Unit 1404, 14/F,Cheuk Nang Centre
,
9 Hillwood Road, Tsimshatsui

Kowloon, Hong Kong00000

Albert So, Chief Financial Officer

Tel: (852)2605-5822 Fax: (852) 2691-1724

Email: albert@bonso.com

Unit 1404, 14/F, Cheuk Nang Centre
,
9 Hillwood Road, Tsimshatsui

Kowloon, Hong Kong

(Name, Telephone, email and/or fax number and address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None.

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: ~~None.~~None

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.

5,828,205 shares of common stock, $0.003 par value, at March 31, ~~2021~~2022 (including 971,018 shares that are held in treasury)

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933.

If the report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15D of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files).

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company.

Large Accelerated Filer [_] Accelerated Filer [_] Non-accelerated filer [X] Emerging Growth Company ~~[_]~~[_]

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ~~[_]~~[_]

Indicate by check mark whether the ~~registrant~~Registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ~~[_]~~[_]

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the Registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the Registrant has elected to follow:

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.)

Bonso Electronics International Inc. (the “Company” or “we”) is a limited liability company incorporated under the laws of the British Virgin Islands. Since inception, we have designed, developed, produced and sold electronic sensor-based and wireless products for private label original equipment manufacturers (individually “OEM” or, collectively, “OEMs”), original brand manufacturers (individually “OBM” or, collectively, “OBMs”) and original design manufacturers (individually, “ODM” or, collectively, “ODMs”).

The three indirect subsidiaries that are incorporated in the PRC are referred to herein as the “PRC Subsidiaries.”

Shareholders have purchased shares of Bonso Electronics International Inc., a British Virgin Island company. Our operations are conducted through our Hong Kong and PRC Subsidiaries. At no time will the Company’s shareholders directly own shares of any of the subsidiaries.

Because we conduct business operations in China, the Chinese government may exercise significant oversight and discretion over those operations and may intervene in or influence those operations at any time, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or in the value of our common stock. In addition, we may be materially affected by recent statements by the Chinese government indicating an intent to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based companies including, but not limited to, cybersecurity review and regulatory review of the overseas listing of securities through an offshore holding company. We are also subject to the risks of uncertainty about any future actions the Chinese government may take in this regard.

As we conduct a substantial portion of our operations in China, we are subject to legal and operational risks associated with having substantial operations in China, including risks related to the legal, political and economic policies of the Chinese government, the relations between China and the United States and Chinese or United States regulations, which risks could result in a material change in our operations and/or cause our common stock to significantly decline in value or become worthless. In addition, they may affect our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors outside the PRC. Recently, the PRC government initiated a series of regulatory actions and made a number of public statements on the regulation of business operations in China with little advance notice, including cracking down on illegal activities in the securities market, enhancing supervision over China-based companies listed overseas, adopting new measures to extend the scope of cybersecurity reviews and expanding efforts in anti-monopoly enforcement. New laws, such as the Measures for Cybersecurity Review, could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to overseas investors and cause such securities to significantly decline in value or to be worthless.

The PRC, through the Cyberspace Administration of China (the “CAC”), proposed new rules and enacted new laws that would require companies collecting or holding large amounts of data to undergo a cybersecurity review prior to listing in foreign countries, a move that would significantly tighten oversight over China-based Internet giants. Pursuant to Article 6 of the Measures for Cybersecurity Review (Draft for Comments), companies holding data on more than 1 million users must now apply for cybersecurity approval when seeking listings in other nations due to the risk that such data and personal information could be “affected, controlled, and maliciously exploited by foreign governments.” On January 4, 2022, the CAC issued the Revised Measures on Cyberspace Security (the “Revised Measures”), which became effective on February 15, 2022 and which require that operators of critical information infrastructure (“CII”) intending to procure network products and services that may affect national security undergo cybersecurity review. This has impacted and could potentially impact a broad range of data-rich tech companies. The Revised Measures expand the scope of reviewed business entities to now include network platform (“NP”) operators intending to engage in certain activities, such as applying to list abroad. The Revised Measures establish a Cybersecurity Review Office (the “CRO”), an administrative body within the CAC, to formulate the regulations for cybersecurity review and to lead the cybersecurity review process. Affected CII operators and NP operators are required to submit an application to the CRO, and the CRO will assess whether a cybersecurity review is required.

If an entity is a CII operator or an NP operator, it is required to apply for cybersecurity review if any of the following three conditions is met: (i) the CII operator proposes to procure network products and services that affect or may affect national security; (ii) the NP operator proposes to carry out data processing activities that affect or may affect national security; or (iii) the NP operator controls personal information of more than 1,000,000 users and proposes to apply for overseas listing. The term “overseas listings” is often interpreted as listings outside of China, such as in the U.S.; “network products and services” include core network equipment, high capability computers and servers, high capacity data storage, large databases and applications, network security equipment and cloud computing services; and “data processing” means the collection, storage, use, processing, transmission, provision and disclosure of data.

Since inception, we have designed, developed, produced and sold electronic sensor-based and wireless products for private OEMs, OBMs and ODMs. Our PRC Subsidiary, BATXXCL, acquired a new manufacturing facility in Xinxing, Guangdong, China; BTL provides product design and distribution services; and BESCL is engaged in the proposed reconstruction of the Company’s existing Shenzhen factory into a high-rise industrial and commercial complex through our agreement with a property developer in Shenzhen (“Fangda”). We do not believe that these businesses involve the collection of user data, implicate cybersecurity or involve any type of restricted industry.

We believe that none of our PRC Subsidiaries is subject to cybersecurity review under the Revised Measures nor is our common stock subject to the review or prior approval of the CAC or the China Securities Regulatory Commission (the “CSRC”). Uncertainties still exist, however, due to the possibility that laws, regulations or policies in the PRC could change rapidly in the future. Any future action by the PRC government expanding the categories of industries and companies whose foreign securities offerings are subject to review by the CSRC or the CAC could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to overseas investors and could cause such securities to significantly decline in value or to become worthless.

The Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (the “HFCAA”), which was enacted on December 18, 2020, states that if the SEC determines that a company has filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspection by the PCAOB for three consecutive years beginning in 2021, the SEC shall prohibit the company’s shares from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over the counter trading market in the United States.

On March 24, 2021, the SEC adopted interim final rules relating to the implementation of certain disclosure and documentation requirements of the HFCAA. A company will be required to comply with these rules if the SEC identifies it as having a “non-inspection” year under a process to be subsequently established by the SEC. The SEC is assessing how to implement other requirements of the HFCAA, including the listing and trading prohibition requirements described above.

On June 22, 2021, the Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (the “AHFCAA) which, if signed into law, would reduce the time period for the delisting of foreign companies under the HFCAA to two consecutive years instead of three years. In the event the HFCAA is amended to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchange and our auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections, it will reduce the time before our common stock may be prohibited from trading or delisted from an exchange if our auditor is not subject to inspection by the PCAOB for two consecutive years instead of three.

On December 2, 2021, the SEC issued amendments to finalize rules implementing the submission and disclosure requirements in the HFCAA. The rules apply to registrants that the SEC identifies as having filed an annual report with an audit report issued by a registered public accounting firm that is located in a foreign jurisdiction and that the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely because of a position taken by an authority in that jurisdiction.

On December 16, 2021, the PCAOB issued a Determination Report (the “Determination Report”), which found that the PCAOB was unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in: (1) mainland China of the People’s Republic of China because of a position taken by one or more authorities in mainland China; and (2) Hong Kong, a Special Administrative Region and dependency of the PRC, because of a position taken by one or more authorities in Hong Kong. In addition, the Determination Report identified the specific registered public accounting firms subject to these determinations.

Our auditor, MSPC Certified Public Accountants and Advisors, A Professional Corporation (“MSPC”), the independent registered public accounting firm that issued the audit report included in this Annual Report, is located in the United States and, therefore, is subject to PCAOB inspections. Therefore, we believe that, as of the date of this Annual Report, our auditor is not subject to the determinations announced by the PCAOB on December 16, 2021 relating to the PCAOB’s inability to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in the PRC or Hong Kong because of a position taken by one or more authorities in the PRC or Hong Kong. However, MSPC is an affiliate of Moore Stephens CPA Limited (“Moore Stephens”), a Hong Kong public accounting firm that is identified in the Determination Report, and Moore Stephens may be required and engaged on an “as needed” basis to assist as second staff in the audit of the Company. Any such engaged second staff are and will be under the direct supervision and direction of MSPC. Any and all relevant copies of the Company’s records and work papers are and will continue to be transmitted to the United States where they are and will be readily available for PCAOB inspection. Therefore, we believe that, as of the date of this Annual Report, our auditor is not subject to the determinations announced by the PCAOB on December 16, 2021 relating to the PCAOB’s inability to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in the PRC or Hong Kong because of a position taken by one or more authorities in the PRC or Hong Kong. However, there can be no assurance that the SEC will not determine that our auditor is subject to the PCAOB’s December 16, 2021 determinations.

In addition, to the extent that our auditor’s work papers are or may in the future become located in China, such work papers will not be subject to inspection by the PCAOB because the PCAOB is currently unable to conduct inspections without the approval of the Chinese authorities. Inspections of certain other firms that the PCAOB has conducted outside of China have identified deficiencies in those firms’ audit procedures and quality control procedures, which may be addressed as part of the inspection process to improve future audit quality. The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of our auditor’s work papers in China would make it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our auditor’s audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to PCAOB inspections. As a result, our investors may be deprived of the benefits of the PCAOB’s oversight of our auditor through such inspections and they may lose confidence in our reported financial information and procedures and the quality of our financial statements. We cannot assure you whether Nasdaq or other regulatory authorities will apply additional or more stringent criteria to us. Such uncertainty could cause the market price of our common stock to be materially and adversely affected.

We will be required to comply with these rules if the SEC identifies us as having a “non-inspection” year under a process to be subsequently established by the SEC. The SEC is assessing how to implement other requirements of the HFCAA, including the listing and trading prohibition requirements described above. Further, if enacted, the AHFCAA would amend the HFCAA to require the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchange if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three.

During the prior fiscal years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, including through the date of this Annual Report, our auditor does not have any documentation related to their audit reports located in China. However, to the extent that our independent registered public accounting firm’s audit documentation related to their audit reports for the Company may be located in China in the future, the PCAOB may not be able to inspect such audit documentation and, as a result, you may be deprived of the benefits of such inspection.

As a holding company, we may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our subsidiaries, including our PRC Subsidiaries, for cash and financing requirements. We are permitted under the laws of the British Virgin Islands and our memorandum and articles of association (as amended from time to time) to provide funding to our subsidiaries incorporated in the BVI, the PRC and Hong Kong, through loans or capital contributions. Our subsidiary incorporated in the BVI is permitted under the laws of the BVI to provide funding to us through dividend distribution subject to certain restrictions laid down in the BVI Business Companies Act 2004 (as amended) and memorandum and articles of association of our BVI subsidiary. Our subsidiaries are permitted under the respective laws of China and Hong Kong to provide funding to us through dividend without restrictions on the amount of the funds, other than as limited by the amount of their distributable earnings. However, if any of our subsidiaries incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing such debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us. See “Risk Factors – Political, Legal, Economic and Other Uncertainties of Operations in China and Hong Kong.”

Any PRC regulations pertaining to our corporate structure or to loans to and investment in our PRC Subsidiaries by our offshore holding company may delay us from making loans or capital contributions to any of our subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

With regards to our corporate structure, any funds we may transfer to one of our PRC Subsidiaries, either as a loan or as an increase in registered capital, are subject to approval by or registration with relevant government authorities in China regardless of the amount of the transfer. According to the relevant PRC regulations, capital contributions to our PRC Subsidiaries are subject to the submission of reports of changes through the enterprise registration system and registration with a local bank authorized by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange of the PRC (“SAFE”). In addition, any foreign loan procured by our PRC Subsidiaries is required to be registered with SAFE and such loan is required to be registered with the NPRC.

Moreover, any limitation on the ability of our PRC Subsidiaries to transfer cash out of China and/or make remittance to pay dividends to us could limit our ability to access cash generated by the operations of our PRC Subsidiaries.

Under PRC laws, rules and regulations, each of our three PRC Subsidiaries is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, after making up for previous years’ accumulated losses, if any, to fund certain statutory reserves, until the aggregate amount of such fund reaches 50% of its registered capital. As a result of these laws, rules and regulations, our PRC Subsidiaries are restricted in their ability to transfer a portion of their respective net assets to us. There can be no assurance that the PRC government will not intervene or impose restrictions on our ability to transfer or distribute cash within our organization or to foreign investors, which could result in an inability or prohibition on making transfers or distributions outside of China and may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are permitted under the laws of the British Virgin Islands to provide funding to our subsidiaries incorporated in China and Hong Kong through loans or capital contributions without restrictions on the amount of the funds and, recognizing the above-mentioned restriction in the PRC, our subsidiaries are permitted under the respective laws of China and Hong Kong to provide funding to us through dividend distribution. However, if any of our subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing such debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us. None of our subsidiaries has made any dividends or other distributions to us as of the date of this Annual Report. In the future, cash proceeds raised from overseas financing activities may be transferred by us to our PRC subsidiaries via capital contribution or shareholder loans, as the case may be. See “Risk Factors – Political, Legal, Economic and Other Uncertainties of Operations in China and Hong Kong.

As of the date of this Annual Report, there are cash flows between us and our subsidiaries and among our subsidiaries. Funds are transferred among our PRC Subsidiaries for working capital purposes. Our products are manufactured in our Xinxing factory and exported to our subsidiary located in Hong Kong. The subsidiary in Hong Kong sells the products to its overseas customers. As a result, our subsidiary in Hong Kong subsequently transfers funds to the Xinxing factory for purchase of the export products. Also, the subsidiary in Hong Kong will purchase raw materials and import to the Xinxing factory. The Xinxing factory will pay the subsidiary in Hong Kong for the raw materials. Therefore, our subsidiaries transfer cash in and out of the PRC.

The transfer of funds among companies is subject to the Provisions of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Trial of Private Lending Cases (2020 Revision, the “Provisions on Private Lending Cases”), which was implemented on August 20, 2020 to regulate the financing activities between natural persons, legal persons and unincorporated organizations. The Provisions on Private Lending Cases does not prohibit using cash generated from one subsidiary to fund another subsidiary’s operations. We have not been notified of any other restriction which could limit our PRC subsidiaries’ ability to transfer cash between subsidiaries.

The PRC government’s control over the conversion of foreign exchange and fluctuations in the value of RMB may result in foreign currency exchange losses and limit our ability to pay dividends. Since our PRC Subsidiaries conduct business in the PRC, we receive part of their revenue and pay part of our expenses in RMB. The value of the RMB against the U.S. dollar and other currencies fluctuates from time to time and is subject to domestic and international political and economic developments, including the global and monetary effects of the war in Ukraine, as well as the fiscal and foreign exchange policies prescribed by the PRC government. We cannot assure you that the value of the RMB will remain at the current level against the U.S. dollar or any other foreign currency. If the RMB appreciates or depreciates against the U.S. dollar or any other foreign currency, it will have mixed effects on our PRC Subsidiaries’ businesses and there is no assurance that the overall effect will be positive.

The RMB is not currently a freely convertible currency. Conversion and remittance of foreign currencies are subject to PRC foreign exchange regulations. Pursuant to the existing foreign exchange regulations in the PRC, we are allowed to carry out foreign exchange transactions for current account items (including dividend payment) without submitting the relevant documentary evidence of such transactions to the State Administration of Foreign Exchange of the PRC (“SAFE”) for approval in advance as long as they are processed by banks designated for foreign exchange trading. However, we may need to obtain the SAFE’s prior approval for foreign exchange transactions for capital account items. If we fail to obtain the SAFE’s approval to convert RMB into foreign currencies for foreign exchange transactions, our Operating Subsidiaries’ business operations, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as our ability to pay dividends, could be materially and adversely affected.

To address persistent capital outflows and the RMB’s depreciation against the U.S. dollar in the fourth quarter of 2016, the SAFE implemented a series of capital control measures in the subsequent months, including stricter vetting procedures for China-based companies to remit foreign currency for overseas acquisitions, dividend payments and shareholder loan repayments. The PRC government may continue to strengthen its capital controls and our PRC subsidiaries’ dividends and other distributions may be subject to tightened scrutiny in the future. The PRC government also imposes controls on the conversion of RMB into foreign currencies and the remittance of currencies out of the PRC. Therefore, we may experience difficulties in completing the administrative procedures necessary to obtain and remit foreign currency for the payment of dividends from our profits, if any. Furthermore, if our PRC Subsidiaries incur debt on their own in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other payments.

If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, we may not be able to transfer cash or the assets of our PRC Subsidiaries and pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders. There can be no assurance that the PRC government will not intervene or impose restrictions on our ability to transfer or distribute cash or assets within our organization or to foreign investors, which could result in an inability or prohibition on making transfers or distributions outside of China and may adversely affect our business and financial condition. See “Risk Factors – Political, Legal, Economic and Other Uncertainties of Operations in China and Hong Kong - Restrictions on currency exchange may limit our ability to utilize our revenues effectively” on page 11.

In addition, the Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules provide that a withholding tax at a rate of 10% will be applicable to dividends payable by Chinese companies to non-PRC-resident enterprises unless reduced under treaties or arrangements between the PRC central government and the governments of other countries or regions where the non-PRC-resident enterprises are tax resident. Pursuant to the tax agreement between Mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the withholding tax rate in respect to the payment of dividends by a PRC enterprise to a Hong Kong enterprise may be reduced to 5% from a standard rate of 10%. However, if the relevant tax authorities determine that our transactions or arrangements are for the primary purpose of enjoying a favorable tax treatment, the relevant tax authorities may adjust the favorable withholding tax in the future. Accordingly, there is no assurance that the reduced 5% withholding rate will apply to dividends received by our Hong Kong subsidiary from our PRC subsidiaries. This withholding tax will reduce the amount of dividends we may receive from our PRC subsidiaries.

Dividends payable by the Company to our foreign investors and gain on the sale of our common stock may be subject to PRC income taxes. Pursuant to the EIT Law and the EIT Rules, subject to any applicable tax treaty or arrangement between the PRC and the jurisdiction of residence of our investors that provides a different income tax arrangement, the payment of dividends by a PRC resident enterprise to investors that are non-PRC resident enterprises (including enterprises that do not have an establishment or place of business in the PRC and enterprises that have an establishment or place of business but their income is not effectively connected with the establishment or place of business) or any gain realized on the transfer of shares by such investors is generally subject to PRC income tax at a rate of 10% to the extent such dividend has its source in the PRC or such gain is regarded as income derived from sources within the PRC. Under Individual Income Tax Law of the PRC and its implementation rules, dividends sourced within the PRC paid to foreign individual investors who are not PRC residents and gains from PRC sources realized on the transfer of our common stock by such investors would be subject to PRC income tax at a rate of 20%, subject to any reduction or exemption set out in applicable tax treaties and PRC laws.

It is uncertain whether we will be considered a PRC ‘‘resident enterprise.” If we are considered a PRC ‘‘resident enterprise,’’ dividends payable by us with respect to our common stock, or any gain realized from the transfer of our common stock may be treated as income derived from sources within the PRC and may be subject to PRC income tax, subject to the interpretation, application and enforcement of the EIT law and the EIT rules by the relevant tax authorities. If we are required under the EIT Law or other related regulations to withhold PRC income tax on our dividends payable to foreign holders of our common stock which are ‘‘non-resident enterprises,’’ or if our Shareholders are required to pay PRC income tax on the transfer of our common stock under PRC tax laws, the value of an investment in our common stock may be materially and adversely affected.

This Annual Report on Form 20-F contains forward-looking statements. A forward-looking statement is a projection about a future event or result, and whether the statement comes true is subject to many risks and uncertainties. These statements often can be identified by the use of terms such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “approximate” or “continue,” or the negative thereof. The actual results or activities of the Company will likely differ from projected results or activities of the Company as described in this Annual Report, and such differences could be material.

Forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause the actual results and performance of the Company to be different from any future results, performance and achievements expressed or implied by these statements. In other words, our performance might be quite different from what the forward-looking statements imply. You should review carefully all information included in this Annual Report.

You should rely only on the forward-looking statements that reflect management's view as of the date of this Annual Report. We undertake no obligation to publicly revise or update these forward-looking statements to reflect subsequent events or circumstances. You should also carefully review the risk factors described in other documents we file from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). The Private Securities Reform Act of 1995 contains a safe harbor for forward-looking statements on which the Company relies in making such disclosures. In connection with the “safe harbor,” we are hereby identifying important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements made by us or on our behalf. Factors that might cause such a difference include, but are not limited to, those discussed in the section entitled “Risk Factors” under Item 3. – “Key Information.”

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and publish our financial statements in United States Dollars.

In this Annual Report, “China” refers to all parts of the People's Republic of China other than the Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong. The terms “Bonso,” “we,” “our,” “us,” “the Group” and the “Company” refer to Bonso Electronics International Inc. The reference to “PRC Subsidiaries” refers to BESCL, BATXXCL and ~~where the context so requires or suggests, our direct and indirect subsidiaries.~~BTL. References to “dollars,” “U.S. Dollars” or “US$” are to United States Dollars, “HK$” are to Hong Kong Dollars, “Euros” or ~~“euro”~~“Euro” are to the European Monetary Union's Currency and “RMB” are to Chinese Renminbi.

The selected consolidated financial data as of March 31, 2020 and 2021 and for each of the three fiscal years ended March 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021 are derived from the Audited Consolidated Financial Statements and notes which appear elsewhere in this Annual Report.

The Financial Statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America and expressed in United States Dollars. The selected consolidated financial data set forth below as of March 31, 2017, 2018 and 2019, and for each of the two fiscal years in the period ended March 31, 2017 and 2018, have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements that are not included in this Annual Report. The selected consolidated financial data is qualified in its entirety by reference to, and should be read in conjunction with, the Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes included in the F pages of this Annual Report and Item 5. – “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” included in this Annual Report.

⁽¹⁾ ~~Certain amounts in the statement of operations for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017 have been reclassified to conform to the presentation for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018.~~

⁽²⁾ The diluted net earnings / (loss) per share was the same as the basic net earnings / (loss) per share for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2018 and 2019 as all potential common shares, including the stock options, are anti-dilutive and therefore excluded from the computation of diluted net earnings / (loss) per share.Not applicable

You should carefully consider the following risks, together with all other information included in this Annual Report. The realization of any of the risks described below could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and future prospects.

Political, Legal, Economic and Other Uncertainties of Operations in China and Hong Kong

Changes in international trade or investment policies and barriers to trade or investment, and the ongoing geopolitical conflict, may have an adverse effect on our business and expansion plans, and could lead to the delisting of our securities from U.S. exchanges and/or other restrictions or prohibitions on investing in our ~~securities.~~securities.

In recent years, international market conditions and the international regulatory environment have been increasingly affected by competition among countries and geopolitical frictions. In particular, the U.S. administration has advocated for and taken steps toward restricting trade in certain goods, particularly from China. From 2018 to late 2019, the United States announced several tariff increases that applied to products imported from China, totaling over US$550 billion. By the end of 2019, the two countries had reached a phase one trade deal to roll back tariffs and suspend certain tariff increases by the United States that were scheduled to take effect from December 2019, and in January 2020, the two sides entered into a formal phase one agreement on trade. The progress of trade talks between China and the United States is subject to uncertainties, and there can be no assurance as to whether the United States will maintain or reduce tariffs, or impose additional tariffs on Chinese products in the near future. Furthermore, in August 2019, the U.S. Treasury Department labelled China as a currency manipulator, which label was officially dropped by the U.S. Treasury Department in January 2020. However, it is uncertain whether the U.S. government may issue any similar announcement in the future. As a result of such announcement, the United States may take further actions to eliminate perceived unfair competitive advantages created by alleged manipulating actions. Changes to national trade or investment policies, treaties and tariffs, fluctuations in exchange rates or the perception that these changes could occur, could adversely affect the financial and economic conditions in the jurisdictions in which we sell our products, as well as our financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, the United States is considering ways to limit U.S. investment portfolio flows into China. For example, in May 2020, under pressure from U.S. administration officials, the independent Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board suspended its implementation of plans to change the benchmark of one of its retirement asset funds to an international index that includes companies in emerging markets, including China. China-based companies, including us and our related entities, may become subject to executive orders or other regulatory actions that may, among other things, prohibit U.S. investors from investing in these companies and delist the securities of these companies from U.S. exchanges. As a result, U.S. and certain other persons may be prohibited from investing in the securities of our company or our related entities, whether or not they are listed on U.S. exchanges. For example, in November 2020, the U.S. administration issued U.S. Executive Order 13959, prohibiting investments by any U.S. persons in publicly traded securities of certain Chinese companies that are deemed owned or controlled by the Chinese military. In May 2021, the American depositary shares of China Telecom, China Mobile and China Unicom were delisted from the NYSE to comply with this executive order. In June 2021, the U.S. administration expanded the scope of the executive order to Chinese defense and surveillance technology companies. Geopolitical tensions between China and the United States may intensify and the United States may adopt even more drastic measures in the future.

China and other countries have retaliated and may further retaliate in response to new trade policies, treaties and tariffs implemented by the United States. For instance, in response to the tariffs announced by the United States, in 2018 and 2019, China announced it would stop buying U.S. agricultural products and imposed tariffs on over US$185 billion worth of U.S. goods. Although China subsequently granted tariff exemptions for certain U.S. products as a result of trade talks and the phase one trade deal agreed with the United States, it is uncertain whether there will be any further material changes to China’s tariff policies. Any further actions to increase existing tariffs or impose additional tariffs could result in an escalation of the trade conflict, which would have an adverse effect on manufacturing, trade and a wide range of industries that rely on trade, including logistics, retail sales and other businesses and services, which could adversely affect our business operations and financial results.

Additionally, China has issued regulations to give itself the ability to unilaterally nullify the effects of certain foreign restrictions that are deemed to be unjustified to Chinese individuals and entities. The Rules on Counteracting Unjustified Extra-territorial Application of Foreign Legislation and Other Measures promulgated by the Ministry of Commerce (“MOFCOM”) on January 9, 2021 with immediate effect, provide that, among other things, Chinese individuals or entities are required to report to the MOFCOM within 30 days if they are prohibited or restricted from engaging in normal business activities with third-party countries or their nationals or entities due to non-Chinese laws or measures; and the MOFCOM, following the decision of the relevant Chinese authorities, may issue prohibition orders contravening such non-Chinese laws or measures. Furthermore, on June 10, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China promulgated the Anti-foreign Sanctions Law, which came into effect on the same day. The Anti-foreign Sanctions Law prohibits any organization or individual from implementing or providing assistance in implementation of discriminatory restrictive measures taken by any foreign state against the citizens or organizations of China. In addition, all organizations and individuals in China are required to implement the retaliatory measures taken by relevant departments of the State Council. Since the aforesaid laws and rules were newly promulgated, there exist high uncertainties as to how such regulations will be interpreted and implemented and how they would affect our business, results of operations or the trading prices of our Shares.

The institution of trade tariffs both globally and between the U.S. and China specifically carries the risk of negatively affecting China’s overall economic condition, which could have a negative impact on us. Furthermore, imposition of tariffs could have a negative impact on our supply chain and on foreign demand for our products and, thus, could have a material adverse impact on our business and results of operations. During the year ended March 31, ~~2021,~~2022, approximately ~~62%~~56% of our sales were to customers in the United States.

Trade tensions and policy changes have also led to measures that could have adverse effects on China-based issuers, including legislation in the United States that requires listed companies whose audit reports and/or auditors are not subject to review by the PCAOB to be subject to enhanced disclosure obligations and be subject to delisting if they do not comply with the requirements.

The PCAOB’s HFCAA Determination Report dated December 16, 2021, that the Board is unable to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in China or Hong Kong, a Special Administrative Region and dependency of the PRC, because of a position taken by one or more authorities in China or Hong Kong (“the Determination”) could result in the prohibition of trading in our securities by our not being allowed to list on a U.S. exchange and, as a result, an exchange may determine to delist our securities, which would materially affect the interest of our investors.

The HFCAA, which was enacted on December 18, 2020, states that if the SEC determines that a company has filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspection by the PCAOB for three consecutive years beginning in 2021, the SEC shall prohibit the company’s shares from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over the counter trading market in the United States.

On June 22, 2021, the Senate passed the Accelerating Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (the “AHFCAA) which, if signed into law, would reduce the time period for the delisting of foreign companies under the HFCAA to two consecutive years instead of three years. In the event the HFCAA is so amended, it will reduce the time before our common stock may be prohibited from trading or delisted from an exchange if our auditor is not subject to inspection by the PCAOB.

~~The Market Price For~~ Our ~~Shares Could Be Adversely Affected By Increased Tensions Between The~~auditor, MSPC, the independent registered public accounting firm that issued the audit report included in this Annual Report, is located in the United States and, therefore, is subject to PCAOB inspections. Therefore, we believe that, as of the date of this Annual Report, our auditor is not subject to the determinations announced by the PCAOB on December 16, 2021 relating to the PCAOB’s inability to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in the PRC or Hong Kong because of a position taken by one or more authorities in the PRC or Hong Kong. However, MSPC is an affiliate of Moore Stephens CPA Limited (“Moore Stephens”), a Hong Kong public accounting firm that is identified in the Determination Report, and Moore Stephens may be required and engaged on an “as needed” basis to assist as second staff in the audit of the Company. Any such engaged second staff are and will be under the direct supervision and direction of MSPC. Any and all relevant copies of the Company’s records and work papers are and will continue to be transmitted to the United States where they are and will be readily available for PCAOB inspection. Therefore, we believe that, as of the date of this Annual Report, our auditor is not subject to the determinations announced by the PCAOB on December 16, 2021 relating to the PCAOB’s inability to inspect or investigate completely registered public accounting firms headquartered in the PRC or Hong Kong because of a position taken by one or more authorities in the PRC or Hong Kong. However, there can be no assurance that the SEC will not determine that our auditor is subject to the PCAOB’s December 16, 2021 Determinations.

However, to the extent that our auditor’s work papers may, in the future, become located in China, such work papers will not be subject to inspection by the PCAOB because the PCAOB is currently unable to conduct inspections without the approval of the Chinese authorities. Inspections of certain other firms that the PCAOB has conducted outside of China have identified deficiencies in those firms’ audit procedures and quality control procedures, which may be addressed as part of the inspection process to improve future audit quality. The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of our auditors’ work papers in China would make it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our auditor’s audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to PCAOB inspections. As a result, our investors may be deprived of the benefits of the PCAOB’s oversight of our auditor through such inspections and they may lose confidence in our reported financial information and procedures and the quality of our financial statements. We cannot assure you whether Nasdaq or other regulatory authorities will apply additional or more stringent criteria to us. Such uncertainty could cause the market price of our common stock to be materially and adversely affected.

The Company will be required to comply with the rules adopted by the SEC if the SEC identifies it as having a “non-inspection” year under a process to be subsequently established by the SEC. The SEC is assessing how to implement other requirements of the HFCAA, including the listing and trading prohibition requirements described above. Further, the United States Senate passed the Accelerated Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, which, if enacted, would amend the HFCAA to require the SEC to prohibit an issuer’s securities from trading on any U.S. stock exchange if its auditor is not subject to PCAOB inspections for two consecutive years instead of three.

The market price for our shares could be adversely affected by increased tensions between the United States and China.

Recently there have been heightened tensions in the economic and political relations between the United States and China. On June 30, 2020, the Standing Committee of the PRC National People's Congress issued the Law of the People's Republic of China on Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR). This law defines the duties and government bodies of the HKSAR for safeguarding national security and four categories of offences—secession, subversion, terrorist activities and collusion with a foreign country or external elements to endanger national security—and their corresponding penalties. On July 14, 2020, U.S. President Donald Trump signed the Hong Kong Autonomy Act, or HKAA, into law, authorizing the U.S. administration to impose blocking sanctions against individuals and entities who are determined to have materially contributed to the erosion of Hong Kong's autonomy. On August 7, 2020 the U.S. government imposed HKAA-authorized sanctions on eleven individuals, including HKSAR chief executive Carrie Lam. The HKAA further authorizes secondary sanctions, including the imposition of blocking sanctions, against foreign financial institutions that knowingly conduct a significant transaction with foreign persons sanctioned under this authority. The imposition of sanctions such as those provided in the HKAA is in practice discretionary and highly political, especially in a relationship as extensive and complex as that between the United States and China. It is difficult to predict the full impact of the HKAA on Hong Kong and companies like ~~Bonso.~~the Company. Furthermore, legislative or administrative actions in respect of Sino-U.S. relations could cause investor uncertainty for affected issuers, including us, and the market price of our shares could be adversely affected.

We will rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our subsidiaries to fund our cash and financing requirements, and any limitation on the ability of our subsidiaries to make payments to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.

Our Company is a holding company and we will rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our subsidiaries for our cash and financing requirements. Within our direct holding structure, the cross-border transfer of funds within our corporate group is legal and compliant with the laws and regulations of the PRC, Hong Kong and the BVI. Our PRC and Hong Kong subsidiaries are permitted under the respective laws of the PRC and Hong Kong to provide funding to us through dividends without restriction on the amount of the funds, other than as limited by the amount of their distributable earnings. However, to the extent cash is in our PRC or Hong Kong subsidiaries, there is a possibility that the funds may not be available to fund our operations or for other uses outside of the PRC or Hong Kong due to interventions or the imposition of restrictions and limitations by the PRC or the Hong Kong government on the ability to transfer cash. In addition, if any of our subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing such debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us.

Under the laws of the British Virgin Islands and our Articles of Association, our Company is permitted to provide funding to its subsidiaries through loans or capital contributions, provided that such funding is in the best interest of our Company. Our board of directors has complete discretion as to whether to distribute dividends. In addition, our shareholders may by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our board of directors. In either case, all dividends are subject to certain restrictions under British Virgin Islands law, namely that the Company may only pay dividends out of profits or share premium and provided that under no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in the Company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. The British Virgin Islands does not impose a withholding tax on payments of dividends to shareholders.

Under Hong Kong law, dividends may only be paid out of distributable profits (that is, accumulated realized profits less accumulated realized losses) or other distributable reserves. Dividends cannot be paid out of share capital. There are no restrictions or limitation under the laws of Hong Kong imposed on the conversion of HK dollars into foreign currencies and the remittance of currencies out of Hong Kong, nor is there any restriction on foreign exchange to transfer cash between our Company and its subsidiaries, across borders and to U.S investors, nor on distributing earnings from our subsidiaries’ businesses to our Company and U.S. investors. Under the current practice of the Inland Revenue Department of Hong Kong, no tax is payable in Hong Kong in respect of dividends.

Under PRC laws, rules and regulations, our PRC subsidiaries are required to set aside at least 10% of their after-tax profits each year, after making up for previous years’ accumulated losses, if any, to fund certain statutory reserves, until the aggregate amount of such fund reaches 50% of their registered capital. As a result of these laws, rules and regulations, our PRC subsidiaries are restricted in their ability to transfer a portion of their respective net assets to us. However, there can be no assurance that the PRC government will not intervene or impose restrictions on our ability to transfer or distribute cash within our organization or to foreign investors, which could result in an inability or prohibition on making transfers or distributions outside of China and may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

During the fiscal years ended March 31, 2021 and 2020 and through the date of this Annual Report, neither the Company nor any of its subsidiaries has paid dividends or made distributions to U.S. investors. In the future, any cash proceeds raised from overseas financing activities may be transferred by us to our subsidiaries via capital contribution or shareholder loans, as the case may be.

To the extent cash is in our PRC or Hong Kong subsidiaries, there is a possibility that the funds may not be available to fund our operations or for other uses outside of the PRC or Hong Kong due to interventions or the imposition of restrictions and limitations by the PRC or Hong Kong government on the ability to transfer cash. Any limitation on the ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other distributions to us could materially and adversely affect our financial position and the value of our common stock.

It ~~May Be Difficult For Overseas Regulators To Conduct Investigations Or Collect Evidence Within~~may be difficult for overseas regulators to conduct investigations or collect evidence within China.

Shareholder claims or regulatory investigations that are common in the United States generally are difficult to pursue as a matter of law or practicality in China. For example, in China, there are significant legal and other obstacles to providing information needed for regulatory investigations or litigation initiated outside China. Although the authorities in China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, such cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the Unities States may not be efficient in the absence of a mutual and practical cooperation mechanism. Furthermore, according to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law, or Article 177, which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within the territory of the PRC. While detailed interpretation of or implementation rules under Article 177 have yet to be promulgated, the inability for an overseas securities regulator to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within China may further increase difficulties faced by our shareholders in protecting their interests.

We ~~Could Face Increased Currency Risks If~~could face increased currency risks if Hong Kong and China ~~Does Not Maintain The Stability Of The~~do not maintain the stability of the Hong Kong Dollar ~~Or The~~or the Chinese Renminbi.

The Hong Kong Dollar and the United States Dollar have been fixed at approximately 7.80 Hong Kong Dollars to 1.00 U.S. Dollar since 1983. The market exchange rate has not deviated materially from the level of HK$7.80 to US$1.00 since the peg was first established. However, in May 2005, the Hong Kong Monetary Authority broadened the trading band from the original rate of HK$7.80 per U.S. dollar to a rate range of HK$7.75 to HK$7.85 per U.S. dollar. The Hong Kong government has stated its intention to maintain the link at that rate.

From 1994 until July 2005, the Chinese Renminbi had remained stable against the U.S. Dollar at approximately ~~8.28~~RMB8.28 to ~~1.00~~ U.S. ~~Dollar.~~$1.00. On July 21, 2005, the Chinese currency regime was altered to link the RMB to a “basket of currencies,” which includes the U.S. Dollar, Euro, Japanese Yen and Korean Won. Under the rules, the RMB was allowed to move 0.3% on a daily basis against the U.S. Dollar. The People's Bank of China, on May 21 2007, widened the RMB trading band from 0.3% daily movement against the U.S. Dollar to 0.5%. Following the removal of the U.S. Dollar peg, the RMB appreciated more than 20% against the U.S. Dollar over the following three years. Since July 2008, however, the RMB has traded within a narrow range against the U.S. Dollar. As a consequence, the RMB has fluctuated significantly since July 2008 against other freely traded currencies, in tandem with the U.S. Dollar. On June 20, 2010, the People’s Bank of China (“PBOC”) announced that the government of the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”) would further reform the RMB exchange rate regime and increase the flexibility of the exchange rate. Since June 2010, the PRC government has allowed the RMB to appreciate slowly against the U.S. dollar again, though there have been periods when the U.S. dollar has appreciated against the Renminbi as well. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the RMB and the U.S. dollar in the future. As of July 15, ~~2021,~~2022, the RMB was valued at ~~6.4604~~6.7554 per U.S. Dollar. Any significant revaluation of the RMB may materially and adversely affect our cash flows, revenues, earnings and financial position and the value of our common shares and any dividends payable to our common shareholders in U.S. Dollars.

The Chinese government in the past has expressed its intention in the Basic Law of the PRC to maintain the stability of the Hong Kong currency after the sovereignty of Hong Kong was transferred to China in July 1997. However, there can be no assurance that the Hong Kong Dollar will remain pegged against the U.S. Dollar. If the current exchange rate mechanism is changed, we will face increased currency risks, which could have a material adverse effect upon the Company.

We ~~Face Significant Risks~~could incur additional liabilities or our subsidiaries’ reputations could be damaged if we do not protect our customer data or if our subsidiaries’ information systems are breached.

We and our subsidiaries are dependent on information technology networks and systems to process, transmit and store electronic information and to communicate with customers. Security breaches of this infrastructure could lead to shutdowns or disruptions of our and our subsidiaries’ systems and potential unauthorized disclosure of confidential information. We and our subsidiaries are also required at times to manage, utilize and store sensitive or confidential customer or employee data. As a result, we are subject to laws and regulations designed to protect this information. If any person, including us or our subsidiaries’ employees, mismanages or misappropriates such data, we or our subsidiaries could be subject to monetary damages, fines and/or criminal prosecution. Unauthorized disclosure of sensitive or confidential customer or employee data, whether through systems failure, employee negligence, fraud or misappropriation could damage our reputations, disrupt operations or result in remedial or other costs, fines or lawsuits and cause a loss of customers.

Legal requirements relating to the collection, storage, handling, and transfer of personal data continue to evolve. China’s Cybersecurity Law (“CSL”), which came into effect in June 2017, regulates how organizations should protect digital information and outlines measures to safeguard Internet systems, products and services against cyberattacks. The ~~Chinese Government~~ CSL was supplemented in May 2018 with the Personal Information Security Specification, which was amended and strengthened in February 2019. Although these amendments attempt to ease the compliance burden placed on businesses, the laws could impose significant limitations, require changes to our PRC Subsidiaries’ businesses or restrict their use or storage of personal information, which may increase our PRC Subsidiaries’ compliance expenses and make their businesses more costly or less efficient to conduct.

Recently, the PRC government initiated a series of regulatory actions and made a number of public statements on the regulation of business operations in China with little advance notice, including cracking down on illegal activities in the securities market, enhancing supervision over China-based companies listed overseas, adopting new measures to extend the scope of cybersecurity reviews, and expanding efforts in anti-monopoly enforcement. New laws, such as the Measures for Cybersecurity Review, could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to overseas investors and cause such securities to significantly decline in value or to be worthless.

The PRC, through the Cyberspace Administration of China (the “CAC”), has recently proposed new rules and enacted new laws that would require companies collecting or holding large amounts of data to undergo a cybersecurity review prior to listing in foreign countries, a move that would significantly tighten oversight over China-based Internet giants. Pursuant to Article 6 of the Measures for Cybersecurity Review (Draft for Comments), companies holding data on more than 1 million users must now apply for cybersecurity approval when seeking listings in other nations due to the risk that such data and personal information could be “affected, controlled, and maliciously exploited by foreign governments.” On January 4, 2022 and effective February 15, 2022, the CAC issued the Revised Measures on Cyberspace Security (the “Revised Measures”), which requires that operators of critical information infrastructure (“CII”) intending to procure network products and services that may affect national security undergo cybersecurity review. This has impacted and could potentially impact a broad range of data-rich tech companies. The Revised Measures expand the scope of reviewed business entities to now include network platform (“NP”) operators intending to engage in certain activities, such as applying to list abroad. The Revised Measures establish a Cybersecurity Review Office (the “CRO”), an administrative body within the CAC, to formulate the regulations for cybersecurity review and to lead the cybersecurity review process. Applicable CII operators and NP operators are required to submit an application to the CRO, and the CRO will assess whether a cybersecurity review is required.

If an entity is a CII operator or a NP operator, it is required to apply for cybersecurity review if any of the following three conditions is met: (i) the CII operator proposes to procure network products and services that affect or may affect national security; (ii) the NP operator proposed to carry out data processing activities that affect or may affect national security; (iii) or the NP operator controls personal information of more than 1,000,000 users and proposes to apply for overseas listing. The term “overseas listings” is often interpreted as listings outside of China, such as in the U.S. And, “network products and services” include core network equipment, high capability computers and servers, high capacity data storage, large databases and applications, network security equipment, cloud computing services; “data processing” means the collection, storage, use, processing, transmission, provision and disclosure of data.

Our PRC Subsidiaries businesses may involve the collection of user data, implicate cybersecurity or involve another type of restricted industry. We believe that none of our PRC Subsidiaries are subject to cybersecurity review under the Revised Measures nor are the common stock subject to the review or prior approval of the CAC or the CRSC. Uncertainties still exist, however, due to the possibility that laws, regulations or policies in the PRC could change rapidly in the future. Any future action by the PRC government expanding the categories of industries and companies whose foreign securities offerings are subject to review by the CRSC or the CAC could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to overseas investors and could cause such securities to significantly decline in value or to be worthless.

Changes ~~Its Policies, Laws, Regulations Or Tax Structure Or Its Current Interpretations Of Its Laws, Rules And Regulations Relating To Our Operations In China.~~ in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations.

A considerable portion of our assets and operations are located in the PRC. Our property in Shenzhen and our manufacturing facility in Xinxing are located in China. ~~As a result,~~Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations and ~~assets are subject~~prospects may be influenced to a significant degree by political, economic ~~legal~~ and other uncertainties. Changes in policies by the Chinese government resulting in changes in laws or regulations or the interpretation of laws or regulations, confiscatory taxation, changes in employment restrictions, restrictions on imports and sources of supply, import duties, corruption, currency revaluation or the expropriation of private enterprise could materially and adversely affect us. If the Chinese government does not encourage foreign investment and operations in China, then our business operations in China could be adversely affected. We could even be subject to the risk of nationalization, which could resultsocial conditions in the ~~total loss~~PRC generally. The Chinese economy differs from the economies of ~~investment~~most developed countries in ~~that country. Following~~many respects, including the ~~Chinese government’s policy~~level of ~~privatizing many state-owned enterprises,~~government involvement, development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. Although the Chinese government has ~~attempted~~implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets, and the establishment of improved corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of productive assets in the PRC is still owned by the government. In addition, the Chinese government continues to ~~augment its revenues~~play a significant role in regulating industry development by imposing industrial policies. The Chinese government also exercises significant control over the PRC’s economic growth through ~~increased~~allocating resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies.

While the Chinese economy has experienced significant growth over past decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy. Any adverse changes in economic conditions in the PRC, in the policies of the Chinese government or in the laws and regulations in the PRC could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of the PRC. Such developments could adversely affect our business and operating results, lead to a reduction in demand for our services and adversely affect our competitive position. The Chinese government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures may benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may have a negative effect on us. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax ~~collection. Continued efforts~~regulations. In addition, in the past the Chinese government has implemented certain measures, including interest rate adjustment, to control the pace of economic growth. These measures may cause decreased economic activity in the PRC, which may adversely affect our business and operating results.

The economy in China has grown significantly over the past 20 years, which has resulted in inflation and an increase in the average cost of labor, especially in the coastal cities. Since 2014, China’s consumer price index, the broadest measure of inflation, has risen at annual rates ranging from 1.1% (between June 2020 and June 2021) and 2.7% (between June 2018 and June 2019) and it rose by 2.5% between June 2021 and June 2022. China’s overall economy and the average wage in the PRC are expected to continue to grow. Continuing inflation and material increases in the cost of labor in China could diminish our competitive advantage. If the government tries to control inflation, it may have an adverse effect on the business climate and growth of private enterprise in the PRC. An economic slowdown may reduce our revenues. If inflation is allowed to proceed unchecked, our costs would likely increase, and there can be no assurance that we would be able to increase ~~tax revenues could result~~our prices to an extent that would offset the increase in ~~increased taxation expenses being incurred by us. Economic development~~our expenses.

Continuing economic weakness may ~~be limited as well by the imposition of austerity measures intended to reduce inflation, the inadequate development of infrastructure~~adversely affect our earnings, liquidity and the potential unavailability of adequate power and water supplies, transportation and communications. If for any reason we were required to move our manufacturing operations outside of China, our profitability would be substantially impaired, our competitiveness and marketfinancial position ~~would be materially jeopardized and we might have to discontinue our operations.~~.

~~Continuing Economic Weakness May Adversely Affect Our Earnings, Liquidity And Financial Position.~~

The Company’s business has been challenging recently as a consequence of adverse worldwide economic conditions. In particular, there has been an erosion of global consumer confidence from concerns over declining asset values, price instability, geopolitical issues, the availability and cost of credit, rising unemployment and the stability and solvency of financial institutions, financial markets, businesses and sovereign nations. These concerns slowed global economic growth and resulted in recessions in many countries, including in the U.S., Europe and certain countries in Asia. The global economic weakness has negatively impacted our operating results since 2008. Overall, the economic outlook is uncertain as a result of concerns about the general global economy and the decreased rate of growth in China and the European Union. Recessionary conditions may return. If negative economic conditions return, a number of material adverse effects on our business could occur and could have a negative impact upon our results of operations. Further, slower overall growth of the Chinese economy may have a material adverse effect upon the Company and its results of operations. Also, portions of the Company’s Xinxing facility are leased out to third parties whose products are sold domestically. Negative economic conditions in China would affect the results of operations of these tenants, which may not be able to pay future rent to the Company in full or on time according to the lease agreements.

Because a considerable portion of our operations are in China, our business is subject to the complex and rapidly evolving laws and regulations there. The Chinese government may exercise significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business and may intervene in or influence our operations at any time, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our common stock.

Our property in Shenzhen and our manufacturing facility in Xinxing are located in China As a business operating in China, we are subject to the laws and regulations of the PRC, which can be complex and evolve rapidly. The PRC government has the power to exercise significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our business, and the regulations to which we are subject may change rapidly and with little notice to us or our shareholders. As a result, the application, interpretation, and enforcement of new and existing laws and regulations in the PRC are often uncertain.

Changes in policies by the Chinese government resulting in changes in laws or regulations or the interpretation of laws or regulations, confiscatory taxation, changes in employment restrictions, restrictions on imports and sources of supply, import duties, corruption, currency revaluation or the expropriation of private enterprise could materially and adversely affect us. If the Chinese government does not encourage foreign investment and operations in China, then our business operations in China could be adversely affected. We could even be subject to the risk of nationalization, which could result in the total loss of investment in that country. Following the Chinese government’s policy of privatizing many state-owned enterprises, the Chinese government has attempted to augment its revenues through increased tax collection. Continued efforts to increase tax revenues could result in increased taxation expenses being incurred by us. Economic development may be limited as well by the imposition of austerity measures intended to reduce inflation, the inadequate development of infrastructure and the potential unavailability of adequate power and water supplies, transportation and communications. If for any reason we were required to move our manufacturing operations outside of China, our profitability would be substantially impaired, our competitiveness and market position would be materially jeopardized and we might have to discontinue our operations.

Further, these laws and regulations may be interpreted and applied inconsistently by different agencies or authorities, and inconsistently with our current policies and practices. New laws, regulations, and other government directives in the PRC may also be costly to comply with, and such compliance or any associated inquiries or investigations or any other government actions may: (i) delay or impede our development; (ii) result in negative publicity or increase our operating costs; (iii) require significant management time and attention; and (iv) subject us to remedies, administrative penalties and even criminal liabilities that may harm our business, including fines assessed for our current or historical operations.

The promulgation of new laws or regulations, or the new interpretation of existing laws and regulations, in each case that restrict or otherwise unfavorably impact the ability or manner in which we conduct our PRC Subsidiaries’ businesses and could require us to change certain aspects of their businesses to ensure compliance, which could decrease demand for their products, reduce revenues, increase costs, require our PRC Subsidiaries to obtain more licenses, permits, approvals or certificates, or subject us to additional liabilities. To the extent any new or more stringent measures are required to be implemented, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected as well as materially decrease the value of our ordinary shares.

If the Chinese government were to impose new requirements for approval from the PRC authorities to issue our common stock to foreign investors or list on a foreign exchange, such action could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors and cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

Notwithstanding any approvals or permits required for the redevelopment of our factory in Shenzhen, China, as of the date of this Annual Report, we: (i) are not required to obtain permissions from any PRC authorities to operate or issue our common stock to foreign investors, (ii) are not subject to permission requirements from the China Securities Regulatory Commission (the “CSRC”), the Cyberspace Administration of China (the “CAC”) or any other entity that is required to approve our PRC Subsidiaries’ operations; and (iii) have not received nor were denied such permissions by any PRC authorities. Nevertheless, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued the “Opinions on Severely Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities According to Law,” or the Opinions, which were made available to the public on July 6, 2021. The ~~Economy Of China Has Been Experiencing Significant Growth, Leading To Some Inflation~~Opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities, and ~~Increased Labor Costs.~~ ~~The economy~~the need to strengthen the supervision over overseas listings by Chinese companies.

Given the current PRC regulatory environment, it is uncertain when and whether we will be required to obtain permission from the PRC government to list on U.S. exchanges in the future, and even when such permission is obtained, whether it will be denied or rescinded. We have been closely monitoring regulatory developments in China ~~has grown significantly over~~regarding any necessary approvals from the ~~past 20 years,~~CSRC or other PRC governmental authorities required for overseas listings, including this offering. As of the date of this Annual Report, we have not received any inquiry, notice, warning, sanctions or regulatory objection to this offering from the CSRC or other PRC governmental authorities. However, there remains significant uncertainty as to the enactment, interpretation and implementation of regulatory requirements related to overseas securities offerings and other capital markets activities.

According to the Administration Provision and the Measures (Draft for Comments), only new initial public offerings and refinancing by existent overseas listed Chinese companies will be required to go through the filing process with PRC administrations; other existent overseas listed companies will be allowed sufficient transition period to complete their filing procedure, which ~~has resulted in inflation~~means if we complete the offering prior to the effectiveness of Administration Provisions and ~~an increase~~Measures, we will certainly go through the filing process in the ~~average cost~~future, perhaps because of ~~labor, especially~~refinancing or given by sufficient transition period to complete filing procedure as an existent overseas listed Chinese company. However, it is uncertain when the Administration Provision and the Measures will take effect or if they will take effect as currently drafted.

If it is determined in the ~~coastal cities. China’s consumer~~future that the approval of the CSRC, the CAC or any other regulatory authority is required for this offering, we may face sanctions by the CSRC, the CAC or other PRC regulatory agencies. These regulatory agencies may impose fines and penalties on our operations in China, limit our ability to pay dividends outside of China, limit our operations in China or take other actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, as well as the trading price ~~index,~~of our securities. The CSRC, the ~~broadest measure~~CAC, or other PRC regulatory agencies also may take actions requiring us, or making it advisable for us, to halt this offering before settlement and delivery of ~~inflation, rose 2.42%~~our ordinary shares. Consequently, if you engage in ~~June 2014 from~~market trading or other activities in anticipation of and prior to settlement and delivery, you do so at the ~~level in June 2013, 1.40% between June 2014~~risk that settlement and ~~June 2015, 1.90% between June 2015~~delivery may not occur. In addition, if the CSRC, the CAC or other regulatory PRC agencies later promulgate new rules requiring that we obtain their approvals for this offering, we may be unable to obtain a waiver of such approval requirements, if and June 2016, 1.50% between June 2016 and June 2017, 1.90% between June 2017 and June 2018, 2.70% between June 2018 and June 2019, 2.50% between June 2019 and June 2020 and 1.1% between June 2020 and June 2021. China’s overall economywhen procedures are established to obtain such a waiver. Any uncertainties and/or negative publicity regarding such an approval requirement could have a material adverse effect on our ability to continue to offer securities to investors, the trading price of our securities and the ~~average wage in the~~value of our securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

Changes to PRC tax laws and heightened efforts by China’s tax authorities to increase revenues are expected to ~~continue~~subject us to grow. Continuing inflation and material increases in the cost of labor in China could diminish our competitive advantage. If the government tries to control inflation, it may have an adverse effect on the business climate and growth of private enterprise in the PRC. An economic slowdown may reduce our revenues. If inflation is allowed to proceed unchecked, our costs would likely increase, and there can be no assurance that we would be able to increase our prices to an extent that would offset the increase in our expenses. greater taxes.

~~Changes To PRC Tax Laws And Heightened Efforts By China’s Tax Authorities To Increase Revenues Are Expected To Subject Us To Greater Taxes.~~

Since January 1, 2012, our PRC ~~subsidiaries~~Subsidiaries have been subject to a single PRC enterprise income tax rate of 25%. We base our tax position upon the anticipated nature and conduct of our business and upon our understanding of the tax laws of the various administrative regions and countries in which we have assets or conduct activities. However, our tax position is subject to review and possible challenge by taxing authorities and to possible changes in law, which may have retroactive effect. We cannot determine in advance the extent to which some jurisdictions may require us to pay taxes or make payments in lieu of taxes.

We ~~Face Risks By Operating In~~face risks by operating in China ~~Because The~~because the Chinese ~~Legal System Relating To Foreign Investment And Foreign Operations Such As~~legal system relating to foreign investment and foreign operations such as Bonso’s ~~Is Evolving And The Application Of~~is evolving and the application of Chinese ~~Laws Is Uncertain.~~ laws is uncertain.

The legal system of China relating to foreign investments is continually evolving, and there can be no certainty as to the application of its laws and regulations in particular instances. The Chinese legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike common law systems, it is a system in which decided legal cases have little precedential value. In 1979, the Chinese government began to promulgate a comprehensive system of laws and regulations governing economic matters in general. Legislation over the past 41 years has significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investment in China. Enforcement of existing laws or agreements may be sporadic and implementation and interpretation of laws inconsistent. The Chinese judiciary is relatively inexperienced in enforcing the laws that exist, leading to a higher than usual degree of uncertainty as to the outcome of any litigation. Even where adequate law exists in China, it may not be possible to obtain swift and equitable enforcement of that law. Further, various disputes may be subject to the exercise of considerable discretion by agencies of the Chinese government, and forces and factors unrelated to the legal merits of a particular matter or dispute may influence their determination. Continued uncertainty relating to the laws in China and the application of the laws could have a material adverse effect upon us and our operations in China.

~~Controversies Affecting China’s Trade~~ Changes in the policies, regulations and rules, and the enforcement of laws of the PRC government may be implemented quickly with little advance notice and could have a significant impact upon our PRC Subsidiaries’ ability to operate profitably in the PRC. The PRC legal system also embodies uncertainties, which could limit law enforcement availability. Therefore, our assertions and beliefs of the risk imposed by the PRC legal and regulatory system cannot be certain.

The PRC legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike common law systems, decided legal cases have little precedence. In 1979, the PRC government began to promulgate a comprehensive system of laws and regulations governing economic matters in general. The overall effect of legislation over the past several decades has significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investment in China. Our PRC Subsidiaries are subject to PRC laws and regulations. However, these laws and regulations change frequently, and the interpretation and enforcement involve uncertainties. For instance, we may have to resort to administrative and court proceedings to enforce the legal protection that we are entitled to by law or contract. However, since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting statutory and contractual terms, it may be difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative court proceedings and the level of law enforcement that we would receive in more developed legal systems. Such uncertainties, including the inability of our PRC Subsidiaries to enforce their contracts, could affect our business and operation. In addition, confidentiality protections in China may not be as effective as in the United States or other countries. Accordingly, we cannot predict the effect of future developments in the PRC legal system, particularly with regard to our business, including the promulgation of new laws. This may include changes to existing laws or the interpretation or enforcement thereof, or the preemption of local regulations by national laws. These uncertainties could limit the availability of law enforcement.

The Chinese government may exercise significant oversight and discretion over the conduct of our PRC Subsidiaries’ business and may intervene in or influence their operations at any time, which could result in a material change in their operations and/or the value of our common stock. Changes in the policies, regulations, rule, and the enforcement of laws of the Chinese government may also be implemented quickly with little advance notice. Therefore, our assertions and beliefs of the risk imposed by the PRC legal and regulatory system cannot be certain.

Our Company is a holding company and we conduct our operation through our subsidiaries in Hong Kong and the PRC. The PRC government may choose to exercise significant oversight and discretion, and the regulations to which our PRC Subsidiaries are subject may change rapidly and with little notice to them or our shareholders. As a result, the application, interpretation, and enforcement of new and existing laws and regulations in China are often uncertain. In addition, these laws and regulations may be interpreted and applied inconsistently by different agencies or authorities, and inconsistently with our PRC Subsidiaries’ current policies and practices. New laws, regulations, and other government directives in China may also be costly to comply with, and such compliance or any associated inquiries or investigations or any other government actions may:

We are aware that recently the PRC government initiated a series of regulatory actions and statements to regulate business operations in certain areas in China with little advance notice, including cracking down on illegal activities in the securities market, enhancing supervision over China-based companies listed overseas using a variable interest entity (“VIE”) structure, adopting new measures to extend the scope of cybersecurity reviews, and expanding the efforts in anti-monopoly enforcement. These regulatory actions and statements emphasize the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision of China-based companies seeking overseas listings. Additionally, companies are required to undergo a cybersecurity review if they hold large amounts of data related to issues of national security, economic development or public interest before carrying our mergers, restructuring or splits that affect or may affect national security. These statements were recently issued and their official guidance and interpretation remain unclear at this time. While we believe that our PRC Subsidiaries’ operations are not currently being affected, they may be subject to additional and stricter compliance requirements in the near term. Compliance with new regulatory requirements or any future implementation rules may present a range of new challenges which may create uncertainties and increase our PRC Subsidiaries’ cost of operations.

The Chinese government may intervene or influence our PRC Subsidiaries’ operations at any time and may exert more control over offerings conducted overseas and foreign investment in China-based issuers, which may result in a material change in our PRC Subsidiaries’ operations and/or the value of our common stock. Any legal or regulatory changes that restrict or otherwise unfavorably impact our PRC Subsidiaries’ ability to conduct their business could decrease demand for their services, reduce revenues, increase costs, require them to obtain more licenses, permits, approvals or certificates, or subject them to additional liabilities. To the extent any new or more stringent measures are implemented, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected, and the value of our PRC Shares could decrease or become worthless.

Although we are based in Hong Kong, if we should become subject to the recent scrutiny, criticism and negative publicity involving U.S.-listed China-based companies, we may have to expend significant resources to investigate and/or defend the allegations, which could harm our subsidiaries’ business operations and our reputation, and could result in a loss of our shareholders’ investment in our common stock if such allegations cannot be addressed and resolved favorably.

During the last several years, U.S.-listed public companies that have substantially all of their operations in China have been the subject of intense scrutiny by investors, financial commentators and regulatory agencies. Much of the scrutiny has centered on financial and accounting irregularities and mistakes, lack of effective internal controls over financial reporting and, in many cases, allegations of fraud. As a result of this scrutiny, the publicly traded stock of many U.S.-listed Chinese companies that have been the subject of such scrutiny has sharply decreased in value. Many of these companies are now subject to shareholder lawsuits and/or SEC enforcement actions that are conducting internal and/or external investigations into the allegations.

Although we are based in Hong Kong, if we should become the subject of any such scrutiny, whether any allegations are true or not, we may have to expend significant resources to investigate such allegations and/or defend the Company. Such investigations or allegations would be costly and time-consuming and likely would distract our management from our normal business and could result in our reputation being harmed. The price of our common stock could decline because of such allegations, even if the allegations are false.

Any PRC regulations pertaining to loans to and investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies may delay us from making loans or capital contributions to our PRC Subsidiaries, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

With regards to our corporate structure, any funds we may transfer to our PRC Subsidiaries, either as loans or as increases in registered capital, are subject to approval by or registration with relevant government authorities in China regardless of the amount of the transfer. According to the relevant PRC regulations, capital contributions to our PRC Subsidiaries are subject to the submission of reports of changes through the enterprise registration system and registration with a local bank authorized by SAFE. In addition, any foreign loan procured by our PRC Subsidiaries is required to be registered with SAFE and such loan is required to be registered with the NPRC. We may not be able to complete such registrations or obtain necessary approvals on a timely basis with respect to future capital contributions or foreign loans by us to our PRC Subsidiaries. If we fail to complete such registration or other procedures, our ability to maintain our corporate structure while capitalizing our PRC Subsidiaries’ operations may be negatively affected, which could adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

There are political risks associated with conducting business in Hong Kong.

Any adverse economic, social and/or political conditions, material social unrest, strike, riot, civil disturbance or disobedience, as well as significant natural disasters, may affect the market and adversely affect the business operations of the Company. Hong Kong is a special administrative region of the PRC and the basic policies of the PRC regarding Hong Kong are reflected in the Basic Law, Hong Kong’s constitutional document, which provides Hong Kong with a high degree of autonomy and executive, legislative and independent judicial powers, including that of final adjudication under the principle of “one country, two systems.” However, there is no assurance that there will not be any changes in the economic, political and legal environment in Hong Kong in the future. Since certain of our operations are based in Hong Kong, including the base for our corporate offices, any change of such political arrangements may pose immediate threat to the stability of the economy in Hong Kong, thereby directly and adversely affecting our results of operations and financial positions.

Under the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China, Hong Kong is exclusively in charge of its internal affairs and external relations, while the government of the PRC is responsible for its foreign affairs and defense. As a separate customs territory, Hong Kong maintains and develops relations with foreign states and regions. Based on certain recent developments, including the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region issued by the Standing Committee of the PRC National People’s Congress in June 2020, the U.S. State Department has indicated that the United States no longer considers Hong Kong to have significant autonomy from China and at the time President Trump signed an executive order and Hong Kong Autonomy Act, or HKAA, to remove Hong Kong’s preferential trade status and to authorize the U.S. administration to impose blocking sanctions against individuals and entities who are determined to have materially contributed to the erosion of Hong Kong’s autonomy. The United States ~~Could Harm Our Results Of Operations Or Depress Our Stock Price.~~may impose the same tariffs and other trade restrictions on exports from Hong Kong that it places on goods from mainland China. These and other recent actions may represent an escalation in political and trade tensions involving the U.S, China and Hong Kong, which could potentially harm our business.

Given the relatively small geographical size of Hong Kong, any of such incidents may have a widespread effect on our subsidiaries’ business operations, which could in turn adversely and materially affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. It is difficult to predict the full impact of the HKAA on Hong Kong and companies with operations in Hong Kong like us. Furthermore, legislative or administrative actions in respect of China-U.S. relations could cause investor uncertainty for affected issuers, including us, and the market price of our common stock could be adversely affected.

Controversies affecting China’s trade with the United States could harm our results of operations or depress our stock price.

While China has been granted permanent most favored nation trade status in the United States through its entry into the World Trade Organization, controversies between the United States and China have arisen that threaten the status quo involving trade between the United States and China. These controversies could materially and adversely affect our business by, among other things, causing our products in the United States to become more expensive, resulting in a reduction in the demand for our products by customers in the United States, which would have a material adverse effect upon us and our results of operations. Further, political or trade friction between the United States and China, whether or not actually affecting our business, could also materially and adversely affect the prevailing market price of our Shares.

If ~~Our Factories Were Destroyed Or Significantly Damaged As A Result~~our factories were destroyed or significantly damaged as a result of ~~Fire, Flood Or Some Other Natural Disaster, We Would Be Adversely Affected~~fire, flood or some other natural disaster, we would be adversely affected.

All of our products are manufactured at our manufacturing facilities located in Xinxing, Guangdong, China. Fire-fighting and disaster relief or assistance in China may not be as developed as in Western countries. We currently maintain property damage insurance aggregating approximately ~~$35~~$36 million covering our stock in trade, goods and merchandise, furniture and equipment and buildings. We do not maintain business interruption insurance. Investors are cautioned that material damage to, or the loss of, our factories due to fire, severe weather, flood or other act of God or cause, even if insured, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, business and prospects.

Our ~~Results Could Be Harmed If We Have To Comply With New Environmental Regulations.~~results could be harmed if we have to comply with new environmental regulations.

Our operations create some environmentally sensitive waste that may increase in the future depending on the nature of our manufacturing operations. The general issue of the disposal of hazardous waste has received increasing attention from China’s national and local governments and foreign governments and agencies and has been subject to increasing regulation. Our business and operating results could be materially and adversely affected if we were to increase expenditures to comply with any new environmental regulations affecting our ~~operations.~~operations

Enforcement ~~Of The Labor Contract Law, Minimum Wage Increases And Future Changes In The Labor Laws In~~of the labor contract law, minimum wage increases and future changes in the labor laws in China ~~May Result In The Continued Increase In Labor Costs.~~ may result in a continued increase in labor costs.

On June 29, 2007, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China enacted the Labor Contract Law, which became effective on January 1, 2008. The Labor Contract Law introduces specific provisions related to fixed-term employment contracts, part-time employment, probation, consultation with labor union and employee assemblies, employment without a written contract, dismissal of employees, severance and collective bargaining, which together represent enhanced enforcement of labor laws and regulations. According to the Labor Contract Law, an employer is obliged to sign an unlimited-term labor contract with any employee who has worked for the employer for 10 consecutive years. Further, if an employee requests or agrees to renew a fixed-term labor contract that has already been entered into twice consecutively, the resulting contract must have an unlimited term, with certain exceptions. The employer must also pay severance to an employee in nearly all instances where a labor contract, including a contract with an unlimited term, is terminated or expires. In addition, the government has continued to introduce various new labor-related regulations after the Labor Contract Law. Among other things, current annual leave requirements mandate that annual leave ranging from 5five to 15 days is available to nearly all employees and further require that the employer compensate an employee for any annual leave days the employee is unable to take in the amount of three times his daily salary, subject to certain exceptions. In addition, as the interpretation and implementation of these new regulations are still evolving, we cannot assure you that our employment practices do not, or will not, violate the Labor Contract Law and other labor-related regulations. Between the fiscal years ended March 31, 2010 and 2015, we experienced an increase in the cost of labor caused by the increase in the minimum hourly rate. In accordance with the new minimum wage set by the local authorities, we increased the minimum wage for our labor in Shenzhen from RMB 1,100 (or approximately $162) per month ~~to RMB 1,320 (or approximately $206) per month beginning April 1, 2011. The minimum wage was increased to RMB 1,500 (or approximately $238) per month beginning February 1, 2012. The minimum wage~~ in ~~Shenzhen was increased to RMB 1,600 (or approximately $254) per month beginning March 1, 2013, and later~~2010 to RMB 1,808 (or approximately $293) per month beginning February 1, 2014. We started hiring workers in our Xinxing factory during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2013, and the minimum wage at that time in Xinxing was RMB 1,010 per month (or approximately $160). On May 1, 2015, the minimum wage at Xinxing was increased to RMB 1,210 per month (or approximately $181 per month) and ~~since~~on July 1, 2018, the minimum wage at Xinxing was increased to RMB 1,410 per month (or approximately $213 per month). Since December 1, 2021, it has been RMB ~~1,410~~1,620 (or approximately ~~$213)~~$257) per month. We believe that increased labor costs in China will have a significant effect on our total production costs and results of operations and that we will not be able to continue to increase our production at our manufacturing facilities without substantially increasing our non-production salaries and related costs. If we are subject to severe penalties or incur significant liabilities in connection with the enforcement of the Labor Contract Law, disputes or investigations, our business and results of operations may be adversely affected. Any future changes in the labor laws in the PRC could result in our having to pay increased labor costs. There can be no assurance that the labor laws will not change, which may have a material adverse effect upon our business and our results of operations.

If ~~We Were To Lose Our Existing Banking Facilities Or Those Facilities Were Substantially Decreased Or Less Favorable Terms Were Imposed Upon Us, The~~we were to lose our existing banking facilities or those facilities were substantially decreased or less favorable terms were imposed upon us, the Company ~~Could Be Materially And Adversely Affected.~~ could be materially and adversely affected.

We maintain banking facilities with Hang Seng Bank Limited, which are subject to renewal on an annual basis. We use these banking facilities to fund our working capital requirements. The credit markets in Hong Kong and throughout the world have tightened and experienced extraordinary volatility and uncertainty. We have had discussions with several of our banks and believe that the availability of our banking facilities will continue on terms that are acceptable to us. However, as a result of changes in the capital or other legal requirements applicable to the banks or if our financial position and operations were to deteriorate further, our costs of borrowing could increase or the terms of our banking facilities could be changed so as to impact our liquidity. If we are unable to obtain needed capital on terms acceptable to us, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

We face risks related to the outbreak of COVID-19 and other local and global public health emergencies, natural disasters and other catastrophic ~~events.~~ events.

Our business could be adversely affected by the effects of ~~Corona Virus~~Coronavirus Disease, 2019 ~~(COVID-19)~~(“COVID-19”), avian influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the influenza A virus, Ebola virus or other epidemics and outbreaks. Health or other government regulations adopted in response to such emergencies or epidemics, natural disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, storms, floods or hazardous air pollution or other catastrophic events may require temporary suspension of part or all operations. Such a suspension could disrupt our business and adversely affect the results of our operations and our financial condition. Moreover, these types of events could negatively impact the economy and the business of our customers and suppliers, which would in turn adversely impact our business and our results of operations and financial conditions.

The COVID-19 pandemic, which first emerged in Wuhan city, Hubei province, China in late 2019, has spread worldwide, infecting millions of people and adversely impacting the global economy. ~~On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak a pandemic.~~ The COVID-19 outbreak in China caused us to temporarily close our manufacturing facility and offices in the PRC for two weeks in February 2020. We also experienced limited support from our employees, delayed access to raw material supplies and the inability to deliver products to customers on a timely basis.

The potential downturn brought by and the duration of the COVID-19 outbreak is difficult to assess or predict and the full impact of the virus on our operations will depend on many factors beyond our control. A resurgence of the epidemic in China could negatively impact our business. In addition, the effect of the pandemic in other countries where our customers are located, such as the United States, which accounted for approximately ~~62%~~56% of our revenue during the fiscal year ended March 31, ~~2021,~~2022, could negatively impact sales of our products in those countries. Also, our business operations could be disrupted if we are again instructed to close our manufacturing facility or if any of our employees is suspected of contracting COVID-19, since they could be quarantined and/or our facility be shut down for disinfection. Our supply chain could also be disrupted by the pandemic. We are uncertain as to when any new outbreaks of COVID-19 will occur, when they will be contained or whether any such outbreaks or associated lockdown measures will be short-lived or long-lasting. The extent to which the COVID-19 outbreak will impact our business, results of operations and financial condition remains uncertain. Our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects could be materially adversely affected to the extent that COVID-19 persists in China and elsewhere or harms the Chinese and global economy in general.

We may also experience negative effects from future public health crises beyond our control. These events are impossible to forecast, their negative effects may be difficult to mitigate and they could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The war in Ukraine could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

The recent outbreak of war in Ukraine has affected global economic markets, including a dramatic increase in the price of oil and gas, and the uncertain resolution of this conflict could result in protracted and/or severe damage to the global economy. Russia’s recent military interventions in Ukraine have led to, and may lead to, additional sanctions being levied by the United States, the European Union and other countries against Russia and possibly countries that support, directly or indirectly, Russia’s incursion. Russia’s military incursion and the resulting sanctions could adversely affect global energy and financial markets and thus could affect our businesses and the businesses of our customers, even though we do not have any direct exposure to Russia or the adjoining geographic regions. The extent and duration of the military action, sanctions and resulting market disruptions are impossible to predict, but could be substantial. Any such disruptions caused by Russian military action or resulting sanctions may magnify the impact of other risks described herein. We cannot predict the progress or outcome of the situation in Ukraine, as the conflict and governmental reactions are rapidly developing and beyond their control. Prolonged unrest, intensified military activities or more extensive sanctions impacting the region could have a material adverse effect on the global economy, and such effect could in turn have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Any ~~Limitation On Our Ability~~limitation on our ability to ~~Sell Our Products On~~sell our products on Amazon’s ~~Platform Could Have A Material Adverse Impact On Our Business, Results Of Operations, Financial Condition And Prospects.~~platform could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

A significant portion of our sales of electronic pet products is through the Amazon marketplace and any change, limitation or restriction, even if temporary, on our ability to operate on Amazon’s platform could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

We sell our electronic pet products on Amazon, both directly and through an agent. Both our agent and we are subject to Amazon’s terms of service and various other Amazon seller policies and services that apply to third parties selling products on Amazon’s marketplace. Amazon has the right to terminate or suspend its agreement with us or with our agent at any time and for any reason. Amazon may take other actions against us, such as suspending or terminating a seller account or product listing and withholding payments owed to us or our agent indefinitely. While we endeavor to materially comply with the terms of services of the marketplaces on which we operate, and to provide our consumers with a great experience, we can provide no assurances that these marketplaces will have the same determination with respect to our compliance.

Amazon or any other marketplace on which we choose to sell can make changes to their respective platforms that could require us to change the manner in which we operate, limit our ability to successfully launch new products or increase our costs to operate and such changes could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects. Examples of changes that could impact us relate to platform fee charges (i.e., selling commissions), exclusivity, inventory warehouse availability, excluded products and limitations on sales and marketing. Any change, limitation or restriction on our ability to sell on Amazon’s platform, even if temporary, could have a material impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

In addition, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Amazon implemented changes to its fulfillment services platform such that certain products deemed non-essential have extended delivery times and Amazon is currently not accepting goods to any of its warehouses that are deemed non-essential. The impact of this change could have a material effect on our revenues, profitability and financial condition.

Our Amazon ~~Sales Are Primarily Effected Through~~sales are primarily effected through a ~~Sales Agent And Proceeds Of Those Sales Are Collected By The Sales Agent.~~ sales agent and proceeds of those sales are collected by the sales agent.

A significant portion of our Amazon sales is effected through an agent pursuant to an Agency Agreement that entitles the agent to a 13% commission on any Amazon sales made through it, or 12.5% commission if the sales exceed $500,000 in a month. Under the agreement, we deliver our pet products to the agent, who then ships the products, along with other products from the PRC, to Amazon. The agent sells our pet products, and products for other manufacturers, on Amazon through the agent’s Amazon accounts. Amazon fulfills the orders, and the agent remits the Company’s share of the sales proceeds to us. We do not control the agent’s accounts and are dependent upon the agent to forward our share of the net sales proceeds to us. If the agent were to fail to remit our share of the net sales proceeds to us, we would be forced to take legal action to obtain our share of the net sales proceeds.

We Depend Upon Our Largest Customers For A Significant Portion Of Our Sales Revenue, And We Cannot Be Certain That Sales To These Customers Will Continue. If Sales To These Customers Do Not Continue, Then Our Sales Revenue Will Decline And Our Business Will Be Negatively Impacteddepend upon our largest customers for a significant portion of our sales revenue, and we cannot be certain that sales to these customers will continue. if sales to these customers do not continue, then our sales revenue will decline and our business will be negatively impacted.

During the fiscal year ended March 31, ~~2021,~~2022, our top ~~three~~two customers accounted for ~~36%~~42% of our revenue. Those same ~~three~~two customers accounted for ~~38%~~32% and ~~59%~~36% during the fiscal years ended March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019,~~2020, respectively. We do not enter into long-term contracts with our customers but manufacture based upon purchase orders and therefore cannot be certain that sales to these customers will continue. The loss of any of our ~~three~~two largest customers would have a material negative impact on our sales revenue and our business. There can be no assurance that we would be able to compensate for the loss of any of these major customers.

Defects ~~In Our Products Could Impair Our Ability To Sell Our Products Or Could Result In Litigation And Other Significant Costs.~~ in our products could impair our ability to sell our products or could result in litigation and other significant costs.

Detection of any significant defects in our products may result in, among other things, delay in time-to-market, loss of market acceptance and sales of our products, diversion of development resources, injury to our reputation or increased warranty costs. Because our products are complex, they may contain defects that cannot be detected prior to shipment. These defects could harm our reputation, which could result in significant costs to us and could impair our ability to sell our products. The costs we may incur in correcting any product defects may be substantial and could decrease our profit margins.

Since certain of our products are used in applications that are integral to our customers’ businesses, errors, defects or other performance problems could result in financial or other damages to our customers, which would likely result in adverse effects upon our business with these customers. If we were involved in any product liability litigation, even if it were unsuccessful, it would be time-consuming and costly to defend. Further, our product liability insurance may not be adequate to cover claims.

Our ~~Sales Through Retail Merchants Result In Seasonality, Susceptibility To A Downturn In The Retail Economy And Sales Variances Resulting From Retail Promotional Programs.~~ sales through retail merchants result in seasonality, susceptibility to a downturn in the retail economy and sales variances resulting from retail promotional programs.

Many of our customers sell to retail merchants. Accordingly, these portions of our customer base are susceptible to downturns in the retail economy. A greater number of our sales of scales products occur between the months of July and October in preparation for the Christmas holiday. Throughout the remainder of the year, our products do not appear to be subject to significant seasonal variation. However, past sales patterns may not be indicative of future performance.

Our ~~Customers Are Dependent On Shipping Companies For Delivery Of Our Products, And Interruptions To Shipping Could Materially And Adversely Affect Our Business And Operating Results.~~ customers are dependent on shipping companies for delivery of our products, and interruptions to shipping could materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.

Typically, we sell our products either F.O.B. Hong Kong, Yantian (Shenzhen) or Nansha (Guangzhou), and our customers are responsible for the transportation of products from Hong Kong, Yantian (Shenzhen) or Nansha (Guangzhou) to their final destinations. Our customers rely on a variety of carriers for product transportation through various world ports. A work stoppage, the effects of the war in Ukraine, a strike or shutdown of one or more major ports or airports or quarantines imposed by governmental officials because of a resurgence in COVID could result in shipping delays materially and adversely affecting our customers which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our business and operating results. Similarly, an increase in freight surcharges due to rising fuel costs or general price increases could materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.

Customer ~~Order Estimates May Not Be Indicative Of Actual Future Sales.~~ order estimates may not be indicative of actual future sales.

Some of our customers have provided us with forecasts of their requirements for our products over a period of time. We make many management decisions based on these customer estimates, including purchasing materials, hiring personnel and other matters that may increase our production capacity and costs. If a customer reduces its orders from prior estimates after we have increased our production capabilities and costs, this reduction may decrease our net sales and we may not be able to reduce our costs to account for this reduction in customer orders. Many customers do not provide us with forecasts of their requirements for our products. If those customers place significant orders, we may not be able to increase our production quickly enough to fulfill the customers’ orders. The inability to fulfill customer orders could damage our relationships with customers and reduce our net sales.

Pressure ~~By Our Customers To Reduce Prices And Agree To Long-Term Supply Arrangements May Cause Our Net Sales Or Profit Margins To Decline.~~ by our customers to reduce prices and agree to long-term supply arrangements may cause our net sales or profit margins to decline.

Our customers are under pressure to reduce prices of their products. Therefore, we expect to experience increasing pressure from our customers to reduce the prices of our products. Continuing pressure to reduce the price of our products could have a material adverse effect upon our business and operating results. Our customers frequently negotiate supply arrangements with us well in advance of placing orders for delivery within a year, thereby requiring us to commit to price reductions before we can determine if we can achieve the assumed cost reductions. We believe we must reduce our manufacturing costs and obtain higher volume orders to offset declining average sales prices. Further, if we are unable to offset declining average sales prices, our gross profit margins will decline, which would have a material adverse effect upon our results of operations.

We Depend Upon Our Key Personnel, And The Loss Of Any Key Personnel, Or Our Failure To Attract And Retain Key Personnel, Could Adversely Affect Our Future Performance, Including Product Development, Strategic Plans, Marketing And Other Objectives.depend upon our key personnel, and the loss of any key personnel, or our failure to attract and retain key personnel, could adversely affect our future performance, including product development, strategic plans, marketing and other objectives.

The loss or failure to attract and retain key personnel could significantly impede our performance, including product development, strategic plans, marketing and other objectives. Our success depends to a substantial extent not only on the ability and experience of our senior management, but particularly upon Anthony So, our Chairman of the Board and Andrew So, our Chief Executive Officer. We have key man life insurance on Mr. Andrew So, but not for Mr. Anthony So. To the extent that the services of either Mr. Anthony So or Mr. Andrew So would be unavailable to us, we would be required to obtain another person or persons to perform his duties. We may be unable to employ another qualified person with the appropriate background and expertise to replace either of these persons on terms suitable to us.

Contractual Arrangements We Have Entered Into Among Us And Our Subsidiaries May Be Subject To Scrutiny By The Respective Tax Authorities, And A Finding That Bonso And Its Subsidiaries Owe Additional Taxes Could Substantially Reduce Our Consolidated Net Income And The Value Of Your Investment.arrangements we have entered into among us and our subsidiaries may be subject to scrutiny by the respective tax authorities, and a finding that the Company and its subsidiaries owe additional taxes could substantially reduce our consolidated net income and the value of your investment.

We could face material and adverse tax consequences if the respective tax authorities determine that the contractual arrangements among our subsidiaries and ~~Bonso~~us do not represent an arm’s length price and adjust ~~Bonso’s,~~our, or any of ~~its~~our subsidiaries’, income in the form of a transfer pricing adjustment. ~~Bonso~~We did not consider it necessary to make tax provision in this respect. However, there can be no assurance that the assessment performed by the local tax authorities will result in the same position. A transfer pricing adjustment could, among other things, result in a reduction, for tax purposes, of expense deductions recorded by ~~Bonso~~us or any of ~~its~~our subsidiaries, which could in turn increase its tax liabilities. In addition, the tax authorities may impose late payment fees and other penalties on our affiliated entities for underpaid taxes. Our consolidated net income may be materially and adversely affected if our affiliated entities’ tax liabilities increase or if they are found to be subject to late payment fees or other penalties.

Any lack of requisite approvals, licenses or permits applicable to our subsidiaries’ businesses may have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operation.

In accordance with the relevant laws and regulations in the PRC, our PRC Subsidiaries are required to maintain various approvals, licenses and permits to operate their businesses, including but not limited to, business licenses. These approvals, licenses and permits are obtained upon satisfactory compliance with, among other things, the applicable laws and regulations. Moreover, as part of our ongoing business strategy, we intend to focus our efforts on redeveloping our Shenzhen factory into a high-end commercial complex containing retail space, office space and some residential space. Although it is taking several years to obtain all necessary governmental approvals for us to redevelop the Shenzhen factory, we think it is likely that we will obtain the necessary approvals. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain all requisite permits and approvals from relevant government authorities in relation to the redevelopment of the Shenzhen factory and the development of the commercial complex.

As of the date of this Annual Report, our PRC Subsidiaries have received all necessary governmental approvals for their operations in the PRC and have not been denied any such approvals. For further discussion, including the possible consequences for non-compliance, see “Regulations in China Applicable to our Business.”

Increased ~~Prices For Raw Materials May Have A Negative Impact Upon Us.~~prices for raw materials may have a negative impact upon us.

The price level of certain raw materials has increased each year since the fiscal year ended March 31, 2016. ~~The~~We believe that this trend is highly likely to continue in light of the war in Ukraine and the various sanctions applied to Russia by certain countries, including the U.S. Moreover, the price of some of the raw materials fluctuates directly with the price of oil. Since the invasion by Russia of Ukraine, oil prices have dramatically and steadily increased. If oil prices continue to increase in the future, it will likely result in a further increase in the costs of components to us, as well as an increase in our operating expenses, which could have a material adverse effect upon our business and results of operations.

We ~~May Face An Increased Shortage Of Factory Workers.~~ may face an increased shortage of factory workers.

Currently, we have a sufficient number of factory workers at our Xinxing factory and do not expect a significant labor shortage in the next 12 months. However, there can be no assurance that we will not experience an increased need for workers in China in the future or that we will be able to adequately staff our factory in Xinxing or face a shortage of workers in the ~~future.~~future due to COVID mandatory sanctions. The inability to adequately staff our factories could have a material adverse impact on production, which could lead to delays in shipments or missed sales. In the event that we have delayed or lost sales, we may need to deliver goods by air at our cost to ensure that our products arrive on time, which would likely result in an increase in air freight costs and vendor fines and could result in missed sales, any of which could have a material adverse effect upon our business and our results ~~from~~of operations.

Recent ~~Changes In The~~changes in the PRC’s ~~Labor Law Could Penalize Bonso If It Needs To Make Additional Workforce Reductions~~labor law could penalize the Company if it needs to make additional workforce reductions.

In June 2007, the National People’s Congress of the PRC enacted new labor law legislation called the Labor Contract Law, which became effective on January 1, 2008. It formalizes workers’ rights concerning overtime hours, pensions, layoffs, employment contracts and the role of trade unions. Considered as one of the strictest labor laws in the world, among other things, this new law requires an employer to conclude an “open-ended employment contract” with any employee who either has worked for the employer for 10 years or more or has had two consecutive fixed-term contracts. An “open-ended employment contract” is in effect a lifetime, permanent contract, which is terminable only in specified circumstances, such as a material breach of the employer’s rules and regulations, or for a serious dereliction of duty. Under ~~the new~~this law, downsizing by 20% or more of each individual entity may occur only under specified circumstances, such as a restructuring undertaken pursuant to China’s Enterprise Bankruptcy Law, or where a company suffers serious difficulties in production and/or business operations. Also, if we lay off more than 20 employees at one time, we have to communicate with the labor union of our Company and report to the District Labor Bureau. During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2014, we paid severance payments of $1,194,000 for reducing our full workforce in Shenzhen, PRC as we moved our operations to the new factory in ~~Xinxing, and~~Xinxing. As of March 31, 2022, the accumulated provision for severance payments was ~~approximately $568,000 as of March 31, 2021 (2020:~~$693,000 (2021: $568,000; 2020: $444,000; 2019: $437,000; 2018: ~~$396,000; 2017: $297,000)~~$396,000). This accrued severance payment allowance is reviewed every year. We may incur much higher costs under China’s labor laws if we are forced to downsize again, and accordingly, this new labor law may exacerbate the adverse effect of the economic environment on our financial results and financial condition.

We ~~Face Increasing Competition In Our Industry And May Not Be Able To Successfully Compete With Our Competitors.~~ face increasing competition in our industry and may not be able to successfully compete with our competitors.

Our business is in an industry that is becoming increasingly competitive, and many of our competitors, both local and international, have substantially greater technical, financial and marketing resources than we have. As a result, we may be unable to compete successfully with these competitors. We compete with scale manufacturers in the Far East, the United States and Europe. We believe that our principal competitors in the scale market are other original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) and original design manufacturers (“ODMs”), and all companies engaged in the branded, ODM and OEM business. The scale market is highly competitive, and we face pressures on pricing which could result in lower margins. Lower margins may affect our ability to cover our costs, which could have a material negative impact on our operations and our business.

We ~~Are Controlled By Our Management, Whose Interests May Differ From Those Of The Other Shareholders.~~ are controlled by our management, whose interests may differ from those of the other shareholders.

As of ~~July 15, 2021,~~the date of this Annual Report, Mr. Anthony So, our founder and Chairman, owned or controlled approximately 50.1% of our outstanding shares of common stock. Andrew So, our Chief Executive Officer and President, owned approximately ~~10.2%~~10.0% of our outstanding shares. Albert So, our Chief Financial Officer, owned approximately 5.6% of our outstanding shares. The record ownership of Mr. Anthony So, Mr. Andrew So and Mr. Albert So aggregates ~~65.8%~~65.7% of the shares entitled to vote. The other directors of the Company own of record 4.8% of the shares entitled to vote. Accordingly, the existing management and directors of the Company can vote in the aggregate ~~70.6%~~70.5% of the shares entitled to vote. As a result, the current directors and management of the Company are in a position to elect the Board of Directors and, therefore, to control our business and affairs, including certain significant corporate actions such as acquisitions, the sale or purchase of assets and the issuance and sale of our securities. The current directors and management may be able to prevent or cause a change in control of the Company. We also may be prevented from entering into transactions that could be beneficial to us without the current directors’ and management’s consent. The interest of our largest shareholders may differ from the interests of other shareholders. There are no agreements, understandings or commitments among the members of the Board to vote their shares in any specific manner or to vote collectively for or against any matter that may come before the shareholders.

We ~~Have Identified Material Weaknesses In Our Internal Control Over Financial Reporting Which Could, If Not Remediated, Result In Material Misstatements In Our Financial Statements.~~ have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting which could, if not remediated, result in material misstatements in our financial statements.

We are responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over our financial reporting, as required by Rule 13a-15 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. As disclosed in Item 15 – “Controls and Procedures,” we have identified, in conjunction with our independent auditors, certain material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting related to our financial closing process, the lack of trained accounting personnel and the failure to enter certain transactions into the accounting records on a timely basis.

A material weakness is defined as a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. As a result of these material weaknesses, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of March 31, ~~2021,~~2022, based on criteria set forth by the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. We have experienced material weaknesses in our internal controls for several years; however, management has been unable to implement effective remediation measures.

As discussed in Item 15, we are developing and intend to implement remediation plans designed to address these material weaknesses; however, the material weaknesses will not be remediated until the necessary controls have been implemented and are determined to be operating effectively. We do not know the specific time frame needed to fully remediate the material weaknesses identified. We cannot assure you that our efforts to fully remediate these internal control weaknesses will be successful or that similar material weaknesses will not recur. If our remedial measures are insufficient to address the material weaknesses, or if additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control are discovered or occur in the future, our consolidated financial statements may contain material misstatements and we could be required to restate our financial results.

Notwithstanding the identified material weaknesses, management believes the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 20-F fairly present in all material respects our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows at and for the periods presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

Due To Inherent Limitations, There Can Be No Assurance That Our System Of Disclosure And Internal Controls And Procedures Will Be Successful In Preventing All Errors Or Fraud Or In Informing Management Of All Material Information In A Timely Manner.to inherent limitations, there can be no assurance that our system of disclosure and internal controls and procedures will be successful in preventing all errors or fraud or in informing management of all material information in a timely manner.

Our disclosure controls and internal controls and procedures may not prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well-conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system reflects that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been or will be detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur simply because of error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people or by circumvention of the internal control procedures. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, a control may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and may not be detected. Management has concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures for the fiscal year ended March 31, ~~2021,~~2022, were ineffective.

There ~~Are Inherent Uncertainties Involved In Estimates, Judgments And Assumptions Used In The Preparation Of Financial Statements In Accordance With~~are inherent uncertainties involved in estimates, judgments and assumptions used in the preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. ~~GAAP. Any Changes In Estimates, Judgments And Assumptions Could Have A Material Adverse Effect On Our Business, Financial Position And Results Of Operations.~~ GAAP, and any changes in estimates, judgments and assumptions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations.

The consolidated financial statements included in the periodic reports we file with the SEC are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP involves making estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets (including intangible assets), liabilities and related reserves, revenues, expenses and income. Estimates, judgments and assumptions are inherently subject to changes in the future, and any such changes could result in corresponding changes to the amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and income. Any such changes could have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operation.

Compliance ~~Costs With The Securities Laws, The~~costs with the securities laws, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), ~~The~~the Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (“Dodd-Frank Act”)~~, And Other Regulatory Initiatives Have Increased~~ and ~~May Continue~~other regulatory initiatives have increased and may continue to ~~Increase Our Costs.~~increase our costs.

Changes in corporate governance practices due to the Dodd-Frank Act and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, changes in the continued listing rules of the NASDAQ Stock Market, new accounting pronouncements and new regulatory legislation, rules or accounting changes have increased our cost of being a U.S. public company and may have an adverse impact on our future financial position and operating results. These regulatory changes and other legislative initiatives have made some activities more time-consuming and have increased financial compliance and administrative costs for public companies, including foreign private issuers like us. In addition, any future changes in regulatory legislation, rules or accounting may cause our legal and accounting costs to further increase. In addition, these new rules and regulations require increasing time commitments and resource commitments from our company, including from senior management. This increased cost could negatively impact our earnings and have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations. Further, the new rules may increase the expenses associated with our director and officer liability insurance.

Our ~~Operating Results And Stock Price Are Subject To Wide Fluctuations.~~operating results and stock price are subject to wide fluctuations.

Our semi-annual and annual operating results are affected by a wide variety of factors that could materially and adversely affect net sales, gross profit and profitability. This could result from any one or a combination of factors, many of which are beyond our control. Results of operations in any period should not be considered indicative of results to be expected in any future period, and fluctuations in operating results may also result in fluctuations in the market price of our common stock.

Our ~~Results Could Be Affected By Changes In Currency Exchange Rates.~~results could be affected by changes in currency exchange rates.

Changes in currency rates involving the Hong Kong Dollar or Chinese Renminbi could increase our expenses. During the fiscal years ended March 31, ~~2019~~2022, 2021 and 2020 our financial results were affected by currency fluctuations, resulting in a total foreign exchange loss of approximately ~~$21,000~~$79,000, $31,000 and $42,000, respectively. ~~During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, our financial results were affected by currency fluctuations, resulting in a total foreign exchange loss of approximately $31,000.~~ Generally, our revenues are collected in United States Dollars and Chinese Renminbi. Our costs and expenses are paid in United States Dollars, Hong Kong Dollars and Chinese Renminbi. We face a variety of risks associated with changes among the relative value of these currencies. Appreciation of the Chinese Renminbi against the Hong Kong Dollar and the United States Dollar would increase our expenses when translated into United States Dollars and could materially and adversely affect our margins and results of operations. If the trend of Chinese Renminbi appreciation continues against the Hong Kong Dollar and the United States Dollar, our operating costs will further increase and our financial results will be adversely affected. In addition, a significant devaluation in the Chinese Renminbi or Hong Kong Dollar could have a material adverse effect upon our results of operations. If we determined to pass onto our customers through price increases the effect of increases in the Chinese Renminbi relative to the Hong Kong Dollar and the United States Dollar, it would make our products more expensive in global markets, such as the United States and the European Union. This could result in the loss of customers, who may seek, and be able to obtain, products and services comparable to those we offer in lower-cost regions of the world. If we did not increase our prices to pass on the effect of increases in the Chinese Renminbi relative to the Hong Kong Dollar and the United States Dollar, our margins and profitability would suffer.

Protection ~~And Infringement Of Intellectual Property.~~and infringement of intellectual property.

We have no patents, licenses, franchises, concessions or royalty agreements that are material to our business. We have obtained a trademark registration in Hong Kong for the marks BONSO and MODUS in connection with certain electronic apparatus. Unauthorized parties may attempt to copy aspects of our products or trademarks or to obtain and use information that we regard as proprietary. Policing unauthorized use of our products is difficult. Our means of protecting our proprietary rights may not be adequate. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect our proprietary rights to as great an extent as do the laws of the United States. Our failure to adequately protect our proprietary rights may allow third parties to duplicate our products or develop functionally equivalent or superior technology. In addition, our competitors may independently develop similar technology or design around our proprietary intellectual property.

Further, we may be notified that we are infringing patents, trademarks, copyrights or other intellectual property rights owned by other parties. In the event of an infringement claim, we may be required to spend a significant amount of money to develop a non-infringing alternative or to obtain licenses. We may not be successful in developing such an alternative or obtaining a license on reasonable terms, if at all. Any litigation, even without merit, could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Cancellations ~~Or Delays In Orders Could Materially And Adversely Affect Our Gross Margins And Operating Income.~~or delays in orders could materially and adversely affect our gross margins and operating income.

Sales to our OEM customers are primarily based on purchase orders we receive from time to time rather than firm, long-term purchase commitments. Although it is our general practice to purchase raw materials only upon receiving a purchase order, for certain customers we will occasionally purchase raw materials based on such customers’ rolling forecasts. Further, during times of potential component shortages we have purchased, and may continue to purchase, raw materials and component parts in the expectation of receiving purchase orders for products that use these components. In the event actual purchase orders are delayed, are not received or are canceled, we would experience increased inventory levels or possible write-downs of raw material inventory that could materially and adversely affect our business and operating results.

We ~~Generally Have No Written Agreements With Suppliers To Obtain Components, And Our Margins And Operating Results Could Suffer From Increases In Component Prices.~~generally have no written agreements with suppliers to obtain components, and our margins and operating results could suffer from increases in component prices.

We are typically responsible for purchasing components used in manufacturing products for our customers. We generally do not have written agreements with our suppliers of components. This typically results in our bearing the risk of component price increases because we may be unable to procure the required materials at a price level necessary to generate anticipated margins from the orders of our customers. Prices of components may increase in the future for a variety of reasons. Accordingly, additional increases in component prices could materially and adversely affect our gross margins and results of operations.

We ~~May Encounter Difficulties In Obtaining Approval To Redevelop Our~~may encounter difficulties in obtaining approval to redevelop our Shenzhen ~~Factory Land, Which Could Adversely Affect Our Growth And Business Prospects.~~ factory land, which could adversely affect our growth and business prospects.

As part of our ongoing business strategy we intend to focus our efforts on redeveloping our Shenzhen factory into a high-end commercial complex containing retail space, office space and some residential space. ~~We anticipate that~~Although it ~~will take~~is taking several years to obtain all necessary governmental approvals for us to redevelop the Shenzhen factory, and we think it is likely that we will obtain the necessary approvals. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to obtain all requisite permits and approvals from relevant government authorities in relation to the redevelopment of the ~~land,~~Shenzhen factory, and the development of the commercial complex. Our planned real estate project is subject to significant risks and uncertainties, including without limitation the following:

We signed an agreement with a property developer in ~~Shenzhen--Shenzhen~~Shenzhen -- Shenzhen Fangda Property Development Company Limited (“Fangda”) -- to cooperate in reconstructing and redeveloping the Shenzhen factory in November 2017, and we signed a supplementary agreement with Fangda in July 2018. Fangda is a wholly owned subsidiary of Fangda Group Co., Ltd. (“Fangda Group”), which is listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange. Under the terms of the agreement, Fangda is responsible for applying for necessary government approvals and for financing and handling the redevelopment project, including facilitating the obtaining of necessary governmental approvals. ~~There were~~We have experienced delays due to changes in the local district planning process and regulations, and we currently anticipate completing the approval process in ~~2022;~~2023; however, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in obtaining all necessary approvals. If we are not successful in the implementation of our property development project, our growth, business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We ~~May Not Have Adequate Financing, Whether Through Bank Loans Or Other Arrangements, To Fund The Redevelopment Of Our~~may not have adequate financing, whether through bank loans or other arrangements, to fund the redevelopment of our Shenzhen ~~Factory Site, And Capital Resources May Not Be Available On Commercially Reasonable Terms, Or At All.~~ factory site, and capital resources may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.

Although we have entered into an agreement for redevelopment of the Shenzhen factory under which Fangda will bear the costs of redevelopment, there can be no assurance that Fangda will have the funds available to redevelop the Shenzhen factory. If Fangda either does not have sufficient available capital or is unwilling to bear the costs of redevelopment of the Shenzhen factory, we will be required to undertake the redevelopment. Property development is capital intensive, and we do not currently have the necessary capital to fund the redevelopment project. If it were to be necessary, we would finance our property redevelopment from our cash on hand, bank facilities and other sources. We cannot assure you that lenders will grant us sufficient financing in the future to fully fund the redevelopment project or that funding will be available from other sources. Further, the financing policies of the PRC government relating to the property development sector have varied. It is possible that the PRC government may further tighten financing policies on PRC financial institutions for the property development sector. These property-related financing policies may limit our ability and flexibility to use bank borrowings to finance our property redevelopment project.

We or Fangda may fail to obtain or ~~We May Fail To Obtain, Or Experience Material Delays In Obtaining, Requisite Certificates, Licenses, Permits Or Governmental Approvals For Redevelopment Of Our~~experience material delays in obtaining, requisite certificates, licenses, permits or governmental approvals for redevelopment of our Shenzhen ~~Factory, And~~ factory, and as a result our redevelopment plans, business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely affected.

As ~~A Result Our Redevelopment Plans, Business, Results Of Operations And Financial Condition May Be Materially And Adversely Affected.~~ of the date of this Annual Report, we and Fangda, our property development partner, remain involved in obtaining the necessary permits and approvals for development of our Shenzhen factory. Property development in the PRC is heavily regulated. Property developers in China must abide by various laws and regulations, including implementation rules promulgated by local governments to enforce these laws and regulations. During various stages of our property redevelopment project, we/Fangda will be required to obtain and maintain various certificates, licenses, permits and governmental approvals, including but not limited to qualification certificates, land use rights certificates, construction land planning permits, construction works planning permits, construction works commencement permits, pre-sale permits and completion certificates. Before the government authorities issue any certificate, license or permit, we/Fangda must also meet specific conditions. We believe that we will be able to obtain all necessary approvals and permits by the end of calendar year 2023. We cannot assure you that we/Fangda will be able to adapt to new PRC land policies that may come into effect from time to time with respect to the property development industry or that we/Fangda will not encounter other material delays or difficulties in fulfilling the necessary conditions to obtain all necessary certificates, licenses or permits for our property development in a timely manner, or at all, in the future. If we/Fangda fail to obtain or encounter significant delays in obtaining the necessary certificates, licenses or permits we will not be able to continue with our redevelopment plans, and our business, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.

Our ~~Income From The Rental~~income from the rental and ~~Management Segment Has Dropped Due To The Termination Of The Lease Agreement For Rental Of Our~~management segment has dropped due to the termination of the lease agreement for rental of our Shenzhen ~~Factory.~~ factory.

Previously, we derived a majority of our rental income from the rental of our Shenzhen factory facility. That lease was terminated as atof January 31, 2019. The Company has leased out part of the Shenzhen factory to a third party ~~from~~since April 1, ~~2021 to March 31, 2022.~~2021. Assuming appropriate governmental approvals are obtained, of which there can be no assurance, ~~development of the Shenzhen factory site is expected to begin in early 2023. It~~it will still be several years before development is completed and before we will have any revenues relating to the redevelopment of the Shenzhen factory property. During that time there will not be rents generated from our Shenzhen factory facility, other than from the above-mentioned lease. However, we believe that we will have sufficient cash reserves plus cash flow from the rental of factory space at Xinxing and from manufacturing for our operations to continue and to meet the Company’s liquidity requirements.

We ~~Have Not Paid Dividends Since~~have not paid dividends since 2007 ~~And May Not Pay Dividends In The Future.~~and may not pay dividends in the future.

We have not paid dividends on our common stock since 2007, and we may not be able to declare dividends, or the Board of Directors may decide not to declare dividends, in the future. We will determine the amounts of any dividends when and if they are declared, in the future at the time of declaration.

Judgments ~~Against The Company And Management May Be Difficult To Obtain Or Enforce.~~against the company and management may be difficult to obtain or enforce.

We are a holding corporation organized as an International Business Company under the laws of the British Virgin Islands (“BVI”), and our principal operating subsidiaries are organized under the laws of Hong Kong and the laws of the PRC. Our principal executive offices are located in Hong Kong and the PRC. Outside the United States, it may be difficult for investors to enforce judgments obtained against us in actions brought in the United States, including actions predicated upon the civil liability provisions of United States federal securities laws. In addition, most of our officers and directors reside outside the United States, and the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may not be possible for investors to effect service of process within the United States upon these persons or to enforce against the Company or these persons judgments predicated upon the liability provisions of United States federal securities laws. Our Hong Kong counsel and our British Virgin Islands counsel have advised that there is substantial doubt as to the enforceability against us or any of our directors or officers in original actions or in actions for enforcement of judgments of United States courts in claims for liability based on the civil liability provisions of United States federal securities laws.

No treaty exists between Hong Kong or the British Virgin Islands and the United States providing for the reciprocal enforcement of foreign judgments. However, the courts of Hong Kong and the British Virgin Islands are generally prepared to accept a foreign judgment as evidence of a debt due. An action may then be commenced in Hong Kong or the British Virgin Islands for recovery of this debt. A Hong Kong or British Virgin Islands court will only accept a foreign judgment as evidence of a debt due if:

the judgment is not, directly or indirectly, for the payment of foreign taxes, penalties, fines or charges of a like nature (in this regard, a Hong Kong court is unlikely to accept a judgment for an amount obtained by doubling, trebling or otherwise multiplying a sum assessed as compensation for the loss or damage sustained by the person in whose favor the judgment was given);

Enforcement of a foreign judgment in Hong Kong or the British Virgin Islands may also be limited or affected by applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, liquidation, arrangement and moratorium, or similar laws relating to or affecting creditors’ rights generally, and will be subject to a statutory limitation of time within which proceedings may be brought.

In the PRC, the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments are provided for under PRC Civil Procedure Law. PRC courts may recognize and enforce foreign judgments in accordance with the requirements of PRC Civil Procedure Law based either on treaties between China and the country where the judgment is made or on reciprocity between jurisdictions. China does not have any treaties or other form of reciprocity with the United States or the British Virgin Islands that provide for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. In addition, according to the PRC Civil Procedure Law, courts in the PRC will not enforce a foreign judgment against us or our directors and officers if they decide that the judgment violates the basic principles of PRC law or national sovereignty, security or public interest. As a result, it is uncertain whether and on what basis a PRC court would enforce a judgment rendered by a court in the United States or in the British Virgin Islands.

Because ~~We Are Incorporated In The~~we are incorporated in the British Virgin Islands, ~~You May Not Have The Same Protections As Shareholders Of~~you may not have the same protections as shareholders of U.S. ~~Corporations.~~corporations.

We are organized under the laws of the British Virgin Islands. Principles of law relating to matters affecting the validity of corporate procedures, the fiduciary duties of our management, directors and controlling shareholders and the rights of our shareholders differ from, and may not be as protective of shareholders as, those that would apply if we were incorporated in a jurisdiction within the United States. Our directors have the power to take certain actions without shareholder approval, including amending our Memorandum or Articles of Association, which are the terms used in the British Virgin Islands for a corporation’s charter and bylaws, respectively, and approving certain fundamental corporate transactions, including reorganizations, certain mergers or consolidations and the sale or transfer of assets. In addition, there is doubt that the courts of the British Virgin Islands would enforce liabilities predicated upon United States federal securities laws.

Future ~~Issuances Of Preference Shares Could Materially And Adversely Affect The Holders Of Our Common Shares Or Delay Or Prevent A Change Of Control.~~ issuances of preference shares could materially and adversely affect the holders of our common shares or delay or prevent a change of control.

Our Memorandum and Articles of Association provide the ability to issue an aggregate of 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock in four classes. While no preferred shares are currently issued or outstanding, we may issue preferred shares in the future. Future issuance of preferred shares could materially and adversely affect the rights of the holders of our common shares, dilute the common shareholders’ holdings or delay or prevent a change of control.

Our ~~Shareholders Do Not Have The Same Protections Or Information Generally Available To Shareholders Of~~shareholders do not have the same protections or information generally available to shareholders of U.S. ~~Corporations Because The Reporting Requirements For Foreign Private Issuers Are More Limited Than Those Applicable To Public Corporations Organized In The United States.~~corporations because the reporting requirements for foreign private issuers are more limited than those applicable to public corporations organized in the united states.

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of rules promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). We are not subject to certain provisions of the Exchange Act applicable to United States public companies, including: the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K, the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations with respect to a security registered under the Exchange Act and the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and establishing insider liability for profits realized from any “short-swing” trading transaction (i.e., a purchase and sale, or sale and purchase, of the issuer’s equity securities within six months or less). Because we are not subject to these rules, our shareholders are not afforded the same protections or information generally available to investors in public companies organized in the United States.

Our Board’s ~~Ability To Amend Our Charter Without Shareholder Approval Could Have Anti-Takeover Effects That Could Prevent A Change In Control.~~ability to amend our charter without shareholder approval could have anti-takeover effects that could prevent a change in control.

As permitted by the laws of the British Virgin Islands, our Memorandum and Articles of Association may be amended by our Board of Directors without shareholder approval. This includes amendments to increase or reduce our authorized capital stock. Our Board’s ability to amend our charter documents without shareholder approval could have the effect of delaying, deterring or preventing a change in control of ~~Bonso,~~the Company, including a tender offer to purchase our common shares at a premium over the current market price.

Bonso Electronics International Inc. (the “Company” or “we”) was ~~formed~~incorporated on August 8, 1988 ~~as a limited liability International Business Company~~ under the laws of the British Virgin Islands under the name “Golden Virtue ~~Limited.”~~Limited”. On September 14, 1988, we changed our name to Bonso Electronics International Inc. ~~We operate under the BVI Business Companies Act.~~

~~For a description of our current operating subsidiaries, see “Organizational Structure,” below.~~Since inception, we have designed, developed, produced and sold electronic sensor-based and wireless products for private label original equipment manufacturers (individually “OEM” or, collectively, “OEMs”), original brand manufacturers (individually “OBM” or, collectively, “OBMs”) and original design manufacturers (individually, “ODM” or, collectively, “ODMs”).

Our corporate administrative offices are located at Cragmuir Chambers, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands and corporate administrative matters are conducted through our registered agent, Harneys Corporate Services Limited, located at P.O. Box 71, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands. Our principal executive offices are located at Unit 1404, 14/F, Cheuk Nang Centre, 9 Hillwood Road, Tsimshatsui, Kowloon, Hong Kong. Our telephone number is (852) 2605-5822, our facsimile number is (852) 2691-1724, our e-mail address is info@bonso.com and our website is www.bonso.com.

The Company has three wholly-owned direct subsidiaries as follows:

(i)

Bonso Electronics Limited, incorporated in Hong Kong (“BEL”), which is responsible for the design, development, manufacture and sale of our products. BEL has two wholly-owned subsidiaries:

~~We have two wholly-owned Hong Kong subsidiaries, Bonso Electronics Limited~~(a) Modus Pets Inc., incorporated in the United States (“~~BEL”) and Bonso Advanced Technology Limited (“BATL”). BEL and BATL are responsible for the design, development, manufacture and sale of our products.~~

BEL has one active Hong Kong subsidiary, Bonso Investment Limited (“BIL”). BIL was organized under the laws of Hong Kong and has been used to acquire and hold our investment properties in Hong Kong and China.

~~BEL also has one active PRC subsidiary, Bonso Electronics (Shenzhen) Company, Limited (“BESCL”~~MPI”), which is organized under the laws of the PRC and was used to manufacture our products until January 2014. BESCL leased its factory to a third party from August 2013 to August 2019; however, the tenant terminated the lease as at January 31, 2019, and the Company was unable to lease the factory. Effective with the transfer of manufacturing operations to Xinxing, we ceased manufacturing in this subsidiary. Subject to receiving the necessary governmental approvals, we will commence reconstruction of the existing Shenzhen factory into a high-rise industrial and commercial complex through our agreement with a property developer in Shenzhen (“Fangda”), which is described below under “Business Overview.”

BATL has two active PRC subsidiaries, Bonso Advanced Technology (Xinxing) Company, Limited (“BATXXCL”), which is organized under the laws of the PRC and is used to acquire and hold our new manufacturing facility in Xinxing, Guangdong, China, and Bonso Technology (Shenzhen) Company Limited (“BTL”), in Shenzhen, PRC, which provides product design and distribution services for the Group.

We also have a wholly-owned British Virgin Islands subsidiary, Modus Enterprise International Inc. (“MEII”), which owns100% of Modus Pets, Inc. (“MPI”). MPI, which was organized under the laws of the United States in November 2020, will be utilized for selling products through Amazon Marketplace in the ~~USA.~~US.

The three indirect subsidiaries that are incorporated in the PRC are referred to herein as the “PRC Subsidiaries.”

Since inception, ~~Bonso Electronics International Inc. has~~we have designed, developed, produced and sold electronic sensor-based and wireless products for private label ~~original equipment manufacturers (individually “OEM” or, collectively, “OEMs”), original brand manufacturers (individually “OBM” or, collectively, “OBMs”)~~OEMs, OBMs and ~~original design manufacturers (individually, “ODM” or, collectively, “ODMs”).~~

ODMs. Since 1989, we have manufactured all of our products in China in order to take advantage of the lower overhead costs and competitive labor rates. From 1989 until 2013, all of our production took place in our Shenzhen factory; however, during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2013 we began production in our Xinxing factory. We moved all production processes from our Shenzhen factory to the Xinxing factory during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2014, and we rented out the old Shenzhen factory to a third party as a source of rental income.

We have two factory properties in China and our business operations are organized based upon the products we offer. Our manufacturing operations are conducted at our factory in Xinxing. We operate in four business segments:

The following table sets forth the percentage of net sales for each of the product lines mentioned above for the fiscal years ended March 31, ~~2019, 2020~~2022, 2021 and ~~2021:~~2020:

	Year ended March 31,									Year ended March 31,
Product Line	2019			2020			2021			2022			2021			2020
Scales and Others		67	%		45	%		42	%
Pet Electronic Products		14	%		48	%		51	%
Scales											60	%		41	%		44	%
Pet Electronic Products and Others											32	%		52	%		49	%
Rental and Management		19	%		7	%		7	%		8	%		7	%		7	%
Total		100	%		100	%		100	%		100	%		100	%		100	%

Our primary business has been the design, development, production and sale of electronic sensor-based scales and pet electronic products. Effective with the transfer of manufacturing operations to our factory in Xinxing we leased our factory in Shenzhen to a third party. This lease marked our entry into the “Rental and Management” business, into which we have been expanding and intend to expand further in the future.

We have engaged consultants to assist us in obtaining the necessary governmental approvals to permit us to redevelop the Shenzhen factory into a high-end commercial complex, containing retail space, office space and some residential space. In July 2017, we signed a letter of intent, and in November 2017, we signed the definitive agreement with a property developer in Shenzhen (“Fangda”) to cooperate in reconstructing and redeveloping the Shenzhen factory. Fangda is a wholly owned subsidiary of Fangda Group Co., Ltd. (“Fangda Group”), which is listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange. In July 2018, we signed a supplementary agreement with Fangda to modify our approach in obtaining government approvals. Under the terms of the agreement, Fangda is responsible for applying for necessary government approvals and for financing and handling the redevelopment project. The agreement provides that both companies will share the redeveloped property after reconstruction/redevelopment is completed with Bonso holding a 45% interest in the total floor area. However, the final sharing ratio is subject to government approval of the total floor area. Fangda is in the process of obtaining necessary governmental approvals. We expect that Fangda will obtain all necessary approvals by the end of calendar year ~~2022;~~2023; however, there can be no assurance that it will be successful in obtaining all necessary approvals. If we are successful in obtaining the necessary governmental approvals for the redevelopment, we believe that the rental income derived from leasing the redeveloped property will be a significant contributing factor to our profit in the future.

In addition, since October 2016 we have leased excess space and equipment in our Xinxing facility to third parties in order to supplement our manufacturing revenues, and in June 2018, we completed construction of two additional buildings at our Xinxing facility that are being leased to third parties. See “Property, Plant and Equipment – China.”

Our principal capital expenditures on property, plant and equipment, including investment property over the last three years are set forth below:

Our capital expenditures include construction-in-progress, leasehold improvement and the purchase of machinery used in the production of certain of our products.

All of the foregoing capital expenditures were financed principally from internally generated funds, except for three motor vehicles purchased with capital leases.

Management of the Company believes that is in the best interest of the Company and our shareholders to further expand the Rental and Management segment. From 2013 to January 31, 2019, the Company leased its entire Shenzhen facility, consisting of seven buildings for a total of approximately 375,000 square feet, to an unaffiliated third ~~party.~~party, and a portion of the facility has been leased to an unaffiliated third party since April 1, 2021. The Company, through its partner, Fangda, is currently incontinuing the process of applying for ~~the~~ required permits to redevelop the Shenzhen facility into a high-end commercial complex, containing retail space, office space and some residential space, all of which is intended to be leased out. The Company is also leasing an aggregate of approximately ~~243,000~~240,000 square feet of its Xinxing facility to unaffiliated third parties and is currently constructing an additional building for lease at that location. Management believes that the Rental and Management segment will increase and constitute a more significant part of our total revenues in the future.

Products. Our sensor-based scale products include bathroom, kitchen, office, jewelry, laboratory, postal and industrial scales that are used in consumer, commercial and industrial applications. These products accounted for ~~66%~~60% of revenue for the fiscal year ended March 31, ~~2019,~~2022, 41% for 2021 and 44% for ~~2020 and 41% for 2021.~~2020. We believe that our sensor-based scale products will continue to be a major portion of our scales revenue as we are able to secure orders from our major customers.

~~During~~Since the fiscal year ended March 31, 2013, the Company ~~began to produce certain~~has also produced pet electronic products that are sold to wholesalers and pet shops. The Company also sells its pet electronic products through online platforms including Taobao, Tmall, Alibaba and Amazon. These products accounted for ~~14%~~23% of revenue for the fiscal year ended March 31, ~~2019,~~2022, 51% for 2021 and 48% for ~~2020 and 51% for 2021.~~2020.

We also receive revenue from certain customers for (i) the development and manufacture of tooling and moulding for scales and pet electronic products, although most of the tools and moulds that we produce are used by us for the manufacture of our ~~products. We also generate some~~products; (ii) sales of scrap ~~materials.~~materials; and (iii) the sale of home appliances, including cordless leaf blowers, food vacuum sealers and hydroponic growing systems through online platforms at Amazon. These revenues accounted for approximately 9% of revenue for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, 1% ~~of net sales~~ for ~~each of the last three fiscal years.~~2021 and 1% for 2020.

The following table sets forth the percentage of net revenue for each of the product lines mentioned above for the fiscal years ended March 31, ~~2019, 2020~~2022, 2021 and ~~2021:~~2020:

	Fiscal Year Ended March 31,									Fiscal Year Ended March 31,
Product Line	2019			2020			2021			2022			2021			2020
Scales		66	%		44	%		41	%		60	%		41	%		44	%
Pet Electronic Products		14	%		48	%		51	%		23	%		51	%		48	%
Other		1	%		1	%		1	%		9	%		1	%		1	%
Total		81	%		93	%		93	%		92	%		93	%		93	%

Business Strategy – Scales and Pet Electronic Products. With respect to our scales and pet electronic products business, we believe that our future growth depends upon our ability to strengthen our customer base by enhancing and diversifying our products, increasing the number of customers and expanding into additional markets while maintaining or increasing sales of our products to existing customers, and focusing upon the production and sale of higher margin products. Our future growth and our ability to maintain and increase profitability are also dependent upon our ability to control production costs and increase production capacity. Our strategy to achieve these goals is as follows:

Increased Focus upon Manufacturing and Selling Higher Margin Products and the Elimination or Decrease in the Production and Sale of Lower Margin Products. Since 2015 we have focused upon eliminating the production and sale of lower margin products that require the employment of larger numbers of workers and the commitment of substantial resources to carry or stock raw materials and components inventory. In addition, the Company is able to generate a higher margin for its products sold through online platforms where the products are sold directly to the end users without a middleman. With the decrease in the production and sale of lower margin products and increase in the sale of higher margin products, the Company has increased its gross profit margin from 21.9% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2015 to 32.7% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2016, 40.5% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017, 39.6% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018, 39.6% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, 56.6% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 and 61.9% for the fiscal year ended March 31, ~~2021.~~2021 and 48.1% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022.

Product Enhancement and Diversification. We continually seek to improve and enhance our existing products in order to provide a longer product life cycle and to meet increasing customer demands for additional features. Our research and development staff is currently working on projects to enhance our existing scale, postal scale/meter and pet electronic products. Further, we are developing certain pet electronic products for distribution into the China market. See “Product Research and Development” and “Competition,” below.

Maintaining and Expanding Business Relations with Existing Customers. We promote relationships with our significant customers through regular communication, including visiting certain of our customers in their home countries and providing direct access to our manufacturing and quality control personnel. This access, together with our concern for quality, has resulted in a relatively low level of defective products. Moreover, we believe that our emphasis on timely delivery, good service and low cost has contributed, and will continue to contribute, to good relations with our customers and increased orders. Further, we solicit suggestions from our customers for product enhancement and when feasible, attempt to develop and incorporate the enhancements suggested by our customers into our products.

Controlling Production Costs. In 1989, recognizing that labor cost was a major factor permitting effective competition in the consumer electronic products industry, we relocated all of our manufacturing operations to China to take advantage of the large available pool of lower-cost manufacturing labor. Continuing this approach and recognizing that labor costs are significantly lower in Xinxing than in Shenzhen, we moved all of our manufacturing from Shenzhen to Xinxing, and there was a reduction in our labor costs as a result. In addition, we have continued to shift production and manufacturing of various parts and components to third party suppliers, including plastic injection molded parts and metal parts. In some cases, we have entered into agreements with third parties in which they lease our equipment and part of our manufacturing facility from us, and then manufacture parts and components that we use in assembling our final products. Those third parties provide the workers and supervisors, and the necessary raw materials. We lease our machinery or equipment, a portion of our dormitory and manufacturing facilities for their workers and supervisory staff and our meals or cafeteria services for the third party’s workers and staff. There are other third-party contractors that utilize their own equipment and their own facilities in manufacturing specific components or parts for us.

We are actively seeking to control production costs by such means as redesigning our existing products in order to decrease material and labor costs, controlling the number of our employees, increasing the efficiency of workers by providing regular training and tools and redesigning the flow of our production lines.

Xinxing Manufacturing Facility. In November 2006, Bonso entered into a land purchase agreement to acquire 133,500 square meters of land use right for future expansion in Xinxing, China. In July 2015, the Company entered into an agreement to sell approximately 23,500 square meters of that land use right, leaving the Company with approximately 110,000 square meters. The office building on the Xinxing site was completed in February 2015, and its leasehold renovations were completed in January 2016. All manufacturing operations ~~have been~~were moved from Shenzhen to Xinxing. We intend to carefully monitor our capacity needs and to expand or reduce capacity as necessary in the future. We are renting excess space in this facility to third parties.

Customers and Marketing. We sell our products primarily in the United States and Europe. Customers for our products are primarily OEMs, OBMs and ODMs, which market the products under their own brand names. We market our products to OEMs, OBMs and ODMs through our sales staff at trade shows, via e-mail and via our website. In addition, we market our pet electronic products to end users worldwide through online platforms. We have made sales through this medium primarily to end users in the United States, Europe and China. We ~~are considering expanding~~have expanded our online sales to include ~~products other than pet electronic products.~~home appliances, including cordless leaf blowers, food vacuum sealers and hydroponic growing systems.

Net export sales to customers in the United States and Europe constituting 10% or more of total revenue of the Company consisted of the following for each of the three years ended March 31, ~~2019, 2020~~2022, 2021 and ~~2021.~~2020.

We maintain a marketing and sales team of ~~seven~~six people. Also, our experienced engineering teams work directly with our customers to develop and tailor our products to meet the customers’ specific needs. We market our products primarily through a combination of direct contact by our experienced in-house technical sales staff and through trade shows, e-mail and our website. We also offer certain of our products through Amazon. Commission payments of approximately ~~$25,000~~$9,000 were paid to the sales team during the fiscal year ended March 31, ~~2021 (2020: $34,000; 2019: $11,000)~~2022 (2021: $25,000; 2020: $34,000). We hire third-party agents to handle sales and customer service for some of our online selling platforms. Commission payments of approximately ~~$930,000~~$554,000 were paid to agents during the fiscal year ended March 31, ~~2021 (2020: $802,000; 2019: 26,000)~~2022 (2021: $930,000; 2020: $802,000).

Our top two customers and their percentage of revenue for the prior three fiscal years are below:

Customer	2019			2020			2021			2022			2021			2020
Customer A		37	%		27	%		23	%		30	%		23	%		27	%
Customer C		12	%		9	%		9	%		12	%		9	%		9	%
Customer B		10	%		2	%		4	%
Customer E⁽¹⁾		10	%		—	%		—	%

Component Parts and Suppliers. We are not dependent upon any single supplier for key components. We purchase components for our products primarily from suppliers in Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong and China.

We have taken steps to reduce our exposure to any inability to obtain components by forecasting with an increased buffer rate and placing orders for components earlier to allow for longer delivery lead times. Because of these actions, we do not expect to experience any difficulty in obtaining needed component parts for our products. The price level of certain raw materials has increased each year since the fiscal year ended March 31, 2016.

Quality Control. We have received ISO 9001:2015 certification from BSI Assurance UK Limited. The ISO 9001:2015 certification was awarded to our subsidiary, Bonso Advanced Technology (Xinxing) Company Limited. ISO 9001 is one of the ISO 9000 series of quality system standards developed by the International Organization for Standardization, a worldwide federation of national standards bodies. ISO 9001 provides a model for quality assurance (and continuous improvement) in product development, manufacturing, installation and servicing that focuses on meeting customer requirements. We have also received certification on the management system for medical devices of ISO13485:2016, which ensures that we have implemented and maintained a quality system for the design and manufacture of medical devices and allows us to develop and manufacture safe and effective medical devices.

The European Union has enacted the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (“RoHS”). RoHS prohibits the use of certain substances, including lead, in certain products. We believe that we are in compliance with RoHS and have a supply of compliant components from suppliers.

The Company provides to certain customers an additional one to two percent of certain products ordered in lieu of a warranty, which are recognized as cost of sales when these products are shipped to customers from our facility.

Patents, Licenses, Trademarks, Franchises, Concessions and Royalty Agreements. We have obtained a trademark registration in Hong Kong and China for the marks BONSO and MODUS in connection with certain electronic apparatus.

We rely on a combination of patent, trademark and trade secret laws, employee and third-party non-disclosure agreements and other intellectual property protection methods to protect our proprietary rights. There can be no assurance that third parties will not assert infringement or other claims against us with respect to any existing or future products. We cannot assure you that licenses would be available if any of our technology were successfully challenged by a third party, or if it became desirable to use any third-party technology to enhance the Company’s products. Litigation to protect our proprietary information or to determine the validity of any third-party claims could result in a significant expense to us and divert the efforts of our technical and management personnel, whether or not such litigation is determined in our favor.

While we have no knowledge that we are infringing upon the proprietary rights of any third party, there can be no assurance that such claims will not be asserted in the future with respect to existing or future products. Any such assertion by a third party could require us to pay royalties, to participate in costly litigation and defend licensees in any such suit pursuant to indemnification agreements or to refrain from selling an alleged infringing product or service.

Product Research and Development. The major responsibility of the product design, research and development personnel is to develop and produce designs to the satisfaction of, and in accordance with, the specifications provided by the OEMs, OBMs and ODMs. We believe our engineering and product development capabilities are important to the future success of our business. As an ODM, we take specifications that are provided to us by the customer and design a product to meet those specifications. Some of our product design, research and development activities are customer funded and are under agreements with specific customers for specific products. To reduce costs, we conduct our research and development at our facilities in China. We principally employ Chinese engineers and technicians at costs that are substantially lower than those that would be required in Hong Kong. At March 31, ~~2020,~~2022, we employed 11 individuals in Hong Kong and China for our engineering staff, who are at various times engaged in research and development.

Competition. The manufacture and sale of electronic sensor-based and wireless products is highly competitive. Competition is primarily based upon unit price, product quality, reliability, product features and management’s reputation for integrity. Accordingly, reliance is placed on research and development of new products, line extensions and technological quality and other continuous product improvement. There can be no assurance that we will enjoy the same degree of success in these efforts in the future. Research and development expenses aggregated approximately ~~$175,000,~~$237,000, $229,000 and $213,000 ~~and $229,000~~ during the fiscal years ended March 31, ~~2019,~~2022, 2021 and 2020, ~~and 2021,~~ respectively.

Seasonality. The first calendar quarter of each year is typically the slowest sales period because our manufacturing facilities in China are closed for two weeks for the Chinese New Year holidays to permit employees to travel to their homes in China. In addition, sales during the first calendar quarter of scales products usually dip following the increase in sales during the Christmas season. Throughout the remainder of the year, our products do not appear to be subject to significant seasonal variation. However, past sales patterns may not be indicative of future performance.

Transportation. Typically, we sell products either F.O.B. Hong Kong, Yantian (Shenzhen) or Nansha (Guangzhou), which means that our customers are responsible for the transportation of finished products from Hong Kong, Yantian (Shenzhen) or Nansha (Guangzhou) to their final destination. Transportation of components and finished products to and from the point of shipment is by truck. To date, we have not been materially affected by any transportation problems. However, transportation difficulties affecting air cargo or shipping, such as an extended closure of ports that materially disrupts the flow of our customers’ products to their destination, mainly the United States and Europe, could materially and adversely affect our sales and margins if, as a result, our customers delay or cancel orders or seek concessions to offset expediting charges they incurred pending resolution of the problems causing the port closures. For products sold through online platforms, the Company ships to customers directly by door-to-door courier services from our factory to customers located in China. For products sold through the Amazon selling platform, goods are supplied to Amazon fulfillment centers, and are shipped by Amazon with Fulfillment by Amazon service.

Government Regulation. We are subject to comprehensive and changing foreign, federal, provincial, state and local environmental requirements, including those governing discharges into the air and water, the handling and disposal of solid and hazardous waste and the remediation of contamination associated with releases of hazardous substances. We believe that we are in compliance with current environmental requirements. Nevertheless, we use hazardous substances in our operations and, as is the case with manufacturers in general, if a release of hazardous substances occurs on or from our properties we may be held liable and may be required to pay the cost of remediation. The amount of any resulting liability could be material. For a discussion of other government regulations, see “Regulations in China Applicable to Our Business,” below.

China.Our products are manufactured at our factory located in China. While China has been granted permanent most favored nation trade status in the United States through its entry into the World Trade Organization, controversies between the United States and China have arisen that threaten the status quo involving trade between the United States and China. ~~The~~In 2018 and 2019, the U.S. government ~~has recently~~ imposed tariffs on certain foreign goods, including some of the Company’s products, and ~~has~~ indicated a willingness to impose tariffs on imports of other products. Related to this action, certain foreign governments, including China, ~~have~~ instituted retaliatory tariffs on certain U.S. goods, and ~~have~~ indicated a willingness to impose additional tariffs on U.S. products. It remains unclear what the U.S. government or foreign governments will or will not do with respect to recent or future tariffs or other international trade agreements and policies. A trade war or other governmental action related to tariffs or international trade agreements or policies ~~has the potential to~~could adversely impact our supply chain and ~~foreign~~could result in significant additional costs to us when shipping our products to various customers in the United States. This, in turn, could require us to increase prices to our customers, which may reduce demand for our products, ~~and, thus,~~or, if we are unable to increase prices, result in lowering our margin on products sold, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. During the fiscal year ended March 31, ~~2021,~~2022, the United States accounted for approximately ~~62%~~56% of net export sales of our manufactured products as opposed to ~~57%~~62% and ~~32%~~57% for the years ended March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2019.~~2020.

Hong Kong.Sovereignty over Hong Kong reverted to China on July 1, 1997. The 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration, the 1990 Basic Law of Hong Kong, the 1992 United States-Hong Kong Policy Act and other agreements provide some indication of the business climate we believe will continue to exist in Hong Kong. Hong Kong remains a Special Administrative Region (“SAR”) of China, with certain autonomies from the Chinese government. Hong Kong is a full member of the World Trade Organization. It has separate customs territory from China, with separate tariff rates and export control procedures. It has a separate intellectual property registration system. The Hong Kong Dollar is legal tender in the SAR, freely convertible and not subject to foreign currency exchange controls by China. The SAR government has sole responsibility for tax policies, though the Chinese government must approve the SAR’s budgets. Notwithstanding the provisions of these international agreements, we cannot be assured of the continued stability of political, legal, economic or other conditions in Hong Kong. No treaty exists between Hong Kong and the United States providing for the reciprocal enforcement of foreign judgments. Accordingly, Hong Kong courts might not enforce judgments predicated on the federal securities laws of the United States, whether arising from actions brought in the United States or, if permitted, in Hong Kong.

Adequacy of Facilities. We believe our manufacturing complex will be adequate for our reasonably foreseeable needs.

Since 2014, when we leased our Shenzhen manufacturing facility to a third party, we have gradually been developing a rental and management segment of our business. We currently lease approximately 261,000 square feet of space in Xinxing, as well as machinery to third parties for an aggregate gross monthly income of approximately RMB 338,000, or $51,000. During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, rental and management income accounted for approximately 7% of our net income. A description of the leases of factory space and equipment that we have entered into is set forth below under “Real Property.”

Hong Kong. We own a residential property in Hong Kong, which is located at Savanna Garden, House No. 27, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong. House No. 27 consists of approximately 2,475 square feet plus a 177 square foot terrace and a 2,308 square foot garden area. The use of House No. 27 is provided as quarters to Mr. Anthony So, the Chairman of the Company.

China. Our Shenzhen factory is located in the DaYang Synthetical Development District, close to the border between Hong Kong and China. This factory consists of one factory building, which contains approximately 186,000 square feet, two workers’ dormitories, containing approximately 103,000 square feet, a canteen and recreation center of approximately 26,000 square feet, an office building consisting of approximately 26,000 square feet and two staff quarters for supervisory employees, consisting of approximately 34,000 square feet, for a total of approximately 375,000 square feet. The Company entered into a rental agreement in June 2013 to rent out the Shenzhen factory to a third party from August 2013 to July 31, 2019. However, in December 2018, the local environmental protection bureau ordered the tenant to cease production of its primary products as a result of the imposition of higher pollution standards resulting from the conversion two years ~~ago~~before of a nearby industrial factory to residential buildings. The tenant terminated the lease agreement as at January 31, 2019 and relocated. The Company ~~has~~then leased out part of the Shenzhen factory to a third party since April 1, 2021.

We have engaged consultants to assist us in obtaining the necessary governmental approvals to permit us to redevelop the Shenzhen factory into a high-end commercial complex, containing retail space, office space and some residential space. In November 2017, we entered into an agreement with Fangda, a property developer in Shenzhen. Fangda has taken over the process to facilitate and obtain the necessary governmental approvals. We have experienced delays due to changes in the local district planning process and regulations, and we anticipate that Fangda will complete the approval process in ~~2022;~~2023; however, there can be no assurance that it will be successful in obtaining all necessary approvals. If Fangda is successful in obtaining the necessary governmental approvals for the redevelopment, we believe that the rental income derived from leasing the redeveloped property will be a significant contributing factor to our profit in the future.

In November 2018, the Company paid approximately RMB6,035,000, or approximately $905,000, to a third party for a residential unit in Shenzhen. This unit, namely Unit 302, 5^th Building, Hua Qiang City, is located at Feng Tang Road in Fu Hai, Bao An, Shenzhen. This unit, consisting of 1,354 square feet, is located near our existing Shenzhen factory and is utilized as quarters for the senior officers of the Company during their visits and monitoring of the redevelopment of the Shenzhen factory.

We owned two office units in Beijing, namely Units 12 and 13 on the third floor, Block A of Sunshine Plaza in Beijing, China. Unit 12 consists of 1,102 square feet and Unit 13 consists of 1,860 square feet. The two office units were sold in December 2020.

Our Xinxing factory is located in Xinxing High-Tech Industrial Estate, Xinxing, Yunfu City, Guangdong, China. This factory land area is approximately 1,185,000 square feet, with six factory buildings consisting of approximately 421,000 square feet, three dormitories consisting of an aggregate of approximately 86,000 square feet, a canteen consisting of 15,000 square feet and an office building consisting of 50,000 square feet.

The following table summarizes all the rental agreements with respect to portions of our Xinxing factory that we are renting to third parties.

Tenant

Leased assets

Area in square feet

From

Current Monthly Rent in RMB

Remarks

Leased assets

Area in square feet

From

Current Monthly Rent in RMB

Remarks

Tenant A

factory space, machines and equipment

42,440

Jan 01, 2021

Dec 31, 2026

62,192

factory space, machines and equipment

42,440

Jan 01, 2021

Dec 31, 2026

62,191

Tenant B

machines and equipment

Jul 01, 2020

Jun 30, 2023

16,506

machines and equipment

Jul 01, 2020

Jun 30, 2023

16,506

Tenant C

factory space

41,979

Oct 01, 2016

Sep 30, 2024

52,200

factory space

41,979

Oct 01, 2016

Sep 30, 2024

55,980

Tenant D

factory space

64,799

Feb 14, 2017

Feb 13, 2026

77,853

factory space

64,799

Feb 14, 2017

Feb 13, 2026

77,853

Tenant E

factory space

18,891

Jun 15, 2017

Dec 31, 2022

21,236

factory space

18,891

Jun 15, 2017

Dec 31, 2022

21,236

Tenant F

factory space

51,171

Jun 15, 2018

Jun 14, 2024

62,505

Tenant G

factory space

11,883

Sep 14, 2019

Aug 12, 2025

13,800

factory space

11,883

Sep 14, 2019

Aug 12, 2025

15,180

Tenant H

factory space

1,991

Nov 06, 2019

Jun 05, 2024

2,590

factory space

1,991

Nov 06, 2019

Jun 05, 2024

2,849

Tenant I

factory space

7,535

Mar 01, 2020

Feb 13, 2026

8,750

factory space

7,535

Mar 01, 2020

Feb 13, 2026

9,625

Tenant J

factory space

20,189

Jun 13, 2020

May 12, 2028

20,632

factory space

22,772

Jun 13, 2020

May 12, 2028

23,272

Tenant K

dormitory

7 rooms

Nov 1, 2020

Oct 30, 2022

2,640

Tenant L

factory space

6,458

Sep 25, 2021

Sep 24, 2027

8,400

Tenant M

Factory space

21,528

Oct 8, 2021

Oct 7, 2027

27,000

Total

260,878

338,264

240,276

322,732

~~The Company entered into a rental agreement in December 2016 to rent out 957 square feet of~~We own an apartment unit in Shenzhen, Unit 1502 located at Fuyong Chamber of Commerce Building, which consists of approximately 957 square feet. The Company leased this property to a third party from December 2016 to November 2018. We received a monthly rental income of approximately RMB 2,800, or approximately $400 under that rental agreement. The rental agreement was renewed up to November 2019 with a monthly rental income of approximately RMB 3,000, or approximately $400.2019. Since the termination of the rental agreement in November 2019, the Company has utilized the apartment as staff quarters.

According to the Special Administrative Measures (Negative List) for the Access of Foreign Investment (2019) (the “Negative List”) as promulgated and effective in July 2019, the original Special Administrative Measures (Negative List) for the Access of Foreign Investment (2018) was repealed. Overseas investors are not allowed to invest in any foreign investment prohibited field on the Negative List and shall have an access permit for investing in a non-prohibited investment field on the Negative List. Fields not included in the Negative List for the market entry of foreign investment shall be managed according to the principle of equal treatment of domestic and foreign investment.

The business scope of the Company is the development, manufacture and sale of electronic sensor-based and wireless products. According to the Negative List, the business scope of the Company does not fall in any field on the Negative List and therefore is not subject to any special management measures for the access of foreign investment.

The Foreign Investment Law of the People’s Republic of China (the “Foreign Investment Law”), which was promulgated in March 2019 and became effective on January 1, 2020, replaced the three legacy laws on foreign invested enterprises including the Wholly Foreign-owned Enterprises Law of the People’s Republic of China (the “Wholly Foreign-owned Enterprises Law”) which was previously applicable to the Company. The organizational form, organization structure and activities of a foreign-invested enterprise are now governed by the provisions of the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Partnership Enterprise Law of the People’s Republic of China and other relevant laws. However, the Foreign Investment Law sets up a transitional period of five years after the implementation of the Foreign Investment Law, during which foreign-invested enterprises established according to the Wholly Foreign-owned Enterprise Law before the implementation of the Foreign Investment Law may maintain their original organization forms, etc. Specific implementing measures are to be prescribed by State Council.

Intellectual property rights, also known as “knowledge ownership rights,” refer to “property rights enjoyed by right holders for the intellectual work created by their intellectual work,” and are generally only valid for a limited time. Various intellectual creations such as inventions, designs, literary and artistic works, as well as signs, names and images used in commerce, can all be considered intellectual property owned by a person or organization. Since the 1980s, while continuously improving the construction of the domestic legal system, China has successively joined some major international conventions, treaties and agreements for the protection of intellectual property rights. In particular, on December 11, 2001, China became a member of the World Trade Organization’s Agreement on Trade-related Intellectual Property Rights.

The Trademark Law of the PRC was passed by the National People’s Congress on August 23, 1982 and last amended in April, 2019, effective in November 2019. The Law states that an applicant for trademark registration should fill in the product category and product name of the used trademark in accordance with the stipulated commodity classification form and file an application for registration. Trademark registration applicants can apply for registration of the same trademark for multiple categories of goods through one application. A registered trademark is valid for a period of ten years from the date of approval of the registration. If the registered trademark has expired and it needs to continue to be used, the trademark registrant must go through the renewal formalities within 12 months before the expiration of the time limit; if it cannot be handled during this period, it may grant a grace period of six months. Each renewal registration is valid for a period of ten years, counting from the date following the expiration of the previous validity period of the mark. If registrants fail to complete the renewal formalities at the expiration of the time limit, their registered trademarks shall be cancelled. In addition, if the registered trademark is a well-known trademark, it shall be managed in accordance with the Regulations on the Recognition and Protection of Well-known Trademarks issued by the State Administration of Industry and Commerce on July 3, 2014. The regulation states that well-known trademarks are trademarks that are well-known to the relevant public in China. The relevant public includes consumers who are related to the use of a certain type of goods or services marked by the trademark, other operators who produce the aforementioned goods or provide services, and the sellers and related personnel involved in the distribution channels. The recognition of well-known trademarks follows the principle of case identification and passive protection.

We have obtained a trademark registration in Hong Kong and China for the marks BONSO and MODUS in connection with certain electronic apparatus.

The Regulations on Foreign Exchange Management of the PRC was promulgated by the State Council of the PRC on January 29, 1996 and revised on January 14, 1997 and August 1, 2008, respectively. The regulations stipulate that foreign exchange income from current accounts of domestic institutions shall be sold to the designated foreign exchange bank in accordance with the provisions of the State Council concerning the management of foreign exchange, sales of foreign exchange and payment of foreign exchange, or be approved to open foreign exchange accounts in designated foreign exchange banks. The remittances used by domestic institutions for the current account shall be paid in accordance with the provisions of the State Council concerning the management of foreign exchange, sales of foreign exchange, and payment of foreign exchange, with valid certificates and commercial documents, to foreign exchange designated banks. Foreign exchange collections and import payments made by domestic institutions shall be subject to verification procedures in accordance with the regulations of the State on the management of the cancellation of foreign exchange receipts for export and the verification of the import payment and foreign exchange cancellation. Foreign exchange earnings from capital accounts of domestic institutions shall be subject to the opening of foreign exchange accounts in designated foreign exchange banks in accordance with the relevant regulations of the State and shall be approved by the foreign exchange administrative authority if they are sold to designated foreign exchange banks.

On October 21, 2005, the State Administration of Foreign Exchange (“SAFE”) issued a Circular on the Relevant Issues Concerning Domestic Investors Financing through Overseas Special Purpose Vehicles and Foreign Exchange Management of Return Investment, namely Document No. 75, which came into effect on November 1, 2005. The term “special purpose company” as mentioned in the circular refers to an overseas company directly established or indirectly controlled for the purpose of overseas equity financing (including convertible bond financing) by a domestic resident legal person or a domestic resident natural person with the assets or equity of a domestic company held by it. The “return investment” in the circular refers to the direct investment activities carried out by domestic residents through the special purpose company, including but not limited to the following methods: purchasing or replacing the Chinese company’s equity in a domestic company, setting up a foreign-invested enterprise in the country and purchasing or negotiating the control of domestic assets through the company, negotiating the purchase of domestic assets, establishing a foreign-invested enterprise with the investment in the asset and increasing the capital of the domestic enterprise. The “domestic resident legal person” in the circular refers to a legal person and other economic organization legally established in China; “domestic resident natural person” refers to a natural person holding a legal ID card such as an ID card or passport of the PRC, or natural persons habitually residing in China because of economic interests although they do not have legal status in China. The term “control” in this circular refers to the acquisition, trust, holding, voting right, repurchase, convertible bonds, etc. of domestic residents to acquire the operating right, income right or decision-making right of a special purpose company or a domestic company. Before a domestic resident establishes or controls an overseas special purpose company, he must, with relevant materials, apply to the local foreign exchange branch and foreign exchange administration department (hereinafter referred to as the SAFE) to apply for foreign exchange registration procedures for overseas investment. Domestic residents who inject the assets or equity of domestic enterprises owned by them into special purpose companies or conduct overseas equity financing after injecting assets or equity into special purpose companies, must go through the formalities for the change in the foreign exchange registration of overseas investment in relation to their equity in the special purpose company and their changes, and they should provide relevant materials when handling. After injecting a special purpose company or investing in foreign equity financing after injecting assets or equity into a special purpose company, the company shall handle the foreign exchange registration change procedures for overseas investment in relation to the equity of the special purpose company and its changes and shall provide relevant material. After completing procedures for the foreign exchange registration and change of overseas investment in accordance with regulations, the domestic residents may pay special purpose companies for profits, dividends, liquidation, equity conversion, capital reduction, etc. If a special purpose company has any significant capital changes such as capital increase or reduction, equity transfer or replacement, merger or division, long-term equity or debt investment, external guarantee, etc. and does not involve return investment, the domestic residents must apply to SAFE for handling the change of foreign exchange registration of overseas investment or filing procedures within 30 days from the occurrence of major events. If a domestic resident set up or controlled a special purpose company abroad before the implementation of this notice and completed the return investment but failed to register the foreign investment registration of the foreign investment according to the provisions, he was required to go to the local SAFE to renew the foreign investment registration of the foreign investor before March 31, 2006 according to the provisions of this notice. After completing the renewing registration of foreign exchange registration of overseas investment, SAFE may handle foreign exchange registration procedures for foreign investment and foreign debt for the relevant domestic enterprise.

On August 29, 2008, SAFE issued a Circular on the Improvement of the Business Operations Related to Foreign Exchange Capital Payment and Foreign Exchange Capital Management of Foreign-invested Enterprises, that is, Circular No. 142. The circular indicates that the RMB funds received from the foreign exchange enterprise’s capital gains shall be used within the business scope approved by the government approval department. Unless otherwise specified, the RMB funds obtained through settlement shall not be used for domestic equity investment. Excluding commercial real estate investment enterprises, foreign-funded enterprises may not purchase domestic real estate that is not for their own use in the form of RMB funds obtained through capital settlement. The use of RMB funds from foreign exchange-funded enterprises for capital investment in securities shall be implemented in accordance with relevant state regulations.

On November 9, 2011, SAFE issued a circular on further clarifying and standardizing issues concerning the management of foreign exchange operations for certain capital accounts, namely Circular 45, which clarified the scope of application of Circular 142. The circular pointed out that foreign-invested enterprises must not use the RMB funds derived from the foreign exchange capital settlement for domestic equity investment. Foreign-invested enterprises with equity investment approved by the relevant competent authorities must use their foreign exchange capital and domestic Chinese-funded institutions must use the foreign exchange funds in the asset liquidation account for domestic equity investments, with reference to the principle of foreign exchange capital contribution management of foreign-invested companies. Foreign-funded enterprises must not issue entrusted loans, repay inter-enterprise loans (including third-party advances) or repay bank loans that are re-lending to third parties in the form of RMB funds derived from foreign exchange capital settlement. Foreign-funded enterprises may not, in principle, deliver various types of deposits in the form of RMB funds derived from foreign exchange capitalization. Funds in the dedicated deposit account may not be settled.

On July 4, 2014, SAFE issued a circular on the issues relating to the pilot reform of foreign exchange capital management of foreign-invested enterprises in certain regions (i.e., Circular 36). The circular pointed out that since August 4, 2014, pilot projects for the reform of the management of foreign exchange capital in foreign exchange enterprises will be carried out in some regions. The foreign exchange capital recognized in the capital contribution account of a foreign-invested enterprise through the foreign exchange administration where it is located can be processed at the bank according to the actual business needs of the enterprise. The capital of a foreign-invested enterprise and the RMB funds derived from its settlement of foreign exchange shall not be used for the following purposes:

Also, on July 4, 2014, SAFE issued a circular on the related issues concerning the Domestic Residents’ Foreign Investment through Special Purpose Companies and Foreign Exchange Management for Return Investments. This is known as Document No. 37. Compared with Circular 75, Circular 37 further simplified and facilitated the cross-border capital transactions of domestic residents involved in investment and financing activities through special purpose companies. The circular stipulates that SAFE shall exercise registration management for the establishment of special purpose companies for domestic residents. Before a domestic resident can use the legal assets or rights at home and abroad to invest in a special purpose company, he shall apply to SAFE for the foreign exchange registration formalities for overseas investment. If the domestic residents’ profits and bonuses obtained from special purpose companies are transferred back to China, they shall be handled in accordance with the current regulations on foreign exchange management; if the foreign exchange income from capital changes is transferred back to China, they shall be handled in accordance with the foreign exchange management provisions for capital accounts.

On March 30, 2015, SAFE issued a notice on reforming the foreign exchange capital management of foreign-invested enterprises, namely, Circular No. 19, which took effect on June 1, 2015. The circular indicates that SAFE has decided to implement the reform of foreign exchange capital management of foreign-invested enterprises on a nation-wide basis after summarizing the pilot experience in previous regions. At the same time, Circular 142 and Circular 36 were repealed.

The principal regulations governing dividend distributions by wholly foreign owned enterprises include the Company Law, as amended, the Foreign Investment Law and Regulation on the Implementation of the Foreign Investment Law as promulgated and effective in January 2020. Under these laws and regulations, wholly foreign owned enterprises in the PRC may pay dividends only out of their retained earnings, if any, determined in accordance with the PRC accounting standards and regulations. Additionally, a wholly foreign owned enterprise is required, as other enterprises subject to PRC laws, to set aside at least 10% of its after tax profits each year, if any, to fund statutory reserve funds of the enterprise until the cumulative amount of such funds reaches 50% of its registered capital. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. Under the relevant PRC law, no net assets other than the accumulated after-tax profits can be distributed in the form of dividends.

According to the Labor Law of the PRC (promulgated in 1994, last amended in 2018), Labor Contract Law of the PRC (promulgated in 2007, amended in 2012) and Implementation Regulations of the Labor Contract Law of the PRC (promulgated in 2008), it is stipulated that employers and laborers should establish labor contracts when they establish labor relations. The labor contract concluded according to law is binding, and employers and laborers shall perform the obligations stipulated in the labor contract. Where a labor relationship has been established and a written labor contract has not been concluded at the same time, a written labor contract shall be concluded within one month from the date of employment. Where an employer and a laborer conclude a labor contract prior to employment, the labor relationship shall be established from the date of employment. The state implements a minimum wage security system. The specific standards for minimum wages are stipulated by the people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government and reported to the State Council for the record. The employer’s payment of laborers’ wages must not be less than the local minimum wage standard. The employer must provide laborers with labor safety and hygiene conditions that comply with the state regulations and necessary labor protection supplies. Workers engaged in occupational hazard operations should carry out regular health checks.

The provisions concerning the employment of foreigners in China are mainly based on the Regulations on the Administration of Employment of Foreigners in China jointly issued by the Ministry of Labor, the Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation on January 22, 1996, as amended on November 12, 2010 and March 13, 2017. The regulation states that employers employing foreigners must apply for employment permits for the foreigner. Foreigners can only be hired after obtaining permission and obtaining the Employment License for Foreigners of the PRC (hereinafter referred to as “permit”). Foreigners employed in China should enter the country on a Z-visa (if they have a mutual visa exemption agreement, they should be dealt with according to the agreement). After entering China and obtain the Foreigner’s Employment Permit (hereinafter referred to as “employment permit”), they will be able to obtain employment in China. Foreigners who have not obtained a residence permit (namely, those with F, L, C and G visas), foreigners studying in China or performing internships and dependents of foreigners holding a Z visa may not be employed in China. In exceptional circumstances, the employer may apply for a permit in accordance with the approval procedures stipulated in these Regulations. Foreigners employed with a permit to the public security agency change their status and apply for an employment permit or residence permit. Employing units and foreigners hired shall conclude labor contracts according to law. The duration of a labor contract must not exceed five years. When the employment contract signed between the foreigner and the employing unit expires, the employment permit will be invalid.

The provisions concerning the employment of foreigners as teachers mainly refer to the circular concerning the Handling of Work Permits for Foreign Experts Coming to China issued by the State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs on September 30, 2004. The circular states that foreign experts hired to work in China should obtain the Work Permit for Foreign Experts to Come to China. Foreign experts applying for Work Permits for Foreign Experts to Work in China shall abide by Chinese laws and regulations, be in good health, have no criminal record and meet one of the following conditions:

(i) to implement intergovernmental agreements and agreements between international organizations, and foreign trade contracts, foreign professional skills or management personnel working for employment in China;

(ii) foreign professionals who are engaged in education, scientific research, journalism, publishing, culture, arts, health, sports, etc. in China;

(iii) appointed as a deputy general manager or above in an enterprise in China, or a foreign professional or technical person enjoying equal treatment;

(iv) foreign experts or human agency agencies accredited by the State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs Representatives of nationalities; and

(v) applicants for work in the fields of economy, technology, engineering, trade, finance, accounting, taxation, tourism, etc., with special expertise, foreign professional skills or management personnel in short supply in China.

Foreign experts in paragraphs (ii) and (iii) shall have a bachelor’s degree or above and more than 5 years of relevant work experience (except that language teachers must have a bachelor’s degree or above and more than 2 years of relevant work experience). All units intending to hire foreign experts shall be entitled to Accreditation of Foreign Experts Units and obtain the Certificate of Employment of Foreign Expert Units. This certificate is the basic proof of foreign nationals applying for work permits, invitation letters, foreign expert certificates and residence procedures in China. Newly-run schools and other education and training institutions should run for more than one year, only after the basic stability of teachers, students, and teaching institutions, they can apply for qualification approval procedures. However, the formal establishment of Chinese-foreign cooperatively-run schools and schools that specially recruit children from foreign nationals are not subject to this restriction. The Provincial Foreign Experts Bureaus, State Council related ministries and commissions, and the directly-affiliated agencies’ foreign affairs divisions (bureaus) shall be responsible for the annual inspection work of the local or department according to the annual inspection notice issued by the State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs and submit the regional annual inspection report to the State Administration of Foreign Experts Bureau by the end of December. The National Bureau of Foreign Experts conducts annual inspections of all eligible units from January 1 to January 31 every year. All overseas organizations that intend to send cultural and educational experts to China must obtain the Authorization of the Qualifications of Overseas Organizations that Introduce Foreign Cultural and Educational Experts to Work in China and obtain the Authority Certification for Overseas Organizations that Introduce Foreign Cultural and Educational Experts to Work in China. This certificate is the basic proof of the overseas organization’s intermediary business of cultural and educational experts in China. The State Bureau of Foreign Experts Affairs and the Bureau of Foreign Experts at the provincial level conduct annual inspections of overseas organizations that have obtained the qualifications for introducing foreign cultural and educational experts to China from January 1 to March 31 every year, and organize dispatch teams and personnel to provide training and internships. Training, study and other forms of training for overseas training institutions must all obtain the Organizational Dispatch Group and Personnel Qualifications for Overseas Training Institutions and obtain the Certificate of Organization Qualification for Organizing Delegation Groups and People to Overseas Training. Organizations that organize their own personnel to go abroad for training only shall be excluded.

According to the decision regarding the cancellation of 13 administrative licenses of the State Council issued by the State Council on February 13, 2016, the accreditation of foreign experts by the State Foreign Experts Bureau was cancelled.

On March 28, 2017, the State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs, the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Public Security jointly issued a notice on the Full Implementation of the Work Permit System for Foreigners to Come to China. The circular states that foreigners allowed to work in China will receive Work Permits for Foreigners to Come to China to replace Foreigner Employment Permits and Foreign Experts to Work Permits in China since April 1, 2017.

On March 6, 2007, the National People’s Congress of the PRC issued the Corporate Income Tax Law of the PRC, which was implemented on January 1, 2008 and last amended in December 2018. The tax law stipulates that foreign-invested enterprises and domestic enterprises have an income tax rate of 25%. Small and low profit enterprises that meet certain conditions will be subject to a 20% income tax rate. Enterprises with high priority which need to be supported by the state are taxed at a reduced rate of 15%. On December 6, 2007, the State Council issued the Regulations on the Implementation of the Enterprise Income Tax Law of the PRC, which took effect on January 1, 2008.

On April 22, 2009, the State Administration of Taxation issued a notice on Relevant Issues of Overseas Registered Chinese-Funded Controlled Enterprises Recognized as Resident Enterprises on the Basis of Actual Management Institutional Standards, which became effective on January 1, 2008. The circular states that overseas Chinese-invested enterprises that meet the following conditions shall determine that they are resident companies of the actual administrative agency in China (hereinafter referred to as non-domestically registered resident enterprises), implement corresponding tax administration and collect corporate income tax on their income from inside and outside China:

(i) the places where senior management personnel responsible for the implementation of daily production and operation management operations and their senior management departments perform their duties are mainly located in China;

(ii) the company’s financial decisions (such as borrowings, lending, financing, financial risk management, etc.) and personnel decisions (such as appointments, dismissals, remunerations, etc.) are determined by institutions or personnel located in China or need to be approved by an organization or person located in China;

(iii) the company’s main property, accounting book, company seal, board of directors and minutes of shareholders’ meetings, etc. are located or stored in China; and

(iv) 50% or more of the voting directors or senior executives of the corporation often reside in China.

On July 27, 2011, the State Administration of Taxation issued an announcement on the issuance of the Administrative Measures on the Income Tax of Overseas-registered Chinese-controlled Holding Enterprises (Trial), which took effect on September 1, 2011. The measure points out that non-domestic-registered resident enterprises shall, in accordance with relevant Chinese laws and regulations and regulations of the competent departments of finance and taxation under the State Council, formulate financial and accounting statements, and shall, within 15 days from the date of receipt of tax registration certificates, submit the enterprise’s financial and accounting systems or financial accounting, the handling methods and related information to the competent tax authorities for the record. Non-domiciled registered resident companies that obtain dividends, bonuses and other equity investment income derived from China, income from interest, rent, royalties, transfer of property income and other income, shall issue a copy of the company’s Certificate of Resident Identity of Overseas-registered Chinese-controlled Enterprises issued by the company. According to Article 26 of the Corporate Income Tax Law of the PRC and Articles 17, 18 and 91 of the Implementation Regulations on Enterprise Income Tax Law of the PRC, the following income of enterprises is tax exempt income:

(ii) dividends, bonuses and other equity investment gains among eligible resident companies;

(iii) non-resident enterprises that have established establishments in China obtain dividends, dividends, and other equity investment income from resident enterprises that are actually in contact with the institution or site; and

The applicable tax rate for income obtained by non-resident enterprises is 20%. Corporate income tax on income earned by non-resident enterprises is levied at the rate of 10%. That is to say, general overseas companies transferring 10% of the corporate income tax shall be subject to the transfer of equity in Chinese enterprises or the dividend distribution of Chinese enterprises. However, if the non-resident enterprise is a resident enterprise belonging to a country or region that has signed a tax treaty or arrangement with China, it may enjoy preferential tax treaty provisions.

Foreign enterprises have no institutions or places in China, but have obtained profits, interest, rent, royalties and other income from China, or have established institutions or places, but the above-mentioned income has no actual connection with institutions and places. The amount of income is subject to withholding income tax. In accordance with the accrued method, the payer (payer) pays the tax on the proceeds (payments) to the beneficiary (the payee). The withholding income tax belongs to personal income tax or corporate income tax, but it is only a source of income tax control. It is a taxation of a personal income tax or corporate income tax.

In 2008, China began to impose a dividend withholding income tax on foreign-invested enterprises at a tax rate of 20%, generally levied at 10%. Hong Kong, Macao, Singapore, Seychelles and others have signed tax treaties with China or have special taxes. The preferential national tax rate for the countries in the arrangement is as low as 5%. Therefore, when a Hong Kong company affiliated to the group obtains the after-tax profits distributed by the mainland Chinese company it invests, the mainland Chinese company must withhold and pay 5% of the withholding income tax.

In addition, Notice No.88 (2017) on “the Issues Concerning the Direct Investment of Foreign Investors in Distributing the Withholding Income Tax Policy” stipulates that foreign investors who meet the conditions of direct investment shall not be subject to withholding tax.

On March 23, 2016, the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation issued a circular on the Full Implementation of the Business Tax Levy of VAT Pilots. The circular indicates that since May 1, 2016, pilots for the change of business tax to VAT have been fully promoted throughout the country, and all business tax taxpayers were included in the scope of the pilot and were changed from paying business tax to paying VAT. According to notice No.36 (2016) issued by the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation, the Comprehensive Project replaces Business Tax with Value-added Tax.

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with ~~Item 3. – “Key Information – Selected Financial Data” and~~ the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

During the fiscal year ended March 31, ~~2021, we increased~~2022, revenues from our scales and pet electronic products segments and from our rental and management segment decreased, as compared to the fiscal year ended March 31, ~~2020.~~2021.

We derive our revenues principally from the sale of sensor-based scales and pet electronic products manufactured in China, which together represent ~~93%~~92% of total revenue for the fiscal year ended March 31, ~~2021.~~2022. As mentioned in Item 3. – “Key Information – Risk Factors,” we are dependent upon a limited number of major customers for a significant portion of our revenues. Our revenues and business operation are subject to fluctuation if there is a loss of orders from any of our largest customers. Further, the pricing of our scale products is becoming increasingly competitive, especially to our customers in the United States and Germany, who together contributed approximately ~~86%~~87% of our revenue during the fiscal year ended March 31, ~~2021.~~2022.

During the fiscal year ended March 31, ~~2021,~~2022, we derived approximately ~~$1,032,000~~$1,225,000 of rental and management income from leasing our real properties to third parties.

Net revenue, ~~income/~~(loss)/income from operations and net ~~income/~~(loss)/income were approximately ~~$9,992,000,~~$14,801,000, ($~~540,000)~~2,218,000) and ($~~463,000)~~2,760,000), respectively, for the fiscal year ended March 31, ~~2019,~~2022, $15,590,000, $1,206,000 and $1,771,000, respectively, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 and $13,096,000, $362,000 and $398,000, respectively, for the fiscal year ended March 31, ~~2020 and $15,590,000, $1,206,000 and $1,771,000, respectively, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021.~~2020.

Labor costs per worker are increasing in China. In Xinxing, Guangdong, PRC, the minimum wage was RMB 1,010 (or approximately $160) per month beginning in May 1, 2013, RMB 1,210 (or approximately $181) per month beginning in May 1, 2015, ~~and since~~RMB 1,410 (or approximately $213) per month beginning in July 1, 2018, and since December 1, 2021 it has been RMB ~~1,410~~1,620 (or approximately ~~$213)~~$257). We believe that future increases in labor costs in China would have a significant effect on our total production costs and results of operations. Our labor costs represented approximately ~~12.0%~~11.4% of our total production costs in the fiscal year ended March 31, ~~2021,~~2022, compared to 12.0% in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 and 14.3% in the fiscal year ended March 31, ~~2020 and 14.0% in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019.~~2020. Total labor costs decreased from approximately ~~$844,000 in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 to~~ $814,000 in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 ~~and~~to $715,000 in the fiscal year ended March 31, ~~2021.~~2021 and increased to $873,000 in the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022. The ~~decrease~~increase in overall labor costs was the result of increased ~~production efficiency~~minimum wage in the fiscal years ended March 31, ~~2020 and 2021.~~2022. There can be no assurance that labor costs will not increase in the future or that any future increase in labor costs will not have a material adverse effect upon our results of operations.

We have continued to shift production and manufacturing of various parts and components to third party suppliers, including plastic injection molded parts and metal parts. In some cases, we have entered into agreements with third parties in which they lease our equipment from us, and then manufacture parts and components that we use in assembling our final products. Those third parties provide the workers and supervisors, and the necessary raw materials. We lease our machinery or equipment, our dormitory and manufacturing facilities for their workers and supervisory staff and our meals or cafeteria services for the third party’s workers and staff. There are other third-party contractors that utilize their own equipment and their own facilities in manufacturing specific components or parts for us.

We have not experienced significant difficulties in obtaining raw materials for our products, and management does not anticipate any such difficulties in the foreseeable future. The price of raw materials has increased over each of the last five fiscal years. There can be no assurance that raw material costs will not fluctuate or that any future increase in raw material costs will not have a material adverse effect upon our results of operations.

In 2014 we analyzed our product mix and concluded that it would be advisable to eliminate the production and sale of lower margin products that require the employment of larger numbers of workers and the commitment of substantial resources to carry or stock raw materials and components inventory. With the decrease in the production and sale of lower margin products and the increase in sale of higher margin products through online platforms, the Company has increased its gross profit margin from 21.9% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2015 to ~~61.9%~~48.1% for the fiscal year ended March 31, ~~2021.~~2022.

The following table presents selected statement of operations data expressed in thousands of United States Dollars and as a percentage of revenue for the fiscal years indicated below:

Statement of Operations Data	Year Ended March 31,															Year Ended March 31,
	2019					2020					2021					2022					2021					2020
		$‘000		%			$’000		%			$’000		%			$‘000		%			$’000		%			$’000		%

Net revenue - scales and others		6,686		66.9			5,936		45.3			6,555		42.0
Net revenue - pet electronic products		1,410		14.1			6,259		47.8			8,002		51.4
Net revenue - scales																	8,811		59.5			6,494		41.7			5,836		44.5
Net revenue - pet electronic products and others																	4,765		32.2			8,063		51.7			6,359		48.6
Net revenue - rental and management		1,896		19.0			901		6.9			1,033		6.6			1,225		8.3			1,033		6.6			901		6.9

Net revenue - subtotal		9,992		100.0			13,096		100.0			15,590		100.0			14,801		100.0			15,590		100.0			13,096		100.0

Cost of revenue - scales and others		(4,340	)	(43.4	)		(3,194	)	(24.4	)		(2,282	)	(14.6	)
Cost of revenue - pet electronic products		(915	)	(9.2	)		(1,757	)	(13.4	)		(2,834	)	(18.2	)
Cost of revenue - rental and management		(780	)	(7.8	)		(739	)	(5.6	)		(824	)	(5.3	)
Cost of revenue - scales																	(4,472	)	(30.2	)		(2,282	)	(14.6	)		(3,194	)	(24.4	)
Cost of revenue – pet electronic products and others																	(2,418	)	(16.3	)		(2,834	)	(18.2	)		(1,757		(13.4	)
Cost of revenue – rental and management																	(789	)	(5.4	)		(824	)	(5.3	)		(739	)	(5.6	)

Cost of revenue - subtotal		(6,035	)	(60.4	)		(5,690	)	(43.4	)		(5,940	)	(38.1	)
Cost of revenue – subtotal																	(7,679	)	(51.9	)		(5,940	)	(38.1	)		(5,690	)	(43.4	)

Gross profit - scales and others		2,346		23.5			2,742		20.9			4,273		27.4
Gross profit - pet electronic products		495		5.0			4,502		34.4			5,168		33.2
Gross profit - scales																	4,339		29.3			4,212		27.1			2,642		20.1
Gross profit - pet electronic products and others																	2,347		15.9			5,229		33.5			4,602		35.2
Gross profit - rental and management		1,116		11.2			162		1.3			209		1.3			436		2.9			209		1.3			162		1.3

Gross profit - subtotal		3,957		39.6			7,406		56.6			9,650		61.9			7,122		48.1			9,650		61.9			7,406		56.6

Selling, general and administrative expenses		(4,605	)	(4.6	)		(7,479	)	(57.1	)		(8,924	)	(57.3	)		(9,529	)	(64.4	)		(8,924	)	(57.3	)		(7,479	)	(57.1	)

Other income, net		108		1.1			435		3.3			480		3.1			189		1.3			480		3.1			435		3.3

(Loss) / income from operations		(540	)	(5.4	)		362		2.8			1,206		7.7			(2,218	)	(15.0	)		1,206		7.7			362		2.8

Non-operating income / (expenses), net		77		0.8			36		0.3			(49	)	(0.3	)
Non-operating (expenses) / income, net																	(131	)	(0.9	)		(49	)	(0.3	)		36		0.3

(Loss) / income before income taxes		(463	)	(4.6	)		398		3.0			1,157		7.4			(2,349	)	(15.9	)		1,157		7.4			398		3.0

Income tax credit		—		—			—		—			614		4.0
Income tax (expense) / benefit																	(411	)	(2.7	)		614		4.0			—		—

Net (loss) / income		(463	)	(4.6	)		398		3.0			1,771		11.4			(2,760	)	(18.6	)		1,771		11.4			398		3.0

Net Revenue. Our revenue decreased by approximately $789,000 or 5.1%, from approximately $15,590,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 to approximately $14,801,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022. The decrease was mainly due to decrease in sales of pet electronic products.

The increase in sales revenue from the scales segment was primarily due to higher demand of our scale products from our top customers

The revenue decrease in the pet electronic products and others segment was due to lower demand for pet electronic products. Due to competition from other similar products in the market, both our selling price and our sales volume decreased, and the revenue from pet electronic products and others for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022 decreased by approximately $3,237 (or 40.5%) as compared to that for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021.

The revenue increase in the rental and management segment was due to increased monthly rent for some of the tenancy agreements.

Gross Profit. Gross profit as a percentage of revenue was approximately 48.1% during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, as compared to approximately 61.9% during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021. The decrease in gross profit margin was primarily the result of increased material costs and increased labor costs.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by approximately $605,000 or 6.8%, from approximately $8,924,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 to approximately $9,529,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022. The increase was primarily the result of a recognition of an impairment loss of approximately $522,000 for financial instruments at amortized cost during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022.

Other Income, Net. Other income, net decreased by approximately $291,000 or 60.6%, from approximately $480,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 to approximately $189,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily the result of a gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 while there is no such gain during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022.

(Loss) / Income from Operations. As a result of the factors described above, income from operations decreased by 283.9% from an income of approximately $1,206,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 to a loss of approximately $2,218,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022.

Non-operating (Expenses) / Income, Net. Non-operating (expenses) / income, net increased approximately $82,000, or 167.3%, from a loss of approximately $49,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 to a loss of approximately $131,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022. The net increase was primarily the result of decreased interest income since less cash were placed in fixed deposits during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022.

Income Tax (Expense) / Benefit. Income tax (expense) / benefit was approximately $411,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022 and a benefit of $614,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021.

Net (Loss) / Income. As a result of the factors described above, consolidated net income decreased from net income of approximately $1,771,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 to net loss of approximately $2,760,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, a decrease in income of approximately $4,531,000, or 255.8%.

Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments, Net of Tax. Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax, decreased from a gain of approximately $1,051,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 to a gain of approximately $707,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, a decrease of approximately $344,000, or 32.7%. The decreased foreign currency translation, net of tax, was primarily the result of less fluctuation of the Chinese Renminbi against the United States Dollar during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022.

Comprehensive (Loss) / Income. As a result of the factors described above, our comprehensive income decreased from a gain of approximately $2,822,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 to a loss of approximately $2,053,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, a decrease of approximately $4,875,000, or 172.7%.

Net Revenue. Our revenue increased approximately $2,494,000, or ~~19,0%~~19.0%, from approximately $13,096,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 to approximately $15,590,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021. The increase was mainly due to an increase overall demand for our pet electronic products and electronic scales.

The increase in sales revenue from the scales segment was primarily due to an increase in overall demand for scale products.

The revenue increase in the pet electronic products and others segment was due to an increase demand for our pet products.

The revenue increase in the rental and management segment was due to an increase in factory space leased out.

Gross ~~Profit.~~ Profit. Gross profit as a percentage of revenue was approximately 61.9% during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, as compared to approximately 56.6% during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020. The increase in gross profit margin was primarily the result of an increase in revenue from higher margin products.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses.Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by approximately $1,445,000, or 19.3%, from approximately $7,479,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 to approximately $8,924,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021. The increase was primarily the result of an increase in selling expenses relating to promotion and logistics of our products sold through Amazon Marketplace.

Other Income, Net.Other income, net increased by approximately $45,000 or 10.3% from approximately $435,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 to approximately $480,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021. The increase was primarily the result of a gain from disposal of two office units in Beijing.

Income / (Loss) from ~~Operations~~Operations.. As a result of the factors described above, income from operations increased by 233.1% from approximately $362,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 to approximately $1,206,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021.

Non-operating (Expenses) / Income, ~~Net.~~ Net. Non-operating (expenses) / income, net decreased approximately $85,000 or 236.1% from an income of approximately $36,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 to a loss of approximately $49,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021. The decrease was primarily the result of a decrease in interest income and an increase in foreign exchange loss.

Income Tax ~~Credit.~~Benefit. Income tax ~~credit~~benefit was approximately $614,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 and $nil for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020.

Net Income / (Loss).. As a result of the factors described above, consolidated net income increased from net income of approximately $398,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 to net income of approximately $1,771,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, an increase in income of approximately $1,373,000, or 345.0%.

Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments, Net of ~~Tax.~~Tax. Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax, increased from a loss of approximately $985,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 to a gain of approximately $1,051,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, an increase of approximately $2,036,000, or 206.7%. The increased foreign currency translation gain, net of tax, was primarily the result of the appreciation of assets denominated in Chinese Yuan as Chinese Yuan appreciated against the United States Dollar.

Comprehensive Income / (Loss).. As a result of the factors described above, our comprehensive income increased from a loss of approximately $587,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 to a gain of approximately $2,822,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, an increase of approximately $3,409,000, or 580.7%.

~~Fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 compared to fiscal year ended March 31, 2019~~

~~Net Revenue~~. Our revenue increased approximately $3,104,000, or 31.1%, from approximately $9,992,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 to approximately $13,096,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020. The increase was mainly related to an increase in revenue generated from online sales of pet electronic products in excess of the decrease in revenue from scales and from the rental and management segment.

~~The decrease in sales revenue from the scales segment was primarily due to a lower demand for our electronic scales.~~

~~The revenue increase in the pet electronic products segment was due to an increased demand for those products sold through online channels.~~

~~The revenue decrease in the rental and management segment was due to the termination of the rental agreement with the tenant for our Shenzhen factory as of January 31, 2019.~~

~~Gross Profit.~~ Gross profit as a percentage of revenue was approximately 56.6% during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020, as compared to approximately 39.6% during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019. The increase in gross profit margin was primarily the result of increased sales of pet electronic products with higher margin through online platforms.

~~Selling, General and Administrative Expenses.~~ Selling, general and administrative expenses increased by approximately $2,874,000, or 62.4%, from approximately $4,605,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 to approximately $7,479,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020. The increase was primarily the result of an increase in selling expenses relating to promotion and shipping of our products sold through online platforms and an increase in research and development expenses due to an increase in the number of engineers employed.

~~Other Income, Net.~~ Other income, net increased by approximately $327,000 or 302.8% from approximately $108,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 to approximately $435,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020. The increase was primarily the result of an increase in government subsidies received during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020. Management does not anticipate receiving these increased subsidies in the future.

~~Income / (Loss) from Operations~~. As a result of the factors described above, income from operations increased by 167.0% from a loss of approximately $540,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 to approximately $362,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020.

~~Non-operating (Expenses) / Income, Net.~~ Non-operating (expenses) / income, net decreased approximately $41,000 or 53.2% from an income of approximately $77,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 to an income of approximately $36,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020. The decrease was primarily the result of increased interest expense due to the increased utilization of bank loans during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020.

~~Income Tax Expense.~~ ~~Income tax expense was $nil for both the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 and the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019.~~

~~Net Income / (Loss)~~. As a result of the factors described above, consolidated net income increased from a net loss of approximately $463,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 to net income of approximately $398,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020, an increase in income of approximately $861,000, or 186.0%.

~~Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments, Net of Tax.~~ Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax, decreased from a loss of approximately $1,113,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 to a loss of approximately $985,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020, a decrease of approximately $128,000, or 11.5%. The decreased foreign currency translation loss, net of tax, was primarily the result of the reduced fluctuation in currency exchange for assets denominated in Chinese RMB translated to USD from March 31, 2019 to March 31, 2020.

~~Comprehensive Income / (Loss)~~. As a result of the factors described above, our comprehensive loss decreased from a loss of approximately $1,576,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019 to a loss of approximately $587,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020, a decrease of approximately $989,000, or 62.8%.

Although we believe that the impact of inflation on our business was minimal during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2017 due to the lower price of oil, we believe that inflation did affect our business during the fiscal years ended March 31, 2019, 2020 and 2021. Although the minimum wage in Xinxing, PRC has been stable at RMB 1,410 per month (or approximately $213) since July 1, 2018, we believe that inflation will continue to increase our operating costs and the cost of raw materials and that it will have a significant impact upon us in the future. We have generally been able to modify and improve our product designs so that we could either increase the prices of our products or lower the production costs in order to keep pace with inflation. Oil prices have been volatile in recent years. If oil prices increase, it will likely result in an increase in the cost of components to us, as well as an increase in our operating expenses, which will have a material adverse effect upon our business and results of operations. Further, the increase in labor costs in 2018 and the increase in other operating costs in the PRC has had a material impact on our profitability.

The companies comprising the Group are subject to tax on an entity basis on income arising in, or derived from, Hong Kong and the PRC. The current rate of taxation of the subsidiary operating in Hong Kong is 16.5%. However, BATL, which operates in Hong Kong, is subject to a Hong Kong profits tax rate of 8.25% on its first HKD 2 million of estimated assessable profits and at 16.5% on the remaining estimated assessable profits. The Group is not subject to income taxes in the British Virgin Islands.

The tax rate for our ~~subsidiary~~subsidiaries in the PRC has been 25% since 2012. There is no tax payable in Hong Kong on offshore profit or on dividends paid to Bonso Electronics Limited by its subsidiaries or to us by Bonso Electronics Limited. Therefore, our overall effective tax rate may be lower than that of most United States corporations; however, this advantage could be materially and adversely affected by changes in the tax laws of the British Virgin Islands, Hong Kong or China.

Efforts by the Chinese government to increase tax revenues could result in decisions or interpretations of the tax laws by the Chinese tax authorities that are unfavorable to us and which increase our future tax liabilities or deny our expected refunds. Changes in Chinese tax laws or their interpretation or application may subject us to additional Chinese taxation in the future.

No reciprocal tax treaty regarding withholding taxes exists between the United States and the British Virgin Islands. Under current British Virgin Islands law, dividends, interest or royalties paid by us to individuals are not subject to tax as long as the recipient is not a resident of the British Virgin Islands. If we were to pay a dividend, we would not be liable to withhold any tax, but shareholders would receive gross dividends, irrespective of their residential or national status.

Contractual arrangements we have entered into among us and our subsidiaries in different locations may be subject to scrutiny by respective tax authorities, and a finding against the Company and its subsidiaries may result in additional tax liabilities that could substantially reduce our consolidated net income. We could face material and adverse tax consequences if respective tax authorities determine that the contractual arrangements among our subsidiaries and Bonso do not represent an arm’s length price and adjust Bonso’s or its subsidiaries’ income. Our consolidated net income may be materially and adversely affected if our affiliated entities’ tax liabilities increase.

Dividends, if any, paid to any United States resident or citizen shareholder are treated as dividend income for United States federal income tax purposes. Such dividends are not eligible for the 50% dividends-received deduction allowed to United States corporations on dividends from a domestic corporation under Section 243 of the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Internal Revenue Code”). Various Internal Revenue Code provisions impose special taxes in certain circumstances on non-United States corporations and their shareholders. You are urged to consult your tax advisor with regard to such possibilities and your own tax situation.

In addition to United States federal income taxation, shareholders may be subject to state and local taxes upon their receipt of dividends.

We sell most of our products to international customers. Our principal export markets are North America (mainly the United States), Europe (mainly Germany) and Asia. Other markets are other European countries (such as the United Kingdom), Australia and Africa. Sales to international customers are made directly by us to our customers. We sell all of our products in United States Dollars and Chinese Renminbi and pay for our material components principally in United States Dollars, Hong Kong Dollars and Chinese Renminbi. Most factory expenses incurred are paid in Chinese Renminbi. Because the Hong Kong Dollar is pegged to the United States Dollar, in the past our only material foreign exchange risk arose from potential fluctuations in the Chinese Renminbi and a devaluation in United States Dollars. For the reasons discussed in the paragraphs below, management believes that it may be possible that there will be some fluctuation in the coming year. During the fiscal year ended March 31, ~~2021,~~2022, we experienced a foreign currency exchange loss of approximately ~~$31,000.~~

A summary of our debts from our banking facilities utilized as at March 31, ~~2020~~2022 and 2021 that were subject to foreign currency risk follows:

Fluctuations in the value of the Hong Kong Dollar have not been significant since October 17, 1983, when the Hong Kong government tied the value of the Hong Kong Dollar to that of the United States Dollar. However, there can be no assurance that the value of the Hong Kong Dollar will continue to be tied to that of the United States Dollar. China adopted a floating currency system on January 1, 1994, unifying the market and official rates of foreign exchange. China approved current account convertibility of the Chinese Renminbi on July 1, 1996, followed by formal acceptance of the International Monetary Fund’s Articles of Agreement on December 1, 1996. These regulations eliminated the requirement for prior government approval to buy foreign exchange for ordinary trade transactions, though approval is still required to repatriate equity or debt, including interest thereon. From 1994 until July 2005, the Chinese Renminbi had remained stable against the United States Dollar at approximately 8.28 to 1.00 United States Dollar. On July 21, 2005, the Chinese currency regime was altered to link the RMB to a “basket of currencies,” which includes the United States Dollar, Euro, Japanese Yen and Korean Won. Under the rules, the RMB was allowed to move 0.3% on a daily basis against the United States Dollar. The People's Bank of China, on May 21 2007, widened the RMB trading band from 0.3% daily movement against the United States Dollar to 0.5%. On June 20, 2010, the People's Bank of China increased the flexibility of the exchange rate and between June 30, 2010 and December 31, 2013, the value of the Renminbi appreciated approximately 12.0% against the United States Dollar, although the value of the Renminbi depreciated approximately 2.5% against the United States Dollar in 2014. In August 2015, the People's Bank of China changed the way it calculates the mid-point price of Renminbi against the United States Dollar, requiring the market-makers who submit for reference rates to consider the previous day's closing spot rate, foreign-exchange demand and supply as well as changes in major currency rates. As a result, in 2015, the value of the Renminbi depreciated approximately 5.8% against the United States Dollar, and ~~from~~between December 31, 2015 through ~~May 20, 2016, the value of the Renminbi further depreciated approximately 1.1% against the United States Dollar. From May 20, 2016 to~~ July ~~14, 2017, the value of Renminbi further depreciated approximately 3.5% against the United States Dollar, and from July 2017 to July, 2018~~15, 2022 it ~~appreciated by approximately 1.2% against the U.S. Dollar. From July 2018 to July 2019, it~~has depreciated by approximately ~~2.8% against the U.S Dollar and from July 2019 to July 2020 it depreciated by approximately 1.6% against the U.S. Dollar. From July 2020 to July 2021 it appreciated by approximately 7.5%~~4.1% against the U.S. Dollar. There remains significant international pressure on the PRC government to adopt a more flexible currency policy, which could result in greater fluctuations of the Renminbi against the United States Dollar. Accordingly, it is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the United States Dollar in the future. As of July 15, ~~2021,~~2022, the RMB was valued at ~~6.4604~~6.7554 per U.S. Dollar as compared to ~~6.9871~~6.4604 per U.S. Dollar as of July 15, ~~2020.~~2021.

To manage our exposure to foreign currency and translation risks, we may purchase currency exchange forward contracts, currency options or other derivative instruments, provided such instruments may be obtained at suitable prices.

We have financed our growth and cash needs to date primarily from internally generated funds and bank debt. We do not use off-balance sheet financing arrangements, such as securitization of receivables or obtaining access to assets through special purpose entities, as sources of liquidity. Our primary uses of cash have been to fund upgrades to our manufacturing facilities and purchases of equipment and tooling.

Operating activities ~~generated~~used approximately $1,982,000 of net cash during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, as compared to approximately $1,984,000 of net cash generated for the fiscal year ended March 31, ~~2021, as compared to approximately $1,158,000 of net cash for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020.~~2021. This ~~increase~~decrease in the amount of cash generated by operating activities was primarily attributable to the net loss incurred in the operating activities for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022.

Investing activities used approximately $1,141,000 of net cash during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, as compared to approximately $164,000 of net cash used during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021. The increase in net cash used is primarily the result of an increase in spending on the construction of a factory building of approximately $573,000 and a decrease in proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment of approximately $889,000 during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022.

Financing activities used approximately $659,000 of net ~~income generated by operations.~~cash during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, as compared to approximately $1,140,000 of net cash used during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021. The decrease in net cash used in financing activities is the result of a lower amount used in therepayment of bank loans after a term loan was fully repaid during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022.

As of March 31, ~~2021,~~2022, we had approximately ~~$10,060,000~~$6,740,000 in cash and cash equivalents, as compared to approximately ~~$9,111,000~~$10,060,000 in cash and cash equivalents as of March 31, ~~2020.~~2021. Working capital at March 31, ~~2021~~2022 was approximately ~~$7,987,000,~~$6,874,000, as compared to approximately ~~$5,712,000~~$7,987,000 at March 31, ~~2020.~~2021. The ~~increase~~decrease in working capital was primarily the result of ~~a reduction of bank loans and accounts payable.~~the net loss incurred in operating activities for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022. We believe there are no material restrictions (including foreign exchange controls) on the ability of our subsidiaries to transfer funds to us in the form of cash dividends, loans, advances or product/material purchases. We believe our working capital is sufficient for our present requirements.

As of March 31, ~~2021,~~2022, we had approximately ~~$1,279,000~~$1,493,000 in net trade receivables, as compared to approximately ~~$811,000~~$1,279,000 as of March 31, ~~2020.~~2021. This increase of approximately ~~$468,000~~$214,000 was primarily attributable to ~~an increase in~~increased sales to major customers ~~during the year.~~with open accounts before March 31, 2022 compared to that before March 31, 2021.

As of March 31, ~~2021,~~2022, we had approximately ~~$1,097,000~~$2,127,000 in inventories, as compared to approximately ~~$1,178,000~~$1,097,000 as of March 31, ~~2020.~~2021. This ~~decrease~~increase of approximately ~~$81,000~~$1,030,000 was primarily attributable to ~~reduced~~the preparation of more inventory for selling online, and the storing of more raw materials ~~kept~~(integrated circuits, for example) in ~~our warehouse.~~light of the fact that we expect that prices of raw materialswill continue to rise.

As of March 31, ~~2021,~~2022, we had a total of approximately ~~$597,000~~$605,000 in notes and accounts payable, as compared to approximately ~~$775,000~~$597,000 as of March 31, ~~2020.~~2021. The ~~decrease~~increase of approximately ~~$178,000~~$8,000 was primarily attributable to ~~earlier payments to suppliers.~~increased raw materials purchased before March 31, 2022.

As of March 31, ~~2021,~~2022, we had in place general banking facilities with one financial institution with amounts available aggregating approximately $5,128,000 ~~(2020:~~(2021: $5,128,000). Such facility includes the ability to obtain overdrafts, letters of credit, short-term notes payable, factoring, short-term loans, long-term loans and financial instruments. As of March 31, ~~2021,~~2022, we had utilized approximately ~~$992,000~~$332,000 from this general banking facility. Interest on this indebtedness fluctuates with the prime rate and the Hong Kong Interbank Offer Rate as set by the Hong Kong Bankers Association. The bank credit facility is collateralized by our bank guarantee, an investment property of the Company and the rental assignment over such property, a life insurance contract and a listed debt instrument. Our bank credit facility is due for renewal annually. We anticipate that the banking facility will be renewed on substantially the same terms and our utilization in the next year will remain at a similar level as that in the current year. During the fiscal years ended March 31, ~~2020~~2022 and 2021, we paid a total of approximately ~~$64,000~~$16,000 and $33,000, respectively, in interest on indebtedness.

Our current ratio increased from ~~1.93 as of March 31, 2020 to~~ 2.47 as of March 31, ~~2021. Our quick ratio increased from 1.74~~2021 to 2.48 as of March 31, ~~2020 to~~2022. Our quick ratio decreased from 2.27 as of March 31, ~~2021.~~2021 to 2.02 as of March 31, 2022.

As of March 31, ~~2021,~~2022, we expect to spend approximately ~~$1,015,000~~$87,000 on additional construction, leasehold improvements, new machinery and tooling in our Xinxing manufacturing facility in the next twelve months.

We believe that our cash flows from operations, our current cash balance and funds available under our working capital and credit facilities will be sufficient to meet our working capital needs and planned capital expenditures for at least the next 12 to 24 months. However, a decrease in the demand for our products or increase in our costs of goods sold or expenses may affect our internally generated funds, and we would further look to our banking facilities, as well as to leasing out of excess space at our Xinxing facility, to meet our working capital demands.

The following table sets forth information with respect to our commitments as of March 31, ~~2021:~~2022:

			Payments due by Period										Payments due by Period
	Total		Within 1 year		2 to 3 years		4 to 5 years		More than 5 years		Total		Within 1 year		2 to 3 years		4 to 5 years		More than 5 years
	$ in thousands		$ in thousands		$ in thousands		$ in thousands		$ in thousands		$ in thousands		$ in thousands		$ in thousands		$ in thousands		$ in thousands
Bank loans		992		992		—		—		—		332		332		—		—		—
Construction in Xinxing, and mould		1,015		1,015		—		—		—		87		87		—		—		—
Income tax liabilities		165		165		—		—		—		-		-		—		—		—
Total		2,172		2,172		—		—		—		419		419		—		—		—

For a discussion of interest rates on our notes payable and bank loans, see Item 11. – “Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures About Market Risk,” below.

The methods, estimates and judgments we use in applying our most critical accounting policies have a significant impact on the results we report in our financial statements. The SEC has defined the most critical accounting policies as the ones that are most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results and require us to make our most difficult and subjective judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates of matters that are inherently uncertain. Based on this definition, our most critical policies include valuation of inventories, revenue recognition, stock-based compensation, allowance for expected credit losses and income and deferred income taxes.

Below, we discuss these policies further, as well as the estimates and judgments involved. We believe that our other policies either do not generally require us to make estimates and judgments that are as difficult or as subjective, or it is less likely that they would have a material impact on our reported results of operations for a given period. For a discussion of all our significant accounting policies, see footnote 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value with cost determined on a first-in, first-out basis. Net realizable value is the price at which inventories can be sold in the normal course of business after allowing for the costs of completion and disposal. The Company continuously reviews slow-moving and obsolete inventory and assesses any inventory obsolescence based on inventory levels, material composition and expected usage as of that date.

~~Effective April 1, 2018, the~~The Company ~~adopted the new guidance of~~follows ASC Topic 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)”, which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in ASC Topic 605, “Revenue Recognition”. Topic 606 requires the Company to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the ~~entity~~Company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Company applies the following steps to recognize revenues: (1) identify the contract with a customer; (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5) recognize revenue when, or as, the Company satisfies a performance obligation.

The transaction price is generally in the form of a fixed price which is agreed with the customer at contract inception. The transaction price is recorded net of any sales return, surcharges and value-added taxes on gross sales. The Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation based on the purchase orders. Customers are required to pay over an agreed-upon credit period, usually between 15 to 119 days. In certain circumstances, the Company will request a deposit from a customer. Customers’ deposits are settled as part of the outstanding bill upon receiving an acknowledgement from customers. For the remaining balance of the outstanding bill, the customer is required to pay over an agreed-upon credit period, usually between 0 to 15 days.

The Company does not generally provide its customers with a right of return or production protection. Each customer is required to perform a product quality check before accepting delivery of goods. The Company provides to certain customers an additional one to two percent of the quantity of certain products ordered in lieu of a warranty, which is recognized as cost of sales when these products are shipped to customers from the Company’s facilities.

During the year ended March 31, 2020, the Company began to sell its products through Amazon’s online platform. Customers purchasing products through Amazon have a 30-day right of return from the date of receipt of the product. The Company recorded a refund liability of approximately ~~$29,000~~$28,000 at March 31, ~~2021 (2020: $69,000; 2019: $nil)~~2022 (2021: $29,000; 2020: $69,000) for these expected returns, which was based on the average monthly returns received for Amazon sales.

The Company presents revenue net of value-added taxes (“VAT”) and surcharges incurred. ~~Surcharge~~Surcharges are sales related taxes representing the City Maintenance and Construction Tax and Education Surtax. VAT, business taxes and surcharges collected from customers, net of VAT paid for purchases, are recorded as a liability in the consolidated balance sheets until these are paid to the tax authorities.

The Company accounts for product outbound freight and handling costs as fulfillment activities and presents the associated costs in selling, general and administrative expenses in the period in which it sells the product.

The Company disaggregates its revenue from different types of contracts with customers by principal product categories, as the Company believes it best depicts the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of its revenue and cash flows. See Note 19 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for product revenues by segment.

The Company did not recognize any contract asset as of March 31, ~~2020~~2022 or March 31, 2021. The timing between the recognition of revenue and receipt of payment is not significant. The Company’s contract liabilities consist of deposits received from customers. As of March 31, ~~2020~~2022 and 2021, the balances of the contract liabilities are approximately ~~$12,000~~$320,000 and $317,000, respectively. All contract liabilities at the beginning of the year ended March 31, ~~2021~~2022 were recognized as revenue during the year ended March 31, ~~2021~~2022 and all contract liabilities as of the end of the year ended March 31, ~~2021~~2022 are expected to be realized in the following year.

Lease income includes minimum rents which are recognized on an accrual basis over the terms of the related leases on a straight-line basis. Lease revenue recognition commences when the lessee is given possession of the leased space and there are no contingencies offsetting the lessee’s obligation to pay rent.

Long-lived assets held and used by the Company and intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. The Company evaluates recoverability of assets to be held and used by comparing the carrying amount of an asset to future net undiscounted cash flows to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment loss is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets calculated using a discounted future cash flows analysis.

The Company follows the guidance of ASC 718, “Accounting for Stock Options and Other Stock-Based Compensation.” ASC 718 requires companies to record compensation expense for share-based awards issued to employees and directors in exchange for services provided. The amount of the compensation expense is based on the estimated fair value of the awards on their grant dates and is recognized over the required service periods. Our share-based awards include stock options and restricted stock awards. The estimated fair value underlying our calculation of compensation expense for stock options is based on the Black-Scholes pricing model. Forfeitures of share-based awards are estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if our estimates change based on the actual amount of forfeitures we have experienced.

Allowance is made against trade receivables to the extent that collection is considered to be doubtful. This allowance is primarily determined from our monthly aging analysis. It also requires judgment regarding the collectability of certain receivables, as certain receivables may be identified as collectible that are subsequently uncollectible and which could result in a subsequent write-off of the related receivable to the statement of operations. Most of the Company’s trade receivables are generally unsecured. To determine the necessity of a provision, the Company analyzes the age of the receivables and the customer’s ability to pay based on past payment history, financial statements and various information of the customer. Any change in the collectability of accounts receivable that were not previously provided for could significantly change the calculation of such provision and the results of our operations.

The Company complies with ASC 740 which prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attributes for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. ASC 740 also provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition. Only tax positions that meet the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold at the effective date may be recognized or continue to be recognized upon adoption of ASC 740. The Company’s accounting policy is to treat interest and penalties as a component of income taxes.

Amounts in the consolidated financial statements related to income taxes are calculated using the principles of ASC 740 and ASU 2013-11 “Presentation of an Unrecognized Tax Benefit When a Net Operating Loss Carryforward, a Similar Tax Loss, or a Tax Credit Carryforward Exists.” ASC 740 requires recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the temporary differences between the financial reporting bases and the tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Future tax benefits, such as net operating loss carry forwards, are recognized as deferred tax assets. Recognized deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax asset will not be realized.

We continue to be dependent upon a limited number of customers for a significant portion of our revenues, and the loss of any of these customers could have a material adverse effect upon us and our results of ~~operationstyle .~~operations. As of March 31, ~~2021,~~2022, our backlog of manufacturing orders was approximately ~~$1,326,000~~$1,737,000 as compared to approximately ~~$1,328,000~~$1,326,000 as of March 31, ~~2020.~~2021. We expect that the demand for our products in the fiscal year ending March 31, ~~2022~~2023 will be similar to that in the fiscal year ended March 31, ~~2021.~~

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have, or are reasonably likely to have, a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that are material to investors.2022.

The new accounting pronouncements in the United States that may be relevant to the Group are as follows:

~~In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, "~~~~Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments~~" ("ASU 2016-13"), which improves financial reporting by providing timelier recording of credit losses on loans and other financial instruments held by financial institutions and other organizations. The ASU requires an organization to measure all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Forward-looking information will now be used to better inform credit loss estimates. This ASU is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. Effective April 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU 2016-13, which did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

~~In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, “~~~~Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement~~,” ("ASU 2018-13") which is part of the FASB disclosure framework project to improve the effectiveness of disclosures in the notes to the financial statements. The amendments in the new guidance remove, modify and add certain disclosure requirements related to fair value measurements covered in Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurement.” The new standard is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Effective April 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU 2018-13, which did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

~~In October 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-17, “~~~~Consolidation: Targeted Improvements to Related Party Guidance for Variable Interest Entities~~,” ("ASU 2018-17") which modifies the guidance related to indirect interests held through related parties under common control for determining whether fees paid to decision makers and service providers are variable interest. ASU 2018-17 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. Effective April 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU 2018-17, which did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

~~In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-19, “~~~~Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses~~,” (“ASU 2018-19”) which clarifies and improves guidance related to credit losses, hedging, and recognition and measurement. Same as ASU 2016-13, this ASU is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. Effective April 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU 2018-19, which did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income ~~Taxes~~Taxes” (“ASU 2019-12”)”. ASU 2019-12 will simplify the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740. The amendments also improve consistent application of and simplify GAAP for other areas of Topic 740 by clarifying and amending existing guidance. ~~For public~~Effective April 1, 2021, the Company adopted ASU 2019-12, which did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In May 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-04, “Earnings Per Share (Topic 260), Debt - Modifications and Extinguishments (Subtopic 470-50), Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718), and Derivatives and Hedging - Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40): Issuer’s Accounting for Certain Modifications or Exchanges of Freestanding Equity-Classified Written Call Options” (“ASU 2021-04”). ASU 2021-04 provides guidance as to how an issuer should account for a modification of the terms or conditions or an exchange of a freestanding equity-classified written call option (i.e., a warrant) that remains classified after modification or exchange as an exchange of the original instrument for a new instrument. An issuer should measure the effect of a modification or exchange as the difference between the fair value of the modified or exchanged warrant and the fair value of that warrant immediately before modification or exchange and then apply a recognition model that comprises four categories of transactions and the corresponding accounting treatment for each category (equity issuance, debt origination, debt modification, and modifications unrelated to equity issuance and debt origination or modification). ASU 2021-04 is effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, including interim periods within those fiscal years. An entity should apply the guidance provided in ASU 2021-04 prospectively to modifications or exchanges occurring on or after the effective date. Early adoption is permitted for all entities, including adoption in an interim period. If an entity elects to early adopt ASU 2021-04 in an interim period, the guidance should be applied as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. The adoption of ASU 2021-04 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statement presentation or disclosures.

In October 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-08, “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers to improve the accounting for acquired revenue contracts with customers in a business ~~entities, the amendments in this~~ combination” (“ASU ~~are~~2021-08”). ASU 2021-08 is effective for fiscal years, and for interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, ~~2020. For all other entities, the amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15,~~ 2022. The ~~Company is evaluating the impact of the~~ adoption of ASU ~~2019-12, but does~~2021-08 is not ~~expect it~~expected to have a material impact on ~~income taxes as reported in its~~the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In ~~October 2020,~~November 2021, the FASB issued ASU ~~No. 2020-10, "~~2021-10, “~~Codification Improvements~~Government Assistance (Topic 832): Disclosures by Business Entities about Government Assistance”" (“ASU ~~2020-10”~~2021-10”)~~, which improves consistency~~. This update requires certain annual disclosures about transactions with a government that are accounted for by ~~amending the Accounting Standards Codification to include all disclosure guidance in the appropriate disclosure sections and clarifies the application of various provisions in the Codification~~applying a grant or contribution accounting model by ~~amending and adding new headings, cross referencing to other guidance, and refining or correcting terminology. The amendments are~~analogy. This update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, ~~2020 for public business entities.~~2021, and early application is permitted. This guidance should be applied either prospectively to all transactions that are reflected in financial statements at the date of initial application and new transactions that are entered into after the date of initial application or retrospectively to those transactions. The ~~Company is evaluating the impact of the~~ adoption of ASU ~~2020-10, but does~~2021-10 is not ~~expect it~~expected to have a material impact on ~~its~~the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

We believe there is no additional new accounting guidance adopted, but not yet effective that is relevant to the readers of our financial statements. However, there are numerous new proposals under development which, if and when enacted, may have a significant impact on our financial reporting.

ANTHONY SO is the founder of Bonso. He has been our Chairman of the Board of Directors since July 1988. He was appointed as the Chief Executive Officer and President on November 16, 2006, and served in those capacities until March 20, 2015 when Andrew So was appointed President. On March 15, 2019, Mr. Anthony So resigned from the position of Chief Executive Officer. Mr. So received his BSE degree in civil engineering from National Taiwan University in 1967 and a Master degree in Business Administration (“MBA”) from the Hong Kong campus of the University of Hull, Hull, England in 1994. Mr. So has been Chairman of the Hong Kong GO Association since 1986 and also served as Chairman of the Alumni Association of National Taiwan University for the 1993-1994 academic years. Mr. So has served as a trustee of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Asia College since 1994.

ANDREW SO joined the Company in August 2009 and has been a director since February 25, 2012. Mr. So currently holds the position of Chief Executive Officer, and has also held the positions of Deputy Chairman of the Board and President since March 20, 2015. Andrew So was appointed as the Chief Executive Officer on March 15, 2019. Mr. So graduated with distinctions in 2008 from the University of Toronto, Canada, with a Bachelor of Commerce degree (BComm). From 2008 to 2009, prior to his employment with the Company, Mr. So worked as a Derivatives Analyst at State Street Trust Company Canada, Toronto, Canada. Mr. So graduated from the MBA Program of Hong Kong University of Science and Technology in the Fall of 2014.

ALBERT SO was appointed as the Chief Financial Officer and Secretary of the Company on March 27, 2009. He was appointed Treasurer and Financial Controller of the Company on March 20, 2015. Mr. So was previously employed as the Financial Controller of the Company in January 2008 and as a management trainee of the Company in November 2004. Mr. So has been a director since March 1, 2013. Prior to his employment as a management trainee of the Company, Mr. So was a student. Mr. So is a Certified Management Accountant and Financial Risk Manager, and received a Master degree in Business Administration from Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, and a Bachelor degree in Mathematics from Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.

KIM WAH CHUNG has been a director since September 21, 1994. Mr. Chung has been employed by us since 1981 and currently holds the position of Director of Engineering and Research and Development. Mr. Chung is responsible for all research projects and product development. Mr. Chung’s entire engineering career has been spent with Bonso, and he has been involved in all of our major product developments. Mr. Chung graduated with honors in 1981 from the Chinese University of Hong Kong with a Bachelor of Science degree in electronics.

WOO-PING FOK was elected to our Board of Directors on September 21, 1994. Mr. Fok has practiced law in Hong Kong since 1991 and is a Consultant with Messrs. C.K. Mok & Co. Mr. Fok’s major areas of practice include conveyancing and real property law, corporations and business law, commercial transactions and international trade with a special emphasis in China trade matters. Mr. Fok was admitted to the Canadian Bar as a Barrister & Solicitor in December 1987 and was a partner in the law firm of Woo & Fok, a Canadian law firm with its head office in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. In 1991, Mr. Fok was qualified to practice as a Solicitor of England & Wales, a Solicitor of Hong Kong and a Barrister & Solicitor of Australian Capital Territory.

HENRY F. SCHLUETER has been a director since October 2001 and has been our Assistant Secretary since October 6, 1988. Since 1992, Mr. Schlueter has been the Managing Director of Schlueter & Associates, P.C., a law firm, practicing in the areas of securities, mergers and acquisitions, finance and corporate law. Mr. Schlueter has served as our United States corporate and securities counsel since 1988. From 1989 to 1991, prior to establishing Schlueter & Associates, P.C., Mr. Schlueter was a partner in the Denver, Colorado office of Kutak Rock (formerly Kutak, Rock & Campbell), and from 1984 to 1989, he was a partner in the Denver office of Nelson & Harding. Mr. Schlueter is a member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, the Colorado and Denver Bar Associations and the Wyoming State Bar. Mr. Schlueter is registered with the Hong Kong Law Society as a Foreign Lawyer.

Anthony So, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board of Directors is the father of Andrew So, the Company’s President and Chief Executive Officer, and Albert So, the Company’s Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary.

No arrangement or understanding exists between any such director or officer and any other persons pursuant to which any director or executive officer was elected as a director or executive officer. Our directors are elected annually and serve until their successors take office or until their death, resignation or removal. The executive officers serve at the pleasure of the Board of Directors.

The aggregate amount of compensation paid by us and our subsidiaries during the year ended March 31, ~~2021~~2022 to all directors and officers as a group for services in all capacities was approximately ~~$1,477,000.~~$1,441,000. Total compensation for the benefit of Anthony So was approximately $643,000, for the benefit of Kim Wah Chung was approximately $171,000, for the benefit of Andrew So was approximately ~~$370,000,~~$383,000, for the benefit of Albert So was approximately ~~$232,000,~~$184,000, for the benefit of Henry F. Schlueter was an aggregate of approximately $60,000, and for the benefit of Woo-Ping Fok was an aggregate of approximately ~~$1,000.~~$nil. One of the properties of the Company in Hong Kong is also provided to Mr. Anthony So for his accommodation. The approximately ~~$1,000 listed as having been~~$60,000 paid for the benefit of Mr. ~~Fok~~Schlueter was paid to ~~a law firm, C. K. Mok~~Schlueter & ~~Co.~~Associates, P.C., for legal services rendered. The amount for the year ended March 31, ~~2021~~2022 included unpaid vacation payments of approximately $43,000, $11,000, ~~$14,000~~$15,000 and ~~$11,000~~$12,000 for Mr. Anthony So, Mr. Kim Wah Chung, Mr. Andrew So and Mr. Albert So, respectively.

We did not set aside or accrue any amounts to provide pension, retirement or similar benefits for directors and officers for the fiscal year ended March 31, ~~2021,~~2022, other than contributions to our Provident Fund Plan, which aggregated $18,000 for officers and directors.

We have employment agreements with Anthony So and Kim Wah Chung. Mr. So’s employment agreement provides for a maximum salary of approximately $800,000 per year plus bonus, and Mr. Chung’s employment agreement provides for a maximum salary of approximately $200,000 per year plus bonus. The initial term of the employment agreements expired on March 31, 2013 (“Initial Term”); however, the employment agreements have been renewed under a provision in the agreements that provides for automatic renewal for successive one-year periods, unless at least 90 days prior to the expiration of the Initial Term or any renewal term, either party gives written notice to the other party specifically electing to terminate the agreement. One of the properties of the Group in Hong Kong is also provided to Mr. So as part of his compensation. Mr. So’s employment agreement contains a provision under which the Company will be obligated to pay Mr. So all compensation for the remainder of his employment agreement and five times his annual salary and bonus compensation if a change of control, as defined in his employment agreement, occurs.

The following table provides information concerning options owned by the directors and senior management at July 15, ~~2021.~~2022.

Except as mentioned above, our directors do not receive any additional monetary compensation for serving in their capacities as directors. All directors are reimbursed for all reasonable expenses incurred in connection with their services as a director.

All directors hold office until our next annual meeting of shareholders or until their respective successors are duly elected and qualified or their positions are earlier vacated by resignation or otherwise. All executive officers are appointed by the Board and serve at the pleasure of the Board. There are no director service contracts providing for benefits upon termination of employment or directorship.

NASDAQ Marketplace Rule 4350 provides that foreign private issuers may elect to follow certain home country corporate governance practices so long as they provide NASDAQ with a letter from outside counsel in their home country certifying that the issuer 's corporate governance practices are not prohibited by home country law.

On July 19, 2005, we submitted a letter to NASDAQ certifying that certain of Bonso’s corporate governance practices are not prohibited by the relevant laws of the British Virgin Islands. We will follow British Virgin Island law in respect to the following requirements:

Mr. Woo-Ping Fok is the sole member of the Audit Committee and Mr. Schlueter serves as an ad hoc member. Mr. Fok is “independent” as defined in the NASDAQ listing standards, and Mr. Schlueter may not be considered “independent” since his law firm serves as ~~Bonso’s~~the Company’s United States counsel.

The Audit Committee was established to: (i) review and approve the scope of audit procedures employed by our independent auditors; (ii) review and approve the audit reports rendered by our independent auditors; (iii) approve the audit fee charged by the independent auditors; (iv) report to the Board of Directors with respect to such matters; (v) recommend the selection of independent auditors; and (vi) discharge such other responsibilities as may be delegated to it from time to time by the Board of Directors. Effective as of June 30, 2015, the Board of Directors adopted an amended charter for its Audit Committee.

At March 31, ~~2021,~~2022, we employed a total of ~~210~~208 persons (8 in Hong Kong and ~~202~~200 in China), as compared to ~~217~~210 at March 31, ~~20209~~2021 (8 in Hong Kong and ~~209~~202 in China). Our number of employees has decreased each year since March 31, 2015 when we employed 528 persons. Employees are not covered by collective bargaining agreements. We consider our global labor practices and employee relations to be good.

The following table shows the number of shares of common stock beneficially owned by our directors and executive officers as of July 15, ~~2021:~~ 2022:

Name	Shares of Common Stock Owned of Record			Options Held			Total Number of Shares of Common Stock Beneficially Owned		Percent of Beneficial Ownership⁽¹⁾			Shares of Common Stock Owned of Record			Options Held			Total Number of Shares of Common Stock Beneficially Owned		Percent of Beneficial Ownership⁽¹⁾
Anthony So		2,431,770	⁽²⁾		150,000	⁽³⁾		2,581,770		51.6	%		2,431,770	⁽²⁾		150,000			2,581,770		51.6	%
Andrew So		493,540			125,000	⁽⁴⁾		618,540		12.4	%		483,540			125,000	⁽⁴⁾		608,540		12.2	%
Albert So		269,459			60,000	⁽⁵⁾		329,459		6.7	%		269,459			60,000	⁽⁵⁾		329,459		6.7	%
Kim Wah Chung		133,700			40,000	⁽⁶⁾		173,700		3.6	%		133,700			40,000	⁽⁶⁾		173,700		3.6	%
Woo-Ping Fok		91,507			25,000	⁽⁷⁾		116,507		2.4	%		91,507			25,000	⁽⁷⁾		116,507		2.4	%
Henry F. Schlueter		9,567			25,000	⁽⁸⁾		34,567		0.7	%		9,567			25,000	⁽⁸⁾		34,567		0.7	%
All Directors and Officers as a group (6 persons)		3,429,543			425,000			3,854,543		73.0	%		3,419,543			425,000			3,844,543		72.8	%

⁽¹⁾ The number of shares outstanding is 4,857,187 shares, with 5,828,205 total number of shares issued, of which 971,018 shares are held in treasury. The calculations herein are based on the number of shares outstanding of 4,857,187.

⁽²⁾ ~~Includes 1,143,421 shares of common stock owned of record by a corporation that is wholly owned by a trust of which Mr. So is the sole beneficiary.~~

⁽³⁾ ~~Includes options to purchase 150,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.50 per share expiring on March 31, 2025.~~

⁽⁴⁾ ~~Includes options to purchase 125,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.50 per share expiring on March 31, 2025.~~

⁽⁵⁾ ~~Includes options to purchase 60,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.50 per share expiring on March 31, 2025.~~

⁽⁶⁾ ~~Includes options to purchase 40,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.50 per share expiring on March 31, 2025.~~

⁽⁷⁾ ~~Includes options to purchase 25,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.50 per share expiring on March 31, 2025.~~

⁽⁸⁾

⁽¹⁾

The number of shares outstanding is 4,857,187 shares, with 5,828,205 total number of shares issued, of which 971,018 shares are held in treasury. The calculations herein are based on the number of shares outstanding of 4,857,187. Under the rules of the SEC, shares of common stock that an individual or group has a right to acquire within 60 days pursuant to the exercise of options or warrants are deemed to be outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of such individual or group, but are not deemed to be outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person shown in the table.

⁽²⁾

Includes 1,143,421 shares of common stock owned of record by a corporation that is wholly owned by a trust of which Mr. So is the sole beneficiary.

⁽³⁾

Includes options to purchase 150,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.50 per share expiring on March 31, 2025.

⁽⁴⁾

Includes options to purchase 125,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.50 per share expiring on March 31, 2025.

⁽⁵⁾

Includes options to purchase 60,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.50 per share expiring on March 31, 2025.

⁽⁶⁾

Includes options to purchase 40,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.50 per share expiring on March 31, 2025.

⁽⁷⁾

Includes options to purchase 25,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.50 per share expiring on March 31, 2025.

⁽⁸⁾

Includes options to purchase 25,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.50 per share expiring on March 31, 2025.

On March 23, 2004, our stockholders adopted the 2004 Stock Option Plan (the “2004 Plan”), which provided for the grant of up to six hundred thousand (600,000) shares of the Company’s common stock in the form of stock options, subject to certain adjustments as described in the 2004 Plan. At the Annual Meeting of Shareholders held on March 20, 2015, the shareholders approved an amendment to the 2004 Plan to increase the number of shares that could be granted from 600,000 to 850,000.

The purpose of the 2004 Plan is to induce key employees to remain in the employ of the Company and to encourage such employees to secure or increase on reasonable terms their common stock ownership in the Company. The Company believes that the 2004 Plan promotes continuity of management and increased incentive and personal interest in the welfare of the Company.

The 2004 Plan is administered by a committee appointed by the Board of Directors, which consists of at least two but not more than three members of the Board, one of whom shall be a non-employee of the Company. The committee members currently are Anthony So and Woo-Ping Fok. The committee determines the specific terms of the options granted, including the employees to be granted options under the plan, the number of shares subject to each option grant, the exercise price of each option and the option period, subject to the requirement that no option may be exercisable more than 10 years after the date of grant. The exercise price of an option may be less than the fair market value of the underlying shares of common stock. No options granted under the plan will be transferable by the optionee other than by will or the laws of descent and distribution, and each option will be exercisable during the lifetime of the optionee only by the optionee.

The exercise price of an option granted pursuant to the 2004 Plan may be paid in cash, by the surrender of options, in common stock, in other property, including a promissory note from the optionee, or by a combination of the above, at the discretion of the Committee.

As of July 15, 2015, 850,000 options, all with an exercise price of $1.50 per share, had been granted to officers and directors of the Company under the 2004 Plan. Options for 425,000 shares were exercised during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020, resulting in the issuance of 284,566 shares of common stock and the surrender of 140,434 options in connection with cashless exercises. The options for 425,000 shares that remain outstanding as of March 31, ~~2021~~2022 will expire on March 31, 2025 if not previously exercised.

On September 7, 2004, our stockholders adopted the 2004 Stock Bonus Plan (the “Stock Bonus Plan”), which authorizes the issuance of up to five hundred thousand (500,000) shares of the Company’s common stock in the form of a stock bonus.

The purpose of the Stock Bonus Plan is to: (i) induce key employees to remain in the employ of the Company or of any subsidiary of the Company; (ii) encourage such employees to secure or increase their stock ownership in the Company; and (iii) reward employees, non-employee directors, advisors and consultants for services rendered, or to be rendered, to or for the benefit of the Company or any of its subsidiaries. The Company believes that the Stock Bonus Plan will promote continuity of management and increased incentive and personal interest in the welfare of the Company.

The Stock Bonus Plan is administered by a committee appointed by the Board of Directors which consists of at least two but not more than three members of the Board, one of whom shall be a non-employee of the Company. The Committee members currently are Anthony So and Woo-Ping Fok. The Committee has the authority, in its sole discretion: (i) to determine the parties to receive bonus stock, the times when they shall receive such awards, the number of shares to be issued and the time, terms and conditions of the issuance of any such shares; (ii) to construe and interpret the terms of the Stock Bonus Plan; (iii) to establish, amend and rescind rules and regulations for the administration of the Stock Bonus Plan; and (iv) to make all other determinations necessary or advisable for administering the Stock Bonus Plan.

As of March 31, ~~2021,~~2022, no shares had been granted under the Stock Bonus Plan.

We are not directly or indirectly owned or controlled by any foreign government or by another corporation. The following table sets forth, as of July 15, ~~2021,~~2022, beneficial ownership of our common stock by each person, to the best of our knowledge, known to own beneficially 5% or more of our common stock outstanding as of such date. Except as otherwise indicated, all shares are owned directly and hold equal voting rights.

Name	Shares of Common Stock Owned			Options to Purchase Common Stock		Percent of Beneficial Ownership⁽¹⁾			Shares of Common Stock Owned			Options to Purchase Common Stock		Percent of Beneficial Ownership⁽¹⁾
Anthony So		2,431,770	⁽²⁾		150,000		51.6	%		2,431,770	⁽²⁾		150,000		51.6	%
Andrew So		493,000			125,000		12.4	%		483,540			125,000		12.2	%
Albert So		269,459			60,000		6.7	%		269,459			60,000		6.7	%
CAS Corporation		290,654	⁽³⁾		—		6.0	%		290,654	⁽³⁾		—		6.0	%

There are no arrangements known to us that may at a subsequent date result in a change in control of the Company.

We paid Schlueter & Associates, P.C. an aggregate of approximately $60,000 in each of the fiscal years ended March 31, ~~2019,~~ 2020, 2021 and ~~2021~~2022 for legal fees. Mr. Henry F. Schlueter, a director of the Company, is the Managing Director of Schlueter & Associates, P.C.

During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2015, Anthony So, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, made an interest-free loan to Bonso Advanced Technology Limited, a subsidiary of Bonso Electronics International Inc., in the principal amount of HK$4,200,000 (approximately US$538,000 as of the date of the loan). The loan was payable in 48 equal monthly installments of HK$87,500 each (approximately US$11,000), which commenced on October 31, 2014. As of March 31, 2019, the Company had repaid this loan in its entirety.

One of the Company’s subsidiaries in Shenzhen, PRC, rents an apartment unit located in Shenzhen from Mr. Anthony So, a director of the Company, for staff quarters. The monthly rental payment for the unit is approximately ~~$270.~~$317. The total rental payment paid to Mr. Anthony So during the fiscal year ended March 31, ~~2021~~2022 was approximately $4,000 ~~(2020: $3,000; 2019:~~(2021: $4,000; 2020: $3,000). The rental agreement for this apartment unit terminates on July 31, ~~2022.~~2023.

One of the Company’s subsidiaries in Xinxing, PRC rents an apartment unit located in Xinxing from Mr. Andrew So, our President and Chief Executive Officer and a director of the Company, for staff quarters. Mr. Andrew So is the sole owner of this apartment unit. Since December 1, 2018, the monthly rental payment has been approximately $600, and the total rental payment paid to Mr. Andrew So during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021 was approximately $2,000 (2020: $7,000; 2019: $6,000). The rental agreement for this apartment unit terminated on July 31, 2021, and was not renewed.

In February 2018, Mr. Henry F. Schlueter, a director of the Company, sold 10,000 shares of the Company’s common stock to the Company at a purchase price of $3.48 per share, pursuant to the Company’s repurchase program. See Item 16E. – “Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers.”

Our Consolidated Financial Statements are set forth under Item 18. – “Financial Statements.”

Our common stock is traded only in the United States over-the-counter market. It is quoted on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the trading symbol “BNSO.” The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the range of high and low closing sales prices per share reported by NASDAQ. The quotations represent prices between dealers and do not include retail markup, markdown or commissions and may not necessarily represent actual transactions.

The following table sets forth the high and low sale prices for each of the last five years:

The following table sets forth the high and low sale prices during each of the quarters in the two-year period ended June 30, ~~2021.~~2022.

The following table sets forth the high and low sale prices during each of the most recent six months.

On July 15, ~~2021,~~2022, the closing price of our common stock was ~~$6.94.~~$3.39. Of the 5,828,205 shares of common stock issued as of July 15, ~~2021,~~2022, 4,857,187 shares were outstanding, 1,883,156 shares were held in the United States by ~~131~~125 holders of record and 971,018 shares were held by the Company as treasury stock. We have ~~146~~141 shareholders of record.

The transfer agent and registrar for the common stock is Computershare, 8742 Lucent Boulevard, Suite 225, Highlands Ranch, Colorado 80129.

Our authorized capital is $170,000, consisting of 23,333,334 shares of common stock, $0.003 par value per share, and 10,000,000 authorized shares of preferred stock, $0.01 par value, divided into 2,500,000 shares each of class A preferred stock, class B preferred stock, class C preferred stock and class D preferred stock. Information with respect to the number of shares of common stock outstanding at the beginning and at the end of the last three fiscal years is presented in the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the fiscal years ended March 31, ~~2019,~~ 2020, 2021 and ~~2021~~2022 included herein in Item 18.

At July 15, ~~2021,~~2022, there were 5,828,205 shares of our common stock issued, 4,857,187 shares were outstanding and 971,018 shares were held by the Company in treasury. All shares were fully paid. In addition, we had outstanding 425,000 options to purchase common stock as follows:

At July 15, ~~2021,~~2022, there were no shares of our preferred stock outstanding.

We are registered in the British Virgin Islands and have been assigned company number 9032 in the register of companies. Our registered agent is Harneys Corporate Services Limited at Craigmuir Chambers, P.O. Box 71, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands. The object or purpose of the Company is to engage in any act or activity that is not prohibited under British Virgin Islands law as set forth in Paragraph 4 of our Memorandum of Association. As an International Business Company, we are prohibited from doing business with persons resident in the British Virgin Islands, owning real estate in the British Virgin Islands or acting as a bank or insurance company. We do not believe that these restrictions materially affect our operations.

Paragraph 57(c) of our Amended Articles of Association (the “Articles”) provides that a director may be counted as one of a quorum in respect of any contract or arrangement in which the director is materially interested; however, if the agreement or transaction cannot be approved by a resolution of directors without counting the vote or consent of any interested director, the agreement or transaction may only be validated by approval or ratification by a resolution of the members. Paragraph 53 of the Articles allows the directors to vote compensation to themselves in respect of services rendered to the Company. Paragraph 66 of the Articles provides that the directors may by resolution exercise all the powers of the Company to borrow money and to mortgage or charge its undertakings and property or any part thereof, to issue debentures, debenture stock and other securities whenever money is borrowed or as security for any debt, liability or obligation of ours or of any third party. Such borrowing powers can be altered by an amendment to the Articles. There is no provision in the Articles for the mandatory retirement of directors. Directors are not required to own shares of the Company in order to serve as directors.

Our authorized share capital is $170,000, divided into 23,333,334 shares of common stock, $0.003 par value, and 10,000,000 authorized shares of preferred stock, $0.01 par value. Holders of our common stock are entitled to one vote for each whole share on all matters to be voted upon by shareholders, including the election of directors. Holders of our common stock do not have cumulative voting rights in the election of directors. All of our common shares are equal to each other with respect to liquidation and dividend rights. Holders of our common shares are entitled to receive dividends if and when declared by our Board of Directors out of funds legally available therefor under British Virgin Islands law. In the event of our liquidation, all assets available for distribution to the holders of our common stock are distributable among them according to their respective holdings. Holders of our common stock have no preemptive rights to purchase any additional unissued common shares. No shares of our preferred stock have been issued; however, the Board of Directors has the ability to determine the rights, preferences and restrictions of the preferred stock at their discretion.

Paragraph 7 of the Memorandum of Association provides that without prejudice to any special rights previously conferred on the holders of any existing shares, any share may be issued with such preferred, deferred or other special rights or such restrictions, whether in regard to dividend, voting, return of capital or otherwise, as the directors may from time to time determine.

Paragraph 10 of the Memorandum of Association provides that if at any time the authorized share capital is divided into different classes or series of shares, the rights attached to any class or series may be varied with the consent in writing of the holders of not less than three-fourths of the issued shares of any other class or series of shares which may be affected by such variation.

Paragraph 105 of the Articles of Association provides that our Memorandum and Articles of Association may be amended by a resolution of members or a resolution of directors. Thus, our Board of Directors without shareholder approval may amend our Memorandum and Articles of Association. This includes amendments to increase or reduce our authorized capital stock. Our ability to amend our Memorandum and Articles of Association without shareholder approval could have the effect of delaying, deterring or preventing a change in control of the Company, including a tender offer to purchase our common shares at a premium over the then current market price.

Provisions in respect of the holding of general meetings and extraordinary general meetings are set out in Paragraphs 68 through 77 of the Articles and under the International Business Companies Act. The directors may convene meetings of the members at such times and in such manner and places as the directors consider necessary or desirable, and they shall convene such a meeting upon the written request of members holding more than 30% of the votes of our outstanding voting shares.

British Virgin Islands law and our Memorandum and Articles of Association impose no limitations on the right of nonresident or foreign owners to hold or vote our securities. There are no provisions in the Memorandum and Articles of Association governing the ownership threshold above which shareholder ownership must be disclosed.

A copy of our Memorandum and Articles of Association, as amended, was filed as an exhibit to our Registration Statement on Form F-2 (SEC File No. 333-32524) filed with the SEC.

The following summarizes each material contract, other than contracts entered into in the ordinary course of business, to which Bonso or any subsidiary of Bonso is a party, for the two years immediately preceding the filing of this report:

We signed a Banking Facilities Letter dated April 4, 2019 with Hang Seng Bank for an approximately HK$40.0 million (or approximately US$5.1 million) letter of credit, trust receipt facility, export D/P bills, export trade loan, factoring, overdraft facility, term loans and financial instruments including forward contracts. A copy of this Banking Facilities Letter was filed with the SEC on August 15, 2019 as Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F and is incorporated herein by this reference.

In November 2017, we signed an agreement with a property developer in Shenzhen (Fangda) to cooperate in reconstructing and redeveloping the Shenzhen factory. Under the terms of the agreement, Fangda is responsible for applying for necessary government approvals and for financing and handling the redevelopment project. Under the agreement, both companies will share the redeveloped property after reconstruction/redevelopment is completed with Bonso holding a 45% interest in the total floor area. In July 2018, we signed a supplementary agreement with Fangda to modify our approach in obtaining government approvals. Summaries of the November 2017 agreement and the supplementary agreement were filed as Exhibit 99.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 6-K which was filed with the SEC on March 27, 2018, and Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018 which was filed with the SEC on August 15, 2018, respectively. Both agreements are incorporated herein by this reference.

There are no exchange control restrictions on payments of dividends on our common stock or on the conduct of our operations either in Hong Kong, where our principal executive offices are located, or the British Virgin Islands, where we are incorporated. Other jurisdictions in which we conduct operations may have various exchange controls. Taxation and repatriation of profits regarding our China operations are regulated by Chinese laws and regulations. With respect to our PRC subsidiaries, with the exception of a requirement that approximately 10% of profits be reserved for future developments and staff welfare, there are no restrictions on the payment of dividends and the removal of dividends from China once all taxes are paid and assessed and losses, if any, from previous years have been made good. To date, these controls have not had, and are not expected to have, a material impact on our financial results. There are no material British Virgin Islands laws that impose foreign exchange controls on us or that affect the payment of dividends, interest or other payments to holders of our securities who are not residents of the British Virgin Islands. British Virgin Islands law and our Memorandum and Articles of Association impose no limitations on the right of nonresident or foreign owners to hold or vote our securities.

No reciprocal tax treaty regarding withholding exists between the United States and the British Virgin Islands. Under current British Virgin Islands law, dividends, interest or royalties paid by us to individuals are not subject to tax as long as the recipient is not a resident of the British Virgin Islands. If we were to pay a dividend, we would not be liable to withhold any tax, but shareholders would receive gross dividends, if any, irrespective of their residential or national status.

Dividends, if any, paid to any United States resident or citizen shareholder are treated as dividend income for United States federal income tax purposes. Such dividends are not eligible for the 50% dividends-received deduction allowed to United States corporations on dividends from a domestic corporation under Section 243 of the Internal Revenue Code. Various Internal Revenue Code provisions impose special taxes in certain circumstances on non-United States corporations and their shareholders. You are urged to consult your tax advisor with regard to such possibilities and your own tax situation.

A foreign corporation will be treated as a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) for United States federal income tax purposes if, after applying relevant look-through rules with respect to the income and assets of subsidiaries, 75% or more of its gross income consists of certain types of passive income or 50% or more of the gross value of its assets is attributable to assets that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income. For this purpose, passive income generally includes dividends, interest, royalties, rents (other ~~that~~than rents and royalties derived in the active conduct of a trade or business), annuities and gains from assets that produce passive income. We presently believe that we are not a PFIC and do not anticipate becoming a PFIC. This is, however, a factual determination made on an annual basis and is subject to change. If we were to be classified as a PFIC in any taxable year, (i) U.S. holders would generally be required to treat any gain on sales of our shares held by them as ordinary income and to pay an interest charge on the value of the deferral of their United States federal income tax attributable to such gain; and (ii) distributions paid by us to our United States holders could also be subject to an interest charge. In addition, we would not provide information to our United States holders that would enable them to make a “qualified electing fund” election under which, generally, in lieu of the foregoing treatment, our earnings would be currently included in their United States federal income.

In addition to United States federal income taxation, shareholders may be subject to state and local taxes upon their receipt of dividends.

You may read and copy documents referred to in this Annual Report on Form 20-F that have been filed with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room, 450 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. You may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. You can also obtain copies of our SEC filings by going to the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.

The SEC allows us to “incorporate by reference” the information we file with the SEC. This means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to another document filed separately with the SEC. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be part of this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

We are exposed to a certain level of interest rate risk and foreign currency exchange risk.

Our interest rate risk primarily arises from our bank borrowings and our general banking facilities. As at March 31, ~~2021,~~2022, we had utilized approximately ~~$992,000~~$332,000 of our total banking facilities of approximately $5,128,000. Based on the maturity profile and composition of our long-term debt and general banking facilities, including the fact that our banking facilities are at variable interest rates, we estimate that changes in interest rates will not have a material impact on our operating results or cash flows. We intend to manage our interest rate risk through appropriate borrowing strategies. We have not entered into interest rate swap or risk management agreements; however, it is possible that we may do so in the future.

A summary of our debts at March 31, ~~2021~~2022 that were subject to variable interest rates is below:

	March 31,		Interest		March 31,		Interest
	2021		Rate		2022		Rate
Notes payable	$	25,000		HIBOR⁽¹⁾ +2.50%	$	74,000		HIBOR⁽¹⁾ +2.50%
Short term loans⁽²⁾	$	500,000		HIBOR⁽¹⁾ +2.25%	$	66,000		HIBOR⁽¹⁾ +2.25%
Long term loans⁽²⁾	$	467,000		HIBOR⁽¹⁾ +2.00%	$	192,000		HIBOR⁽¹⁾ +2.00%

⁽²⁾ A clause in the banking facility states that the term loans are subject to review any time and also subject to the bank's overriding right of repayment on demand, including the right to call for cash cover on demand for prospective and contingent liabilities. Therefore, all long-term loans were classified as current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

A change in the interest rate of 1% will increase or decrease the interest expense of the Company by approximately ~~$12,000.~~$7,000.

For further information concerning our banking facilities, the interest rates payable and repayment terms, please see Note 7 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

For a discussion of our Foreign Currency Exchange Risk, See Item 5. – “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects - Foreign Currency Exchange Rates.”

Item 14. Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds

The Company’s management directed that an evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in paragraph (e) of Rule 13a-15 or 15d-15 under the Exchange Act, be conducted as of March 31, ~~2021.~~2022. Our Company's internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of the Chief Executive ~~Officer, the Chief Operating~~ Officer and the Chief Financial Officer to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:

provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of our Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and

There are inherent limitations in the effectiveness of any internal control, including the possibility of human error and the circumvention or overriding of controls. Accordingly, even effective internal controls can provide only reasonable assurances with respect to financial statement preparation. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

In making this assessment, management used the criteria established in 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on the assessment, the Company’s management, including its Chief ~~Operating~~Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, have concluded that, as of March 31, ~~2021,~~2022, there were certain material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting related to our financial closing process, the lack of trained accounting personnel and the failure to enter certain transactions into the accounting records on a timely basis. All of these weaknesses were identified in the Form 20-F that we filed during the previous year. As a result of that evaluation and other assessments and observations, management concluded that both our internal controls over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures for the fiscal year ended March 31, ~~2021,~~2022, were ineffective.

We have not maintained effective internal control over the financial closing process to provide reasonable assurance that the financial statements (including our interim financial statements) are prepared in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP).

a sufficient number of experienced personnel in our accounting and finance departments to provide reasonable assurance that transactions were being recorded, and adequate supervisory reviews and monitoring activities over financial reporting matters and controls performed, as necessary to permit the preparation of the financial statements (including our interim financial statements) in accordance with GAAP;

In response to the material weaknesses described above, management intends to do the following:

If the remedial measures described above are insufficient to address any of the identified material weaknesses or are not implemented effectively, or additional deficiencies arise in the future, material misstatements in our interim or annual financial statements may occur in the future. We are currently working to implement enhanced controls, as discussed above, to address the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting and to remedy the ineffectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures. A key element of our remediation effort is the ability to recruit and retain qualified individuals to support our remediation efforts. While our Audit Committee and Board of Directors have been supportive of our efforts by supporting the hiring of various individuals in finance, as well as funding efforts to improve our financial reporting system, improvement in internal control will be hampered if we cannot recruit and retain more qualified professionals. Among other things, any unremediated material weaknesses could result in material post-closing adjustments in future financial statements. Furthermore, any such unremediated material weaknesses could have the effects described above in the Risk Factor captioned “We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting which could, if not remediated, result in material misstatements in our financial statements.” Management believes that the remediation items listed above, if executed, will ensure that data and reports can be relied upon for the purpose of accurately and timely recording transactions in accordance with GAAP. However, we have experienced material weaknesses in our internal controls for several years and, to date, management has been unable to implement effective remediation measures.

There were no changes in the Company’s internal controls during the period covered by this Report that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect our internal control over financial reporting.

Henry F. Schlueter is an ad hoc member of the Company’s Audit Committee and is deemed to be a financial expert. Mr. Schlueter, the Company’s outside securities counsel, may not be deemed to be “independent” within the definition of “independence” published by NASDAQ.

We have adopted a code of ethics that applies to our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. We intend to disclose any changes in, or waivers from, our code of ethics by filing a Form 6-K. Stockholders may request a free copy in print form from our Chief Financial Officer at:

Bonso Electronics International, Inc.

Unit 1404, 14/F, Cheuk Nang Centre

9 Hillwood Road, Tsimshatsui

Kowloon

Hong Kong

The Audit Committee must pre-approve the audit and non-audit services performed by the independent auditor in order to assure that the provision of such services does not impair the auditor's independence. Before the Company or any of its subsidiaries engage the independent auditor to render a service, the engagement must be either:

The term of any pre-approval is 12 months from the date of pre-approval, unless the Audit Committee specifically provides for a different period. The Audit Committee may periodically revise the list of pre-approved services.

The Audit Committee may delegate pre-approval authority to one or more of its members. The member or members to whom such authority is delegated shall report any pre-approval decisions to the Audit Committee at its next scheduled meeting. The Audit Committee may not delegate to management the Audit Committee's responsibilities to pre-approve services performed by the independent auditor.

The Audit Committee must specifically pre-approve the terms of the annual audit services engagement. The Audit Committee shall approve, if necessary, any changes in terms resulting from changes in audit scope, Company structure or other matters. In addition to the annual audit services engagement approved by the Audit Committee, the Audit Committee may grant pre-approval for other audit services, which are those services that only the independent auditor reasonably can provide.

The Audit Committee may grant pre-approval to those permissible non-audit services classified as other services that it believes would not impair the independence of the auditor, including those that are routine and recurring services.

The Audit Committee may consider the amount or range of estimated fees as a factor in determining whether a proposed service would impair the auditor's independence. Where the Audit Committee has approved an estimated fee for a service, the pre-approval applies to all services described in the approval. However, in the event the invoice in respect of any such service is materially in excess of the estimated amount or range, the Audit Committee must approve such excess amount prior to payment of the invoice. The Audit Committee expects that any requests to pay invoices in excess of the estimated amounts will include an explanation as to the reason for the overage. The Company’s independent auditor will be informed of this policy.

The Company’s management shall inform the Audit Committee of each service performed by the independent auditor pursuant to this Pre-Approval Policy. Requests or applications to provide services that require separate approval by the Audit Committee shall be submitted to the Audit Committee by both the independent auditor and the Chief Financial Officer and must include a joint statement as to whether, in their view, the request or application is consistent with the SEC’s and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States)’s rules on auditor independence.

All audit related services, tax services and other services indicated below were pre-approved by the Audit Committee.

The aggregate fees billed by MSPC Certified Public Accountants and Advisors, ~~P.C.~~A professional Corporation. for professional services rendered for the audit of the Company’s annual consolidated financial statements for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 were approximately $160,000 and approximately $150,000, and the aggregate fees billed by Moore Stephens CPA Limited for professional services rendered for the audit of the Company’s annual consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 were approximately $150,000.respectively.

There were no fees billed by MSPC Certified Public Accountants and Advisors, ~~P.C.~~A Professional Corporation for professional services rendered for assurance and related services that were reasonably related to the performance of the audit and are not reported above under “Audit Fees” for the fiscal ~~year~~years ended March 31, ~~2021~~2022 or ~~for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020 by Moore Stephens CPA Limited.~~2021.

The aggregate fees billed for professional services rendered for tax compliance for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 were $nil and ~~2020 were approximately $4,000 and $5,000,~~$nil, respectively.

No other fees were incurred or billed to us by our auditors for agreed-upon procedures rendered during the fiscal years ended March 31, ~~2021~~2022 or ~~2020.~~2021.

Pursuant to NASDAQ Marketplace Rule 4350(a), a foreign private issuer may follow its home country practice in lieu of Rule 4350, which sets forth the qualitative Listing Requirements for NASDAQ listed companies. Rule 4350 requires, among other things, that a listed company have at least three members on its audit committee. The Company currently has an audit committee consisting of two directors, one of whom is deemed to be “independent” as defined in NASDAQ Marketplace Rule 4200. The Company has obtained a letter from independent counsel in the British Virgin Islands certifying that having a single member audit committee is not prohibited by British Virgin Island law. See Item 6. – “Directors, Senior Management and Advisors - NASDAQ Exemptions and Home Country Practices.”

Item 16E. Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

The following table contains the Company’s purchases of equity securities induring the fiscal year ended March 31, ~~2021.~~2022.

As of July 15, ~~2021,~~2022, 34,000 repurchased shares had been removed from the total number of shares issued. The Company (through its subsidiary) had repurchased and held an aggregate of 1,005,018 shares of its common stock. The Company may from time to time repurchase additional shares of its common stock under this program.

On March 29, 2021, Moore Stephens CPA Limited resigned and the Company engaged MSPC Certified Public Accountants and Advisors, ~~P.C.~~A Professional Corporation as its independent public accountants for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021. The resignation of Moore Stephens CPA Limited and the engagement of MSPC Certified Public Accountants and Advisors, ~~P.C.~~A Professional Corporation as the Company’s auditors for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, was disclosed in a Form 6-K filed with the SEC on March 31, 2021.

For a discussion of the ways in which the Company’s corporate governance differs from those followed by domestic companies under the NASDAQ Marketplace listing requirements, see Item 6. – “Directors, Senior Management and Advisors - NASDAQ Exemptions and Home Country Practices,” above.

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this Annual Report on its behalf

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance ~~sheet~~sheets of Bonso Electronics International Inc. and Subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of March 31, 2022 and 2021, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive Income, changes in stockholders’ equity and cash flows for the ~~year~~years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the ~~“financial~~“consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of March 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the ~~year~~years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our ~~audit.~~audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of
Bonso Electronics International Inc.

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows of Bonso Electronics International Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) for the year ended March 31, 2020, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the results of operations and cash flows of the Company for the year ended March 31, 2020, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to the accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not in any way alter our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate audit opinions on the critical audit matters or the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

As discussed in Note 1(l) to the consolidated financial statements, the Company recognizes revenue from contracts with customers in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 606. Due to the significance of revenue to the consolidated financial statements, we identified revenue recognition as a critical audit matter.

Recognizing revenue in accordance with ASC 606 requires a five step process as detailed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements. To determine that the Company satisfied the five steps, we performed a number of audit procedures, including direct confirmation with customers and agents (through whom the Company sells products online), and examination of invoices and shipping documents. We reviewed contracts with agents and purchase orders of customers to verify the contractual terms were followed and properly accounted for under ASC 606. We also traced customer payments to bank accounts and performing cut-off testing to insure that revenue was recognized in the proper period.

The Company estimates its income tax provision (benefit) on an entity basis, as each of the companies included in the consolidated financial statements files a tax return on an individual company basis. As detailed in Note 8 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s deferred tax asset primarily arises from net operating loss carryforwards. To determine the realizability of the deferred tax asset, the Company prepared a forecast of the expected taxable results for each of its entities for the following five fiscal years, including any relevant business and tax strategies. Based on this forecast, the Company has established a valuation allowance of approximately $3,197,000 against the gross deferred tax asset of $3,976,000.

Our audit procedures surrounding the deferred tax asset and its realizability included testing the reconciliation from reported income(loss) to taxable income(loss) to determine that the tax laws were applied properly, checking the mathematical accuracy of the forecast of taxable income(loss), evaluating the reasonableness of the assumptions and tax strategies used in the forecast of taxable income(loss) and performing a sensitivity analysis.

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Bonso Electronics International Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of March 31, 2020, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended March 31, 2020, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company as of March 31, 2020, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended March 31, 2020, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

We began serving as the Company’s auditor in fiscal year 2009. In fiscal year 2021, we became the predecessor auditor.


	March 31,						March 31,
	2020			2021			2021			2022
	$ in thousands			$ in thousands			$ in thousands			$ in thousands
Assets

Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents		9,111			10,060			10,060			6,740
Trade receivables, net		811			1,279			1,279			1,493
Other receivables, deposits and prepayments		692			466			466			762
Inventories		1,178			1,097			1,097			2,127
Income tax recoverable		5			5			5			5
Financial instruments at fair value		54			504			504			395

Total current assets		11,851			13,411			13,411			11,522


Investment in life insurance contract		158			163			163			167

Financial instruments at amortized cost		523			523			523			0

Property, plant and equipment, net		9,439			9,500			9,500			9,995

Intangible assets, net		1,930			1,813			1,813			1,600

Deferred tax asset		—			779			779			333

Right-of-use assets		300			232			232			133

Total assets		24,201			26,421			26,421			23,750

Liabilities and stockholders’ equity

Current liabilities

Notes payable – secured		—			25			25			74
Bank loans – secured		1,937			967			967			258
Accounts payable		775			572			572			531
Contract liabilities		12			317			317			320
Accrued charges and deposits		3,174			3,165			3,165			3,243
Refund liabilities		69			29			29			28
Payable to affiliated parties		80			79			79			80
Income tax payable		—			165			165			0
Lease liabilities		92			105			105			114

Total current liabilities		6,139			5,424			5,424			4,648


Lease liabilities (non-current)		213			127			127			19

Long-term loan		2,438			2,773			2,773			2,922

Long-term deposit received		647			701			701			818

Total liabilities		9,437			9,025			9,025			8,407

Commitments and contingent liabilities

Stockholders’ equity
Preferred stock par value $0.03 per share
- $0.01 par value (authorized: 10,000,000 shares; no shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2020 and 2021)
Common stock par value $0.003 per share
- authorized shares - 23,333,334
- issued shares: March 31, 2020: 5,828,205; March 31, 2021: 5,828,205. - outstanding shares: March 31, 2020: 4,906,466; March 31, 2021: 4,857,187.		17			17
Preferred stock par value $0.03 per share - $0.01 par value (authorized: 10,000,000 shares; 0 shares issued and outstanding as of March 31, 2021 and 2022)								0			0
Common stock par value $0.003 per share - authorized shares - 23,333,334 - issued shares: March 31, 2021: 5,828,205; March 31, 2022: 5,828,205. - outstanding shares: March 31, 2021: 4,857,187; March 31, 2022: 4,857,187.								17			17
Additional paid-in capital		22,795			22,795			22,795			22,795
Treasury stock at cost: March 31, 2020: 921,739; March 31, 2021: 971,018.		(2,892	)		(3,082	)
Treasury stock at cost: March 31, 2021: 971,018; March 31, 2022: 971,018.								(3,082	)		(3,082	)
Accumulated deficit		(6,094	)		(4,323	)		(4,323	)		(7,083	)
Accumulated other comprehensive income		938			1,989			1,989			2,696

		14,764			17,396

Total stockholders' equity								17,396			15,343
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity		24,201			26,421			26,421			23,750


	Years ended March 31,									Years ended March 31,
	2019			2020			2021			2020			2021			2022
	$ in thousands			$ in thousands			$ in thousands			$ in thousands			$ in thousands			$ in thousands

Net revenue		9,992			13,096			15,590			13,096			15,590			14,801
Cost of revenue		(6,035	)		(5,690	)		(5,940	)		(5,690	)		(5,940	)		(7,679	)
Gross profit											7,406			9,650			7,122

Gross profit		3,957			7,406			9,650
Selling, general and administrative expenses		(4,605	)		(7,479	)		(8,924	)		(7,479	)		(8,924	)		(9,529	)
Other income, net		108			435			480			435			480			189
(Loss) / income from operations		(540	)		362			1,206
Income / (loss) from operations											362			1,206			(2,218	)
Non-operating income / (expenses), net		77			36			(49	)		36			(49	)		(131	)

(Loss) / income before income taxes		(463	)		398			1,157
Income tax benefit		—			—			614

Net (loss) / income		(463	)		398			1,771
Income / (loss) before income taxes											398			1,157			(2,349	)
Income tax benefit / (expense)											0			614			(411	)
Net income / (loss)											398			1,771			(2,760	)

Other comprehensive (loss) / income, net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of tax		(1,113	)		(985	)		1,051			(985	)		1,051			707

Comprehensive (loss) / income		(1,576	)		(587	)		2,822			(587	)		2,822			(2,053	)

Net (loss) / income attributable to common shareholders		(463	)		398			1,771
Net income / (loss) attributable to common shareholders											398			1,771			(2,760	)

Net (loss) / earnings per share
Net earnings / (loss) per share
- basic	($	0.10	)	$	0.09		$	0.36		$	0.09		$	0.36		$	(0.57	)

Weighted average number of shares outstanding in calculating net earnings per share
- basic		4,703,224			4,646,966			4,880,422			4,646,966			4,880,422			4,857,187

Net (loss) / earnings per share
Net earnings / (loss) per share
- diluted	($	0.10	)	$	0.08		$	0.34		$	0.08		$	0.34		$	(0.57	)

Weighted average number of shares outstanding in calculating net earnings per share
- diluted		4,703,224			4,816,736			5,145,260			4,816,736			5,145,260			4,857,187

	Common stock			Treasury stock
	Shares Issue	Amount outstanding	Additional paid-in capital	Treasury Shares held	Amount outstanding		Accumulated deficit		Accumulated other comprehensive income-foreign currency adjustments		Total stockholders’ equity		Common stock			Treasury stock
		$ in thousands	$ in thousands		$ in thousands		$ in thousands		$ in thousands		$ in thousands		Shares Issued	Amount outstanding	Additional paid-in capital	Treasury Shares held	Amount outstanding		Accumulated deficit		Accumulated other comprehensive income-foreign currency adjustments		Total stockholders’ equity
														$ in thousands	$ in thousands		$ in thousands		$ in thousands		$ in thousands		$ in thousands
Balance, March 31, 2018	5,543,639	17	22,474	748,017	(2,409	)	(6,029	)	3,036		17,089
Net loss	—	—	—	—	—		(463	)	—		(463	)
Shares repurchased (Note 13(a))	—	—	—	124,849	(364	)	—		—		(364	)
Foreign currency translation adjustments	—	—	—	—	—		—		(1,113	)	(1,113	)

Balance, March 31, 2019	5,543,639	17	22,474	872,866	(2,773	)	(6,492	)	1,923		15,149		5,543,639	17	22,474	872,866	(2,773	)	(6,492	)	1,923		15,149
Net income	—	—	—	—	—		398		—		398		—	—	—	—	—		398		—		398

Shares repurchased (Note 13(a))	—	—	—	48,873	(119	)	—		—		(119	)	—	—	—	48,873	(119	)	—		—		(119	)
Options exercised (Note 14(c))	284,566	—	321	—	—		—		—		321		284,566	—	321	—	—		—		—		321
Foreign currency translation adjustments	—	—	—	—	—		—		(985	)	(985	)	—	—	—	—	—		—		(985	)	(985	)

Balance, March 31, 2020	5,828,205	17	22,795	921,739	(2,892	)	(6,094	)	938		14,764		5,828,205	17	22,795	921,739	(2,892	)	(6,094	)	938		14,764
Net income	—	—	—	—	—		1,771		—		1,771		—	—	—	—	—		1,771		—		1,771
Shares repurchased (Note 13(a))	—	—	—	49,279	(190	)	—		—		(190	)	—	—	—	49,279	(190	)	—		—		(190	)
Foreign currency translation adjustments	—	—	—	—	—		—		1,051		1,051		—	—	—	—	—		—		1,051		1,051

Balance, March 31, 2021	5,828,205	17	22,795	971,018	(3,082	)	(4,323	)	1,989		17,396		5,828,205	17	22,795	971,018	(3,082	)	(4,323	)	1,989		17,396
Net loss													—	—	—	—	—		(2,760	)	—		(2,760	)
Foreign currency translation adjustments													—	—	—	—	—		—		707		707

Balance, March 31, 2022													5,828,205	17	22,795	971,018	(3,082	)	(7,083	)	2,696		15,343


	Years Ended March 31,									Years Ended March 31,
	2019			2020			2021			2020			2021			2022
	$ in thousands			$ in thousands			$ in thousands			$ in thousands			$ in thousands			$ in thousands

Cash flows from operating activities
Net (loss) / income		(463	)		398			1,771
Net income / (loss)											398			1,771			(2,760	)

Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation		859			841			812			841			812			856
Amortization		275			264			269			264			269			285
(Gain) / loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment		(5	)		3			(237	)
Loss / (gain) on disposal of property, plant and equipment											3			(237	)		8
Write-down of inventories		73			87			108			87			108			284
Change in cash surrender value of life insurance contract		(4	)		(5	)		(5	)		(5	)		(5	)		(4	)
Change in fair value of financial instruments		(4	)		5			(17	)		5			(17	)		12
Dividend income from financial instruments at fair value		(1	)		(4	)		(4	)		(4	)		(4	)		(7	)
Coupons received from financial instruments at amortized cost		—			(79	)		(48	)		(79	)		(48	)		(48	)
(Gain) / loss from sale of financial instruments at fair value		(16	)		1			(6	)
Loss / (gain) from sale of financial instruments at fair value											1			(6	)		107
Loss from redemption of financial instruments at amortized cost		—			4			—			4			0			0
Interest expense		116			114			125			114			125			118
(Increase) / decrease in deferred tax asset											0			(779	)		446
Impairment on financial instruments at amortized cost											—			—			522


Changes in assets and liabilities:
Trade receivables		166			(230	)		(462	)		(230	)		(462	)		(214	)
Other receivables, deposits and prepayments		(586	)		(203	)		214			(203	)		214			(296	)
Inventories		18			(513	)		62			(513	)		62			(1,314	)
Right-of-use assets		—			(308	)		90			(308	)		90			99
Deferred tax asset		—			—			(779	)
Accounts payable		(407	)		379			(248	)		379			(248	)		(41	)
Contract liabilities		17			(5	)		305			(5	)		305			3
Accrued charges and deposits		4			20			(28	)		20			(28	)		78
Refund liabilities		—			69			(40	)		69			(40	)		(1	)
Payable to affiliated parties		(23	)		24			(1	)		24			(1	)		1
Income tax liabilities		—			—			165			0			165			(165	)
Lease liabilities		—			308			(90	)		308			(90	)		(99	)
Long-term deposit received		(46	)		(45	)		54			(45	)		54			117
Long-term loan		42			33			(26	)		33			(26	)		31

Net cash provided by operating activities		15			1,158			1,984
Net cash provided by / (used in) operating activities											1,158			1,984			(1,982	)

Cash flows from investing activities
Proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment		5			32			909			32			909			20
Acquisition of property, plant and equipment		(578	)		(260	)		(700	)		(260	)		(700	)		(1,205	)
Acquisition of financial instruments at fair value		(226	)		(68	)		(613	)		(68	)		(613	)		(812	)
Acquisition of financial instruments at amortized cost		—			(1,007	)		—			(1,007	)		0			0
Coupons received from financial instruments at amortized cost		—			59			48			59			48			48
Proceeds from sale of financial instruments at fair value		223			110			188			110			188			801
Proceeds from redemption of financial instruments at amortized cost		—			500			—			500			0			0
Dividends received from financial instruments at fair value		1			4			4			4			4			7

Net cash used in investing activities		(575	)		(630	)		(164	)		(630	)		(164	)		(1,141	)

Cash flows from financing activities
Finance lease payments		(28	)		(28	)		(5	)		(28	)		(5	)		0
Advance from notes payable		237			14			52			14			52			228
Repayment of notes payable		(336	)		(14	)		(27	)		(14	)		(27	)		(178	)
Advance from bank loans		641			1,769			—			1,769			0			0
Repayment of bank loans		(196	)		(278	)		(970	)		(278	)		(970	)		(709	)
Payment to affiliated party		(67	)		—			—
Stock repurchase		(364	)		(119	)		(190	)		(119	)		(190	)		0
Proceeds from options exercised		—			323			—			323			0			0

Net cash (used in) / generated from financing activities		(113	)		1,667			(1,140	)
Net cash generated / (used in) from financing activities											1,667			(1,140	)		(659	)

Net (decrease) / increase in cash and cash equivalents		(673	)		2,195			680
Net increase / (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents											2,195			680			(3,782	)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		(551	)		(611	)		269			(611	)		269			462
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year		8,751			7,527			9,111			7,527			9,111			10,060

Cash and cash equivalents, end of year		7,527			9,111			10,060			9,111			10,060			6,740

Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information
Cash paid during the year for:
Interest		23			64			33			64			33			16
Income tax		—			—			—			0			0			130

Bonso Electronics International Inc. and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company” or “Group”) are engaged in the designing, manufacturing and selling of a comprehensive line of electronic scales and weighing instruments, pet ~~electronics~~electronic products and other products. Further, the Group also rents or leases both factory facilities and equipment not being currently used to third parties.

~~The consolidated financial statements have been prepared~~Particulars of principal subsidiaries as of March 31, 2021 and 2022 are as follows:

(Expressed in United States dollars and in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America. The preparation of consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates made by management include valuation of inventories, allowance for expected credit losses, stock-based compensation, expected useful life of long-lived assets, valuation allowance for deferred tax assets, incremental borrowing rate to calculate lease liabilities and right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and historical average sales return to calculate refund. Actual results could differ from those estimates.Dollars)

For the month after the outbreak of COVID-19, domestic business activities in China were disrupted by a series of emergency quarantine measures taken by the government. In February 2020, the Company’s plant and offices in People’s Republic of China (“PRC”) were temporarily suspended for two weeks according to the instruction of the local government, related to COVID-19. Emergency quarantine measures and travel restrictions caused business disruptions across China. The evolution of quarantine measures and travel restrictions resulted in negative consequences for our business operations including, but not limited to, the temporary closure of the Company’s factory and operations beginning in early February, limited support from the Company’s employees, delayed access to raw material supplies and inability to deliver products to customers on a timely basis.

The travel restrictions imposed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic had a material negative impact on the Company’s operations. The Company is not able to send its sales and marketing teams to visit our overseas customers and potential customers. And the Company’s promotion events like trade exhibitions are limited due to travel restrictions in China. Under normal circumstances, the Company’s management regularly travels from Hong Kong to the Shenzhen office and Xinxing factory. Our staff are required to be quarantined in designated hotels for 14 to 21 days when they travel from Hong Kong to the PRC cities. (Effective from June 29, 2022, the length of the quarantine was reduced to seven days and three days home health monitoring.) The inability to travel regularly has affected the Company’s operations.

The extent to which COVID-19 negatively impacts our business results is highly uncertain and cannot be accurately predicted. The magnitude of this negative effect on the continuity of our business operation and supply chains in China remains uncertain. These uncertainties impede our ability to conduct our daily operations and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The Company did not record any asset impairments, inventory charges or bad debt provision related to COVID-19 during the year ended March 31, ~~2021 (2020: $nil)~~2022 (2021: $nil 0). ~~However, if~~The Company continue to evaluate the ~~customer demand is persistently weak~~nature and extent of the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

(Expressed in ~~coming months or we are instructed to suspend the operations of our plants in PRC, the Company may need to record such charges.~~United States Dollars)

The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company and its subsidiaries after elimination of inter-company accounts and transactions.

Acquisitions of companies have been consolidated from the date on which control of the net assets and operations was transferred to the Company.

Acquisitions of companies are accounted for using the purchase method of accounting.

Cash and cash equivalents are short-term, highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. Cash equivalents are stated at cost, which approximates fair value because of the short-term maturity of these instruments. The Company has no0 cash equivalents as of March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2021.~~

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost, as determined on a first-in, first-out basis, or net realizable value. Costs of inventories include purchase and related costs incurred in bringing the products to their present location and condition. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal and transportation. The Company routinely reviews its inventories for their salability and for indications of obsolescence to determine if inventory carrying values are higher than net realizable value. Some of the significant factors the Company considers in estimating the net realizable value of its inventories include the likelihood of changes in market and customer demand and expected changes in market prices for its inventories.

Trade receivables primarily represent amounts due from customers, that are typically non-interest bearing and are recorded at the invoiced amount, net of allowances for doubtful accounts and sales returns, if any. Trade receivables are considered overdue when settlement does not occur within the payment terms. The allowance for doubtful accounts is the Company’s best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in the Company’s existing trade receivables. Bad debt expense is included in administrative and general expenses.

The Company recognizes an allowance for expected credit losses to ensure accounts and other receivables are not overstated due to uncollectibility. Allowance for doubtful receivables is maintained for all customers based on a variety of factors, including the length of time the receivables are past due, significant one-time events and historical experience. An additional allowance for individual accounts is recorded when the Company becomes aware of customers’ or other debtors’ inability to meet their financial obligations, such as bankruptcy filings or deterioration in the customer’s or other debtor’s operating results or financial position. If circumstances related to customers or debtors change, estimates of the recoverability of receivables will be further adjusted. Trade receivable balances are written off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote.

Amounts in the consolidated financial statements related to income taxes are calculated using the principles of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 740 and Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) 2013-11 “Presentation of an Unrecognized Tax Benefit When a Net Operating Loss Carryforward, a Similar Tax Loss, or a Tax Credit Carryforward Exists”. ASC 740 requires recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the temporary differences between the financial reporting bases and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Future tax benefits, such as net operating loss carry forwards, are recognized as deferred tax assets. Recognized deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

The Company complies with ASC 740 ~~“Income Taxes”~~for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in financial statements. ASC 740 prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attributes for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. ASC 740 also provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition. The Company’s accounting policy is to treat interest and penalties as components of income taxes. The Company’s income tax returns through the fiscal year ended March 31, ~~2020~~2021 have been assessed by the tax authorities.

Land use rights held by the Company are included in intangible assets. The granted useful life of the land use rights is 50 years. They are stated at cost and amortized on a straight-line basis over a maximum period of 30 years, in accordance with the business licenses expiring in 2024.

Held-to-maturity debt securities are purchased from a financial institution and pledged as collateral for certain secured bank loans, which are stated at amortized cost. Interest income, including amortization of the premium and discount arising at acquisition, are included in earnings.

The Company complies with ASC 820, ~~“Fair~~“Fair Value ~~Measurements”~~Measurements” (“ASC 820”). ASC 820 clarifies the definition of fair value, prescribes methods for measuring fair value and establishes a fair value hierarchy to classify the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

Level 1-Inputs are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities available at the measurement date.

Level 2-Inputs are unadjusted quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable and inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3-Inputs are unobservable inputs which reflect the reporting entity's own assumptions on what assumptions the market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on the best available information.

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception of the contract. Leases are recorded in “right-of-use (ROU) assets” and "lease liabilities" in the Company's consolidated balance sheets.

ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset during the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. For leases in which the rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date for determining the present value of lease payments. Lease term includes the effects of options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Lease expense for operating lease arrangements is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

On April 1, 2019, the date of initial application, the Company adopted, “Leases” (Topic 842), using the modified retrospective method. The modified retrospective method provides a method of recognizing those leases which had not expired as of the date of adoption of April 1, 2019. ~~The prior period consolidated financial statements have not been retrospectively adjusted and continue to be reported under Topic 840.~~

The Company elected the practical expedient permitted under the transition guidance under Topic 842, which amongst other matters, allowed the Company (i) not to apply the recognition requirements to short-term leases (leases with a lease term of 12 months or less), (ii) not to reassess whether any expired or existing contracts are or contain leases, (iii) not to reassess the lease classification for any expired or existing leases, (iv) not to reassess initial direct costs for any existing leases, and (v) not to separate lease and non-lease components for the allocation of lease costs.

The adoption resulted in the recognition of ROU assets of ~~$407,000~~$407,000 and lease liabilities of ~~$407,000~~$407,000 for operating leases as of April 1, 2019. The adoption had no impact on opening balance of accumulated deficit. Refer to note 11 to the consolidated financial statements for details.

The Company reviews ROU assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the related carrying amount may not be recoverable.

The Company’s revenue from contracts with customers is derived from product revenue principally from the sales of electronic scales and pet electronic products directly to customers. The Company sells goods to customers based on purchase orders received from the customers. The Company has determined there is one performance obligation for each model included in the purchase orders. The performance obligation is considered to be met and revenue is recognized when the customer obtains control of the goods, which is generally the point at which products are leaving the ports of Hong Kong, Shenzhen or Nansha (Guangzhou), or when risks and rewards are transferred to the customer. The Company did not recognize any revenue from contracts with customers for performance obligations satisfied over time during the ~~year~~years ended March 31, 2022 and 2021.

The transaction price is generally in the form of a fixed price which is agreed with the customer at contract inception. The transaction price is recorded net of any sales return, surcharges and value-added taxes on gross sales. The Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation based on the purchase orders. Customers are required to pay over an agreed-upon credit period, usually between 15 to 119 days. In certain circumstances, the Company will request a deposit from a customer. Customers’ deposits are settled as part of the outstanding bill upon receiving an acknowledgement from customers. For the remaining balance of the outstanding bill, the customer is required to pay over an agreed-upon credit period, usually between 0 to 15 days.

The Company did not recognize any contract asset as of March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and March 31, ~~2021.~~2022. The timing between the recognition of revenue and receipt of payment is not significant. The Company’s contract liabilities consist of deposits received from customers. As of March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2021,~~2022, the balances of the contract liabilities are approximately ~~$12,000~~$317,000 and ~~$317,000,~~$320,000, respectively. All contract liabilities at the beginning of the year ended March 31, ~~2021~~2022 were recognized as revenue during the year ended March 31, ~~2021~~2022 and all contract liabilities as of the end of the year ended March 31, ~~2021~~2022 are expected to be realized in the following year.

Research and development costs include salaries, utilities and contractor fees that are directly attributable to the conduct of research and development progress primarily related to the development of new design of products. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development costs of approximately ~~$175,000, $213,000~~$213,000, $229,000 and ~~$229,000~~$237,000 were charged to operations for the years ended March 31, ~~2019,~~ 2020, 2021 and ~~2021,~~2022, respectively.

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and are included within selling, general and administrative expenses. Advertising costs were approximately ~~$21,000, $103,000~~$103,000, $30,000 and ~~$30,000~~$15,000 for the fiscal years ended March 31, ~~2019,~~ 2020, 2021 and ~~2021,~~2022, respectively.

Stock options have been granted to employees, directors and non-employee directors. Upon exercise of the options, a holder can acquire shares of common stock of the Company at an exercise price determined by the board of directors. The options are exercisable based on the vesting terms stipulated in the option agreements or plan.

The Company follows the guidance of ASC 718, “Accounting for Stock Options and Other Stock-Based Compensation”. ASC 718 requires companies to record compensation expense for share-based awards issued to employees and directors in exchange for services provided. The amount of the compensation expense is based on the estimated fair value of the awards on their grant dates and is recognized over the required service periods. Our share-based awards include stock options and restricted stock awards. The estimated fair value underlying our calculation of compensation expense for stock options is based on the Black-Scholes pricing model. Forfeitures of share-based awards are estimated at the time of grant and revised, if necessary, in subsequent periods if our estimates change based on the actual amount of forfeitures we have experienced.

The carrying amounts of financial instruments including cash and cash equivalents, trade receivables, net, other receivables, deposits and prepayments, other current assets, accounts payable and accrued charges and deposits, and other current liabilities approximate fair value due to the relatively short-term maturity of these instruments. The carrying value of long-term debt approximates fair value based on prevailing borrowing rates currently available for loans with similar terms and maturities.

The Company periodically retires treasury shares that it acquires through share repurchases and returns those shares to the status of authorized but unissued. The Company accounts for treasury stock transactions under the cost method. For each reacquisition of common stock, the number of shares and the acquisition price for those shares is added to the existing treasury stock count and total value, respectively, and recognized as a deduction from equity. When treasury shares are retired, the Company’s policy is to allocate the excess of the repurchase price over the par value of shares acquired to additional paid-in capital, with any remaining amount being charged to retained earnings.

~~In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13,~~ ~~"Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments"~~ ("ASU 2016-13"), which improves financial reporting by providing timelier recording of credit losses on loans and other financial instruments held by financial institutions and other organizations. The ASU requires an organization to measure all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Forward-looking information will now be used to better inform credit loss estimates. This ASU is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. Effective April 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU 2016-13, which did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

~~In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13,~~ ~~“Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement,”~~ ("ASU 2018-13") which is part of the FASB disclosure framework project to improve the effectiveness of disclosures in the notes to the financial statements. The amendments in the new guidance remove, modify and add certain disclosure requirements related to fair value measurements covered in Topic 820, ~~“Fair Value Measurement.”~~ The new standard is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Effective April 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU 2018-13, which did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

~~In October 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-17,~~ ~~“Consolidation: Targeted Improvements to Related Party Guidance for Variable Interest Entities,”~~ ("ASU 2018-17") which modifies the guidance related to indirect interests held through related parties under common control for determining whether fees paid to decision makers and service providers are variable interest. ASU 2018-17 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. Effective April 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU 2018-17, which did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

~~In November 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-19,~~ ~~“Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses,”~~ (“ASU 2018-19”) which clarifies and improves guidance related to credit losses, hedging, and recognition and measurement. Same as ASU 2016-13, this ASU is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019 and early adoption is permitted. Effective April 1, 2020, the Company adopted ASU 2018-19, which did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU No. 2019-12, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes” (“ASU 2019-12”). ASU 2019-12 will simplify the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740. The amendments also improve consistent application of and simplify GAAP for other areas of Topic 740 by clarifying and amending existing guidance. ~~For public~~Effective April 1, 2021, the Company adopted ASU 2019-12, which did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In ~~October 2020,~~November 2021, the FASB issued ASU ~~No. 2020-10,~~2021-10, ~~"Codification Improvements"~~ “Government Assistance (Topic 832): Disclosures by Business Entities about Government Assistance”(“ (“ASU ~~2020-10”~~2021-10”)~~, which improves consistency~~. This update requires certain annual disclosures about transactions with a government that are accounted for by ~~amending the Accounting Standards Codification to include all disclosure guidance in the appropriate disclosure sections and clarifies the application of various provisions in the Codification~~applying a grant or contribution accounting model by ~~amending and adding new headings, cross referencing to other guidance, and refining or correcting terminology. The amendments are~~analogy. This update is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, ~~2020 for public business entities.~~2021, and early application is permitted. This guidance should be applied either prospectively to all transactions that are reflected in financial statements at the date of initial application and new transactions that are entered into after the date of initial application or retrospectively to those transactions. The ~~Company is evaluating the impact of the~~ adoption of ASU ~~2020-10, but does~~2021-10 is not ~~expect it~~expected to have a material impact on ~~its~~the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Allowance for doubtful accounts amounted to $nil0 as of March 31, ~~2021 (2020: $nil)~~2022 (2021: $nil 0). Most of the Company’s trade receivables are generally unsecured.

During the fiscal years ended March 31, ~~2019,~~ 2020, 2021 and ~~2021,~~2022, based upon material composition and expected usage, provisions for inventories of approximately ~~$73,000, $87,000~~$87,000, $108,000 and ~~$108,000,~~$284,000, respectively, were charged to the consolidated statements of operations under cost of revenue.

During the fiscal years ended March 31, ~~2019,~~ 2020, 2021 and ~~2021,~~2022, depreciation expenses charged to the consolidated statements of operations amounted to approximately ~~$859,000, $841,000~~$841,000, $814,000 and ~~$814,000,~~$856,000, respectively. As at March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2021~~2022 fully depreciated assets that were still in use by the Company amounted to approximately ~~$15,800,000~~$15,875,000 and ~~$15,875,000,~~$16,927,000, respectively. As at March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2021,~~2022, property, plant and equipment, net that were leased out amounted to approximately ~~$2,750,000~~$2,714,000 and ~~$2,714,000,~~$3,766,000, respectively.

Property, plant and equipment in Xinxing were assessed for impairment according to the policy described in note ~~1(h)~~2(h).

~~Particulars of principal subsidiaries as of March 31, 2020 and 2021 are as follows:~~

Amortization expense in relation to intangible assets was approximately ~~$275,000, $264,000~~$264,000, $269,000 and ~~$269,000~~$285,000 for each of the fiscal years ended March 31, ~~2019,~~ 2020, 2021 and ~~2021,~~2022, respectively.

As of March 31, ~~2021,~~2022, future minimum amortization expenses in respect of intangible assets are as follows:

As of March 31, ~~2021,~~2022, the Company had general banking facilities for bank overdrafts, letters of credit, notes payable and term loans. The facilities are interchangeable with total amounts available of approximately ~~$5,128,000 (2020: $5,128,000)~~$5,128,000 (2021: $5,128,000), with approximately $332,000 lines of credit utilized (2021: $992,000) and approximately $4,796,000 unutilized (2021: $4,136,000). The general banking facilities utilized by the Company are denominated in United States dollars and Hong Kong ~~dollars and Chinese Yuan.~~dollars.

The Company’s general banking facilities, expressed in United States dollars, are further detailed as follows:

(1) A clause in the banking facilities states that the term loans are subject to review any time and also subject to the bank's overriding right to repayment on demand, including the right to call for cash cover on demand for prospective and contingent liabilities. Therefore, all long-term loans were classified as current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. As of March 31, 2021, $274,000 of long-term loans became current as they are repayable within one year in accordance with the repayment schedule.

(1)

A clause in the banking facilities states that the term loans are subject to review any time and also subject to the bank's overriding right to repayment on demand, including the right to call for cash cover on demand for prospective and contingent liabilities. Therefore, all long-term loans were classified as current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

*	HIBOR is the Hong Kong Interbank Offer Rate

One of the properties of the Company located in Hong Kong with a net book value of approximately ~~$677,000~~$651,000 as of March 31, ~~2021,~~2022, the rental assignment over such property, the rights, interests and benefits of a life insurance contract with a book value of approximately ~~$163,000~~$167,000 and a listed debt instrument with a book value (before impairment) of approximately ~~$523,000~~$522,000 are arranged as securities to the banks for the banking facilities arrangement.

The Prime Rate and HIBOR were ~~5.00%~~5.00% and ~~0.13%~~0.32% per annum, respectively, as of March 31, ~~2021.~~2022. The Prime Rate is determined by the Hong Kong Association of Banks and is subject to revision from time to time. Interest rates are subject to change if the Company defaults on the amount due under the facility or draws in excess of the facility amounts, or at the discretion of the banks.

The weighted average interest rates of borrowings of the Company are as follows:

BIL and BEL operating in Hong Kong are subject to the Hong Kong profits tax rate of ~~16.5% (2020~~16.5% (2021 and ~~2019: 16.5%~~2020: 16.5%). BATL operating in Hong Kong is subject to the Hong Kong profits tax rate of 8.25% ~~(2020:~~(2021: 8.25%; ~~2019:~~2020: 8.25%) on the first HKD 2 million of the estimated assessable profits and at 16.5% on the estimated assessable profits above HKD 2 million. BIL has no assessable profits while BATL and BEL have tax losses brought forward which are available for set-off against the assessable profits for the year ended March 31, ~~2021.~~2022.

All subsidiaries registered in the PRC are subject to a tax rate of ~~25% (2020~~25% (2021 and ~~2019: 25%~~2020: 25%).

The components of the income tax benefit / (expense) by geographical location are as follows:

	2019		2020		2021
Geographic tax expense
		$ in thousands		$ in thousands		$ in thousands		2020		2021			2022
									$ in thousands		$ in thousands			$ in thousands
Hong Kong		—		—		(12	)		0		(12	)		215
PRC		—		—		626			0		626			(626	)

Total		—		—		614			0		614			(411	)

As of March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2021,~~2022, the Company had accumulated tax losses amounting to approximately ~~$23,722,000~~$22,228,000 and ~~$22,228,000~~$24,990,000 (the tax effect thereon is approximately ~~$4,235,000~~$3,976,000 and ~~$3,976,000)~~$4,478,000), respectively, subject to the final agreement by the relevant tax authorities, which may be carried forward and applied to reduce future taxable income which is earned in or derived from Hong Kong and other jurisdictions. Realization of deferred tax assets associated with tax loss carry forwards is dependent upon generating sufficient taxable income prior to their expiration. A valuation allowance is established against such tax losses when management believes it is more likely than not that a portion may not be utilized. As of March 31, ~~2021,~~2022, the Company’s accumulated tax losses of approximately ~~$3,627,000~~$4,166,000 will expire from ~~2022~~2023 to ~~2026.~~2027.

Changes in valuation allowance
	2019			2020		2021			2020		2021			2022
	$ in thousands			$ in thousands		$ in thousands				$ in thousands		$ in thousands			$ in thousands

Balance, April 1		4,607			4,203		4,235			4,203		4,235			3,197
Charged / (credited) to income tax expense		(404	)		32		(1,038	)
Income tax (benefit) / expense										32		(1,038	)		948

Balance, March 31		4,203			4,235		3,197			4,235		3,197			4,145

The statutory rate of ~~8.25%~~8.25% or ~~16.5%~~16.5% used above is that of Hong Kong, where the Company’s main business is located.

~~The Company complies with ASC 820, “~~~~Fair Value Measurements~~” (“ASC 820”). ASC 820 clarifies the definition of fair value, prescribes methods for measuring fair value and establishes a fair value hierarchy to classify the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

~~Level 1-Inputs are unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities available at the measurement date.~~

During the fiscal year ended March 31, ~~2021,~~2022, the Company purchased listed shares in Hong Kong and the United States for trading purposes for approximately ~~$613,000 (2020: $68,000)~~$812,000 (2021: $613,000). During the fiscal year ended March 31, ~~2021,~~2022, a ~~gain~~loss from disposal of financial assets at fair value of approximately ~~$6,000~~$107,000 was recorded ~~(2020: loss~~(2021: gain of ~~$1,000)~~$6,000). A revaluation ~~gain~~loss of approximately ~~$17,000~~$12,000 was recorded during the fiscal year ended March 31, ~~2021 (2020:~~2022 (2021: revaluation ~~loss~~gain of ~~$5,000)~~$17,000).

At the end of the accounting period, the fair value of the following assets was as follows:

The fair value of equity investments is determined based on quoted ~~price~~prices in active markets.

Investment in life insurance contract represents the carrying amount (surrender value) of the contract if it is to be terminated by the Company. There is one life insurance contract as of March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and March 31, ~~2021,~~2022, with a carrying amount of approximately ~~$158,000~~$163,000 and ~~$163,000,~~$167,000, respectively. All premiums of this contract have already been paid during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2012. The face amount (death benefit) of this contract is ~~$1,000,000.~~$1,000,000. During the fiscal year ended March 31, ~~2021,~~2022, we recorded a gain of approximately ~~$5,000~~$4,000 for the change in valuation ~~(2020: $5,000)~~(2021: $5,000).

As of March 31, ~~2021,~~2022, the Company leases part of production facilities and machines in Xinxing under rental agreements to third parties. The Company will need to pay a cancellation fee of approximately ~~$105,000~~$105,000 if the Company decides to terminate all the rental agreements before their expiry.

The Shenzhen factory is rented out to a third party ~~from~~since April 1, ~~2021 to March 31, 2022.~~2021. Part of the production facilities in Xinxing ~~are~~is rented out to various third parties up to February 13, 2026. Certain tenants have an option to early terminate their tenancy agreements, and the future minimum rental payments to be received are as follows:

The Company leases one office and one staff ~~quarter~~quarters in ~~Shenzhen and one staff quarter in Xinxing.~~Shenzhen. Operating lease assets and obligations are reflected within right-of-use asset, and lease liability, respectively, on the consolidated balance sheets.

The discount rate implicit within the leases is generally not determinable and therefore the Company determines the discount rate based on its incremental borrowing rate. The incremental borrowing rate for the leases is determined based on lease term and currency in which lease payments are made, adjusted for impacts of collateral. The weighted average discount rate used to measure the operating lease liabilities as of March 31, ~~2021~~2022 was ~~4.05%~~4.05%.

Supplemental cash flow and other information related to leases isare as follows:

Capital expenditures contracted at the balance sheet date but not yet provided for are as follows:

As of March 31, ~~2021,~~2022, the Company entered into contractor agreements on buildings and leasehold improvements on the manufacturing facility in Xinxing, the PRC for a total consideration of ~~$1,951,000.~~$2,021,000. As of March 31, ~~2021, $936,000~~2022, $1,934,000 has been paid, and the remaining balance of ~~$1,015,000~~$87,000 is to be paid in accordance with the progress of the construction.

The Company has entered into an employment agreement with a director, Anthony So. Mr. So’s employment agreement provides for a maximum yearly salary of approximately $800,000 plus bonus. The initial term of the employment agreement expired on March 31, 2013 (“Initial Term”); however, the employment agreement has been renewed under a provision in the agreement that provides for automatic renewal for successive one year periods, unless at least 90 days prior to the expiration of the Initial Term or any renewal term, either party gives written notice to the other party specifically electing to terminate the agreement. Mr. So’s employment agreement contains a provision under which the Company will be obligated to pay Mr. So all compensation for the remainder of his employment agreement and five times his annual salary and bonus compensation if a change of control, as defined in his employment agreement, occurs. Bonuses shall be determined by the Board of Directors in their sole discretion.

In August of 2001, the Company's Board of Directors authorized a program for the Company to repurchase up to $500,000 of its common stock. This repurchase program does not obligate the Company to acquire any specific number of shares or acquire shares over any specified period of time. ~~No stock had been repurchased when, on~~From November ~~16,~~ 2006 through April 2018, the ~~Company's~~ Board of Directors ~~authorized another $1,000,000 for the Company to repurchase its common stock under the same repurchase program. This authorization to repurchase shares~~ increased the amount of authorized for repurchase from $500,000 to $1,500,000. On September 17, 2015, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized an additional $1,500,000 to repurchase its common stock under the same repurchase program, bringing the amount authorized for repurchase to $3,000,000. On April 25, 2018, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized an additional $3,000,000 to repurchase its common stock under the same repurchase program, bringing the amount authorized for repurchaserepurchases to $6,000,000. The Board of Directors believed that the common stock was undervalued and that the repurchase of common stock would be beneficial to the ~~Company's~~Company’s stockholders. The Company (through its subsidiary) has repurchased an aggregate of 1,005,018 shares of its common stock, including 49,279 shares ($190,000) that were repurchased during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, ~~including~~ and 48,873 shares ($~~119,000)~~119,000) that were repurchased during the fiscal year ended March 31, ~~2020, and 124,849~~2020. NaN repurchased shares ~~($364,000) that were repurchased during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019. No shares repurchased~~ were removed from the total number of shares issued during the fiscal year ended March 31, ~~2021 (2020:~~2022 (2021: nil ~~2019: nil)~~0, 2020: nil 0). The Company may from time to time repurchase shares of its common stock under this program.

The Company has authorized share capital of ~~$100,000~~$100,000 for 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, with par value of ~~$0.01~~$0.01 each, divided into 2,500,000 shares each of class A preferred stock, class B preferred stock, class C preferred stock and class D preferred stock. Shares may be issued within each class from time to time by the Company’s Board of Directors in its sole discretion without the approval of the stockholders, with such designations, power preferences, rights, qualifications, limitations and restrictions as the Board of Directors shall fix and as have not been fixed in the Company’s Memorandum of Association. The Company has ~~not~~0t issued any shares of preferred stock as of March 31, 2022 and 2021.

NoNaN dividends were declared by the Company for each of the fiscal years ended March 31, ~~2019,~~ 2020, 2021 and ~~2021,~~2022, respectively.

On September 7, 2004, the Company’s stockholders adopted the 2004 Stock Bonus Plan (the “Stock Bonus Plan”) which authorizes the issuance of up to five hundred thousand ~~(500,000)~~(500,000) shares of the Company’s common stock in the form of stock bonus.

The purpose of this Stock Bonus Plan is to (i) induce key employees to remain in the employment of the Company or of any subsidiary of the Company; (ii) encourage such employees to secure or increase their stock ownership in the Company; and (iii) reward employees, non-employee directors, advisors and consultants for services rendered or to be rendered to or for the benefit of the Company or any of its subsidiaries. The Company believes that the Stock Bonus Plan will promote continuity of management and increase incentive and personal interest in the welfare of the Company.

The Stock Bonus Plan is administered by a committee appointed by the Board of Directors which consists of at least two but not more than three members of the Board, one of whom shall be a non-employee of the Company. The existing Committee members are Mr. Anthony So and Mr. Woo Ping Fok. The Committee has the authority, in its sole discretion: (i) to determine the parties to receive bonus stock, the times when they shall receive such awards, the number of shares to be issued and the time, terms and conditions of the issuance of any such shares; (ii) to construe and interpret the terms of the Stock Bonus Plan; (iii) to establish, amend and rescind rules and regulations for the administration of the Stock Bonus Plan; and (iv) to make all other determinations necessary or advisable for administering the Stock Bonus Plan.

As of March 31, ~~2021, no~~2022, 0 shares had been granted under the Stock Bonus Plan.

On March 23, 2004, the Company’s stockholders adopted the 2004 Stock Option Plan (the “2004 Plan”) which provides for the grant of up to six hundred thousand (600,000) shares of the Company’s common stock in the form of stock options, subject to certain adjustments as described in the 2004 Plan. At the Annual Meeting of Stockholders held on March 20, 2015, the stockholders approved an amendment to the 2004 Plan to increase the number of shares that could be granted from 600,000 to ~~850,000.~~850,000.

The purpose of the 2004 Plan is to secure key employees to remain in the employment of the Company and to encourage such employees to secure or increase on reasonable terms their common stock ownership in the Company. The Company believes that the 2004 Plan promotes continuity of management and increased incentive and personal interest in the welfare of the Company.

The 2004 Plan is administered by a committee appointed by the Board of Directors which consists of at least two but not more than three members of the Board, one of whom shall be a non-employee of the Company. The current committee members are Mr. Anthony So and Mr. Woo Ping Fok. The committee determines the specific terms of the options granted, including the employees to be granted options under the plan, the number of shares subject to each option grant, the exercise price of each option and the option period, subject to the requirement that no option may be exercisable more than 10 years after the date of grant. The exercise price of an option may be less than the fair market value of the underlying shares of common stock. No options granted under the plan will be transferable by the optionee other than by will or the laws of descent and distribution, and each option will be exercisable during the lifetime of the optionee only by the optionee.

As of July 15, 2015, 850,000 options, all with an exercise price of $1.50 per share, had been granted to officers and directors of the Company under the 2004 Plan. Options for 425,000 shares were exercised during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020. The options for 425,000 shares that were outstanding as of March 31, ~~2021~~2022 will expire on March 31, ~~2025.~~2025. Options granted under the 2004 Plan vest immediately and may contain such other terms as the Board of Directors or a committee appointed to administer the plan may determine.

Mr. Anthony So exercised his 150,000 options on March 9, 2020 on a cash basis. Mr. Kim Wah Chung exercised his 40,000 options on March 9, 2020 on a cash basis. Mr. Woo-Ping Fok exercised his 25,000 options on March 9, 2020 on a cash basis. Mr. Henry Schlueter exercised his 25,000 options on a cashless basis on March 27, 2020, and received 9,567 shares of common stock and surrendered options to acquire 15,433 shares in connection with his cashless exercise. Mr. Andrew So exercised his 125,000 options on a cashless basis on March 9, 2020, and received 40,540 shares of common stock and surrendered options to acquire 84,460 shares in connection with his cashless exercise. Mr. Albert So exercised his 60,000 options on a cashless basis on March 9, 2020, and received 19,459 shares of common stock and surrendered options to acquire 40,541 shares in connection with his cashless exercise. All options were exercised with an exercise price of $1.50. During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2020, option holders exercised 425,000 options in total and received 284,566 shares of common stock and surrendered options to acquire 140,434 shares in connection with the cashless exercises.

The intrinsic value of options outstanding and exercisable was approximately ~~$2,253,000~~$727,000 on March 31, ~~2021.~~2022. The intrinsic value represents the pre-tax intrinsic value (the difference between the closing stock price of the Company’s common stock on the balance sheet date and the exercise price for both the outstanding and exercisable options) that would have been received by the option holders if all options had been exercised on March 31, ~~2021.~~2022.

The emoluments paid to the Company’s directors and officers were included in the salaries and related costs, while the consultancy fees or professional fees paid to Schlueter & Associates, P.C., were included in the administration and general expenses.

During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2015, one of the subsidiaries in Hong Kong borrowed an interest-free loan of approximately $538,000 from a director and stockholder, Mr. Anthony So, to provide working capital. This loan is to be repaid in 48 equal installments. During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2019, the subsidiary had repaid to Mr. Anthony So approximately $67,000. This loan had been fully repaid as of March 31, 2019.

During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2015, one of the subsidiaries in Shenzhen, PRC entered into a rental agreement with a director and stockholder, Mr. Anthony So, for three apartment units located in Shenzhen, PRC for office usage. Mr. Anthony So is the sole owner of these three apartment units. The monthly rental payment was approximately $2,000. Starting from August 1, 2016, rental of two of the apartment units was no longer required and the rental agreement was terminated, and a new rental agreement for one apartment unit for staff quarters was in place, for a monthly rental payment of ~~$270.~~approximately $317. The total rental payment paid to Mr. Anthony So during the fiscal year ended March 31, ~~2021~~2022 was approximately ~~$4,000 (2020: $3,000; 2019: $3,000)~~$4,000 (2021: $4,000; 2020: $4,000).

During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2015, one of the subsidiaries in Xinxing, PRC entered into a rental agreement with a director and stockholder, Mr. Andrew So, for an apartment unit located in Xinxing, PRC for staff quarters. Mr. Andrew So is the sole owner of this apartment unit. The monthly rental payment was approximately $450. Starting from December 1, 2018, the monthly rental payment was approximately $600. The agreement ended on July 31, 2020, and the total rental payment paid to Mr. Andrew So during the fiscal year ended March 31, ~~2021~~2022 was approximately ~~$2,000 (2020: $7,000; 2019: $6,000)~~$nil 0 (2021: $2,000; 2020: $7,000).

The Company operates principally in the PRC (including Hong Kong) and grants credit to its customers in this geographic region. Although the PRC is economically stable, it is always possible that unanticipated events in foreign countries could disrupt the Company’s operations.

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to a concentration of credit risk consist of cash and trade receivables. The Company does not require collateral to support financial instruments that are subject to credit risk.

On March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2021,~~2022, the Company had credit risk exposure of uninsured cash and deposits with maturities of less than one year in banks of approximately ~~$9,111,000~~$10,060,000 and ~~$10,060,000,~~$6,740,000, respectively.

A substantial portion, ~~37%~~27%, ~~27%~~23% and ~~23%~~30% of revenue, was generated from one customer for the years ended March 31, ~~2019,~~ 2020, 2021 and ~~2021,~~2022, respectively.

The following customers had balances of at least 10% of the total trade receivables at the respective balance sheet dates set forth below:

At March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2021,~~2022, these customers accounted for ~~70%~~77% and ~~77%~~72%, respectively, of net trade receivables. The trade receivables have repayment terms of not more than twelve months.

The Mandatory Provident Fund (the “MPF”) was introduced by the Hong Kong Government and commenced in December 2000. BEL joined the MPF by implementing a plan with a major international insurance company. All permanent Hong Kong full time employees who joined BEL on or after December 2000, excluding factory workers, must join the MPF, except for those who joined the Plan before December 2000. Both the employee’s and employer’s contributions to the MPF are 5% of the eligible employee’s monthly salary and are subject to a maximum mandatory contribution of HK$1,000 (US$128) per month. Both the maximum mandatory employee’s and employer’s contributions per month increased to HK$1,250 (US$160) since June 1, 2012, and then later to HK$1,500 (US$192) since June 1, 2014.

Pursuant to the relevant PRC regulations, the Company is required to make contributions for each employee, at rates based upon the employee’s standard salary base as determined by the local Social Security Bureau, to a defined contribution retirement scheme organized by the local Social Security Bureau in respect of the retirement benefits for the Company’s employees in the PRC.

Basic net earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net earnings per share gives effect to all dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period. The weighted average number of common shares outstanding is adjusted to include the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if the dilutive potential common shares had been issued. In computing the dilutive effect of potential common shares, the average stock price for the period is used in determining the number of treasury shares assumed to be purchased with the proceeds from the exercise of options. When there is a loss, the potential common shares are not included in the diluted net earnings per share since the effect would be anti-dilutive.

Scales operations principally involve production and marketing of sensor-based scales products. These include bathroom, kitchen, office, jewelry, laboratory, postal and industrial scales that are used in consumer, commercial and industrial applications. Revenue from scale products was ~~42% (2020: 45%~~60% (2021: 42%; 2020: 45%) of overall revenue of the Company for the fiscal year ended March 31, ~~2021,~~2022, and the Company expects that the revenue will continue to contribute a similar level of revenue for the next 12 months.

Pet Electronic Products principally involve development and production of pet-related electronic products that are used in consumer applications. Revenue from pet electronic products was 32% (2021: 51%; 2020: 48%) of overall revenue of the Company for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, and the Company expects that the revenue from pet electronic products will continue to contribute a similar level of revenue for the next 12 months.

The “Others” segment is a residual, which principally includes the activities of (i) tooling and mould charges for scales and pet ~~electronics~~electronic products, ~~and~~ (ii) sales of scrap ~~materials.~~

~~Pet Electronics Products principally involve development~~materials and production of pet-related electronics products that are used in consumer applications. Revenue from pet electronics products was 51% (2020: 48%) of overall revenue of the Company for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021,(iii) home appliances including cordless leaf blower, food vacuum sealer and ~~the Company expects that the revenue from pet electronics products will continue to contribute a similar level of revenue for the next 12 months.~~hydroponics growing system.

Rental and Management involve leasing out part of our factories and machinery to third parties. The management decided to identify and expand the rental and management segment during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018 with the signing of an agreement with Fangda, a property developer in Shenzhen, to cooperate in reconstructing and redeveloping the Shenzhen factory to generate more rental revenue in the future. Revenue from rental and management was ~~7% (2020: 7%~~8% (2021: 7%; 2020: 7%) of overall revenue of the Company for the fiscal year ended March 31, ~~2021. The Shenzhen factory was rented to a third party with a lease term from August 1, 2013 to August 1, 2019; however, the rent terminated as at January 31, 2019.~~2022. The Company expects that the revenue from rental and management will continue to contribute a similar level of revenue for the next 12 months.

The following table sets forth the percentage of net sales for each of the product lines mentioned above for the fiscal years ended March 31, ~~2019,~~ 2020, 2021, and ~~2021:~~2022:

The accounting policies of the Company’s reportable segments are the same as those described in the description of business and significant accounting policies.

Operating income by segment equals total operating revenues less expenses directly attributable to the generation of the segment’s operating revenues. Identifiable assets by segment are those assets that are used in the operation of that segment. Corporate assets consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, investment in life insurance contracts, intangible assets and other identifiable assets not related specifically to individual segments.

In November 2017, the Company signed an agreement with a property developer in Shenzhen -- Fangda -- to cooperate in reconstructing and redeveloping the Shenzhen factory. Fangda is a wholly owned subsidiary of Fangda Group Co., Ltd. (“Fangda Group”), which is listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange. During the year ended March 31, 2018, the Company received approximately ~~$3,199,000~~$3,199,000 from Fangda as a deposit according to the agreement. The Company will return this deposit in full (without interest) to Fangda when the redeveloped property is completed and the Company’s share of the redeveloped property is transferred to the Company, which is expected to take place in ~~March~~or after December 2023. The Company has treated this deposit as a long-term loan and discounted it up to ~~March~~December 2023. This liability is presented as a long-term loan of approximately ~~$2,773,000 (2020: $2,438,000)~~$2,922,000 (2021: $2,773,000) and long-term deposit received of approximately ~~$701,000 (2020: $647,000)~~$818,000 (2021: $701,000) in our consolidated balance sheet as of ~~2021.~~2022.

# Land appreciation tax is calculated from the appreciation of the value of the land occupied by the property. During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021, land appreciation tax of approximately $205,000

Schedule of Other income
	Year Ended March 31,
	2020		2021		2022
		$ in thousands		$ in thousands		$ in thousands

Gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment ^#		0		237		0
Government subsidies		227		75		104
Gain from investment in financial instruments		83		75		47
Other gains		125		93		38

Other income, net		435		480		189

For the year ended March 31, 2020, the Company purchased held-to-maturity debt securities with maturities of one year and three years from a financial institution and pledged them as collateral against certain secured bank loans. As of March 31, ~~2021,~~2022, the carrying value of long-term held-to-maturity debt ~~securities~~security was ~~$523,000.~~$522,000. The long term held-to-maturity debt security matured in April 2022 but since no payment was received and none is expected to be received, the Company recognized a full impairment of the financial instrument for $522,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022 (2021: $nil 0). The gross unrealized holding loss of the held-to-maturity debt securities was ~~$20,000~~$522,000 as of March 31, ~~2021.~~2022 (2021: $nil 0).

A long term held-to-maturity debt security matured in April 2022. Because 0 payment was received and none is expected to be received, the Company recognized a ~~lease agreement to lease out part~~full impairment of the ~~Shenzhen factory to a third party starting from April 1, 2021 up to~~financial instrument for $522,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022 ~~with a monthly payment of RMB 112,500 (or approximately $17,000)~~

		Page
PART I
Item 1.	Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisors		410
Item 2.	Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable		410
Item 3.	Key Information		510
Item 4.	Information on the Company		2235
Item 4A.	Unresolved Staff Comments		3150
Item 5.	Operating and Financial Review and Prospects		3151
Item 6.	Directors, Senior Management and Employees		4561
Item 7.	Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions		5167
Item 8.	Financial Information		5268
Item 9.	The Offer and Listing		5268
Item 10.	Additional Information		5369
Item 11.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk		5672
Item 12.	Description of Securities Other Than Equity Securities		5772

PART II

Item 13.	Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies		5773
Item 14.	Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds		5773
Item 15.	Controls and Procedures		5773
Item 16.	Reserved		5974
Item 16A.	Audit Committee Financial Expert		5974
Item 16B.	Code of Ethics		5975
Item 16C.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services		6075
Item 16D.	Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees		6176
Item 16E.	Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliates Purchasers		6176
Item 16F.	Changes in Registrant’s Certifying Accountants		6377
Item 16G.	Corporate Governance		6377
Item 16H.	Mine Safety Disclosure		6377

PART III

Item 17.	Financial Statements		6478
Item 18.	Financial Statements		F-1 to F-45
Item 19.	Exhibits		6578
SIGNATURES

	●	delay or impede our PRC Subsidiaries’ development;

	●	result in negative publicity or increase our PRC Subsidiaries’ operating costs;

	●	require significant management time and attention; and

	●	subject us to remedies, administrative penalties and even criminal liabilities that may harm our PRC Subsidiaries’ business, including fines assessed for our PRC Subsidiaries current or historical operations, or demands or orders that our PRC Subsidiaries modify or even cease their business practices.

*Name*	*Age*		*Position with Bonso*
Anthony So	7778	Chairman of the Board and Director
Andrew So	3536	Deputy Chairman of the Board, President, Chief Executive Officer and Director
Albert So	4344	Director, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer, Financial Controller and Secretary
Kim Wah Chung	6364	Director, Director of Engineering and Research and Development
Woo-Ping Fok	7273	Director
Henry F. Schlueter	7071	Director and Assistant Secretary

Period		High		Low
	April 1, 2015 to March 31, 2016	$	3.25	$	1.00
	April 1, 2016 to March 31, 2017	$	4.25	$	1.23
	April 1, 2017 to March 31, 2018	$	4.10	$	1.96
	April 1, 2018 to March 31, 2019	$	5.04	$	1.62
	April 1, 2019 to March 31, 2020	$	3.06	$	1.72
	April 1, 2020 to March 31, 2021	$	10.44	$	1.94

Period		High		Low
	April 1, 2015 to March 31, 2016	$	3.25	$	1.00
	April 1, 2016 to March 31, 2017	$	4.25	$	1.23
	April 1, 2017 to March 31, 2018	$	4.10	$	1.96
	April 1, 2018 to March 31, 2019	$	5.04	$	1.62
	April 1, 2019 to March 31, 2020	$	3.06	$	1.72
	April 1, 2020 to March 31, 2021	$	10.44	$	1.94
	April 1, 2021 to March 31, 2022	$	12.70	$	3.05

		2017	(1)		2018			2019			2020			2021
Net revenue		18,952			11,523			9,992			13,096			15,590
Cost of revenue		(11,274	)		(6,958	)		(6,035	)		(5,690	)		(5,940	)
Gross profit		7,678			4,565			3,957			7,406			9,650
Selling, general and administrative expenses		(5,066	)		(4,669	)		(4,605	)		(7,479	)		(8,924	)
Other income, net		554			342			108			435			480
Income / (loss) from operations		3,166			238			(540	)		362			1,206
Non-operating (expenses) / income, net		229			(234	)		77			36			(49	)
Income / (loss) before income taxes		3,395			4			(463	)		398			1,157
Income tax (expense) / credit		(600	)		—			—			—			614
Net income / (loss)		2,795			4			(463	)		398			1,771
Net earnings per / (loss) per share - basic⁽²⁾	$	0.54		$	0.00		$	(0.10	)	$	0.09		$	0.36
Weighted average shares		5,143,648			4,910,357			4,703,224			4,646,966			4,880,422
Net earnings / (loss) per share - diluted⁽²⁾	$	0.53		$	0.00		$	(0.10	)	$	0.08		$	0.34
Diluted weighted average shares		5,316,393			5,290,904			4,703,224			4,816,736			5,145,260

	On March 31,
	2019		2020		2021
Property, plant & equipment and including investment property	$	592,000	$	1,124,000	$	700,000

	March 31, 2020		March 31, 2021
		$ in thousands		$ in thousands

Hong Kong dollars		1,937		992

March 31, 2022		March 31, 2021
	US$ in thousands		US$ in thousands

	332		992

Name	Number of Common Shares Subject to Stock Options		Exercise Price Per Share		Expiration Date
Anthony So		150,000	$	1.50	March 31, 2025
Andrew So		125,000	$	1.50	March 31, 2025
Albert So		60,000	$	1.50	March 31, 2025
Kim Wah Chung		40,000	$	1.50	March 31, 2025
Woo-Ping Fok		25,000	$	1.50	March 31, 2025
Henry F. Schlueter		25,000	$	1.50	March 31, 2025

Period		High		Low
	July 1, 2019 to September 30, 2019	$	2.76	$	2.05
	October 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019	$	2.65	$	1.72
	January 1, 2020 to March 31, 2020	$	2.75	$	2.00
	April 1, 2020 to June 30, 2020	$	2.79	$	1.94
	July 1, 2020 to September 30, 2020	$	5.60	$	2.44
	October 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020	$	10.44	$	3.65
	January 1, 2021 to March 31, 2021	$	8.00	$	4.72
	April 1, 2021 to June 30, 2021	$	12.70	$	5.80

Period		High		Low
	January 2021	$	8.00	$	5.21
	February 2021	$	7.73	$	4.72
	March 2021	$	7.28	$	4.86
	April 2021	$	12.70	$	5.95
	May 2021	$	7.20	$	5.80
	June 2021	$	9.40	$	6.36

Period		High		Low
	January 2022	$	4.59	$	3.17
	February 2022	$	4.40	$	3.30
	March 2022	$	4.24	$	3.05
	April 2022	$	3.67	$	2.77
	May 2022	$	3.08	$	2.26
	June 2022	$	3.20	$	2.51

Number of Options		Exercise Price per Share		Expiration Date
	425,000	$	1.50	March 31, 2025

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Period	(a) Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased		(b) Average Price Paid per Share (or Unit)		(c) Total Number of Shares (or Units) Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs		(d) Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares (or Units) that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
April 1, 2020 to April 30, 2020		3,077	$	2.01		3,077	$	3,009,000
May 1, 2020 to May 31, 2020		3,000	$	2.03		3,000	$	3,003,000
June 1, 2020 to June 31, 2020		7,266	$	2.36		7,266	$	2,986,000
July 1, 2020 to July 31, 2020		—	$	—		—	$	2,986,000
August 1, 2020 to August 31, 2020		—	$	—		—	$	2,986,000
September 1, 2020 to September 30, 2020		224	$	3.62		224	$	2,985,000
October 1, 2020 to October 31, 2020		22,281	$	4.53		22,281	$	2,884,000
November 1, 2020 to November 30, 2020		2,487	$	4.36		2,487	$	2,873,000
December 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020		10,944	$	4.34		10,944	$	2,826,000
January 1, 2021 to January 31, 2021		—	$	—		—	$	2,826,000
February 1, 2021 to February 28, 2021		—	$	—		—	$	2,826,000
March 1, 2021 to March 31, 2021		—	$	—		—	$	2,826,000
TOTAL		49,279	$	3.84		49,279	$	2,826,000

Contents			Pages
~~Report~~Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm			F-2 to ~~F-4~~F-3

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2021~~2022			~~F-5~~F-4

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the years ended March 31, ~~2019,~~ 2020, 2021 and ~~2021~~2022			~~F-6~~F-5

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended March 31, ~~2019,~~ 2020, 2021 and ~~2021~~2022			~~F-7~~F-6

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended March 31, ~~2019,~~ 2020, 2021 and ~~2021~~2022			~~F-8~~F-7

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements			~~F-9~~F-8 to F-45

Dated: August ~~16, 2021~~15, 2022	BONSO ELECTRONICS INTERNATIONAL INC.

	By:	/s/ Andrew So
		Andrew So, Chief Executive Officer and Director

Dated: August ~~16, 2021~~15, 2022

	By:	/s/ Albert So
		Albert So, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary

Contents	Pages

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID Number 717)	F-2 ~~- F-4~~
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID Number 844)	F-3
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, ~~2020~~2021 and ~~2021~~2022	~~F-5~~F-4
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income for the years ended March 31, ~~2019,~~ 2020, 2021 and ~~2021~~2022	~~F-6~~F-5
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity for the years ended March 31, ~~2019,~~ 2020, 2021 and ~~2021~~2022	~~F-7~~F-6
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended March 31, ~~2019,~~ 2020, 2021 and ~~2021~~2022	~~F-8~~F-7
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	~~F-9~~F-8 - F-45

Schedule of subsidiaries
Name of company	Place of incorporation and kind of legal entity	Particulars of issued capital/ registered capital	Percentage of capital held by the Company						Principal activities
			2021			2022
Bonso Electronics Limited * (“BEL”)	Hong Kong, limited liability company	HK$5,000,000 (US$641,026)		100	%		100	%	Investment holding, providing management and administrative support to the Group companies
Bonso Investment Limited (“BIL”)	Hong Kong, limited liability company	HK$3,000,000 (US$384,615)		100	%		100	%	Investment holding and property investment
Bonso Electronics (Shenzhen) Company, Limited (“BESCL”)	PRC, limited liability company	US$12,621,222		100	%		100	%	Investment holding and property rental
Bonso Advanced Technology Limited * (“BATL”)	Hong Kong, limited liability company	HK$1,000,000 (US$128,205)		100	%		100	%	Investment holding and trading of scales and pet electronic products
Bonso Advanced Technology (Xinxing) Company, Limited (“BATXXCL”)	PRC, limited liability company	US$10,000,000		100	%		100	%	Production of scales and pet electronic products and property rental
Bonso Technology (Shenzhen) Company, Limited (“BTL”)	PRC, limited liability company	HK$200,000		100	%		100	%	Product development
Modus Pets Inc. (“MPI”)	Neveda, USA	US$75,000		100	%		100	%	Trading of scales and pet electronic products

Plant and machinery	- 10 years
Furniture, fixtures and equipment	- 5 to 10 years
Motor vehicles	- 5 years

Schedule of inventories
	March 31,
	2021		2022
	$ in thousands		$ in thousands

Raw materials		267		504
Work in progress		391		546
Finished goods		439		1,077

Total		1,097		2,127

Intangible assets				~~Amount~~
		~~$ in thousands~~
~~Cost at March 31, 2019~~			~~5,951~~
	~~Addition~~Amount		-
	~~Effect of exchange rate~~		~~(385)~~$ in thousands
Cost at March 31, 2020			5,566
	Addition		-	0
	Effect of exchange rate			468
Cost at March 31, 2021			6,034

~~Accumulated Amortization at March 31, 2019~~		~~(3,613)~~
	Addition		-
	~~Amortization~~0		~~(264)~~
	Effect of exchange rate		~~241~~	253
Cost at March 31, 2022			6,287

Accumulated Amortization at March 31, 2020		~~(3,636)~~	(3,636	)
	~~Addition~~		-
	Amortization		~~(269)~~	(269	)
	Effect of exchange rate		~~(316)~~	(316	)
Accumulated Amortization at March 31, 2021		~~(4,221)~~	(4,221	)
Amortization			(285	)
Effect of exchange rate			(181	)
Accumulated Amortization at March 31, 2022			(4,687	)

~~Net book value at March 31, 2019~~			~~2,338~~

Net book value at March 31, 2020			1,930

Net book value at March 31, 2021			1,813

Net book value at March 31, 2022			1,600

Components of other intangible assets
	March 31,
	2021		2022
	$ in thousands		$ in thousands

Land use right of factory land in Shenzhen, Guangdong, PRC		663		500
Land use right of factory land in Xinxing, Guangdong, PRC		1,150		1,100

Total		1,813		1,600

Year ending March 31,		$ in thousands

	2022		279
	2023		279
	2024		279
	2025		210
	2026		96
	Thereafter		670

	Total		1,813

Schedule of amortization expenses
Year ending March 31,		$ in thousands

	2023		290
	2024		290
	2025		219
	2026		100
	2027		100
	Thereafter		601

	Total		1,600

	Amount available				Amount utilized				Amount unutilized				Terms of banking facilities as of
	March 31,				March 31,				March 31,				March 31, 2021
	2020		2021		2020		2021		2020		2021		Interest	Repayment
	$ in thousands				$ in thousands				$ in thousands				rate	Terms
Import and export facilities

Combined limit		2,564		2,564		937		492		1,627		2,072

Including sub-limit of:
Notes payable		2,308		2,308		—		25		2,308		2,283	HIBOR* +2.5%	Repayable in full within 120 days
Bank overdrafts		641		641		—		—		641		641	Prime rate +1%	Repayable on demand
Long term loans ⁽¹⁾		1,214		1,214		937		467		277		747	HIBOR* +2%	Term loans repayable monthly over 3 years.

Other facilities
Export documentary credits		641		641		—		—		641		641
Revolving loan		1,923		1,923		1,000		500		923		1,423	HIBOR* +2.25%	Repayable until redemption of a listed debt instrument

		5,128		5,128		1,937		992		3,191		4,136

General banking facilities
	Amount available				Amount utilized				Amount unutilized				Terms of banking facilities as of
	March 31,				March 31,				March 31,				March 31, 2022
	2021		2022		2021		2022		2021		2022		Interest	Repayment
	$ in thousands				$ in thousands				$ in thousands				rate	Terms
Import and export facilities

Combined limit		2,564		2,564		492		266		2,072		2,298

Including sub-limit of:
Notes payable		2,308		2,308		25		74		2,283		2,234	HIBOR* +2.5%	Repayable in full within 120 days
Bank overdrafts		641		641		0		0		641		641	Prime rate +1%	Repayable on demand
Long term loans ⁽¹⁾		1,214		1,214		467		192		747		1,022	HIBOR* +2%	Term loans repayable monthly over 3 years.

Other facilities
Export documentary credits		641		641		0		0		641		641
Revolving loan		1,923		1,923		500		66		1,423		1,857	HIBOR* +2.25%	Repayable until redemption of a listed debt instrument
		────		─────		─────		─────		─────		─────
		5,128		5,128		992		332		4,136		4,796
		════		═════		═════		═════		═════		═════

	During the fiscal year ended March 31,
	2020			2021

Bank overdrafts		6.00	%		6.00	%
Notes payable		4.71	%		2.85	%
Term loans		4.06	%		2.78	%
Revolving loan		4.29	%		2.50	%

Short-term borrowings
	During the fiscal year ended March 31,
	2021			2022

Bank overdrafts		6.00	%		6.00	%
Notes payable		2.85	%		2.77	%
Term loans		2.78	%		2.26	%
Revolving loan		2.50	%		2.36	%

Loss before income tax
	2020			2021			2022
		$ in thousands			$ in thousands			$ in thousands

Hong Kong		819			2,360			(2,054	)
PRC		(408	)		(1,072	)		(180	)
Others		(13	)		(131	)		(115	)

Total		398			1,157			(2,349	)

Deferred taxes
	2020		2021			2022
		$ in thousands		$ in thousands			$ in thousands
Current income tax (expense) / benefit		0		(165	)		35
Deferred income tax benefit / (expense)		0		779			(446	)

Total		0		614			(411	)

Deferred tax assets and liabilities
	2021			2022
		$ in thousands			$ in thousands
Tax loss carry forwards		4,235			3,976
(Decrease) / increase in tax loss		(259	)		502
Less: Valuation allowance		(3,197	)		(4,145	)

Total		779			333

Tax expense attributable to earnings
	2020			2021			2022
		$ in thousands			$ in thousands			$ in thousands

Income / (loss) before income taxes		398			1,157			(2,349	)

Income tax (expense) / benefit on pretax income at statutory rate		(44	)		(170	)		388
Effect of different tax rates of subsidiaries operating in other jurisdictions		28			89			71
Profit not subject to income tax		18			44			10
Expenses not deductible for income tax purposes		(56	)		(18	)		(10	)
Decrease / (increase) in valuation allowance		32			—			(961	)
Tax effect of future temporary differences		—			(6	)		—
Tax benefit from expected realization of tax loss		—			779			502
Tax losses not recognized		—			(280	)		(446	)
Utilization of tax losses		22			176			35

Total income tax benefit		—			614			(411	)

Future minimum rental income

Year ending March 31,

$ in thousands