UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark One)

¨

REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR 12(g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

or

x

ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended: 31 December 20142017

or

¨

TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from:to

or

¨

SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report

 

Commission file number: 1-10533Commission file number: 001-34121

Commission file number: 001-10533

Commission file number: 001-34121

Rio Tinto plc

Rio Tinto Limited

ABN 96 004 458 404

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

England and Wales

Victoria, Australia

(Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organisation)

(Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organisation)

2 Eastbourne Terrace

6 St. James’s Square

Level 7, 360 Collins Street

London, W2 6LG,SW1Y 4AD, United Kingdom

Level 33, 120 Collins Street

Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia

(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

Julie Parent,  T: 514-848-8519,  E: julie.parent@riotinto.com

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class

Name of Each Exchange

On Which Registered

Title of Each Class

Name of Each Exchange

On Which Registered

American Depositary Shares*

New York Stock Exchange

Ordinary Shares of 10p each**

4.125% Notes due 2021

3.750% Notes due 2021

3.500% Notes due 2022

2.875% Notes due 2022

3.750% Notes due 2025

7.125% Notes due 2028

5.200% Notes due 2040

4.750% Notes due 2042

4.125% Notes due 2042

New York Stock Exchange

6.500% Notes due 2018

New York Stock Exchange

6.500% Notes due 2018

New York Stock Exchange

New York Stock Exchange

New York Stock Exchange

New York Stock Exchange

New York Stock Exchange

New York Stock Exchange

New York Stock Exchange

New York Stock Exchange

4.125% Notes due 2021

3.750% Notes due 2021

3.500% Notes due 2022

2.875% Notes due 2022

3.750% Notes due 2025

7.125% Notes due 2028

5.200% Notes due 2040

4.750% Notes due 2042

4.125% Notes due 2042

New York Stock Exchange

7.125% Notes due 2028

New York Stock Exchange

1.875% Notes due 2015

New York Stock Exchange

1.875% Notes due 2015

New York Stock Exchange

3.500% Notes due 2020

New York Stock Exchange

3.500% Notes due 2020

New York Stock Exchange

5.200% Notes due 2040

New York Stock Exchange

5.200% Notes due 2040

New York Stock Exchange

9.000% Notes due 2019

New York Stock Exchange

9.000% Notes due 2019New York Stock Exchange
2.500% Notes due 2016New York Stock Exchange2.500% Notes due 2016New York Stock Exchange
4.125% Notes due 2021New York Stock Exchange4.125% Notes due 2021New York Stock Exchange
1.125% Notes due 2015New York Stock Exchange1.125% Notes due 2015New York Stock Exchange
2.000% Notes due 2017New York Stock Exchange2.000% Notes due 2017New York Stock Exchange
3.500% Notes due 2022New York Stock Exchange3.500% Notes due 2022New York Stock Exchange
4.750% Notes due 2042New York Stock Exchange4.750% Notes due 2042New York Stock Exchange
1.625% Notes due 2017New York Stock Exchange1.625% Notes due 2017New York Stock Exchange
2.875% Notes due 2022New York Stock Exchange2.875% Notes due 2022New York Stock Exchange
4.125% Notes due 2042New York Stock Exchange4.125% Notes due 2042New York Stock Exchange
1.375% Notes due 2016New York Stock Exchange1.375% Notes due 2016New York Stock Exchange
2.250% Notes due 2018New York Stock Exchange2.250% Notes due 2018New York Stock Exchange
3.750% Notes due 2021New York Stock Exchange3.750% Notes due 2021New York Stock Exchange
2.250% Notes due 2016New York Stock Exchange2.250% Notes due 2016New York Stock Exchange
Floating Rate Notes due 2015New York Stock ExchangeFloating Rate Notes due 2015New York Stock Exchange
Floating Rate Notes due 2016New York Stock ExchangeFloating Rate Notes due 2016New York Stock Exchange

 

*

Evidenced by American Depositary Receipts.  Each American Depositary Share Represents one Rio Tinto plc Ordinary Shares of 10p each.

**

Not for trading, but only in connection with the listing of American Depositary Shares, pursuant to the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission



Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

 

Title of Class

Title of Class Shares

None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:

 

None

None

 

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report:

 

Title of each class

  Rio Tinto plc –
Number
   Rio Tinto Limited –
Number
   Title of each class 

Rio Tinto plc - Number

Rio Tinto Limited - Number

Title of each class

Ordinary Shares of 10p each

   1,425,377,388     435,758,720     Shares 

1,351,608,558

412,414,348

Shares

DLC Dividend Share of 10p

   1     1     DLC Dividend Share  

1

DLC Dividend Share

Special Voting Share of 10p

   1     1     Special Voting Share  

1

Special Voting Share

Indicate by check mark if the registrants are well-known seasoned issuers, as defined in rule 405 of the Securities Act.

    Yes  x    No  ¨

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrants are not required to file reports pursuant to  Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

    Yes  ¨    No  x

Note – Checking the box above will not relieve any registrant required to file reports pursuant to  Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 from their obligations under those Sections.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrants: (1) have filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrants were required to file such reports), and (2) have been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days:

    Yes  x    No  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).*

    Yes  x    No  ¨

*This requirement does not apply to the registrant until its fiscal year ending December 31, 2013.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrants are large accelerated filers, accelerated filers, or non-accelerated filers. See definition of “accelerated filer and large accelerated filer” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large Accelerated Filer

Accelerated Filer  

Non-Accelerated Filer          

Emerging growth company  

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark

if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised

financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. x                 Accelerated Filer  ¨                 Non-Accelerated Filer  ¨

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrants have used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

US GAAP  ¨US GAAP            International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board            Other  

International Financial Reporting Standards as issued

by the International Accounting Standards Board  x

Other  ¨

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrants have elected to follow:

Item 17  ¨    Item 18  ¨

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

    Yes  ¨    No  x

 


TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

PART I

PART I

ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

1

ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

1

ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION

1

ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

3

10

ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

4

13

ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

4

13

ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES

20

31

ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

21

32

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

21

33

ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING

22

34

ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

24

35

ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

27

40

ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES

28

40

PART II

30

PART II

42

ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES

30

42

ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS

30

42

ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

30

42

ITEM 16

30

42

PART III

31

PART III

43

ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

31

43

ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

31

43

ITEM 19. EXHIBITS

33

46


This document comprises the annual report on Form 20-F and the annual report to shareholders for the year ended 31 December 31, 20142017 of Rio Tinto plc and Rio Tinto Limited (“20142017 Form 20-F”). Pursuant to Rule 12b-23(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the information for the 20142017 Form 20-F of Rio Tinto set out below is being incorporated by reference from the “Rio Tinto Annual“Annual Report 2014”2017” included as exhibit 15.2 to this 20142017 Form 20-F (“Rio Tinto Annual Report 2014”2017”).

Only (i) the information set out below with the reference to specific pages of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 2014,2017, including any page references incorporated in the incorporated material unless specifically noted otherwise (ii) the cautionary statement concerning forward-looking statements on the inside cover, and (iii) the Exhibits, shall be deemed to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission for any purpose, including incorporation by reference into the Registration Statement on Form F-3 File No. 333-196694,333-217778, and Registration Statements on Form S-8 File Nos. 333-184397, 333-147914, 333-156093, 333-198655, 333-202546 and 333-198655333-202547 and any other documents, including documents filed by Rio Tinto plc and Rio Tinto Limited pursuant to the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, which purport to incorporate by reference the 20142017 Form 20-F. Any information herein which is not referenced in the 20142017 Form 20-F or the Exhibits themselves, shall not be deemed to be so incorporated by reference.  The Rio Tinto Annual Report 20142017 contains references to our website. Information on our website or any other website in the Rio Tinto Annual Report 20142017 is not incorporated into this document and should not be considered part of this document. We have included any website as an inactive textual reference only.

All reference in the 20142017 Form 20-F to “we”, “our”, the “company” or the “Group” mean Rio Tinto plc and Rio Tinto Limited.

PART I

ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable.

ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION

3.A Selected financial data

The information set forth under the headings:

“Performance highlights” on page 1;

“Five year review” on page 41;48;

“Shareholder information-Dual listed companies structure” on page 220;250; and

“Shareholder information-Dividend rights”information-2017 dividends” on page 220254

of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 20142017 is incorporated herein by reference.



Exchange rates

The following tables show, for the periods and dates indicated, certain information regarding the exchange rates for the pound sterling and Australian dollar, based on the Noon Buying Rates for pounds sterling and Australian dollars expressed in US dollars per £1.00 and per A$1.00.

Pounds sterling

 

Year ended 31 December(a)

  Period
end
   Average
rate
   High   Low 

Jan 2015

   1.51     1.51     1.54     1.50  

Dec 2014

   1.56     1.56     1.57     1.55  

Nov 2014

   1.57     1.58     1.60     1.56  

Oct 2014

   1.60     1.61     1.62     1.59  

Sep 2014

   1.62     1.63     1.66     1.61  

Aug 2014

   1.66     1.67     1.69     1.66  

2014

   1.56     1.65     1.72     1.55  

2013

   1.63     1.56     1.63     1.51  

2012

   1.63     1.59     1.63     1.53  

2011

   1.55     1.60     1.67     1.67  

2010

   1.56     1.55     1.64     1.43  

Year ended 31 December(a)

Period end

 

Average

rate

 

High

 

Low

Feb 2018 (through 16 Feb)

1.41

 

1.40

 

1.42

 

1.38

Jan 2018

1.42

 

1.38

 

1.43

 

1.35

Dec 2017

1.35

 

1.34

 

1.35

 

1.33

Nov 2017

1.35

 

1.32

 

1.35

 

1.31

Oct 2017

1.32

 

1.32

 

1.33

 

1.31

Sep 2017

1.34

 

1.33

 

1.36

 

1.29

Aug 2017

1.29

 

1.30

 

1.32

 

1.28

2017

1.35

 

1.29

 

1.36

 

1.21

2016

1.23

 

1.36

 

1.49

 

1.21

2015

1.48

 

1.53

 

1.59

 

1.46

2014

1.56

 

1.65

 

1.72

 

1.55

2013

1.63

 

1.56

 

1.63

 

1.51

(a)

The Noon Buying Rate on such dates differed slightly from the rates used in the preparation of Rio Tinto’s financial statements as of suchon the relevant date. No representation is made that pound sterling and Australian dollar amounts have been, could have been or could be converted into dollars at the Noon Buying Rate on such dates or at any other dates.

As at 16 February 2015,2018, the Noon Buying Rate was 1.54.1.41 per £1.00.

Australian dollars

 

Year ended 31 December(a)

  Period
end
   Average
rate
   High   Low 

Jan 2015

   0.78     0.81     0.82     0.78  

Dec 2014

   0.82     0.82     0.85     0.81  

Nov 2014

   0.85     0.86     0.87     0.85  

Oct 2014

   0.88     0.88     0.89     0.87  

Sep 2014

   0.87     0.91     0.94     0.87  

Aug 2014

   0.93     0.93     0.93     0.93  

2014

   0.82     0.90     0.95     0.81  

2013

   0.90     0.98     1.05     0.90  

2012

   1.04     1.04     1.08     0.97  

2011

   1.02     1.03     1.10     0.94  

2010

   1.02     0.92     1.02     0.81  

Year ended 31 December(a)

Period end

 

Average

rate

 

High

 

Low

Feb 2018 (through 16 Feb)

0.80

 

0.79

 

0.80

 

0.78

Jan 2018

0.81

 

0.80

 

0.81

 

0.78

Dec 2017

0.78

 

0.76

 

0.78

 

0.75

Nov 2017

0.76

 

0.76

 

0.77

 

0.75

Oct 2017

0.77

 

0.78

 

0.79

 

0.76

Sep 2017

0.78

 

0.80

 

0.81

 

0.78

Aug 2017

0.79

 

0.79

 

0.80

 

0.78

2017

0.78

 

0.77

 

0.81

 

0.72

2016

0.72

 

0.74

 

0.78

 

0.69

2015

0.73

 

0.75

 

0.82

 

0.69

2014

0.82

 

0.90

 

0.95

 

0.81

2013

0.90

 

0.98

 

1.05

 

0.90

(a)

The Noon Buying Rate on such dates differed slightly from the rates used in the preparation of Rio Tinto’s financial statements as of suchon the relevant date. No representation is made that pound sterling and Australian dollar amounts have been, could have been or could be converted into dollars at the Noon Buying Rate on such dates or at any other dates.

As at 16 February 2015,2018, the Noon Buying Rate was 0.78.0.80 per A$1.00.


20142017 dividends

The following chart sets out the amounts of interim and final dividends paid or payable on each share or American Depositary Shares (ADS) in respect of each financial year, but before deduction of any withholding tax.

 

   2014   2013   2012   2011   2010 

Rio Tinto Group – US cents per share

  

Interim

   96.00     83.50     72.50     54.00     45.00  

Final

   119.00     108.50     94.50     91.00     63.00  

Total

   215.00     192.00     167.00     145.00     108.00  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Rio Tinto plc – UK pence per share

Interim

 56.90   54.28   46.43   33.14   28.21  

Final

 77.98   65.82   60.34   57.33   39.14  

Total

 134.88   120.10   106.77   90.47   67.35  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Rio Tinto Limited – Australian cents per share

Interim

 103.09   93.00   68.51   49.81   49.27  

Final

 152.98   120.14   91.67   84.20   61.94  

Total

 256.07   213.14   160.18   134.01   111.21  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Rio Tinto plc – US cents per ADS

Interim

 93.30   84.62   73.99   53.55   43.45  

Final(a)

 —     109.18   91.60   91.56   63.25  

Total(a)

 —     193.80   165.59   145.11   106.70  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

Rio Tinto Group – US cents per share

Interim

110.00

45.00

107.50

96.00

83.50

Final

180.00

125.00

107.50

119.00

108.50

Total

290.00

170.00

215.00

215.00

192.00

Rio Tinto plc – UK pence per share

Interim

83.13

33.80

68.92

56.90

54.28

Final

129.43

100.56

74.21

77.98

65.82

Total

212.56

134.36

143.13

134.88

120.10

Rio Tinto Limited – Australian cents per share

Interim

137.72

59.13

144.91

103.09

93.00

Final

228.53

163.62

151.89

152.98

120.14

Total

366.25

222.75

296.80

256.07

213.14

Rio Tinto plc – US cents per ADS

Interim

110.99

44.59

104.94

93.30

84.62

Final(a)

--

125.62

106.66

115.76

109.18

Total(a)

--

170.21

211.60

209.06

193.80

(a)

The final dividend payable to holders of ADSs for the 20142017 financial year will be announced on 31 March 20155 April 2018 when the GBP:USDpounds sterling to US dollar currency conversion rate is determined. The ADS dividend for 2010 is restated from the 2010 Annual report and reflects the dividend after currency conversion.

3.B Capitalization and indebtedness

Not applicable.

3.C Reasons for the offer and use of proceeds

Not applicable.


3.D Risk factors

Risk management

The information set forth underrisk management environment

2017 was a year where external uncertainty continued and internal risks required constant vigilance.

The geopolitical context for global trade remained unsettled. However, markets in general continued to grow. This combination drove a focus on external factors and the heading “Risk factors”continuation of productivity initiatives in the Group to deliver our value-over-volume strategy. Enhancements to controls for managing operational risks (particularly cyber security and major hazards) sought to maintain and build resilience.

As stronger prices flowed through and supply was delivered in line with expectations, Rio Tinto retained its strong capital allocation discipline, returning cash to shareholders, further strengthening the balance sheet and investing in high quality long term green and brownfield projects.  

Principal joint operations, managed and non-managed, and particularly those in jurisdictions with higher sovereign risk, continue to require close monitoring and active management.  

Changes to the risk profile of the Group during 2017 are illustrated in the summary table below. Further detail on movements and monitoring of these exposures is provided in the relevant section of the Strategic report, including Market environment, Group strategy, product group overviews, the Directors’ report and the Notes to financial statements of the Annual Report 2017.

Emerging risks

Looking ahead, the external risk landscape continues to evolve. In the relatively near term, increased protectionism and geopolitical uncertainty present risk and uncertainty to the operating environment. In the medium term, technological disruption – from increased automation in mining and processing to greater use of cognitive learning and artificial intelligence – provides both threats and opportunities as companies seek to secure competitive advantage. In the longer term, the societal imperative to manage areas of environmental risk is expected to increase at the macro level, as concern about the ineffective management of “global commons” – the oceans, atmosphere and climate system – drives a search for sustainable solutions.

Internally, the strengthening of the commercial capability of the Group, through the appointment of a chief commercial officer and the development of a strong governance and risk framework to support co-located commercial operations in Singapore, will ensure appropriately rigorous management of this increasingly important part of the business. In addition, the establishment of a dedicated closure team will provide stronger planning and oversight of the growing activities associated with responsible future mine closure.

Looking forward, managed and non-managed joint ventures as well as partnerships are likely to play a still larger role in the Group’s portfolio. These mechanisms provide growth opportunities for the Group but will also require the further development of the Group’s capability and capacity to manage and participate in these arrangements effectively.

Principal risks and uncertainties exposure at a glance – 2017 trend

External

Internal

Internal and external

Increasing risk
or uncertainty

–  Sovereign risk(a)

–  Attracting and retaining talent

No change
in risk or uncertainty

–  Strategic partnerships

–  Commodity prices

–  China growth pathway

–  Execution of acquisitions and divestments

–  Capital project development

–  HSEC

–  Exploration and resources

–  Operational excellence

–  Regulation and regulatory intervention

Decreasing risk or uncertainty

–  Liquidity

(a)

Sovereign risk includes both direct risk from nation states and geopolitical uncertainty more broadly, and presents across all jurisdictions to which the Group has exposure.


Risk management framework

Rio Tinto is exposed to a variety of risks (both threats and opportunities) that can have financial, operational and compliance impacts on our business performance, reputation and licence to operate. The board recognises that creating shareholder value is the reward for taking and accepting risk. The effective management of risk is therefore critical to supporting the delivery of the Group’s strategic objectives.

Rio Tinto’s risk management framework reflects this. The responsibility for identifying and managing risks lies with all of Rio Tinto’s employees and business leaders. They operate within the Group-wide framework to manage risks within approved limits.

The framework includes clearly defined oversight responsibilities for the board and the Executive Committee, who are supported by the Risk Management Committee and central support functions including Group Risk and Group Internal Audit, to enable effective risk identification, evaluation and management across Rio Tinto.

This approach reflects a “three lines of defence” model for the management of risks and controls:

First line of defence: ownership of risk by employees and business leaders.

Second line of defence: control of risk framework and systems of internal control by central support functions and the Risk Management Committee.

Third line of defence: assurance of systems of internal control by Group Internal Audit.

The key risk management responsibilities throughout the Group are outlined below.

Approach

The Group’s approach to risk management and internal control, underpinned by the Risk policy and standards, is aimed at embedding a risk-aware culture in all decision-making, and a commitment to managing risk in a proactive and effective manner. This includes the:

early identification and evaluation of threats and opportunities;

management and mitigation of threats before they materialise and effective response if they do materialise; and

active pursuit of opportunities to capture value, within agreed risk tolerances.

Accountability for risk management is clear throughout the Group and is a key performance area for line managers.

To support risk understanding and management at all levels, the Group Risk function provides the necessary infrastructure to support the management and reporting of material risks within the Group, and escalates key issues through the Executive Committee and ultimately to the board, where appropriate.

Group Risk also supports the Risk Management Committee in its review of risk.

The process for identifying, evaluating and managing material business risks is designed to manage, rather than eliminate, threats and where appropriate accept risk to generate returns. Certain threats, for example natural disasters, cannot be managed using internal controls. Such major threats are transferred to third parties in the international insurance markets, to the extent considered appropriate or possible.

The Group has material investments in a number of jointly controlled entities. Where Rio Tinto does not have managerial control, it is usually unable to ensure that management will comply with all Rio Tinto policies and standards.


Board

–  Determine the nature and extent of risk that is acceptable in pursuit of strategic objectives

–  Confirm that management’s risk limits reflect the level of risk the board is willing to accept in pursuit of strategic objectives

–  Provide oversight across the risk management process

Oversight

Board

committees

–  The Audit Committee monitors and reviews at least annually the maturity and effectiveness of management processes and controls designed to identify, assess, monitor and manage risk

–  The Audit and Sustainability Committees review periodic reports from management: identifying the Group's material business risks within the committees' scope; and the risk management strategies and controls applied

Third

line

Group Internal Audit

–  Provide independent and objective assurance that the systems of internal controls are adequate and effective

Executive Committee

–  Set risk strategy and assess risks inherent in key investments and in strategic, business or annual plans

Risk Management Committee

–  Oversee the risk management framework to facilitate the identification of significant risks to Group-level objectives and ensure effective risk management processes are in place

Second

line

Group Risk

–  Provide co-ordination and support of Group-level risk management activity and reporting

–  Embed risk management into core business processes, such as planning and capital allocation

–  Build risk management capability and a risk culture throughout the Group

Other central support functions and management committees

–  Provide targeted expertise and support to risk owners

–  Develop and maintain specific controls, including policies, standards and procedures, to support the effective management of material Group-level risk within the agreed limits

–  Assure first line of defence compliance with controls

First

line

Product groups and central functions, executive/audit forums

–  Monitor material risks and track activities to manage risk within their business activities, and escalate where appropriate

–  Consider risk and uncertainty in strategic and business planning and capital allocation proposals

Product groups and business units

–  Identify, assess and manage risks in operations, functions and projects, utilising risk registers and our Group-wide risk data system (Archer)

Risk managers and Risk Forum

–  The Risk Forum (risk managers across the Group) supports alignment, consistency and continuous improvement of risk management


Principal risks and uncertainties

The principal risks and uncertainties outlined in this section reflect the inherent risks that could materially affect Rio Tinto or its ability to meet its strategic objectives, either directly or by triggering a succession of events that in aggregate become material to the Group.

Rio Tinto’s business units and functions assess the potential economic and non-economic consequences of their respective risks using the framework defined by the Group’s Risk standard. Once identified, each principal risk or uncertainty is reviewed and monitored by the relevant internal experts and by the Risk Management Committee, and as appropriate, by the relevant board committees and the board.

There may be additional risks unknown to Rio Tinto and other risks currently not believed to be material which could turn out to be material. A number of them, particularly those with longer-term potential impacts, are referred to in the sustainable development section of the Annual Report 2017 on pages 1428 to 17 of37.

The principal risks and uncertainties should be considered in connection with any forward-looking statements in the Rio Tinto Annual Report 2014 is incorporated herein by reference.2017 and the cautionary statement on the inside front cover.

Inherent risk and

Uncertainty

Potential downside impact (threats)

Market risks

Rio Tinto operates in global markets and accepts the impact of exchange rate movements and market-driven prices for our commodities, seeking premiums where possible.

Commodity prices, driven by demand and supply for the Group’s products, vary outside of expectations over time.

Exchange rate variations and geopolitical issues may offset or exacerbate this risk.

Anticipating and responding to market movements is inherently uncertain and outcomes may vary.

Falling commodity prices, or adverse exchange rate movements, reduce cash flow, limiting profitability and shareholder returns. These may trigger impairments and/or impact rating agency metrics. Extended subdued prices may reflect a longer-term fall in demand for the Group’s products, and consequent reduced revenue streams may limit investment and/or growth opportunities.

Failure to deliver planned returns from commercial insights would negatively impact cash flows for the Group.

China’s growth pathway could impact demand for the Group’s products outside of expectations.

China is the largest market for our products by a long way, and Chinese demand is a strong driver, at times the dominant one, of the market price of the commodities we produce. An economic slowdown in China, and/or a material change in policy, could result in a slowdown in demand for our products and reduced revenues for the Group.

Financial risks

Rio Tinto maintains a strong balance sheet and liquidity position to preserve financial flexibility through the cycle.

External events and internal discipline may impact Group liquidity.

The Group’s ability to raise sufficient funds for planned expenditure, such as capital growth and/or mergers and acquisitions, as well as the ability to weather a major economic downturn, could be compromised by a weak balance sheet and/or inadequate access to liquidity.


Inherent risk and

uncertainty

Potential downside impact (threats)

Strategic risks

Rio Tinto enforces disciplined capital allocation to the best returning opportunities (organic and inorganic growth projects or returns to shareholders).

Rio Tinto’s ability to secure planned value by successfully executing divestments and acquisitions may vary.

Divestment and acquisition activity incurs transaction costs that cannot be recouped, or may result in value destruction by realising less than fair value for divestments or paying more than fair value for acquisitions. This could result in unforeseen pressure on the Group’s cash position or reduce the Group’s ability to expand operations. The Group may also be liable for the past acts or omissions of assets it has acquired that were unforeseen or greater than anticipated at the time of acquisition. The Group may also face liabilities for divested entities if the buyer fails to honour commitments or the Group agrees to retain certain liabilities.

The Group’s ability to deliver projects successfully may vary.

A delay or overrun in the project schedule could negatively impact the Group’s profitability, cash flows, ability to repay project-specific indebtedness, asset carrying values, growth aspirations and relationships with key stakeholders.

Strategic partnerships play a material role in delivering the Group’s production, cash and market positioning, and these may not always develop as planned.

Joint venture partners may hinder growth by not agreeing to support investment decisions. For non-managed operations, the decisions of the controlling partners may cause adverse impacts to the value of the Group’s interest in the operation or to its reputation and may expose it to unexpected financial liability.

Health, Safety, Environment and Community (HSEC) risks

Rio Tinto’s operations are inherently hazardous. We lead responsibly to preserve our licence to operate and ensure our employees and contractors go home safe and healthy.

Our operations and projects are inherently hazardous with the potential to cause illness or injury, damage to the environment, disruption to a community or a threat to personal security.

Failure to manage our health, safety, environment or community risks could result in a catastrophic event or other long-term damage which could in turn harm the Group’s financial performance and licence to operate.

Recognised hazards and threats include, among others, underground operations, aviation, pit slope instability, tailings facilities, process safety, infrastructure, vector-borne and pandemic disease, chemicals, gases, vehicles and machinery, extreme natural environments, endangered flora or fauna, areas of cultural heritage significance, water supply stress and climate change.

Resources risks

Rio Tinto invests materially to accurately identify new deposits and develop orebody knowledge, underpinning our operations and projects.

The success of the Group’s exploration activity may vary. In addition, estimates of ore reserves are based on uncertain assumptions that, if changed, could result in the need to restate ore reserves and mine plans.

A failure to discover new viable orebodies could undermine future growth prospects.

The risk that new information comes to light or operating conditions change means that the economic viability of some ore reserves and mine plans can be restated downwards. As a result, projects may be less successful and of shorter duration than initially anticipated, and/or the asset value may be impaired.


Inherent risk and

uncertainty

Potential downside impact (threats)

Operations, projects and people risks

Rio Tinto seeks to achieve operational and commercial excellence, and to attract and retain the best people in the industry.

Operational excellence is derived from high operational and human productivity, which requires quality people, processes and systems.

Business interruption may arise from a number of circumstances, including:

  Operational difficulties such as extended industrial dispute, delayed development, bottlenecks or interruptions to infrastructure for power, water and transportation, throughout the value chain.

  Operational failure such as a process safety incident, major pit slope, dump or tailings/water impoundment failure, underground incident.

  Cyber breach/incident of commercial and operational systems.

  Natural disasters such as earthquakes, subsidence, drought, flood, fire and storm can impact mines, smelters, refineries and infrastructure installations. Some of these risks are likely to increase through the impact of climate change.

Any of these events could result in a significant HSEC incident, an interruption to operations, or the inability to deliver products and a commercial loss.

Attracting and retaining talent as the company and industry evolves presents a constant challenge.

The inability to attract or retain key talent will constrain the Group’s ability to reach its goals within planned timeframes.

Stakeholder risks

Rio Tinto recognises positive engagement with a range of stakeholders, and seeks to develop collaborative and mutually beneficial partnerships though our “partner to operate” strategy.

The Group’s operations are located across a number of jurisdictions, which exposes the Group to a wide range of economic, political, societal and regulatory environments.

Adverse actions by governments and others can result in operational/project delays or loss of licence to operate. Other potential actions can include expropriation, changes in taxation, and export or foreign investment restrictions, which may threaten the investment proposition, title, or carrying value of assets. Legal frameworks with respect to policies such as energy, climate change and mineral law may also change in a way that increases costs.

Governance risks

Rio Tinto employees operate in compliance with The way we work – our global code of business conduct, the Group delegation of authorities and all Group policies, standards and procedures.

The Group’s reputation and regulatory licences are dependent upon appropriate business conduct and are threatened by a public allegation of potential misbehaviour or by regulatory investigation.

Fines may be imposed against Group companies for breaching antitrust rules, anti-corruption legislation, sanctions or human rights violations or for other inappropriate business conduct.

A serious allegation or formal investigation by increasingly connected regulatory authorities (regardless of ultimate finding) could result in a loss in share price value, and/or loss of business. Other consequences could include the criminal prosecution of individuals, imprisonment and/or personal fines, and fines, legal liabilities and reputational damage to the Group. There may also be considerable cost and disruption in responding to allegations or investigations and related litigation, and in taking remedial action.


ITEM 4. INFORMATIONINFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

4.A History and development of the company

The information set forth under the headings:

“Shareholder information-Organisational structure” on page 220;250;

“Shareholder information-History” on page 220;250;

“Shareholder information-Nomenclature and financial data” on page 220;250;

“Shareholder information-Dual listed companies structure” on pages 250 and 251;

“Contact details-Registered offices” on page 228;258;

“Product groups-Aluminium” on pages 28 and 29;

“Product groups-Copper” on pages 30 and 31;

“Product groups-Diamonds & Minerals” on pages 32 and 33;

“Product groups-Energy” on pages 34 and 35;

“Product groups-Iron Ore” on pages 3638 and 37;39;

“Product groups-Aluminium” on pages 40 and 41;

“Product groups-Copper & Diamonds” on pages 42 and 43;

“Product groups-Energy & Minerals” on pages 44 and 45;

“Growth & Innovation” on pages 46 and 47;

“Directors’ report-Operating and financial review” on pages 44106 and 45;107;

Capital allocation-DivestmentsSustainable development” on pages 28 to 34 and acquisitions”pages 36 and 37;

“Portfolio management-Material acquisitions and divestments” on page 19;27;

“Portfolio management-Material capital projects” on pages 26 and 27;

“Capital allocation-Major capital projects (>US$1bn)” on page 18;

“Key performance indicators” on pages 1214 and 13;17;

“Rio Tinto financial information by business unit” on pages 178206 to 181; and208;

“Financial statements Note 2-Operating segments” on pages 123 131 to 125133;

“Financial statements Note 37-Purchases and sales of subsidiaries, joint ventures, associates and other interests in businesses” on page 171; and

“Financial statements Note 42-Events after the balance sheet date” on page 173

of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 20142017 is incorporated herein by reference.

In 2017 and 2016, the Group did not receive any public takeover offers by third parties in respect of Rio Tinto plc shares or Rio Tinto Limited shares or make any public takeover offers in respect of other companies’ shares.

4.B Business overview

The information set forth under the headings:

“Group overview” on pages 2 and 3;

Strategic context”Market environment” on page 7;

“Group strategy” on pages 8 to 10;and 11;

“Business model” on page 11;

“Group overview” on pages 212 and 3;13;

“Key performance indicators” on pages 1214 and 13;17;

“Product groups-Iron Ore” on pages 38 and 39;

“Product groups-Aluminium” on pages 40 and 41;

“Product groups-Copper & Diamonds” on pages 42 and 43;

“Product groups-Energy & Minerals” on pages 44 and 45;


“Growth & Innovation” on pages 46 and 47;

“Financial statements Note 3-Operating segments-additional information” on pages 125 and 126;page 134;

“Directors’ report-Government regulations” on page 47;109; and

“Directors’ report-Environmental regulations” on page 47109

of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 20142017 is incorporated herein by reference.

Disclosure pursuant to Section 13(r) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

Section 13(r) to the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) requires an issuer to disclose in its annual reports, whether it or any of its affiliates knowingly engaged in certain activities, transactions or dealings relating to Iran or with the Government of Iran during the period covered by the report. Disclosure is required even where the activities, transactions or dealings are conducted outside the United States by non-U.S. persons in compliance with applicable law, and whether or not the activities are sanctionable under US law. Pursuant to Section 13(r) of the Exchange Act, the company notes the following in relation to activities that took place in 2017, or in relation to activities the company became aware of in 2017 relating to disclosable activities prior to the reporting period.

The company routinely takes action to protect its intellectual property rights in many countries throughout the world, including Iran. In connection with such protection efforts, the company has used, directly or indirectly, patent agent firms with an agent or branch office in Iran to assist with the filing of patent and trade-mark applications, prosecution activities and maintenance in Iran. Contact with the firms has been minimal and solely limited to these activities. Certain transactions related to patents, trademarks and copyright are authorised activities under U.S sanctions against Iran (including the filing of an application to obtain a patent or trade-mark in Iran), and although the company is not a U.S person, it believes its limited activities in this regard are consistent with this authorisation.

Rio Tinto acquired its interest in Namibia-based Rössing Uranium Limited (Rössing) in 1970. The Iranian Foreign Investments Company (IFIC) acquired its original minority shareholding in Rössing in 1975. IFIC’s interest predates the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the U.S. economic sanctions targeting Iran’s nuclear, energy and ballistic missile programs. IFIC acquired and continues to own a minority shareholding in Rössing in accordance with Namibian law.

Rössing is neither a business partnership nor joint venture between Rio Tinto and IFIC. Rössing is a Namibian limited liability company with a large number of shareholders, including Rio Tinto with 68.62 per cent, IFIC with 15.29 per cent, the Industrial Development Corporation of South Africa with 10.22 per cent, local individual shareholders with a combined interest of 2.45 per cent and the Government of the Republic of Namibia with 3.42 per cent but with an additional 50.07 per cent vote at a general meeting of Rössing on matters of national interest.

As a shareholder in Rössing, Rio Tinto has no power or authority to divest IFIC’s holding in Rössing. However, Rössing and the Namibian Government have taken several recent steps to limit IFIC’s future involvement in Rössing.

On 1 October 2010, Namibia reported to the United Nations, pursuant to Article 31 of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1929 (UN SCR 1929), that it had reached an agreement with the Islamic Republic of Iran that IFIC will not participate in any future investments nor will it acquire any further shares in Rössing. It was also agreed that the Government of Iran will not acquire interests in any commercial activity in Namibia involving uranium mining, production, or use of nuclear materials and technology, as required under UN SCR1929, until such time as the United Nations Security Council determines that the objectives of the Resolution have been met.

The Rössing board also took steps in 2012 to terminate IFIC’s involvement in the governance of Rössing. As a shareholder in Rössing, IFIC was entitled under Namibian law to attend annual general meetings of Rössing, which they do attend. IFIC was previously represented on the board of Rössing by two directors. While this level of board representation did not provide IFIC with the ability to influence the conduct of Rössing’s business on its own, the Rössing board nonetheless determined that, in light of international economic sanctions, it would be in the best interest of Rössing to terminate IFIC’s involvement in board


activity. Therefore, on 4 June 2012, at the annual general meeting of Rössing, the shareholders of the company, including Rio Tinto, voted not to re-elect the two IFIC board members. This ended IFIC’s participation in Rössing board activities. IFIC accordingly is not represented on the Rössing board, nor does it have the right to attend board meetings or receive any board information.

While IFIC is entitled to its pro rata share of any dividend that the majority of the board may declare for all shareholders in Rössing, IFIC has not received such monies since early 2008. Simply by maintaining its own shareholding in Rössing, Rio Tinto is not engaging in any activity intended or designed to confer any direct or indirect financial support for IFIC. A dividend was declared for 2015 in March 2016 and an interim 2016 dividend declared in August 2016 with approximately US$13.6 million (representing IFC’s portion of the dividends declared in 2016) deposited into a restricted bank account in Namibia held in favour of IFIC since 2008.

Rössing is one of the world’s largest and longest-operating uranium mines. All of the uranium produced by Rössing is sold to Rio Tinto Marketing Pte. Ltd, (doing business as Rio Tinto Uranium), which re-sells this product to electric utilities in North America, Asia and Europe. As a minority shareholder, IFIC has no uranium product off-take rights. Neither IFIC nor other Government of Iran entities have any supply contracts in place with Rössing and nor receive any uranium from Rössing. IFIC also does not have access to any technology through its investment in Rössing or rights to such technology.

While Rio Tinto does not view itself as actively transacting or entering into business dealings with an instrumentality of the Government of Iran, this information has been provided to ensure transparency regarding the passive, minority shareholding in Rössing currently held by IFIC. Rio Tinto has disclosed the IFIC shareholding matter to the United States Government and has periodically updated the U.S. Department of State as to the same.

See below Item 5.A, “Additional financial information-Sales revenue” (Iron Ore, Aluminium, Copper & Diamonds, Energy & Minerals, Energy)Minerals).

4.C Organizational structure

The information set forth under the headings:

“Shareholder information-Organisational structure” on page 250;

“Financial statements Note 33-Principal subsidiaries” on pages 157166 to 159;168;

“Financial statements Note 34-Principal joint operations” on page 159;168;

“Financial statements Note 35-Principal joint ventures” on pages 160 to 161; andpage 169;

“Financial statements Note 36-Principal associates” on page 170; and

“Financial statements Note 46-Related undertakings” on pages 161183 to 162201

of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 20142017 is incorporated herein by reference.

4.D Property, plant and equipment

The information set forth under the headings:

“Portfolio management-Material capital projects” on page 26 and 27;

MetalSustainable development” on pages 28 to 34 and pages 36 and 37;

“Key performance indicators” on pages 14 and 17;

“Product groups-Iron Ore” on pages 38 and 39;

“Product groups-Aluminium” on pages 40 and 41;

“Product groups-Copper & Diamonds” on pages 42 and 43;

“Product groups-Energy & Minerals” on pages 44 and 45;

“Growth & Innovation” on pages 46 and 47;


“Directors’ report-Environmental regulations” on page 109;

“Directors’ report-Greenhouse gas emissions” on page 109;

“Metals and minerals production” on pages 195224 to 198;227;

“Ore reserves” on pages 199228 to 208;237 and page 239;

“Mines and production facilities” on pages 212242 to 219;249; and

“Product groups-Aluminium” on pages 28 and 29;

“Product groups-Copper” on pages 30 and 31;

“Product groups-Diamonds & Minerals” on pages 32 and 33;

“Product groups-Energy” on pages 34 and 35;

“Product groups-Iron Ore” on pages 36 and 37; and

“Financial statements Note 14-Property, plant and equipment” on pages 135 and 136page 143

of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 20142017 is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

As far as the CompanyGroup is aware, there are no unresolved written comments from the SEC staff regarding its periodic reports under the Exchange Act received more than 180 days before March 5, 2015.31 December 2017.

ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

5.A Operating results

The information set forth under the headings:

“Product groups-Aluminium” on pages 28 and 29;

“Product groups-Copper” on pages 30 and 31;

“Product groups-Diamonds & Minerals” on pages 32 and 33;

“Product groups-Energy” on pages 34 and 35;

“Product groups-Iron Ore” on pages 3638 and 37;39;

“Product groups-Aluminium” on pages 40 and 41;

“Product groups-Copper & Diamonds” on pages 42 and 43;

“Product groups-Energy & Minerals” on pages 44 and 45;

“Sustainable development” on pages 2028 to 26;34 and pages 36 and 37;

“Directors’ report-Government regulations” on page 47; and109;

“Directors’ report-Environmental regulations” on page 47109; and

“Financial statements Note 30-Financial instruments and risk management” on pages 153 to 162

of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 20142017 is incorporated herein by reference.


5A5.A Operating results continued

Additional Financial Information

Financial Review

20142017 financial performance compared with 20132016

In order to provide additional insight into the performance of our business, Rio Tinto presents underlying earnings, which is defined in note“Financial statements Note 2 “Operating- Operating segments” on pages 123131 to 125133 of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 2014.2017.

2014

2017 underlying earnings of US$9,305 million (2013: US$10,217 million)8.6 billion and net earnings of US$6,527 million (2013: US$3,665 million)8.8 billion were US$912 million below (2013: US$948 million above)3.5 billion above and US$2,862 million4.1 billion above (2013: US$6,693 million above) the comparable measures for the previous year respectively.respectively (2016 underlying earnings of US$5.1 billion and net earnings of US$4.6 billion were US$0.6 billion above and US$5.5 billion above the comparable measures for the previous year respectively). Both net earnings and underlying earnings represent amounts attributable to the owners of Rio Tinto.  IFRSInternational Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) requires that the profitprofit/(loss) for the period reported in the income statement should also include earningsearnings/(losses) attributable to non-controlling interests in subsidiaries. Underlying earnings is reconciled to net earningsearnings/(losses) in the table below, which also lists the principal factors driving the movement in underlying earnings between periods.

 

2014

2017 vs 2013

US$mUS$m2016

2013

US$m

US$m

2016 Net earnings

4,617

3,665

Items excluded from underlying earnings(a)

483

6,552

2016 Underlying earnings

 

5,100

2013 Underlying earnings

10,217

Prices

4,107

(4,146

Exchange rates

(294)

691

Volumes

114

1,431

General cost inflation and energy

(251

Other cash costs

958

Exploration and evaluation costs

217

Disposal/write-down of exploration properties

101

Non-cash/interest/tax/other

87

(240)

 

Energy

(125)

 

Operating cash cost improvements

373

One-off items

(257)

Tax / non-cash / interest / other

(151)

Total changes in underlying earnings(a)

(912

3,527

20142017 Underlying earnings

9,305

8,627

Impairment charges net of reversals

(481)

(138

Net gains andGains/ losses on consolidation and disposal of interests in businesses

2,022

(349

Exchange differences and movements on derivatives

(1,850

Restructuring costs from global headcount reductions

(82

Write-off of deferred tax asset following the MRRT repeal

(362

Gain on disposal of the Group’s St James’s Square properties

356

Simandou IFRS 2 charge

(116

Other exclusions

(237

(810)

 

Changes in corporate tax rates in the US and France

(439)

 

Receipt of Rio Tinto Kennecott insurance claim

45

Adjustment to deferred tax relating to expected divestments

(202)

Total excluded in arriving at underlying earnings

(2,778

135

2017 net earnings

 

8,762

Profit attributable to non-controlling interests

 

89

2014 Net earnings

6,527

- Attributable to non-controlling interests

(28

Profit for the year

6,499

 

8,851

(a)

(a)Earnings contributions from Group businesses and business segments are based on underlying earnings. Amounts excluded from net earnings in arriving at underlying earnings are described in note“Financial statements Note 2 “Operating- Operating segments” (c) and (d) on pages 124 to 125page 131 of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 2014.2017.



Prices

Prices

The effect of price movements on all majorthe Group’s commodities in 20142017 was to decreaseincrease underlying earnings by US$4,146 million4.1 billion compared with 2013. 2016.

The averagelargest contributors to this increase were: iron ore (US$1.9 billion), aluminium including related products (US$1.0 billion), copper (US$0.5 billion), Coking coal (US$0.3 billion) and other coal products including thermal coal (US$0.3 billion).

The Platts price for 62 per cent iron Pilbara fines was 3020 per cent lowerhigher on average compared with 2013,2016. Achieved average pricing in 2017 was US$59.6 per wet metric tonne on an FOB basis (2016: US$49.3 per wet metric tonne). This equates to US$64.8 per dry metric tonne (2016: US$53.6 per dry metric tonne), which compares with the average FOB Platts price of US$64.1 per dry metric tonne for 62 per cent iron Pilbara fines (2016: US$53.6 per dry metric tonne).

For Aluminium, the Group achieved an average realised aluminium price of US$2,231 per tonne in 2017 (2016: US$1,849 per tonne). This included premia for value-added products (VAP), which represented 57 per cent of primary metal sold in 2017 (2016: 54 per cent) and generated attractive product premia averaging US$221 per tonne of VAP sold (2016: US$223 per tonne) on top of the physical market premia.

The average price of copper increased from 221 US cents per pound to 281 US cents per pound.

Realised hard coking coal prices were 42 per cent higher on average compared with 2016 and realised thermal coal prices averaged 32 per cent higher.

Exchange rates

Compared with 2016, the US dollar, on average, weakened by one per cent against the Canadian dollar, weakened by four per cent against the Australian dollar and by ten per cent against the South African rand. The effect of all currency movements was to decrease underlying earnings relative to 2016 by US$0.3 billion.

Volumes

Movements in sales volumes increased earnings by US$0.1 billion compared with 2016. The main contributors were higher iron ore shipments from the Pilbara, a 20 per cent increase in titanium dioxide slag feedstock sales volumes and a six per cent rise in bauxite sales.

Energy

Higher input energy prices during the year reduced underlying earnings by US$0.1 billion compared with 2016 in part related to oil, where the average price rose approximately 23 per cent, averaging US$54 per barrel during 2017.

Cash costs, exploration and evaluation

Rio Tinto continued to realise considerable savings from its cost reduction programme, delivering US$0.6 billion pre-tax (underlying earnings impact of US$0.4 billion) comprised of operating cash cost improvements* (US$0.5 billion pre-tax) and reductions in exploration and evaluation cash expenditure (US$48 million pre-tax) in 2017, meeting its US$2.0 billion target over 2016 and 2017 six months earlier than scheduled. The Group has now achieved US$8.3 billion pre-tax (US$5.9 billion post-tax) in total operating cash cost improvements and reductions in exploration and evaluation expenditure compared with the 2012 base. These savings were achieved against a backdrop of rising raw materials costs, in particular for the Aluminium industry.

The Group continued to optimise its expenditure on exploration and evaluation, progressing the highest value projects.

* Operating cash cost improvements represent the difference between the current and prior year full cash cost of sales per unit based on the prior year volume sold. This financial performance indicator is used by management internally to assess performance and therefore is considered relevant to users of the accounts.


One off items

Group one-off items of US$0.3 billion included in underlying earnings primarily relate to the impact of the strike at Escondida in the first half of 2017 which resulted in lower volumes and higher unit costs compared with 2016. In addition there was a deferred tax asset write-down at Grasberg. These were partly offset by receipt of the final insurance settlement relating to the Manefay slide at Kennecott in 2013.

Tax / non-cash / interest / other

The 2017 effective corporate income tax rate on underlying earnings, excluding equity accounted units, was 28 per cent compared with 22 per cent in 2016. The higher tax rate in 2017 primarily reflected increased profit in Australia and the impact of a deferred tax asset write-down relating to Grasberg while the lower rate in 2016 was due to the recognition of a deferred tax asset in Mongolia. The effective tax rate on underlying earnings in Australia remained at 30 per cent. The Group expects an effective tax rate on underlying earnings of approximately 30 per cent in 2018.

The Group interest charge (net of tax and non-controlling interests) of US$0.4 billion was US$0.2 billion lower than 2016 due to the lower level of net debt and an increase in capitalised interest. The interest charge included US$0.2 billion of early redemption costs from bond repurchases in 2017 when the Group successfully completed a US$2.5 billion bond tender and redemption exercise which reduced gross debt. In 2016, similar exercises reduced gross debt by US$7.5 billion, with early redemption costs of US$0.2 billion. Since the start of 2016, the Group has reduced the nominal value of outstanding bonds from approximately US$21 billion to around US$9.5 billion.



2016 financial performance compared with 2015

2016 underlying earnings of US$5.1 billion and net earnings of US$4.6 billion were US$0.6 billion above and US$5.5 billion above the comparable measures for the previous year respectively (2015 underlying earnings of US$4.5 billion and net losses of US$0.9 billion were US$4.8 billion below and US$7.4 billion below the comparable measures for the previous year respectively). Both net earnings and underlying earnings represent amounts attributable to owners of Rio Tinto.  International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) requires that the profit/(loss) for the period reported in the income statement should also include earnings/(losses) attributable to non-controlling interests in subsidiaries. Underlying earnings is reconciled to net earnings/(losses) in the table below, which also lists the principal factors driving the movement in underlying earnings between periods.

2016 vs 2015

US$m

US$m

2015 Net loss

(866

)

Items excluded from underlying earnings

5,406

2015 Underlying earnings

4,540

Prices

(460

)

Exchange rates

49

Volumes

19

General cost inflation

(158

)

Energy

25

Lower cash costs

1,124

Lower exploration and evaluation costs

97

Tax / non-cash / interest / other

(136

)

Total changes in underlying earnings

(560

)

2016 Underlying earnings

5,100

Impairment charges

(183

)

Net gains and loss on disposal of interests in businesses

382

Exchange differences and movements on derivatives

536

Restructuring costs from global headcount reductions

(177

)

Onerous port and rail contracts

(329

)

Tax provision

(380

)

Increased closure provision for legacy operations

(282

)

Other exclusions

(50

)

Total excluded in arriving at underlying earnings

(483

)

2016 net earnings

4,617

Profit attributable to non-controlling interests

159

Profit for the year

4,776

Prices

Most commodity prices increased for the first time in a number years in the second half of 2016, despite numerous political and macro shocks to the global economy.  However, the effect of all price movements on the Group’s commodities in 2016 was to decrease underlying earnings by US$0.5 billion compared with 2015.

Major positive price variances were seen in iron ore (US$0.2 billion), coal (US$0.1 billion) and gold (US$32 million).

Iron ore prices started 2016 at US$43 per dry metric tonne cost and freight (CFR) and ended the year around US$80 per tonne. The average realised price for iron ore was up approximately 2% to US$49.3 per wet metric tonne (FOB), from US$48.4 per wet metric tonne (FOB) in 2015.  

Hard coking coal benchmark prices 21were 12 per cent lower,higher on average compared with 2015 and thermal coal spot prices 17averaged seven per cent lower. Averagehigher. Hard coking coal prices almost quadrupled to US$310


per tonne from January to November 2016. The thermal coal market was also affected, with prices doubling to US$110 per tonne FOB Newcastle. Prices have since moderated.  

These commodity price gains were more than offset by lower average prices for copper and gold pricesaluminium which were down seven11 and tenthree per cent respectively whilstyear-on-year, and a significant drop in market premia for aluminium in all regions, which fell from their record highs in early 2015.

Aluminium had a negative price variance of US$0.5 billion. Average London Metal Exchange (LME) aluminium prices averaged onedecreased three per cent higher.year on year, and lower market and product premia resulted in the average realised price per tonne decreasing from US$2,058 in 2015 to US$1,849 in 2016.  

Copper contributed US$0.1 billion to the negative price variance. Additionally lower prices across industrial mineral and Molybdenum contributed US$0.1 billion to the negative price variance.

Exchange rates

Compared with 2013,2015, the US dollar, on average, strengthened by seventhree per cent against boththe Canadian dollar, by one per cent against the Australian and Canadian dollarsdollar and by 1214 per cent against the South African rand. The effect of all currency movements was to increase underlying earnings relative to 20132015 by US$69149 million.

Volumes

Volumes enhanced

Movements in sales volumes increased earnings by US$1,43119 million compared with 2013. These2015. There were achieved primarilyvolume gains in Iron Ore, where, for a second consecutive year, a new annual sales volume record was achievediron ore, following the increase in capacity at the Pilbara ports and mines, combinedin bauxite, from increased production at all four mines, and in aluminium following record production at ten smelters. These were mostly outweighed by lower sales volumes in copper, gold and molybdenum.

Energy

Lower input energy prices during the year improved underlying earnings by US$25 million compared with productivity improvements. Volumes also rose2015 in Copper, followingpart related to oil, where the recovery at Kennecott Utah Copper from the pit wall slide, in addition to higher ore grades and increased throughput, and at Oyu Tolgoi as shipments outpaced production.price fell approximately 16 per cent year-on-year, averaging US$44 per barrel during 2016.

Cash costs, exploration and evaluation

Rio Tinto made further strong progress oncontinued to realise considerable savings from its cost reduction programme, and has now achieveddelivering US$4.81.6 billion pre-tax (US$3.3 billion post-tax) in total operating cash cost improvements and reductions in exploration and evaluation expenditure compared with the 2012 base.

In 2014, the Group realised US$1.2 billion post-taxpost tax) in operating cash cost savings and reductions in exploration and evaluation spend. This wasexpenditure in addition to the US$2.1 billion post-tax achieved in 2013.2016.

Non-cash/interest/tax/other

The 2014Group continued to optimise its expenditure on exploration and evaluation, progressing the highest value projects. In 2016, approximately 41 per cent of this expenditure was incurred by central exploration, 25 per cent by Copper & Diamonds, 25 per cent by Energy & Minerals and the remainder by Aluminium and Iron Ore.

Tax / non-cash / interest / other

The 2016 effective corporate income tax rate on underlying earnings, excluding equity accounted units, was 2822 per cent compared with 3527 per cent in 2013.2015. The decreasedlower effective tax rate in 2016 was primarily attributablelargely due to the repealrecognition of MRRTa deferred tax asset in Mongolia. Excluding this item, the second half of 2014 and the absence of prior yeareffective tax provisions.rate in 2016 was 26 per cent. The effective tax rate in Australia remained at 30 per cent.

The Group interest charge was(net of tax) of US$81 million lower than in 2013, mainly reflecting the reduction in net debt during 2014.

In 2013 there was a0.6 billion increased by US$128 million charge to earnings from an iron ore royalty payable to joint venture partners following a court decision. There was no such charge in 2014.

2013 financial performance0.2 billion compared with 20122015, following completion of some major capital projects in 2015 (interest is capitalised during the construction period of a project) and US$0.2 billion of early redemption costs from bond repurchases in 2016. In 2016, US$0.1 billion of interest was capitalised, compared with US$0.3 billion in 2015.

 

2013 vs 2012
US$mUS$m

2012 Net loss

(3,028

Items excluded from underlying earnings(a)

12,297

2012 Underlying earnings

9,269

Prices

(1,289

Exchange rates

1,008

Volumes

538

General inflation and energy

(368

Other cash costs

1,559

Exploration and evaluation costs

557

Disposal/write-down of exploration properties

(477

Non-cash/interest/tax/other

(580

Total changes in underlying earnings(a)

948

2013 Underlying earnings

10,217

Impairment charges net of reversal

(3,428

Net gains and losses on consolidation and disposal of interests in businesses

847

Exchange differences and movements on derivatives

(2,731

Restructuring costs from global headcount reductions

(367

Impact of pit wall slide at Kennecott Utah Copper

(283

Adjustments to Clermont/Blair Athol on reclassification to disposal groups held for sale

(173

Deferred tax asset write-off

(114

Other exclusions

(303

Total excluded in arriving at underlying earnings

(6,552

2013 Net earnings

3,665

- Attributable to non-controlling interests

(2,586

Profit for the year

1,079

 

(a)Earnings contributions from Group businesses and business segments are based on underlying earnings. Amounts excluded from net earnings in arriving at underlying earnings are described in note 2 “Operating segments” (c) and (d) on pages 124 to 125 of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 2014.

Prices

The effect of price movements on all major commodities was to decrease underlying earnings by US$1,289 million compared with 2012.

The average Platts price for 62 per cent iron Pilbara fines was three per cent higher on average compared with 2012, while hard coking coal benchmark prices were 24 per cent lower, and thermal coal spot prices averaged 14 per cent lower. Copper prices were down eight per cent and LME prices for gold and aluminium averaged 16 and nine per cent lower respectively.


Exchange rates

The US dollar strengthened during 2013, in particular in the second half of the year. Compared with 2012, the US dollar, on average, rose by six per cent against the Australian dollar, by three per cent against the Canadian dollar, and by 15 per cent against the South African rand. The effect of all currency movements was to increase underlying earnings relative to 2012 by US$1,008 million.

Volumes

Volume increases enhanced earnings by US$538 million compared with 2012. These were achieved primarily in Iron Ore, where a new annual sales volume record was achieved, due to increased capacity at the Pilbara ports, and productivity improvements. Volumes also rose in Copper, mainly from Escondida in line with higher ore grades and increased throughput, in bauxite from higher production volumes across all mines, and in aluminium following the return of the Alma smelter to full production. These additional tonnes more than offset the impact of lower gold production at Kennecott Utah Copper and lower demand for titanium dioxide feedstocks.

Cash costs, exploration and evaluation

Rio Tinto made strong progress on its cost reduction programme and exceeded its 2013 targets. In 2013, the Group realised US$2,279 million pre-tax (US$1,559 million post-tax) in operating cash cost savings which exceeded the target of US$2 billion.

Exploration and evaluation spend was reduced by US$1,023 million (on a consolidated, pre-tax basis) which exceeded the target reduction of US$750 million. Evaluation spend has been prioritised on those projects with the greatest potential to deliver value in the medium term, with spend on certain longer-dated options reduced. On a net earnings basis this resulted in an improvement of US$557 million. These are offset by the absence of a gain on disposal, and the write-down of certain exploration properties in 2013. The Group wrote down its investment in Northern Dynasty Minerals, which owns 100 per cent of the Pebble Project in Alaska, by US$131 million following the announcement of a strategic review. In 2012, Rio Tinto reported net gains of US$346 million on divestment of various exploration properties, including its interests in Extract Resources and Kalahari Minerals.

In 2013, the Group reduced headcount by 4,000, net of new roles in the Iron Ore group to support the Pilbara 290 expansion. A further 3,300 roles left the Group through divested assets.

Non-cash/interest/tax/other

The effective corporate income tax rate on underlying earnings, excluding equity accounted units was 35 per cent compared with 30 per cent in 2012. The increased charge was primarily attributable to utilisation of the MRRT deferred tax asset. As in 2012, the effective corporate tax on net earnings, excluding equity accounted units, is significantly impacted by the impairment of goodwill, which is non-deductible for tax purposes.

The Group net interest charge was US$130 million higher than in 2012, mainly reflecting higher average net debt in 2013 (2012: mainly reflecting an increase in capitalised interest).

Exclusions from underlying earnings 2012-20142015-2017

Earnings contributions from Group businesses and business segments are based on underlying earnings.  Amounts excluded from net earnings in arriving at underlying earnings are summarised in the discussion of year-on-year results below.

 

2017

 

2016

 

2015

 

 

US$m

 

US$m

 

US$m

 

Impairment charges

(481

)

(183

)

(1,802

)

Gains/(losses) on disposal of interests in businesses

2,022

 

382

 

48

 

Exchange differences and movements on derivatives

(810

)

536

 

(3,282

)

Changes in corporate tax rates in the US and France

(439

)

-

 

-

 

Rio Tinto Kennecott insurance settlement

45

 

-

 

18

 

Adjustment to deferred tax assets relating to expected divestments

(202

)

-

 

-

 

Restructuring costs including global headcount reductions

-

 

(177

)

(258

)

Increased closure provision for non-operational and legacy operations

-

 

(282

)

(233

)

Onerous port and rail contracts

-

 

(329

)

-

 

Tax provision

-

 

(380

)

-

 

Recognition of deferred tax assets relating to planned divestments

-

 

-

 

234

 

Simandou and QIT Madagascan Minerals IFRS 2 charge

-

 

-

 

(11

)

Other exclusions

-

 

(50

)

(120

)

Total excluded in arriving at underlying earnings

135

 

(483

)

(5,406

)

 

   2014   2013   2012 
   US$m   US$m   US$m 

Impairment charges

   (1,187   (3,428   (14,360

Impairment reversals

   1,049     —       —    

Gains and losses on consolidation and disposal of interests in businesses

   (349   847     827  

Exchange differences and derivative movements

   (1,850   (2,731   550  

Write-off of deferred tax asset following the MRRT appeal

   (362   —       —    

Gain on sale of the Group’s properties at St James’s Square

   356     —       —    

Simandou IFRS 2 charge

   (116   —       —    

Restructuring costs including global headcount reductions

   (82   (367   (77

Impact of pit wall slide at Kennecott Utah Copper

   —       (283   —    

Adjustments to Clermont/Blair Athol on reclassification to disposal groups held for sale

   —       (173   —    

Deferred tax asset write-off

   —       (114   (134

Recognition of deferred tax asset following introduction of MRRT in 2012

   —       —       1,130  

Other exclusions

   (237   (303   (233
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total excluded in arriving at underlying earnings

 (2,778 (6,552 (12,297
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

20142017

An impairment charge

Impairment charges of US$1,187481 million (net of tax and non-controlling interests) was(post-tax) were recognised in 2014 and related2017, relating primarily to the Group’s aluminium business, US$840 million,carrying values of the Roughrider uranium deposit in Canada, the Rössing uranium mine in Namibia and the Group’s copper businesses, US$347 million

The Group’s copper business impairment charge resulted from a review of the investment case for the Molybdenum Autoclave Process projectArgyle diamond mine in Utah, USA which concluded that the project, which has been on care and maintenance since early 2013, will be terminated. TheAustralia. Roughrider’s recoverable amount has beenwas determined based on anticipated net disposal proceeds. Asto be nil following a result, a post-tax impairment charge of US$347 million has been recorded against property, plant and equipment.

Duringdecision in the first half of 2014,2017 to cease further revisions to future capital required to complete the modernisation project at Kitimat in British Columbia, and related impactsexpenditure on the project, ledproject. Rössing was impaired due to a reductionoversupply in the recoverable value ofuranium market resulting in structural changes to forecast prices, while the Kitimat cash-generating unit. Additional capital of US$1.5 billionimpairment at Argyle was approved by the Board in August 2014, taking the total approved capital cost of the projectattributable to US$4.8 billion. The reduction in the recoverable amount resulted inlower production volumes, a post-tax impairment charge of US$800 million to property, plant and equipment. Other post-tax impairment charges during 2014, related to the Group’s aluminium business, were US$40 million.

The above impairment charges were offset by reversal of previously booked impairments on other non-current assets in the Group’s aluminium business, due to significant costsmaller than expected contribution from productivity improvements and high regional and product premiums, resulting in a post-tax impairment reversal of US$460 million recorded against the property, plant and equipment of Tomago, Bell Bay and Gladstone Power Station and a post-tax impairment reversal of US$589 million relating to Boyne Smelters recorded against investments in equity accounted units. The recoverable amount of the assets is greater than the amount at which these assets would have been carried, net of depreciation, had no impairment loss been recognised in prior periods and therefore the impairment reversal is basedlower realised prices.

Net gains on the latter amount.

Net losses on disposal and consolidation of interests in businesses during 2014 mainly relateof US$2,022 million primarily related to the Group’s divestmentsale of Rio Tintothe Coal Mozambique, the Clermont Joint Venture and the transfer of Alucam to the Government of Cameroon.& Allied thermal coal business which completed on 1 September 2017.

Non-cash exchange and derivative losses in 2017 of US$1,850810 million arose primarily on US dollar debt in non-US dollar functional currency Group companies, intragroup balances, and on intragroup balances.

The remaining Mineral Resources Rent Tax starting base deferred tax asset was derecognised on repealthe revaluation of the taxcertain derivatives which do not qualify for hedge accounting. These exchange losses were in Australia, effective 30 September 2014.

A gaincontrast to net exchange and derivative gains in 2016 of US$356536 million, netgiving rise to a negative period-on-period movement of US$1,346 million. The exchange losses are largely offset by currency translation gains recognised in equity and the quantum of US dollar debt, which will be repaid from US dollar sales receipts and US dollar divestment proceeds, is therefore largely unaffected.

Deferred tax assets have been remeasured to reflect lower corporate income tax rates in the US and France as a results of tax was recognisedlegislation changes. Deferred tax assets have also been derecognised as a result of revised profit forecasts in France due to expected divestments.

In 2017, the Group received the final settlement on the disposal of the Group’s St James’s Square properties in London, UK.

2013

Total impairment charges of US$3,428 million (net of tax and non-controlling interests) were recognised in 2013, of which US$1,655 millioninsurance claims related to the Group’s copper businesses. This included a charge2013 pit-wall slide at Rio Tinto Kennecott of US$1,565233 million pre-tax (US$146 million post-tax). Part of the settlement, US$73 million pre-tax (US$45 million post-tax), has been excluded from underlying earnings in line with the treatment of associated costs incurred from 2013 to 2015.


2016

Impairment charges during the year ended 31 December 2016 primarily related to the Argyle diamond mine in Western Australia. An impairment of certain assets of Turquoise Hill (including Oyu Tolgoi). On 29 July 2013, Rio Tinto announced that funding and work ontrigger assessment at the underground development would be delayed pending resolution of outstanding shareholder issues, including finalising project finance. The consequent impact of updates to timing of revenues and expenditureArgyle diamond mine cash-generating unit resulted in the carrying value being higher than fair value less costsidentification of disposal (FVLCD).

Impairments to the Group’s copper businesses also include adjustments to reduce the carrying value of the Eagle nickel-copper project to FVLCD prior to divestment on 17 July 2013, the impact of medium and long-term coking and thermal coal prices on non-cash fair value acquisition adjustments to undeveloped projects at SouthGobi Resources, and adjustment to the carrying value of Inova Resources, which was sold on 1 November 2013.

In addition, there was a post-tax impairment of US$1,293 million relating to the Group’s aluminium businesses. This included US$555 million for the Gove refinery, following an announcement on 29 November 2013 to suspend alumina production and focus on the bauxite operation. Asindicators as a result of this decision,lower production volumes compared with forecast and the timing and scope of site restoration and environmental rehabilitation cash flows have been revised, together withlower prices achieved for bulk diamonds.  The reduction in the write-off of operating assets not fully depreciated. The remaining post-tax charge of US$738 million related to the Group’s Canadian aluminium operations, primarily at Kitimatrecoverable amount resulted in British Columbia, resulting from a change in assumptions about future capital required to complete the modernisation project, which diminished the value of the associated intangible assets, and another site closure within the Aluminium portfolio.

A post-taxpre-tax impairment charge of US$470241 million relating to Rio Tinto Coal Mozambique (RTCM) has been recognised. An assessment of FVLCD derived from future cash flows, which included a reassessment of the development planproperty, plant and review of the discount rateequipment and associated country risk premium, resulted in the recoverable value being below carrying value.intangible assets.

Net gains on disposal of interests in businesses during 2013in 2016 related mainly relate to the Group’s divestmentsale of its remainingRio Tinto’s 40 per cent interest in Constellium (formerly Alcan Engineered Products)the Bengalla Joint Venture on 1 March 2016 and the Northparkes mine.sale of the Lochaber assets in Scotland on 23 November 2016.  This was partially offset by a loss on disposal of the 100 per cent interest in Carbone Savoie on 31 March 2016.

Net exchange gains in 2016 comprised post-tax foreign exchange gains of US$123 million principally on external US dollar denominated net debt in non-US dollar functional currency companies (on borrowings of approximately US$17.6 billion), and US$393 million of gains on intragroup balances mainly as the Canadian dollar  strengthened against the US dollar compared to 31 December 2015.  The Group took further steps during 2016 to reduce the income statement exposure on retranslation of intragroup balances.  The remaining US$20 million related to valuation changes on commodity, currency and interest rate derivatives which are ineligible for hedge accounting.

A review of the infrastructure capacity requirements in Queensland, Australia, confirmed that it was no longer likely that Rio Tinto would utilise the Abbot Point Coal Terminal and associated rail infrastructure capacity contracted under take or pay arrangements. On 31 October 2016, an agreement was reached with Adani, the owner of the port, to relinquish that capacity. Accordingly, an onerous contract provision was recognised based on the net present value of expected future cash flows for the port and rail capacity discounted at a post-tax real rate of two per cent, resulting in a post-tax onerous contract charge of US$329 million.

Tax provision includes amounts provided for specific tax matters for which the timing of resolution and potential economic outflow are uncertain. During 2016 a provision was made in relation to matters under discussion with the Australian Taxation Office (ATO) relating to the transfer pricing of certain transactions between Rio Tinto entities based in Australia and the Group’s commercial centre in Singapore for the period since 2009.

The increase in closure provision (non-operating sites) related to the Gove alumina refinery in Northern Territory, Australia where operations have been curtailed since May 2014.  The provision was updated based on the current cost estimates from the studies.  Future revisions to the closure cost estimate during the study periods (including the next stage of feasibility study) will continue to be excluded from underlying earnings as the site operating assets have been fully impaired.

2015

Total impairment charges of US$1,802 million (post-tax) were recognised in 2015. On 26 May 2014, Rio Tinto and its Simandou iron ore project partners signed an Investment Framework with the Government of Guinea which provided the legal and commercial foundation for the project and formally separated the infrastructure and mine development plan.  The Simandou project partners were finalising an integrated Bankable Feasibility Study (BFS) for the mine, port and infrastructure elements of the project, which was scheduled to be submitted to the Government of Guinea in May 2016. As a result of current market conditions and uncertainty over infrastructure ownership and funding at that time, the Group determined that it was appropriate to record a non-cash impairment charge of US$1,118 million (net of non-controlling interests and tax).

On 11 June 2015, Rio Tinto announced that it supported Energy Resources of Australia Ltd’s (ERA) decision not to proceed with the final Feasibility Study of the Ranger 3 Deeps project.  Rio Tinto also determined it did not support any further study or future development of Ranger 3 Deeps due to the project’s economic challenges.  This resulted in a write down to property, plant and equipment, intangible assets and deferred tax assets to fully write off these long-term assets. The total impairment charge recognised was a non-cash charge of US$262 million (net of non-controlling interests and tax).


In late 2015, Rio Tinto completed an Order of Magnitude study on the Roughrider uranium project in Canada. This led to the Group recognising a post-tax impairment charge of US$199 million relating to goodwill and intangible assets.

Other impairment charges during the year reflect challenging economic conditions at business units in the Group’s Aluminium and Copper & Diamonds product groups.

Non-cash exchange and derivative losses of US$2,7313,282 million (post-tax) arose primarily on US dollar debt in non-US dollar functional currency Group companies, intragroup balances, and on intragroup balances.

Kennecott Utah Copper’s Bingham Canyon mine experienced a slide along a geological fault line of its north-eastern wall in April 2013. Charges relating to the slide, which have been excluded from underlying earnings, primarily comprised the write-offrevaluation of certain deferred stripping assets and damaged equipment. Adjustmentsderivatives which do not qualify for settlement of insurance claims have been made to the amount excluded from underlying earnings, and will continue as insurance claims are settled.hedge accounting.

Adjustments in relation to Clermont and Blair Athol arose following reclassification to disposal groups held for sale, and reflect contractual obligations for product sales and funding of closure activities, which will remain with

During 2015, the Group following completionincurred US$258 million (post-tax) of the divestments.

restructuring costs associated with its ongoing costs reduction programme.

2012

A post-tax impairment charge of US$14,360233 million was recognised in 2012,for the remediation of which US$11,000 million related tolegacy properties, including the Group’s aluminium businesses. During 2012, aluminium prices deteriorated further with strong Australian and Canadian currencies, high energy and raw material costs, and high volumes of LME inventory continuing to exert pressure on market valuesHolden Mine in the industry.US.

A post-tax impairment charge of US$2,860 million was also recognised relating to RTCM. The development of infrastructure in Mozambique to support the undeveloped coal asset was found to be more challenging than initially anticipated which, combined with a downward revision to estimates of recoverable coking coal volumes, led to a reassessment of the overall scale and ramp-up schedule of RTCM and consequently to the assessment of its FVLCD.

In addition, there were net post-tax impairments of US$460 million relating to the Group’s Argyle diamond mine and US$40 million in other net impairments. An impairment review of Argyle was triggered by the announcement during 2012 of the Diamonds strategic review, as well as changes to the forecast ramp-up date for the underground mine.

Gains and losses on consolidation and disposal of interests in businesses relate primarily to a gain of US$965 million arising on consolidation of Richards Bay Minerals in September 2012 and a US$167 million loss on consolidation of Turquoise Hill Resources.

A deferred tax asset was recognised in 2012 following introduction of the MRRT on 1 July 2012. The legislation, which applies to companies with iron ore and coal operations in Australia, allows a deduction against future MRRT liability based on the market value of past investments in these mining assets as at 1 May 2010. Accordingly, a deferred tax asset was recognised to reflect the deductibility for MRRT purposes of the market value of these mining assets to the extent recovery is probable.

Group financial results by product group 2012-20142015-2017

   2014   2013   2012 
   US$m   US$m   US$m 

Iron Ore

   8,107     9,858     9,247  

Aluminium

   1,248     557     54  

Copper

   912     821     1,059  

Diamonds & Minerals(a)

   401     350     149  

Energy

   (210   33     309  

Other operations

   (243   (281   (582

Inter-segment transactions

   —       (4   (8

Other items

   (593   (730   (750

Exploration and evaluation

   (156   (145   (97

Net interest

   (161   (242   (112
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Group underlying earnings

 9,305   10,217   9,269  

Exclusions from underlying earnings

 (2,778 (6,552 (12,297
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net earnings/(loss)

 6,527   3,665   (3,028
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

2017

 

2016

 

2015

 

 

US$m

 

US$m

 

US$m

 

Iron Ore

6,692

 

4,611

 

3,940

 

Aluminium

1,583

 

947

 

1,118

 

Copper & Diamonds

263

 

(18

)

370

 

Energy & Minerals(a)

1,242

 

612

 

177

 

Other operations

(138

)

(88

)

(90

)

Other items

(483

)

(241

)

(375

)

Exploration and evaluation

(178

)

(147

)

(211

)

Net interest

(354

)

(576

)

(389

)

Group underlying earnings

8,627

 

5,100

 

4,540

 

Exclusions from underlying earnings

135

 

(483

)

(5,406

)

Net earnings/(loss)

8,762

 

4,617

 

(866

)

(a)

Includes the Simandou iron ore project in Guinea which is the responsibilityand Iron Ore Company of the Diamonds & Minerals product group chief executive.Canada.



Sales Revenue

Consolidated sales revenue for 2017 of US$40.0 billion was US$6.2 billion or 18% higher than the prior period. Gross sales revenue (including the sales revenue of equity accounted units on a proportionately consolidated basis, after adjusting for sales to subsidiaries) increased from US$35.3 billion to US$41.9 billion. Rio Tinto’s sales revenue continues to be predominantly attributable to iron ore and Aluminium.

Prices

   2014   2013   2012 

Commodity

  

Source

  

Unit

  

US$

   

US$

   

US$

 

Average prices

         

Iron ore 62% Fe Fines FOB

  

Platts Index less Baltic Exchange Freight Rate

   dmt(a)   88     126     122  

Aluminium

  

LME(b)

   Tonne    1,867     1,845     2,018  

Copper

  

LME

   Pound    3.10     3.33     3.61  

Gold

  

LBMA

   Ounce    1,266     1,410     1,669  

Closing prices (quoted commodities only)

         

Aluminium

     Tonne    1,825     1,755     2,041  

Copper

     Pound    2.89     3.35     3.65  

Gold

     Ounce    1,184     1,208     1,675  

 

 

 

2017

2016

2015

Commodity

Source

Unit

US$

US$

US$

Average prices

 

 

 

 

 

Iron ore 62% Fe Fines FOB

Platts Index less Baltic Exchange Freight Rate

dmt(a)

64.1

54

56

Aluminium

LME(b)

Tonne

1,969

1,605

1,661

Copper

LME

Pound

2.81

2.21

2.49

Gold

London Bullion Market (LBMA)

Ounce

1,257

1,250

1,160

Closing prices (quoted commodities only)

Aluminium

 

Tonne

2,256

1,704

1,500

Copper

 

Pound

3.27

2.51

2.13

Gold

 

Ounce

1,153

1,148

1,061

(a)

Dry metric tonne

(b)

LME cash price

The above table shows published prices for Rio Tinto’s commodities for the last three years where these are publicly available, and where there is a reasonable degree of correlation between the published prices and Rio Tinto’s realised prices.

Group sales revenue will not necessarily move in line with these published prices for a number of reasons which are discussed below.

The discussion of revenues below relates to the Group’s gross revenue from sale of commodities, as included in the financial“Financial information by business unitunit” on page 178pages 206 to 182208 of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 2014.2017.

Iron Ore

2014

2017 sales revenue compared with 20132016

Record

Gross sales revenue increased by US$3.6 billion (25%) to US$18.3 billion.

Sales volumes in the Pilbara for a second year partially mitigated the impact of lower iron ore prices, down 30were one per cent higher than 2016 sales, reflecting ongoing productivity improvements being made to the rail network, along with increased flexibility across the infrastructure system. Achieved average pricing was also higher in 2017, US$59.6 per wet metric tonne on average year on year. In 2014, approximately 25an FOB basis compared with US$49.3 per wet metric tonne in 2016.

Approximately 67 per cent of sales in 2017 were priced with reference to a quarterlythe current month average, index set at17 per cent with reference to the prior quarter’s average index lagged by one month. The remainder was sold via pricing mechanisms priced closermonth, five per cent with reference to the index price at the time of shipment, such as current quarter average current month average orand 11 per cent were sold on fixed terms on the spot index prices.market. Index prices are adjusted for product characteristics and iron and moisture content.

2013

2016 sales revenue compared with 20122015

Gross sales revenue for the Iron Ore group increased by sevenUS$0.7 billion (approximately five percent) to US$14.6 billion.  Sales volumes were three per cent compared with 2012,higher in 2016, attributable to record sales volumesthe newly expanded infrastructure and minimal disruption from weather events.  The average realised price for iron ore was also up approximately 2% to US$49.3 per wet metric tonne (FOB), from US$48.4 per wet metric tonne (FOB) in the Pilbara and marginally higher prices. Sales volumes increased by five per cent across the product group. In 2013, approximately 302015.


Approximately 20 per cent of sales in 2016 were priced with reference to a quarterlythe previous quarter’s average index set at the prior quarter’s average lagged by one month. The remainder was sold via pricing mechanisms priced closer to the index price at the time of shipment, such aseither on current quarter average, current month average or on the spot index prices. Index prices are adjusted for product characteristics and iron and moisture content.

market.  

Aluminium

2014

2017 sales revenue compared with 20132016

The Aluminium group’s

Aluminium’s sales revenues are from aluminium and related products such as alumina and bauxite.

A oneGross sales revenue increased by 16% to US$11.0 billion in 2017. The 2017 cash LME aluminium price averaged US$1,969 per tonne, an increase of 23 per cent on 2016, however this was partially offset by lower sales volumes due to operational issues at Sohar and curtailment at the Boyne Smelter.

Strong bauxite production performance, combined with robust demand from China, enabled the Group to increase its share of third party bauxite shipments by ten per cent to 32.3 million tonnes (2016: 29.3 million tonnes).

2016 sales revenue compared with 2015

There was an overall decrease in gross sales revenue of US$0.7 billion (approximately seven per cent) to US$9.5 billion in 2016.  Average LME prices decreased three per cent year on year, and lower market and product premia resulted in the average realised price per tonne decreasing from US$2,058 in 2015 to US$1,849 in 2016.  This realised price included premia for value-added products (VAP), which generated attractive product premia averaging US$223 per tonne of VAP sold (2015: US$251 per tonne) on top of the physical market premia.  In the US, the Mid-West market premium averaged US$162 per tonne in 2016, compared with an average US$271 per tonne in 2015, a 40 per cent decrease.  

Gross sales revenue for bauxite in 2016 decreased seven per cent to US$1.9 billion. Declines in bauxite pricing compared with 2015 were partially offset by continued increase in third party bauxite sales. There was a ten per cent increase in LME prices and stronger regional and product premiums, were not sufficient to offset the impact of reduced sales volumes ofthird party bauxite and aluminium compared with 2013, resulting in a three percent reduction in sales revenue. The reduction in aluminium sales volumes was mainly due to the closure of the Shawinigan smelter in December 2013, and the divestment of the Søral and Alucam smelters during 2014.shipments.

2013

Copper & Diamonds

2017 sales revenue compared with 20122016

Sales revenue increased by two per cent, reflecting increasing volumes across all products, and a rise in regional market premiums more than offsetting a nine per cent decline in LME prices over the period. Regional market premiums on aluminium shipments continued to perform strongly in 2013, supported by balanced physical supply/demand, despite significant LME inventories, much of which remains tied up in financing deals due to higher forward prices and low interest rates.

Copper

2014 sales revenue compared with 2013

Gross sales revenue increased by six7 per cent in 20142017 compared with 2013. Increased2016.

Copper sales volumes, primarily attributablerevenue was higher than in 2016 as the average LME copper price increased by 27 per cent to a full year of production at Oyu Tolgoi, were281 US cents per pound and the gold price increased by one per cent to US$1,257 per ounce. This was partially offset by the impact of lower sales volumes (13% lower than 2016), mainly due to the impact of a sevenstrike at Escondida in the first quarter of 2017.

Diamonds revenue increased 15 per cent declineto US$0.7 billion in average copper prices2017, reflecting higher sales volumes, including the effect of factories in India increasing manufacturing capacity as the market normalised following Indian banknote reform in 2016, and a 11 per cent declinethe outlook in key emerging markets improved. This resulted in sustained re-stocking activity throughout the average gold price duringpipeline for most of the period.year.

At 31 December 2014,2017, the Group had an estimated 331250 million pounds of copper sales (2013: 254 million pounds) that were provisionally priced at 288304 US cents per pound (2013: 333 US cents per pound).pound. The final price of these sales will be determined during the first half of 2015.2018. This compares with 235 million pounds of open shipments at 31 December 2016, provisionally priced at 250 cents per pound.

2013

2016 sales revenue compared with 20122015

Gross

Overall gross sales revenue for the declined by 19 per cent to US$4.5 billion in 2016.  

Copper group decreased bysales revenue was lower than 2015 as a result of lower sales volumes along with an 11 per cent decline in 2013 compared with 2012.prices to 221 US cents per pound in 2016.  Gold revenue was lower than 2015 due mainly to


lower grade and volumes. This reflectedwas partially offset by an eight per cent decline in the copper price during the period, and a 16 per cent declineincrease in the gold price together with divestmentto US$1,250 per ounce.  

At 31 December 2016, the Group had an estimated 235 million pounds of unsettled copper sales (2015: 252 million pounds) that were provisionally priced at 250 US cents per pound (2015: 217 US cents per pound). The final price of these sales was determined during the Palabora and Northparkes operations during 2013.first half of 2017.

Diamonds & Minerals

2014The overall decline in diamonds revenue was attributable to lower sales revenue compared with 2013

volumes. Diamond prices realised by Rio Tinto depend on the size and quality of diamonds in the product mix.

Energy & Minerals

2017 sales revenue compared with 2016

Gross sales revenue for the product group in 2017 of US$7.8 billion was 15 per cent higher than 2016 as a result of higher prices and higher sales volumes across most products.

Gross sales revenue for Rio Tinto Coal Australia of US$2.8 billion in 2017 was seven per cent higher than 2016, despite the impact of the sale of Coal & Allied Industries Limited in September 2017. The Group achieved hard coking coal prices of US$169 per tonne, on average, in 2017 on an FOB basis (2016: US$119 per tonne). Average prices realised for thermal coal were US$78 per tonne on an FOB basis in 2017 (2016: US$60 per tonne).

Gross sales revenue at Iron Ore Company or Canada (IOC) of US$1.9 billion was 41 per cent higher than 2016, driven by higher prices and a five per cent increase in production.

Market conditions for titanium dioxide continued to improve in 2017, with strengthening pigment prices supported by low inventory and tight supply. Consequently, feedstock demand has improved year-on-year. Improved conditions have also been evident in the zircon market.

Borates demand growth was primarily driven by the agriculture and construction sectors in 2017. Offtake across most regions held firm, although borates demand in China was impacted by environmental-related shutdowns during the third quarter.

The uranium market remained oversupplied in 2017, with many market players along the value chain reporting excess inventories. The spot price fell from US$26 per pound in the first quarter to below US$21 per pound for much of the year until capacity curtailment announcements boosted spot prices as the year drew to a close. Adverse policy shifts in South Korea and Japan, as well as an increasingly competitive energy market in the US, have dampened the expected demand growth in these markets.

2016 sales revenue compared with 2015

Gross sales revenues decreased by onesix per cent mainly driven by lowercompared with 2015, down US$0.4 billion to US$6.7 billion.  

An increase in iron ore sales volumes from Iron Ore Company of Canada (IOC) of two per cent and stronger realised prices for titanium dioxide feedstocks, borates and zircon, andhad a decline in volume of diamondfavourable impact on sales which were partiallyrevenues.  This was offset by higher realised prices on diamonds, and higher sales volumes of titanium dioxide feedstocks, borates and zircon.

2013 sales revenue compared with 2012

Gross sales revenue increased by three per cent, largely as the result of consolidating a full year of sales at Richards Bay Minerals which offset the impact of lower freight revenue.

Hard coking coal benchmark prices for zircon, titanium dioxide feedstocks, borateswere 12 per cent higher on average compared with 2015 and metallics and lower sales volumesthermal coal spot prices averaged seven per cent higher.  The favourable impact of titanium dioxide feedstocks due to challenging market conditions. Markets for titanium dioxide and zircon have softened further overprice changes was offset by the courseimpact of the yearCoal & Allied restructure and the divestment of Bengalla.

Titanium dioxide feedstock demand remained subdued throughout 2016 as the industry continuescontinued to workabsorb excess inventories, resulting in continued price pressure, although there are signs of underlying demand improvement for both sulphate and chloride feedstock.  The market for zircon has recently stabilised following an initial period of weak demand in China.   Demand for borates has remained stable globally, with robust demand in the Americas and India partly offset by weaker growth in China and weather-related demand constraints in south-east Asia.


Uranium prices fell through high levelsthe latter half of inventories.

Diamonds revenue was 15 per cent above 20122016, due to higher volumeslacklustre demand growth and increased prices; polished diamond prices were relatively stable throughout 2013 whilst slightly greater volatility was experienced in prices for rough diamonds.

Energy

2014 sales revenue compared with 2013

The decline in gross sales revenue of 21 per cent was predominantly attributable to lower prices with 21 per cent and 17 per cent reductions in the average coking coal benchmark and thermal coal prices respectively. Price reductions were partially offset by higher sales volumes at Kestrel and Hail Creek, offset by the loss of tonnes from Clermont with the divestment completed on 29 May 2014.oversupply. The uranium spot price index ended the year three41 per cent above 2013below 2015 at US$35.5020.25 per pound, while the long-term price indicators lost one32 per cent to end the year at US$49.5030.00 per pound.

A significant proportion of Rio Tinto’s coal production is sold under long-term contracts. In Australia, the prices applying to sales under the long-term contracts are generally renegotiated annually for thermal coal, but prices are fixed at different times of the year and on a variety of bases. Coking coal prices for 2014 have been negotiated on a quarterly basis. For these reasons, average realised prices will not necessarily reflect the movements in any of the publicly quoted prices. Rio Tinto Uranium also sells predominantly on a longer-term contract basis. Moreover, there are significant product specification differences between mines. Sales volumes of all products will vary during the year and the timing of shipments will also result in differences between average realised prices and published prices.

2013 sales revenue compared with 2012

Gross sales revenue in 2013 for the Energy group decreased by ten per cent compared with 2012 as a result of significantly lower prices. Global thermal coal prices continued the weaker trend of the past two years, and excess supply continues to impact the coking coal market with nearly all major exporting countries increasing output in 2013. Excess supply and enduring closure of Japan’s nuclear industry continued to adversely impact the uranium market in 2013. The uranium spot price index ended the year 20 per cent below 2012 at US$34.50 per pound, while the long-term price indicator lost 12 per cent to end the year at US$50 per pound.

Cash flow

2014

2017 compared with 20132016

A full consolidated cash flow statement is contained in the financial statementsFinancial Statements on page 105114 of the 2014 Rio Tinto Annual Report.Report 2017.

Net cash generated from operating activities of US$13.9 billion was US$14.3 billion, five64 per cent lowerhigher than 2013, reflecting the negative impact of lower2016 driven by higher commodity prices partiallyand cash cost improvements, partly offset by the positive impact of higher volumes, cash costs improvements and favourable current trade working capital movements.tax payments from increased underlying profits.

Purchase

Purchases of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets declined bywere US$4.84.5 billion or 37in 2017, a rise of 49 per cent to US$8.2 billioncompared with 2016. Major capital projects in 2014. This was driven by2017 included the development of the Oyu Tolgoi underground copper mine in Mongolia, construction of key infrastructure at the Amrun bauxite project in Queensland and completion of five major capital projects during 2013the Silvergrass iron ore mine in the Pilbara.

In 2017, the Group generated US$9.5 billion of free cash flow, 64 per cent higher than 2017. This included US$0.4 billion of productivity gains from the mine-to-market productivity programme which was implemented in 2017, targeting the delivery of US$5.0 billion of additional free cash flow from 2017 to 2021.

Dividends paid in 2017 of US$4.2 billion reflected the 2016 final dividend paid in April 2017, and continued capital discipline.the 2017 interim dividend paid in September 2017. Share repurchases totalled US$2.1 billion comprised of the US$1.5 billion on-market buy-back in Rio Tinto plc shares and the US$0.6 billion (AUD$0.8 billion) off-market buy-back in Rio Tinto Limited shares.

Net proceeds from

In 2017, disposals of subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates totaled US$0.9 billion in 2014, primarily reflectingmainly related to the cash proceeds received to date for the sale of Coal & Allied Industries Limited of US$2.54 billion (net of working capital adjustments and cash transferred on disposal) and also included receipts of the Group’s interestssecond and final instalment of funds for Rio Tinto’s disposal of its 100 percent interest in the Clermont Joint Venture and Lochaber, which was completed in November 2016.

Rio Tinto Coal Mozambique.

Other investing cash flows resultedcompleted a US$2.5 billion (nominal value) bond buy-back programme in an improvementJune 2017. Net interest paid included US$0.3 billion being the payment of the premiums and the accelerated interest associated with the bond redemption. In addition, US$6477 million mainly duewas paid relating to the disposalclose out of the Group’s properties at St James’s Square.interest rate swaps and was recognised in other financing cash flows.

Dividends paid in 2014 of US$3.7 billion reflect the 12 per cent increase to the 2013 dividends paid.

Repayments of borrowings increased from US$1.8 billion to US$3.5 billion during 2014.

20132016 compared with 20122015

Cash flows from operations, including dividends from equity accounted units, were US$20.1 billion, 22 per cent higher than 2012, reflecting the positive impact of higher volumes and the cost reduction initiatives. Tax payments in 2013 of US$3.7 billion were US$2.1 billion lower than in 2012. The stronger cash flows from operations and lower taxes drove net

Net cash generated from operating activities 60of US$8.5 billion was ten per cent lower than 2015. 2015 cash flows benefited from a significant working capital reduction. 2016 saw a rebound in receivables, driven by higher year-end prices. In addition, there was an increase in interest paid to US$15.1 billion.

1.3 billion, of which US$0.5 billion related to early redemption costs associated with the bond repurchase programmes. These were partly offset by cash cost improvements and lower tax payments, in line with lower underlying profits.

PurchasePurchases of property, plant and equipment and intangible assets declined bywere US$4.63.0 billion or 26in 2016, a decline of 36 per cent to US$13.0 billion in 2013. Fivecompared with 2015. Some major capital projects were completed during the year: the Pilbara iron ore mines and infrastructure expansion to 290Mt/a in Western Australia, the Oyu Tolgoi copper-gold mine and concentrator in Mongolia, the Kestrel coking coal mine extension and expansion in Queensland, the Argyle diamond underground mine in Western Australia and the AP60 aluminium smelter in Quebec. Ongoing capital projects include the second phase2015, including expansion of the Pilbara iron ore infrastructure to 360Mt/a, due to come on stream at the end of the first half of 2015, and the modernisation and expansion of the Kitimat aluminium smeltersmelter. Major capital projects in British Columbia.2016 included the development of the Oyu Tolgoi underground copper mine in Mongolia, construction of key infrastructure at the Amrun bauxite project in Queensland and completion of the Silvergrass iron ore mine in the Pilbara.

Net

Dividends paid in 2016 of US$2.7 billion reflected the final 2015 dividend paid in April 2016 and the 2016 interim dividend paid in September 2016.


In 2016, net proceeds from disposalsthe disposal of subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates totalledof US$1.90.8 billion related primarily to amounts received following the disposal of the Group’s 40 per cent interest in 2013, primarily reflectingthe Bengalla Joint Venture and the first tranche from the sale of the Group’s interestsLochaber aluminium assets. In addition, the Group realised US$0.4 billion from the sale of property, plant and equipment and intangibles, which included the Mount Pleasant thermal coal assets in Northparkes, Constellium, EagleNew South Wales, undeveloped land in Utah and Altynalmas Gold. Additional cash inflows from disposals were reflected within Sales of financial assets and Dividends from equity accounted units. Total disposal proceedssome office buildings in 2013 of US$2.5 billion are presented after adjusting for working capital and other items.North America.

Dividends paid in 2013 of US$3.3 billion reflected a 15 per cent increase in the 2012 final dividends paid.

Balance sheet at 31 December 20142017

Net debt decreased from US$18.1 billionreduced to US$12.53.8 billion at 31 December 2014 as operating cash inflows and divestment proceeds fully offset the outflows relating2017, a decrease of US$5.8 billion.

Net debt to capital expenditure and the increase in the dividend. Net debtEBITDA improved from 0.7 times at 31 December 2014 was made up principally from adjusted total borrowings (as defined in note 24 “Consolidated net debt”2016 to the financial statements) of US$24.9 billion, offset by US$12.4 billion in cash and cash equivalents. The proportion of net0.2 times at 31 December 2017. Net debt to total capital stood at 19(net gearing ratio) declined to seven per cent at 31 December 2014, an improvement of2017 (31 December 2016: 17 per cent) and interest cover was 14 times (2016: seven per cent from the prior year.times).

Total borrowingsfinancing liabilities at 31 December 20142017 were US$25.115.4 billion. TheAt 31 December 2017, approximately 80 per cent of Rio Tinto’s total borrowings were at floating interest rates, the weighted average cost of total borrowings was approximately four4.2 per cent and the weighted average maturity of total borrowings was around eight years with theten years. The maximum nominal amount, within non-current borrowings, maturing in any one calendar year currentlywas US$3.3 billion. At1.7 billion which matures in 2025.

In 2017, the Group repaid US$2.8 billion of borrowings, including successfully completing a US$2.5 billion (nominal value) bond tender and redemption exercise which reduced overall gross debt. Cash and cash equivalents plus other short-term cash investments at 31 December 2014, approximately 71 per cent of Rio Tinto’s adjusted total borrowings2017 were at fixed interest rates.US$11.5 billion (31 December 2016: US$8.4 billion).

Financial instruments and risk management

The Group’s policies with regard to financial instruments and risk management are clearly defined and consistently applied. They are a fundamental part of the Group’s long-term strategy covering areas such as foreign exchange risk, interest rate risk, commodity price risk, credit risk, and liquidity risk and capital management. Further details of our Financial instruments and risk management are disclosed in note 30 “Financial statements Note 30-Financial instruments and risk management” on pages 153 to 162 of the financial statements.Annual Report 2017.

The Rio Tinto Annual Report 20142017 shows the full extent of the Group’s financial commitments, including debt. The risk factors to which the Group is subject are summarised on pages 14 to17 of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 2014.above in Item 3.D, “Risk factors”.

The effectiveness of internal control procedurescontrols continues to be a high priority in the Rio Tinto Group. The board’s statement on internal control is set out in the Risk management section.

Dividend

The 20142017 interim dividend was 96.0110.0 US cents (2013: 83.5(2016: 45.0 US cents) and the final dividend iswas determined as 119.0180.0 US cents (2013: 108.5(2016: 125.0 US cents). Dividends paid on Rio Tinto plc and Rio Tinto Limited shares are equalised on a net cash basis; that is, without taking into account any associated tax credits.

Dividends are determined in US dollars. Rio Tinto plc dividends are paid and declared in pounds sterling and Rio Tinto Limited dividends are declared and paid in Australian dollars, converted at exchange rates on 106 February 2015.2018. Details relating to the dividend policy, determination and payment of dividends in sterling, Australian dollars and other currencies and on the payment of dividends to holders of American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) are included under the heading “Shareholder information-2017 dividends” on page 254 of the Annual Report 2017 and above in the Shareholder information section.

Item 3.A, “Selected financial data”.

Capital and liquidity risk management

The Group’s total capital is defined as equity attributable to owners of Rio Tinto plus equity attributable to non-controlling interests and net debt, as shown below:


Total capital

 

2017

2016

 

US$m

US$m

Equity attributable to owners of Rio Tinto

44,711

39,290

Equity attributable to non-controlling interests

6,404

6,440

Net debt (Financial Statements Note 24 of the Annual Report 2017)

 

3,845

9,587

Total capital

54,960

55,317

 

   2014
US$m
   2013
US$m
 

Equity attributable to owners of Rio Tinto

   46,285     45,886  

Equity attributable to non-controlling interests

   8,309     7,616  

Net debt (note 24 of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 2014)

   12,495     18,055  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total capital

 67,089   71,557  
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

The Group’s majormaterial capital and evaluation projects are listed inunder the Capital allocation sectionheading “Portfolio management” on pages 1826 and 1927 of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 2014.2017.

We expect that contractual commitments for expenditure, together with other expenditure and liquidity requirements, will be met from internal cash flow and, to the extent necessary, from the existing facilities described in note 30 “Financial statements Note 30-Financial instruments and risk management”, part (v) toA(b)(i) on pages 154 and 155 of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 2014.2017. This note also provides further details of our liquidity and capital risk management.

Treasury management and financial instruments

Details of our Treasury management and financial instruments are contained within the introductory paragraphs of note 30disclosed in “Financial statements Note 30-Financial instruments and risk management” on pages 153 to 162 of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 2014.2017.

Foreign exchange

The following sensitivities give the estimated effect on underlying earnings assuming that each exchange rate moved in isolation. The relationship between currencies and commodity prices is a complex one and movements in exchange rates can cause movements in commodity prices and vice versa. Where the functional currency of an operation is that of a country for which production of commodities is an important feature of the economy, such as the Australian dollar, there is a certain degree of natural protection against cyclical fluctuations, in that the currency tends to be weak, reducing costs in US dollar terms, when commodity prices are low, and vice versa.

Earnings sensitivities – Exchange rate

 

Average exchange rate for 2017

Effect on underlying earnings of 10% change in full year average

  Average exchange
rate for 2014
US cents
   Effect on underlying
earnings of 10%
change in full year
average
+/- $USm
 

US cents

+/- US$m

Australian dollar

   90     753  

77

674

Canadian dollar

   91     251  

77

160

Euro

   133     29  

113

5

Chilean peso

   US$1 = 569     29  

New Zealand dollar

   83     24  

South African rand

   US$1 = 10.84     26  

US$1 = 13.30

25

UK sterling

   165     —    

The exchange rate sensitivities quoted above include the effect on net operating costs of movements in exchange rates but exclude the effect of the revaluation of foreign currency financial assets and liabilities. They should therefore be used with caution. Further details of our exposure to foreign currency fluctuations and currency derivatives, and our approach to currency hedging, are contained within note 30 “Financial statements Note 30-Financial instruments and risk management”, part A(b)(i)(iv), on pages 157 and 158 of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 2014.

2017.

Interest rates

Details of our exposure to interest rate fluctuations are contained within note 30 “Financial statements Note 30-Financial instruments and risk management”, part A(b)(v), on page 158 of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 2014.2017.


Commodity prices

The approximate effect on the Group’s underlying and net earnings of a ten per cent change from the full year average market price in 20142017 for the following products would be:

Commodity

  Unit   Average market price
for 2014
US$
   Effect on underlying
earnings of 10%
change in full year
average
+/- US$m
 

Iron ore

62% Fe Fines FOB

   dmt     88     1,303  

Aluminium(a)

   Tonne     1,867     462  

Copper(a)

   Pound     3.10     340  

Gold

   Ounce     1,266     46  

 

 

Average market price for 2017

Effect on underlying earnings of 10% change in full year average

Commodity

Unit

US$

+/- US$m

Iron ore

62% Fe Fines FOB

dmt

64.1

1,037

Aluminium(a)

Tonne

1,969

592

Copper(a)

Pound

2.81

242

Gold

Ounce

1,257

30

(a)

Excludes the impact of commodity derivatives.

The sensitivities give the estimated impact on net earnings of changes in prices assuming that all other variables remain constant. These should be used with caution. As noted previously, the relationship between currencies and commodity prices is a complex one and changes in exchange rates can influence commodity prices and vice versa.

Further details of our exposure to commodity price fluctuations are contained within note 30 “Financial statements Note 30-Financial instruments and risk management”, on part A(b)(ii), on pages 155 and 156 of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 2014.2017.

Credit risks

Details of our exposure to credit risks relating to receivables, financial instruments and cash deposits, are contained within note 30 “Financial statements Note 30-Financial instruments and risk management”, part A(b)(iii), on page 156 of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 2014.2017.

Disposals and acquisitions

Information regarding disposals and acquisitions is provided in note 37 “Purchases“Financial statements Note 37-Purchases and sales of subsidiaries, joint ventures, associates and other interests in businesses” on page 171 of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 2014.2017.

Critical accounting policies and estimates

Many of the amounts included in the financial statements involve the use of judgment and/or estimates. These judgments and estimates are based on management’s best knowledge of the relevant facts and circumstances, having regard to previous experience, but actual results may differ from the amounts included in the financial statements.

Information about such judgments and estimation is contained under “Judgments in applying accounting policies and key sources of estimation uncertainty” in note 1 “Principal“Financial statements Note 1-Principal accounting policies” on pages 110 and 111page 120 of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 2014.2017.

Off balance sheet arrangements and contractual commitments

The table below presents information in relation to our material off balance sheet arrangements and contractual commitments. Information regarding the Group’s post retirement commitments and funding arrangements is provided in note 45 “Post retirement“Financial statements Note 44-Post-retirement benefits” on pages 176 to 181 of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 2014.2017. Information regarding the Group’s close-down and restoration obligations is provided in note 26 “Provisions“Financial statements Note 26-Provisions (including post-retirement benefits)” toon page 150 of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 2014.

2017. In addition “Financial statements Note 31-Contingencies and commitments” on pages 162 to 164 of the Annual Report 2017, provides further information regarding contingent liabilities, guarantees and commitments.


We expect that these contractual commitments for expenditure, together with other expenditure and liquidity requirements, will be met from internal cash flow and, to the extent necessary, from the existing facilities.


<1 yr

1-3 yrs

3-5 yrs

> 5 yrs

Total

At 31 December 2017

US$m

US$m

US$m

US$m

US$m

Expenditure commitments in relation to:

 

 

 

 

 

Operating leases

397

542

313

593

1,845

Other (capital commitments)

2,081

531

58

-

2,670

 

2,478

1,073

371

593

4,515

Long-term debt and other financial obligations*:

 

 

 

 

 

Debt

552

1,159

2,199

11,387

15,297

Interest payments

679

1,343

1,244

4,553

7,819

Asset retirement obligations

361

492

639

11,406

12,898

Purchase obligations

2,818

3,097

2,380

11,494

19,789

Other

362

201

49

350

962

 

4,772

6,292

6,511

39,190

56,765

Total

7,250

7,365

6,882

39,783

61,280

*Other contractual commitments that the Group has where the maturity profile is unknown include pension obligations of US$3.4 billion and taxes payable of US$2.3 billion. Taxes payable include balances that relate to uncertain tax positions. This may mean the commitment is greater or less than that disclosed.

 

At 31 December 2014

  <1 yr
US$m
   1-3 yrs
US$m
   3-5 yrs
US$m
   > 5 yrs
US$m
   Total
US$m
 

Expenditure commitments in relation to:

          

Operating leases

   429     690     460     766     2,345  

Other (capital commitments)

   2,620     427     23     30     3,100  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
 3,049   1,117   483   796   5,445  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Long-term debt and other financial obligations:

Debt

 2,664   4,841   4,663   12,535   24,703  

Interest payments

 927   1,721   1,424   5,492   9,564  

Purchase obligations

 2,912   4,460   3,139   19,572   30,083  

Other

 49   70   1   —     120  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 
 6,552   11,092   9,227   37,599   64,470  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total

 9,601   12,209   9,710   38,395   69,915  
  

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

   

 

 

 

ThereExcept as disclosed in “Financial statements Note 21-Cash and cash equivalents” on page 147 of the Annual Report 2017, there are no material legal or economic restrictions on the ability of our subsidiaries to transfer funds to the company in the form of cash dividends, loans, or advances.


5.B Liquidity and capital resources

The information set forth under the headings:

“Portfolio management-Material capital projects” on pages 26 and 27;

“Capital allocation-Major capital projects (>US$1bn)” on page 18;

“Product groups-Iron Ore-Development projects” on page 39;

“Product groups-Aluminium-Development projects” on page 41;

“Product groups-Copper & Diamonds-Development projects” on page 43;

“Product groups-Energy & Minerals-Development projects” on page 45;

“Growth & Innovation” on page 47;

“Financial statements Note 22-Borrowings and other financial liabilities” on page 148; and

“Financial statements Note 30-Financial instruments and risk management” on pages 146153 to 155; and162

“Financial statements Note 22-Borrowings and other financial liabilities” on pages 140 and 141

of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 20142017 is incorporated herein by reference.

See above Item 5.A, “Additional financial information-Balance sheet” (Cash flow, Financial instrumentsinformation-Cash flow” to “Additional Information-Off balance sheet arrangements and risk management, Capital and liquidity risk management)contractual commitments”.

5.C Research and development, patents and licenses

The information set forth under the headings:

Exploration” on page 38;

“TechnologyGrowth & Innovation” on pages 46 and 47;

“Director’s report-Exploration, research and development” on page 39; 109 and

“Financial statements Note 4-Net operating costs”costs (excluding items shown separately)” on page 127135

of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 20142017 is incorporated herein by reference.

5.D Trend information

The information set forth under the headings:

Strategic context”Market environment” on page 7;

“Group overview” on pages 2 and 3;

“Group strategy-Supportive market conditions and strong value focus” on page 8;

“Chairman’s letter” on page 4;

“Chief executive’s statement” on pages 5 and 6;

“Product groups-Aluminium” on pages 28 and 29;

“Product groups-Copper” on pages 30 and 31;

“Product groups-Diamonds & Minerals” on pages 32 and 33;

“Product groups-Energy” on pages 34 and 35; and

“Product groups-Iron Ore” on pages 3638 and 3739;

“Product groups-Aluminium” on pages 40 and 41;

“Product groups-Copper & Diamonds” on pages 42 and 43;

“Product groups-Energy & Minerals” on pages 44 and 45;

“Growth & Innovation” on pages 46 and 47

of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 20142017 is incorporated herein by reference.

5.E Off-balance sheet arrangements

The information set forth under the heading “Financial statements Note 31-Contingencies and commitments” on pages 155 and 156162 to 164 of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 20142017 is incorporated herein by reference.


See above Item 5.A, “Additional financial information-Balance sheet” (Offinformation-Off balance sheet arrangements and contractual commitments)commitments”.

5.F Tabular disclosure of contractual obligations

See above Item 5.A, “Additional financial information-Balance sheet” (Offinformation-Off balance sheet arrangements and contractual commitments)commitments”.

5.G Safe harbour

The information set forth under the heading “Cautionary statement about forward-looking statements” on the inside front cover of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 20142017 is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES

6.A Directors and senior management

The information set forth under the headings:

“Board of directors” on pages 4952 to 51;54; and

“Executive committee” on page 5255

of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 20142017 is incorporated herein by reference.

There are no family relationships between any of our directors or executive committee members. None of our directors or executive committee members are elected or appointed under any arrangement or understanding with any major shareholder, customer, supplier or otherwise.

6.B Compensation

The information set forth under the headings:

“Remuneration report” on pages 6470 to 100;105;

“Remuneration report tables” on pages 9297 to 100; and105;

“Financial statements Note 26-Provisions (including post retirementpost-retirement benefits)” on page 142150; and

“Financial statements Note 44-Post-retirement benefits” on pages 176 to 181

of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 20142017 is incorporated herein by reference.

6.C Board practices

The information set forth under the headings:

“Board of directors” on pages 4952 to 51;54;

“Executive committee” on page 52;55;

Corporate governance”Chairman’s governance review” on pages 5350 and 51;

“Governance report” on pages 56 to 63;69;

“Remuneration report-Executives’ service contracts and termination” on pages 71page 78;

“Remuneration report-Chairman and 72; andnon-executive directors’ remuneration” on page 79;

“Remuneration report-Treatment of STIP and LTIP on termination” on pages 7278 and 7379; and

“Remuneration report-Positions held and date of appointment to position” on page 85

of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 20142017 is incorporated herein by reference.


6.D Employees

The information set forth under the headings:

“Sustainable development-Performance data 2013-2017” on page 30;

“Sustainable development-Our people” on pages 30 and 31;

“Financial statements Note 5-Employment costs” on page 127;135;

“Financial statements Note 32-Average number of employees” on page 156;165; and

Director’s report-Employment policies and communication”Relations with stakeholders-Employment policies” on page 4769

of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 20142017 is incorporated herein by reference.

Rio Tinto focuses on working with our employees and their unions in good faith, seeking fair solutions while maintaining the competitiveness of each of our managed operations. At present we do not anticipate any union activity which would have a material adverse effect on the Group’s managed operations as a whole.

6.E Share ownership

The information set forth under the headings:

“Remuneration report tables-table 2 and 3” on pages 95100 to 100;105;

“Shareholder information-Substantial shareholders” on page 222;252;

“Remuneration report-Employee share plans” on page 96;

“Remuneration report-All employee share plans” on page 96;

“Remuneration report-Global employee share plan” on page 91;96; and

“Financial statements Note 44-Share based43-Share-based payments” on pages 166 174to 168176

of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 20142017 is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

7.A Major shareholders

The information set forth under the headings:

“Shareholder information-Substantial shareholders” on page 222;252;

“Shareholder information-Analysis of ordinary shareholders” on page 223;253; and

“Shareholder information-Twenty largest registered shareholders” on page 223253

of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 20142017 is incorporated herein by reference.

Share ownership

Rio Tinto plc

As at 16 February 2015,2018, there were 44,27434,362 holders of record of Rio Tinto plc’s shares. Of these holders, 400388 had registered addresses in the US and held a total of 596,388 342,306 Rio Tinto plc shares, representing 0.040.03 per cent of the total number of Rio Tinto plc shares issued and outstanding as at such date. In addition, 117,166,113118,080,965 Rio Tinto plc shares were registered in the name of a custodian account in London which represented 8.22 8.77 per cent of Rio Tinto plc shares issued and outstanding. These shares were represented by 117,166,113118,080,965 Rio Tinto plc ADRs held of record by 386367 ADR holders. In addition, certain accounts of record with registered addresses other than in the US hold shares, in whole or in part, beneficially for US persons.


Rio Tinto Limited

As at 16 February 2015,2018, there were 200,032162,617 holders of record of Rio Tinto Limited shares. Of these holders, 301290 had registered addresses in the US, representing approximately 0.150.04 per cent of the total number of Rio Tinto Limited shares issued and outstanding as of such date. In addition, nominee accounts of record with registered addresses other than in the US may hold Rio Tinto Limited shares, in whole or in part, beneficially for US persons.

7.B Related party transactions

The information set forth under the heading “Financial statements Note 40-Related party40-Related-party transactions” on page 165173 of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 20142017 is incorporated herein by reference.

7.C Interests of experts and counsel

Not applicable.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

8.A Consolidated statements and other financial information

See below Item 18.

In addition, the information set forth under the headings:

“Chairman’s governance review” on pages 50 and 51;

“Financial statements Note 31-Contingencies and commitments” on pages 155162 to 164; and 156; and

“Shareholder information-Dividends” on page 224254

of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 20142017 is incorporated herein by reference.

See above Item 3.A “2014“2017 dividends”.

8.B Significant changes

The information set forth under the heading “Financial statements Note 43-Events42-Events after the balance sheet date” on page 165173 of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 20142017 is incorporated herein by reference.


ITEM 9. THE OFFEROFFER AND LISTING

9.A Offer and listing details

The information set forth under the heading “Shareholder information-Markets” on page 222252 of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 20142017 is incorporated herein by reference.

Share price information

The following table shows share prices for the period indicated, the reported high and low middle market quotations, which represent an average of bid and asked prices, for Rio Tinto plc’s shares on the London Stock Exchange based on the Daily Official List, the high and low sale prices of the Rio Tinto plc ADSs as reported on the NYSE composite tape and the high and low closing sale prices of Rio Tinto Limited shares based upon information provided by the ASX. There is no established trading market in the US for Rio Tinto Limited’s shares.

 

      Pence per
Rio Tinto plc
share
   US$ per
Rio Tinto
plc ADS(a)
   A$ per Rio
Tinto Limited
share
 
      High   Low   High   Low   High   Low 

2010

     4,584     2,812     72.65     39.30     87.94     61.70  

2011

     4,712     2,713     76.67     40.50     88.68     59.00  

2012

     3,988     2,716     62.70     42.32     72.30     48.63  

2013

     3,757     2,583     59.92     39.90     72.07     50.24  

2014

     3,627     2,616     59.93     40.70     70.88     52.65  

Aug 2014

     3,515     3,209     59.18     53.69     67.82     62.63  

Sep 2014

     3,255     3,031     53.74     49.18     63.03     59.21  

Oct 2014

     3,163     2,946     51.47     47.17     61.21     57.26  

Nov 2014

     3,058     2,865     48.37     45.31     61.24     56.41  

Dec 2014

     3,011     2,616     47.25     40.70     59.18     52.65  

Jan 2015

     3,027     2,804     59.40     53.69     46.06     42.95  

2013

  – First quarter   3,757     3,070     59.92     46.68     72.07     46.68  
  – Second quarter   3,140     2,582     48.60     40.34     58.90     50.24  
  – Third quarter   3,263     2,636     51.89     39.90     64.20     51.50  
  – Fourth quarter   3,410     2,958     56.43     47.49     68.18     60.00  

2014

  – First quarter   3,627     3,115     59.93     51.18     70.88     60.80  
  – Second quarter   3,426     3,017     57.33     51.30     65.14     57.45  
  – Third quarter   3,515     3,031     59.18     49.18     67.82     59.21  
  – Fourth quarter   3,163     2,616     51.47     40.70     61.24     52.65  

 

 

Pence per Rio Tinto plc share

 

US$ per Rio Tinto plc ADS(a)

 

A$ per Rio Tinto Limited share

 

 

High

Low

 

High

Low

 

High

Low

2013

 

3,757

2,583

 

59.92

39.90

 

72.07

50.24

2014

  

3,627

2,616

 

59.93

40.70

 

70.88

52.65

2015

 

3,238

1,848

 

49.94

27.38

 

65.60

41.76

2016

 

3,294

1,578

 

42.12

22.70

 

62.79

37.03

2017

 

3,942

2,910

 

52.93

38.00

 

75.81

57.15

Aug 2017

 

3,747

3,370

 

49.08

44.21

 

67.84

62.75

Sep 2017

 

3,760

3,417

 

49.66

46.61

 

69.53

65.47

Oct 2017

 

3,718

3,497

 

50.02

47.10

 

71.46

67.43

Nov 2017

 

3,774

3,502

 

50.50

47.56

 

74.74

70.01

Dec 2017

 

3,942

3,441

 

52.93

47.06

 

75.81

68.83

Jan 2018

 

4,173

3,919

 

57.67

52.93

 

81.80

75.81

Feb 2018 (through 16 Feb)

 

4,126

3,757

 

58.90

52.27

 

82.48

75.43

2016

– First quarter

2,237

1,578

 

31.95

22.70

 

46.47

37.03

 

– Second quarter

2,424

1,866

 

35.42

26.93

 

52.55

41.96

 

– Third quarter

2,634

2,257

 

33.74

29.80

 

51.85

46.07

 

– Fourth quarter

3,294

2,576

 

42.12

31.77

 

62.79

50.61

2017

– First quarter

3,680

3,095

 

46.65

38.36

 

69.38

58.97

 

– Second quarter

3,276

2,910

 

42.31

38.00

 

65.20

57.15

 

– Third quarter

3,760

3,324

 

49.66

43.14

 

69.53

62.62

 

– Fourth quarter

3,942

3,441

 

52.93

47.06

 

75.81

67.43

(a)

On 12 April 2010, Rio Tinto announced a ratio change for the Rio Tinto plc ADR programme. With effect from 30 April 2010, one

One ADR represents one ordinary share of 10p in Rio Tinto plc. Prior to this date one ADR represented four ordinary shares of 10p. To effect this change ADR holders received three additional ADRs for every one ADR held as of 22 April 2010, the ADR record date.

9.B Plan of distribution

Not applicable.

9.C Markets

The information set forth under the heading “Shareholder information-Markets” on page 222252 of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 20142017 is incorporated herein by reference.

9.D Selling shareholders

Not applicable.


9.E Dilution

Not applicable.

9.F Expenses of the issue

Not applicable.

ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

10.A Share capital

Not applicable.

10.B Memorandum and articles of association

The information set forth under the headings:

“Governance report-Independence” on page 62;

“Governance report-Board re-election and board composition” on page 62;

“Shareholder information-Material contracts” on pages 224254 and 225;255;

“Shareholder information-Dividends” on page 224;254;

“Shareholder information-Dual listed companies structure” on pages 220 to 222;250 and251; and

“Shareholder information-Exchange controls and foreign investment” on page 225pages 255 and 256

of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 20142017 is incorporated herein by reference.

10.C Material contracts

The information set forth under the headings:

“Shareholder information-Material contracts” on pages 224254 and 225;255; and

“Financial statements Note 30-Financial instruments and risk management” on pages 146153 to 155162

of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 20142017 is incorporated herein by reference.

10.D Exchange controls

The information set forth under the heading “Shareholder information-Exchange controls and foreign investment” on page 225pages 255 and 256 of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 20142017 is incorporated herein by reference.

10.E Taxation

US residents

The following is a summary of the principal UK tax, Australian tax and US Federal income tax consequences of the ownership of Rio Tinto plc ADSs, Rio Tinto plc shares and Rio Tinto Limited shares, “the Group’s ADSs and shares”, by a US holder as defined below. It is not intended to be a comprehensive description of all the tax considerations that are relevant to all classes of taxpayer. This summary does not cover all aspects of US federal income taxation that may be relevant to, or the actual tax effect that any of the matters described herein will have on, the acquisition, ownership, or disposal of the Group’s ADSs and shares by particular investors (including the alternative minimum tax or net investment income tax). Future changes in legislation may affect the tax consequences of the ownership of the Group’s ADSs and shares.

ItThis summary is based in part on representations by the Group’s depositary bank as depositary for the ADRs evidencing the ADSs and assumes that each obligation in the deposit agreements will be performed in accordance with its terms.


You are a US holder if you are a beneficial owner of the Group’s ADSs and shares and you are:are for US federal income tax purposes: a citizen or resident of the US; a domestic corporation; an estate whose income is subject to US federal income tax regardless of its source; or a trust if a US court can exercise primary supervision over the trust’s administration and one or more US persons are authorised to control all substantial decisions of the trust.

This section applies to US holders only if shares or ADSs are held as capital assets for tax purposes. This section does not address tax considerations applicable to investors that own (directly, indirectly, or by attribution) 5% or more of the stock of the Company (by vote or value) and does not apply to shareholders who are members of a special class of holders subject to special rules, including a dealer in securities, a trader in securities who elects to use a mark-to-market method of accounting for securities holdings, a tax exempt organisation, a life insurance company, a person liable for alternative minimum tax or net investment income tax, a person that actually or constructively owns five per cent or more of Rio Tinto’s voting stock, a person that holds shares or ADSs as part of a straddle

or a hedging or conversion transaction, persons that have ceased to be US citizens or lawful permanent residents of the United States, investors holding shares or ADSs in connection with a trade or business conducted outside of the United States, US expatriates or a person whose functional currency is not the US dollar.

This section is based on the US Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code), its legislative history, existing and proposed regulations, published rulings and court decisions, UK and Australian tax law and practice and on the convention between the US and UK, and the convention between the US and Australia (together, the Conventions) which may affect the tax consequences of the ownership of the Group’s ADSs and shares.shares, all as of the date hereof. These laws and conventions are subject to change, possibly on a retroactive basis.

For the purposes of the Conventions and of the Code, US holders of ADSs are treated as the owners of the underlying shares.

The summary describes the treatment applicable under the conventions in force at the date of this report.

UK taxation of shareholdings in Rio Tinto plc

Taxation of dividends

US holders are not liable toUnder current UK tax legislation, no withholding tax onis required to be withheld from dividends paid by Rio Tinto plc. Dividends carryWhere dividends are paid by Rio Tinto plc to a tax credit equal to one-ninth of the net dividend, or ten per cent of the net dividend plus the tax credit. The tax creditUS holder who is not repayableresident in the UK and who does not hold the shares or ADSs in connection with a branch, agency or permanent establishment in the UK, no liability to UK tax will generally arise to the US holders.holder in respect of such dividends.

Capital gains

A US holder, who has at no time been resident in the UK, will not normally be liable to UK tax on capital gains realised on the disposition of a Rio Tinto plc ADSsADS or sharesshare unless the holder carries on a trade, profession or vocation in the UK through a branch, agency or permanent establishment in the UK and the ADSsADS or shares haveshare has been used for the purposes of the trade, profession or vocation or areis acquired, held or used for the purposes of such a branch, agency or permanent establishment.

Inheritance tax

Under the UK/US Estate Tax Treaty, a US holder, who is domiciled in the US and is not a national of the UK, will not (provided any US federal or estate gift tax chargeable has been paid) be subject to UK inheritance tax upon the holder’s death or on a transfer during the holder’s lifetime, unless the ADSs and shares formADS or share (i) forms part of the business property of a permanent establishment in the UK, or pertain(ii) pertains to a fixed base situated in the UK used in the performance of independent personal services. Inservices, or (iii) is comprised in a settlement (unless, at the exceptional case where ADSstime the settlement was made, the settlor was domiciled in the US and was not a national of the UK). Where an ADS or shares areshare is subject to both to UK inheritance tax and to US Federal gift or estate tax, the UK Estate Tax Treaty generally provides for tax payments to beare relieved in accordance with the priority rules set out in the Treaty.


Stamp duty and stamp duty reserve tax

TransfersUK stamp duty should not be required to be paid in respect of a transfer of Rio Tinto plc ADSs will not be subject to UK stamp duty provided that the transfer instrument is not executed in, and at all times remains outside, the UK and does not relate to any property situate or to any matter or thing to be done in the UK. Electronic “paperless” purchases of Rio Tinto plc shares are subject to stamp duty reserve tax (SDRT) at a rate of 0.5 per cent (rounded to the nearest penny)0.5%. Purchases of Rio Tinto plc shares using a stock transfer form are subject to Stamp Dutystamp duty at a rate of 0.5 per cent0.5% on transactions over £1,000 (rounded up to the nearest £5). Conversions of Rio Tinto plc shares into Rio Tinto plc ADSs will be subject to additional Stamp Dutystamp duty or SDRT at a rate of 1.5 per cent (rounded to the nearest penny)1.5% on all transfers to the depositary or its nominee.

Australian taxation of shareholdings in Rio Tinto Limited

Taxation of dividends

US holders are not normally liable to Australian withholding tax on dividends paid by Rio Tinto Limited because such dividends are normally fully franked under the Australian dividend imputation system, meaning that they are paid out of income that has borne Australian income tax. Any unfranked dividends would suffer Australian withholding tax which under the Australian income tax convention is limited to 15 per cent of the gross dividend.

Capital gains

US holders are not normally subject to any Australian tax on the disposal of Rio Tinto Limited ADSs or shares unless they have been used in carrying on a trade or business wholly or partly through a permanent establishment in Australia, or the gain is in the nature of income sourced in Australia.

Gift, estate and inheritance tax

Australia does not impose any gift, estate or inheritance taxes in relation to gifts of shares or upon the death of a shareholder.

Stamp duty

An issue or transfer of Rio Tinto Limited shares does not require the payment of Australian stamp duty.

US federal income tax

In general, taking into account the earlier assumptions that each obligation of the Deposit Agreement and any related agreement will be performed according to its terms, for US federal income tax purposes, if you hold ADRs evidencing ADSs, you will be treated as the owner of the shares represented by those ADRs. Exchanges of shares for ADRs, and ADRs for shares, generally will not be subject to US federal income tax.

Taxation of dividends

Under the US federal income tax laws, and subject to the Passive Foreign Investment Company (PFIC) Rules discussed below, if you are a US holder, the gross amount of any dividenddistribution the Group pays out of its current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined for US federal income tax purposes) is subject to US federal income taxation.

taxation as dividend income. The dividend will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction generally allowed to US corporations in respect of dividends received from other US corporations. Distributions in excess of current and accumulated earnings and profits, as determined for US federal income tax purposes, will be treated as a non-taxable return of capital to the extent of your basis in the shares or ADSs and thereafter as capital gain. Rio Tinto plc dividendsdoes not maintain calculations of its earnings and profits in accordance with US federal income tax accounting principles. US holders should therefore assume that any distributions the Group pays with respect to ADSs or Shares will be reported as ordinary dividend income.

Dividends paid to a non-corporate US holder generally will be taxable at the reduced rate normally applicable tolong-term capital gains provided certain requirements are met. Rio Tinto Limited dividends paid to a non-corporate US holder generally willmay be taxable at the reduced rate normally applicable to long-term capital gains provided thatthe shares are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States or the company qualifies for the benefits of an income tax treaty between the


United States and the relevant jurisdiction and certain other requirements are met. Rio Tinto plc ADSs are traded on the NYSE. Rio Tinto Limited believes it qualifies for the benefits of the convention between the US and Australia, which Rio Tinto Limited believes it does, and certain other requirements are met.Australia. A US holder willmay be eligible for this reduced rate only if it has held the shares or ADSs for more than 60 days during the121-day period beginning 60 days before the ex-dividend date.

You must include any Australian tax withheld from the dividend payment in this gross amount even though you do not in fact receive it. The dividend is taxable to you when you, in the case of shares, or the depositary, in the case of ADSs, receive the dividend, actually or constructively. The dividend will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction generally allowed to US corporations in respect of dividends received from other US corporations. The amount of the dividend distribution that you must include in your income as a US holder will be the US dollar value of the non-US dollar payments made, determined at the spot UK pound/US dollar rate (in the case of Rio Tinto plc) or the spot Australian dollar/US dollar rate (in the case of Rio Tinto Limited) on the date the dividend distribution is includible in your income, regardless of whether the payment is in fact converted into US dollars. Generally, any gain or loss resulting from currency exchange fluctuations during the period from the date you include the dividend payment in income to the date you convert the payment into US dollars will be treated as ordinary income or loss and will not be eligible for the reduced tax rate normally applicable to capital gains. The gain or loss generally will be income or loss from sources within the US for foreign tax credit limitation purposes. Distributions

You must include any Australian tax withheld from the dividend payment in excess of current and accumulated earnings and profits, as determined for US federal income tax purposes, will be treated as a non-taxable return of capital to the extent of your basisthis gross amount even though you do not in the shares or ADSs and thereafter as capital gain.

fact receive it. Subject to certain limitations, any Australian tax withheld in accordance with the convention between the US and Australia and paid over to Australia will be creditable or deductible against your US federal income tax liability.

For foreign tax credit purposes, dividends will generally be income from sources outside the US and will, depending on your circumstances, generally be either “passive” or “general” income which, in either case, is treated separately from other types of income for purposes of computing the foreign tax credit allowable to you. The rules regarding foreign tax credits are complex and US holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the outstanding and calculation of foreign tax credits and the application of the foreign tax credit rules to their particular situation.

Taxation of capital gains

Subject to the PFIC Rules discussed below, if you are a US holder and you sell or otherwise dispose of the Group’s ADSs or shares, you will recognise a capital gain or loss for US federal income tax purposes equal to the difference between the US dollar value of the amount that you realise and your tax basis, determined in US dollars, in your shares or ADSs. CapitalThe capital gain of anon-corporate US holder is generally taxed at preferential rates where the holder has a holding period greater than one year. The gain or loss will generally be income or loss from sources within the US for foreign tax credit limitation purposes.

Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules

We believe that the Group’s shares or ADSs should not be treated as stock of a PFIC for US federal income tax purposes for the 2017 taxable year, but this conclusion is a factual determination that is made annually and thus may be subject to change. If we were to be treated as a PFIC, unless the shares or ADSs are “marketable stock” and a US holder elects to be taxed annually on a mark-to-market basis with respect to the shares or ADSs, gain realised on the sale or other disposition of the shares or ADSs would in general not be treated as capital gain. Instead, if you are a US holder, youholders generally would be treated as if you had realised such gainrequired (i) to pay a special addition to US tax on certain distributions and certain “excess distributions” rateably over your holding period for thegains on sale of shares or ADSs, and would be taxed(ii) to pay tax on any gain from the sale of shares or ADSs at ordinary income (rather than capital gains) rates in addition to paying the highestspecial addition to tax rate in effect for each such year to which the gain was allocated, together with an interest charge in respect of the tax attributable to each such year. In addition,on this gain. Additionally, dividends that you receive from us will not be eligible for the reduced rate of tax rates normally applicable to capital gains if we are a PFIC either indescribed above under “Taxation of dividends.” US holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding the taxable yearpotential application of the distributionPFIC rules.

Backup Withholding and Information Reporting

The proceeds of a sale or the preceding taxable year, but insteadother disposition, as well as dividends and other proceeds, with respect to shares or ADSs by a US paying agent or other US intermediary will be taxable at ratesreported to the IRS and to the US holder as may be required under applicable regulations. Backup withholding may apply to ordinary income.these payments if the US holder fails to provide an accurate taxpayer identification number or certification of exempt status or fails to comply with applicable certification requirements. Certain US holders are not subject to backup withholding. US holders should consult their tax advisers about these rules and any other reporting obligations that may apply to the ownership or disposition of shares or ADSs, including requirements related to the holding of certain foreign financial assets.


10.F Dividends and paying agents

Not applicable.

10.G Statement by experts

Not applicable.

10.H Documents on display

Rio Tinto is subject to the Securities and Exchange Commission reporting requirements for foreign companies. AThis Form 20-F, which corresponds with the Form 10-K for US public companies, was filed with the SEC on 61 March 2015.2018. Rio Tinto’s Form 20-F and other filings can be viewed on the Rio Tinto website as well as the SEC website at www.sec.gov. ADR holders may also read without charge and copy at prescribed rates any document filed at the public reference facilities of the SEC’s principal office at 100 F Street NE, Washington, DC 20549, US. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the operation of the public reference facilities.

10.I Subsidiary information

Not applicable.


ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVEQUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

The information set forth under the headings:

“Financial overview” on page 40;

“Financial statements Note 30-Financial instruments and risk management” on pages 146153 to 155;162; and

“Cautionary statement about forward-looking statements” on the inside front cover

of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 20142017 is incorporated herein by reference.

See above Item 3.D, “Principal risks and uncertainties” and Item 5.A, “Additional financial information”information-Treasury management and financial instruments”.

ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES

12.D American Depositary Shares

American depositary receipts (ADRs)

Rio Tinto plc has a sponsored ADR facility with JPMorgan Chase Bank NA (JPMorgan) under a Deposit Agreement, dated 13 July 1988, as amended on 11 June 1990, as further amended and restated on 15 February 1999, 18 February 2005 (when JPMorgan became Rio Tinto plc’s depositary), 29 April 2010 and on 29 April 2010.19 February 2016. The ADRs evidence Rio Tinto plc ADSs, each representing one ordinary share. The shares are registered with the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), are listed on the NYSE and are traded under the symbol RIO.


Fees and charges payable by a holder of ADSs

In accordance with the terms of the Deposit Agreement, JPMorgan may charge holders of Rio Tinto ADSs, either directly or indirectly, fees or charges up to the amounts described in the table below.

 

Category

Depositary actions

Associated fee

Depositing or substituting the underlying shares

Issuance of ADSs against the deposit of shares, including deposits and issuance in respect of:

Share distributions, stock split, rights, merger

Exchange of securities or other transactions

Other events or distributions affecting the ADSs or the deposited securities

US$5.00 per 100 ADSs (or portion thereof) evidenced by the new ADSs delivered

Selling or exercising rights

Distribution or sale of securities, the fee being in an amount equal to the fee for the execution and delivery of ADSs which would have been charged as a result of the deposit of such securities

US$5.00 for each 100 ADSs (or portion thereof)

Withdrawing an underlying share

Acceptance of ADSs surrendered for withdrawal of deposited securities

US$5.00 for each 100 ADSs (or portion thereof) evidenced by the ADSs surrendered

Transferring, splitting or grouping receipts

Transfers, combining or grouping of depositary receipts

US$2.501.50 per ADS

General depositary services, particularly those charged on an annual basis

Other services performed by the depositary in administering the ADRs

Provide information about the depositary’s right, if any, to collect fees and charges by offsetting them against dividends received and deposited securities

US$0.02 per ADS (or portion thereof) not more than once each calendar year and payable at the sole discretion of the depositary by billing holders or deducting such charge from one or more cash dividends or other cash distributions

Expenses of the depositary

Expenses incurred on behalf of holders in connection with:

Compliance with foreign exchange control regulations or any law or regulation relating to foreign investment

The depositary’s or its custodian’s compliance with applicable law, rule or regulation

Stock transfer or other taxes and other governmental charges

Cable, telex, facsimile and electronic transmission/delivery

Expenses of the depositary in connection with the conversion of foreign currency into US dollars (which are paid out of such foreign currency)

Any other charge payable by the depositary or its agents

Expenses payable at the sole discretion of the depositary by billing holders or by deducting charges from one or more cash dividends or other cash distributions


Fees and payments made by the depositary to the issuer

JPMorgan has agreed to reimburse certain company expenses related to the Rio Tinto plc ADR programme and incurred by the Group in connection with the programme. The Group received US$1.05 millionJPMorgan did not pay any amount in respect of expenses incurred by the Group in connection with the ADR programme for the year ended 31 December 2014.2017. JPMorgan did not pay any amount on the Group’s behalf to third parties. JPMorgan also waived certain of its standard fees and expenses associated with the administration of the programme relating to routine programme maintenance, reporting, distribution of cash dividends, annual meeting services and report mailing services.

Under certain circumstances, including removal of JPMorgan as depositary or termination of the ADR programme by the Company, the Company is required to repay JPMorgan any amounts of administrative fees and expenses waived during the 12-month period prior to notice of removal or termination.

PART II

ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES

Not applicable.

ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS

Not applicable.

ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

The information set forth under the heading on “Corporate governance-Financial“Directors’ report-Financial reporting” on page 63pages 109 and 110 of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 20142017 is incorporated herein by reference.

PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP and PricewaterhouseCoopers, the auditors of Rio Tinto plc and Rio Tinto Limited respectively, audited the financial statements included in this Form 20-F and audited the effectiveness of internal controls over financial reporting as of 31 December 2014.2017. Their audit report and attestation on the issuer’s internal control over financial reporting is included below.

See below under Item 18 “Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm”.

ITEM 16

16.A Audit committee financial expert

The information set forth under the heading “Corporate governance-Audit committee”“Governance report-Audit Committee report” on pages 5763 to 5967 of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 20142017 is incorporated herein by reference.

16.B Code of ethics

The information set forth under the heading “Corporate governance-Other disclosures”“Relations with stakeholders-The way we work” on page 6169 of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 20142017 is incorporated herein by reference.

The way we work applies to employees including the Group’s Chief executive and Chief financial officer and is available on our website at www.riotinto.com. No substantive amendments to a provision of The way we work were made during 2017 and no waivers were granted.

16.C Principal accountant fees and services

The information set forth under the headings:

Directors’Audit Committee report-Fees for audit and non-audit services” on page 48;65;

Corporate governance-Governance processes”Audit Committee report-Relationship with external auditors” on page 58;pages 65 and 66; and

“Directors’ report-Auditors” on page 48; and

“Financial statements Note 39-Auditors’ remuneration” on page 164172


of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 20142017 is incorporated herein by reference.

16.D Exemptions from the listing standards for audit committees

Not applicable.

16.E Purchases of equity securities by the issuer and affiliated purchasers

The information set forth under the headings:

“Directors’ report-Share capital” on page 45;107; and

“Directors’ report-Purchases” on page 46108 and

of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 20142017 is incorporated herein by reference.

16.F Change in registrant’s certifying accountant

Not applicable.

16.G Corporate governance

The information set forth under the heading “Corporate governance-Statement“Chairman’s governance review-Statement of compliance with governance codes and standards in 2014”2017” on page 5351 of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 20142017 is incorporated herein by reference.

16.H Mine safety disclosure

The information set forth in Exhibit 16.1 is incorporated herein by reference.

PART III

ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Not applicable.

ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The financial information concerning the Company set forth under the headings “Consolidated“2017 Financial statements”, “Primary financial statements” on pages 102112 to 173116 and Notes 1 to 44 on pages 118 to 181, Note 46 on pages 183 to 201, and pages 178206 to 183208 of the Rio Tinto Annual Report 20142017 is incorporated herein by reference.


Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting FirmFirms

To the Boards of Directors and Shareholders of Rio Tinto plc and Rio Tinto Limited

In our opinion,

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of the Rio Tinto Group balance sheet(comprising Rio Tinto plc and Rio Tinto Limited and their respective subsidiaries) as of 31 December 2017 and 2016, and the related Group income statement, the Group statement of comprehensive income, the Group cash flow statement and the Group statement of changes in equity for each of the three years in the period ended 31 December 2017, including the related notes  (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”).  We also have audited the Group’s internal control over financial reporting as of 31 December 2017, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).  

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Rio Tinto Group atas of 31 December 20142017 and 2013,2016, and the results of theirits operations and theirits cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended 31 December 20142017 in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.Board and in conformity with International Financial Reporting Standards as adopted by the European Union.  Also in our opinion, the Rio Tinto Group maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of 31 December 2014,2017, based on criteria established inInternal Control - Integrated Framework 2013 (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). COSO.

Basis for Opinions

The Rio Tinto Group’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s reportReport on internal controlInternal Control over financial reporting.Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express opinions on thesethe Group’s consolidated financial statements and on the Rio Tinto Group’sGroup's internal control over financial reporting based on our integrated audits.  We are public accounting firms registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Group in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States).PCAOB.  Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.  

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks.  Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence supportingregarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements, assessingstatements.  Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, andas well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statement presentation.statements.  Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk.  Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.  A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:that (i) pertain to the maintenance of


records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizationsauthorisations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorizedunauthorised acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements.  Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers

PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

PricewaterhouseCoopers

London, United Kingdom

Melbourne,

Brisbane, Australia

5 March 2015

28 February 2018

5 March 2015

28 February 2018

In respect of the Board of Directors and

Shareholders of Rio Tinto plc

In respect of the Board of Directors and

Shareholders of Rio Tinto plc

Shareholders of Rio Tinto Limited

PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP and PricewaterhouseCoopers have acted as auditors of Rio Tinto since its formation under a dual listed company structure in 1995.

A predecessor firm of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP have served as the auditor of a predecessor company of Rio Tinto plc since 1958 and a predecessor firm of PricewaterhouseCoopers have served as the auditor of a predecessor company of Rio Tinto Limited since 1959.


ITEM 19. EXHIBITS

Exhibits marked “*” have been filed as exhibits to this Annual report on Form 20-F and other exhibits have been incorporated by reference as indicated.

INDEX

 

Exhibit

Number

Description

1.1

  1.1

Articles of Association of Rio Tinto plc (adopted by special resolution passed on 20 April 2009 and amended on 1 October 2009) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 of Rio Tinto plc Annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended 31 December 2009, File No. 1-10533)1‑10533)

1.2

Constitution of Rio Tinto Limited (ACN(CAN 004 458 404) (as adopted by special resolution passed on 24 May 2000 and amended by special resolution on 18 April 2002, 29 April 2005, 27 April 2007, 24 April 2008 and 20 April 2009) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.2 of Rio Tinto plc Annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended 31 December 2009, File No. 1-10533)1‑10533)

  3.1

3.1*

DLC Merger Implementation Agreement, dated 3 November 1995 between CRA Limited and The RTZ Corporation PLC relating to the implementation of the DLC merger (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 of Rio Tinto plc’splc's Annual report on Form 20-F for the financial year ended 31 December 1995, File No. 1-10533)1‑10533)

3.2

DLC Merger Sharing Agreement, dated 21 December 1995 and amended on 14 April 2005, 29 April 2005 and 18 December 2009 between CRA Limited and The RTZ Corporation PLC relating to the ongoing relationship between CRA and RTZ following the DLC merger (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of Rio Tinto plc Annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended 31 December 2009, File No. 1-10533)1‑10533)

3.3

RTZ Shareholder Voting Agreement, dated 21 December 1995 and amended on 18 January 2010 between The RTZ Corporation PLC, RTZ Shareholder SVC Pty. Limited, CRA Limited, R.T.Z. Australian Holdings Limited and The Law Debenture Trust Corporation p.l.c (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 of Rio Tinto plc Annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended 31 December 2009, File No. 1-10533)1‑10533)

3.4

CRA Shareholder Voting Agreement, dated 21 December 1995 and amended 18 January 2010 between CRA Limited, CRA Shareholder SVC Limited, The RTZ Corporation PLC and The Law Debenture Trust Corporation p.l.c., relating to the RTZ Special Voting Share (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.4 of Rio Tinto plc Annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended 31 December 2009, File No. 1-10533)1‑10533)

4.01

Rio Tinto plc - Share Option Plan 2004 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 of Rio Tinto’s Registration statement on Form S-8, File No. 333-147914)333‑147914)

4.02

Rio Tinto Limited - Share Option Plan 2004 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.6 of Rio Tinto’s Registration statement on Form S-8, File No. 333-147914)333‑147914)

4.03

Rules of the Rio Tinto plc Performance Share Plan 2004 (formerly known as the Rio Tinto plc - Mining Companies Comparative Plan 2004) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.03 of Rio Tinto plc Annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended 31 December 2011, File No. 1-10533)

1‑10533)

4.04

Rules of the Rio Tinto Limited Performance Share Plan 2004 (formerly known as the Rio Tinto Limited - Mining Companies Comparative Plan 2004) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.04 of Rio Tinto plc Annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended 31 December 2011, File No. 1-10533)1‑10533)


4.05

Rules of the Rio Tinto plc Performance Share Plan 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.05 of Rio Tinto plc Annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended 31 December 2013, File No. 1-10533)1‑10533)

4.06

Rules of the Rio Tinto Limited Performance Share Plan 2013 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.06 of Rio Tinto plc Annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended 31 December 2013, File No. 1-10533)1‑10533)

  8.1*

4.07

Rules of the Rio Tinto plc Bonus Deferral Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 of Rio Tinto’s Registration statement on Form S-8, File No. 333‑202547)

4.08

Rules of the Rio Tinto Limited Bonus Deferral Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.6 of Rio Tinto’s Registration statement on Form S-8, No. 333‑202547)

8.1**

List of subsidiary companies.companies

12.1**

Certifications pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)13a‑14(a) of the Exchange Act.Act

13.1**

Certifications furnished pursuant to Rule 13a-14(b)13a‑14(b) of the Exchange Act (such certifications are not deemed filed for purpose of Section 18 of the Exchange Act and not incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act).

15.1**

Consent

Consent of Independent AccountantsRegistered Public Accounting Firms to the incorporation of the audit report relating to the Rio Tinto Group and effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of the Rio Tinto Group by reference in registration statements on Form F-3F-3 and Form S-8.S-8

15.2**

Rio Tinto Annual Report 2014†2017†

16.1**

Mine safety and health administration safety data.data

*

Filed herewith.

Paper filing in 1995

**

Filed herewith

Certain of the information included within Exhibit 15.2, which is provided pursuant to Rule 12b-23(a)12b‑23(a)(3) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, is incorporated by reference in this Form 20-F, as specified elsewhere in this Form 20-F. With the exception of the items and pages so specified, the Rio Tinto Annual Report 20142017 is not deemed to be filed as part of this Form 20-F.


SignatureSignature

The Registrants hereby certify that they meet all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that they have duly caused and authorised the undersigned to sign this Annual Report on their behalf.

 

Rio Tinto plcRio Tinto Limited
(Registrant)(Registrant)

Rio Tinto plc

Rio Tinto Limited

(Registrant)

(Registrant)

/s/ Eleanor EvansSteve Allen

/s/ Eleanor EvansSteve Allen

Name: Steve Allen

Eleanor Evans

Name:

Eleanor Evans Steve Allen

Title:

Company Secretary

Title:

Joint Company Secretary

Date: 28 February 2018

5 March 2015

Date:

5 March 2015 28 February 2018

 

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