As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 28, 201717, 2019

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM20-F

ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR

15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 20162018

Commission File Number:33-99720

CELULOSA ARAUCO Y CONSTITUCIÓN S.A.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Arauco and Constitution Pulp Inc.

(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)

Republic of Chile

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

Avenida El Golf 150

14^th Floor

Las Condes, Santiago

Chile

(Address of principal executive offices)

Gianfranco Truffello

Tel.:56-2-2461-7221

E-mail:gianfranco.truffello@arauco.clgianfranco.truffello@arauco.com

Avenida El Golf 150

14^th Floor

Las Condes, Santiago

Chile

(Name, telephone,e-mail and/or facsimile number and address of company contact person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

None

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report: Shares of Common Stock, without par value: 113,159,655

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is awell-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.Yes☐No☒

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.  Yes ☐  No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes ☒  No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of RegulationS-T (§ 232.405 of this Chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

N/A

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer,,anon-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statement included in this filing:

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow: Item  17 ☐  Item 18 ☐

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule12b-2 of the Exchange Act).Yes☐No☒

TABLE OF CONTENTS

i

CERTAIN TERMS AND CONVENTIONS

Celulosa Arauco y Constitución S.A. is asociedad anónima (corporation) organized under the laws of the Republic of Chile, and subject to certain rules applicable tosociedades anónimas abiertas (Chilean public corporations). Except where otherwise specified or the context otherwise requires, when we refer to the “Company,” “Arauco” or “we,” in this annual report, we mean Celulosa Arauco y Constitución S.A. and its consolidated subsidiaries. When we refer to “Chile,” we mean the Republic of Chile; when we refer to “Argentina,” we mean the Argentine Republic; when we refer to “Brazil,” we mean the Federative Republic of Brazil; when we refer to “the U.S.,” “U.S.A.,” or “the United States,” we mean the United States of America; and when we refer to “Uruguay,” we mean the Oriental Republic of Uruguay.Uruguay; and when we refer to “Mexico,” we mean the United Mexican States. All references to “tonnes” are to metric tons (1,000 kilograms), which equal 2,204.7 pounds. One “hectare” equals 10,000 square meters or 2.471 acres. Discrepancies in any table between totals and the sums of the amounts listed aremay be due to rounding.

Unless otherwise specified, all references to “$,” “U.S.$,” “U.S. dollars” or “dollars” are to United States dollars; references to “Chilean pesos” or “Ch$” are to Chilean pesos; references to “Argentine pesos” or “AR$” are to Argentine pesos; references to “Brazilian reais” “Brazilian reals” or “R$” are to Brazilian reais; references to “€” or “euro” are to the euro, the single European currency established pursuant to the European Economic and Monetary Union; references to “Rubles” are to Russian rubles; and references to “UF” are toUnidades de Fomento. The UF is a unit of account that is linked to, and adjusted daily to reflect changes in, the Chilean consumer price index reported by theInstituto Nacional de Estadísticas (Chilean National Institute of Statistics). As of December 31, 2016,2018, one UF equaled U.S.$39.3639.68 and Ch$26,347.96.27,565.79.

Regarding our pulp business, references to “hardwood” kraft pulp are to pulp made from eucalyptus or short fiber, and references to “softwood” kraft pulp are to pulp made from pine or long fiber.

PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL AND OTHER DATA

This report includes the audited consolidated statement of financial position of Arauco and our subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016,2018 and 20152017 and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows for each of the three years for the period ended December 31, 20162018 (collectively, the “audited consolidated financial statements” or “financial statements”). In addition, this report includes selected financial information as of and for the periods ended December 31, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2016.2018.

We make statements in this report about the pulp market partly on the basis of information from third-party sources. This information is principally sourced from reports published by Hawkins Wrights Ltd. and Resource Information Systems Inc., which are specialized consultants in the pulp market.

For your convenience, this annual report contains certain translations of Chilean peso amounts into U.S. dollars at specified rates. Unless otherwise indicated, the U.S. dollar equivalent for information in Chilean pesos is based on the observed exchange rate reported by Banco Central de Chile, which we refer to as the “Central Bank of Chile” or the “Central Bank.” The Federal Reserve Bank of New York does not report a noon buying rate for Chilean pesos. On December 31, 2016,2018, the observed exchange rate for Chilean pesos, as published in theDiario Oficial de la República de Chile (Official Gazette) on January 3, 2017,2, 2019, was Ch$669.47694.77 to U.S.$1.00, and on April 25, 2017,12, 2019, the observed exchange rate was Ch$660.04660.67 to U.S.$1.00. See “Exchange“Item 3. Key Information—Exchange Rates.” You should not construe these translations as representations that the Chilean peso amounts actually represent such dollar amounts or could be converted into U.S. dollars at the rates indicated or at any other rate. Unless otherwise specified, references to the devaluation or the appreciation of the Chilean peso against the U.S. dollar are in nominal terms (without adjusting for inflation) based on the observed exchange rates published by the Central Bank of Chile for the relevant period.

PART I

Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers

Not applicable.

Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable

Not applicable.

Item 3. Key Information

SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA

The selected consolidated financial information as of December 31, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 20162018 and for each of the five years then ended is derived from, should be read in conjunction with, and is qualified in its entirety by reference to, our audited consolidated financial statements which have been prepared in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).

Adjusted EBITDA is calculated by adding “fair value cost of timber harvested,” “exchange rate differences” and other expenses, and deducting “gain from changes in fair value of biological assets” to EBITDA. “Fair value cost of timber harvested” is anon-cash expense included in our cost of sales (as a component of raw materials) that represents the fair value of the wood

harvested and sold from our own plantations, which is commonly excluded from thenon-generally accepted accounting principles(non-GAAP) measures used by analysts to compare participants in our industry as it is anon-cash item (purchases of wood from third parties are cash expenses that are not included in “fair value cost of timber harvested”). “Gain from changes in fair value of biological assets” is a gain that does not represent cash flow. We believe that Adjusted EBITDA provides investors with a useful supplemental indicator of the performance of our core business because (i) it cancels out the effects of fair value that are independent of the cost efficiency of our operating facilities and (ii) it excludes the effect of exchange rate differences, which are mainly derived from our debt instruments.

In evaluating the performance of Arauco, we believe that each of thesenon-GAAP financial measures should be considered together with and should not be considered in isolation, or as a substitute for, the analysis of our results as reported under IFRS. Some of the limitations of ournon-GAAP financial measures are that EBIT, EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA do not reflect: (i) our cash expenditures, or future requirements, for capital expenditures or contractual commitments; (ii) changes in, or cash requirements for, working capital needs; or (iii) the significant interest expense, or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payments, on our outstanding debt.

Because not all companies calculate EBIT, EBITDA or Adjusted EBITDA in the same manner, such measures as calculated by us may differ from such measures calculated by other companies. We compensate for these limitations by using EBIT, EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA as supplemental measures to monitor our performance and by relying primarily on our financial statements that have been prepared in accordance with IFRS.

The following table presents, for the periods indicated, the reconciliation of EBIT, EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA to net income.

EXCHANGE RATES

The following table sets forth, for the periods and dates indicated, certain information concerning the observed exchange rates reported by the Central Bank. No representation is made that the Chilean peso or U.S. dollar amounts referred to in this annual report could have been or could be converted into U.S. dollars or Chilean pesos, as the case may be, at the rates indicated or at any other rate. The Federal Reserve Bank of New York does not report a noon buying rate for Chilean pesos. See “Item 10. Additional Information—Exchange Controls.”

Source: Central Bank of Chile

On April 25, 2017,12, 2019, the observed exchange rate, as published in the Official Gazette on April 26, 2017,15, 2019, was Ch$660.04660.67 to U.S.$1.00.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report onForm 20-F contains words such as “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate” and similar expressions that identifyforward-looking statements, which reflect our views about future events and financial performance. Statements that are not historical facts, including statements about our beliefs and expectations, areforward-looking statements. Such statements constituteforward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, as amended.

Forward-looking statements involve inherent risks and uncertainties. Theseforward-looking statements are based on current plans, estimates and projections; therefore, readers should not place undue reliance on them. Actual results could differ materially from those projected in suchforward-looking statements because of various factors that may be beyond our control, including but not limited to our ability to service our debt, fund our working capital requirements, comply with financial covenants in certain of our debt instruments, fund and implement our capital expenditure programs and maintain our relationships with customers, as well as a change in control, the effects on us from competition, future demand for forestry and timberwood products in the Chilean, Argentine, Brazilian, Uruguayan and North American export markets, international prices for forestry and sawn timber, the condition of our forests, possible shortages of energy, including electricity, the state of the Chilean and world economies and manufacturing industries, the relative value of the Chilean peso compared to other currencies, inflation, increases in interest rates, the effects of earthquakes, floods, tsunamis or other catastrophic events and changes in our regulatory environment, including our ability to comply with new or stricter environmental regulations and to resolve environmental liabilities.Forward-looking statements in this annual report speak only as of their dates, and we do not undertake any obligation to update or revise any of them, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

RISK FACTORS

We are subject to various changing economic, political, social and competitive conditions, particularly in our principal markets. Any of the following risks, if they actually occur, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Risks Relating to Us and the Forestry IndustryCompany

Fluctuations in market price for our products could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Prices for many of the products we sell can fluctuate significantly. The priceprices of commodities such as pulp and sawn timberour products are highly correlated with international prices, while panelboards are more closely correlated with local prices. Consequently, the prices that we are able to charge for theseof our products are highly dependent on prevailing international and localregional prices. Historically, such prices have been subject to substantial variation.variations.

During the period from January 1, 20122014 to December 31, 2016,2018, the average price for Norscan bleached softwood kraft market pulp (pulp produced in North American, Nordic and Central European countries and sold to manufacturers of paper products delivered in Northern Europe, or “NBSK”), which is the benchmark for bleached softwood bleached pulp, ranged from a low of U.S.$762.18789.20 per tonne in September 2012April 2016 to a high of U.S.$933.681,230 per tonne in October and November 2014. NBSK prices averaged U.S.$814.35 per tonne in 2012, and U.S.$856.91 per tonne in 2013.2018. Throughout 2014, NBSK prices maintained a steady upward trend, reaching U.S.$932.15 per tonne inmid-January 2015, mainly driven by increased demand from China. Throughout 2015 and during the first half of 2016, NBSK prices followed a downward trend, decreasing to U.S.$789.2 per tonne at the end of April 2016, as China began to change its economic structure fromexport-driven growth todomestic-demand-driven growth. In addition, the price gap between bothsoftwood and hardwood fibers increased, creating incentives for pulp customers to switch from softwood to hardwood, and adding downward pressure to prices. For the remainder of 2016, prices slightly recovered and finally stabilized, ending the year at U.S.$808.83 per tonne. Throughout 2017, NBSK prices had a positive trend, ending the year at U.S.$999.63. Such upward trend continued through October and November 2018 when prices reached U.S.$1,230, followed by a slight decrease in December 2018, ending the year at U.S.$1,200.02. The 2017 and 2018 rise in prices was mainly driven by an increase of demand in China and stable capacity levels.

InDuring the caseperiod from January 1, 2014 through December 31, 2018, prices of bleached hardwood kraft pulp (pulp made from eucalyptus or birch which is sold in Europe whichand is the benchmark for Bleached Eucalyptus Kraft Pulp, or “BEKP”), prices ranged from a low of U.S.$648.85651.46 per tonne in January 20122017 to a high of U.S.$820.911,050.01 per tonne in June 2013.May 2018. In 2014, two new short fiber pulp mills entered the market with a combined annual production capacity of 2.8 million tonnes. The additional supply caused BEKP prices to decline during the first nine months of 2014, reaching its lowesta price atof U.S.$724.27 per tonne in September 2015.2014. Thereafter, BEKP began an upward trend, reaching U.S.$811.17 per tonne in November 2015, following increased demand, particularly from China, which was able to absorb the increased supply. However, the expectation of additional supply during 2016 and especially in 2017 continued to place downward pressure on prices, which reached their lowest level of 2016 in December 2016,January 2017, at U.S.$652.58651.46 per tonne. A new pulp mill located in Indonesia began itsramp-up in November 2016. With2016, initially with an annual capacity of estimated at 2.8 million tonnes, it is currently the largest pulp mill worldwide.tonnes. As theramp-up of new capacity has beenwas delayed, pulp prices have started to increase duringrise at the first partbeginning of 2017, which was also supported by stronger than expected demand from China. Throughout 2017, prices continued to rise as the expected output of the mill located in Indonesia was revised to 1.7 million tonnes for the next three to four years and the lower capacity of other mills due to operational problems, leading to further increases in prices, reaching U.S.$722.11979.31 per tonne at the end of March 2017. The increase in prices continued through May 2018 when prices reached a peak at U.S.$1,050.01. During the rest of the year, prices stabilized with a slight decrease towards the end of 2018, ending the year at U.S.$1,025.73. The increase in prices through May 2018 was mainly due to sustained demand and stable capacity levels. The decrease in demand registered by the end of 2018 was mainly explained by the trade tensions between China and the United States.

Although timberwood products markets improved untilmid-year 2015, new competition from countries with depreciated currencies increased supply to our traditional markets, such as North America, which caused average prices to decrease. Markets recovered during 2016, although Latin American exports continued to affect prices in countries such as the United States. The North American market showed an improvement in the construction sector, which provided steady demand. During 2017, the construction sector continued to improve, and average prices for wood products increased during certain months of the year. During the first half of 2018, Latin American countries (including Mexico) showed stable demand levels for wood products. Towards the end of 2018, the uncertainty surrounding the trade tensions between China and the United States affected demand. The construction sector in the United States experienced a slight increase compared to 2017, which was sustained throughout 2018. Average prices remained stable in 2018 compared to 2017, showing variations depending on the product.

Global economic conditions may exert downward pressure on commodity prices, including the international prices of the products we sell, which could result in material and adverse declines in our revenues, results of operations and financial condition. We have no control over the factors that cause prices to change which include, among others:

In addition, the prices of many of the products we sell are correlated to some extent, and historical fluctuations in the price of one product have usually been accompanied by similar fluctuations in the prices of other products. If the price of one or more of the products that we sell were to decline significantly from current levels, it could have a material adverse effect on our revenues, results of operations and financial condition.

Worldwide competition in the markets for our products could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We experience substantial worldwide competition in each of our geographical markets and in each of our product lines. Several of our competitors are larger than we are and have greater financial and other resources. resources, which, among other things, may enhance their ability to support strategic expenditures directed to increase their market share. Our market share may be adversely affected if we are unable to successfully continue to expand our production capacity at the same pace as our competitors.

The pulp industry is sensitive to changes in industry capacity and producer inventories, as well as to cyclical changes in the world’s economies, all of which may significantly affect selling prices and, thereby, our profitability. One or more of these factors could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Global economic developments, and particularly economic developments in the Asian, European and U.S. economies, could have an adverse effect on the demand for our products, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

The global economy, and in particular global industrial production, is the primary driver of demand for pulp, paper and timberwood products. Global industrial production dropped during the second half of 2008 and first half of 2009 due to the financial crisis and global economic conditions, resulting in a significant and widespread contraction in demand for pulp, paper and timber products. Due to this downturn in global industrial production, our pulp segment experienced significant price declines in the last quarter of 2008 and the first quarter of 2009, which severely affected our results. In addition, the significant downturn in thehome-building industry in the United States and Europe resulted in increased inventories of available new homes, significant declines in home prices, loss ofhome-equity values and loss of consumer confidence and demand. As a result of these events, our plywood and panel sales were adversely affected, continuing a downward trend both in volume and price across all markets. Ourmedium-density fiberboard molding sales also experienced a sharp decline in volume mainly due to lower activity in the United States and Canadian construction markets. Our timberwood products segment, which is also highly dependent on the strength of thehome-building industry, has experienced decreases in its prices of and demand for its products. The decrease in demand of sawn timber due primarilyproducts from time to the credit crisis and downturn in the real estate market in the United States resulted in our decision to close five sawmills in 2008 and 2009.time.

A decrease in the level of activity in either the domestic or the international markets within which we operate could adversely affect the demand and the price of our products and thus our cash flows and operational and financial results.

The financial and economic crisis that affected several European countries between 2009 and 2012 caused a general economic downturn in Europe, which negatively affected the banking and credit systems, employment and production. Thus, demand and prices for pulp and timber declined in the European market.

The devaluation of the Chinese Yuan during the third quarter of 2015 increased volatility in the markets and resulted in a decline in global demand for commodities. Also in 2015, the currencies of several countries depreciated, such as the Canadian dollar, the euro,Euro, the Chilean peso, the Brazilian real and the Argentine peso, resulting in increased competition in exports, which in turn negatively impacted the average price of our timberwood products. A similar trend continued throughout 2016, although certain of these currencies recovered compared to the previous year. During 2017, certain currencies continued to recover such as the Canadian dollar, the Brazilian real, the Euro and the Chilean peso. The Argentine peso depreciated throughout the year. Similar to what happened in 2015, throughout 2018 the currencies of several countries depreciated, including the Brazilian real, the Chilean peso, the Canadian dollar, and the Argentine peso (which depreciated the most).

Export sales of our timber products to Asia accounted for 8.3%40.1% of our revenuerevenues in 2018 compared to 36.2% in 2017 and 32.6% in 2016, compared to 9.1% in 2015 and 13.7% in 2014, and export sales of our timber products to North America accounted for 23.4%11.2% of our revenuerevenues in 20162018 compared to 23.2%12.8% in 20152017 and 21.7%13.2% in 2014.2016.

Our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected if the economic conditions in Asia, Europe, the United States and elsewhere abroad deteriorate, and if we are unable to reallocate our sawn timberwood products and other products into other markets on equally beneficial terms, which could require us to recognize additional impairment charges.

We depend on free international trade as well as economic and other conditions in our principal export markets.

In 2016,2018, export sales, defined as sales out of the country where our goods were produced, accounted for 62.8%67.8% of our total revenues. During this period, 51.9%59.1% of our export sales were to customers in Asia and Oceania, 21.0%16.4% to customers in North America, 10.9%11.9% to customers in Europe, 10.0%7.2% to customers in Central and South America and 6.2%5.4% to customers in other countries. As a result, our results of operations and cash flows depend, to a significant degree, on economic, political and regulatory conditions in our principal export markets. Our ability to compete effectively in our export markets could be materially and adversely affected by a number of factors beyond our control, including deterioration in macroeconomic conditions, exchange rate volatility, government subsidies and the imposition of increased tariffs or other trade barriers. If our ability to sell our products competitively in one or more of our principal export markets were impaired by any of these developments, it might be difficult tore-allocate reallocate our products to other markets on equally favorable terms and our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows might be adversely affected.

We are located in a seismic area that exposes our propertyproperties in Chile to the risk of earthquakes and tsunamis, and we experienced significant business disruption and losses as a result of the February 27, 2010 earthquake.

Our properties in Chile are located in a seismic area that exposes our facilities, plants, equipment and inventories to the risk of earthquakes and even subsequent tsunamis in some areas. A significant earthquake or other catastrophic event could severely affect our ability to meet our production targets or satisfy customer demand and could require us to make unplanned capital expenditures, resulting in lower sales and having a material adverse effect on our financial results.

On February 27, 2010, an earthquake measured at a magnitude of 8.8 on the Richter scale, followed by a tsunami that affected the coast, occurred in theSouth-Central Region of Chile, an area where we maintain a substantial portion of our Chilean industrial operations. Immediately after the earthquake, all of our production units implemented their contingency plans, which involved shutting down operations and evaluating the damage caused to each facility by the earthquake. As a result of the earthquake and the subsequent tsunami, our Mutrún sawmill was destroyed.

The suspension of our operations in Chile resulted in significant asset impairment charges due toearthquake-related damage to property and inventories as well as a significant decrease in our sales volumes due to plant closures, which had an adverse effect on our results of operations and cash flows. Our insurance policies provided coverage up to an aggregate amount of U.S.$650 million for damages to our property, plant, equipment and inventories, with a deductible of U.S.$1 million for property damage, and for losses due to business interruption caused by such damage after the first 15 days forof business interruption. On November 15, 2011, we and the insurers accepted the final report of the insurance adjusters. In accordance with such final report, we received a total recovery payment of U.S.$532.0 million.

We cannot assure you that we will not experience other suspensions or interruptions or unexpected damage to our property as a result of other earthquakes, aftershocks, tsunamis, any related repair and maintenance or other consequences associated with such events, or that our insurance coverage will be sufficient, any of which could have a material and adverse effect on our revenue, results of operations and financial condition.

The costs to comply with, and to address liabilities arising under, environmental laws and regulations could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

In each country where we have operations, we are subject to a wide range of national and local environmental laws and regulations concerning, among other matters, the preparation of environmental impact assessments for our projects, the protection of the environment and human health, the generation, storage, handling and disposal of waste, the discharge of pollutants and the remediation of contamination. As a forest products manufacturer, we generate air and water emissions and solid and hazardous wastes. These emissions and our waste disposal are subject to limits orand controls prescribed by law or by our operating permits, and we may be required to install or upgrade our pollution control equipment in order to meet these legal requirements. We have made, and expect to continue to make, expenditures to maintain compliance with environmental laws. Notwithstanding our policy to strictly comply with all requirements established by applicable environmental laws, any failure to comply with such environmental laws may result in civil, administrative or criminal fines or sanctions, claims for environmental damages, remediation obligations, the revocation of environmental authorizations or the temporary or permanent closure of facilities. Environmental regulations in Chile and other countries in which we operate have become increasingly stringent in recent years (for example, in connection with the approval and development of new projects), and this trend is likely to continue. Future changes in environmental laws, or in the application, interpretation or enforcement of those laws, including new or stricter requirements related to harvesting activities, air and water emissions and/or climate change regulations, could result in substantially increased capital, operating or compliance costs, impose conditions that restrict or limit our operations or otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. These changes could also limit the availability of our funds for other purposes, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We have been subject to a number of environmental administrative and judicial proceedings in Chile, including proceedings related to the Valdivia Mill, the Arauco Mill, the Nueva Aldea complex, the Licancel Mill and the Constitución Mill. As a result of these proceedings, we have been subject to monetary fines as well as sanctions, including orders to suspend or limit our operations. The operations of

In November 2015, the Cruces river, where the Valdivia Mill recentlydisposes its effluents, became subject to the Secondary Water Quality Standard for the Valdivia River Basin (hereinafter, the “Norm” or “SWQSVR”). The Valdivia Mill discharges its treated effluents into the Cruces River, which is part of the Valdivia River Basin. We cannot exclude that

The Company and other local entities challenged the authority declare thatvalidity of the Basin is contaminated and thus initiate an administrative procedure to enact a decontamination plan, which may include limits on discharges of wastewater applicable toNorm before the Valdivia Mill.

Arauco expressedThird Environmental Court in January 2016, expressing concerns, among others, regarding various aspects of the Norm’s General Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (AGIES, for its acronym in Spanish), prior to its enactment.. These objections included the lack of identification and consideration for the effective economic and social costs resulting from the adoption of the Norm. Other objections includeincluded that the

Norm’s parameters and limits exceedexceeded the reviewed water quality criteria enforced by reference countries in both quantity and stringency; and that many of the parameters and limits arewere not technically or environmentally reasonable. The Company challenged the validity of the Norm before the Third Environmental Court in January 2016. Several technical, economical and legal reports from third parties (scientists, economists and attorneys from different countries) were filed to support the challenge. Other local actors challenged the Norm as well, such as Corporación para el Desarrollo de la Región de Los Rios (Association for the Development of Los Rios Region) CODEPROVAL (for its acronym in Spanish) and the local company Forestal Calle Calle S.A. The Third Environmental Court ruled in our favor on September 29, 2016, declaring the invalidity of the Norm. ThisNorm, which decision was challengedupheld by the government before the Supreme Court in July 2017.

In December 2017, the government restarted the rulemaking process and published a new draft SWQSVR for public comments. The draft proposes to regulate using practically the same parameters and limits included in the previous Norm declared void by the Supreme Court. In our opinion, the draft presents flaws similar to those detected in the previous rulemaking process, among others, the lack of identification and consideration of its actual economic and social costs and that most of its parameters and limits are not technically or environmentally reasonable. The public comment process finished in March 2018 and several comments from the public and different stakeholders were submitted, including various technical, economical and legal reports from third parties. According to applicable regulations, the government shall analyze and weigh the comments to prepare a final rulingdraft, prior to submitting for consideration by the Sustainability Ministers’ Committee (Consejo de Ministros para la Sustentabilidad) and the President of the Republic. Once the new norm enters into force, we cannot exclude that the authority may declare that the Valdivia River Basin is expected during 2017.contaminated and thus initiate an administrative proceeding to impose a decontamination plan, which may include new limits on discharges of wastewater applicable to the Valdivia Mill.

In the United States, our Moncure mill was subject to an administrative proceeding by the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources. We negotiated a settlement (Special Order by Consent) in 2015 with the Environmental Management Commission (an agency of the state of North Carolina), which included a monetary fine and an agreement to replace certain emissions control equipment. We expect thatArauco is pursuing an additional agreement with the administrative proceedingstate of North Carolina to be closedobtain additional time for modifications and acclimation of abatement equipment installed under such 2015 Special Order by October 1, 2018. Consent.

In 2016, the Moncure mill was subject to an administrative proceeding for alleged infringements by the North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (NCDEQ), which is currently ongoing. Correctivehas terminated, as corrective actions have been either proposed or executed, including ongoing training, the installation of alarms/interlocks and the installation of certain control devices. These actions are expected to begin and/or be completed by the end of 2017.

Our Eugene, Oregon mill was subject to an administrative proceeding by the Lane Regional Air Protection Agency. We negotiated a settlement that included monetary fines and an agreement to implement improvements to certain emissions control equipment and processes. The mill will be assessed a civil penalty and this should close the matter unless the mill fails to meet emission standards in future compliance testing. Additional proceedings, enforcement actions or claims related to compliance with environmental requirements or alleged environmental damages may also be brought against us in the future.

Any such proceedings or claims may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. See “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Us and the Forestry Industry—Company—Environmental concerns led to the temporary suspension of our operations at the Valdivia Mill in 2005, which adversely affected, and in the future may continue to adversely affect, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.”

Environmental concerns led to the temporary suspension of our operations at the Valdivia Mill in 2005, which adversely affected, and in the future may continue to adversely affect, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Our operations at the Valdivia Mill have been subject to environmental scrutiny by Chilean environmental regulators and the Chilean public since the mill began its operations in 2004. A variety of concerns and claims have been raised regarding the mill’s potential environmental impacts in the area. Primarily, it has been alleged that the mill’s operations impacted the habitat of the nearby Carlos Anwandter Nature Sanctuary and contributed to the migration and death ofblack-neck swans living in the area. In connection with an environmental administrative proceeding, environmental regulators required us to temporarily suspend operations at the Valdivia Mill for approximately one month in January 2005.

Until October 2007, our Valdivia Mill was under the jurisdiction of the COREMA of the Tenth Region of Chile, but due to a change in legislation creating two additional administrative regions in Chile, our Valdivia Mill became subject to the jurisdiction of the COREMA of the Fourteenth Region of Chile.

In February 2009, as previously required by the COREMA of the Tenth Region of Chile,environmental authorities, we submitted an environmental impact study for the construction of a pipeline to discharge the Valdivia Mill’s wastewater in the Pacific Ocean near Punta Maiquillahue, complying with the requirement that such wastewater be discharged in a body of water other than the Cruces River, the Carlos Anwandter Nature Sanctuary or their respective sources. In February 2010 through Exempt Resolution No. 27/2010,and October 2012, the COREMAenvironmental authorities approved this environmental impact study subject to additional conditions, certain of which we challenged before the Directive Council primarily because they would have prohibited the discharge of wastewater into the Cruces River under any circumstance, including emergencies. On October 23, 2012, the Committee of Ministers passed Exempt Resolution No. 1052, which upheld in part our appeal in permitting the discharge into the Cruces River upon the occurrence of certain contingencies that may affect the normal functioning of the conduction system and/or outfall, including bombings or sabotage, natural disasters, or accidents caused by third parties. On March 29, 2010, two Chilean individuals filed arecurso de participación ciudadana (reclamation action) before the COREMA of the Fourteenth Region of Chile, challenging Exempt Resolution No. 27/2010.some conditions. On April 30, 2013, the Committee of Ministers passed Exempt Resolution No. 391, which upheld in part such reclamation action, modifyingmodified certain paragraphs of Exempt Resolution No. 27/2010the above mentioned approval (establishing effluent discharge limits for 13 parameters). According to Chilean law, the environmental permit shall expire five years after its issuance, provided that the execution of the respective project had not begun. However, on May 16, 2014, the regional environmental authority issued letter No. 165 in which it recognized that although we have not yet carried out physical works with respect to the project, we have carried out systematic, uninterrupted and permanent activities towards its execution.

The construction and operation of the pipeline requested by the environmental authority in order to discharge the Valdivia Mill’s wastewater in a body of water other than the Cruces River, the Carlos Anwandter Nature Sanctuary or their respective sources, remains subject to many environmental, regulatory, engineering and political uncertainties. As of the date of this annual report, it has not been possible to obtain the relevant permits and authorizations for the project. As a result, we cannot provide any assurances that the project will be completed and that any deadline extensions would be granted, even if we comply with all the requirements that may

be set forth by those authorities. If the installation of the pipeline is delayed for reasons attributable to us, we may face sanctions that include warnings, fines or the revocation of the Valdivia Mill’s environmental permit for operation. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—Description of Business—Pulp—Pulp mills—Chile—Valdivia Mill” and “Item 8. Financial Information—Legal Proceedings.”

The suspension of operations at the Valdivia Mill in 2005 adversely affected our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Any future suspension of operations at the Valdivia Mill or at any other of our significant operating plants can be expected to have similar adverse effects. We offer no assurance that the Valdivia Mill, or our other mills, will be able to operate without further interruption. See “Item 8. Financial Information—Legal Proceedings.”

We have been subject to legal proceedings related to our mills which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

In April 2005, theConsejo de Defensa del Estado (National Defense Council), the Chilean national agency that institutes legal proceedings on behalf of the Chilean government, instituted a civil lawsuit seeking reparations, damages and indemnification from us for environmental harm caused into the Carlos Anwandter Nature Sanctuary allegedly caused by effluent discharges from our Valdivia Mill. On July 27, 2013, a civil court of Valdivia ruled that the alleged environmental events were mainly caused by the Valdivia Mill. We decided not to appeal this ruling, in order to create the conditions to shortly begin an effective implementation of measures in favor of thatsuch Nature Sanctuary, without the delay of further legal action. In April 2014, we agreed with and paid to the National Defense Council an indemnification amount of approximately U.S.$5,000,000. This indemnification iswas in addition to another payment of U.S.$5,000,000, which will be designatedused for social programs for the benefit of the community of Valdivia. There were four additional measures ordered by the ruling (though(although not included in the agreement with the National Defense Council), which were discussed by the members of theConsejo Científico Social (Social Council), which includes representatives fromof Arauco, the National Defense Council, academic institutions, NGOs and public authorities. These measures are:were: (i) conducting a study, within one year, undertaken by an interdisciplinary committee of experts, about the current status of the wetland (which has already been completed); (ii) creating an artificial sentinel wetland for representative species, upriver from the discharge of effluents;effluents (which has been constructed); (iii) implementation ofimplementing a monitoring program of environmental impact, within afive-year period; and (iv) creating a new research center focused on wetlands (Centro de Investigación de Humedales). The National Defense Council and Arauco have agreed upon the manner in which these measures have been implemented.

Since the end of 2004, we have been subject to various criminal proceedings relating to alleged violations of several environmental laws in Chile, some of which have been either terminated or abandoned by the prosecutor (decisión de no perseverar) as of the date of this annual report. See “Item 8. Financial Information—Legal Proceedings.However, in connection with the death of fish in the Cruces River in January 2014 close to the Valdivia Mill’s effluent discharge, in January 2019, the public prosecutor’s local office (in Mariquina) filed charges (“formalización de la investigación”) against five individuals, four of them currently working for the Company. This process will be under investigation for six months, which period could be extended for up to two years. Also in January 2019, the National Defense Council instituted a civil lawsuit seeking reparations from us for environmental harm allegedly caused by our Valdivia Mill in connection with the death of fish in the Cruces River in January 2014. The National Defense Council did not determine the damages in this lawsuit, which could be sought by theNational Defense Council in a separate proceeding before a civil court. The Company filed its defense in February 2019. The lawsuit remains under review by the court as of the date of this annual report. We cannot predict the outcome or impact of this lawsuit or when it may be resolved. If the result of such lawsuit is unfavorable to us, we may be required to conduct studies on ecosystems and biodiversity as well as to implement programs to both repopulate and monitor species under conservation. We may be required to incur in significant costs to repair any environmental harm a court determines we have caused, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

The commencement of similar criminal proceedings against Arauco at any time in the future could adversely affect some of our mills. We can neither predict the likelihood that we will face such similar proceedings in the future, nor the likely outcome or impact of any such proceedings.

We are also subject to certain administrative proceedings as a result of a pipe leakage in the Nueva Aldea Mill in 2013, the death of fish in the Cruces River event in January 2014, close to the Valdivia Mill effluent discharge, and a pipe leakage in the Arauco Mill in February 2016, allboth of which are currently under investigation by the competent authorities. In addition, in 2016 the Superintendence of the Environment initiated four administrative proceedings against the Valdivia, Nueva Aldea, Licancel and Constitución mills. In 2017, the Superintendence of the Environment initiated an administrative proceeding against the Arauco Mill. The proceedingsfirst part of the proceeding against the Valdivia Mill are ongoing,concluded in 2017. On December 15, 2017, the Superintendence of the Environment decided that the Valdivia Mill was liable for ten out of eleven charges and imposed a fine of 7,777 UTA (approximately U.S.$6.5 million as of December 2018). We appealed this decision on April 5, 2018 before the Third Environmental Court. A final decision by the Third Environmental Court is expected to be rendered during 2019 and may result in material administrative fines or sanctions,be further appealed before the revocation of environmental authorizations orSupreme Court. In 2016, the temporary or permanent closure of facilities. The Nueva Aldea and Constitución mills decided to submit compliance programs according to applicable regulations, both of which were approved by the Superintendence of the Environment. These programs require the mills to implement actions and/or make certain investments in connection with the charges made by the Superintendence. Once theseIn December 2018, the Nueva Aldea mill’s compliance program was officially terminated (“declaración de ejecución satisfactoria”) by the Superintendence of the Environment. With regard to the Constitución mill’s compliance program, once the activities have beenare completed, the proceedings will end. We expect that such proceedings will end in 2019. With regardsregard to the Licancel Mill, the Company filed its defense in June 2016. In February 2017, the Superintendence of the Environment found the Licancel Mill liable for three out of four charges and imposed a fine of 239 UTA (approximately U.S.$205,000). This decision was appealed before the above Superintendence. A final decision bySuperintendence, which on August 7, 2017, materially reduced the fine. Arauco paid the fine and this case was closed. Finally, with regard to the proceeding against Arauco Mill, the Company filed its defense in September 2017 and, in May 2018 the Superintendence is expected in 2017.of the Environment found the Arauco mill liable for two charges and imposed a fine of 699,6 UTA (approximately U.S.$635,000). Arauco paid the fine with a 25% reduction (taking advantage of a benefit established by Chilean law) and this case has been closed.

As a result of such proceedings, we cannot assure you that our mills will be able to operate without interruption. Any such interruption, or unexpected costs to resolve such proceedings, could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Our ability to access local and international credit or capital markets may be restricted at a time when we need financing, which could have a material adverse effect on our flexibility to react to changing economic and business conditions.

As of December 31, 2016,2018, we had approximately U.S.$4.5 billion of outstanding indebtedness. See “Management’s discussion“Item 5. Operating and analysisFinancial Review and Prospects—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of financial conditionFinancial Condition, Results of Operations and results of operations—Cash Flows—Liquidity and capital resources—Capital Resources—Contractual obligations.Obligations.” The economic environment prevailing at any point in time may prevent us from accessing, or restrict our access to, credit and capital markets to satisfy our financing needs, or we may not be able to refinance our existing indebtedness on terms that are favorable to us or at all. If we are unable to refinance our indebtedness as it becomes due, or if we refinance such indebtedness on terms that are not favorable to us, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

Material disruptions at any of our manufacturing, mills processing or remanufacturing facilities could negatively impact our financial results.

A material disruption at any of our manufacturing, processing or remanufacturing facilities could prevent us from satisfying customer demand for our products, meeting our production targets and/or require us to make unplanned capital expenditures, resulting in lower sales, which wouldcould have a negative effect on our financial results. Our Chilean facilities are located in a region known for seismic activity that exposes our facilities in Chile to the risk of earthquakes and, in some areas, to subsequent tsunamis.

In addition, our facilities (or any of our machines within an otherwise operational facility) could cease operations unexpectedly due to a number of events, including:

In connection with losses to our production plants, facilities and equipment caused by material disruptions, our insurance coverage may be insufficient. The incurrence of losses or other liabilities that are not covered by insurance could result in significant and unexpected additional costs. Moreover, the terms and conditions for the renewal of our insurance policies may change in the future depending upon market circumstances and the type and amount of risks insured. See “Item 4. Information on our Company—Description of Business—Insurance”.

Disease or fire could affect our forests and manufacturing processes and, in turn, adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Our operations are subject to various risks affecting our forests and manufacturing facilities, including disease and fire. Although to date certain pests and diseases afflicting radiata or taeda pine plantations in other parts of the world have not significantly affected the forestry industries in Chile, Argentina, Brazil or Uruguay, these pests or diseases may migrate and may significantly affect the forestry industries in Chile, Argentina, Brazil or Uruguay in the future. Similarly, forest fires are always a risk, particularly during low rainfall conditions. We do not maintain insurance against pests, diseases or,the forestry fires season that in certain areas, fires that could affect our forests, and as a result, our business, financial condition, resultsChile typically extends from the last quarter of operations and cash flows could be adversely affected if anyeach year through the southern hemisphere summer to the end of these risks were realized.the first quarter of the following year.

In January and February 2017, wildfires, exacerbated by high temperatures, the action of the winds, low atmospheric humidity and the complexity of combatting multiple focal points that appeared simultaneously in different places, broke out in the central and southern regions of Chile, and in respect of the Company, in the Maule and Bío Bío regions. As a consequence of such fires, the Company has suffered the burning of approximately 80,00072,500 hectares of forest plantations, which havehad a fair value in our accounting of approximately U.S.$240210 million, according to IFRS accounting rules. The affected forest plantations representrepresented approximately 6%5.6% of the IFRS value of the total of the forest plantations of the Company, and approximately to a 2%1.5% of the total assets of Arauco. The affected plantations will behave been managed by the Company in order to minimize the damage suffered as a consequence of the fires. It is estimated that this managing will permit a final recovery between 10% and 20% of the abovementioned accounting amount of U.S.$240 million. Additionally, the

The forest plantations affected by the fires havehad insurance coverage, with their corresponding deductibles and limitations. Aslimits. Based on the final report of the insurance appraisers, in October 2017 our subsidiary Forestal Arauco S.A. recovered a consequence, it is estimated that it will be possible to recover up to an amounttotal of U.S.$35 million, for this concept.after applying the U.S.$15 million deductible.

In turn,Also in 2017, our El Cruce sawmill, which is owned by our subsidiary Maderas Arauco S.A., was also materially affecteddestroyed by the wildfires. El Cruce sawmill had a book value of approximately U.S.$4.5 million and an annual production capacity of 115,881 cubic meters, representing approximately 4.2% of our total sawmill production capacity at the time of the event. AlthoughWith regard to the El Cruce sawmill was insured, our insurance is subject to deductiblesclaim, in October 2017 we recovered U.S.$50.9 thousand on account of affected inventory, and caps.

Duringin 2018, we received approximately U.S.$1.04 million (net of the deductible) on account of property damage. In addition, during the fourth quarter of 20142017, our Viñales sawmill and remanufacturing facility suffered a stoppage of seven days due to a wildfire.

During the first quarter2017-2018 forestry fire season, wildfires were considerably less severe than in the 2016-2017 season. Nevertheless, 587 hectares of 2015,the Company’s forest plantations burned in the 2017-2018 season (which represented 0.8% of the plantations affected by fires in the 2016-2017 season). The affected ourforest plantations had an accounting value of approximately U.S.$2.6 million, according to IFRS accounting rules, representing approximately 0.07% of the IFRS value of the Company’s total forest plantations and destroyed 8,570 hectares. approximately 0.02% of the total assets of Arauco.

During the fourth quarter of 2015 and the first quarter of 2016, fires affected our forest plantations and destroyed 618 hectares. During the fourth quarter of 2016 and the first quarter of 2017,2018-2019 forestry fire season, approximately 82,0401,579 hectares of our forest plantations were affected.

In connection with losses to our production plants, facilities and equipment caused by fires, our insurance coverage may be insufficient. We do not maintain insurance coverage against pests, diseases and, in certain areas, fires that could affect our planted forests. The incurrence of losses or other liabilities that are not covered by insurance could result in significant and unexpected additional costs. Moreover, the terms and conditions for the renewal of our insurance policies may change in the future depending upon market circumstances and the type and amount of risks insured. See “Item 4. Information on our Company—Description of Business—Insurance.”

Climate change may negatively affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

A significant number of scientists, environmentalists, international organizations, regulators and other commentators maintain that global climate change has contributed, and will continue to contribute, to the increasing unpredictability, frequency and severity of natural disasters (including, but not limited to, hurricanes, droughts, tornadoes, freezes, other storms and fires) in certain parts of the world. As a result, a number of legal and regulatory measures as well as social initiatives have been introduced in numerous countries in an effort to reduce carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions and combat global climate change. Such reductions in greenhouse gas emissions could result in increased energy, transportation and raw material costs and may require us to make additional investments in facilities and equipment. In addition, our plantations are located in regions which have ideal climatic conditions for a short growing cycle. Any climate changes that negatively affect such favorable climate conditions in central or southern Chile or in any region in which we benefit from favorable climate conditions could adversely affect the growth rate and quality of our plantations, or our production costs. Although we cannot predict the impact of changing global climate conditions, if any, or if legal, regulatory and social responses to concerns about global climate change, any such occurrences may negatively affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We may undertake mergers, acquisitions and investments to expand or complement our operations that could result in operating difficulties or otherwise adversely affect our business, financial conditions and results of operations.

From time to time, we carry out mergers, acquisitions and investments to expand or complement our operations. In connection with such transactions, we may be exposed to various risks, including those arising from: (i) not having accurately assessed the value, future growth potential, strengths, weaknesses and potential profitability of potential acquisition targets; (ii) difficulties in successfully integrating, operating, maintaining or managingnewly-acquired operations, including personnel; (iii) unexpected costs of such transactionstransactions; or (iv) unexpected contingent or other liabilities or claims that may arise from such transactions. If any of these risks were to materialize, it could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our operations could be adversely affected by labor action and contractual disputes.

Approximately 38%53% of our employees in Chile, 49% of our employees in Argentina, 25%30% of our employees in Uruguay, almost 100%9% of our employees in Brazil (although 100% are represented by the unions) and none of our employees in the United States or Canada were unionized as of December 31, 2016.2018. In the past, certain work slowdowns, stoppages and otherlabor-related disruptions have adversely affected our operations.

During 2016, inIn Chile we experienced seven(i) one stoppage during April 2018 (lasting nine days), (ii) three stoppages caused by employees of ourthird-party contractors. We experienced stoppages third party contractors in our Horcones complex caused by employees of our forestry contractors during February (lasting fourtwo days), April (lasting two days) and November (lasting five days) of 2017; (iii) seven separate occasions of blockades during 2016, which included stoppages in April (lastingthe Horcones complex for four days and another for one day). Access today; athree-day stoppage at the entrance of our El Colorado Saw Mill was blocked forsawmill; three daysone-day stoppages in 2016. Ourour Viñales Saw Mill experienced three stoppages, each lasting one day,sawmill during the months of April, August and November 2016. During May 2016,2016; and athree-stoppage in our Constitución Mill had its access blocked for three days. In Uruguay, on June 4, 2016, our mill’s activity was suspended for five days when employeesduring May 2016; (iv) four separate occasions of our logistics contractors blocked the access to the mill.

During 2015, transportation contractors blockedblocking the entrancesentrance of our Horcones complex (Chile) on four separate occasions, on January 13, February 17, March 2324, and September 21, 2015.

During 2014, there were two events of transportation contractors blocking2015; (v) aone-day stoppage at the entrance to our Valdivia mill. The first blockade wasPulp Mill on June 12, 2014 and lasted one day. The second wasaneight-day stoppage between August 29 and September 5, 2014. There were also2014, caused by employees of third party service providers; and (vi) four separate occasions of transportation contractors blocking the entrances of our Horcones complex on February 24 and 25, September 3, October 22 and 23, and November 20, 2014. During 2015, the pulp union carried out three work stoppages and blockades; the first event occurred on May 25, lasting three days, the second on August 3, lasting three days and the last one on September 1, which lasted 14 days.

In January 2013, weAt the end of 2017, the Constitución pulp mill and the Viñales sawmill and remanufacturing facility experienced afour-day40-day stoppage in Chile at the Arauco plywood mill in January 2013, caused by employeesworkers ofthird-party contractors. certain transportation companies.

In Chile, we alsoOur Argentine operations have experienced afour-daythe following work stoppagestoppages in July 2012 at our Arauco plywood mill located in Arauco, during which production partially resumed after the second day, which was caused by the employees of ourthird-party forestry contractors.

In January 2015, we experienced afive-day stoppage at Arauco Argentina’s mills in Misiones as a result of a road blockage led by the truckers’ union, and we also experiencedlast five years: (i) afour-day stoppage at Arauco Argentina’s pulp mill in December 2014, as a result of a strike by the pulp union.

During 2015, production shifts were reduced at the unit in Piray MDF and in the particleboard plant in Zarate (Argentina), in order to improve operational efficiencies. Although the shift reductions and communications were performed in accordance with the provisions of the Labor Contract Law, workers of the plant in Zarate went on strike, causingunion; (ii) asix-hour stoppage. Also during 2015, the pulp union carried out three work stoppages and blockades in Arauco Argentina’s pulp mill: the first event occurred on May 25 for 3 days; the second on August 3, also lasting 3 days; and the last one on September 1, which lasted 14 days.

During 2013, we experienced (i) a27-dayfive-day stoppage at Arauco Argentina’s Zarate mill in April 2013,Misiones in January 2015, as a result of a strikeroad blockage lead by the constructiontruckers union; (ii)(iii) atwo-day6-hour stoppage atin Arauco Argentina’s chemical mill in Zarate; and (iv) a stoppage of three days during May 2013,2015 and August 2015, as well as a result of a strike by the Santa Fe Federation of Labor; and (iii) aone-day14-day stoppage atduring September 2015 in Arauco Argentina’s pulp mill, in June 2013 and athree-day stoppage at Arauco Argentina’s pulp mill in October 2013, both as a result of a strike byPuerto Esperanza. During December 2018, we renewed the pulp union. During 2011 we experienced athree-day stoppage at Arauco Argentina’s chemical mill in March 2011, as a result of a strike bycollective bargaining agreement with the chemical union butthat represents the strike were limited to two hours per shift and did not materially affect operations.employees of Petroquímica General San Martín.

Our Brazilian operations have not experienced any work stoppages infor the last six years.eight years, other than a generalized truckers strike in 2018 that affected our operations. As a consequence of this event, the Company was prevented from receiving raw materials and dispatching products, and our employees could not easily access our Brazilian mills during such time, which resulted in a stoppage of ten days. As a result, transportation costs increased 25% in average, which directly affected the cost of our final product, rising them from 3% to 5% depending on the type of product.

During 2018, our Uruguayan operations did not experience any relevant work stoppages. Also, during 2018 and 2017, we entered into a labor agreement with unions representing the employees of our pulp mill and forestry nursery in Uruguay.

On June 4, 2016, the Montes del Plata mill’s activity was suspended for five days as a result of labor unrest involving employees of our logistics contractors, who blocked the access to the mill. Montes del Plata is the name of the 50/50 joint operation between Arauco and Stora Enso in Uruguay.

During 2014, we experienced 7.5 days of work stoppages during the final phase of construction at Montes del Plata in Uruguay and the start of operations, caused by contractors and third parties. During 2015, there were 28 minor events amounting to 5.5 days of work stoppages, caused by transportation and timber logistics contractors.

In September 2011, we experienced a21-day work stoppage of construction atDuring the Montes del Plata joint operation in Uruguay. In 2012, we experienced approximately 17 days oflast seven years, there have been no strikes or other material work stoppages at our U.S. and in 2013, approximately 33 days of work stoppages during the construction at Montes del Plata. These stoppages were caused by national and local strikes related to various labor conflicts mostly of Montes del Plata subcontractors.

Our Canadian and U.S. operations did not experience any work stoppages in 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 or 2016.subsidiaries.

We renewed allcollective-bargaining agreements that expired during 20162018 in Chile. We cannot assure you that a work slowdown, or a work stoppage or strike, will not occur prior to or upon the expiration of our labor agreements, and we are unable to estimate the extent to which any such work slowdown, stoppage or strike may adversely affect our sales.

In addition, we depend to a significant extent on employees of contractors to which we outsource a wide range of services including management of certain of our plantations and transportation of raw materials and products. On July 1, 2012, we commenced the process of insourcing the operation of 13 sawn timber industrial facilities, which had previously been managed bythird-party companies.

In the process, we hired 2,900 employees of thesethird-party companies. AsChile, as of December 31, 2016,2018, we had contracts with approximately 854377 contractors, who employed approximately 22,16519,153 employees. During 2018, we incorporated approximately 481 employees in the wood products business, who were previously employed by certain suppliers. Such employees work in the Horcones Complex, the Valdivia Complex, the Nueva Aldea Complex and the Arauco plywood mill. In June 2018, we also commenced an insourcing process in three forest nurseries that were previously managed by contractor companies, which involved the hiring of 715 employees directly.

In Brazil, as of December 31, 2018, we had contracts with approximately 73 contractors, who in turn employed approximately 477 employees.

Under Chilean and Brazilian labor legislation, we are secondarily liable for the payment of labor and the social security obligations owed to employees of our contractors. In Chile, in the event that we do not exercise the rights granted to us by the labor laws regarding the supervision of our contractors in their compliance of their labor and social security obligations, then our responsibility is elevated from secondary to joint and several, thus enabling an employee of a contractor to bring a claim relating to these obligations against both the contractor and us, as the party hiring such contractor, although the contractor would remain primarily liable for such obligations. Generally, we are also responsible for the health and safety conditions of the contractors’ workers and are obligated to ensure that the contractors comply with all obligations related to such conditions while such workers are performing activities for us within our corporate purpose.

In Argentina, substantially similar joint liability rules apply to a principal and its contractors. In addition, national rural labor law, Law No. 26,727, promulgated on December 28, 2011 and fully in effect since March 2013, permits contractor employees under forestry contracts to bring actions directly against the principal to whom the employees’ services are being provided, instead of requiring them to bring actions against the contractor. For work or services related to the ordinary production process of a principal, the law provides that an employment relationship is deemed to exist between the principal and the employee of the contractor.

Our U.S. operations must comply with the regulations of the Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) and the Federal Labor Standards Act (FLSA), among others.

Our Canadian operations must comply with the regulations of the Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA).

As a result of the foregoing, we may be affected by future strikes, work slowdowns, stoppages or otherlabor-related developments in the various countries in which we operate, including such developments attributable to employees of contractors performing outsourced services, and such strikes, slowdowns, stoppages or other developments could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects.

Cybersecurity events, such as a cyberattack could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations

Our business depends on information technology systems to effectively manage our production processes. Therefore, interruptions in these systems caused by employee error or attacks, external cyber-attacks, obsolescence or technical failures can deeply harm our business operations. Cybersecurity risks have generally increased in recent years as a result of the proliferation of new technologies and the increased sophistication and activities of cyberattacks. Any failure of our systems related to sensitive information could disrupt our business and result in production errors, processing inefficiencies and the loss of sales and customers, which in turn could result in decreased revenue, increased costs and excess orout-of-stock inventory levels.

Additionally, cyberattacks or internal actions, including negligence or misconduct of our employees and suppliers, may have a negative impact on our reputation, our relationship with external entities (government, regulators, partners, among others) and our strategic positioning with relation to our competitors. Any significant security breaches or disruptions in the performance of our information technology systems could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Risks Relating to Chile

Adverse changes in Chile’s political, legal, tax and economic conditions could directly impact our business and the market price of our securities.

As of December 31, 2016, 63.3%2018, 60.8% of our property, plant and equipment and forest assets were directly owned by Celulosa Arauco y Constitución S.A., and our Chilean subsidiaries, and in 2016, 59.9%2018, 61.8% of our revenues were attributable to our Chilean

operations. Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows depend, to a considerable extent, upon economic conditions in Chile. Future changes in the Chilean economy – affecting interest rates, inflation, tax rates or charges on imports and/or exports, among others – could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows and may impair our ability to proceed with our strategic plan of business. In addition, such changes may impact the market price of our securities. The Chilean government’s actions have had and may continue to have a material effect on private sector entities. We have no control over and cannot predict how government intervention and policies will affect the Chilean economy or, directly and indirectly, our operations and revenues.

The Chilean government has exercised and continues to exercise substantial influence over many aspects of the economy.

As a way of example, on September 29, 2014, Law No. 20,780 (as amended) introduced significant changes to the Chilean taxation system and strengthened the powers of theServicio de Impuestos Internos (Chilean IRS) to control, prevent, and counter tax evasion. The tax reform increased the income tax rates applicable to us, currently corresponding to 27%. In addition, the former SVS, through theOficio Circular 856 dated October 17, 2014, obliged companies under its supervision not to follow IFRS with respect to the effect of the tax reform on deferred taxes in the statutory financial statements filed with the SVS. Further amendments could affect our income tax rates. We cannot predict how tax reforms will affect, directly or indirectly, our operations and financial condition and the market price of our securities.

We have no control over and cannot predict how government intervention and policies will affect the Chilean economy or, directly and indirectly, our operations and revenues. Our operations and financial condition and the market price of our securities may be adversely affected by changes in policies involving exchange controls, taxation and other matters.

A tax reform bill with significant changes for companies was approved in September 2014 and the Chilean Superintendence of Securities and Insurance, or SVS, modified accounting reporting standards for companies under its supervision in October 2014.

On September 29, 2014, Law No. 20,780, as amended on February 8, 2016 by Law No. 20,899, collectively known as the “Tax Reform”, introduced significant changes to the Chilean taxation system and strengthened the powers of theServicio de Impuestos Internos(Chilean IRS) to control, prevent, and counter tax evasion. The Tax Reform contemplates, among other matters, changes to the corporate tax regime, creating two general tax regimes. Since January 1, 2017, Chilean companies are subject to thesistema parcialmente integrado(the partially integrated regime) or thesistema de renta atribuida (the deemed taxation regime). The partially integrated regime is the default regime for companies owned by legal entities and only those companies owned by natural persons ornon-resident taxpayers are eligible to opt for the deemed taxation regime. As a consequence, the default regime applies to Arauco and its Chilean subsidiaries, that is, the partially integrated system. Both regimes provide for the gradual increase of the corporate tax rate to 24% in 2016 (21% in 2014, 22.5% in 2015 and 24% in 2016). Depending on the tax regime applicable to a company, tax rates will gradually be increased to a maximum rate of 25% in 2017, in the case of the deemed taxation regime, or 27% in 2018, in the case of the partially integrated regime.

The Superintendence of Securities and Insurance issuedOficio Circular No. 856on October 17,2014, which instructs regulated entities to record as a charge to shareholders’ equity in their statutory financial statements the difference in deferred tax assets and liabilities that results from the increase in the tax rate set forth in Law No. 20,780. The impact of this circular has been incorporated in the statutory financial statements which are used to determine the distributable income. This circular differs from International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), which requires the impact to be recorded as part of the income statement. However, the financial statements that we prepared and filed with the SVS as of and for the periods ended September 30 and December 31, 2014, 2015 and 2016, account for deferred taxes in accordance withOficio Circular No. 856.

In the attached financial statements prepared in accordance with IFRS, the effect of the change in the tax rate of first category in assets and liabilities relating to deferred taxes resulted in an expense of U.S.$292,717,000 (U.S.$292,155,000 attributable to owners of the parent) has been recorded in the income statement for the year ended December 31, 2014.

Further amendments could affect our income tax rates. We have no control and cannot predict how such amendments will affect, directly or indirectly, the Chilean economy or our operations and revenues. Our operations and financial condition and the market price of our securities may be adversely affected by changes in policies involving exchange controls, taxation and other matters. Furthermore, the change imposed by SVS byOficio Circular 856 dated October 17, 2014 obliging companies under its supervision not to follow IFRS could lead investors to improperly determine Arauco’s results with respect to the effect of the tax reform on Arauco’s deferred taxes.

Chile has different corporate disclosure standards from those with which you may be familiar in the United States, and Chile’s securities laws may not afford you the same protections as U.S. securities laws.

The securities disclosure requirements applicable to certain foreign private issuers differ from those applicable to issuers domiciled in the United States in some important respects. Accordingly, the information about us available to you will not be the same as the information disclosed by a U.S. company required to file reports with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or the “SEC”.“SEC.”

In addition, although Chilean law imposes restrictions on insider trading and price manipulation, applicable Chilean securities laws and regulations are different from those in the United States, and some investor protections available in the United States may not be available in the same form, or at all, in Chile.

Currency fluctuations may have a negative effect on our financial results.

The Chilean peso has been subject to depreciations and appreciations in the past and may be subject to significant fluctuations in the future. We transact a significant portion of our business in U.S. dollars, and the U.S. dollar is the currency of the primary economic environment in which we operate. A portion of our operating costs, however, areis denominated in Chilean pesos. An increase in the Chilean peso/U.S. dollar exchange rate increases our Chileanpeso-denominated costs.

In addition, as an international company operating in Chile and several other countries, we transact a portion of our business and have assets and liabilities in Chilean pesos and othernon-U.S. dollar currencies, such as the Euro, the Argentine peso, the Uruguayan peso, the Brazilian real, the Colombian peso, the Mexican peso and the Canadian dollar, among others. To the extent that the Chilean peso depreciates against the U.S. dollar, our domestic revenues may be adversely affected when expressed in U.S. dollars. The same effects may occur for our domestic sales in Argentina, Brazil and Canada, or other countries where we have operations for revenues related to products sold in each of the respective local currencies. As a result, fluctuations in the exchange rates of such foreign currencies relative to the U.S. dollar may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Risks Relating to Argentina

The economic conditions in Argentina may adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

As of December 31, 2016, 9.1%2018, 7.8% of our property, plant and equipment and forest assets were owned by our Argentine subsidiaries, and in 2016, 8.7%2018, 8.1% of our revenues were attributable to our Argentine operations. The financial condition and results of our Argentine operations, including the ability of our Argentine subsidiary Arauco Argentina S.A. (or “Arauco Argentina”, formerly known as Alto Paraná S.A.), to raise capital, depend, among other factors, upon economic conditions prevailing in Argentina. See “Item 4. Information on our Company—Description of Business—History.”

There are various aspects of the Argentine economy that could adversely affect our operations, including, among others, inflation, interest rates, foreign exchange controls and taxes. Between 2001 and 2016, there have been several monetary and currency exchange control measures implemented in Argentina, which have included the obligation to repatriate foreign currency earned abroad and tight restrictions on transferring funds abroad, with certain exceptions for authorized transactions. In 2016 certainand 2017, most of these measures have beenwere eliminated or relaxed by the new Argentine administration that took office as of December 10, 2015. After moving quickly to eliminateforeign-exchange restrictions and shifting to a more flexible exchange rate, the government announced its intention to reduce inflation gradually. However, during 2018, the Argentine economy deteriorated due to certain factors such as (i) the increase in the U.S. interest rate, which partially caused capital outflows from Argentina leading to a depreciation of the Argentine peso and increased inflation; and (ii) a strong drought that affected soy crops, causing a sharp drop in U.S. dollar income derived from exports. In addition, during the second semester of 2018 the economy began to show signs of recession and the Argentine government adopted certain measures to contain fluctuations in exchange rates and aimed at reducing inflation. In this regard, an agreement for U.S.$57.1 billion was entered into with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), establishing a credit program requiring monetary restriction and certain fiscal reforms, including the adoption of an export tax. At the end of the year, the Argentina peso/U.S. dollar exchange rate had increased by 104.2% (year over year) and the inflation rate reached 47.6% (year over year).

We guarantee a portion ofIn 2017, we signed an intercompany loan with Arauco Argentina’s debt. We may be requiredArgentina for U.S.$250 million, which proceeds were used to fulfill our obligation under our guarantees ifrepay in full certain Arauco Argentina’s ability to transfer funds abroad to serviceArgentina debt that we guaranteed. During 2018, Arauco Argentina prepaid U.S.$90 million. Therefore, the balance due after such debtprepayment is restricted. For a description of Arauco Argentina’s debt which we guarantee see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Liquidity and Capital Resources.”U.S.$160 million.

Although past restrictions did not materially affect Arauco Argentina’s business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, including its ability to service its debt or transfer funds abroad, if in the future such payments are restricted, such restrictions would be an obstacle to Arauco Argentina’s ability to transfer money abroad, which may negatively affect itsour financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.flows would be negatively affected.

We have no control over and cannot predict how any future changes in economic policy or other changes in the Argentine economy could affect our operations and revenues in Argentina.

Risks Relating to Brazil

Economic conditions in Brazil may have a direct impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

As of December 31, 2016, 8.9%2018, 9.0% of our property, plant and equipment and forest assets were owned by our Brazilian subsidiaries, and in 2016, 7.4%2018, 8.4% of our revenues were attributable to our Brazilian operations. See “Item 4. Information on our Company—Description of Business.” As a result of the foregoing, to a certain extent, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows will be dependent on economic conditions in Brazil.

The Brazilian government has exercised, and continues to exercise, significant influence over the Brazilian economy. Brazilian political and economic conditions have a direct impact on our business.

The Brazilian government has exercised and continues to exercise a substantial influence over many aspects of the Brazilian economy. The Brazilian government’s actions to control inflation and other policies and regulations have often involved, among other measures, wage and price controls, currency devaluations, capital controls and limits on imports. The business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of our Brazilian subsidiaries may be adversely affected by such matters, changes in policy or regulation involving tariffs and exchange controls, as well as by factors such as:

The Brazilian government’s actions have had and may continue to have a material effect on private sector entities, including our operations in Brazil. We have no control over and cannot predict how government intervention and policies will affect the Brazilian economy or, directly and indirectly, our operations and revenues.

Future economic, social and political developments in Brazil may adversely affect the business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of our Brazilian subsidiaries.

Inflation and efforts by the Brazilian government to combat inflation may contribute significantly to economic uncertainty in Brazil and could harm the business of our Brazilian subsidiaries.

Brazil has, in the past, experienced high rates of inflation. More recently, Brazil’s rates of inflation were 5.8% in 2012, 5.9% in 2013, 6.4% in 2014, 10.7% in 2015, and 6.3% in 2016, 3.0% in 2017 and 3.8%% in 2018, as measured by theÍndice de Preços ao Consumidor-Amplo(Brazilian Consumer Price Index). In the past, inflation, governmental measures to combat inflation and public speculation about possible future actions have had significant effects on the Brazilian economy and on the financial condition and results of operation of business, such as ours, operating in Brazil.

Fluctuations in the value of Brazil’s currency against the value of the U.S. dollar may result in uncertainty in the Brazilian economy, which may adversely affect the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of our recently acquired Brazilian subsidiaries.

The Brazilian real has historically suffered frequent devaluation. In the past, the Brazilian government has implemented various economic plans and exchange rate policies, including sudden devaluations, periodicmini-devaluations during which the frequency of adjustments has ranged from daily to monthly, floating exchange rate systems, exchange controls and dual exchange rate markets. Depreciation over shorter periods has resulted in significant fluctuations in the exchange rate between the Brazilian real and the U.S. dollar and other currencies.

For example, the Brazilian real depreciated against the U.S. dollar by 47.7%1.8% in 20152017 and appreciated by 16.4%14.6% in 2016.2018. The Brazilian real/U.S. dollar exchange rate between the Brazilian real and the U.S. dollar may continue to fluctuate and may rise or decline substantially fromcompared to current levels. From January 1 to March 31, 20172019 the Brazilian real depreciatedappreciated by 3.7%0.90%. with respect to the U.S. dollar. The cost of many raw materials is closely correlated with the U.S dollar, so, if the Brazilian real appreciates against the U.S dollar, the cost of production will decrease and our EBTIDA margin would increase.

Devaluation

Fluctuations of the Brazilian real and currency instability may adversely affect our results of operation and financial condition in terms of U.S. dollars and could adversely affect the ability of our Brazilian subsidiaries to meet their foreign currency obligations in the future and could result in a monetary loss relating to these obligations.

Risks Relating to Uruguay

Economic conditions in Uruguay, or the failure of Montes del Plata and its affiliates to service their debt, may have a direct impact on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

As of December 31, 2016, 15.8%2018, 15.6% of our property, plant and equipment and forest assets were owned by Montes del Plata and its affiliates in Uruguay, and in 2016, 7.2%2018, 8.0% of our revenues were attributable to the Uruguayan operations of Montes del Plata. See “Item 4. Information on our Company—Description of Business.”

We have made significant investments in Uruguay and we may make additional investments in Uruguay in the future. See “Item 4. Information on our Company—Description of Business.” As a result, our financial condition and results of operations may consequently depend, to a certain extent, on political and economic conditions in Uruguay. Certain future actions by the Uruguayan government, including, among others, actions with respect to inflation, interest rates, foreign exchange controls and taxes, could have a material adverse effect on our operations in Uruguay.

Risks Relating to the United States and Canada

Economic conditions in the United States and Canada may have a direct impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

As of December 31, 2016, 2.5%2018, 6.4% of our property, plant and equipment and forest assets were owned by our U.S. subsidiaries, and in 2016, 12.6%2018, 10.1% of our revenues were attributable to our U.S. subsidiaries. See “Item 4. Information on our Company—Description of Business.”

As of December 31, 2016,2018, 0.4% of our property, plant and equipment and forest assets were owned by our Canadian subsidiaries, and in 2016, 4.2%2018, 3.6% of our revenues were attributable to our consolidated Canadian subsidiaries, which includes our Canadian subsidiaries’ operations in the United States. See “Item 4. Information on our Company—Description of Business.”

As a result of the foregoing, to a certain extent, our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows will be dependent on economic conditions in the United States and Canada.

Risks Relating to Other Markets

Our business, earnings and prospects may be adversely affected by developments in other countries that are beyond our control.

Our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows depend on the level of economic activity, government and foreign exchange policies and political and economic developments in our principal export markets. In 2014, 20152016, 2017 and 2016, 91.8%2018, 92.2%, 90.8%94.2% and 92.2%,95.2% respectively, of our total pulp sales, and 45.5%43.1%, 43.5%,42.6% and 44.5%42.7%, respectively, of our total sales of forestry wood and panelwood products, were attributable to exports, principally to customers in Asia, the Americas and Western Europe, collectively. Our business, earnings and prospects, as well as our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and the market price of our securities, may be materially and adversely affected by developments in these export markets relating to inflation, interest rates, currency fluctuations, protectionism, government subsidies, price and wage controls, exchange control regulations, taxation, expropriation, social instability or other political, economic or diplomatic developments. For example, certain target countries to which we export may impose buying restrictions in our industry, which may adversely affect our sales. We have no control over these conditions and developments which could adversely affect us and our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows or the price or market of our securities.

Developments in other emerging and developed markets may adversely affect the market price of our securities and our ability to raise additional financing.

Our financial condition and the market price of our securities may be adversely affected by declines in the international financial markets and world economic conditions. Chilean securities markets are, to varying degrees, influenced by general economic, political, social and market conditions in other emerging and developed market countries, especially those in the United States, Europe, China and Latin America. Investors’ reactions to developments in one country can affect the securities markets and the securities of issuers in other countries, including Chile. Negative developments in the international financial markets in the future could adversely affect the market price of our securities and impair our ability to raise additional capital.

Risks Relating to Our Securities

Thenon-payment of funds by our subsidiaries could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and ability to service our debt, including our securities.

Our cash flow and our ability to service debt is dependent, in part, on the cash flow and earnings of our subsidiaries and the payment of funds by those subsidiaries to us, in the form of loans, interest, dividends or otherwise. Our subsidiaries are separate and distinct legal entities and have no obligation, contingent or otherwise, to pay any amounts due under the terms of our securities or to make any funds available for such purpose.

Furthermore, claims of creditors of our subsidiaries, including trade creditors, will have priority over our creditors, including holders of our securities, with respect to the assets and cash flow of our subsidiaries. Our right to receive assets of any of our subsidiaries upon their liquidation or reorganization (and the consequent right of the holders of our securities to participate in those assets) will be effectively subordinated to the claims of that subsidiary’sour subsidiaries’ creditors.

Changes in Chilean tax laws could lead us to redeem our securities.

Under current Chilean law and regulations, payments of interest made from Chile to holders of debt securities who are neither residents nor domiciled or organized in Chile for purposes of Chilean taxation will, generally, be subject to Chilean withholding tax at a rate of 4.0%. Subject to certain exceptions, we will pay additional amounts (as described in “Item 10. Additional Information—Taxation”) so that the net amounts received by the holder of theour notes (including additional amounts) after such Chilean withholding tax will equal the amounts that would have been received in respect of the notes in the absence of such Chilean withholding tax. In the event of certain changes in Chilean tax laws requiring that we pay additional amounts that are in excess of the additional amounts that we would owe if payments of interest on our securities were subject only to a 4.0% withholding tax, we will have the right to redeem our securities.

Credit rating downgrades below investment grade could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and ability to service our debt, including our securities.

Credit rating agencies could downgrade our ratings either due to factors specific to us, a prolonged cyclical downturn in the forestry industry or macroeconomic trends (such as global or regional recessions) and trends in credit and capital markets more generally. Any decline in our credit rating would increase our cost of borrowing and may significantly harm our financial condition, results of operations and profitability, including our ability to refinance our existing indebtedness.

In October 2012, citing soft pulp prices and our increased leverage due to the Flakeboard acquisition and the construction of the Montes del Plata pulp plant in Uruguay, Fitch Ratings, or Fitch, downgraded our foreign and local currency Issuer Default Ratings (IDR) to “BBB” from “BBB+,” in addition to downgrading our national scale rating from “AA (cl)” to“AA- (cl).” Fitch also downgraded the foreign currency IDR of Arauco Argentina, to “BBB” from “BBB+.” The unsecured debt issued by Arauco Argentina and Arauco in Chile was also downgraded to “BBB” and“AA- (cl),” respectively, from “BBB+” and “AA.” On February 6, 2013, Feller Rate, a Chilean subsidiary of Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services, or S&P, lowered our national scale rating to“AA-” from “AA”, citing the adoption of an aggressive financial policy combined with a cycle of low prices and increased costs of raw materials.

On March 7, 2013, Moody’s Investors Service, or Moody’s, downgraded our senior unsecured ratings to “Baa3” from “Baa2” with a negative outlook, citing deterioration in our performance coupled with a significant increase in debt that resulted in a significant increase in leverage. Additionally, Moody’s downgraded the rated notes of Arauco Argentina to “Baa3” from “Baa2”. On March 27, 2013, S&P lowered its rating on us from “BBB” to“BBB-”, citing high debt, our recent acquisitions, and soft pulp prices and rising operating costs. It considered our financial risk profile to be “intermediate” due to expectations of improved leverage.

On April 5, 2013, S&P lowered its corporate credit rating foreign currency on Arauco Argentina from “B+” to “B,” due to worsening business conditions in Argentina and our recent downgrade, as Arauco Argentina’s parent company, from “BBB” to“BBB-” on March 27, 2013. Then on September 13, 2013, the rating was downgraded again from “B” to“B-” following similar action on the Republic of Argentina which was lowered from“B-” to “CCC+.” On December 20, 2013, the foreign currency global scale rating on Arauco Argentina suffered its third downgrade from“B-” to “CCC+” to reflect the same transfer and convertibility risk assessment for Argentina, due to restrictions on access to foreign currency and/or restrictions on transferring money abroad.

On June 19, 2014, Moody’s changed our ratings outlook from negative to stable. Also, the Baa3 note rating of our ArgentineanArgentine subsidiary Arauco Argentina, was affirmed, and its outlook changed to stable.

On October 5, 2016, Fitch Ratings changed our ratings outlook from stable to negative, citing aslower-than-expected decline of our net leverage due to weak operational cash flows, which in turn were affected by lower pulp prices throughout the year.

On September 25, 2018, Fitch Ratings changed our ratings outlook from negative to stable, mentioning that the ratings were supported by the Company’s strong financial position and business position as alow-cost producer of market pulp.

On January 31, 2019, Feller Rate changed our local rating fromAA- to AA, stating that this change was attributable to the strategic plan of the Company, focused on high internationalization through investments and acquisitions, which has led to an improvement in business profile and main credit indicators.

We cannot assure you that we will not be subject to further credit rating downgrades. Credit rating downgrades below investment grade could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to service our debt, including our securities, which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Item 4. Information on our Company

DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS

We believe that as of December 31, 2016, we wereare one of Latin America’s largest forest plantation owners and that we are Chile’sone of the world’s largest exporterproducers of forestrybleached and timberunbleached softwood kraft pulp, bleached hardwood kraft pulp and wood products in terms of revenue.production capacity. We have industrial operations in Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, the United States Canada and Canada. We also have industrial operations in Uruguay, (viavia our 50% share in Montes del Plata),Plata, and in Spain, Portugal, Germany and South Africa, (viavia our 50% share in Sonae Arauco).Arauco. As of December 31, 2016,2018, we had more than 1.0 million hectares of plantations in Chile, Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay combined. During 2016, we harvested approximately 22.0 million cubic meters of sawlogs and pulplogs and sold approximately 7.9 million cubic meters of timber products, including sawn timber (green andkiln-dried lumber), remanufactured wood products, plywood and panels (medium density fiber board, or MDF, particleboard, or PBO, and high density fiber board, or HB). During 2016, we sold approximately 3.7 million tonnes of pulp in the form of hardwood bleached pulp, softwood bleached pulp, softwood unbleached pulp and fluff pulp.

Based on information published by Hawkins Wright Ltd., an independent research company for the pulp and paper industry, as of December 31, 2016,2018, we were one of the world’s largest producers of bleached hardwood kraft market pulp and bleached and unbleached softwood kraft market pulp in terms of production capacity, with an estimated 6.5% sharecapacity.

During 2018, we sold 3.7 million metric tons of pulp, in the total world production capacityform of hardwood bleached pulp, softwood kraft marketbleached pulp, softwood unbleached pulp and a 24.1% sharefluff. During 2018, we harvested 22.3 million cubic meters of the total world production capacitysawlogs and pulplogs and sold 8.2 million cubic meters of unbleached softwood kraft market pulp. “Market pulp” is pulp sold to manufacturers of paperwood products, as opposed to pulp produced by an integrated paper producer for use in its paper production facilities. “Kraft pulp” is pulp produced using a chemical process.

Based on information published by Hawkins Wright Ltd.including sawn timber (green and kiln-dried lumber), we were also one of the world’slowest-cost producers of softwood kraft market pulp. We believe that we are able to produce ourremanufactured wood products, at a lower cost than our competitors because of the high growth rateplywood and short harvest cycle of radiatapanels (medium-density fiberboard, or MDF, particleboard, or PBO, and taeda pine compared to other commercial softwoods, the advanced genetic and silvicultural techniques we apply in our forest management, our modern mill facilities and, in the case of Chile, the proximityhigh-density fiberboard, or HB). In 2018, export sales constituted approximately 67.8% of our operationstotal revenue. During 2018, sales in Asia, South and Central America and North America accounted for 40.1%, 23.4% and 24.8%, respectively, of our total revenue for such year.

As of December 31, 2018, our planted forests consisted of 64.7% radiata, taeda and elliottii pine and 33.0% eucalyptus. We seek to Pacific coast ports.manage our forestry resources in a way that ensures that the annual growth of our forests is equal to or greater than the volume of resources harvested each year. In 2018, we planted a total of 85,243 hectares, and harvested a total of 65,441 hectares in Chile, Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay.

History

Celulosa Arauco y Constitución S.A. is asociedad anónima (corporation) organized under the laws of Chile and subject to certain rules applicable tosociedades anónimas abiertas (Chilean public corporations). Our principal executive offices are located at Avenida El Golf 150, 14^th Floor, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile, and our telephone number is+56-2-2461-7200.

We were formed on September 14, 1979 in a merger between Industrias de Celulosa Arauco S.A., or Industrias Arauco, and Celulosa Constitución S.A., or Celulosa Constitución. Our two predecessor companies were created in the late 1960s and early 1970s by Corporación de Fomento de la Producción, or Corfo, a Chilean government development corporation, to develop forest resources, improve soil quality in former farming areas and promote employment. As part of the Chilean government’s privatization program, Corfo sold Industrias Arauco to Compañía de Petróleos de Chile S.A., or Copec, in 1977 and Celulosa Constitución to Copec in 1979. In October 2003, Copec transferred all of itsgasoline- andfuel-related business assets to a new subsidiary, and changed its legal name to Empresas Copec S.A., or Empresas Copec. See “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—Major Shareholders.”

In 1996, we acquired Alto Paraná S.A., an Argentine company (that, effective January 1, 2015, changed its name to Arauco Argentina S.A.), which, at the time of the acquisition, owned plantations and other land in Argentina and manufactured and sold bleached softwood kraft pulp. With this acquisition, we expanded our market opportunities outside of Chile.

In 2005, 2006 and 2007, we expanded our presence in Chile, Argentina and Brazil through a series of acquisitions that increased our land holdings and the production capacity of various sectors of our business.

On May 17, 2009, our subsidiary Inversiones Arauco Internacional Limitada (previously known as Arauco Internacional S.A.), or Arauco Internacional, and a subsidiary of Stora Enso agreed through a joint operation partnership to acquire the Uruguayan subsidiaries of ENCE, which acquisition was completed on October 16, 2009. The companies acquired by the joint operation partnership were Eufores S.A., Celulosa y Energía Punta Pereira S.A. and Zona Franca Punta Pereira S.A. The main assets of these subsidiariesUruguayan companies included 130,000 hectares of land, of which 73,000 had forestry plantations, 6,000 hectares under agreements with third parties, an industrial site, the necessary environmental permits for the construction of a pulp mill, a river terminal, a chip producing mill and a nursery. The agreed value of these assets, pursuant to the aforementioned transaction, was U.S.$335 million, of which we paid 50% (or U.S.$167.5 million). See “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Results of Operations.”

On August 26, 2009, our subsidiary Placas do Paraná S.A. (now, Arauco do Brasil S.A.) acquired 100% of the shares of Tafisa Brasil, by means of a share purchase agreement executed among SCS Beheer, B.V., Tafiber—Tableros de Fibras Ibéricos, S.L. (each of which is a subsidiary of Sonae Indústria, SGPS, S.A.) and Placas do Paraná S.A. Pursuant to the transaction, we paid a purchase price of U.S.$227 million, of which U.S.$165.2 million was allocated to pay the value of the shares of Tafisa Brasil, with the balance

corresponding to liabilities that the acquired company maintained. The primary asset of Tafisa Brasil (which has been renamed Arauco do Brasil S.A.) is a panel production facility located in the city of Piên, Brazil, which is in the state of Paraná. The facility has an annual total installed capacity of 750,000 cubic meters, which includes three production lines: two lines producing MDF and one line producing PBO. The facility also hasadded-value lines to produce products for the construction and furniture industries.

On September 27, 2009, Arauco and its subsidiary Inversiones Arauco Internacional, executed a series of joint operation agreements with Stora Enso, pursuant to which Stora Enso Amsterdam B.V. agreed to transfer the ownership of 100% of the shares of Stora Enso Uruguay S.A. to Forestal Cono Sur. As a consequence of this transaction, Arauco and Stora Enso equally control all assets that both companies own in Uruguay. Such joint operation, named Montes del Plata, is formed by the companies Forestal Cono Sur S.A., Stora Enso Uruguay S.A., Eufores S.A., Celulosa y Energía Punta Pereira S.A., Zona Franca Punta Pereira S.A., Ongar S.A., Terminal Logística e Industrial M’Bopicuá S.A.and El Esparragal Asociación Agraria de R.L.

In April 2010, our subsidiary Arauco do Brasil S.A. acquired 50% of the shares of Dynea Brasil S.A. from Dynea AS for U.S.$15 million. As a result of this acquisition, we became the owner of 100% of the shares of Dynea Brasil S.A., which was absorbed by Arauco do Brasil S.A. in May 2010.

On January 18, 2011, as per the Montes del Plata joint operation, Arauco and Stora Enso agreed to carry out the construction of a state of the art pulp mill with an annual capacity of 1.3 million tonnes, a port and a power producing unit based on renewable sources, all located in Punta Pereira in the department of Colonia, Uruguay. The total investment was approximately U.S.$2.5 billion. The pulp mill entered the production phase in June 2014 and reached full production capacity in October 2015.

In November 2011, Centaurus Holdings S.A., a Brazilian company that is 51% owned by Klabin S.A. and 49% owned by our subsidiary Arauco Forest Brasil S.A., acquired the shares of Florestal Vale do Corisco Ltda., which has 107,000 hectares of land in the Brazilian state of Paraná. The total purchase price for the transaction was U.S.$473.5 million, of which we paid 49%. On May 31, 2012, Centaurus Holdings S.A. was absorbed by Florestal Vale do Corisco Ltda.

In 2011, Arauco Argentina acquired 100% of the shares of Greenagro S.A. or Greenagro, a company duly incorporated under the laws of Argentina, for a total purchase price of U.S.$10.7 million. Greenagro is engaged in forestry activities in the area of Isla Victoria, province of Entre Ríos, Argentina.

In 2012, Arauco Panels USA, one of our U.S. subsidiaries, acquired an industrial facility in Moncure, North Carolina, for U.S.$56 million plus approximately U.S.$6 million in respect of working capital, subject to adjustment based on actual working capital at closing. The facility includes MDF andhigh-density fiberboard, or HDF, production lines with annual production capacity of up to 330,000 cubic meters, a PBO production line with annual production capacity of up to 270,000 cubic meters and two melamine product production lines. This transaction closed in January 2012.

On June 7, 2012, we signed a share purchase agreement to acquire 100% of the shares of Flakeboard Company Limited or Flakeboard, a Canadian company, for a total purchase price of U.S.$242.5 million. Flakeboard is a key North American producer of wood paneling for furniture. It owns and operates seven panel mills in Canada and the U.S. with an aggregate annual production capacity of 1.2 million cubic meters of MDF panels, an annual production capacity of 1.2 million cubic meters of PB,PBO, and an annual production capacity of 634,000 cubic meters of melamine. This transaction closed in September 2012.

During the second quarter of 2013, ourwholly-owned forestry subsidiaries—Bosques Arauco S.A., Forestal Valdivia S.A., Forestal Arauco S.A., and Forestal Celco S.A.—were merged with and into Forestal Celco S.A. This process started on July 1, 2013, when Bosques Arauco was merged with and into Forestal Valdivia. Subsequently, on September 1, 2013, Forestal Valdivia was merged with and into Forestal Arauco. On December 1, 2013, Forestal Arauco was merged with and into Forestal Celco. Finally, in May 2014, Forestal Celco changed its name to Forestal Arauco S.A.

On July 28, 2015, Mahal Empreendimentos e Participações S.A., a Brazilian company, of which our subsidiary Arauco Forest Brasil S.A. owned 84.53% (at the time of the purchase mentioned below) and Empreendimentos Florestais Santa Cruz Ltda. owned 15.47%, acquired 37,625 hectares of land in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul. The total purchase price for the transaction was U.S.$53 million.

On October 27, 2015, our subsidiary Arauco Forest Brasil S.A acquired 51% of the shares of Novo Oeste Gestão de Ativos Florestais S.A. As a result of this acquisition, we became the ownerowners of 100% of the shares of Novo Oeste Gestão de Ativos Florestais S.A., which has 26,229 hectares of forestry plantations in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul.

On December 1, 2015, Arauco’swholly-owned subsidiaries Paneles Arauco S.A., Aserraderos Arauco S.A. and Arauco Distribución S.A. were merged into Paneles Arauco S.A., company which will operateoperates in the wood products segment (previously referred to as timber segment,segment), including in the panel and sawmill businesses. In August 2016, Paneles Arauco S.A. changed its name to Maderas Arauco S.A.

On November 30, 2015, our subsidiary Inversiones Arauco Internacional, Limitada, entered into a share purchase agreement with Sonae Industria, (“or Sonae,”) under which the purchase of 50% of the shares of a Spanish subsidiary of Sonae, currently named

Tableros de Fibras S.A., was agreed, along with the name change to “Sonae Arauco”. According with the executed agreements, both Sonae and Arauco agreed to jointly control Sonae Arauco. On May 31, 2016, we closed the Sonae Arauco transaction. The price paid was the amount of €137,500,000 (equivalent to U.S.$153.1 million at the time of the purchase). Sonae Arauco and its subsidiaries produce market wood panels, of the OSB, MDF and PBPBO type, and sawn timber through the operation of: (i) two panel plants and one sawmill in Spain; (ii) two panel plants and one resin plant in Portugal; (iii) four panel plants and one impregnation papers plant in Germany, (iv) and two panel mills in South Africa. In the aggregate, the production capacity of Sonae Arauco is approximately 460,000 cubic meters of OSB, 1,450,000 cubic meters of MDF, 2,270,000 cubic meters of particleboards and 100,000 cubic meters of sawn timber.

On October 25, 2016, Arauco informed the approval by its board of directors of the commencement of the construction of the “MDP Grayling” project, which willto be located in the State of Michigan, United States of America. Such project will be carried out by our U.S. subsidiary Flakeboard America Limited. The project comprises the construction and operation of a plant that will manufacture medium-density particle board, or MDP. Arauco expects that the production capacity of the plant will be 800,000 cubic meters of finished product per year, of which approximately 300,000 cubic meters will be coated with melamine paper. Arauco expects that the Project will commenceThe project started its operations by the end of 2018 and that its sales will exceed U.S.$200 million per year.2019’s first quarter. The execution of this project requiresrequired an estimated investment of U.S.$400450 million, which arewas financed using Arauco’s own resources and bank loans.

On September 13, 2017, Arauco announced the approval by its board of directors of the “Dissolving Pulp” project, relating to the Valdivia mill, which aims to diversify the type of pulp produced in the Valdivia mill, by enabling it to produce dissolving pulp. Arauco estimates that this project will require an investment of approximately U.S.$190 million (as revised in 2018). This project will be carried out in the current facilities of the Valdivia mill, implementing certain adjustments and incorporating new equipment. Among others, the project contemplates the installation of two new additional digesters to optimize the production level of dissolving pulp, a new discharging tank (storing process) of pulp and certain modifications to the treatment areas. In addition, the project is expected to be financedincrease the Valdivia’s mill capacity to inject energy to the Chilean power grid (Sistema Eléctrico Central, or SEN, formerly theSistema Interconectado Central) from the current units of the mill. We expect that this project will start operations at the end of 2019.

On December 6, 2017, our Brazilian subsidiary Arauco do Brasil S.A. purchased from Masisa S.A., or Masisa, all of the equity rights in Masisa do Brasil Ltda., currently named Arauco Indústria de Painéis Ltda. The enterprise value of the transaction was U.S.$102.8 million, subject to certain deductions made under the contract. The main assets owned by Masisa do Brasil Ltda. consist of two industrial complexes located in Ponta Grossa (Paraná) and in Montenegro (Rio Grande do Sul). They have a line of MDF boards with an annual installed capacity of 300,000 m3, a line of MDP boards with a current annual installed capacity of 500,000 m3, and four lines of melamine coating, with a total annual installed capacity of 660,000 m3. The amount paid for the equity rights of Masisa do Brasil Ltda. was U.S.$ 32.9 million.

On December 19, 2017, Arauco’s own resources.subsidiaries Arauco Internacional and AraucoMex, S.A. de C.V., agreed with the Chilean company, Masisa, the purchase of all of the shares of Masisa’s Mexican subsidiaries, namely Maderas y Sintéticos de México, S.A. de C.V., Maderas y Sintéticos Servicios, S.A. de C.V., Masisa Manufactura, S.A. de C.V., Placacentro Masisa México, S.A. de C.V. and Masnova Química, S.A. de C.V., or Masisa’s Mexican Subsidiaries. The transaction closed on January 31, 2019 as detailed below.

On July 24, 2018, the project for the Modernization and Expansion of the Arauco Mill (Proyecto Modernización y Ampliación de la Planta Arauco, or MAPA project) was approved by the board of directors of the Company. The MAPA project contemplates an estimated investment of U.S.$2,350 million and is located at the commune and province of Arauco, in the Bio Bio Region, Chile. The project consists of the constructionand start-up of a new production line of 1,560,000 annual tonnes of bleached hardwood kraft pulp (Line 3). Line 1 of the Arauco Mill will cease its operations once the Line 3 comes online. Therefore, this project is expected to increase the net production of the Arauco Mill by approximately 1,270,000 tonnes of pulp, reaching a total production capacity of approximately 2,100,000 annual tonnes. We expect that this project will start operations in the second quarter of 2021.

On January 31, 2019, Arauco’s subsidiaries Arauco Internacional and AraucoMex, S.A. de C.V., acquired the shares of the Masisa’s Mexican Subsidiaries. The price of the transaction was U.S.$160 million. The main assets acquired consist of two industrial complexes located in Durango and Zitácuaro, that jointly account for three particleboard (PBO) lines with an annual installed capacity of 339,000 m³; an MDF boards line of with an annual installed capacity of 220,000 m³; melamine coating (or TFL) lines with an annual installed capacity of 309,000 m³; a chemical plant with an installed capacity of 60,000 tonnes of resins and 60,600 tonnes of formaldehyde; and impregnation lines with an aggregate annual installed capacity of 28.9 million of m². Further, one of Masisa’s Mexican Subsidiaries, i.e. Maderas y Sintéticos de México, S.A. de C.V., is the lessee of a chemical plant in Lerma, with an installed capacity of 43,200 tonnes of resins and 21,600 tonnes of formaldehyde.

Our principal executive offices are located at Avenida El Golf 150, 14^th Floor, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile, and our telephone number is+56-2-2461-7200. Our website is www.arauco.cl or www.arauco.com. The SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC (http://www.sec.gov).

Corporate Structure

We are substantially wholly owned by Empresas Copec S.A., a public company listed on the Santiago Stock Exchange, the Valparaíso Stock Exchange and the Chilean Electronic Stock Exchange. Empresas Copec is a holding company, the principal interests of which are in Arauco, gasoline and gas distribution, electricity, fishing and mining. See “Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—Major Shareholders.”

The following table sets forth our ownership interests in our subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016.2018.

Business Strategy

Our business strategy is to maximize theconsists of focusing on maximizing value of our forest plantations byfrom, and pursuing sustainable growth opportunities inwith respect to, our core businessesforestland, managing our operations sustainably and expanding into new markets and products.developing products that contribute to an economy based on renewable resources that we believe improves the quality of life of millions of people around the world. We are implementingseek to implement our business strategy through the following principles and initiatives:

Domestic and Export Sales

The following table sets forth our revenuerevenues derived from exports and domestic sales for the years indicated.

The following table sets forth a geographic market breakdown of our export revenuerevenues for the years indicated.

Forestry Activity

Radiata pine grows at the fastest rates within a narrow band of latitude and under certain climatic conditions. One of Chile’s main advantages in the forestry products industry lies in the short growing cycle of its radiata pine plantations. The faster growth rate of radiata pine trees in Chile allows harvesting of pulplogs and sawlogs 16 to 18 years after planting and of high quality sawlogs 25 years after planting. For most temperate softwood forests in the Northern Hemisphere this range is 18 to 45 years for pulplogs and 50 to 150 years for high quality sawn timber. Consequently, the Chilean forestry industry is a relativelylow-cost producer, since a Chilean producer generally requires less time and a smaller area to produce the same volume of pine as its North American or European competitors, who face lower forest growth rates and higher transportation and investment costs as a result of the larger tracts of forests necessary to produce equivalent yields of softwood. Accordingly, since themid-1970s, we have focused our forest management toward the application of advanced genetic and silviculture techniques to increase productivity and the quality of our plantations.

Eucalyptus, which we began planting in 1989, grows well in the forest regions of Chile. Once planted, eucalyptus trees require no further forest management (other than fire control and reduction of weeds) until harvest. The average harvest cycle of eucalyptus plantations is approximately 12 years. Once harvested, eucalyptus can be replanted or regrown.

Throughout our history, we have demonstrated a continued commitment to the improvement of our forest management policies. We have adopted environmentally sensitive policies towards our holdings of native forests, which are protected and preserved in their entirety. Our products come from our established plantations only; we do not sell any products derived from our native forests. We conduct our forestry operations in accordance with current legislative and environmental sustainability standards. Certain of our subsidiaries have received various environmental certifications as of the date of this annual report, which include, but are not limited to the following:report. See “Item 4. Information on our Company—Certifications.”

Forest Plantations

The information in this section refers to 100% of the plantations owned by Forestal Arauco S.A. (Chile), 80% of the plantations owned by Forestal Los Lagos S.A., 100% of the plantations owned by Arauco Argentina, 50% of the plantations we own in Uruguay through the Montes del Plata joint operation, 100% of the plantations owned by Arauco Forest Brasil, 80% of the plantations owned by Arauco Florestal Arapoti and 100% of the plantations owned by Mahal Empreendimentos e Participacoes S.A,S.A., unless otherwise mentioned.

As of December 31, 2016,2018, our planted forests consisted of 67.9%64.7% radiata, taeda and elliottii pine and 29.9%33.0% eucalyptus. Radiata, taeda and elliottii pine have a rapid growth rate and a short harvest cycle compared to other commercial softwoods. These pine species are sufficiently versatile for both the production of forestry and timber and the production oflong-fiber pulp for sale to manufacturers of paper and packaging. Eucalyptus is used to produceshort-fiber pulp for sale to manufacturers of paper and tissue.

We seek to manage our forestry resources seeking to ensure that the annual growth of our forest is equal to or greater than the volume of resources harvested each year. In 2016,2018, Arauco planted a total of 65,98585,243 hectares and harvested a total of 63,07865,441 hectares in Chile, Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. We believe that our annual harvests and plantations,long-term sustainable equilibrium is approximately 72.8 thousand hectares.

Our planted radiata pine forests are located in central and southern Chile, and most are located in close proximity to our major production facilities. As of December 31, 2016,2018, our aggregate radiata pine holdings comprised 41%39.0% of all Chilean radiata pine plantations, making us the country’s largest radiata pine plantation owner according to the Chilean Forestry Institute.plantations. As of December 31, 2016,2018, we owned approximately 1.1 million hectares of land in Chile, of which 718674 thousand hectares are forest plantations.

As of December 31, 2016,2018, we owned approximately 263,384263,213 hectares of forest and other land in Argentina, approximately 181,298249,324 hectares of forest and other land in Brazil and approximately 122,609125,843 hectares of forest and other land that Montes del Plata owns in Uruguay. Of the total land we own in Uruguay through Montes del Plata, 100% is planted with eucalyptus: dunnii (80%(91.9%), globulus (6%(1.1%), grandis (6%(3.3%) and other species (8%(3.7%).

Of the total land we own in these fourthree countries, approximately 144,734165,921 hectares of land isare planted with taeda pine and elliottii pine, both species of softwood that hashave a growth rate similar to that of radiata pine.pine, and 157,564 hectares with eucalyptus. The balance includes plantations of other species of trees, land to be planted, protected areas and native forests.

The following table sets forth the number of hectares and types of uses of our land holdings and rights, as of December 31, 2016.2018.