Joint Share Exchange Agreement on April 30, 2018; all terms and conditions of the issued ASE share options remain the same, except that each ASE share option represents the right to purchase 0.5 ordinary share of ASEH.

In August 2018, our board of directors and FSC both approved the ASEH first employee share option plan. As a result, ASEH currently maintains three employee stock option plans pursuant to which our full-time employees, including our domestic and foreign subsidiaries, are eligible to receive stock option grants. As of December 31, 2018,2020, a total of 188,718,350approximately 144,768 thousand options assumed and granted by ASEH were outstanding, 56,855,850 of which were assumed from ASE and 131,862,500 of which were granted by ASEH.outstanding. See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Compensation—ASEH Employee Compensation and Stock Option Plans.” The issuance of our common shares pursuant to stock bonuses or stock options may have a dilutive effect on the holders of outstanding common shares and ADSs.

In addition, the saleissuance of additional equity or equity-linked securities may result in additional dilution to our shareholders. In September 2013, ASE issued 2018 Convertible Bonds to fund procurement of raw materials from overseas. The bonds are convertible by holders at any time on or after October 16, 2013 and up to (and including) August 26, 2018. The initial conversion price was NT$33.085 per common share, subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of certain events, such as the 2013 Capital Increase, the 2017 Capital Increase and cash dividend distribution. Any conversion of bonds,For example, in full or in part, would dilute the ownership interest of our existing shareholders and our earnings per share and could adversely affect the market price of our ADSs. The bondholders have exercised conversion rights to convert 2018 Convertible Bonds of US$399.6 million into 424,258,000 common shares at conversion prices ranging from NT$27.95 to NT$28.96 per common share. The converted common shares represented 5% of our outstanding shares as of December 31, 2017. In the third quarter of 2017, the closing price of our common shares (translated into U.S. dollars at the prevailing rates) for a period of 20 consecutive trading days was higher than 130% of the conversion price in U.S. dollar translated at the fixed exchange rate of US$1 to NT$29.956 determined on pricing date per common share. As a result, ASE redeemed the outstanding 2018 Convertible Bonds of US$0.4 million in September 2017. In July 2015,ASE issued 2018 NTD-linked Convertible Bonds to fund procurement of equipment from overseas. The NTD-linked Convertible Bonds are zero coupon bonds with a maturity of 2.75 years. The initial conversion price was NT$54.5465 per common share, subject to certain adjustments, determined on the basis of a fixed exchange rate of NT$30.928 = US$1.00 (which represents an approximately 27.0% conversion premium over the closing trading price of our common shares on June 25, 2015 of NT$42.95 per common share). The bonds expired in March 2018See “Item 5. Operating and none have been exercised. ASE redeemed the Currency Linked Bonds in cash in an amount by converting the par value into New Taiwan dollar amount using a fixed exchange rate of US$1 to NT$30.928Financial Review and then back to U.S. dollar amount using the applicable prevailing rate at the time of redemption on March 27, 2018. As of the date of this annual report, there is no convertible bond held by the Company.

In September 2013, ASE issued 130,000,000 common sharesProspects—Liquidity and Capital Resources” for public subscription, which was effected by way of an increase in our authorized share capital in the amount of NT$1,300.0 million. Moreover, in March 2017, ASE granted rights to the record holders of our existing common shares to subscribe for an aggregate of 240,000,000 of our common shares, par value NT$10.0 per share (the “Rights Offering”). Substantially concurrently with the Rights Offering, ASE also offered 30,000,000 of our common shares to our employees (the “Employee Offering”) and offered 30,000,000 of our common shares to the public in Taiwan (the “Taiwan Public Offering”, together with the Rights Offering and the Employee Offering, the “2017 Capital Increase”). The issuance of additional equity or equity-linked securities could cause dilution to our ADS holders.more information.

Restrictions on the ability to deposit our common shares into our ADS facility may adversely affect the liquidity and price of our ADSs.

The ability to deposit common shares into our ADS facility is restricted by R.O.C. law. A significant number of withdrawals of common shares underlying our ADSs would reduce the liquidity of the ADSs by reducing the number of ADSs outstanding. As a result, the prevailing market price of our ADSs may differ from the prevailing market price of our common shares on the TWSE. Under current R.O.C. law, no person or entity, including you and us, may deposit our common shares in our ADS facility without specific approval of the FSC, unless:

With respect to item (4) above, the depositary may issue ADSs against the deposit of those common shares only if the total number of ADSs outstanding following the deposit will not exceed the number of ADSs previously approved by the FSC, plus any ADSs issued pursuant to the events described in items (1), (2) and (3) above.

In addition, in the case of a deposit of our common shares requested under item (4) above, the depositary will refuse to accept deposit of our common shares if such deposit is not permitted under any legal, regulatory or other restrictions notified by us to the depositary from time to time, which restrictions may include blackout periods during which deposits may not be made, minimum and maximum amounts and frequency of deposits.

The depositary will not offer holders of ADSs preemptive rights unless the distribution of both the rights and the underlying common shares to our ADS holders are either registered under the Securities Act or exempt from registration under the Securities Act.

Holders of ADSs will not have the same voting rights as our shareholders, which may affect the value of their ADSs.

The voting rights of a holder of ADSs as to our common shares represented by its ADSs are governed by the deposit agreement. Holders of ADSs will not be able to exercise voting rights on an individual basis. If holders representing at least 51% of the ADSs outstanding at the relevant record date instruct the depositary to vote in the same manner regarding a resolution, including the election of directors, the depositary will cause all common shares represented by the ADSs to be voted in that manner. If the depositary does not receive timely instructions representing at least 51% of the ADSs outstanding at the relevant record date to vote in the same manner for any resolution, including the election of directors, holders of ADSs will be deemed to have instructed the depositary or its nominee to authorize all our common shares represented by the ADSs to be voted at the discretion of our chairman or his designee, which may not be in the interest of holders of ADSs. Moreover, while shareholders who own 1% or more of our outstanding shares are entitled to submit one proposal to be considered at our annual general meetings of shareholders, only holders representing at least 51% of our ADSs outstanding at the relevant record date are entitled to submit one proposal to be considered at our annual general meetings of shareholders. Hence, only one proposal may be submitted on behalf of all ADS holders.

The right of holders of ADSs to participate in our rights offerings is limited, which could cause dilution to your holdings.

We may from time to time distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire our securities. Under the deposit agreement, the depositary will not offer holders of ADSs those rights unless both the distribution of the rights and the underlying securities to all our ADS holders are either registered under the Securities Act or exempt from registration under the Securities Act. Although we may be eligible to take advantage of certain exemptions under the Securities Act available to certain foreign issuers for rights offerings, we can give no assurances that we will be able to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act, and we are under no obligation to file a registration statement for any of these rights. Accordingly, holders of ADSs may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution of their holdings.

If the depositary is unable to sell rights that are not exercised or not distributed or if the sale is not lawful or reasonably practicable, it will allow the rights to lapse, in which case holders of ADSs will receive no value for these rights.

For example, in March 2017, we granted rights to the record holders of our existing common shares to subscribe for an aggregate of 240,000,000 of our common shares (the “New Shares”), while the holders of ADSs were not given rights to subscribe for new ADSs and do not have the right to instruct the depositary to subscribe for the New Shares on their behalf. If a holder of ADSs wants the rights corresponding to the common shares underlying such ADSs to be exercised, such holder needs to surrender the ADSs to the depositary and instruct the depositary to deliver the underlying common shares to a securities brokerage account in Taiwan specified by such holder.

Changes in exchange controls, which restrict your ability to convert proceeds received from your ownership of ADSs, may have an adverse effect on the value of your investment.

Under current R.O.C. law, the depositary, without obtaining approvals from the Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan) or any other governmental authority or agency of the R.O.C., may convert NT dollars into other currencies, including U.S. dollars, for:

In addition, the depositary may also convert into NT dollars incoming payments for purchases of common shares for deposit in the ADS facility against the creation of additional ADSs. The depositary may be required to obtain foreign exchange approval from the Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan) on a payment-by-payment basis for conversion from NT dollars into foreign currencies of the proceeds from the sale of subscription rights for new common shares. Although it is expected that the Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan) will grant this approval as a routine matter, we cannot assure you that in the future any approval will be obtained in a timely manner, or at all.

Under the R.O.C. Foreign Exchange Control Act, the Executive Yuan of the R.O.C. government may, without prior notice but subject to subsequent legislative approval, impose foreign exchange controls in the event of, among other things, a material change in international economic conditions. We cannot assure you that foreign exchange controls or other restrictions will not be introduced in the future.

The value of your investment may be reduced by possible future sales of common shares or ADSs by us or our shareholders.

While we are not aware of any plans by any major shareholders to dispose of significant numbers of common shares, we cannot assure you that one or more existing shareholders or owners of securities convertible or exchangeable into or exercisable for our common shares or ADSs will not dispose of significant numbers of common shares or ADSs. In addition, several of our subsidiaries and affiliates hold common shares, depositary shares representing common shares and options to purchase common shares or ADSs. They may decide to sell those securities in the future. See “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—Major Shareholders” for a description of our significant shareholders and affiliates that hold our common shares.

We cannot predict the effect, if any, that future sales of common shares or ADSs, or the availability of common shares or ADSs for future sale, will have on the market price of our common shares or the ADSs prevailing from time to time. Sales of substantial numbers of common shares or ADSs in the public market, or the perception that such sales may occur, could depress the prevailing market prices of our common shares or the ADSs.

Item 4. Information on the Company

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPANY

As mentioned in Item 3. Key Information—Selected Financial Data, ASE Technology Holding Co.,Ltd. was jointly established on April 30, 2018 as a company limited by shares under the R.O.C. Company Law, by the combination of Advanced Semiconductor Engineering, Inc., which was incoporatedincorporated on March 23, 1984, and Siliconware Precision Industries Co., Ltd., which was incoporatedincorporated on May 17, 1984.

As of January 31, 2019, ASEH directly controls ASE Group, SPIL Group and USI Group. ASEH’s main manufacturing faciltiesfacilities are located in Taiwan, China, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Malaysia, Mexico, America, Poland, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Tunisia and Europe.Czech Republic. Our principal executive offices are located at 26, Chin Third3rd Road, Nantze Export Processing Zone, Nantze, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C. and our telephone number at the above address is (886) 7-361-7131. Our common shares have been listed on the TWSE under the symbol “3711” and ADSs representing our common shares have been listed on the NYSE under the same ticker symbol “ASX” since April 2018.

SPIL Acquisition

In August 2015, ASE announced an offer to purchase 779,000,000 common shares (including those represented by American depositary shares) of SPIL through concurrent tender offers in the R.O.C. and the U.S.,United States, at a price of NT$45 per SPIL common share and NT$225 per SPIL American depositary share. The Initial SPIL Tender Offer expired on September 22, 2015, with 1,147,898,165 common shares (including those represented by American depositary shares) validly tendered and not validly withdrawn, exceeding the offer cap, and as a result, after proration, 725,749,060 SPIL common shares and 10,650,188 SPIL American depositary shares were accepted for purchase. On October 1, 2015, ASE became a shareholder holding approximately 24.99% of the issued and outstanding share capital in SPIL.

In December 2015, following an announcement by SPIL that it plans to issue 1,033 million shares, if approved by SPIL shareholders, to a third party pursuant to a share placement agreement, ASE submitted a written proposal to SPIL’s Boardboard proposing to acquire all SPIL shares not otherwise owned by ASE, contingent upon the termination of the share placement agreement. The board of directors of SPIL did not respond to our acquisition proposal. Subsequently, ASE launched an offer to purchase 770,000,000 common shares (including those represented by American depositary shares) of SPIL through concurrent tender offers in the R.O.C. and the U.S.,United States, at a price of NT$55 per SPIL common share and NT$275 per SPIL American depositary share. The Second SPIL Tender Offer expired on March 17, 2016. Because the TFTC did not render a decision before the expiration of the Second SPIL Tender Offer, resulting in the failure to satisfy one of the tender offer conditions, the Second SPIL Tender Offer was not successful. The TFTC subsequently suspended its review on March 23, 2016.

Notwithstanding the failure of the Second SPIL Tender Offer, ASE continued to seek control of SPIL, with the purpose of effecting an acquisition of 100% of the common shares and American depositary shares of SPIL. Simultaneously with the acquisition of SPIL, ASE planned to establish a holding company in Taiwan that would hold 100% of the equity interests of both ASE and SPIL such that ASE and SPIL would be wholly owned subsidiaries of such holding company, which would maintain all current operations of ASE and SPIL.

In March and April 2016, ASE acquired an additional 258,300,000 common shares of SPIL (including those represented by American depositary shares) through open market purchases.

In June 2016, ASE entered into the Joint Share Exchange Agreement with SPIL, pursuant to which ASEH was formed by means of a statutory share exchange pursuant to the laws of the Republic of China, and ASEH (i) acquired all issued shares of ASE in exchange for shares of ASEH, and (ii) acquired all issued shares of SPIL using cash consideration.

The Share Exchange was conditionally approved by the Anti-Monopoly Bureau under the State Administration for Market Regulation on November 23, 2017. Among other restrictive conditions imposed by the Anti-Monopoly Bureau, ASE and SPIL had to maintain independent operations for 24 months.

On January 16, 2018, ASE converted 9,690,452 American depositary shares of SPIL that it owned into 48,452,260 common shares.

On February 12, 2018, ASE and SPIL, respectively, held extraordinary general shareholders’ meetings and each approved the proposed Joint Share Exchange, pursuant to which, ASEH acquires 100% of both ASE and SPIL shares.

The Share Exchange consummated on April 30, 2018, and ASE and SPIL became privately held and wholly owned subsidiaries of ASEH concurrently. The common shares of ASE and SPIL were delisted from the TWSE and their respective ADSs were delisted from NYSE and NASDAQ.

The common shares of ASEH are now listedOn March 25, 2020, the Anti-Monopoly Bureau officially lifted all restrictive conditions imposed on the TWSE and have begun trading in Taiwan under the stock symbol “3711”, and the ADSs of ASEH are now listed on the NYSE and have begun trading in the U.S. under the same ticker symbol “ASX”.

Share Exchange.

USI Group and USI Group Restructuring

In April 2015, our subsidiary Universal Scientific Industrial completed a spin-off of its subsidiaries to USI Inc. As a result of such spin-off, as of April 1, 2015, ASE held approximately 99.01% of Universal Scientific Industrial and approximately 99.17% of USI Inc.

Universal Scientific Industrial, USI Inc. and USI Inc.’s directly and indirectly held subsidiaries (collectively, the “USI Group”)Group engages primarily engage in electronic manufacturing servicesEMS in relation to computing and storage, consumer electronics, communications, industrial and automotive, among other services and businesses. We purchased 22.6% of the outstanding shares of Universal Scientific Industrial in 1999. We subsequently increased our holding to 23.3% in 2000. As of December 31, 2009, we held approximately 18.1% of Universal Scientific Industrial’s outstanding equity shares, which allowed us to exercise significant influence over Universal Scientific Industrial and therefore accounted for this investment by the equity method. In February 2010, we, along with our two subsidiaries, J&R Holding Limited and ASE Test, through a cash and stock tender offer, acquired 641,669,316 common shares of Universal Scientific Industrial at NT$21 per share, amounting to NT$13,475.1 million in total, resulting in our controlling ownership over Universal Scientific Industrial.

As a result, Universal Scientific Industrial became our subsidiary. The shares of Universal Scientific Industrial were delisted from the TWSE on June 17, 2010, where they were previously listed under the symbol “2350.” In August 2010, we acquired an additional 222,243,661 shares of Universal Scientific through another tender offer at NT$21 per share, amounting to NT$4,667.1 million in total. In September 2012, as part of our internal business restructuring, our subsidiaries transferred their shareholdings in Universal Scientific Industrial to ASE.

In February 2012, USI Shanghai completed its IPO on the Shanghai Stock Exchange. The total proceeds from the IPO were approximately RMB811.7 million prior to deducting underwriting discounts and commissions. In November 2014, USI Shanghai completed its capital increase by way of domestic private placements through a bidding process, raising a total of RMB2,063.0 million prior to deducting underwriting discounts and commissions. The issue price per share was RMB27.06.

On February 2, 2015, Universal Scientific Industrial’s shareholders passed a resolution at the shareholders’ meeting to spin off and assign Universal Scientific Industrial’s investment businesses with a then estimated value of NT$35,537.8 million to USI Inc. In April 2015, Universal Scientific Industrial completed a spin-off of its subsidiaries to USI Inc., a company incorporated under R.O.C. law. As part of our business realignment effort, we acquired 990.1 million shares in USI Inc. on the spin-off record date, which resulted in us holding 99.2% of the total then outstanding shares of USI Inc. Following Universal Scientific Industrial’s spin-off of its investment businesses to USI Inc., Universal Scientific Industrial carried out a capital reduction plan reducing its capital from NT$16,413.0 million to NT$400.0 million. As a result of such spin-off, as of April 1, 2015, we held approximately 99.0% of the outstanding common shares of Universal Scientific Industrial.

On September 24, 2015, as part of our corporate reorganization to align each business function to different legal entity groups, the board of directors of ASE passed a resolution on September 24, 2015 and approvedto announce our intention to carry out the sale of all ASE’s shareholding in Universal Scientific Industrial to UGTW, an indirectly held subsidiary of USI Inc., which will result in USI Inc. indirectly holding Universal Scientific Industrial (the “Universal Scientific Industrial Share Transfer”).Transfer. The Universal Scientific Industrial Share Transfer was approved by the Investment Commission of MOEAMOEAIC on February 3, 2016. The majority of ASE’s shares in Universal Scientific Industrial were transferred to UGTW in March 2016, and the remaining shares were transferred in May 2016. Following the completion of the Universal Scientific Industrial Share Transfer, USI Group will operate under the legal entities directly and indirectly held under USI Inc.

To increaseIn October 2018, to enhance operational flexibility through organizational restructure, ASE’s board of directors resolved in October 2018 to spin off itsASE’s investment department, which is responsible for managing the ordinary shares and assets of USI Inc. as well as relevant assets, into a newly-established company, USI Global, Inc. (“USI Global”).a newly established company. USI Global issued 30,000,000 new ordinary shares to ASEHus as consideration for the spin-off. The spin-off consummated in November 2018 and ASEHwe obtained control over ASE and USI Global. In December 2018, our board of directors and the board of directorsdirector of ASEH and USI Global resolved to merge USI Global and theASE Technology Holding Co., Ltd. The merger consummated in January 2019. ASEH2019 and ASE Technology Holding Co., Ltd. became the surviving company fromentity after the merger and USI Global was dissolved afterthereby dissolved. Our financial position or financial performance was not materially affected by USI Global’s spin-off from ASE Inc. or USI Global’s merger with ASE Technology Holding Co., Ltd.

On December 12, 2019, USIFR, FAFG and the merger. Aftershareholders of FAFG entered into a share purchase agreement (the “FAFG Share Purchase Agreement”), and USI Shanghai and ASDI, one of the merger, ASEH directlyshareholders of FAFG and privately held company owned by FAFG’s founder, entered into a framework agreement for purchasing asset through issuing shares, pursuant to which USIFR and USI Shanghai will ultimately acquire 100.0% of the outstandingshare capital of FAFG by way of a share purchase (the “FAFG Transaction”). The FAFG Transaction is a two-step transaction. In the first step, USIFR will directly purchase 89.6% of FAFG’s share capital in exchange for a cash payment. In the second step, USI Shanghai will acquire the remaining 10.4% of FAFG’s share capital from ASDI in exchange for newly issued shares of USI Inc.Shanghai. At the conclusion of both steps, USI Shanghai will directly or indirectly own 100% of the share capital of FAFG. On March 26, 2020, the issuance of new shares for the FAFG Transaction was approved unconditionally by the M&A and Restructuring Committee of China Securities Regulatory Commission. On December 1, 2020, the transaction was completed and as a result, USI acquired 100% of FAFG’s total issued shares, 79,848 thousand shares. The aforementionedconsideration transferred amounting to NT$12,829.4 million (US$456.9 million), of which NT$10,800.6 million (US$384.6 million) was cash, NT$1,734.6 million (US$61.8 million) was equity instrument and NT$294.2 million (US$10.5 million) was contingent consideration arrangement. Such consideration transferred was tentative as of December 31, 2020 because the fair values of the ordinary shares newly issued by USI Global spin offShanghai and merger have no material effect onthe contingent consideration arrangement for the earn-out were still being determined. For details about the FAFG Share Purchase Agreement, see “Item 10. Additional information—Material Contract” and refer to note 29 to our consolidated financial and operational results.statements included in this annual report for more information.

Capital Expenditures

Our principal capital expenditures for the years ended December 31, 2016, 20172018, 2019 and 20182020 have been for machinery and equipment procurements and investments in buildings and improvement in connection with the expansion of our capacity expansion, for which we spent NT$ 27,680.939,092.2 million, NT$ 23,677.763,073.9 million and NT$39,092.259,024.2 million (US$1,277.12,102.0 million), respectively. We had commitments for capital expenditures of approximately NT$17,039.532,627.4 million (US$556.71,161.9 million), of which NT$2,339.31,968.8 million (US$76.470.1 million) had been paidprepaid as of December 31, 2018,2020, mainly in connection with the expansion of our packaging and testing services operations primarily in the R.O.C. and the P.R.C. Any future expansion of our operating activities could result in additional capital expenditures. We anticipate our capital expenditures in 20192021 will be financed through our existing cash, expected cash flow from operations and existing credit lines under our loan facilities and will consist of, among other things, additional machinery and equipment procurements for our capacity expansions. See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Liquidity and Capital Resources” for more information. Other than the 100% acquisition of SPIL common shares and American Depositary Shares by way of the Initial SPIL Tender Offer, the Share Exchange pursuant to the Joint Share Exchange Agreement and through open market purchases,Acquisition, there werewas no significant financial investments or divestitures in 2016, 20172018, 2019 and 2018.2020. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—History and Development“—SPIL Acquisition” for information.

For more information on our history and development, see “—Organizational Structure.”

BUSINESS OVERVIEW

ASEH is a leading provider of semiconductor manufacturing services in assembly and testing. Our services include semiconductor packaging, production of interconnect materials, front-end engineering testing, wafer probing and final testing services, as well as integrated solutions for electronic manufacturing servicesEMS in relation to computerscomputing and storage, peripherals, communications, industrial, automotive and server applications.

We believe that, as a result of the following strengths, we are able to compete effectively to meet customers’ requirements across a wide range of end-use applications:

We believe that it is still the trend for semiconductor companies to outsource their packaging, testing and manufacturing requirements as semiconductor companies rely on independent providers of foundry, packaging and testing and electronic manufacturing services.EMS. In response to the increased pace of new product development and shortened product life and production cycles, semiconductor companies are increasingly seeking both independent packaging and testing companies that can provide turnkey services in order to reduce time-to-markettime to market and electronic manufacturing companies with proactive original design capabilities that can provide large-scale production. We believe that our technological expertise and scale and our ability to integrate our broad range of solutions into turnkey services and electronic manufacturing servicesEMS allow us to benefit from the accelerated outsourcing trend and better serve our existing and potential customers.

We believe that we have benefited, and will continue to benefit, from our geographic location in Taiwan. Taiwan is currently the largest center for outsourced semiconductor manufacturing in the world and has a high concentration of electronic manufacturing serviceEMS providers. Our close proximity to foundries and other providers of complementary semiconductor manufacturing services is attractive to our customers who wish to take advantage of the efficiencies of a total semiconductor manufacturing solution by outsourcing several stages of their manufacturing requirements. We believe that, as a result, we are well positioned to meet the advanced semiconductor engineering and manufacturing requirements of our customers.

Industry Background

General

Semiconductors are the basic building blocks used to create an increasing variety of electronic products and systems. Continuous improvements in semiconductor process and design technologies have led to smaller, more complex and more reliable semiconductors at a lower cost per function. These improvements have resulted in significant performance and price benefits to manufacturers of electronic products. As a result, semiconductor demand has grown substantially in our primary end-user markets for communications, computing and consumer electronics, and has experienced increased growth in other markets such as automotive products and industrial automation and control systems.

The semiconductor industry is characterized by strong long-term growth, with periodic and sometimes severe cyclical downturns. The Semiconductor Industry Association reported that worldwide sales of semiconductors increased from approximately US$51.0 billion in 1990 to approximately US$468.8439.0 billion in 2018.2020. We believe that overall growth and cyclical fluctuations will continue over the long-term in the semiconductor industry.

Electronic Manufacturing ServicesEMS

Electronic manufacturing serviceEMS providers typically achieve large economies of scale in manufacturing by pooling together product design techniques and also provide value-added services such as warranties and repairs. Companies who do not need to manufacture a constant supply of products have increasingly outsourced their manufacturing to these service providers so that they can respond quickly and efficiently to sudden spikes in demand without having to maintain large inventories of products.

Electronic manufacturing servicesEMS are sought by companies in a wide range of industries including, among others, information, communications, computerscomputing and storage, consumer electronics, automotive electronics, medical treatment, industrial applications, aviation, navigation, national defense and transportation. Although affected by global economic fluctuations, we expect the electronic manufacturing servicesEMS industry to continue to grow in the long-term, and we have enhanced our presence in the industry since 2010 through our acquisition of a controlling interest in Universal Scientific Industrial and acquisition of all the shares of USI Inc. in September 2018.Group.

Outsourcing Trends in Semiconductor Manufacturing

Historically, semiconductor companies designed, manufactured, packaged and tested semiconductors primarily within their own facilities. However, there is a clear trend in the industry to outsource the manufacturing process. Virtually every significant stage of the manufacturing process can be outsourced. Wafer foundry services, semiconductor packaging and testing services, and electronic manufacturing servicesEMS are currently the largest segments of the independent semiconductor manufacturing services market.

The availability of technologically advanced independent manufacturing services has also enabled the growth of “fabless” semiconductor companies that focus on semiconductor design and marketing, while outsourcing their wafer fabrication, packaging and testing requirements to independent companies. We believe that the growth in the number and scale of fabless semiconductor companies that rely solely on independent companies to meet their manufacturing requirements will continue to be a driver of growth for us. Similarly, the availability of technologically advanced independent manufacturing services has encouraged integrated device manufacturers, which traditionally have relied on in-house semiconductor manufacturing capacity, to increasingly outsource their manufacturing requirements to independent semiconductor manufacturing companies.

We believe the outsourcing of semiconductor manufacturing services will increase in the future for many reasons, including the following:

Some semiconductor companies with in-house operations are under increasing pressure to rationalize these operations by relocating to locations with lower costs or better infrastructure, in order to lower manufacturing costs and shorten production cycle time. We expect semiconductor companies to increasingly outsource their requirements to take advantage of the advanced technology and scale of operations of independent packaging and testing companies and electronic manufacturing services providers.

Trends of Mergers and Acquisitions in the Semiconductor Industry

The global semiconductor industry is highly competitive, and such competitive landscape is changing as a result of a trend toward consolidation within the industry. In particular, packaging and testing service providers in the semiconductor industry have engaged in cross-border mergers and acquisitions in recent years as part of their expansion strategy, which has gradually changed the ecosystem of the semiconductor industry. Examples of mergers and acquisitions in recent years include mergers and acquisitions by and among semiconductor design companies or integrated device manufacturers, including Intel Corporation’s acquisition of Altera Corporation, ON Semiconductor Corporation’s acquisition of Fairchild Semiconductor International, Inc., NXP Semiconductors N.V.’s acquisition of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc., Avago Technologies Ltd.’s acquisition of Broadcom Corporation,several acquisitions of semiconductor design companies by MediaTek, Inc., Bain Capital’s acquisition of Toshiba Corporation’s memory chip business, Microchip Technology Inc.’s acquisition of Atmel Corporation and Microsemi Corporation, Qualcomm Incorporated’s attempted acquisition of NXP Semiconductors, and Broadcom Limited’s attempted acquisition of Qualcomm Incorporated.Incorporated, Infineon’s acquisition of Cypress, NXP Semiconductors N.V.’s acquisition of Marvell’s Wi-Fi Connectivity Business, ON Semiconductor Corporation’s acquisition of Quantenna, NVIDIA’s acquisition of ARM Limited from SoftBank Group Corp., and Analog Devices, Inc.’s acquisition of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc. Examples of mergers and acquisitions by and among semiconductor packaging and testing companies, including Jiangsu Changjiang Electronics Technology Co., Ltd.’s acquisition of STATS ChipPAC Ltd., Nantong Fujitsu Microelectronics Co., Ltd.’s acquisition of the packaging and testing factory of Advanced Micro Devices, Inc., Amkor Technology, Inc.’s acquisition of J-Devices Corporation.Corporation and Tianshui Huatian Technology’s acquisition of Unisem.

As a result of the aforementioned mergers and acquisitions, our competitors were able to further strengthen their competitive position by expanding their product offerings and combining their financial resources. We expect this consolidation trend to continue.

Overview of Semiconductor Manufacturing Process

The manufacturing of semiconductors is a complex process that requires increasingly sophisticated engineering and manufacturing expertise. The manufacturing process can be generally divided into the following stages:

We are involved in all stages of the semiconductor manufacturing process except circuit design and wafer fabrication.