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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Table of Contents

As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on July 7, 2011October 13, 2020.

Registration No. 333-            333-249224


UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549


FORM S-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENTAmendment No. 3 to

UNDERFORM S-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT
UNDER
THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933


SUNSHINE SILVER MINES CORPORATION

GATOS SILVER, INC.†
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Delaware

104027-2654848

(State or Other Jurisdiction of
Incorporation or Organization)
 1040
(Primary Standard Industrial
Classification Code Number)
 27-2654848
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification Number)

370 17th Street,8400 E. Crescent Parkway, Suite 3800

Denver,600
Greenwood Village, CO 80202

80111
(303) 784-5350


(Address, Including Zip Code, and Telephone Number, Including
Area Code, of Registrant’sRegistrant's Principal Executive Offices)


Stephen Orr

Executive Chairman and Acting Stephen Orr
Chief Executive Officer

and Director
Sunshine Silver MinesMining & Refining Corporation

370 17th Street,
8400 E. Crescent Parkway, Suite 3800

Denver,600
Greenwood Village, CO 80202

80111
(303) 784-5350


(Name, Address, Including Zip Code, and Telephone Number, Including Area Code, of Agent For Service)


Copies to:

Copies to:


Richard D. Truesdell, Jr., Esq.


Derek Dostal
Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP


450 Lexington Avenue


New York, New YorkNY 10017


(212) 450-4000


 


Michael J. Zeidel Esq.

Riccardo Leofanti, Esq.


Ryan J. Dzierniejko
Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP

Four Times Square


One Manhattan West
New York, NY 10036

10001
(212) 735-3000

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: public:
As soon as practicable after the effective date of this Registration Statement.

If any of the securities being registered on this formForm are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box.    ¨o

If this formForm is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.    ¨o

If this formForm is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.    ¨o

If this formForm is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.    ¨o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large"large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”" "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and “smaller reporting company”"emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ¨o

 Accelerated filer ¨o

Non-accelerated filer xo (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)

 Smaller reporting company ¨ý

Emerging growth company ý

           If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ý



CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE

    
 
Title of Each Class of Securities
To Be Registered

 Proposed Maximum
Aggregate Offering
Price(1)(2)

 Amount of
Registration Fee(3)

 

Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share

 $100,000,000 $10,910

 

(1)
Includes offering price of shares of common stock which the underwriters have the right to purchase pursuant to their over-allotment option.

(2)
Estimated solely for the purpose of computing the amount of the registration fee pursuant to Rule 457(o) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

(3)
Previously paid.

           

 

Title Of Each Class

Of Securities To Be Registered

 Proposed Maximum Aggregate
Offering Price(1)(2)
 Amount Of
Registration Fee

Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share

 $250,000,000 $29,025
 
 
(1)Includes offering price of shares of common stock which the underwriters have the right to purchase pursuant to their over-allotment option.
(2)Estimated solely for the purpose of computing the amount of the registration fee pursuant to Rule 457(o) under the Securities Act of 1933.

The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until the Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

   


Immediately prior to the completion of the offering to which this Registration Statement relates, we intend to undertake a reorganization and to change our name from Sunshine Silver Mining & Refining Corporation to Gatos Silver, Inc.


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The information contained in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and we areit is not soliciting offersan offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED JULY 7, 2011OCTOBER 13, 2020

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS

LOGO

            SHARES

SUNSHINEGRAPHIC

GATOS SILVER, MINES CORPORATIONINC.

COMMON STOCK



        

We are selling            shares of common stock.stock to the underwriters in a firm commitment offering.

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our common stock. We currently estimate that the initial public offering price will be between $            and $            per share. We intend to applyhave applied to list our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") and the Toronto Stock Exchange ("TSX") under the symbol “AGS.”"GATO."

The underwriters have an option to purchase a maximum of                        additional shares of common stock from us to cover over-allotments. The underwriters can exercise this rightoption at any time within 30 days from the date of this prospectus.

        We are an "emerging growth company" as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the "JOBS Act") and will therefore be subject to reduced reporting requirements.



        

Investing in our common stock involves risks. See Risk Factors"Risk Factors" beginning on page 1128 of this prospectus.



Per ShareTotal

Public Offering Price

$   $
 

Per Share
Total
 

Underwriting Discounts and CommissionsPublic offering price

 $             $
 

Underwriting discounts and commissions(1)

$            $            

Proceeds, before expenses, to Sunshine Silver Mines Corporationus

 $             $            

(1)
See "Underwriting and Plan of Distribution" for a description of compensation to be paid to the underwriters.

Delivery of the shares of common stock will be made on or about                    , 2011.2020 through the book-entry facilities of The Depositary Trust Company.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

UBS Investment BankBMO Capital Markets Morgan StanleyGoldman Sachs & Co. LLC RBC Capital Markets

The date of this prospectus is                                    , 2011.2020.



SUNSHINE SILVER MINES CORPORATION PRINCIPAL PROJECTS

Sunshine Mine PropertyTable of Contents

Silver Valley

Idaho, U.S.A.

LOGO

Los Gatos Project

Chihuahua, Mexico

LOGO


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Page

Prospectus SummaryPROSPECTUS SUMMARY

  1 

Risk FactorsTHE OFFERING

  1123 

Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking StatementsSUMMARY CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA

  2726 

Use of ProceedsRISK FACTORS

  2928 

Dividend PolicyCAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

  2953 

CapitalizationUSE OF PROCEEDS

  3055 

DilutionDIVIDEND POLICY

  3157 

Selected Consolidated Financial DataCAPITALIZATION

  3358 

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsDILUTION

  3559 

Silver Industry OverviewSELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA

  4861 

BusinessMANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

  5363 

ManagementSILVER INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

  7578 

Compensation Discussion and AnalysisBUSINESS

  8085 

Certain Relationships and Related Party TransactionsMANAGEMENT

  89125 

Principal StockholdersEXECUTIVE AND DIRECTOR COMPENSATION

  93133 

Description of Capital StockCERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

  95144 

U.S. Federal Tax Considerations for Non-U.S. Holders of Common StockPRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS

  98148 

Canadian Federal Income Tax Consequences for Non-U.S. HoldersDESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK

  100151 

Shares Eligible for Future SaleU.S. FEDERAL TAX CONSIDERATIONS FOR NON-U.S. HOLDERS OF COMMON STOCK

  103155 

UnderwritingCANADIAN FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES FOR CANADIAN HOLDERS

  105158 

Legal MattersSHARES ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE

  112162 

ExpertsUNDERWRITING AND PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION

  112164 

Change in Independent Registered Public Accounting FirmLEGAL PROCEEDINGS

  112173 

Where You Can Find More InformationLEGAL MATTERS

  113173 

Glossary of Technical TermsEXPERTS

  114173 

Index to Consolidated Financial StatementsWHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION

  174

GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS

175

INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

F-1 



In this prospectus, “Sunshine Silver,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Sunshine Silver Mines Corporation and its subsidiaries.        We and the underwriters have not authorized anyone to provide any information other than that contained in this prospectus or in any free writing prospectus prepared by or on behalf of us or to which we have referred you. We and the underwriters take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurance and make no representation as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. We are offering to sell and are seeking offers to buy, shares of our common stock only in jurisdictions where offers and sales are permitted. The information contained in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or of any sale of theour common stock.


ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS

        Immediately prior to the closing of this offering, we intend to effect a reorganization (the "Reorganization") in which (i) Silver Opportunity Partners LLC ("SOP") will become a wholly owned subsidiary of a newly created Delaware corporation named Silver Opportunity Partners Corporation ("SOP Corporation"), (ii) each            shares of our common stock outstanding immediately prior to the Reorganization will be exchanged for (A)             shares of our common stock (subject to rounding

i


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to eliminate fractional shares) and (B)             shares of common stock of SOP Corporation (subject to rounding to eliminate fractional shares) and (iii) we will change our name from Sunshine Silver Mining & Refining Corporation to Gatos Silver, Inc. SOP currently holds our interest in the Sunshine Complex, which is located in the Coeur d'Alene Mining District in Idaho and is comprised of the Sunshine Mine and the Sunshine Big Creek Refinery. Through the Reorganization, we expect to distribute all of our equity interest in SOP to our shareholders immediately prior to the completion of this offering. See "Prospectus Summary—Corporate Information and Reorganization." As used in this prospectus, SOP refers to (i) SOP prior to the Reorganization and (ii) SOP Corporation from and after the Reorganization. Unless otherwise indicated, all information in this prospectus assumes the completion of the Reorganization.

        Where information relates to our company before the Reorganization and where the context otherwise requires, the "Company," "SSMRC," "we," "us" and "our" refer to Sunshine Silver Mining & Refining Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries, and, unless the context otherwise requires, to its affiliate entities, Minera Plata Real S. de R.L. de C.V. ("MPR"), Operaciones San Jose de Plata S. de R.L. de C.V. ("OSJ") and Servicios San Jose de Plata S. de R.L. de C.V. ("SSJ"). We also refer to these entities collectively as the "Los Gatos Joint Venture" or "LGJV" where applicable. Where information relates to our company following the Reorganization and where the context otherwise requires, "Gatos," the "Company," "we," "us" and "our" refer to Gatos Silver, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries, and, unless the context otherwise requires, to its affiliate entities that are part of the Los Gatos Joint Venture. We own approximately 51.5% of the LGJV. Despite owning the majority interest in the LGJV, we do not exercise control over the LGJV due to certain provisions contained in the Unanimous Omnibus Partner Agreement (as defined herein) that currently require unanimous partner approval of all major operating decisions (such as certain approvals, the creation of security interests on property, any initial public offering of the joint venture, and litigation settlements). We intend to exercise our right to repurchase an 18.5% interest in the LGJV from Dowa, increasing our ownership to approximately 70.0%. Following this increase in our ownership interest in the LGJV, we will continue to not exercise control over the LGJV due to the provisions contained in the Unanimous Omnibus Partner Agreement that currently require unanimous partner approval of all major operating decisions. See "Business—The Los Gatos District—Unanimous Omnibus Partner Agreement."


MARKET AND INDUSTRY DATA AND FORECASTS

This prospectus includes market and industry data and forecasts that we have developed from independent research reports, publicly available information, various industry publications, other published industry sources or our internal data and estimates. Independent research reports, industry publications and other published industry sources generally indicate that the information contained therein was obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but do not guarantee the accuracy and completeness of such information. Although we believe that the publications and reports are reliable, neither we nor the underwriters have independently verified the data. Our internal data, estimates and forecasts are based on information obtained from trade and business organizations and other contacts in the markets in which we operate and our management’smanagement's understanding of industry conditions. Although we believe that such information is reliable, we have not had such information verified by any independent sources.

i


PROSPECTUS SUMMARY
NOTICE REGARDING MINERAL DISCLOSURE

        In October 2018, the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC") adopted amendments to its current disclosure rules to modernize the mineral property disclosure requirements for mining registrants. The amendments include the adoption of a new subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K, which will govern disclosure for mining registrants (the "SEC Mining Modernization Rules"). The SEC Mining

ii


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Modernization Rules replace the historical property disclosure requirements for mining registrants that were included in the SEC's Industry Guide 7 and better align disclosure with international industry and regulatory practices, including the Canadian National Instrument 43-101—Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects ("NI 43-101"). Although compliance with the SEC Mining Modernization Rules is not required until January 1, 2021, we have chosen to voluntarily comply with the SEC Mining Modernization Rules in this prospectus.

        The technical report summary for our material properties, the Los Gatos District and the Cerro Los Gatos Mine, has been prepared in accordance with the SEC Mining Modernization Rules and NI 43-101 and is included as Exhibit 96.1 to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

        "Inferred mineral resources" are subject to uncertainty as to their existence and as to their economic and legal feasibility. The level of geological uncertainty associated with an inferred mineral resource is too high to apply relevant technical and economic factors likely to influence the prospects of economic extraction in a manner useful for evaluation of economic viability. Because we have elected to voluntarily comply with the SEC Mining Modernization Rules, the mineral property disclosure included in this prospectus may not be comparable to similar information provided by other issuers that have not elected to early adopt such rules. For the meanings of certain technical terms used in this prospectus, see "Glossary of Technical Terms."

iii


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PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

This summary highlights the more detailed information and financial data and statements contained elsewhere in this prospectus. This summary maydoes not contain all of the information that you should consider before deciding to invest in our common stock. You should read this entire prospectus carefully, including the “Risk Factors”"Risk Factors" section and theour consolidated financial statements and therelated notes to those statements. included elsewhere in this prospectus.

As used herein, references to NI 43-101the "Los Gatos Technical Report" are to National Instrumentthe "NI 43-101 Technical Report: Los Gatos Project, Chihuahua, Mexico," prepared by Tetra Tech Inc. ("Tetra Tech"), dated July 1, 2020, which was prepared in accordance with the requirements of the SEC Mining Modernization Rules and NI 43-101. The Los Gatos Technical Report is filed as Exhibit 96.1 to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part. The mineral resource classification system used forestimates contained in the public disclosureLos Gatos Technical Report have an effective date of information relating toSeptember 6, 2019 and have not been updated since that time. The mineral propertiesreserve estimates and the economic analysis contained in Canada,the Los Gatos Technical Report have an effective date of July 1, 2020 and references to Industry Guide 7 are to Industry Guide 7 under the Securities Acthave not been updated since that time and exclude 655,746 tonnes of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act. material that has been mined through June 30, 2020. See "Business—The Los Gatos District."

    As used herein, references to “$”"$" or “dollars”"dollars" are to United States dollars.

SUNSHINE SILVER MINES CORPORATIONAll mineral reserves and mineral resources contained herein for the Cerro Los Gatos Mine, the Esther deposit and the Amapola deposit are presented on both a 100% basis as well as on a 51.5% basis to reflect our current ownership interest in the LGJV.

TheOur Company

Sunshine Silver Mines Corporation is        We are a U.S.-based precious metals explorationproduction, development and developmentexploration company with the objective of becoming a premier silver producer. The Company isWe are currently focused on the advancement of its two principal projects: (i) the Sunshine Mine in Idaho, oneproduction and continued development of the highest-grade known remaining primary-silver discoveries worldwide, which is estimated to have produced a totalCerro Los Gatos Mine and the further exploration and development of over 365 million ounces of silver, and (ii) the Los Gatos ProjectDistrict:

    The Cerro Los Gatos Mine, located within the Los Gatos District, Chihuahua, Mexico, consists of a 2,500 tpd polymetallic mine and processing facility that commenced production on September 1, 2019. For the year ended December 31, 2019, at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine, 357,342 tonnes were mined and 269,853 tonnes were processed at average grades of 229 g/t silver, 0.52 g/t gold, 1.97% lead and 3.03% zinc, with metallurgical recovery of 82.1% silver, 63.5% gold, 83.4% lead and 72.3% zinc, and 7,188 tonnes of lead concentrate were produced at average grades of 5,774 g/t silver, 10.9 g/t gold, 56.3% lead and 12.6% zinc, with metallurgical recovery of 67.3% silver, 55.2% gold, 76.0% lead and 11.1% zinc, and 9,320 tonnes of zinc concentrate were produced at average grades of 978 g/t silver, 1.26 g/t gold, 4.2% lead and 53.7% zinc, with metallurgical recovery of 14.8% silver, 8.3% gold, 7.4% lead and 61.2% zinc. For the six-months ended June 30, 2020, at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine, 288,882 tonnes were mined and 298,331 tonnes were processed at average grades of 195 g/t silver, 0.44 g/t gold, 2.22% lead and 3.41% zinc, with metallurgical recovery of 82.2% silver, 61.8% gold, 85.1% lead and 72.4% zinc, and 8,732 tonnes of lead concentrate were produced at average grades of 4,668 g/t silver, 8.1 g/t gold, 60.8% lead and 9.3% zinc, with metallurgical recovery of 70.1% silver, 54.6% gold, 80.0% lead and 8.0% zinc, and 11,915 tonnes of zinc concentrate were produced at average grades of 591 g/t silver, 0.79 g/t gold, 2.8% lead and 55.0% zinc, with metallurgical recovery of 12.1% silver, 7.3% gold, 5.1% lead and 64.4% zinc. The Los Gatos Technical Report, which has an effective date of July 1, 2020, estimates that the deposit contains 9.6 million diluted tonnes of proven and probable mineral reserves (or 5.0 million diluted tonnes of proven and probable mineral reserves on a 51.5% basis), with 6.4 million diluted tonnes of proven mineral reserves (or 3.3 million diluted tonnes of proven mineral reserves on a 51.5%

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      basis) and 3.3 million diluted tonnes of probable mineral reserves (or 1.7 million diluted tonnes of probable mineral reserves on a 51.5% basis). Average proven and probable mineral reserve grades are 306 g/t silver, 0.35 g/t gold, 2.76% lead and 5.65% zinc.

    The Los Gatos District, located in Chihuahua, Mexico, where the Company holdsis located approximately 120 kilometers south of Chihuahua City and is comprised of a 81,607 hectare103,087-hectare land position, constituting a new mining region. The Company has completed independent technical studies on both projects, which were prepared in accordance with NI 43-101 and, in the case of the Sunshine Mine, which has mineralized material, the requirements of Industry Guide 7. In total, the Company owns or controls a portfolio of 19 exploration properties in the United States and Mexico covering an area of approximately 447,437 hectares.

    Principal Projects

    LOGO

Sunshine Mine

The Sunshine Mine, acquired by the Company in the first half of 2010, is located within the Coeur d’Alene Mining District in Idaho. It is a past-producing mine, which is estimated to have produced a total of over 365 million ounces of silver from 1904 to 2008. In 1990, the last year the Sunshine Mine operated at full capacity, silver production from the Sunshine Mine was approximately 5.4 million ounces. The Sunshine Mine has significant existing on-site infrastructure, including a primary shaft, which is operational and being upgraded and refurbished, and a secondary shaft, which is being refurbished. The Company’s consolidated land position at the Sunshine Mine property consists of approximately 2,247 hectares. The property has an abundant water supply, is connected to the electricity grid and is accessible by paved roads.

The underground workings at the Sunshine Mine consist of multiple levels developed off the primary shaft, extending from the surface to a depth of over 1,825 meters. The Company estimates that the Sunshine Mine contains more than 160 kilometers of underground workings.

LOGO

Though a significant historical producing mine, the Company believes that the Sunshine Mine property remains highly prospective. As a result, the Company is undertaking significant exploration and re-development of the property. An independent technical report prepared by Behre Dolbear & Company from July 2011 estimated 1,991,169 tons of mineralized material at an average silver grade of 21.2 ounces per ton at the Sunshine Mine property. Sunshine Silver’s objectives are to: (i) increase the confidence of this mineralized material into the proven and probable reserve categories; (ii) define additional mineralized material through extensive surface and underground exploration; (iii) complete a pre-feasibility study within 24 months from the consummation of the offering to determine the costs to re-commission and operate the Sunshine Mine as a sustainable and efficient silver producer; and (iv) upgrade existing infrastructure and re-establish access to developed portions of the resource. See “Business—The Sunshine Mine Property” beginning on page 57.

Los Gatos Project

district. The Los Gatos Project is located approximately 128 kilometers south of the state capital of Chihuahua City, in Northern Mexico andDistrict consists of two14 mineralized zones, which include three identified silver discoveries, silver-lead-zinc deposits that contain mineral resources—the Cerro Los Gatos zoneMine, the Esther deposit and the Esther zone,Amapola deposit—as well as 11 additional high-priority targets defined by high-grade drill intersections and 14 other priority targets with over 100150 kilometers of outcropping quartz and calcite veins. The area is characterized by a predominant silver-lead-zinc epithermal mineralization. On September 1, 2019, the LGJV commenced production at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine. A core component of the LGJV's business plan is to explore the highly prospective, underexplored Los Gatos District with the objective of identifying additional mineral deposits that can be mined and processed, possibly utilizing the Cerro Los Gatos Mine plant infrastructure.

GRAPHIC

        

Prior to Sunshine Silver’sour initial acquisition of exploration concession rights in April 2006, only very limited historical prospecting and exploration activities had been conducted atin the Los Gatos Project. As a result, the Company wasDistrict. We were able to acquire concessions covering approximately 81,607103,087 hectares and, through itsour exploration, has identifieddiscovered a virgin silver region containing high-grade vein styleepithermal vein-style mineralization throughout itsthe Los Gatos District concession package.

In 2008, the Companywe negotiated surface access rights with local ranchesranch owners and obtained the necessary environmental permits for drilling.drilling and road construction. Through 2015, we purchased all the surface lands required for the Cerro Los Gatos Mine development. Environmental baseline data collection began in May 2010 and was completed in 2016 and approved in 2017 to prepare for the development of future environmental studies required for the Cerro Los Gatos Project. Mine. In 2014, we partnered with Dowa Metals and Mining Co., Ltd. ("Dowa"), which manufactures and distributes metals products and owns Japan's largest zinc refinery, to finance and develop the Cerro Los Gatos Mine and to pursue exploration in the Los Gatos District. We and Dowa formed a Mexico-incorporated co-owned operating company, MPR, which owns certain surface and mineral rights associated with the Los Gatos District. In connection with the formation of the LGJV, we entered into the Unanimous Omnibus Partner Agreement with Dowa, MPR, OSJ, SSJ and Los Gatos Luxembourg S.a.r.l. on January 1, 2015 (as amended on April 10, 2017, June 30, 2017, March 10, 2018, May 20, 2019, April 29, 2020, May 25, 2020 and June 16, 2020, the "Unanimous Omnibus Partner Agreement"), which governs our and Dowa's respective rights over the LGJV. We own approximately 51.5% of the LGJV, with Dowa owning the remainder. Despite owning the majority interest in the LGJV, we do not exercise control over the LGJV due to certain provisions contained in the Unanimous Omnibus Partner Agreement that currently require unanimous partner approval of all major operating decisions (such as certain


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approvals, the creation of security interests on property, any initial public offering of the joint venture, and litigation settlements). We intend to exercise our right to repurchase an 18.5% interest in the LGJV from Dowa, increasing our ownership to approximately 70.0%. Following this increase in our ownership interest in the LGJV, we will continue to not exercise control over the LGJV due to the provisions contained in the Unanimous Omnibus Partner Agreement that currently require unanimous partner approval of all major operating decisions. See "Business—The present field camp is located in aLos Gatos District—Unanimous Omnibus Partner Agreement."

        We believe that we have strong support from the local community, with over 130 employees from the local community working across multiple areas involving the continued underground development, construction of approximately 200 persons, with electricalthe surface facilities and water services, an elementary school and basic health services.operation of the Cerro Los Gatos Mine. Over 99% of the approximate 540 employees at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine hail from Mexico, highlighting our commitment to the local workforce.

To date, Sunshine Silver’s        Our primary areas of focus have been definingconstructing and extending mineralization alongcommissioning the Cerro Los Gatos Mine and Esther zones that currently extend more than 2,500 meters along strikedefining and remain open at depth and toexpanding the southeast. Through November 2010, Sunshine Silver has completed 154 drill holes inmineral resources associated with the Cerro Los Gatos Mine, the Esther deposit and Esther zones,the Amapola deposit. As of July 1, 2020, 739 exploration drill holes have been completed in the Los Gatos District, totaling 69,745259,060 meters. The Los Gatos Project has a known strike distance of over 100 kilometers, of which only 15 kilometers has been explored by drilling. In addition toTechnical Report estimates that the Cerro Los Gatos Mine contains 10.4 million tonnes of measured and Esther zones,indicated resources (or 5.4 million tonnes of measured and indicated resources on a 51.5% basis) inclusive of mineral reserves, at average grades of 269 g/t silver, 2.7% lead, 5.5% zinc, 0.34 g/t gold and 0.11% copper, or 3.5 million tonnes of measured and indicated resources (or 1.8 million tonnes of measured and indicated resources on a 51.5% basis) exclusive of mineral reserves, at average grades of 154 g/t silver, 2.2% lead, 4.3% zinc and 0.29 g/t gold, and 3.7 million tonnes of inferred resources (or 1.9 million tonnes of inferred resources on a 51.5% basis), at average grades of 107 g/t silver, 2.8% lead, 4.0% zinc and 0.28 g/t gold. The mineral resource estimates for the Cerro Los Gatos Mine have an effective date of September 6, 2019 and have not been updated since that time. The mineral resource estimates contained in the Los Gatos Project has 14Technical Report are presented on an undiluted basis without adjustment for mining recovery.

        The Los Gatos Technical Report estimates that the Esther deposit contains 0.46 million tonnes of indicated resources (or 0.24 million tonnes of indicated resources on a 51.5% basis) at average grades of 133 g/t silver, 0.04 g/t gold, 0.02% copper, 0.70% lead and 2.10% zinc, and 2.29 million tonnes of inferred resources (or 1.18 million tonnes of inferred resources on a 51.5% basis) at average grades of 98 g/t silver, 0.12 g/t gold, 0.05% copper, 1.60% lead and 3.00% zinc; and the Amapola deposit contains 0.25 million tonnes of indicated resources (or 0.13 million tonnes of indicated resources on a 51.5% basis) at average grades of 135 g/t silver, 0.10 g/t gold, 0.02% copper, 0.10% lead and 0.30% zinc, and 3.44 million tonnes of inferred resources (or 1.77 million tonnes of inferred resources on a 51.5% basis) at average grades of 140 g/t silver, 0.10 g/t gold, 0.03% copper, 0.20% lead and 0.30% zinc. The mineral resource estimates for the Esther and Amapola deposits have an effective date of December 21, 2012 and have not been updated since that time. The mineral resource estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report are presented on an undiluted basis without adjustment for mining recovery.

        Since the acquisition of the Los Gatos District concession package, we, Dowa and the LGJV have invested approximately $500 million in the development of the Cerro Los Gatos Mine. The Cerro Los Gatos Mine is currently in production. The first lead concentrate was shipped on September 3, 2019, and the first zinc concentrate was shipped on September 4, 2019. We anticipate increasing production to the designed 2,500 tpd rate by the end of the first quarter of 2021.

        Our objectives at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine are to, among other priority targets.things:

    optimize the recently commissioned plant facilities and increase production to the designed 2,500 tpd rate;

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The Company’s

    produce and sell concentrate material containing zinc, lead, silver and gold metals to smelting facilities in Japan, Mexico and other locations;

    initiate a feasibility study, prepared in accordance with the SEC Mining Modernization Rules and NI 43-101, on expanding the production rate from 2,500 to 3,000 tpd; and

    perform additional in-fill and step-out drilling to further define mineral resources at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine.

        Our objectives at the Los Gatos ProjectDistrict are to: (i) increaseto, among other things:

    perform additional in-fill and expansion drilling to further define and expand mineralization at the drilling rate by increasing the number of exploration drills from four to seven; (ii) Esther and Amapola deposits;

    conduct social, environmental and technical work on the property with the objective of completing a pre-feasibilityscoping study on the CerroEsther and Amapola deposits;

    expand the exploration drilling program on the Esther deposit, the Amapola deposit and the other 11 mineralized zones within the Los Gatos District; and Esther zones within 24 months from

    continue to expand the consummation of the offering; and (iii) acquire additionalLGJV's interest in prospective mineral and surface rights.

        See “Business—The Los Gatos Project” beginning on page 64."Business—Our Company—Our Principal Projects."

Silver Industry Overview

Overview

Silver occursdeposits occur naturally in itstheir solid metallic state and isare commonly associated with deposits of gold, copper, lead and zinc. According to GFMS Limited, or GFMS, 2010 global supplyzinc as a secondary metal. Silver is a precious metal and demand totaled approximately 1.1 billion ouncesis widely used in the manufacturing of silver; approximately 70% of 2010 global supply camejewelry and silverware and as an investment. Silver is distinct from mine production.other precious metals in that it is both used in industrial applications and as an investment asset.

Silver has strong supply and demand fundamentals with significant demand rooted in diverse sectors. The demand for silver is driven primarily by three uses: industrial, consumer and investment. According to GFMS, in 2010, industrial, consumer and investment represented 46.1%, 37.0% and 16.8% of silver demand, respectively.

IndustrialSilver has a number of distinctive physical and chemical properties that make it an essential component in severalnumerous industrial applications, including its strength, malleability, conductivity and ductility, its electrical and thermal conductivity, its sensitivity to and high reflectance of light and its ability to endure extreme temperature ranges. These properties restrict its substitution in most applications. In addition to traditional industrial uses,Silver is one of the world's best conductors of electricity and is used in electronic components of common items such as batteries, bearings, catalystssolar panel photovoltaic cells, computers, televisions and electronics, increases in emerging applications for silver are expected to continue to augment industrial demand. Emerging applications include utilizing silver’s reflectivitycell phones.

        Silver has also been used as a component in solar cells to produce “green” electricity, and utilizing silver’s antimicrobial properties in medical applications and in the preventionmedium of algae build-up in water purification systems.

Consumer—Consumer use ofexchange since earliest recorded history. While it is no longer widely used as circulating currency, silver is primarilystill widely sought by investors for the fabricationits store of jewelry, silverware and coins, which rely on silver’s lustre, resistance to tarnishing and malleability. For these usesvalue attributes. In particular, silver is often alloyed to a small proportion of other metals, such as copper, to harden it. Sterling silver, for example, is 92.5% silver and 7.5% copper and has been the standard in many countries for silver jewelry since the 14th century.

Investment—Investment demand for silver has increased significantly in the last 10 years, with the most significant investment demand coming from silver exchange traded funds, or ETFs, and bullion funds. Historically, the price of silver has shown a high correlation to the price of gold as a result of investment demand, and has been viewed as an attractive hedge against a decrease in the value of currency and inflation during times of economic uncertainty.

Demand

        The three principal drivers of silver demand are industrial applications, consumer use and investment. According to The Silver Institute's World Silver Survey 2020, demand for industrial applications is mainly driven by electrical and electronics uses, which accounted for 58.3% of industrial demand and 30.0% of total demand in 2019. Jewelry accounted for 20.3% of total demand and net physical investment represented 18.8% of total demand.

        Silver demand grew 0.4% in 2019 to a three-year high of 991.8 million ounces, from 988.3 million ounces the previous year, driven by a 12.3% surge in demand for net physical investment. This was offset by declines in silverware and other industrials. Silver remains difficult to substitute in many areas, and outside of a dip in 2009, demand for industrial applications has remained broadly flat since 2007.


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There was healthy photovoltaic demand in 2019, with support from structural changes in demand, such as vehicle electrification.


World Physical Silver Demand in 2019 (%)

GRAPHIC


Source: The Silver Institute, World Silver Survey 2020

Supply

        Silver supply is primarily driven by mined silver production, which, according to The Silver Institute's World Silver Survey 2020, accounted for 81.7% of supply in 2019. Recycling largely accounted for the remainder of silver supply. Global silver supply increased 0.6% year-over-year in 2019 to 1,023 million ounces compared to 1,016.8 million ounces in 2018.

        Mine silver output in 2019 declined for the fourth consecutive year, falling 1.3% to 836.5 million ounces from 847.8 million ounces in 2018. These recent production declines follow 13 consecutive years of growth. The decrease in silver supply was largely driven by lower grades at primary silver mines, lower silver production from copper mines and losses from production disruptions. In Peru, Compañía de Minas Buenaventura's Uchucchacua Mine saw silver production decrease from a 27% decline in grades and experienced a 21-day strike; Hochschild Mining's Arcata Mine was placed into care and maintenance early in the year; and declining silver grades were a factor at large primary copper mines. In Mexico, Fresnillo plc achieved lower grades at several of its mines; First Majestic Silver Corp.'s San Martin Mine and Endeavour Silver's El Cubo Mine were placed on care and maintenance; and blockades resulted in Newmont Corporation's Peñasquito Mino being suspended for 90 days.

Pricing and Outlook

        A combination of a slightly higher demand and a slightly higher supply in 2019 compared to 2018 resulted in a surplus of 31.3 million ounces, or 3.1% of silver demand, according to The Silver Institute's World Silver Survey 2020. Net investment in exchange traded products of 81.7 million ounces helped to propel the net silver balance to a 50 million ounce deficit, or approximately 5% of demand.

        In 2019, the average London Bullion Market Association ("LBMA") silver price increased 3.4% year-over-year to $16.21/oz. In 2019, the price of silver reached a high of $19.31/oz, a low of $14.38/oz


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and ended the year at $18.05/oz. The largest contributor to silver price movements is believed to be the ongoing trade dispute between the U.S. and China, which has had the impact of strengthening the U.S. dollar and inflation, attracting investors during timesweighing on the price of uncertainty.silver and other precious metals. The U.S. Federal Reserve took a dovish stance through 2019, as it lowered the federal funds rate three times.

        

The price of silver rallied strongly to multi-year highs in September 2020. As of September 30, 2020, the LBMA silver price has increased 31% compared to the year-end 2019 price. The recent silver price appreciation is believed to have been driven by accommodative monetary policy, aggressive stimulus measures and accelerating investment demand in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as disrupted production and a recovery in industrial consumption. These factors have enhanced silver's appeal to investors seeking a hedge against inflation, a decrease in the value of the U.S. dollar and general economic and geopolitical uncertainty. Trading volumes at futures and options exchanges have increased significantly, and exchange-traded products ("ETPs") inflows have been strong. As of September 30, 2020, silver has a long-term research analyst average consensus price outlook of $20.00/oz.

        See "Silver Industry Overview."

Business Strengths and Competitive AdvantagesKey Investment Highlights

AttractiveHigh Quality and Long Life Assets in Two of the World’s Premier Silver Regions

Sunshine Silver’s principal assets are located in two of the world’s premier silver regions. The Sunshine Mine property is located in the Coeur d’Alene Mining District in Idaho, which district is estimated to have produced over one billion ounces of silver over the Mine’s 107-year history, and the Los Gatos Project is located in the Mexican Silver Belt, the world’s largest silver producing region in 2010. In addition to being located in premier silver regions, both assets possess characteristics that differentiate them from other silver projects:

Sunshine Mine Property

A prolific past-producing mine, once one of the largest silver producers in the United States, which is estimated to have produced a total of over 365 million ounces of silver

One of the highest-grade known remaining primary-silver discoveries worldwide, estimated to contain 1,991,169 tons of mineralized material at an average silver grade of 21.2 ounces per ton

Consolidated land position of approximately 2,247 hectares

Significant existing infrastructure, including a primary shaft that is        Once fully operational, and being upgraded and refurbished, and a secondary shaft that is being refurbished and access to roads, power and water

Strong community support coupled with an experienced and skilled workforce

Los Gatos Project

Control over an emerging silver region; land position of 81,607 hectares

The identified Cerro Los Gatos and Esther zones, high-grade mineralization occurrences that currently extend more than 2,500 meters along strike, remain open at depth and to the southeast

Widespread mineralization beyond the Cerro Los Gatos Mine is expected to generate average life-of-mine ("LOM") unlevered, after-tax free cash flow of approximately $76 million per year on a 100% basis (or approximately $39 million per year on a 51.5% basis). Projected attributable net revenue and Esther zones, with 14 other priority targetsunlevered free cash flow, as set forth in the Los Gatos Technical Report, are presented below:


Projected Net Revenue (in millions)

Reduced Operating Risks at Sunshine Mine Given Historical ProductionGRAPHIC

Sunshine Silver believes that
Projected Unlevered Free Cash Flow (in millions)

GRAPHIC


Net revenue is defined as net smelter return (revenue per tonne mined less the significant historical production at the Sunshine Mine, combined with the recentsum of concentrate refining, treatment and planned mine improvements, reduces the risktransportation costs per tonne mined), less royalties. Unlevered cash flow is defined as unlevered operating cash flow less capital expenditures and changes in working capital. See also Section 22 of the project relative to other silver development projects.

Los Gatos Technical Report. The Sunshine Mine covers 171 hectaresLos Gatos Technical Report has an effective date of surface rights,July 1, 2020. The mineral resource estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report have an effective date of September 6, 2019. The mineral reserve estimates and the Companyeconomic analysis contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report have an effective date of July 1, 2020 and exclude 655,746 tonnes of material that has been mined through June 30, 2020. For a discussion of the mineral resource estimates thatand mineral reserve estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report, see "Business—The Los Gatos District—Mineral Resource Estimates—Cerro Los Gatos Mine, contains more than 160 kilometersEsther and Amapola Deposits" and "Business—The Los Gatos District—Mineral Reserve Estimates—Cerro Los Gatos Mine." For a


Table of underground workings. Contents

discussion of the assumed capital and operating costs in the Los Gatos Technical Report, see "Business—The underground workings consistLos Gatos District—Capital and Operating Costs." This information does not constitute guidance and you should not rely on it as an estimate or forecast of multiple levels developed offfuture performance. The Cerro Los Gatos net revenue and unlevered free cash flow are shown on a 51.5% ownership basis to reflect our current ownership interest in the mainLGJV. The 18.5% option represents our right to repurchase an 18.5% interest in the LGJV from Dowa. See "Business—Business Strategy." The level of geological uncertainty associated with an inferred mineral resource is too high to apply relevant technical and economic factors likely to influence the prospects of economic extraction in a manner useful for evaluation of economic viability. Inferred mineral resources are subject to uncertainty as to their existence and as to their economic legal feasibility.

Cerro Los Gatos Mine Successfully Commissioned with Significant Near-Term Production Growth

        The Cerro Los Gatos Mine is currently in production, shaft, extending fromwith final construction completed in the surface to a depthsecond quarter of over 1,825 meters.

Since acquiring the Sunshine Mine, the Company has acquired additional surface rights and improved the existing infrastructure, repaired surface facilities and equipment and completed2019. Commissioning was successful, having achieved a number of environmental, healthkey milestones, including:

    fully commissioned the run-of-mine stockpile;

    fully commissioned the ore conveyance system;

    fully commissioned the grinding circuit and safety upgrades. The Company has added experiencedflotation circuit;

    fully commissioned the concentrate and highly-trained professionalstailings thickeners;

    completed the storage and concentrate loadout area;

    fully commissioned the tailings storage facility;

    transitioned to the Mexican national power grid;

    shipped the first lead such improvements.and zinc concentrates;

    successfully commissioned the first of three vertical column flotation cells to further reduce fluorine in the concentrates;

    successfully recommissioned the mine after a 45-day temporary suspension of activities due to the COVID-19 pandemic; and

    nationally recognized as a socially responsible company in Mexico.


Aerial View of the Cerro Los Gatos Mine

Significant Exploration Potential for Additional Silver ResourcesGRAPHIC


Sunshine Silver believes it has substantial opportunities to define additional mineral resources through continued explorationTable of its properties:Contents

Sunshine Mine: Sunshine Silver has rights to approximately 2,247 hectares of exploration ground at the Sunshine Mine property.Concentrate production is currently achieving quality specifications and expected grades. The property has numerous well-defined exploration targets, many of which

are extensions of past-producing silver veins. In addition, Sunshine Silver has acquired additional surface rights to further consolidate its ownership of this mineralized trend. Despite being a prolific silver producing region, Sunshine Silver believes that the Coeur d’Alene Mining District is still highly under explored.

Cerro Los Gatos Project: Sunshine Silver expectsMine is expected to produce, on average, 12.2 million payable silver equivalent ounces annually through the existing mine life (or 6.3 million payable silver equivalent ounces annually on a 51.5% basis), with an attractive, low-cost all-in sustaining cost ("AISC") profile. In addition to the goal of achieving the plant's 2,500 tpd design capacity, we intend to use a portion of the proceeds from this offering to complete a feasibility study, prepared in accordance with the SEC Mining Modernization Rules and NI 43-101, to expand the Cerro Los Gatos Mine production rate to 3,000 tpd. If feasible, we expect the LGJV to complete the expansion within the next three to four years.

        The below graphs show our estimated payable silver equivalent production levels at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine in the coming years:


2020—2031 Cerro Los Gatos Mine Payable AgEq Production Estimate (Moz) and AISC ($/oz AgEq) on a 100% Basis

GRAPHIC


2020—2031 Cerro Los Gatos Mine Payable AgEq Production Estimate (Moz) and AISC ($/oz AgEq) on a 51.5% Basis

GRAPHIC


Payable silver equivalent calculated using feasibility study LOM average prices of $18.99/oz silver, $1,472/oz gold, $0.87/lb lead and $1.09/lb zinc. AISC calculated as sum of total operating costs, treatment and refining charges, penalties, transportation and freight, royalties and capital costs for each year. See Section 22 of the Los Gatos Technical Report. The Los Gatos Technical Report has an effective date of July 1, 2020. The mineral resource estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report have an effective date of September 6, 2019. The mineral reserve estimates and the economic analysis contained in the Los Gatos


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Technical Report have an effective date of July 1, 2020 and exclude 655,746 tonnes of material that has been mined through June 30, 2020. For a discussion of the mineral resource estimates and mineral reserve estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report, see "Business—The Los Gatos District—Mineral Resource Estimates—Cerro Los Gatos Mine, Esther and Amapola Deposits" and "Business—The Los Gatos District—Mineral Reserve Estimates—Cerro Los Gatos Mine." For a discussion of the assumed capital and operating costs in the Los Gatos Technical Report, see "Business—The Los Gatos District—Capital and Operating Costs." Based on production to date, we believe that the Cerro Los Gatos Mine has the potential to produce up to 7.2 million ounces of silver equivalent on a 100% basis (3.7 million ounces of silver equivalent on a 51.5% basis) in fiscal year 2020.

        Estimated mineral reserves at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine are summarized below:


Cerro Los Gatos Mineral Reserve Estimates as of the Effective Date of the Los Gatos Technical Report

Zone
 Category Tonnes
(millions;
100% basis)
 Tonnes
(millions;
51.5% basis)
 Ag (g/t) Au (g/t) Pb (%) Zn (%) 

Northwest Zone

 Proven  2.6  1.3  359  0.43  3.09  5.88 

 Probable  0.5  0.3  333  0.34  2.86  5.88 

Central Zone

 Proven  3.8  1.9  314  0.31  2.55  5.32 

 Probable  1.8  0.9  299  0.44�� 2.32  5.82 

Southeast Zone

 Proven  0.0  0.0  148  0.16  3.69  7.23 

 Probable  0.6  0.3  148  0.16  3.69  7.23 

Southeast Zone Block 2

 Probable  0.4  0.2  118  0.17  3.11  4.16 

Total (Proven)

    6.4  3.3  332  0.36  2.77  5.55 

Total (Probable)

    3.3  1.7  254  0.34  2.74  5.86 

Total (Proven & Probable)

    9.6  5.0  306  0.35  2.76  5.65 

Reserves based on a $75 Net Smelter Return ("NSR") cut-off value. NSR is defined as revenue per tonne mined less the sum of concentrate refining, treatment and transportation costs per tonne mined. The mineral reserve estimates for the Cerro Los Gatos Mine reflect diluted grades with adjustment for metallurgical recovery. The mineral reserve estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report have an effective date of July 1, 2020 and exclude 655,746 tonnes of material that has been mined through June 30, 2020. Mineral reserve estimates and mineral resource estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report have different effective dates and are based on different dilution and recovery factors and cut-off grades. For a discussion of the mineral reserve estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report, see "Business—The Los Gatos District—Mineral Reserve Estimates—Cerro Los Gatos Mine."

        Estimated mineral resources at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine are summarized below:


Cerro Los Gatos Mine Mineral Resource Estimates Inclusive of Mineral Reserves as of the Effective Date of the Los Gatos Technical Report

Category
 Tonnes
(millions;
100% basis)
 Tonnes
(millions;
51.5% basis)
 Ag (g/t) Au (g/t) Pb (%) Zn (%) Cu (%) 

Measured

  5.8  3.0  324  0.39  2.9  5.8  0.11 

Indicated

  4.6  2.4  202  0.28  2.5  5.2  0.11 

Measured & Indicated

  10.4  5.4  269  0.34  2.7  5.5  0.11 

Inferred

  3.7  1.9  107  0.28  2.8  4.0  0.14 

Based on a cut-off grade of 150 grams silver equivalent/tonne at assumed metal prices of $18.00/toz silver, $0.92/lb lead and $1.01/lb zinc; gold was not considered in silver equivalent calculation. The mineral resource estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report have an effective date of September 6, 2019. The mineral resource estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report are presented on an undiluted basis without adjustment for mining recovery. Mineral reserve estimates and mineral resource estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report have different effective dates and are based on different dilution and recovery factors and cut-off grades. For a discussion of the mineral resource estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report, see "Business—The Los Gatos District—Mineral Resource Estimates—Cerro Los Gatos Mine, Esther and Amapola Deposits."


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Cerro Los Gatos Mine Mineral Resource Estimates Exclusive of Mineral Reserves as of the Effective Date of the Los Gatos Technical Report

Category
 Tonnes
(million;
100% basis)
 Tonnes
(million;
51.5% basis)
 AgEq (g/t) Ag (g/t) Au (g/t) Pb (%) Zn (%) 

Measured

  1.3  0.7  442  181  0.39  2.4  4.5 

Indicated

  2.2  1.1  368  139  0.23  2.1  4.2 

Measured & Indicated

  3.5  1.8  395  154  0.29  2.2  4.3 

Inferred

  3.7  1.9  361  107  0.28  2.8  4.0 

Resources based on a cut-off grade of 150 grams silver equivalent/tonne at assumed metal prices of $18.00/toz silver, $0.92/lb lead and $1.01/lb zinc; gold was not considered in silver equivalent calculation. The mineral resource estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report have an effective date of September 6, 2019. The mineral resource estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report are presented on an undiluted basis without adjustment for mining recovery. Reserves based on a $75 NSR cut -off value. NSR is defined as revenue per tonne mined less the sum of concentrate refining, treatment and transportation costs per tonne mined. The mineral reserve estimates for the Cerro Los Gatos Mine reflect diluted grades with adjustment for metallurgical recovery. The mineral reserve estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report have an effective date of July 1, 2020 and exclude 655,746 tonnes of material that has been mined through June 30, 2020. Mineral reserve estimates and mineral resource estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report have different effective dates and are based on different dilution and recovery factors and cut-off grades. For a discussion of the mineral resource estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report, see "Business—The Los Gatos District—Mineral Resource Estimates—Cerro Los Gatos Mine, Esther and Amapola Deposits."

        The economic analysis contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report is presented on an unlevered, post-tax, present value basis and has an effective date of July 1, 2020. The results of the economic analysis are summarized below:


Economic Analysis Results

Mine Life

years11

Ore Tonnage

kt9,618


Life-of-Mine Payable ProductionAvg. Annual Payable Production

Average Grade


(51.5% basis)
(51.5% basis)

Processed(100% basis)(100% basis)

Production Statistics

Silver

305 g/t72.0 Moz37.1 Moz6.5 Moz3.4 Moz

Zinc

5.7%679 Mlb350 Mlb62 Mlb32 Mlb

Lead

2.8%442 Mlb228 Mlb40 Mlb21 Mlb

Gold

0.35 g/t45.5 Koz23.4 Koz4.1 Koz2.1 Koz

Silver Equivalent

642 g/t134.7 Moz69.4 Moz12.2 Moz6.3 Moz

Life-of-Mine Cost Metrics

Total Sustaining Capital Costs

$ millions$267

Operating Costs

$/t-milled$83.58

TC / RC, Penalties and Freight Costs

$/mt$51.90

Royalties

$/mt$1.50

Life-of-Mine By-Product Costs

AISC

$/oz Ag$5.47

Life-of-Mine Co-Product Costs

AISC

$/oz AgEq$11.77

Project Economics

NPV (post-tax; 5.0%)

$ millions$653

Silver equivalent and by-product credits calculated using LOM average prices of $18.99/oz silver, $1,472/oz gold, $0.87/lb lead and $1.09/lb zinc. The economic analysis contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report has an effective date of July 1, 2020 and


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excludes 655,746 tonnes of material that has been mined through June 30, 2020. For a discussion of the mineral resource estimates and mineral reserve estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report, see "Business—The Los Gatos District—Mineral Resource Estimates—Cerro Los Gatos Mine, Esther and Amapola Deposits" and "Business—The Los Gatos District—Mineral Reserve Estimates—Cerro Los Gatos Mine." For a discussion of the assumed capital and operating costs in the Los Gatos Technical Report, see "Business—The Los Gatos District—Capital and Operating Costs."


Cerro Los Gatos Mine Unlevered Free Cash Flow Profile on a 100% Basis (in millions)

GRAPHIC


Cerro Los Gatos Mine Unlevered Free Cash Flow Profile on a 51.5% Basis (in millions)

GRAPHIC


See Section 22 of the Los Gatos Technical Report. The economic analysis contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report has an effective date of July 1, 2020 and excludes 655,746 tonnes of material that has been mined through June 30, 2020. For a discussion of the mineral resource estimates and mineral reserve estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report, see "Business—The Los Gatos District—Mineral Resource Estimates—Cerro Los Gatos Mine, Esther and Amapola Deposits" and "Business—The Los Gatos District—Mineral Reserve Estimates—Cerro Los Gatos Mine." For a discussion of the assumed capital and operating costs in the Los Gatos Technical Report, see "Business—The Los Gatos District—Capital and Operating Costs."

Additional Resource Growth Potential from Exploration of the Los Gatos District

        In addition to the significant existing resources at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine, the Los Gatos District also contains the Esther and Amapola deposits and 11 other mineralized zones. With control of the concessions, the ability to develop the entire 103,087-hectare land position and more than 85% of the land position yet to be explored, we expect that we will stand to benefit from mineralization beyond those already identified in the 14 mineralized zones, which remain open to extensions. Sunshine Silver also has identified 14 other priority targets.include the Cerro Los Gatos Mine, the


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Other opportunities: Sunshine Silver owns 17 other exploration propertiesEsther deposit and the Amapola deposit. The mineral resource estimates for the Esther and Amapola deposits are set forth below:


Esther and Amapola Deposit Mineral Resource Estimates as of the Effective Date of the Los Gatos Technical Report

 
 Category Tonnes
(millions;
100% basis)
 Tonnes
(millions;
51.5% basis)
 Ag (g/t) Au (g/t) Pb (%) Zn (%) Cu (%) 

Esther Deposit

 Indicated  0.46  0.24  133  0.04  0.70  2.10  0.02 

 Inferred  2.29  1.18  98  0.12  1.60  3.00  0.05 

Amapola Deposit

 Indicated  0.25  0.13  135  0.10  0.10  0.30  0.02 

 Inferred  3.44  1.77  140  0.10  0.20  0.30  0.03 

Based on a cut-off grade of 100 grams silver equivalent/tonne using metal prices of $22.30/toz silver, $0.97/lb lead, and $0.91/lb zinc. The mineral resource estimates for the Esther and Amapola deposits have an effective date of December 21, 2012. The mineral resource estimates contained in Mexico, which could provide additional opportunitiesthe Los Gatos Technical Report are presented on an undiluted basis without adjustment for mining recovery. Mineral reserve estimates and mineral resource growth.estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report have different effective dates and are based on different dilution and recovery factors and cut-off grades. For a discussion of the mineral resource estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report, see "Business—The Los Gatos District—Mineral Resource Estimates—Cerro Los Gatos Mine, Esther and Amapola Deposits."

Politically StableAssets Located in Geopolitically Safe and Mining-Friendly JurisdictionsEstablished Mining Regions

Both Idaho and        The Los Gatos District is located in one of the world's premier silver mining regions: the Mexican Silver Belt, which was the world's largest silver producing region in 2019. Based on a survey published in 2019 by the Fraser Institute, an independent research organization, Mexico areis highly ranked among silver mining jurisdictions withworldwide in terms of the attractiveness of investment. Mexico also has a long history of successful mineral development and operations. Both are consideredoperations, which we believe makes it a desirable jurisdictionsjurisdiction in which to conduct mining operations due to stable political, tax and regulatory policies.

        Mexico is the largest producer of silver in the world, in addition to being a top-10 producer of gold, lead and zinc, among other major commodities. According to the 2019 Fraser Institute survey, Mexico ranks ahead of many countries in terms of investment attractiveness for mining, but behind certain areas in the U.S., Canada and Australia. In the mining sector, foreign ownership of Mexican companies is not subject to significant restrictions. The Mexican government is focused on improving infrastructure, primarily in the power grid and road networks.

Mine Site Exploration Potential Provides Opportunity for Significant Resource Conversion Beyond Existing Mine Plan

        We believe that our properties have significant exploration upside with numerous opportunities to define additional mineral resources through continued exploration.

Los Gatos District

        The Los Gatos District is located in the Mexican Silver Belt, near several other silver assets owned by large public companies. The Mexican Silver Belt has experienced significant exploration success, and the Los Gatos District represents an underexplored property where there has been little historical workings or previous exploration.


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        The Los Gatos District contains numerous significant high-grade targets throughout. Previous work done has resulted in a 190% increase in measured and indicated silver equivalent resources from March 2014 to September 2019, with additional exploration planned using proceeds from this offering.


Cerro Los Gatos Mine Measured & Indicated Ore Tonnage (Mt) and Silver Grade (g/t) (100% Basis)

GRAPHIC


Mineral resource estimates presented include mineral reserves. Based on a survey publishedcut-off grade of 150 grams silver equivalent/tonne at assumed metal prices of $18.00/toz silver, $0.92/lb lead and $1.01/lb zinc; gold was not considered in March 2011 bysilver equivalent calculation. The mineral resource estimates contained in the Fraser Institute,Los Gatos Technical Report have an independent research organization, Idahoeffective date of September 6, 2019. The mineral resource estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report are presented on an undiluted basis without adjustment for mining recovery. Mineral reserve estimates and Mexico rank amongmineral resource estimates contained in the top silver mining jurisdictions worldwide in termsLos Gatos Technical Report have different effective dates and are based on different dilution and recovery factors and cut-off grades. For a discussion of the attractivenessmineral resource estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report, including mineral resource estimates exclusive of government policies, accessmineral reserves, see "Business—The Los Gatos District—Mineral Resource Estimates—Cerro Los Gatos Mine, Esther and Amapola Deposits."

        The LGJV owns the surface rights to infrastructure5,479 hectares covering the Cerro Los Gatos Mine and qualified labor availability.the Esther and Amapola deposits and the Gavilana (Paula) and San Luis zones, and has been granted mineral concessions for all 103,087 hectares, with 17 contiguous concessions in the Los Gatos District. We have identified 14 mineralized zones within the concessions. Of the 14 mineralized zones, the LGJV has established mineral resource estimates only at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine, the Esther deposit and the Amapola deposit and has conducted drilling on only 15 kilometers out of a strike length of over 150 kilometers of quartz veining along the Los Gatos District.


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Location of the Cerro Los Gatos District

GRAPHIC


Mineralized Zones Grade Intercepts

Mineralized Zones
 Length (m) Ag (g/t) Pb (%) Zn (%) 

Boca de Leon

  2.2  90.6  5.0  0.8 

Cieneguita

  1.3  62.4  5.4  0.9 

El Lince

  4.0  62.2  0.0  0.1 

El Rodeo

  0.8  61.5  3.4  4.0 

La Paula

  4.0  180.0  0.1  0.1 

Los Torunos

  1.8  34.2  2.6  0.9 

Mezcalera

  2.0  59.4  0.1  0.1 

San Agustin

  1.3  148.0  1.2  2.3 

San Luis

  2.0  271.0  0.3  0.1 

The table above does not include Ocelote and Wall-E/Ava zones, as they do not have sufficient drilling.

        The current resources are significant, but we believe that additional resource potential remains in the immediate area. Drill testing of other high-priority targets within the Los Gatos District has been relatively limited given our focus on delineation of reserves at, and construction of, the Cerro Los Gatos Mine. As a result, the highly prospective Los Gatos District remains underexplored. Drilling at the Esther deposit to date has demonstrated good grade continuity along the system and characteristics similar to that identified during preliminary work at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine. Following potentially positive results from infill drilling at the Esther and Amapola deposits, we expect to update the


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resources and perform a scoping study to determine if these two deposit areas could generate economic production, representing further upside potential for the broader Los Gatos District.

        We expect to perform additional definition drilling to expand the Southeast and Northwest zones of the Cerro Los Gatos Mine and to perform additional drilling to expand the Esther and Amapola deposits, which remain open to extensions at depth. In addition to the Cerro Los Gatos Mine, the Esther deposit and the Amapola deposit, we have identified 11 other mineralized zones defined by high-grade drill intersections in the Los Gatos District.

Other Exploration Opportunities

        In addition to the Los Gatos District, we have 100% control of the Santa Valeria property, located in Chihuahua, Mexico, which is comprised of 1,543 hectares and could provide further opportunities for resource growth.

Attractive Market DynamicsExposure to Rapidly Improving Silver Fundamentals

Investment demand for        The value of silver exposure remains strong,is driven by two main factors: first, silver has a number of distinctive physical and chemical properties that make it an essential and difficult-to-substitute component in part by continued U.S. dollar weakness, ongoingseveral industrial applications; and second, in times of economic uncertainty, in Europe and political unrest in the Middle East. Historically, silver has beenis viewed as an effectiveattractive hedge against inflation and a decrease in the value of the U.S. dollar and inflation, attracting investors during times of uncertainty. In addition, industrialdollar.

        Industrial demand for silver continues to increase, driven by newelectrical and electronics applications as well as emerging applications for silver such as solar energy, medical applications and water purification, which the Company believes willwe believe enhance the strong supply and demand fundamentals of silver. Moreover, investment demand for silver exposure has strengthened, driven in part by accommodative monetary policy, aggressive stimulus measures and an uncertain economic environment in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2019, the silver market posted a net deficit (including the impact of exchange-traded products) representing approximately 5% of demand.

Despite this strong investment and industrial demand, the universe of primary silver companies is small, which limitshas created a scarcity of investor options for silver exposure. Sunshine Silver represents anWe believe we represent a highly attractive opportunity for investors to gain exposure to a primary silver company with two attractive assets.a world-class asset.

Experienced Management Team and Board of Directors

Sunshine Silver has        We have an experienced and growing management team with a track record of successfully identifying and developing mineral discoveries. The Company’s Executive Chairman & Acting

        Stephen Orr, Chief Executive Officer Stephen Orr,and Director, who joined the Company in 2011, has 34more than 40 years of experience in the mineralsmining industry, principally with Homestake Mining Company, where he ultimatelyincluding international commercial experience at both executive and operational levels. Previously, Mr. Orr served as Presidentpresident, director and chief executive officer at Ventana Gold Corp., a Vancouver-based mineral exploration and development company, as director and chief executive officer at OceanaGold Corporation ("OceanaGold"), where under his leadership OceanaGold built and commissioned two new mines in New Zealand, as vice president of Homestake Canada Inc.;North American operations and then managing director of Australia and Africa operations at Barrick Gold Corporation whereand as president and chief executive officer at Homestake Canada Inc. Mr. Orr has notified the Board of Directors that he was Managing Director of Australia & Africa operations; OceanaGold Limited, where he servedintends to retire as Chief Executive Officer;Officer within one to two years following the completion of this offering. Accordingly, the Board of Directors has initiated efforts to recruit an experienced executive as President, who will work closely with Mr. Orr and Ventana Gold Corp., where he was President &be considered to succeed Mr. Orr as Chief Executive Officer. The Company’sWe intend for Mr. Orr to continue to serve on our Board of Directors after his retirement as Chief Executive Officer.


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        Roger Johnson, Chief Financial Officer, Roger Johnson,who joined the Company in 2011, has 32more than 40 years of experience in financial management ofin the minerals industrymining industry. Previously, Mr. Johnson served as vice president and chief accounting officer at Newmont Mining Corporation (now Newmont Corp.), as senior vice president, finance and administration at Pasminco Zinc, Inc., and as vice president, controller at Kennecott Utah Copper LLC and practiced public accounting with Coopers & Lybrand (now PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP).

        Philip Pyle, Vice President of Exploration and Chief Geologist, who joined the Company in 2011, has more than 40 years of experience in the mining industry. Previously, Mr. Pyle served as vice president—exploration at Los Gatos Ltd., as exploration manager at Linear Gold Corp. (now Fortune Bay Corp.), as exploration manager at MIM Exploration Pty Ltd., as exploration manager at BHP Minerals International Exploration Inc. and as a public accountant; Kennecott Utah Copper Corporation, asgeologist at AMAX Exploration Inc.

        John Kinyon, Vice President Controller; Pasmincoof Operations, who joined the Company in 2012, has more than 40 years of U.S. and international operations and construction experience, including experience in various mining positions in the U.S., Canada, Tanzania, Australia, and New Zealand. Previously, Mr. Kinyon served as vice president and general manager at Coeur Mining Inc.'s Kensington Mine in Juneau, Alaska, as vice president of operations at OceanaGold, as general manager at Yukon Zinc Corporation ("Yukon Zinc") and as general manager at Eskay Creek at Barrick Gold Corporation.

        Luis Felipe Huerta, Project Director of the Cerro Los Gatos Mine, who joined the Company in 2015, has more than 20 years of project management experience in the mining industry. Previously, Mr. Huerta served as project manager at Continental Gold Inc., as Senior Vice President, Financeproject manager at Fortuna Silver Mines Inc., and Administration; and Newmont Mining Corporation,as project superintendent at Compañía Minera Milpo.

        Adam Dubas, Chief Administrative Officer, who joined the Company in 2011, has more than 20 years of experience in financial management. Previously, Mr. Dubas served as our Corporate Controller, as a senior manager at KPMG LLP, where he was Chief Accounting Officer.focused on the energy industry, and as an international financial analyst at Sprint Corporation.

The        Our Board will beof Directors is comprised of senior mining and financial executives who have broad domestic and international experience in mineral exploration, development and mining. The Company’s senior management andOur Board of Directors has been established with individuals who have in excess of 300 years of combinedcareer backgrounds at notable mining experience. Sunshine Silver believescompanies. We believe that the specialized skills and knowledge of the management team and of the Board of Directors will significantly enhance Sunshine Silver’sour ability to explore and develop the Sunshine Mine property and the Los Gatos ProjectDistrict and to pursue other regional growth opportunities.

        Thomas S. Kaplan, Chairman of the Board of Directors, is chairman and chief executive officer of The Electrum Group LLC, a privately-held global natural resources investment management company. Dr. Kaplan has over 25 years of experience in the resources sector. Dr. Kaplan served as chairman of Leor Exploration & Production LLC, a natural gas exploration and development company, which he founded in 2003 and sold in 2007 to EnCana Corporation. Dr. Kaplan intends to resign from the Board of Directors contingent upon and effective immediately prior to the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

        Janice Stairs, Lead Director, was general counsel and corporate secretary at Namibia Critical Metals Inc., general counsel at Endeavour Mining Corporation, and vice president and general counsel at Etruscan Resources Inc. Ms. Stairs has more than 30 years of experience in the resources sector, including service on the board of directors of Gabriel Resources Ltd., Trilogy Metals Inc., and Marathon Gold Corporation. Ms. Stairs will become the Chair of the Board of Directors immediately prior to the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

        Jeb Burns, Director, is the chief investment officer of the Municipal Employees' Retirement System of Michigan and serves on the investment committee of Western Michigan University Foundation, the board of directors of Pacific Pension & Investment Institute, the board of directors of


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the Michigan History Foundation, the board of trustees of Mackinac Associates, and the board of directors of Venture Michigan Fund. Mr. Burns has nearly 20 years of investment and asset management experience. Mr. Burns intends to resign from the Board of Directors contingent upon and effective immediately prior to the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

        Ali Erfan, Director, is vice chairman of The Electrum Group LLC, a privately-held global natural resources investment management company. Mr. Erfan is a founding board member of Leor Energy. Mr. Erfan has more than 20 years of experience in senior roles in the venture capital and private equity industry.

        Igor Gonzales, Director, is the chief operating officer at Appian Capital Advisory, a leading investment advisor in the metals and mining industry. Mr. Gonzales has more than 30 years of experience in the mining industry.

        Karl Hanneman, Director, is chief executive officer of International Tower Hill Mines, Ltd., where he leads a team advancing a 10-million-ounce gold resource in Alaska through project optimization. Mr. Hanneman has more than 35 years of mining industry management and technical experience as an executive, manager, mining engineer, mine operator and entrepreneur.

        Charles Hansard, Director Nominee, has over 25 years of experience in corporate governance at the board of directors level, including as chairman of African Platinum Plc.

        Igor Levental, Director, is president of The Electrum Group LLC, a privately-held global natural resources investment management company. Mr. Levental has held senior executive positions with major mining companies, including Homestake Mining Company and International Corona Corp. Mr. Levental has more than 30 years of experience across a broad cross-section of the international mining industry.

        David Peat, Director, was vice president and chief financial officer at Frontera Copper Corporation, vice president and global controller at Newmont Mining Corporation and vice president of finance and chief financial officer at Homestake Mining Company. Mr. Peat has more than 30 years of experience in financial leadership in support of mining corporations.

Shareholder Support and Sponsorship

        We were founded by The Electrum Group LLC and certain of Companies, orits affiliates. We refer to The Electrum Group LLC and its affiliates in this prospectus, individually and collectively, as "Electrum." Electrum is a leading private equityan investment firm engagedadvisor whose team has historically focused on making strategic investments in mining explorationprecious metals resources and development. Led by Dr. Thomas S. Kaplan, a highly-respected natural resources investor, Electrum brings together decades of combined investment and operating experience, proven execution abilities and capabilities, a broad and diverse background and a deep knowledge of the natural resources sector and mining disciplines. By maintaining a disciplined and professional approach to acquisition and value enhancement, Electrum has developed a strong track record and a multi-billion dollar asset base in the natural resource sector. Electrum holds significant stakes in public and private metals and mining companies, including NovaGold Resources Inc., Gabriel Resources Ltd., Taung Gold Limited, Tintina Resources Inc., Niocan Inc. and Sunward Resources Ltd. The Company believeshydrocarbons. We believe that access to the specialized skills and knowledge within Electrum will significantly enhance Sunshine Silver’sour ability to execute itsour business strategy. When we refer

        The Municipal Employees' Retirement System of Michigan ("MERS") is an independent, professional retirement services company that was created to “Electrum” in this prospectus, we are including Electrum Silver Holdings LLC, Tigris Financial (International) L.P., Tigris Financial Group Ltd. and CGT Management Ltd., alladminister the retirement plans for Michigan's local units of which are our stockholders.government on a not-for-profit basis.

Liberty Metals & Mining Holdings, LLC, or Liberty Metals & Mining, is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Boston-headquartered, Liberty Mutual Group. As of March 31, 2011, Liberty Mutual Group had more than $71 billion of total invested assets. As a subsidiary of Liberty Mutual Group, Liberty Metals & Mining makes investments in        Following the metals and mining sector for Liberty Mutual Group.

Following completion of thethis offering, Electrum and Liberty Metals & MiningMERS will beneficially own approximately        % and        % of the Company’sour outstanding common stock, respectively, after giving effect to (i) the Reorganization, (ii) the issuance of an aggregate of                shares of common stock to our executive officers in connection with this offering, as described in "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Grants to Certain Executive Officers in Connection with This Offering," (iii) the conversion of our outstanding convertible notes into an aggregate of                shares of common stock in connection with this offering, and (iv) the issuance and sale of                shares of common stock in this offering, assuming the over-allotment option is not exercised by the underwriters.underwriters, and Electrum will continue to have a presence on the Board of Directors.


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        See "Business—Key Investment Highlights—Shareholder Support."

Business Strategy

Sunshine Silver’s        Our business strategy is focused on creating value for stakeholders through the ownership and advancement of its two principal projects, projects—the SunshineCerro Los Gatos Mine property and the Los Gatos Project, District—and through the pursuit of similarly attractive silver-focused projects. Sunshine Silver plans to:

Continue Exploration and DevelopmentThe LGJV commenced production at the Sunshine Mine property to Convert Existing Mineralized Material to Reserves and Expand the Resource Base

Sunshine Silver intends to complete a pre-feasibility study at the Sunshine Mine property to determine the costs to re-commission and operate the Sunshine Mine as a sustainable and efficient silver producer. Sunshine Silver expects this study will be completed within 24 months from the completion of this offering. In addition, the Company intends to continue with its surface and underground exploration drilling program to provide sufficient sampling to estimate grade, tonnage and location of additional potentially economic veins and deposits for future production and to upgrade mineralized material to reserves.

Re-Commission the Sunshine Mine to Long-Term Sustainable Production

Sunshine Silver intends to refurbish or replace existing infrastructure at the Sunshine Mine in connection with its modernization and rehabilitation efforts and to review process optimization alternatives. The re-commissioning of the Sunshine Mine will be designed to allow the Company to reach a safe and sustainable production rate utilizing its newly optimized facilities.

Accelerate Exploration at the Los Gatos Region and Advance the Los Gatos Project

The Company plans to accelerate its exploration program at the Los Gatos region through additional drilling with the intent of identifying mineralized material. In the near term, the Company also intends to progress the most advanced exploration sites, the Cerro Los Gatos Mine in the third quarter of 2019. We intend to achieve these objectives through the following value-enhancing near-term and Esther zones, through to pre-feasibility study.long-term initiatives:

    Conduct Further Exploration at Sunshine Silver’s Mexican Properties outsideRetire a portion of the Los Gatos Region and Apply for Additional Exploration AcreageWorking Capital Facility:

    Sunshine Silver plans  The Los Gatos Working Capital Facility provided by Dowa to expand its exploration programs at its Mexican properties outsidethe LGJV carries an annual interest rate of LIBOR plus 3%. In addition, we are required to pay an arrangement fee on the borrowing, calculated as 15.0% per annum of 70.0% of the average daily principal amount outstanding during the relevant fiscal quarter. Retiring a portion of the Los Gatos region and continue to grow its land position. The Company owns or controls a portfolio of 17 other exploration propertiesWorking Capital Facility will reduce our borrowing costs.

    Repurchase an 18.5% interest in Mexico covering an area of 442,006 hectares, with significant additional hectares under application for mineral concession. There are two projects underway with significant drill results, El Doctor in Oaxaca and Zaragoza in Chihuahua. Additional drilling is planned at both of these projects as well as additional targets through 2012. The Company is planning sufficient drilling in an effort to outline continuous geometry of mineralization at El Doctor and Zaragoza, which could lead to initial estimates of mineralized material.

    Identify and Pursue Other Growth Opportunities that Add Value to Stockholders

    Given the management and Board’s strong track record in exploration, development and asset integration, the Company may pursue acquisitions and joint ventures that are value accretive to its stockholders through the pursuit of similarly attractive silver-focused projects.

    Recent Developments

    Philip Pyle, Vice President Exploration, who is a Qualified Person as set out in NI 43-101, has supervised the preparation of the technical information that forms the basis of the information contained in this section “—Recent Developments.”

    Exploration drilling at the Los Gatos Project has recently detectedJoint Venture to increase our ownership to 70.0%: We intend to exercise our right to repurchase an 18.5% interest in the LGJV from Dowa, increasing our ownership to approximately 70.0%. The option expires in June 2021 and represents an attractive investment opportunity that we believe is immediately value-accretive. With increased ownership, we will further benefit from the ramp-up in production at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine, supported by the attractive cash flow generation profile and fully funded nature of the project. In addition to increasing our economic interest in the Cerro Los Gatos Mine, we expect that this repurchase will also provide us with greater exposure to potential upside from additional exploration within the Los Gatos District, in particular the Esther and Amapola deposits. Following this increase in our ownership interest in the LGJV, we will continue to not exercise control over the LGJV due to certain provisions contained in the Unanimous Omnibus Partner Agreement that currently require unanimous partner approval of all major operating decisions (such as certain approvals, the creation of security interests on property, any initial public offering of the joint venture, and litigation settlements). See "Business—The Los Gatos District—Unanimous Omnibus Partner Agreement" for more information.

    Fund near-term LGJV debt service needs:  We intend to fund our pro rata share of near-term debt service costs related to the Dowa Term Loan (as defined herein).

    Complete a new trend of mineralizationfeasibility study expanding the Cerro Los Gatos Mine production rate to 3,000 tpd: Our desktop study estimated that has been nameda production rate expansion from 2,500 to 3,000 tpd could significantly improve the Amapola zone. It is located 4.5 kilometers northwesteconomics of the Cerro Los Gatos zone. Results indicateMine. Given the appealing potential return, we intend to conduct a minimum of four separate mineralized quartz veinsfeasibility study, prepared in accordance with high levels of silver at upper levelsthe SEC Mining Modernization Rules and silver, lead and zinc at deeper levels. Highlights fromNI 43-101, for the drilling include holes AM22 and AM25:

    Hole

      From
    (meters)
       To
    (meters)
       Thickness
    (meters)
       Ag (g/t)   Pb (%)   Zn (%) 

    AM22

       651     651.85     0.85     588.0     13.70     0.70  

    AM25

       533     560     27.0     81.8     0.53     1.33  

    Included in AM25

       542.5     544.3     1.8     709.0     4.91     11.90  

    Continuous mineralization has been identified over a strike length of 600 meters in two of the four known veins and additional drilling is planned to verify the geometry of this mineralization.

    In other developments at thepossible Cerro Los Gatos Project, a new zone of quartz veining has been identified in the southwestern portionMine production rate increase.

    Further exploration of the Los Gatos claim block. This zone has been named Boca de Leon and has,District:  We intend to date, been detected overfund our pro rata share of an exploration program to further define resources in the partially defined Esther deposit to confirm the multiple deposit potential of the Los Gatos District.

        See "Business—Business Strategy."

Recent Developments

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic

        In late March 2020, the Mexican government declared a strike lengthnational health emergency due to increasing infection rates from the COVID-19 pandemic. Pursuant to the health emergency declaration,


Table of 900 meters. The zone’s surface outcrops contain similar looking textures and mineralogyContents

the Mexican government ordered a temporary suspension of all "non-essential" operations nationwide in Mexico, including mining operations, in order to help combat the spread of COVID-19. In response to the order, the LGJV effected a 45-day temporary suspension of all non-essential activities at the Cerro Los Gatos quartz vein mineralization. Surface samplingMine site, which reduced the number of employees and contractors at the site and the Chihuahua corporate office. During the temporary suspension, the LGJV implemented health protocols, allowed most administrative and technical services employees to work remotely, reduced mining and milling, completed project enhancements and finalized a mine plan upon reactivation of mining activities after the temporary suspension.

        In late May 2020, the Mexican government designated mining an essential service and allowed mines to resume production, subject to deploying COVID-19 prevention protocols. Our existing COVID-19 protocols exceeded those mandated by the Mexican government and, accordingly, the LGJV reactivated mine development and mining in late May 2020 and hired additional employees. Ore processing resumed in early June 2020. In order to maintain social distancing and best practice protocols, public areas, such as the residential camps' cafeterias, limited the number of personnel. Food service periods were extended with employees assigned specific times for meals. Face masks are required in offices and other public areas. Daily working shift times are staggered to limit the number of employees in changing areas and pre-shift work meetings. Two sterilization tunnels have been installed at the main entry gate and at the entrance to the cafeteria. All individuals entering the Cerro Los Gatos Mine site are subject to a rapid test to screen for COVID-19 and, if an individual tests positive on the rapid test and on a secondary molecular test, the individual will be subject to quarantine protocols and removed from the mine site. In the event of an outbreak of COVID-19 on site, we could determine that a full suspension of our operations is necessary for the safety and protection of the vein outcropsworkers.

        The COVID-19 pandemic has generated valuestemporarily affected our financial condition, in part due to the loss of revenue resulting from the 45-day temporary suspension of all non-essential activities at the LGJV's Cerro Los Gatos Mine site and the expenses associated with the development and implementation of COVID-19 protocols. In addition, as the LGJV reactivated mine development and mining, it implemented a scalable optimized plan with a lower employee complement and with reduced average monthly production rate at 1,750 tpd until September 2020, targeting higher ore grades. This may result in higher per tonne mining, processing and sustaining capital costs than previously anticipated. We intend to ramp up to the 2,500 tpd design capacity beginning in September 2020 with the goal of reaching the 2,500 tpd design capacity in January 2021.

        If the Mexican government were to reinstate the suspension order caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, or if all mining activities at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine site were suspended for an undefined period of time, there could be additional costs incurred, production and development delays, cost overruns and operational restart costs. In addition, given that rangeour management travels regularly between Mexico City and the Cerro Los Gatos Mine site, any restrictions on travel within Mexico may adversely affect our management's ability to oversee ongoing mining activities at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine and our ability to achieve our business objectives and milestones. See "Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—Our business could be adversely affected by the effects of health epidemics, including the recent COVID-19 pandemic, in regions where we conduct our business operations."

Third Quarter 2020 Operational Update

        For the three-months ended September 30, 2020, at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine, 164,510 tonnes were mined and 172,229 tonnes were processed at average grades of 269 g/t silver, 0.43 g/t gold, 2.51% lead and 4.00% zinc, with metallurgical recovery of 85.1% silver, 61.9% gold, 87.3% lead and 73.9% zinc, and 6,097 tonnes of lead concentrate were produced at average grades of 5,726 g/t silver, 6.82 g/t gold, 59.7% lead and 9.7% zinc, with metallurgical recovery of 75.3% silver, 56.3% gold, 84.4% lead


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and 8.6% zinc, and 7,980 tonnes of zinc concentrate were produced at average grades of 572 g/t silver, 0.52 g/t gold, 1.6% lead and 56.5% zinc, with metallurgical recovery of 9.8% silver, 5.6% gold, 3.0% lead and 65.4% zinc. Considering the ramp-up of mining operations during the period, operating costs for the three months ended September 30, 2020 were in line with management's expectations and trending toward LOM feasibility operating costs.

Risk Factors

        Before you invest in our common stock, you should carefully consider all the information in this prospectus, including matters set forth under the "Risk Factors" section. These risks represent challenges to the successful implementation of our strategy and future profitability of our business. These risks include:

    we have a history of negative operating cash flows and net losses and we may never achieve or sustain profitability;

    we are dependent on two principal projects for our future operations, the Cerro Los Gatos Mine and the Los Gatos District; the Los Gatos District (other than the Cerro Los Gatos Mine) does not currently have proven or probable mineral reserves;

    mineral reserve and mineral resource calculations at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine and the Los Gatos District are only estimates;

    actual capital costs, operating costs, production and economic returns may differ significantly from 68those we have anticipated and there are no assurances that any future development activities will result in profitable mining operations;

    the title to 411 gramssome of the mineral properties may be uncertain or defective, thus risking our investment in such properties;

    the prices of silver, per tonne.zinc and lead are subject to change and a substantial or extended decline in the prices of silver, zinc or lead could materially and adversely affect our revenues and the value of our mineral properties;

    we may be subject to claims and legal proceedings that could materially and adversely impact our financial position, financial performance and results of operations;

    we have debt and may incur further debt in the future, which could adversely affect our financial health, limit our ability to obtain financing in the future and pursue certain business opportunities and reduce the value of your investment;

    our directors may have conflicts of interest as a result of their relationships with other mining companies;

    our business could be adversely affected by the effects of health epidemics, including the recent COVID-19 pandemic, in regions where we conduct our business operations;

    our success depends on developing and maintaining relationships with local communities and stakeholders;

    the Mexican government, as well as local governments, extensively regulate mining operations, which impose significant actual and potential costs on us, and future regulation could increase those costs, delay receipt of regulatory refunds or limit our ability to produce silver and other metals;

    Electrum, MERS and their respective affiliates will continue to have a substantial degree of control over us after this offering, which could delay or prevent a change of corporate control or result in the entrenchment of our management and/or Board of Directors;

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    our relationship with SOP may strain our senior management resources and could potentially result in conflicts of interest; and

    we are an "emerging growth company" and we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our common stock less attractive to investors.

Implications of Becoming an Emerging Growth Company

        As a company with less than $1.07 billion in revenue during our last fiscal year, we qualify as an "emerging growth company" as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the "JOBS Act"). An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include:

    we are not required to engage an auditor to report on our internal controls over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the "Sarbanes-Oxley Act");

    we are not required to comply with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (the "PCAOB") regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor's report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements (i.e., an auditor discussion and analysis);

    we are not required to submit certain executive compensation matters to shareholder advisory votes, such as "say-on-pay," "say-on-frequency" and "say-on-golden parachutes"; and

    we are not required to disclose certain executive compensation related items such as the correlation between executive compensation and performance and comparisons of the chief executive officer's compensation to median employee compensation.

        We may take advantage of these provisions until the last day of our fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the completion of this offering or such earlier time that we are no longer an emerging growth company. We would cease to be an emerging growth company upon the earliest of: (i) the last day of the first fiscal year in which our annual gross revenues are $1.07 billion or more; (ii) the date on which we have, during the previous three-year period, issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities; or (iii) the date on which we are deemed to be a "large accelerated filer," which will occur as of the end of any fiscal year in which we (x) have an aggregate market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates of $700 million or more as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter, (y) have been required to file annual and quarterly reports under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), for a period of at least 12 months and (z) have filed at least one annual report pursuant to the Exchange Act. Even after we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, we may still qualify as a "smaller reporting company," which would allow us to take advantage of many of the same exemptions from disclosure requirements including reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in this prospectus and our periodic reports and proxy statements.

        We have elected to take advantage of some of the reduced disclosure obligations listed above in this prospectus and may elect to take advantage of other reduced reporting requirements in future filings. In particular, we have elected to adopt the reduced disclosure with respect to our executive compensation disclosure. As a result of this election, the information that we provide to shareholders may be different from that you might get from other public companies.

        The Company expectsJOBS Act permits an emerging growth company like us to take advantage of an extended transition period to comply with new or revised accounting standards applicable to public companies. We have elected to "opt out" of this provision and, as a result, we will comply with new or revised


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accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for public companies that are not emerging growth companies. The decision to opt out of the Boca de Leon zoneextended transition period under the JOBS Act is irrevocable.

        See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012."

Corporate Information and Reorganization

        We were formed on February 2, 2011, when our predecessor Precious Metals Opportunities LLC, which was formed in December 2009, converted to a Delaware corporation. On March 1, 2011, Los Gatos Ltd. merged with and into us to form Sunshine Silver Mines Corporation. In 2014, we changed our name to Sunshine Silver Mining & Refining Corporation.

        Immediately prior to the closing of this offering, we intend to effect the Reorganization in which (i) SOP will become a priority areawholly owned subsidiary of a newly created Delaware corporation named Silver Opportunity Partners Corporation, (ii) each            shares of our common stock outstanding immediately prior to the Reorganization will be exchanged for future exploration drilling.

Corporate Information

(A)             shares of our common stock (subject to rounding to eliminate fractional shares) and (B)              shares of common stock of SOP Corporation (subject to rounding to eliminate fractional shares) and (iii) we will change our name from Sunshine Silver MinesMining & Refining Corporation to Gatos Silver, Inc. SOP currently holds our interest in the Sunshine Complex, which is incorporatedlocated in Delaware.the Coeur d'Alene Mining District in Idaho and is comprised of the Sunshine Silver’sMine and the Sunshine Big Creek Refinery. Through the Reorganization, we expect to distribute all of our equity interest in SOP to our shareholders immediately prior to the completion of this offering.

        A chart of our project ownership structure after the Reorganization is set out below.

GRAPHIC


In this graphic, green rectangles represent legal entities and grey circles depict the mining operations owned by such legal entities.

(1)
Silver Opportunity Partners LLC holds less than 0.01% interest in Minera Luz de Sol, S. de R.L. de C.V. due to requirements of Mexican law.

        Our principal executive office is located at 370 17th Street,8400 E. Crescent Parkway, Suite 3800, Denver, Colorado 80202. The Company’s600, Greenwood Village, CO 80111. Our telephone number is (303) 784-5350.


THE OFFERINGTable of Contents

 


THE OFFERING

Common stock offered in firm commitment offering

 shares            shares.

Common stock to be outstanding after this offering

 

shares (or            shares if the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in full).

Option to purchase additional shares of common stock

 shares

            shares.

Use of proceeds

We estimate that the net proceeds to us from this offering will be approximately $             million, or $             million if the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in full, assuming an initial public offering price of $             per share, which is the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses. expenses payable by us.

We intend to allocateuse the net proceeds of this offering to retire a portion of the Los Gatos Working Capital Facility provided by Dowa, exercise our option to repurchase an 18.5% interest in the LGJV to increase our ownership to 70.0%, fund near-term debt service needs, fund a feasibility study for a 3,000 tpd production rate expansion at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine, for Los Gatos District exploration and for working capital and general corporate purposes.

If the net proceeds from this offering exceed $             million, we intend to use a portion of the net proceeds to repay our outstanding convertible notes, in which case, such convertible notes will not convert to shares of the offering towards our operations at the Sunshine Mine property, $             million towards our operations at the Los Gatos Project and $             million towards the exploration of our propertiescommon stock in Mexico outside of the Los Gatos Project. The remaining amount of the proceeds will be used for general corporate purposes. See “Use of Proceeds” on page 29.connection with this offering.

See "Use of Proceeds."

Voting rights

Holders of our common stock are entitled to one vote per share. See "Description of Capital Stock."

Dividend policy

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock. We do not intend to pay any dividends in the foreseeable future and currently intend to retain all future earnings to finance our business. See "Dividend Policy."

Risk factors

See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 11"Risk Factors" for a discussion of factors you should carefully consider before deciding whether to invest in our common stock.


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Directed share program

At our request, the underwriters have reserved up to            % of the shares of common stock offered by this prospectus, for sale, at the initial public offering price, to our employees and directors and to friends, professional contacts and family members of our employees and directors. If purchased by these persons, these shares will not be subject to a lock-up restriction, except in the case of shares purchased by any director or officer, which will be subject to a 180-day lock-up restriction described under "Underwriting." The number of shares available for sale to the general public will be reduced by the number of reserved shares sold to these individuals. Any reserved shares that are not so purchased will be offered by the underwriters to the general public on the same basis as the other shares offered by this prospectus. See "Underwriting."

Common stock listing

We intendhave applied to apply for listing oflist our common stock on the New York Stock ExchangeNYSE and the TSX under the symbol “AGS.”"GATO."

The number of shares of our common stock that will be outstanding after this offering includes 57,523,612is based on the number of shares of common stock outstanding as of March 31, 2011.June 30, 2020 after giving effect to (i) the Reorganization, (ii) the issuance of an aggregate of                shares of common stock to our executive officers in connection with this offering, as described in "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Grants to Certain Executive Officers in Connection with This Offering," (iii) the conversion of our outstanding convertible notes into an aggregate of                shares of common stock in connection with this offering, and (iv) the issuance and sale of                shares of common stock in this offering. Unless otherwise indicated, all information in this prospectus, including the number of shares that will be outstanding after this offering and other share-related information:information, excludes:

excludes 245,907

                shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of director and employee options outstanding as of June 30, 2020, at a weighted average exercise price of $                per share;

                shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of LGJV personnel options outstanding as of June 30, 2020, at a weighted average exercise price of $                per share;

                shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of options outstandingto be granted upon the pricing of this offering, as described under "Executive and Director Compensation—Stock Option Grants," at an exercise price per share equal to the public offering price in this offering;

                 shares of March 31, 2011 withcommon stock issuable upon the exercise of options granted after June 30, 2020, at a weighted average exercise price of $4.13$            per share;

excludes an option to purchase 125,000

             shares of common stock to beissuable upon the conversion of deferred share units ("DSUs") granted to our Executive Chairmancertain employees and Acting Chief Executive Officer upon the consummation of this offering at a purchase price equal to the offering price. See “Compensation Discussiondirectors; and Analysis—Grants of Plan-Based Awards;”

excludes

            additional shares of common stock reserved for future issuance under our Amended and Restated Long Term Incentive Plan, as well as any automatic increases in the number of shares of our common stock option plans;

reserved for future issuance under the Amended and Restated Long Term Incentive Plan.

        See "Executive and Director Compensation—Stock Option Grants" and "Executive and Director Compensation—Director Compensation." See also "Description of Capital Stock."

        Unless otherwise indicated, all information in this prospectus assumes:

    the Reorganization;

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assumes

    the filing and effectiveness of our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, which will occur immediately prior to the completion of this offering;

    an initial public offering price of $        per share of common stock, which is the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus;

    no exercise of outstanding options and no conversion of DSUs described above;

    the issuance of an aggregate of        shares of common stock to our executive officers in connection with this offering, as described under "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Grants to Certain Executive Officers in Connection with This Offering," based on an initial public offering price of $              per share of common stock, which is the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus;

    the conversion of our outstanding convertible notes into an aggregate of        shares of common stock in connection with this offering, as described under "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Convertible Notes," based on an initial public offering price of $        per share of common stock, which is the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus;

    no exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase from us up to              additional shares to cover over-allotments; and

assumes a              for              stock split of our common stock to be effected prior to completionby the underwriters; and

no purchase of common stock in this offering.

offering by directors, officers or existing shareholders.

See “Description

Table of Capital Stock” beginning on page 95.Contents



SUMMARY CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA

We prepared the summary consolidated financial data using our consolidated financial statements for each of the periods presented. The summary consolidated financial data for each fiscal year in the three-year period ended December 31, 20102019 was derived from our audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this prospectus.

The summary consolidated financial data for the three months ended March 31, 2010 and as of and for the threesix months ended March 31, 2011June 30, 2020 and for the six months ended June 30, 2019 was derived from our unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. In ourthe opinion of management, such unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited consolidated financial statements and reflect all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of our results of operations and financial position. Results as of and for the threesix months ended March 31, 2011June 30, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for the entire year.

We were formed on February 2, 2011 when our predecessor, Precious Metals Opportunities LLC, converted to a Delaware corporation. On March 1, 2011, Los Gatos Ltd. merged withyear, and into us. In accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP, all financial results have been prepared as if the combination of the companies under common control (Precious Metals Opportunities LLC and Los Gatos Ltd.) had occurred prior to the earliest period presented. Accordingly, the financial results have been prepared on the following basis:

the 2008 and 2009 results of operations are derived solely from the activities of Los Gatos Ltd.;

the 2010 results of operations reflect the combined activities of Precious Metals Opportunities LLC and Los Gatos Ltd.; and

the 2011 results of operations reflect the combined activities of Precious Metals Opportunities LLC and Los Gatos Ltd. through February 28, 2011; subsequent to this date, the results of operations reflect the consolidated activities of Sunshine Silver.

As a result of our acquisition of the Sunshine Mine in May 2010, we believe that period-over-period comparisons of our operatinghistorical results are not necessarily meaningful and should notindicative of results that may be relied upon as a good indicator of ourexpected for any future performance.

period. You should read this financial data in conjunction with our auditedthe "Management's Discussion and unauditedAnalysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" section and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. See “Management’s Discussion

 
 Year Ended December 31, Six Months Ended
June 30,
 
 
 2019 2018 2017 2020 2019 
 
  
  
  
 (unaudited)
 
 
 (in thousands, except for share and per share amounts)
 

Statement of Loss Data:

                

Expenses:

                

Exploration

 $1,248 $1,709 $1,179 $598 $527 

Pre-development

  2,318  2,527  2,408  1,048  1,140 

General and administrative

  4,845  4,396  6,494  3,257  2,689 

Amortization

  2,370  2,307  2,483  1,203  1,238 

Total expenses

  10,781  10,939  12,564  6,106  5,594 

Dilution loss on affiliates

  11,231        11,231 

Equity loss in affiliates(1)

  12,865  464  160  21,516  311 

Net other expense

  2,941  264  87  2,343  886 

Loss before income taxes

  37,818  11,667  12,811  29,965  18,022 

Income tax benefit

    (3)      

Net Loss

 $37,818 $11,664 $12,811 $29,965 $18,022 

Net loss per share

 $0.49 $0.16 $0.19 $0.37 $0.24 

Weighted average shares outstanding to compute net loss per share

  77,934,044  73,941,655  67,507,179  81,011,188  75,050,171 

Pro forma net loss per share(2)

 $        $     

Weighted average shares outstanding to compute pro forma net loss per share(2)

                

(1)
Represents the 70.0% loss pickup under the equity method of accounting (i) from January 1, 2019 to May 29, 2019 for the year ended December 31, 2019, (ii) from January 1, 2019 to May 29, 2019 for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and Analysis(iii) for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. Represents the 51.5% loss pickup under the equity method of Financial Conditionaccounting for (i) the six months ended June 30, 2020, (ii) from May 30, 2019 to December 31, 2019 for the year ended December 31, 2019 and Results(iii) from May 30, 2019 to June 30, 2019 for the six months ended June 30, 2019.


Table of Operations.”Contents

   Year ended December 31,  Three months ended March 31, 
   2010  2009   2008      2011          2010     
   (in thousands) 
             (unaudited) 

Statements of Loss Data:

       

Expenses:

       

Exploration

  $14,653   $9,771    $2,718   $3,759   $3,144  

Care and maintenance

   2,534    —       —      1,224    —    

General and administrative

   5,490    818     415    3,972    1,067  
                      

Total expenses

   22,677    10,589     3,133    8,955    4,211  

Net other expense

   1,891    597     24    159    295  
                      

Loss before income tax benefit

   24,568    11,186     3,157    9,114    4,506  

Income tax benefit

   (30  —       —      (12  —    
                      

Net loss

  $24,538   $11,186    $3,157   $9,102   $4,506  
                      
(2)
The pro forma information gives effect to the following: (i) the Reorganization, (ii) the issuance of an aggregate of            shares of common stock to our executive officers in connection with this offering, as described in "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Grants to Certain Executive Officers in Connection with This Offering," (iii) the conversion of our outstanding convertible notes into an aggregate of            shares of common stock in connection with this offering, (iv) the issuance and sale of            shares of common stock in this offering, after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, and (v) the acquisition or retirement of a portion of the Los Gatos Working Capital Facility and the funding of near-term debt service needs with a portion of the net proceeds of this offering as described in "Use of Proceeds," as if each such event occurred on the first day of the period presented. The pro forma information is illustrative only and will change based on the actual initial public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing. A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $            per share, which is the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase (decrease) pro forma net loss per share by $            , assuming the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same. A 1,000,000 share increase (decrease) in the number of shares of common stock offered by us would increase (decrease) pro forma net loss per share by $            , assuming the assumed initial public offering price remains the same.
 
 Year Ended December 31, Six Months Ended
June 30,
 
 
 2019 2018 2017 2020 2019 
 
  
  
  
 (unaudited)
 
 
 (in thousands)
 

Cash Flow Data:

                

Net cash used by operating activities

 $(12,295)$(6,654)$(8,204)$(9,537)$(4,273)

Net cash used by investing activities

  (21,905) (745) (28,555) (7,573) (19,576)

Net cash provided by (used by) financing activities

  39,828  (222) 42,678  9,979  25,466 

 

 
 June 30, 2020 
 
 Actual Pro Forma(1) 
 
 (in thousands)
 

Balance Sheet Data:

       

Cash and cash equivalents

 $1,954 $  

Total assets

  136,147    

Total liabilities

  14,543    

Total shareholders' equity

  121,604    

(1)
The pro forma information gives effect to the following: (i) the Reorganization, (ii) the issuance of an aggregate of                                    shares of common stock to our executive officers in connection with this offering, as described in "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Grants to Certain Executive Officers in Connection with This Offering," (iii) the conversion of our outstanding convertible notes into an aggregate of            shares of common stock in connection with this offering, (iv) the issuance and sale of            shares of common stock in this offering, after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, and (v) the acquisition or retirement of a portion of the Los Gatos Working Capital Facility and the funding of near-term debt service needs with a portion of the net proceeds of this offering as described in "Use of Proceeds." The pro forma information is illustrative only and will change based on the actual initial public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing. A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $            per share, which is the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase (decrease) pro forma cash and cash equivalents, total assets and total shareholders' equity by $             million, assuming the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same. A 1,000,000 share increase (decrease) in the number of shares of common stock offered by us would increase (decrease) pro forma cash and cash equivalents, total assets and total shareholders' equity by $             million, assuming the assumed initial public offering price remains the same.

   Year ended December 31,  Three months ended
March 31,
 
   2010  2009  2008  2011  2010 
   (in thousands) 
      (unaudited)  

Cash Flow Data:

      

Net cash used in operating activities

  $(21,479 $(10,876 $(2,866 $(5,730 $(5,516

Net cash used in investing activities

  $(30,856 $(31 $(4 $(172 $(6

Net cash provided by financing activities

  $54,592   $11,885   $3,250   $149,079   $6,463  

   March 31, 2011 
   Actual   As Adjusted(1) 
   (in thousands) 
   (unaudited) 

Balance Sheet Data:

    

Cash and cash equivalents

  $146,813    $              

Working capital

  $145,329    $   

Total assets

  $179,438    $   

Total indebtedness

   —       —    

Total shareholders’ equity

  $174,357    $   

(1)Assumes net proceeds to us from this offering of $             million. Assuming an initial public offering price of $             per share, which is the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, a $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $             per share, which is the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase (decrease) as adjusted cash and cash equivalents, working capital, total assets and total shareholders’ equity by $             million, assuming the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

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RISK FACTORS

You should carefully consider the following risk factors that may affect our business, future operating results and financial condition, as well as the other information set forth in this prospectus, before making a decision to invest in our common stock. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition or results of operations would likely be materially and adversely affected. In such case, the trading price of our common stock would likely decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment. The risks below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks not currently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also adversely affect us.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We are an exploration company that has nohave a history of negative operating history on which to base an evaluation of our businesscash flows and prospectsnet losses and we cannot provide investors with any assurance that we will generate any operating revenues at our mineral propertiesmay never achieve or ever achieve profitable operations.sustain profitability.

We were formed in December 2009have a history of negative operating cash flows and have not yet generated any operating revenue. The Sunshine Mine has not been a producing mine since 2008, prior to its acquisition by us. We anticipate that we will continue to incur operating costs without realizing any revenues at the Sunshine Mine and the Los Gatos Project for the foreseeable future.net losses. We expect to continue to incur negative operating cash flows and net losses until such time as one or more of our mineral properties enters into commercial production and generates sufficient revenues to fund our continuing operations. IfFor the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, our net loss was $37.8 million and $11.7 million, respectively, and for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, our net loss was $30.0 million and $18.0 million, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2019, on a pro forma basis after giving effect to (i) the Reorganization, and (ii) the acquisition or retirement of a portion of the Los Gatos Working Capital Facility and the funding of near-term debt service needs with a portion of the net proceeds of this offering as described in "Use of Proceeds," as if each such event occurred on the first day of the relevant period, our net loss would have been $             million. Given our history of negative operating cash flows and net losses, and potential future negative operating cash flows and net losses, we are unablemay use the net proceeds from this offering to generatefund our continuing operations. See "Use of Proceeds."

        We may never achieve or sustain profitability. The Cerro Los Gatos Mine commenced production on September 1, 2019. To become and remain profitable, we must succeed in generating significant revenues at the Sunshine Mine or theCerro Los Gatos Project, weMine, which will not be ablerequire us to earn profits or continue operations. We cannot provide investors with any assurance that we will be successful in resuming productiona range of challenging activities and is subject to numerous risks, including the risk factors set forth in this "Risk Factors" section. In addition, we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other unknown factors that may adversely affect our revenues, expenses and profitability. Our failure to achieve or sustain profitability would depress our market value, could impair our ability to execute our business plan, raise capital or continue our operations and could cause our shareholders to lose all or part of their investment.

There is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

        Our recurring negative operating cash flows and net losses raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Our ability to continue operating as a going concern is contingent upon our ability to secure sufficient financing, retire certain existing obligations and/or reduce spending to maintain operations. Based on our planned use of the net proceeds of this offering and our currently available resources, including existing cash and cash equivalents, we estimate that such funds will enable us to fund our projected operating expenses and capital expenditures for at least twelve months from the Sunshine Mine, ordate of this prospectus. This estimate is based on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we will ever developcould use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. Changing circumstances could cause us to consume capital significantly faster than we currently anticipate, and we may need to spend more than currently expected because of circumstances beyond our control. The financial statements contained elsewhere in this prospectus do not include any adjustments that might result from our inability to continue as a mine at the Los Gatos Project.going concern.


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We are dependent on our two principal projects for our future operating revenue,operations, the SunshineCerro Los Gatos Mine property and the Los Gatos Project, neither of whichDistrict. The Los Gatos District (other than the Cerro Los Gatos Mine) does not currently hashave proven or probable mineral reserves.

The Sunshine Mine property and the Los Gatos Project doDistrict (other than the Cerro Los Gatos Mine) does not have identified proven and probable mineral reserves. The costs, timing and complexities of upgrading the mineralized material at the Sunshine Mine property to proven and probable reserves may be greater than we anticipate. Mineral exploration and development involves a high degree of risk that even a combination of careful evaluation, experience and knowledge cannot eliminate, and few properties that are explored are ultimately developed into producing mines. There is no assurance that our mineral exploration programs at either the Sunshine Mine property or the Los Gatos ProjectDistrict will establish the presence of any additional proven or probable mineral reserves. The failure to establish additional proven or probable mineral reserves would severely restrict our ability to implement our strategies for long-term growth.

Mineralized materialMineral reserve and mineral resource calculations at the SunshineCerro Los Gatos Mine and the Los Gatos District are only estimates.

        Calculations of mineral reserves at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine and of the mineral resources at the Los Gatos District are only estimates and are based principally on historic data.

Our calculation of the mineralized material at the Sunshine Mine is only an estimate and dependsdepend on geological interpretation and statistical inferences or assumptions drawn from drilling and sampling analysis, which might prove to be materially inaccurate. There is a degree of uncertainty attributable to the calculation of mineralized material.mineral reserves and mineral resources. Until mineralized material ismineral reserves and mineral resources are actually mined and processed, the quantity of metal and grades must be considered as estimates only and no assurancesassurance can be given that the indicated levels of metals will be produced. In making determinations about whether to advance any of our projects to development, we must rely upon estimated calculations for the mineralized materialmineral reserves and mineral resources and grades of mineralization on our properties. Our current estimates at the Sunshine Mine are mainly based on historical drilling

        The estimation of mineral reserves and on data compiled by a previous owner of the Sunshine Mine that cannot be completely verified due to water levels in the Mine, lack of access to the historically mined areas and the lack of quality assurance and quality control information on the historic assays.

The estimating of mineralized materialmineral resources is a subjective process that is partially dependent upon the judgment of the persons preparing the estimates. The process relies on the quantity and quality of available data and is based on knowledge, mining experience, statistical analysis of drilling results and industry practices. Valid estimates made at a given time may significantly change when new information becomes available.

Estimated mineralized materialmineral reserves and mineral resources may have to be recalculated based on changes in metal prices, further exploration or development activity or actual production experience. This could materially and adversely affect estimates of the volume or grade of mineralization, estimated recovery rates or other important factors that influence mineralized materialmineral reserves and mineral resources estimates. The extent to which mineralized materialmineral resources may ultimately be reclassified as mineral reserves is dependent upon the demonstration of their profitable recovery. Any material changes in volume and grades of mineralization will affect the economic viability of placing a property into production and a property’sproperty's return on capital. We cannot provide assurance that mineralization can be mined or processed profitably.

Our mineralized material        Mineral reserve and mineral resource estimates have been determined and valued based on assumed future metal prices, cut-off grades and operating costs that may prove to be inaccurate. Extended declines in the market price for silver, lead and zinc may render portions of our mineralization uneconomic and result in reduced reported volume and grades, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our financial performance, financial position and results of operations.

Historical production at the Sunshine Mine may not be indicative        In addition, inferred mineral resources have a great amount of the potential for future development.

There is currently no commercial production at the Sunshine Mineuncertainty as to their existence and since our ownership, we have never recorded any revenues from commercial production at the Sunshine Mine.their economic and legal feasibility. You should not rely onassume that any part of an inferred mineral resource will be upgraded to a higher category or that any of the factmineral resources not already classified as mineral reserves will be reclassified as mineral reserves.


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Our mineral exploration efforts are highly speculative in nature and may be unsuccessful.

        Mineral exploration is highly speculative in nature, involves many uncertainties and risks and is frequently unsuccessful. It is performed to demonstrate the dimensions, position and mineral characteristics of mineral deposits, estimate mineral resources, assess amenability of the deposit to mining and processing scenarios and estimate potential deposit value. Once mineralization is discovered, it may take a number of years from the initial exploration phases before production is possible, during which time the potential feasibility of the project may change adversely. Substantial expenditures are required to establish additional proven and probable mineral reserves, to determine processes to extract the metals and, if required, to construct mining and processing facilities and obtain the rights to the land and resources required to develop the mining activities.

        Development projects have no operating history upon which to base estimates of proven and probable mineral reserves and estimates of future operating costs. Estimates are, to a large extent, based upon the interpretation of geological data and modeling obtained from drill holes and other sampling techniques, feasibility studies that there were historical mining operationsderive estimates of operating costs based upon anticipated tonnage and grades of material to be mined and processed, the configuration of the deposit, expected recovery rates of metal from the mill feed material, facility and equipment capital and operating costs, anticipated climatic conditions and other factors. As a result, actual operating costs and economic returns based upon development of proven and probable mineral reserves may differ significantly from those originally estimated. Moreover, significant decreases in actual or expected commodity prices may mean mineralization, once found, will be uneconomical to mine.

Our processing ability may be adversely impacted by certain circumstances.

        A number of factors could affect our ability to process the quantities of metals that we recover and our ability to efficiently handle certain quantities of processed materials, including, but not limited to, the presence of oversized material at the Sunshine Mine as an indicationcrushing stage; material showing breakage characteristics different than those planned; material with grades outside of planned grade range; the presence of deleterious materials in ratios different than expected; material drier or wetter than expected, due to natural or environmental effects; and materials having viscosity or density different than expected.

        The occurrence of one or more of the circumstances described above could affect our ability to process the number of tonnes planned, recover valuable materials, remove deleterious materials, and produce planned quantities of concentrates. In turn, this may result in lower throughput, lower recoveries, increased downtime or some combination of all of the foregoing. While issues of this nature are part of normal operations, there is no assurance that unexpected conditions may not materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.

Actual capital costs, operating costs, production and economic returns may differ significantly from those we have anticipated and there are no assurances that any future development activities will ever have future successful commercial operationsresult in profitable mining operations.

        The actual operating costs at the Sunshine Mine. In order for us to develop new mining operations at the Sunshine Mine, we will be required to incur substantial operating expenses and capital expenditures to refurbish and/or replace existing infrastructure.

We have not prepared a pre-feasibility study for the Sunshine Mine. We expect to produce a pre-feasibility study for the Sunshine Mine with a portion of the proceeds of the offering. Our evaluations of our business and prospects are subject to change after the study has been conducted, which could materially adversely effect our prospects. Additionally, the actual amount and timing of expenditures at the SunshineCerro Los Gatos Mine will depend onupon changes in the progressavailability and prices of drilling, explorationlabor, equipment and development,infrastructure, variances in ore recovery and mining rates from those assumed in the results of consultants’ analysismining plan, operational risks, changes in governmental regulation, including taxation, environmental, permitting and recommendations, the rate at which operating losses are incurred, the formation of any joint ventures with strategic partners, our acquisition of additional mineral properties, the market price of silverother regulations and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. Due to any of these or other factors, the capitaloperating costs required to takeat the SunshineCerro Los Gatos Mine into production may be significantly higher than anticipated.those set forth in the Los Gatos Technical Report. As a result of higher capital and operating costs, production and economic returns may differ significantly from those set forth in the Los Gatos Technical Report and there are no assurances that any future development activities will result in profitable mining operations.


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Land reclamation and mine closure may be burdensome and costly.

Land reclamation and mine closure requirements are generally imposed on mineral exploration companies, such as ours, which require us, among other things, to minimize the effects of land disturbance. Such requirements may include controlling the discharge of potentially dangerous effluents from a site and restoring a site’ssite's landscape to its pre-exploration form. The actual costs of reclamation and mine closure are uncertain and planned expenditures may differ from the actual expenditures required. Therefore, the amount that we are required to spend could be materially higher than current estimates. Any additional amounts required to be spent on reclamation and mine closure may have a material adverse effect on our financial performance, financial position and results of operations and may cause us to alter our operations. In addition, we are required to maintain financial assurances, such as letters of credit, to secure reclamation obligations under certain laws and regulations. The failure to acquire, maintain or renew such financial assurances could subject us to fines and penalties or suspension of our operations. Letters of credit or other forms of financial assurance represent only a portion of the total amount of money that will be spent on reclamation over the life of a mine’smine's operation. Although we include liabilities for estimated reclamation and mine closure costs in our financial statements, it may be necessary to spend more than what is projected to fund required reclamation and mine closure activities. Additionally, even if we cease exploration at the Sunshine Mine we will be required to expend cash and other resources to satisfy ongoing care and maintenance obligations at the Sunshine Mine, which obligations include controlling ground water, monitoring and sampling permitted facilities and ultimately reclaiming our tailings impoundment.

We do not have sufficient funds to bring the Sunshine Mine into sustained commercial operation or to develop a mine at the Los Gatos Project, and we expect that we will require additional financing in the future.

We are an exploration company and do not currently have sufficient capital for sustained operations. We expect that the proceeds from this offering will be used to fund sufficient technical work to complete a pre-feasibility study at the Sunshine Mine property and to complete a pre-feasibility study on the Cerro Los Gatos and Esther zones at the Los Gatos Project. In addition, we may have sufficient funds to initiate production at the Sunshine Mine. However, we do not expect that the funds raised from this offering will be sufficient to bring the Sunshine Mine into sustained commercial operation or to develop a mine at the Los Gatos Project. We expect that we will require additional funds at a later date to bring the Sunshine Mine into sustained commercial operation and develop a mine at the Los Gatos Project. Our future financing needs may be substantial if we encounter unexpected costs or delays in re-commissioning the Sunshine Mine or developing a mine at the Los Gatos Project.

We expect to raise additional funds through equity, debt or a combination of equity and debt. Access to additional capital may not, however, be available on terms acceptable to us or at all. Failure to obtain sufficient financing may result in the delay or indefinite postponement of exploration, drilling, development or production at the Sunshine Mine or the Los Gatos Project. Furthermore, even if we raise sufficient additional capital, there can be no assurance that we will achieve profitability or positive cash flow. In addition, any future equity offering will further dilute your equity interest in us and any future debt financing will require us to dedicate a portion of our cash flow to payments on indebtedness and will limit our flexibility in planning for or reacting to changes in our business.

If theThe development of one or more of our mineral projects isthat have been, or may in the future be, found to be economically feasible we will be subject to all of the risks associated with establishing new mining operations.

        The Los Gatos Technical Report indicates that the Cerro Los Gatos Mine is a profitable silver-zinc-lead project with an estimated 11-year mine life, at modeled metals' prices. If the development of one of our other mineral projects is found to be economically feasible, the development of such developmentprojects will require obtaining permits and financing, and the construction and operation of mines, processing plants and related infrastructure. As a result, we will be subject to all of thecertain risks associated with establishing new mining operations, including:

    the timing and cost, which can be considerable, of the construction of mining and processing facilities and related infrastructure;



the availability and cost of skilled labor, mining equipment and principal supplies needed for operations, including explosives, fuels, chemical reagents, water, power, equipment parts and lubricants;



the availability and cost of appropriate smelting and refining arrangements;



the need to obtain necessary environmental and other governmental approvals and permits and the timing of the receipt of those approvals and permits;



the availability of funds to finance construction and development activities;



industrial accidents;



mine failures, shaft failures or equipment failures;



natural phenomena such as inclement weather conditions, floods, droughts, rock slides and seismic activity;



unusual or unexpected geological and metallurgicmetallurgical conditions;



exchange rate and commodity price fluctuations;



high rates of inflation;

health pandemics, including the COVID-19 pandemic;

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    potential opposition from non-governmental organizations, environmental groups or local groups, which may delay or prevent development activities; and



restrictions or regulations imposed by governmental or regulatory authorities.

authorities, including with respect to environmental matters.

The costs, timing and complexities of developing ourthe projects may be greater than anticipated. Cost estimates may increase significantly as more detailed engineering work is completed on a project. It is common in mining operations to experience unexpected costs, problems and delays during construction, development and mine start-up. In addition, the cost of producing silver-bearing concentrates that are of acceptable quality to smelters may be significantly higher than expected. We may encounter higher than acceptable contaminants in our concentrates such as arsenic, antimony, mercury, copper, iron, selenium or other contaminants that, when present in high concentrations, can result in penalties or outright rejection of the metals concentrates by the smelters or other customers. Silver-bearing concentratesofftakers. For example, due to the high fluorine content at our Sunshinethe Cerro Los Gatos Mine, are knownit was necessary to contain relatively high percentagesreduce the fluorine content of arsenic and antimony.the concentrate produced at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine by providing additional cleaning stages. Accordingly, we cannot provide assurance that our activities will result in profitable mining operations at ourthe mineral properties.

Our operations involve significant risks and hazards inherent to the mining industry.

Our operations involve the operation of large pieces ofmachines, heavy mobile equipment and drilling and other heavy equipment. Hazards such as fire, explosion, floods, structural collapses,adverse environmental conditions, industrial accidents, labor disputes, unusual or unexpected geological conditions, ground control problems, cave-ins, floodingchanges in the regulatory environment, metallurgical and other processing problems, mechanical equipment failure, facility performance problems, fire and natural phenomena such as inclement weather conditions, floods and earthquakes are inherent risks in our operations. These and other hazardsHazards inherent to the mining industry can cause injuries or death to employees, contractors or other persons at our mineral properties, severe damage to and destruction of our property, plant and equipment, and mineral properties, and contamination of, or damage to, the environment, and can result in the suspension of our exploration activities and any future development and production activities. SafetyWhile we aim to maintain best safety practices as part of its culture, safety measures implemented by us may not be successful in preventing or mitigating future accidents.

In addition, from time to time we may be subject to governmental investigations and claims and litigation filed on behalf of persons who are harmed while at our properties or otherwise in connection with our operations. To the extent that we are subject to personal injury or other claims or lawsuits in the future, it may not be possible to predict the ultimate outcome of these claims and lawsuits due to the nature of personal injury litigation. Similarly, if we are subject to governmental investigations or proceedings, we may incur significant penalties and fines, and enforcement actions against us could result in the closing of certain of our mining operations. If claims and lawsuits or governmental investigations or proceedings are finallyultimately resolved against us, it could have a material adverse effect on our financial performance, financial position and results of operations. Also, if we mine on property without the appropriate licenses and approvals, we could incur liability for such activities or our operations could be suspended.

We may be materially and adversely affected by challenges relating to slope and stability of underground openings.

        Our underground mines get deeper and our waste and tailings deposits increase in size as we continue with and expand our mining activities, presenting certain geotechnical challenges, including the possibility of failure of underground openings. If we are required to reinforce such openings or take additional actions to prevent such a failure, we could incur additional expenses, and our operations and stated mineral reserves could be negatively affected. We have taken the actions we determined to be


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proper in order to maintain the stability of underground openings, but additional action may be required in the future. Unexpected failures or additional requirements to prevent such failures may adversely affect our costs and expose us to health and safety and other liabilities in the event of an accident, and in turn materially and adversely affect the results of our operations and financial condition, as well as potentially have the effect of diminishing our stated mineral reserves.

The mining industry is very competitive.

The mining industry is very competitive. Much of our competition is from larger, established mining companies with greater liquidity, greater access to credit and other financial resources, newer or more efficient equipment, lower cost structures, more effective risk management policies and procedures and/or a greater ability than us to withstand losses. Our competitors may be able to respond more quickly to new laws or regulations or emerging technologies, or devote greater resources to the expansion or efficiency of their operations than we can. In addition, current and potential competitors may make strategic acquisitions or establish cooperative relationships among themselves or with third parties. Accordingly, it is possible that new competitors or alliances among current and new competitors may emerge and gain significant market share to our detriment. We may not be able to compete successfully against current and future competitors, and any failure to do so could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Deliveries under a sales agreement with Ocean Partners and other customer concentrate sales agreements may be suspended or cancelled by our customers in certain cases.

        Under a sales agreement with Ocean Partners USA Inc. ("Ocean Partners") and other customer concentrate sales agreements, our customers may suspend or cancel delivery of our products in some cases, such as force majeure. Events of force majeure under these agreements generally include, among others, acts of God, strikes, fires, floods, wars, government actions or other events that are beyond the control of the parties involved. Any suspension or cancellation by our customers of deliveries under our sales contracts that are not replaced by deliveries under new contracts would reduce our cash flow and could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

The title to some of ourthe mineral properties may be uncertain or defective, thus risking our investment in such properties.

Certain        Under the laws of our United StatesMexico, mineral resources belong to the state, and government concessions are required to explore for or exploit mineral reserves. Mineral rights consist of “patented” and “unpatented” mining claims created and maintained in accordance with the U.S. General Mining Law of 1872. Unpatented mining claims are unique U.S. property interests, and are generally considered to be subject to greater title risk than other real property interests because the validity of unpatented mining claims is often uncertain. This uncertainty arises, in part, out

of the complex federal and state laws and regulations that supplement the General Mining Law. Also, unpatented mining claims and related rights, including rights to use the surface, are subject to possible challenges by third parties or contestsderive from concessions granted, on a discretionary basis, by the federal government. The validityMinistry of an unpatentedEconomy, pursuant to the Mexican mining claim, in terms of both its location and its maintenance, is dependent on strict compliance with a complex body of federal and state statutory and decisional law. In addition, there are few public records that definitively control the issues of validity and ownership of unpatented mining claims.

The Sunshine Mine property is part of a historic mining district that was established prior to 1900. The history of ownership of the properties comprising the Sunshine Mine property is complex and involves numerous individuals and entities. In addition, title to many of the mineralized ore veins at the Sunshine Mine property is based on ownership of the patented claims within which those ore veins have their apex, as under the General Mining Law the owner of a mining claim within which a mineralized vein has its apex owns the so-called “extralateral rights” to that vein as it may extend downward outside the vertical boundaries of the claim. As the vein extends downward, however, its actual location becomes less and less certain. As a result, ownership of these mineralized veins often becomes more a question of geology than of public records. Over the years, because of the age of the districtlaw and the existence of extralateral rights that renderregulations thereunder. While we and the LGJV hold title to the actual minerals beneath any particular claim more uncertain, our predecessors and adjoining landowners entered into several agreements establishing boundary lines between claims, dividing ownership of portions of claims, agreeing tomineral properties in Mexico described in this prospectus, including the sharing of ore produced from mineralized veins within claims, and agreeing to joint exploration and development activities on certain claims. There can beCerro Los Gatos Mine, through these government concessions, there is no assurance that title to the concessions comprising the Cerro Los Gatos Mine or our predecessors successfully consolidatedor the LGJV's other properties at the Sunshine Mine property so that third parties will not make claimsbe challenged or impaired. The Los Gatos concession is held by us subject to our properties or a sharethe terms of some portionan agreement with the original holder of any mineral production in the future or that we have identified every agreement establishing our property rights.

With respect to several of the patented mining claims at the Sunshine Mine property, we own the mineral estate but not the surface estate. Although we expect we would continue the development of the Sunshine Mine as an underground mine, which would not require us to make use of the surface of those patented claims where we do not own the surface estate, as we develop our mine plan for the Sunshineconcession. The Cerro Los Gatos Mine and as that plan changes over time, there can be no assurance that we will not need to useour or the surface of portions of those claims. If that need arises there can be no assurance that the owners of the surface estate of any of those claims will recognize our common law rights or be willing to enter into agreements with us to allow for such surface use.

Additionally, our mineralLGJV's other properties in Mexico may be subject to prior recorded and unrecordedunregistered agreements, transfersinterests or native land claims, and title may be affected by among other things,such undetected defects. A title defect on any of theseour mineral properties (or any portion thereof) could adversely affect our ability to mine the property and/or process the minerals that we mine.

        The mineral properties' mining concessions in Mexico may be terminated if the obligations to maintain the concessions in good standing are not satisfied, including obligations to explore or exploit the relevant concession, to pay any relevant fees, to comply with all environmental and safety standards, to provide information to the Mexican Ministry of Economy and to allow inspections by the Mexican Ministry of Economy. In addition to termination, failure to make timely concession maintenance


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payments and otherwise comply with applicable laws, regulations and local practices relating to mineral right applications and tenure could result in reduction or expropriation of entitlements.

Title insurance is generally not available for mineral properties and our ability to ensure that we have obtained secure claim to individual mineral properties or mining concessions may be severely constrained. We rely on title information and/or representations and warranties provided by our grantors. Any challenge to our title could result in litigation, insurance claims and potential losses, delay the exploration and development of a property and ultimately result in the loss of some or all of our interest in the property. In addition, if we mine on property without the appropriate title, we could incur liability for such activities. While we have received a title opinion in relation to the Los Gatos District dated as of November 5, 2019, such opinion is not a guarantee of title and such title may be challenged.

We do not currently intend to enter into hedging arrangements with respect to silver and other minerals and our hedging activities, or our decision not to hedge, with respect to our expenses could expose us to losses. We are also subject to risks relating to fluctuations in the exchange rate of the Mexican peso to the U.S. dollar.

We do not currently intend to enter into hedging arrangements with respect to silver.silver and other minerals. As such, we will not be protected from a decline in the price of silver.silver and other minerals. This strategy may have a material adverse effect upon our financial performance, financial position and results of operations.

We report our financial statements in U.S. dollars. A portion of our costs and expenses are incurred in Mexican pesos. As a result, any significant and sustained appreciation of the Mexican peso against the U.S. dollar may materially increase our costs and expenses. Additionally, we are, and will be, exposed to the potentially adverse effects of fluctuations in input costs, such as diesel fuel, and if we borrow funds at a floating rate, interest rates. We may seek to enter into hedging arrangements to hedge some of our input costs, such as diesel fuel, and our currency exposure with respect to the portion of our costs and expenses incurred in Mexican pesos. In the future we may also seek to enter into interest rate hedge agreements in connection with future indebtedness we may incur that bears interest at a floating rate. We currently, however, have not entered into any such hedging arrangements, or made a decision to do so, and cannot assure you that we will be able to do so on acceptable terms, or at all. Even if we seek and are able to enter into hedging contracts, there is no assurance that such hedging program will be effective, and any hedging program would also prevent us from benefitting fully from applicable input cost or rate decreases. In addition, we may in the future experience losses if a counterparty fails to perform under a hedge arrangement.

If we achieve production, our profitability may be affected by supply agreements with customers.

If we achieve production, we may choose to sell most of the silver-bearing concentrate we produce under supply agreements to metal traders or integrated mining and smelting companies. There is no assurance that we will be successful in entering into such arrangements on acceptable terms, or at all, as we currently have no customers. We may need to offer concessions to counterparties in order to have such parties initially enter into agreements with us. In addition, changes in the silver industry could cause any of our future customers not to renew, extend or enter into new supply agreements with us or to enter into agreements to purchase fewer tons of concentrate from us than in the past or on different terms or prices.

If we do not enter into supply agreements, we may be forced to sell all of our concentrates, or greater volumes of them than we desire, in the spot market or, in the worst case, we may have no market for our concentrates at all. In addition, with respect to supply arrangements to which we are party, should any counterparty not honor such an arrangement due to insolvency or otherwise we may incur losses for product already shipped and be forced to sell greater volumes of our concentrates in the spot market than we initially planned or there may be no market for our concentrates, and our future operating results may be materially adversely impacted as a result.

Our insurance may not provide adequate coverage.

Our business and operations are subject to a number of risks and hazards, including, but not limited to, adverse environmental conditions, industrial accidents, labor disputes, unusual or unexpected geological conditions, ground control problems, cave-ins, changes in the regulatory environment, metallurgical and other processing problems, mechanical equipment failure, facility performance problems, fires and natural phenomena such as inclement weather conditions, floods and earthquakes. These risks could result in damage to, or destruction of, our mineral properties or production facilities, personal injury or death, environmental damage, delays in exploration, mining or processing, increased production costs, asset write downs, monetary losses and legal liability.

Our property and liability insurance may not provide sufficient coverage for losses related to these or other hazards. Insurance against certain risks, including those related to environmental matters or other hazards resulting from exploration and production, is generally not available to us or to other companies within the mining industry. Our current insurance coverage may not continue to be available at economically feasible premiums, or at all. In addition, we do not carryour business interruption insurance relating to


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our properties.properties has long waiting periods before coverage begins. Accordingly, delays in returning to any future production at the Sunshine Mine could produce near-term severe impact to our business. Any losses from these events may cause us to incur significant costs that could have a material adverse effect uponon our financial performance, financial position and results of operations.

Our business is sensitive to nature and climate conditions.

        A number of governments have introduced or are moving to introduce climate change legislation and treaties at the international, national, state/provincial and local levels. Regulations relating to emission levels (such as carbon taxes) and energy efficiency are becoming more stringent. If the current regulatory trend continues, this may result in increased costs at some or all of our business locations. In addition, the physical risks of climate change may also have an adverse effect on our operations. Extreme weather events have the potential to disrupt our exploration at our mines and may require us to make additional expenditures to mitigate the impact of such events.

Suitable infrastructure may not be available or damage to existing infrastructure may occur.

        Mining, processing, development and exploration activities depend on adequate infrastructure. Reliable roads, bridges, port and/or rail transportation, power sources, water supply and access to key consumables are important determinants for capital and operating costs. The lack of availability on acceptable terms or the delay in the availability of any one or more of these items could prevent or delay exploration, development or exploitation of our projects. If adequate infrastructure is not available in a timely manner, we cannot assure you that the exploitation or development of our projects will be commenced or completed on a timely basis, or at all, or that the resulting operations will achieve the anticipated production volume, or that the construction costs and operating costs associated with the exploitation and/or development of our projects will not be higher than anticipated. In addition, extreme weather phenomena, sabotage, vandalism, government, non-governmental organization and community or other interference in the maintenance or provision of such infrastructure could adversely affect our operations and profitability.

If we are unable to retain key members of management, our business might be harmed.

Our exploration activities and any future development and construction or mining and processing activities depend to a significant extent on the continued service and performance of our senior management team, including our Executive Chairman and Acting Chief Executive Officer. We depend on a relatively small number of key officers, and we currently do not, and do not intend to, have key personkey-person insurance for these individuals. Departures by members of our senior management could have a negative impact on our business, as we may not be able to find suitable personnel to replace departing management on a timely basis.basis, or at all. The loss of any member of our senior management team could impair our ability to execute our business plan and could, therefore, have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, the international mining industry is very active and we are facing increased competition for personnel in all disciplines and areas of operation. There is no assurance that we will be able to attract and retain personnel to sufficiently staff our development and operating teams.

The availability and reliability of transportation facilities and fluctuations in transportation costs could affect the demand for silver-bearing concentrate or impair our ability to supply silver-bearing concentrate to our customers.

We will depend upon barge, ship, rail, truck and belt transportation systems to deliver silver-bearing concentrate to our customers. Disruptions in third-party services due to weather-related problems, mechanical difficulties, accidents, strikes, lockouts, bottlenecks and other events could impair our ability to supply silver-bearing concentrate to our customers. We may not always be able to ensure consistent and reliable service, and decreased performance levels over longer periods of time could cause our customers to look to other sources for their silver-bearing concentrate needs. If we experience disruptions in our transportation services or if transportation costs increase significantly and we are unable to find alternative transportation providers, we may lose customers and our mining operations may be disrupted, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

High metal prices in recent years have encouraged increased mineral exploration, development and construction activity, which has increased demand for, and cost of, exploration, development and construction services and equipment.

High metal prices in recent years have encouraged increases in mineral exploration, development and construction activities, which has resulted in increased demand for, and cost of, exploration, development and construction services and equipment. There has also been a shortage of skilled workers in the mining industry in recent years particularly with respect to experienced mine construction and mine management personnel. As a result of this shortage, the wages that we are required to pay to our skilled workers have increased. In addition, employee turnover rates in the mining industry have increased as participants in the minerals industry compete for skilled personnel. Increased demand for services and equipment could result in delays if services or equipment cannot be obtained in a timely manner due to inadequate availability, and may cause scheduling difficulties due to the need to coordinate the availability of services or equipment, any of which could materially increase our project exploration and any future development and/or construction costs.

The price of silver, iszinc and lead are subject to change and a substantial or extended decline in the priceprices of silver, zinc or lead could materially and adversely affect our revenues and the value of our mineral properties.

Our business and financial performance will be significantly affected by fluctuations in the price of silver. The priceprices of silver, iszinc and lead. The prices of silver, zinc and lead are volatile, can fluctuate substantially and isare affected by numerous factors that are beyond our control. DuringSince January 1, 2019 to September 30, 2020, the last ten years, theLBMA silver price of silver ranged from a low of $4.06$12.01 per ounce in November 2001on March 19, 2020 to a high of $48.44$28.89 per ounce inon September 1, 2020; the LME Official Settlement zinc price ranged from a low of $1,816


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per tonne ($0.82 per pound) on March 24, 2020 to a high of $2,933 per tonne ($1.33 per pound) on April 2011. While1, 2019; the LME Official Settlement lead price ranged from a low of silver has increased significantly in recent years, such price movement is not$1,586 per tonne ($0.72 per pound) on March 24, 2020 to a predicatorhigh of the future price of silver, which may decrease significantly as silver prices$2,265 per tonne ($1.03 per pound) on October 29, 2019. Prices are affected by numerous factors beyond our control, including:

    prevailing interest rates and returns on other asset classes;



expectations regarding inflation, monetary policy and currency values;



speculation;



governmental and exchange decisions regarding the disposal of precious metals stockpiles, including the decision by the CME Group, the owner and operator of the futures exchange, to raise silver’ssilver's initial margin requirements on futures contracts;



political and economic conditions;



available supplies of silver, zinc and lead from mine production, inventories and recycled metal;



sales by holders and producers of silver;silver, zinc and

lead; and

demand for products containing silver.

silver, zinc and lead.

        Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic and efforts to contain it, including restrictions on travel and other advisories issued may have a significant effect on silver, zinc and lead prices as well as demand. Because we expect to derive the substantial majority of our revenues from sales of silver, zinc and lead, our results of operations and cash flows will fluctuate as the price of silver increasesprices for these metals increase or decreases.decrease. A sustained period of declining silver prices would materially and adversely affect our financial performance, financial position and results of operations.

Changes in the future demand for the silver, zinc and lead we produce could adversely affect our future sales volume and revenues.

        Our future revenues will depend, in substantial part, on the volume of silver, zinc and lead we sell and the prices at which we sell, which in turn will depend on the level of industrial and consumer demand. Demand for silver is mostly driven by its general perception as a store of value as well as its uses in industrial processes and products, such as batteries, bearings, brazing and soldering, catalysts, electronics and photographic material, and its use by direct consumers, such as for jewelry, silverware and coins. See "Silver Industry Overview." An increase in the production of silver worldwide or changes in technology, industrial processes or consumer habits, including increased demand for substitute materials, may decrease the demand for silver. Increased demand for substitute materials may be either technologically induced, when technological improvements render alternative products more attractive for first-use or end-use than silver or allow for reduced application of silver, or price induced, when a sustained increase in the price of silver leads to partial substitution for silver by a less expensive product or reduced application of silver. Demand for zinc is primarily driven by the demand for galvanized steel, used in construction, automobile and other industrial applications. Demand for lead is primarily driven by the demand for batteries, used in vehicles, emergency systems and other industrial battery application. Any substitution of these materials may decrease the demand for the silver, zinc and lead we produce. A fall in demand, resulting from economic slow-downs or recessions or other factors, could also decrease the price and volume of silver, zinc and lead we sell and therefore materially and adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.


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We may fail to identify attractive acquisition candidates or joint ventures with strategic partners or may fail to successfully integrate acquired mineral properties or successfully manage joint ventures.

As part of our development strategy, we may acquire additional mineral properties or enter into joint ventures with strategic partners. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to identify attractive acquisition or joint venture candidates in the future or that we will succeed at effectively managing their integration or operation. In particular, significant and increasing competition exists for mineral acquisition opportunities throughout the world. We face strong competition from other mining companies in connection with the acquisition of properties producing, or capable of producing, metals as well as in entering into joint ventures with other parties. If the expected synergies from such transactions do not materialize or if we fail to integrate them successfully into our existing business or operate them successfully with our joint venture partners, or if there are unexpected liabilities, our results of operations could be adversely affected.

        Pursuant to the Unanimous Omnibus Partner Agreement, we and Dowa must jointly approve of certain major decisions involving the LGJV, including decisions relating to the merger, amalgamation or restructuring of the LGJV and key strategic decisions, including with respect to expansion, among others. If we are unable to obtain the consent of Dowa, we may be unable to make decisions relating to the LGJV that we believe are beneficial for its operations, which may materially and adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.

In connection with any future acquisitions or joint ventures, we may incur indebtedness or issue equity securities, resulting in increased interest expense or dilution of the percentage ownership of existing stockholders.shareholders. Unprofitable acquisitions or joint ventures, or additional indebtedness or issuances of securities in connection with such acquisitions or joint ventures, may adversely affect the price of our common stock and negatively affect our results of operations.

Our information technology systems may be vulnerable to disruption, which could place our systems at risk from data loss, operational failure or compromise of confidential information.

        We rely on various information technology systems. These systems remain vulnerable to disruption, damage or failure from a variety of sources, including, but not limited to, errors by employees or contractors, computer viruses, cyberattacks, including phishing, ransomware, and similar malware, misappropriation of data by outside parties, and various other threats. Techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to or sabotage our systems are under continuous and rapid evolution, and we may be unable to detect efforts to disrupt our data and systems in advance. Breaches and unauthorized access carry the potential to cause losses of assets or production, operational delays, equipment failure that could cause other risks to be realized, inaccurate recordkeeping, or disclosure of confidential information, any of which could result in financial losses and regulatory or legal exposure, and could have a material adverse effect on our cash flows, financial condition or results of operations. Although to date we have not experienced any material losses relating to cyberattacks or other information security breaches, there can be no assurance that we will not incur such losses in the future. Our risk and exposure to these matters cannot be fully mitigated because of, among other things, the evolving nature of these threats. As such threats continue to evolve, we may be required to expend additional resources to modify or enhance any protective measures or to investigate and remediate any security vulnerabilities.

We may be subject to claims and legal proceedings that could materially and adversely impact our financial position, financial performance and results of operations.

We may be subject to claims or legal proceedings covering a wide range of matters that arise in the ordinary course of business activities. These matters may result in litigation or unfavorable


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resolution which could materially and adversely impact our financial performance, financial position and results of operations. See “Business—"Business—Legal Proceedings."

We are subject to the risk of labor disputes, which could adversely affect our business.

        Although we have not experienced any significant labor disputes in recent years, there can be no assurances that we will not experience labor disputes in the future, including protests, blockades and strikes, which could disrupt our business operations and have an adverse effect on our business and results of operation. Although we consider our relations with our employees to be good, there can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain a satisfactory working relationship with our employees in the future.

We have debt and may incur further debt in the future, which could adversely affect our financial health, limit our ability to obtain financing in the future and pursue certain business opportunities and reduce the value of your investment.

        The LGJV has debt service obligations pursuant to the agreements governing its outstanding debt. As of June 30, 2020, the LGJV had $222.8 million of debt outstanding under a term loan agreement with Dowa, dated July 11, 2017, as amended from time to time (the "Dowa Term Loan") and $60.0 million of debt outstanding under a working capital facility agreement with Dowa, dated May 30, 2019 (the "Los Gatos Working Capital Facility" and, together with the Dowa Term Loan, the "Dowa Debt Agreements"). In connection with entering into the Los Gatos Working Capital Facility, on April 16, 2019, we made a capital contribution to the LGJV of $18.2 million, which was used to repay a portion of another loan that the LGJV had with Dowa (the "MPR Loan") and Dowa agreed to convert the remaining balance under the MPR Loan in exchange for an approximate 18.5% of the equity interest of the LGJV, reducing our ownership in the LGJV to approximately 51.5%. For more information, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Dowa Debt Agreements."

        The Dowa Debt Agreements contain certain covenants and restrictions relating to the LGJV's use of the borrowings under such facilities, including: requiring the LGJV to use a substantial portion of funds from operations to make required payments of principal and interest, to retain certain levels of funds in reserve accounts and to accelerate repayment of the Dowa Term Loan for 70% of excess cash flows, as defined in the Dowa Debt Agreements. These covenants and restrictions will reduce funds available for operations and capital expenditures, future business opportunities, future dividends to us and other purposes; make the LGJV more vulnerable to economic and industry downturns and reduce flexibility in responding to changing business and economic conditions; limit flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in the business and the industry in which we operate; place us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have less debt; limit our ability to borrow more money for operations and sustaining capital or to finance acquisitions in the future; or require us to make future capital contributions to the LGJV, if needed, in order to make required payments of interest and principal. If we, as a 70.0% guarantor of the Dowa Term Loan and the Los Gatos Working Capital Facility, or the LGJV are unable to meet debt service obligations in the future, our financial position, financial performance and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Our success depends on developing and maintaining relationships with local communities and stakeholders.

        Our ongoing and future success depends on developing and maintaining productive relationships with the communities surrounding our operations, including local indigenous people who may have rights or may assert rights to certain of our properties, and other stakeholders in our operating locations. We believe our operations can provide valuable benefits to surrounding communities in terms of direct employment, training and skills development and other benefits associated with ongoing payment of taxes. In addition, the purchase agreements entered into in connectionwe seek to maintain partnerships and relationships with local


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communities. Notwithstanding our ongoing efforts, local communities and stakeholders can become dissatisfied with our 2011 private placementsactivities or the level of benefits provided, which may result in legal or administrative proceedings, civil unrest, protests, direct action or campaigns against us. Any such occurrence could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our directors may have conflicts of interest as a result of their relationships with other mining companies.

        Our directors are also directors, officers and shareholders of other companies that are similarly engaged in the business of developing and exploiting natural resource properties. Consequently, there is a possibility that our directors may be in a position of conflict in the future.

Our business could be adversely affected by the effects of health epidemics, including the recent COVID-19 pandemic, in regions where we conduct our business operations.

        Our business could be adversely affected by health epidemics. For example, the outbreak of COVID-19 in the United States, Mexico and elsewhere has created significant business disruption and may adversely affect our business and operations. The outbreak has resulted in governments implementing numerous measures to contain COVID-19, such as travel bans and restrictions, particularly quarantines, shelter-in-place or total lock-down orders and business limitations and shutdowns. These containment measures are subject to change and the respective government authorities may tighten the restrictions at any time.

        In late March 2020, the Mexican government declared a national health emergency due to increasing infection rates from the COVID-19 pandemic. Pursuant to the health emergency declaration, the Mexican government ordered a temporary suspension of all "non-essential" operations nationwide in Mexico, including mining operations, in order to help combat the spread of COVID-19. In response to the order, the LGJV effected a 45-day temporary suspension of all non-essential activities at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine site, which reduced the number of employees and contractors at the site and the Chihuahua corporate office. During the temporary suspension, the LGJV implemented health protocols, allowed most administrative and technical services employees to work remotely, reduced mining and milling, completed project enhancements and finalized a mine plan upon reactivation of mining activities after the temporary suspension.

        In late May 2020, the Mexican government designated mining an essential service and allowed mines to resume production, subject to deploying COVID-19 prevention protocols. Our existing COVID-19 protocols exceeded those mandated by the Mexican government and, accordingly, the LGJV reactivated mine development and mining in late May 2020 and hired additional employees. Ore processing resumed in early June 2020. In order to maintain social distancing and best practice protocols, public areas, such as the residential camps' cafeterias, limited the number of personnel. Food service periods were extended with employees assigned specific times for meals. Face masks are required in offices and other public areas. Daily working shift times are staggered to limit the number of employees in changing areas and pre-shift work meetings. Two sterilization tunnels have been installed at the main entry gate and at the entrance to the cafeteria. All individuals entering the Cerro Los Gatos Mine site are subject to a seriesrapid test to screen for COVID-19 and, if an individual tests positive on the rapid test and on a secondary molecular test, the individual will be subject to quarantine protocols and removed from the mine site. In the event of investors, including Liberty Metals & Mining, contained customary indemnification provisions in favoran outbreak of COVID-19 on site, we could determine that a full suspension of our operations is necessary for the safety and protection of the investors.

workers.

        The COVID-19 pandemic has temporarily affected our financial condition, in part due to the loss of revenue resulting from the 45-day temporary suspension of all non-essential activities at the LGJV's Cerro Los Gatos Mine site and the expenses associated with the development and implementation of


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COVID-19 protocols. In addition, as the LGJV reactivated mine development and mining, it implemented a scalable optimized plan with a lower employee complement and with reduced average monthly production rate at 1,750 tpd until September 2020, targeting higher ore grades. This may result in higher per tonne mining, processing and sustaining capital costs than previously anticipated. We intend to ramp up to the 2,500 tpd design capacity beginning in September 2020 with the goal of reaching the 2,500 tpd design capacity in January 2021.

        If the Mexican government were to reinstate the suspension order caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, or if all mining activities at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine site were suspended for an undefined period of time, there could be additional costs incurred, production and development delays, cost overruns and operational restart costs. In addition, given that our management travels regularly between Mexico City and the Cerro Los Gatos Mine site, any restrictions on travel within Mexico may adversely affect our management's ability to oversee ongoing mining activities at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine and our ability to achieve our business objectives and milestones.

        We may take further actions as may be required by government authorities or as we determine are in the best interests of our employees and business partners. There is no guarantee that we will not experience significant disruptions to or additional closures of some or all of our operations in the future. Such modifications to our business practices may negatively impact productivity, divert resources away from or otherwise disrupt our or the LGJV's business operations and delay and disrupt exploration and production timelines. Any long term closures or suspensions may also result in the loss of personnel or the workforce in general as employees seek employment elsewhere.

        While the full impact of this pandemic is unknown at this time, we are closely monitoring the rapid developments of the outbreak and continually assessing the potential impact on our business. Any prolonged disruption of our or the LGJV's operations and closures of facilities would delay our current exploration and production timelines and negatively impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. There are no comparable recent events that provide guidance as to the effect the spread of COVID-19 as a global pandemic may have, and, as a result, the ultimate impact of the outbreak is highly uncertain and subject to change. However, the COVID-19 pandemic could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and heighten many of our known risks described in this "Risk Factors" section.

Risks Related to Government Regulations and International Operations

The U.S. and Mexican governments,government, as well as state and local governments, extensively regulate mining operations, which imposesimpose significant actual and potential costs on us, and future regulation could increase those costs, delay receipt of regulatory refunds or limit our ability to produce silver and other metals.

The mining industry is subject to increasingly strict regulation by federal, state and local authorities in the United States and Mexico, including in relation to:

    limitations on land use;



mine permitting and licensing requirements;



reclamation and restoration of properties after mining is completed;



management of materials generated by mining operations; and



storage, treatment and disposal of wastes and hazardous materials.

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    The liabilities and requirements associated with the laws and regulations related to these and other matters, including with respect to air emissions, water discharges and other environmental matters, may be costly and time-consuming and may restrict, delay or prevent commencement or continuation of exploration or production operations. We cannot assure you that we have been or will be at all times in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations. Failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations may result in the assessment of administrative, civil and criminal penalties, the imposition of cleanup and site restoration costs and liens, the issuance of injunctions to limit or cease operations, the suspension or revocation of permits or authorizations and other enforcement measures that could have the effect of limiting or preventing production from our operations. We may incur material costs and liabilities resulting from claims for damages to property or injury to persons arising from our operations. If we are pursued for sanctions, costs and liabilities in respect of these matters, our mining operations and, as a result, our financial performance, financial position and results of operations, could be materially and adversely affected. See “Business—"Business—Environmental, Health and Safety Measures.”Matters."

    Any new legislation or administrative regulations or new judicial interpretations or administrative enforcement of existing laws and regulations that would further regulate and tax the mining industry may also require us to change operations significantly or incur increased costs. Such changes could have a material adverse effect on our financial performance, financial position and results of operations.

    In addition, the operation of our Sunshine Mine in the United States is subject to regulation by the Federal Mine Safety and Health Administration, or the MSHA, under the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 and the Occupation Safety and Health Administration, or the OSHA, under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. MSHA and OSHA inspect the Sunshine Mine on a regular basis and issue various citations and orders when they believe a violation has occurred under the relevant statute. Subsequent to passage of the Mine Improvement and New Emergency Response Act of 2006, the number of violations cited by the MSHA has significantly increased, as have the dollar penalties associated with those citations.

    Our        The Mexican properties are subject to regulation by the Political Constitution of the Mexican United States, and are subject to various legislation in Mexico, including the Mining Law, the Federal Law of Waters, the Federal Labor Law, the Federal Law of Firearms and Explosives, the General Law on Ecological Balance and Environmental Protection and the Federal Law on Metrology Standards. Our operations at ourthe Mexican properties also require us to obtain local authorizations and, throughunder the Agrarian Law, to comply with the uses and customs of communities located within the properties. Mining, environmental and labor authorities may inspect our Mexican operations on a regular basis and issue various citations and orders when they believe a violation has occurred under the relevant statute.

    If inspections in the United States or Mexico result in an alleged violation, we may be subject to fines, penalties or sanctions, our mining operations could be subject to temporary or extended closures, and we may be required to incur capital expenditures to re-commence our operations. In the event that governmental agencies order the closure of our mines, we expect that any supply agreements into which we enter in the future will generally permit us to issue force majeure notices that suspend our obligations to deliver silver-bearing concentrate under those contracts. However, our customers may challenge our issuances of force majeure notices. If these challenges are successful, we may have to purchase substitute product from third-party sources, if it is available, to fulfill these obligations, incur capital expenditures to re-open the mines and/or negotiate settlements with the customers, which may include price reductions, the reduction of commitments or the extension of time for delivery, or terminate the customers’ contracts. Any of these actions could have a material adverse effect on our financial performance, financial position and results of operations.

            In late March 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Mexican government ordered a temporary suspension of all "non-essential" operations nationwide in Mexico, including mining operations. In late May 2020, the Mexican government designated mining an essential service and allowed mines to resume production, subject to deploying COVID-19 prevention protocols. However, there is no certainty that the Mexican regulators will not require further limitations on, or even a full shut down of, the operations at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine in connection with COVID-19. The potential costs of complying with these COVID-19 requirements is unknown and could have a material adverse effect on us.

    Our Mexican operations are subject to additional political, economic and other uncertainties not generally associated with domesticU.S. operations.

    We currently have a significant exploration projecttwo properties in Mexico,Mexico: the Los Gatos Project, along with 17 other exploration properties inDistrict, which the country,LGJV controls, and the Santa Valeria property, which we control. Our operations are subject to significant risks inherent in exploration and resource extraction by foreign companies in Mexico. Exploration, development, production and closure activities in Mexico are potentially subject to heightened political, economic, regulatory and social risks that are beyond our control. These risks include:

      the possible unilateral cancellation or forced re-negotiation of contracts;

    contracts and licenses;

    unfavorable changes in laws and regulations;

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      royalty and tax increases;



    claims by governmental entities or indigenous communities;



    expropriation or nationalization of property;



    political instability;



    fluctuations in currency exchange rates;

    social and labor unrest, organized crime, hostage taking, terrorism and violent crime;

    uncertainty regarding the enforceability of contractual rights and judgments; and



    other risks arising out of foreign governmental sovereignty over areas in which our mineral properties are located.

    Local economic conditions also can increase costs and adversely affect the security of our operations and the availability of skilled workers and supplies. Higher incidences of criminal activity and violence in the area of some of our properties could adversely affect ourthe LGJV's ability to operate in an optimal fashion or at all. Recently, we declared a force majeure atall, and may impose greater risks of theft and higher costs, which would adversely affect results of operations and cash flows.

            Acts of civil disobedience are common in Mexico. In recent years, many mining companies have been targets of actions to restrict their legally-entitled access to mining concessions or property. Such acts of civil disobedience often occur with no warning and can result in significant direct and indirect costs. We cannot provide assurance that there will be no disruptions to site access in the future, which could adversely affect our Niko concession, a Mexican property outside the Los Gatos region, due to ongoing gang violence, and we are considering cancelling the concession related to such project.business.

    Additionally, the        The right to export silver-bearing concentrate and other metals may depend on obtaining certain licenses, which could be delayed or denied at the discretion of the relevant regulatory authorities, or meeting certain quotas. Furthermore, the United States has recently instituted or proposed other changes in trade policies that include the negotiation or termination of trade agreements, including free trade agreements, economic sanctions on individuals, corporations or countries, and other government regulations affecting trade between the United States and other countries. It may be time-consuming and expensive for us to alter our operations in order to adapt to or comply with any such changes. If the United States were to withdraw from or materially modify international trade agreements to which it is a party, or if other countries imposed or increased tariffs on the minerals we may extract in the future, the costs of such products could increase significantly. Any of these conditions could lead to lower productivity and higher costs, which would adversely affect our financial performance, financial position and results of operations. Generally, our operations may be affected in varying degrees by changing government regulations in the United States and/or Mexico with respect to, but not limited to, restrictions on production, price controls, export controls, currency remittance, importation of products and supplies, income and other taxes, royalties, the repatriation of profits, expropriation of mineral property, foreign investment, maintenance of concessions, licenses, approvals and permit, environmental matters, land use, land claims of local indigenous people and workplace safety.

    Any of these        Such developments could require us to curtail or terminate operations at our mineral properties in Mexico, incur significant costs to meet newly-imposed environmental or other standards, pay greater royalties or higher prices for labor or services and recognize higher taxes, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. Furthermore, failure to comply strictly with applicable laws, regulations and local practices could result in loss, reduction or expropriation of licenses, or the imposition of additional local or foreign parties as joint venture partners with carried or other interests.


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            We continue to monitor developments and policies in Mexico and assess the impact thereof on our operations; however, such developments cannot be accurately predicted and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

    We are required to obtain, maintain and renew environmental, construction and mining permits, which is often a costly and time-consuming process.process and may ultimately not be possible.

    Mining companies, including ours, need many environmental, construction and mining permits, each of which can be time-consuming and costly to obtain, maintain and renew. In connection with our current and future operations, we must obtain and maintain a number of permits that impose strict conditions, requirements and obligations, including those relating to various environmental and health and safety matters. To obtain, maintain and renew certain permits, we have been and may in the future be required to conduct environmental studies, and make associated presentations to governmental authorities, pertaining to the potential impact of our current and future operations upon the environment and to take steps to avoid or mitigate those impacts. Permit terms and conditions can impose restrictions on how we conduct our operations and limit our flexibility in developing our mineral properties. Many of our permits are subject to renewal from time to time, and applications for renewal may be denied or the renewed permits may contain more restrictive conditions than our existing permits, including those governing impacts on the environment. For example, we may be required to upgrade our wastewater treatment system in connection with the renewal of our National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System, or NPDES, permit for the Sunshine Mine. In addition, weWe may be required to obtain new permits to expand our operations, and the grant of such permits may be subject to an expansive governmental review of our operations. Alternatively, weWe may not be successful in obtaining such permits, which could prevent us from commencing, continuing or expanding operations or otherwise adversely affect our business. Renewal of existing permits or obtaining new permits may be more difficult if we are not able to comply with our existing permits. Applications for permits, permit area expansions and permit renewals can also be subject to challenge by interested parties, which can delay or prevent receipt of needed permits. In addition, theThe permitting process can vary by jurisdiction in terms of its complexity and likely outcomes. The applicable laws and regulations, and the related judicial interpretations and enforcement policies, change frequently, which can make it difficult for us to obtain and renew permits and to comply with applicable requirements. Accordingly, permits required for our operations may not be issued, maintained or renewed in a timely fashion or at all, may be issued or renewed upon conditions that restrict our ability to conduct our operations economically, or may be subsequently revoked. Any such failure to obtain, maintain or renew permits, or other permitting delays or conditions, including in connection with any environmental impact analyses, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

    In addition, in regardsregard to the Cerro Los Gatos Mine, the Los Gatos ProjectDistrict and other Mexican projects, Mexico has adopted laws and guidelines for environmental permitting that are similar to those in effect in the United States and South American countries. We are currently operating under permits regulating road constructionmining, processing, use of explosives, water use and drilling at our El Doctor, Los Gatos, Mina Grande, Niko, Zacatlandischarge and Zaragoza projects contingent upon paying annual fees and providing annual reports, which cover the work accomplished on the property,surface disturbance in relation to the Mexican government. We are also preparing a larger scale permit at the Los Gatos Project which requires a detailed environmental assessmentDistrict and impact study for the future possibility of establishing underground access for further exploration. There can be no certainty as to whether, or the terms under which, such permit will be granted. In addition, weSanta Valeria property. We will be required to apply for corresponding authorizations prior to any production at each of our other Mexican properties and there can be no certainty as to whether, or the terms under which, such authorizations will be granted or renewed. Any failure to obtain authorizations and permits, or other authorization or permitting delays or conditions, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

    We are subject to environmental and health and safety laws, regulations and permits that may subject us to material costs, liabilities and obligations.

    We are subject to environmental laws, regulations and permits in the various jurisdictions in which we operate, including those relating to, among other things, the removal and extraction of natural resources, the emission and discharge of materials into the environment, including greenhouse gas emissions, plant and wildlife


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    protection, remediation of soil and groundwater contamination, reclamation and closure of properties, including tailings and waste impoundments,storage facilities, groundwater quality and availability, and the handling, storage, transport and disposal of wastes and hazardous materials. Pursuant to such requirements, we may be subject to inspections or reviews by governmental authorities. Failure to comply with these environmental requirements may expose us to

    litigation, fines or other sanctions, including the revocation of permits and suspension of operations. We expect to continue to incur significant capital and other compliance costs related to such requirements. These laws, regulations and permits, and the enforcement and interpretation thereof, change frequently and generally have become more stringent over time. If our noncompliance with such regulations were to result in a release of hazardous materials into the environment, such as soil or groundwater, we could be required to remediate such contamination, which could be costly. Moreover, noncompliance could subject us to private claims for property damage or personal injury based on exposure to hazardous materials or unsafe working conditions. In addition, changes in applicable requirements or stricter interpretation of existing requirements may result in costly compliance requirements or otherwise subject us to future liabilities. The occurrence of any of the foregoing, as well as any new environmental, health and safety laws and regulations applicable to our business or stricter interpretation or enforcement of existing laws and regulations, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

    We could be liable for any environmental contamination at, under or released from our or from our predecessors’predecessors' currently or formerly owned or operated properties or third-party waste disposal sites, including the Bunker Hill Superfund Site.sites. Certain environmental laws impose joint and several strict liability for releases of hazardous substances at such properties or sites, without regard to fault or the legality of the original conduct. A generator of waste can be held responsible for contamination resulting from the treatment or disposal of such waste at any off-site location (such as a landfill), regardless of whether the generator arranged for the treatment or disposal of the waste in compliance with applicable laws. Costs associated with liability for removal or remediation of contamination or damage to natural resources could be substantial and liability under these laws may attach without regard to whether the responsible party knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of the contaminants. Accordingly, we may be held responsible for more than our share of the contamination or other damages, up to and including the entire amount of such damages. In addition to potentially significant investigation and remediation costs, such matters can give rise to claims from governmental authorities and other third parties, including for orders, inspections, fines or penalties, natural resource damages, personal injury, property damage, toxic torts and other damages.

    Our costs, liabilities and obligations relating to environmental matters could have a material adverse effect on our financial performance, financial position and results of operations.

    Legislation has previously been proposed that would significantly affect the mining industry.We may be responsible for anti-corruption and anti-bribery law violations.

    Periodically, members        Our operations are governed by, and involve interactions with, various levels of government in foreign countries. We are required to comply with anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws, including the Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act (Canada) and the U.S. Congress have introduced bills which would supplantForeign Corrupt Practices Act (the "FCPA") and similar laws in Mexico. These laws generally prohibit companies and company employees from engaging in bribery or alterother prohibited payments to foreign officials for the provisionspurpose of obtaining or retaining business. The FCPA also requires companies to maintain accurate books and records and internal controls. Because our interests are located in Mexico, there is a risk of potential FCPA violations.

            In recent years, there has been a general increase in both the U.S. General Mining Lawfrequency of 1872, which governsenforcement and the unpatented claimsseverity of penalties under such laws, resulting in greater scrutiny and punishment to companies convicted of violating anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws. A company may be found liable for violations by not only its employees, but also by its contractors and third-party agents. Our internal


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    procedures and programs may not always be effective in ensuring that we, controlour employees, contractors or third-party agents will comply strictly with all such applicable laws. If we become subject to an enforcement action or we are found to be in violation of such laws, this may have a material adverse effect on our reputation and may possibly result in significant penalties or sanctions, and may have a material adverse effect on our cash flows, financial condition or results of operations.

    We may be required by human rights laws to take actions that delay our operations or the advancement of our projects.

            Various international and national laws, codes, resolutions, conventions, guidelines and other materials relate to human rights (including rights with respect to health and safety and the Sunshine Mine.environment surrounding our operations). Many of these materials impose obligations on government and companies to respect human rights. Some mandate that governments consult with communities surrounding our projects regarding government actions that may affect local stakeholders, including actions to approve or grant mining rights or permits. The obligations of government and private parties under the various international and national materials pertaining to human rights continue to evolve and be defined. One such amendment has become lawor more groups of people may oppose our current and has imposed a moratorium on patentingfuture operations or further development or new development of mining claims, which reduced the security of title provided by unpatented claimsour projects or operations. Such opposition may be directed through legal or administrative proceedings or expressed in manifestations such as thoseprotests, roadblocks or other forms of public expression against our activities, and may have a negative impact on our reputation. Opposition by such groups to our operations may require modification of, or preclude the Sunshine Mine property. Other bills have proposed, among other things, to make permanent the patent moratorium, to impose a federal royalty on production from unpatented mining claims and to declare certain lands as unsuitable for mining. If additional legislation is enacted, it could substantially increase the cost of holding unpatented mining claims by requiring payment of royalties, and could significantly impair our ability to develop mineral estimates on unpatented mining claims. Although it is impossible to predict at this time what royalties may be imposed in the future, the imposition of such royalties could adversely affect the potential foroperation or development of, our projects or may require us to enter into agreements with such mining claims. Passagegroups or local governments with respect to our projects, in some cases causing considerable delays to the advancement of such legislation could adversely affect our business.projects.

    Risks Related to thisThis Offering and ourOur Common Stock

    There is no existing market for our common stock and we do not know if one will develop. Even if a market does develop, the stock price in the market may not exceed the offering price.

    Prior to this offering, there has not been a public market for our common stock.stock, and there can be no assurance that the NYSE or the TSX will approve our listing application. We cannot predict the extent to which investor interest in our companyCompany will lead to the development of an active trading market on the New York Stock Exchange,NYSE, the TSX or otherwise, or how liquid that market may become. An active trading market for our common stock may not develop and even if it does develop, may not continue upon the competitioncompletion of this offering and the market price of our common stock may decline below the initial public offering price. The initial public offering price for the common stock will be determined by negotiations between us and the representatives of the underwriters and may not be indicative of prices that will prevail in the open market following this offering. Consequently, you may not be able to sell shares of our common stock at prices equal to or greater than the price you pay in this offering.

    The market price of our common stock may be volatile, which could result in substantial losses for you.

    The initial public offering price for our common stock will be determined through negotiations between us and the representatives of the underwriters. This initial public offering price may vary from the market price of our common stock after this offering. Some of the factors that may cause the market price of our common stock to fluctuate include:

      failure to identify mineral reserves at our properties;



    failure to achieve production at our mineral properties;



    actual or anticipated changes in the price of silver and base metal by-products;

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      fluctuations in our quarterly and annual financial results or the quarterly and annual financial results of companies perceived to be similar to us;



    changes in market valuations of similar companies;



    success or failure of competitor mining companies;



    changes in our capital structure, such as future issuances of securities or the incurrence of debt;



    sales of large blocks of our common stock;



    announcements by us or our competitors of significant developments, contracts, acquisitions or strategic alliances;



    changes in regulatory requirements and the political climate in the United States, Mexico or both;



    litigation involving our company,Company, our general industry or both;



    additions or departures of key personnel;

    investors’

    investors' general perception of us, including any perception of misuse of sensitive information;



    changes in general economic, industry and market conditions;



    accidents at mining properties, whether owned by us or otherwise;



    natural disasters, terrorist attacks and acts of war; and



    our ability to control our costs.

    In addition, if        If the market for stocks in our industry, or the stock market in general, experiences a loss of investor confidence, the trading price of our common stock could decline for reasons unrelated to our business, financial condition or results of operations. These and other factors may cause the market price and demand for our common stock to fluctuate substantially, which may limit or prevent investors from readily selling their shares of common stock and may otherwise negatively affect the liquidity of our common stock. In the past, when the market price of a stock has been volatile, holders of that stock have instituted securities class action litigation against the company that issued the stock. If any of our shareholders brought a lawsuit against us, we could incur substantial costs defending the lawsuit. Such a lawsuit could also divert the time and attention of our management from our business.

    If any of the foregoing occurs, it could cause our stock price to fall and may expose us to lawsuits that, even if unsuccessful, could be both costly to defend against and a distraction to management.

    Our anti–takeoveranti-takeover defense provisions may cause our common stock to trade at market prices lower than it might absent such provisions.

    Our Board of Directors has the authority to issue blank check preferred stock. Additionally, our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws that we will adopt prior to the closing of this offering will contain several provisions that will apply after Electrum, or any person which is an express assignee or designee of Electrum, ceases to own in the aggregate more than 50% of our outstanding common stock. These provisions may make it more difficult or expensive for a third party to acquire control of us without the approval of our Board of Directors. These provisions include provisions that setsetting forth advance notice procedures for stockholders’shareholders' nominations of directors and proposals of topics for consideration at meetings of stockholders,shareholders, provisions restricting stockholdersshareholders from calling a special meeting of stockholdersshareholders or requiring one to be called, provisions limiting the ability of stockholdersshareholders to act by written consent and provisions requiring a 66 2/3% stockholder66.67% shareholder vote to amend our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws, a staggered board, and provisions providing for the filing of vacancies on our Board of Directors. Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation will also provide that Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, or DGCL, which relates to business combinations with interested stockholders, will not apply to us until such time as Electrum ceases to own more than 50% of our outstanding common stock, after which such time we will be governed by those provisions.Bylaws. These provisions may delay, prevent or deter a merger, acquisition, tender offer, proxy contest or other transaction that might otherwise result in our stockholdersshareholders receiving a premium


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    over the market price for their common stock. In addition, these provisions may cause our common stock to trade at a market price lower than it might absent such provisions.

    You will suffer immediate and substantial dilution as a result of this offering.

    The initial public offering price per share of our common stock is substantially higher than our net tangible book value per share immediately after this offering. As a result, if you purchase shares in this offering, you will pay a price per share that substantially exceeds the book value of our assets after subtracting our liabilities.liabilities, and any additional financing in the future may cause further dilution to our existing shareholders and there can be no assurance that any future additional financing will be on terms that are favorable to us or our shareholders. At an offering price of $            per share, which is the midpoint of the offering price range set forth on the front cover of this prospectus, you will incur immediate and substantial dilution of your investment in the amount of $            per share. See “Dilution.”"Dilution."

    Future sales of our common stock after the lock-up period has expired, or the perception that such sales may occur, could depress our common stock price.

    After this offering, we will have                        shares of common stock outstanding.outstanding (or                        shares of common stock outstanding if the underwriters' over-allotment option is exercised in full). This includes the shares of common stock we are selling in this offering, which may generally be resold in the public market immediately after this offering. We expect that the remaining shares of common stock, representing        % of our total outstanding shares of common stock following this offering, will become available for resale in the public market as set forth under the heading “Shares"Shares Eligible for Future Sale." All of our directors and executive officers, and the holders of substantially all of our common stock, have signed lock-up agreements for a period of 180 days following the date of this prospectus, subject to extension in the case of an earnings release or material news or a material event relating to us. Morgan StanleyBMO Capital Markets Corp., Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC and RBC Capital Markets, LLC may, in itstheir sole discretion and without notice, release all or any portion of the common stock subject to lock-up agreements. There are no agreements, understandings or intentions, tacit or explicit, to release any of the common stock subject to lock-up agreements prior to the expiration of the lock-up period. As restrictions on resale end, the market price of our common stock could drop significantly if the holders of these shares sell them or are perceived by the market as intending to sell them.them, and we will enter into a registration rights agreement with substantially all our shareholders in connection with this offering. See "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Registration Rights Agreement." These factors could also make it more difficult for us to raise additional funds through future offerings of our common stock or other securities.

    In addition, immediately following this offering, we intend to file a registration statement registering under the United States Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "U.S. Securities Act"), the shares of common stock reserved for issuance in respect of incentive awards to our directors and certain of our employees. This would result in approximately                         shares of common stock underlying options vested as of the date of this prospectus beingsuch awards becoming available for resale intoin the public markets, after the expiration ofsubject to any applicable lock-up agreements to which substantially all of those shares are subject.agreements.

    We do not currently intend to pay dividends on our common stock and, consequently, your ability to achieve a return on your investment will depend on appreciation in the price of our common stock.

    We have never declared or paid any cash dividend on our capital stock. We do not intend to pay any cash dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain all future earnings, if any, to finance our business. The payment of any future dividends, if any, will be determined by our Board of Directors in light of conditions then existing, including our earnings, financial condition and capital requirements, business conditions, corporate law requirements and other factors. See “Dividend"Dividend Policy."


    Certain non-U.S. investors may be subject to U.S. income tax with respect to gain on dispositionsTable of our common stock if we are or become a U.S. real property holding corporation.Contents

    Based on our estimates of the current relative fair market values of our U.S. real property interests and other assets, we believe that we are not currently a U.S. real property holding corporation, or a USRPHC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes. However, both because the determination of the value of our mineral assets is uncertain and requires the use of subjective estimates, and because the relative fair market values of our assets will likely fluctuate over time (based on, for example, the results of the exploration and development of our properties), there can be no assurance that we are not, or will not become, a USRPHC. If we are or have been a USRPHC, certain non-U.S. investors will generally be subject to U.S. federal income tax on gain realized on a sale or other disposition of our common stock. However, for so long as our common stock is regularly traded on an established securities market (such as the NYSE), a non-U.S. investor will not recognize taxable gain on a sale

    of our common stock under the rules applicable to USRPHCs unless the investor actually or constructively owns more than 5% of our common stock at any time during the five-year period ending on the date of disposition or, if shorter, its holding period for our common stock. See “U.S. Federal Tax Considerations for Non-U.S. Holders of Common Stock—Gain on Disposition of Common Stock.”

    Electrum, MERS and itstheir respective affiliates will continue to have a substantial degree of control over us after this offering, which could delay or prevent a change of corporate control or result in the entrenchment of our management and/or the Board of Directors.

    After this offering, Electrum together with its affiliates and related persons, will beneficially own, in the aggregate, approximately        % of our outstanding common stock (approximately        % if the underwriters’underwriters' over-allotment option is exercised in full). As a result, Electrum will have control over the outcome of matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, including the election and removal of directors and any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. Also, Electrum will have the ability to control the management and affairs of our company. Currently, one out of the nine members of our Board of Directors is an affiliate of Electrum. In addition, following this offering Liberty Metals & Miningand assuming no exercise by the underwriters of their over-allotment option, MERS will beneficially own, in the aggregate, approximately        % of our outstanding common stock (approximately        % if the underwriters’underwriters' over-allotment option is exercised in full). In connection with this offering, we intend to enter into a shareholders agreement with Electrum and MERS pursuant to which Electrum and MERS will have one member oncertain director nomination rights. The shareholders agreement will also provide that Electrum approval must be obtained prior to us engaging in certain actions. See "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Shareholders Agreement." As a result, Electrum will have significant influence over our management and affairs and, so long as Electrum owns at least 35% of our outstanding common stock, will have approval rights over certain corporate actions, including, among others, any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets, the Boardincurrence of Directors. Accordingly, thismore than $100 million of indebtedness and the issuance of more than $100 million of equity securities.

            Our concentration of ownership and shareholders agreement may harm the market price of our common stock by, among other things:

      delaying, deferring or preventing a change of control, even at a per share price that is in excess of the then-current price of our common stock;



    impeding a merger, consolidation, takeover or other business combination involving us, even at a per share price that is in excess of the then-current price of our common stock; or



    discouraging a potential acquirer from making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to obtain control of us, even at a per share price that is in excess of the then current price of our common stock.

    Our relationship with SOP may strain our senior management resources and could potentially result in conflicts of interest.

            Immediately prior to the closing of this offering, we intend to effect the Reorganization. See "Prospectus Summary—Corporate Information and Reorganization." In addition, we intend to enter into a Management Services Agreement with SOP, pursuant to which we will provide certain executive and managerial advisory services to SOP. See "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Reorganization and Management Services Agreement." SOP will reimburse us for costs representing the proportion of our advisory services allocated to it under the Management Services Agreement. However, providing such advisory services to SOP may strain our resources and divert management's attention from our principal projects and other business concerns, which would adversely affect our business and operating results. We anticipate that at least some of our directors will incur increased costsalso be directors of SOP, which could create, or appear to create, conflicts of interest with respect to matters involving both us and SOP.

    The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert management's attention and affect our ability to attract and retain executive management and qualified board members, which could make it difficult to manage our business, particularly after we are no longer an "emerging growth company."

            Following the completion of this offering, we will be required to carry out activities wecomply with various regulatory and reporting requirements, including those required by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"). Complying with these reporting and other regulatory requirements will be time-consuming and


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    will result in increased costs to us and could have not previously undertaken as a resultnegative effect on our business, financial condition and results of becoming a public company, specifically as a result of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.operations.

    As a public company, we will be subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, applicable Canadian securities laws and regulations, the listing requirements of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the recently enacted Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, or the Dodd-Frank Act,NYSE and the TSX and other applicable securities rules and regulations. Compliance with these rules and regulations of the New York Stock Exchange. Such requirements will increase our legal accounting and financial compliance costs, will make some activities more difficult, time-consuming andor costly and may also place undue strainincrease demand on our personnel, systems and resources.

    resources, particularly after we are no longer an "emerging growth company." The Exchange Act requires, among other things, that we file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and operating results. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal controlcontrols over financial reporting. Commencing with our fiscal year ending December 31, 2012, we must perform systemIn order to maintain and, process evaluation and testingif required, improve the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal controlcontrols over financial reporting to allowmeet this standard, we will need to commit significant resources, hire additional staff and provide additional management oversight. We will be implementing additional procedures and processes for the purpose of addressing the standards and requirements applicable to public companies. Sustaining our independent registered public accounting firm to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Our compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Actgrowth also will require thatus to commit additional management, operational and financial resources to identify new professionals to join us and to maintain appropriate operational and financial systems to adequately support expansion. These activities may divert management's attention from other business concerns, which could adversely affect our business and operating results.

            As an "emerging growth company" as defined in the JOBS Act, we incur substantial accounting expense and expend significant management efforts. Priorintend to this offering, we have never been required to test our internal controls within a specified period and, as a result, we may experience difficulty in meeting thesetake advantage of certain temporary exemptions from various reporting requirements, in a timely manner, particularly if material weaknesses or significant deficiencies are identified and persist. If we areincluding, but not ablelimited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. When these exemptions cease to apply, we expect to incur additional expenses and devote increased management effort toward ensuring compliance with them. We cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs we may incur as a result of becoming a public company or the timing of such costs.

            We will remain an "emerging growth company" until the earliest of: (i) the last day of the first fiscal year in which our annual gross revenues are $1.07 billion or more; (ii) the date on which we have, during the previous three-year period, issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities; or (iii) the date on which we are deemed to be a "large accelerated filer," which will occur as of the end of any fiscal year in which we (x) have an aggregate market value of our common stock held by non-affiliates of $700 million or more as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter, (y) have been required to file annual and quarterly reports under the Exchange Act, for a period of at least 12 months and (z) have filed at least one annual report pursuant to the Exchange Act.

            We also expect that being a public company and complying with these rules and regulations will make it more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain coverage. These factors could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified members of our Board of Directors, particularly to serve on our audit committee and compensation and nominating committee, and qualified executive officers.

            As a result of disclosure of information in this prospectus and in filings required of a public company, our business and financial condition will become more visible, which we believe may result in threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors and other third parties. If such claims are successful, our business and operating results could be adversely affected, and even if the claims do not


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    result in litigation or are resolved in our favor, these claims, and the time and resources necessary to resolve them, could divert the resources of our management and adversely affect our business and operating results.

    As a result of becoming a public company, we will be obligated to develop and maintain proper and effective internal controls over financial reporting. We may not complete our analysis of our internal controls over financial reporting in a timely manner, or these internal controls may not be determined to be effective, which may adversely affect investor confidence in us and, as a result, the marketvalue of our common stock.

            We may be required, pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, to furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting for the first fiscal year beginning after the effective date of this offering. This assessment will need to include disclosure of any material weaknesses identified by our management in our internal controls over financial reporting, as well as a statement that our independent registered public accounting firm has issued an opinion on our internal controls over financial reporting.

            We are in the very early stages of the costly and challenging process of compiling the system and processing documentation necessary to perform the evaluation needed to comply with Section 404. We may not be able to complete our evaluation, testing and any required remediation in a timely fashion. During the evaluation and testing process, if we identify one or more material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting, we will be unable to assert that our internal controls are effective.

            If we are unable to assert that our internal controls over financial reporting are effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an opinion on the effectiveness of our internal controls, we could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, which could cause the price of our common stock couldto decline, and we couldmay be subject to investigation or sanctions by the SEC.

            We will be required to disclose changes made in our internal controls and procedures on a quarterly basis. However, our independent registered public accounting firm will not be required to formally attest to the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act until the later of the year following our first annual report required to be filed with the SEC and the date we are no longer an "emerging growth company" as defined in the JOBS Act, if we take advantage of the exemptions contained in the JOBS Act. At such time, our independent registered public accounting firm may issue a report that is adverse in the event it is not satisfied with the level at which our controls are documented, designed or investigations by any stock exchange on whichoperating. Our remediation efforts may not enable us to avoid a material weakness in the future. We will remain an "emerging growth company" for up to five years. To comply with the requirements of being a public company, we may need to undertake various actions, such as implementing new internal controls and procedures and hiring additional accounting or internal audit staff.

    We are an "emerging growth company" and we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our common stock is listed,less attractive to investors.

            We are an "emerging growth company," as defined in the SEC orJOBS Act, and we intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other regulatory authorities,public companies that are not "emerging growth companies" including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive if we rely on these exemptions. If


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    some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile.

            Even after we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, we may still qualify as a "smaller reporting company," which would require additional financialallow us to take advantage of many of the same exemptions from disclosure requirements including reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in this prospectus and management resources. Any failureour periodic reports and proxy statements. We would also be exempt from the requirement to develop or maintain effective controls, or any difficulties encountered in their implementation or improvement, could harm our operating results or cause us to

    fail to meet our reporting obligations. Any failure to implement and maintain effective internal controls also could adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and annual auditor attestation reports regardingobtain an external audit on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting provided in Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. These exemptions and reduced disclosures in our SEC filings due to our status as a smaller reporting company mean our auditors do not review our internal control over financial reporting that we will be required to include in our periodic reports filed with the SEC, beginning with our fiscal year ending December 31, 2012, under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Ineffective disclosure controls and procedures or internal control over financial reporting could also causemay make it harder for investors to lose confidence inanalyze our reportedresults of operations and financial and other information, which would likely have a negative effect on the trading price ofprospects. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock.stock less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock prices may be more volatile.

    Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation containsand shareholders agreement will contain a provision renouncing our interest and expectancy in certain corporate opportunities.

    Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation providesand shareholders agreement will provide for the allocation of certain corporate opportunities between us and Electrum and Liberty Metals & Mining.MERS. Under these provisions, neither Electrum or Liberty Metals & Mining,nor MERS, their affiliates and subsidiaries, nor any of their officers, directors, agents, stockholders, members or partners will have any duty to refrain from engaging, directly or indirectly, in the same business activities or similar business activities or lines of business in which we operate. For instance, a director of our Company who is not employed by usalso our employee and also serves as a director, officer or employee of Electrum or Liberty Metals & MiningMERS or any of their subsidiaries or affiliates may pursue certain acquisition or other opportunities that may be complementary to our business and, as a result, such acquisition or other opportunities may not be available to us. These potential conflicts of interest could have a material adverse effect on our financial performance, financial position and results of operations if attractive corporate opportunities are allocated by Electrum or Liberty Metals & MiningMERS to themselves or their subsidiaries or affiliates instead of to us. The terms of our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation are more fully described in “Description"Description of Capital Stock.”Stock" and the terms of our shareholders agreement are more fully described in "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Shareholders Agreement."

    Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation will provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware and the federal district courts of the United States are the exclusive forums for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders' ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.

            Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation will provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for the following types of actions or proceedings under Delaware statutory or common law:

            The foregoing provision does not apply to claims under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act or any claim for which the U.S. federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. Our Amended and Restated


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    Certificate of Incorporation will further provide that the federal district courts of the United States will, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act.

            Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation will also provide that any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring or holding any interest in shares of our capital stock will be deemed to have notice of and to have consented to these choice of forum provisions. These exclusive forum provisions may limit a stockholder's ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers, and other employees, although our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

            While Delaware courts have determined that choice of forum provisions are facially valid, it is possible that a court of law in another jurisdiction could rule that the choice of forum provisions to be contained in our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation are inapplicable or unenforceable if they are challenged in a proceeding or otherwise. If a court were to find the choice of forum provision in our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions.

    We will have broad discretion in the use of the net proceeds from this offering and may not use them effectively.

            We currently intend to use the net proceeds from this offering in the manner described in "Use of Proceeds." However, our Board of Directors and management will retain broad discretion in the application, and timing of the application, of the net proceeds from this offering and could spend the net proceeds in ways that do not improve our results of operations or enhance the value of our common stock. As such, we may use net proceeds of this offering in ways that an investor may not consider desirable, if our Board of Directors and management believe such use would be in our best interest. As a result, investors will be relying on the judgment of our Board of Directors and management for the application of the net proceeds from this offering. There can be no assurance regarding the results and the effectiveness of our use of the net proceeds from this offering. Our failure to apply these funds effectively could result in financial losses that could harm our business, cause the market price of our stock to decline, and delay the development of our operations. Pending their use, we may invest the net proceeds from this offering in a manner that does not produce income or that loses value.

    If securities or industry analysts downgrade recommendations regardingdo not publish research, or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research, about our stock,business, the price of our common stock and our trading volume of our stock could decline.

    The trading market for our common stock will depend, in part, on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business may vary widelybusiness. Securities and industry analysts do not currently, and may not predict accurate results, but will likely have an affectnever, publish research on our Company. If no or too few securities or industry analysts commence coverage of our Company, the trading price offor our common stock. Ifstock would likely be negatively affected. In the event securities or industry analysts initiate coverage, if one or more of the analysts thatwho cover us downgrade recommendations regarding our common stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the price of our common stock would likely decline. In addition, if our operating results fail to meet the forecast of operations do not meet their expectations,analysts, the price of our common stock would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our Company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our common stock could decrease, which might cause the price could decline rapidlyof our common stock and such decline could be material.trading volume to decline.


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    SPECIALCAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

    This prospectus contains “forward-looking"forward-looking statements." Those statements include, but are not limited to, statements with respect to our expected costsproduction from the Cerro Los Gatos Mine and timing for the further exploration and development of the Sunshine Mine property in Big Creek, Idaho (including the timing for completion of a pre-feasibility study at the Sunshine Mine property) or of the Los Gatos ProjectDistrict, including the repurchase of an 18.5% interest in Mexico (including the timingLGJV, a feasibility study to be completed at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine for completiona 3,000 tpd production rate expansion, estimated calculations of a pre-feasibility study formineral reserves and resources at our properties, results of the economic analysis contained in the Los Gatos Project) or of our other prospective properties, estimated calculations of mineralized material at the Sunshine Mine property,Technical Report, our business strategy, general administrative expenses, the completion of the Reorganization, the entry into the Management Service Agreement, payment of royalty payments, production and sale of concentrates, future strategic infrastructure development at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine, expected cost savings, projected attributable net revenue and unlevered free cash flow, estimates of tax liabilities, our prospects, plans and objectives, industry trends, our requirements for additional capital, expectations generally regarding the completion of the offering, the utilization of the net proceeds of the offering, treatment under applicable government regimes for permitting or attaining approvals, unanticipated reclamation expenses, government regulation, environmental risks, reclamation and rehabilitation expenses, title disputes or claims, synergies of potential future acquisitions, expected actions of third parties, and limitations of insurance coverage.coverage, and our anticipated uses of the net proceeds from this offering. These statements may be under the captions “Prospectus"Prospectus Summary,” “Risk" "Risk Factors,” “Management’s" "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” “Silver" "Silver Industry Overview,” “Business”" "Business" and in other sections of this prospectus. In some cases, you can identify these statements by forward-looking words such as “may,” “might,” “will,” “should,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential”"may," "might," "could," "would," "achieve," "budget," "scheduled," "forecasts," "should," "expects," "plans," "anticipates," "believes," "estimates," "predicts," "potential" or “continue,”"continue," the negative of these terms and other comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements may include projections of our future financial performance, our anticipated growth strategies and anticipated trends in our industry.

    All forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions concerning future events that are difficult to predict. Therefore, actual future events or results may differ materially from these statements. We believe that the factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by forward-looking statements include the following:

    evaluation of our business and prospects;

    our dependence on our two principal projects for our future operating revenue, neither of which currently has proven or probable reserves;

    our mineralized materialoperations;

    mineral reserve and mineral resource calculations at the SunshineCerro Los Gatos Mine property are only estimates and are based principally on historic data;

    historical production at the Sunshine Mine property may not be indicative of potential future development;

    land reclamation and mine closure may be burdensome and costly;

    we will require additional financing in the future to bring the Sunshine Mine property into sustained commercial production and to develop a mine at the Los Gatos Project;

    exposureDistrict are only estimates;

    actual capital costs, operating costs, production and economic returns may differ significantly from those we have anticipated;

    the title to allsome of the risks associated with establishing new mining operations, ifmineral properties may be uncertain or defective;

    changes in the developmentprices of onesilver, zinc or more of our mineral projects is found to be economically feasible;

    lead;

    claims and legal proceedings against us;

    we have debt and may incur further debt in the future;

    significant risk and hazards associated with mining operations;

    competition within our industry;

    title to some of our mineral properties may be uncertain or defective;

    our exposure to losses because of our hedging activities or our decision not to hedge;

    our profitability may be affected by supply agreements with customers, if we achieve production;

    our insurance may not provide adequate coverage;

    our inability to retain key members of management;

    the availability and reliability of transportation facilities and fluctuations in transportation costs could affect the demand for silver-bearing concentrate or impair our ability to supply silver-bearing concentrate to our customers;

    increased demand for, and cost of, exploration, development and construction services and equipment in recent years;

    changes in the price of silver;



    our failure to identify attractive acquisition candidates or joint ventures with strategic partners or inability to successfully integrate acquired mineral properties or successfully manage joint ventures;

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    claims and legal proceedings against us;

    our Mexican operations are subject to additional political, economic and other uncertainties not generally associated with domestic operations;



    the requirements that we obtain, maintain and renew environmental, construction and mining permits, which is often a costly and time-consuming process;

    our Mexican operations are subject to additional political, economic and

    other uncertainties not generally associated with domestic operations;

    exchange rate of the Mexican peso and the U.S. dollar;

    the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, including impacts to the availability of our workforce, government orders that may require temporary suspension of operations, and the global economy;

    our relationship with SOP;

    our relationship with Electrum, MERS and their respective affiliates having substantial control over us; and

    our exposure to material costs, liabilities and obligations as a result of environmental laws and regulations (including changes thereto) and permits.

    These factors should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read in conjunction with the other cautionary statements included in this prospectus. These risks and uncertainties, as well as other risks of which we are not aware or which we currently do not believe to be material, may cause our actual future results to be materially different than those expressed in our forward-looking statements. We caution you not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. We do not undertake any obligation to make any revisions to these forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this prospectus or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law. Certain forward-looking statements are based on assumptions, qualifications and procedures which are set out only in the Los Gatos Technical Report. For a complete description of assumptions, qualifications and procedures associated with such information, reference should be made to the full text of the Los Gatos Technical Report.


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    USE OF PROCEEDS

    We will receive net proceeds from this offering of approximately $             million, or approximately $             million if the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in full, to purchase additional shares, assuming an initial public offering price of $            per share, which is the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses.expenses payable by us.

            A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $            per share, which is the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase (decrease) the net proceeds to us from thethis offering by approximately $             million, assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting theestimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. A            share increase (decrease) in the number of shares of common stock offered by us would increase (decrease) the net proceeds to us from this offering by $             million, assuming the assumed initial public offering price remains the same and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

    We intend to allocate the net proceeds as follows:


    In millions

    Retire a portion of the Los Gatos Working Capital Facility(1)

    $

    Repurchase an 18.5% interest in the Los Gatos Joint Venture to increase our ownership to 70.0%

    Fund near-term debt service needs (our 70.0% contribution)(2)

    Feasibility Study for a 3,000 tpd production rate expansion at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine (our 70.0% contribution)

    Los Gatos District exploration (our 70.0% contribution)

    Working capital and general corporate purposes(3)

    Total net proceeds

    $

    (1)
    As of June 30, 2020, $60.0 million was outstanding under the Los Gatos Working Capital Facility. The Los Gatos Working Capital Facility bears interest at LIBOR plus 3% and matures on June 28, 2021. We guarantee 70% of this facility and are required to pay an arrangement fee on the borrowing, calculated as 15.0% per annum of 70.0% of the average daily principal amount outstanding during the relevant fiscal quarter. For more information on the Los Gatos Working Capital Facility, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Dowa Debt Agreements."

    (2)
    Near-term debt service needs refer to the amount of the net proceeds from this offering that we intend to reserve for interest and principal payments under the Dowa Term Loan in case the LGJV's operating cash flow are insufficient to meet those debt service needs in full on the applicable payment dates. The Dowa Term Loan, under which $222.8 million was outstanding as of June 30, 2020, bears interest at LIBOR plus 2.35% and matures two business days prior to December 31, 2027. For more information on the Dowa Term Loan, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Dowa Debt Agreements."

    (3)
    General corporate purposes could include, without limitation, general and administrative expenses, working capital funding, arrangement fees, additional exploration expense and other capital investment at our existing properties or through acquisitions.

            If the net proceeds from this offering towards our operations at the Sunshine Mine property, of which approximatelyexceed $             million, will be used to refurbish existing infrastructure, $             million will be used for surface and underground exploration, $             million will be used for a pre-feasibility study and $             million will be used for various collateral expenses. Wewe intend to allocateuse $             million            of the net proceeds to repay our outstanding convertible notes, in which case, such convertible notes will not convert to shares of common stock in connection with this offering. The convertible notes bear interest at 5% per annum and matures on April 19, 2023, unless repaid earlier or converted into our common stock. For more information on the convertible notes, see "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Convertible Notes."


    Table of Contents

            We currently intend to use the net proceeds from this offering in the manner described above. However, our Board of Directors and management will retain broad discretion in the application, and timing of the offering towards our operations at the Los Gatos Project, of which approximately $             million will be used for exploratory drilling, $             million will be used for technical expenses, including a pre-feasibility study, and $             million will be used for various collateral expenses. We intend to allocate $             millionapplication, of the net proceeds from this offering and could spend the net proceeds in ways that do not improve our results of operations or enhance the value of our common stock. As a result, investors will be relying on the judgment of our Board of Directors and management for the application of the offering towardsnet proceeds from this offering. There can be no assurance regarding the explorationresults and the effectiveness of our properties in Mexico outsideuse of the Los Gatos Project. The remaining amount of thenet proceeds from this offering. See "Risk Factors—Risks Related to This Offering and Our Common Stock—We will be used for general corporate purposes.

    Our objectives with respect tohave broad discretion in the use of the net proceeds atfrom this offering and may not use them effectively." In addition, we have a history of negative operating cash flows and net losses and may continue to have negative operating cash flows and net losses in the Sunshine Mine property are to define additional mineralized material, completefuture. As a pre-feasibility study, upgrade existing infrastructure and re-establish access to developed portions of the resource. Our objectives with respect to the Los Gatos Project and additional exploration in Mexico are to double the number of exploration drills from four to eight, complete a pre-feasibility study at the Cerros Los Gatos and Esther zones and acquire additional prospective mineral and surface rights.

    Whileresult, we currently anticipate that we willmay use the net proceeds offrom this offering as described above,to fund our continuing operations. See "Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—We have a history of negative operating cash flows and net losses and we may reallocatenever achieve or sustain profitability." Pending the netuse of the proceeds from time to time depending upon market and other conditions in effect at the time. Pending their application,this offering, we intend to invest the net proceeds in a variety of capital preservation instruments, including short-term, interest-bearing, investment gradeinvestment-grade securities or short-term deposits or sharesdeposits. We cannot predict whether the proceeds invested will yield a favorable return.


    Table of money market mutual funds.Contents


    DIVIDEND POLICY

    We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock. We do not intend to pay any dividends in the foreseeable future and currently intend to retain all future earnings to finance our business. Any determination to pay dividends to holders of our common stock in the future will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend upon such factors as our earnings levels, capital requirements, requirements under the DGCL and other factors as our Board of Directors deems relevant.

            Under the terms of the Los Gatos Working Capital Facility, we have established an escrow account and entered into an escrow agreement with Dowa in which the LGJV is required to deposit all dividends or distributions, other than management fees and partner expense reimbursements, until an aggregate amount equal to $20 million has been deposited into such account for the benefit of Dowa as a priority dividend. Following the payment of $20 million to Dowa, dividends from LGJV will be paid in accordance with the ownership percentage of the LGJV.


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    CAPITALIZATION

    The following table sets forth our cash and cash equivalents and capitalization as of March 31, 2011June 30, 2020:

      on an actual basis; and



    on an as adjusteda pro forma basis to reflectgive effect to the sale by usfollowing: (i) the Reorganization, (ii) the issuance of an aggregate of                 shares of common stock pursuant to our executive officers in connection with this offering, assumingas described in "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Grants to Certain Executive Officers in Connection with This Offering," (iii) the conversion of our outstanding convertible notes into an initial publicaggregate of                shares of common stock in connection with this offering, price(iv) the issuance and sale of                $             per share, which is the midpointshares of the range set forth on the cover page ofcommon stock in this prospectus, andoffering, after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses.

    expenses payable by us, and (v) the acquisition or retirement of a portion of the Los Gatos Working Capital Facility and the funding of near-term debt service needs with a portion of the net proceeds of this offering as described in "Use of Proceeds."

    This table should be read in conjunction with “Management’sthe "Selected Consolidated Financial Data" and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”Operations" sections and theour consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto appearingincluded elsewhere in this prospectus. Unless otherwise stated, all dollar amounts expressed below are in thousands, except for per share amounts.

       March 31, 2011 
       Actual  As Adjusted 

    Cash and cash equivalents

      $146,813   $              
             

    Stockholders’ equity:

       

    Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share, 100,000,000 shares authorized, actual;             shares authorized, as adjusted; 57,523,612 shares issued and outstanding, actual;             shares issued and outstanding, as adjusted

      $57   $   

    Paid-in capital

       223,597   

    Accumulated Deficit

       (49,359 

    Unrealized gains on investments, net of tax

       62   
             

    Total stockholders’ equity

      $174,357   $   
             

    Total capitalization

      $174,357   $   
             

     
     June 30, 2020 
     
     Actual Pro
    Forma(1)(2)
     
     
     (in thousands)
     

    Cash and cash equivalents

     $1,954 $         

    Shareholders' equity

           

    Common stock, $0.001 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized; 80,646,832 shares outstanding, actual; 700,000,000 shares authorized;            shares outstanding, pro forma

      80           

    Paid-in capital

      378,099           

    Accumulated deficit

      (255,548)          

    Treasury stock, at cost, 289,177 shares, actual;            shares, pro forma

      (1,027)          

    Total shareholders' equity

      121,604           

    Total capitalization

     $121,604 $         

    (1)
    Assumes the conversion of our outstanding convertible notes into an aggregate of            shares of common stock in connection with this offering. If the net proceeds from this offering exceed $             million, we intend to repay our outstanding convertible notes instead, in which case, such convertible notes will not convert to shares of common stock. See "Use of Proceeds" and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Convertible Notes."

    (2)
    The pro forma information is illustrative only and will change based on the actual initial public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing. A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $            per share, which is the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase (decrease) each ofpro forma cash and cash equivalents, total stockholders’shareholders' equity and total capitalization by $             million, assuming the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deductingsame. A 1,000,000 share increase (decrease) in the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

    The table above does not include:

    245,907number of shares of common stock issuable uponoffered by us would increase (decrease) pro forma cash and cash equivalents, total shareholders' equity and total capitalization by $             million, assuming the exerciseassumed initial public offering price remains the same.


    Table of options outstanding as of March 31, 2011 with a weighted average exercise price of $4.13 per share;

    an option to purchase 125,000 shares of common stock to be granted to our Executive Chairman and Acting Chief Executive Officer upon the consummation of this offering at a purchase price equal to the offering price. See “Compensation Discussion and Analysis—Grants of Plan-Based Awards;’’ and

                 additional shares of common stock reserved for further issuance under our stock option plans.

    Contents


    DILUTION

    Our consolidated net tangible book value as of March 31, 2011June 30, 2020 was $(            )$121.6 million or $(            )$1.51 per share of common stock. Consolidated net tangible book value per share represents consolidated tangible assets, less consolidated liabilities, divided by the aggregate number of shares of common stock outstanding.

            After giving effect to (i) the Reorganization, (ii) the issuance of an aggregate of                shares of common stock to our executive officers in connection with this offering, as described in "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Grants to Certain Executive Officers in Connection with This Offering," (iii) the conversion of our outstanding convertible notes into an aggregate of                shares of common stock in connection with this offering, (iv) the issuance and sale by us of the                shares of common stock in this offering, at an assumed initial publicafter deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering priceexpenses payable by us, and (v) the acquisition or retirement of $             per share, the midpointa portion of the range set forth onLos Gatos Working Capital Facility and the cover pagefunding of near-term debt service needs with a portion of the net proceeds of this prospectus,offering as described in "Use of Proceeds," our pro forma consolidated net tangible book value as of March 31, 2011 would have beenJune 30, 2020 was $             million or $            per share. This represents an immediate increase inshare of common stock. Pro forma consolidated net tangible book value to existing stockholders of $             per share and an immediate dilutionrepresents pro forma consolidated tangible assets, less pro forma consolidated liabilities, divided by the aggregate number of shares of common stock outstanding after giving effect to new investors purchasing sharesthe pro forma adjustments described in this offering of $             per share.paragraph.

            Dilution per share represents the difference between the price per share to be paid by new investors for the shares of common stock sold in this offering and the pro forma consolidated net tangible book value per share immediately after this offering. The following table illustrates this per share dilution:

    Assumed initial public offering price

               $         

    Consolidated net tangible book value per share as of June 30, 2020

     $1.51           

    Increase in consolidated net tangible book value per share attributable to pro forma adjustments

                         

    Pro forma consolidated net tangible book value per share as of June 30, 2020

                         

    Dilution per share to new investors

               $      ��  

            

    Assumed initial public offering price

    $

    Consolidated net tangible book value per share as of March 31, 2011

    $

    Increase in consolidated net tangible book value per share attributable to new investors

    Consolidated net tangible book value per share after this offering

    Dilution per share to new investors

    $

    The dilution information discussed above is illustrative only and will change based on the actual initial public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing. A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $            per share, (thewhich is the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus),prospectus, would increase (decrease) our pro forma consolidated net tangible book value per share after this offering by $            per share and the dilution per share to new investors purchasing shares in this offering by $            ,per share, in each case assuming the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. A 1,000,000 share increase (decrease) in the number of shares of common stock offered by us would increase (decrease) pro forma consolidated net tangible book value per share by $            per share and dilution per share to new investors purchasing shares in this offering by $            per share, in each case assuming the assumed initial public offering price remains the same and after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

    If the underwriters’underwriters' over-allotment option to purchase common stock is exercised in full, our pro forma consolidated net tangible book value per share after giving effect to this offering would be $            , and the dilution per share in net tangible book value to new investors purchasing shares in this offering would be $            .

    The following table sets forth, as of , 2011,June 30, 2020, after giving effect to (i) the Reorganization, (ii) the issuance of an aggregate of                                    shares of common stock to our executive


    Table of Contents

    officers in connection with this offering, as described in "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Grants to Certain Executive Officers in Connection with This Offering," (iii) the conversion of our outstanding convertible notes into an aggregate of                shares of common stock in connection with this offering, and (iv) the issuance and sale of                 shares of common stock in this offering, the number of shares of common stock purchased from the Company,us, the total consideration paid, or to be paid, to the Companyus and the average price per share paid, or to be paid, by existing stockholdersshareholders and by new investors purchasing shares in this offering, at anthe assumed initial public offering price of $            per share, which is the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, before deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses payable by the Company:prospectus:

     
     Shares Purchased Total Consideration  
     
     
     Number
    (in thousands)
     Percent Amount
    (in thousands)
     Percent Average
    Price
    Per Share
     

    Existing shareholders

                        %$                  %$         

    New investors

                        $         

    Total

                100%$          100%   

            

       Shares Purchased  Total Consideration  Average
    Price
    Per Share
     
       Number  Percent  Amount   Percent  

    Existing stockholders

              $                      $              

    New Investors

            
                      

    Total

         100 $      100 $   
                      

    If the underwriters’underwriters' over-allotment option to purchase common stock is exercised in full, the number of shares of common stock held by existing stockholdersshareholders would decrease to        % of the total number of shares of common stock outstanding after this offering, and the number of shares of common stock held by new investors would increase to        % of the total number of shares of common stock outstanding after this offering.

    A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $             per share (the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus) would increase (decrease) total consideration paid by new investors, total consideration paid by all stockholders and average price per share paid by all stockholders by $             million, $             million and $            , respectively, in each case assuming the number of shares offered, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

    The foregoing tables exclude 245,907 shares of common stock issuable upon the exercise of options outstanding as of March 31, 2011 with a weighted average exercise price of $4.13 per share and exclude an option to purchase 125,000 shares of common stock to be granted to our Executive Chairman and Acting Chief Executive Officer upon the consummation of this offering at a purchase price equal to the offering price. See “Compensation Discussion and Analysis—Grants of Plan-Based Awards.”        To the extent thesethat any outstanding options are exercised, new options are issued under our share-based compensation plans and are exercised, outstanding DSUs are converted to common stock, new DSUs are issued and are converted to common stock or we issue additional common stock in the future, there will be further dilution to new investors.investors purchasing shares in this offering.


    Table of Contents


    SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA

    We prepared the selected consolidated financial data using our consolidated financial statements for each of the periods presented. The selected consolidated financial data for each fiscal year in the three-year period ended December 31, 20102019 and the balance sheet data as of December 31, 20092019 and 20102018 was derived from our audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this prospectus.

    The selected consolidated financial data for the period from April 24, 2006 (Inception) to March 31, 2011 and for the three months ended March 31, 2010 and as of and for the threesix months ended March 31, 2011June 30, 2020 and for the six months ended June 30, 2019 was derived from our unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. In ourthe opinion of management, such unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited consolidated financial statements and reflect all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of our results of operations and financial position. Results for the three months ended March 31, 2010 and as of and for the threesix months ended March 31, 2011June 30, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for the entire year.

    We were formed on February 2, 2011 when our predecessor, Precious Metals Opportunities LLC, converted to a Delaware corporation. On March 1, 2011, Los Gatos Ltd. merged withyear, and into us. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, all financial results have been prepared as if the combination of the companies under common control (Precious Metals Opportunities LLC and Los Gatos Ltd.) had occurred prior to the earliest period presented. Accordingly, the financial results have been prepared on the following basis:

    the April 24, 2006 (Inception) to December 31, 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009 results of operations are derived solely from the activities of Los Gatos Ltd.;

    the 2010 results of operations reflect the combined activities of Precious Metals Opportunities LLC and Los Gatos Ltd.; and

    the 2011 results of operations reflect the combined activities of Precious Metals Opportunities LLC and Los Gatos Ltd. through February 28, 2011; subsequent to this date, the results of operations reflect the consolidated activities of Sunshine Silver.

    As a result of our acquisition of the Sunshine Mine in May 2010, we believe that period-over-period comparisons of our operatinghistorical results are not necessarily meaningful and should notindicative of results that may be relied upon as a good indicator of ourexpected for any future performance.

    period. You should read this financial data in conjunction with our auditedthe "Management's Discussion and unauditedAnalysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" section and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. See “Management’s Discussion

     
     Year Ended December 31, Six Months Ended June 30, 
     
     2019 2018 2017 2020 2019 
     
      
      
      
     (unaudited)
     
     
     (in thousands, except for share and per share amounts)
     

    Statement of Loss Data:

                    

    Expenses:

                    

    Exploration

     $1,248 $1,709 $1,179 $598 $527 

    Pre-development

      2,318  2,527  2,408  1,048  1,140 

    General and administrative

      4,845  4,396  6,494  3,257  2,689 

    Amortization

      2,370  2,307  2,483  1,203  1,238 

    Total expenses

      10,781  10,939  12,564  6,106  5,594 

    Dilution loss on affiliates

      11,231        11,231 

    Equity loss in affiliates(1)

      12,865  464  160  21,516  311 

    Net other expense

      2,941  264  87  2,343  886 

    Loss before income taxes

      37,818  11,667  12,811  29,965  18,022 

    Income tax benefit

        (3)      

    Net Loss

     $37,818 $11,664 $12,811 $29,965 $18,022 

    Net loss per share

     $0.49 $0.16 $0.19 $0.37 $0.24 

    Weighted average shares outstanding to compute net loss per share

      77,934,044  73,941,655  67,507,179  81,011,188  75,050,171 

    Pro forma net loss per share(2)

     $        $     

    Weighted average shares outstanding to compute pro forma net loss per share(2)

                    

    (1)
    Represents the 70.0% loss pickup under the equity method of accounting (i) from January 1, 2019 to May 29, 2019 for the year ended December 31, 2019, (ii) from January 1, 2019 to May 29, 2019 for the six months ended June 30, 2019 and Analysis(iii) for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017. Represents the 51.5% loss pickup under the equity method of Financial Conditionaccounting for (i) the six months ended June 30, 2020, (ii) from May 30, 2019 to December 31, 2019 for the year ended December 31, 2019 and Results(iii) from May 30, 2019 to June 30, 2019 for the six months ended June 30, 2019.

    Table of Operations.”Contents

    (2)
    The pro forma information gives effect to the following: (i) the Reorganization, (ii) the issuance of an aggregate of                shares of common stock to our executive officers in connection with this offering, as described in "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Grants to Certain Executive Officers in Connection with This Offering," (iii) the conversion of our outstanding convertible notes into an aggregate of                shares of common stock in connection with this offering, (iv) the issuance and sale of                shares of common stock in this offering, after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, and (v) the acquisition or retirement of a portion of the Los Gatos Working Capital Facility and the funding of near-term debt service needs with a portion of the net proceeds of this offering as described in "Use of Proceeds," as if each such event occurred on the first day of the period presented. The pro forma information is illustrative only and will change based on the actual initial public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing. A $1.00 increase (decrease) in the assumed initial public offering price of $            per share, which is the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase (decrease) pro forma net loss per share by $            , assuming the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same. A 1,000,000 share increase (decrease) in the number of shares of common stock offered by us would increase (decrease) pro forma net loss per share by $            , assuming the assumed initial public offering price remains the same.
     
     Year Ended December 31, Six Months Ended
    June 30,
     
     
     2019 2018 2017 2020 2019 
     
      
      
      
     (unaudited)
     
     
     (in thousands)
     

    Cash Flow Data:

                    

    Net cash used by operating activities

     $(12,295)$(6,654)$(8,204)$(9,537)$(4,273)

    Net cash used by investing activities

      (21,905) (745) (28,555) (7,573) (19,576)

    Net cash provided by (used by) financing activities

      39,828  (222) 42,678  9,979  25,466 


     
     December 31,
    2019
     December 31,
    2018
     June 30,
    2020
     
     
     (in thousands)
     

    Balance Sheet Data:

              

    Cash and cash equivalents

     $9,085 $3,457 $1,954 

    Total assets

      154,295  146,561  136,147 

    Total liabilities

      4,904  3,509  14,543 

    Total shareholders' equity

      149,391  143,052  121,604 

    Table of Contents

       Year ended December 31,  Period from
    April 24, 2006
    (Inception) to
    December 31,

    2006
      Three months ended
    March 31,
      Period from
    April  24, 2006
    (Inception) to
    March 31,

    2011
     
       2010  2009  2008  2007   2011  2010  
       (in thousands) 
          (unaudited) 

    Statements of Loss Data:

             

    Expenses:

             

    Exploration

      $14,653   $9,771   $2,718   $926   $240   $3,759   $3,144   $32,068  

    Care and maintenance

       2,534    —      —      —      —      1,224    —      3,758  

    General and administrative

       5,490    818    415    112    72    3,972    1,067    10,879  
                                     

    Total expenses

       22,677    10,589    3,133    1,038    312    8,955    4,211    46,705  

    Net other expense

       1,891    597    24    24    2    159    295    2,696  
                                     

    Loss before income tax benefit

       24,568    11,186    3,157    1,062    314    9,114    4,506    49,401  

    Income tax benefit

       (30  —      —      —      —      (12  —      (42
                                     

    Net loss

      $24,538   $11,186   $3,157   $1,062   $314   $9,102   $4,506   $49,359  
                                     

    Cash Flow Data:

             

    Net cash used in operating activities

      $(21,479 $(10,876 $(2,866 $(1,199 $(342 $(5,730 $(5,516 $(42,492

    Net cash used in investing activities

      $(30,856 $(31 $(4 $(1  —     $(172 $(6 $(31,064

    Net cash provided by financing activities

      $54,592   $11,885   $3,250   $950   $613   $149,079   $6,463   $220,369  

       December 31,  March  31,
    2011
     
       2010   2009  2008  2007  2006  
           (in thousands)    
                       (unaudited) 

    Balance Sheet Data:

            

    Cash and cash equivalents

      $3,636    $1,379   $401   $21   $272   $146,813  

    Working capital

      $4,485    $1,689   $(241 $(409 $(314 $145,329  

    Total assets

      $36,076    $2,610   $709   $187   $312   $179,438  

    Related-party debt

      $31,000    $15,990   $4,298   $968    —      —    

    Total shareholders’ equity (deficit)

      $2,663    $(14,270 $(4,532 $(1,376 $(314 $174,357  


    MANAGEMENT’SMANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

    OF FINANCIAL CONDITION
    AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

    Our historical financial data discussed below reflects our historical financial condition and results of operations, which do not give effect to the Reorganization. You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. The following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates and beliefs. These forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties. You should review “Risk Factors”"Risk Factors" and “Special"Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements”Statements" for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by these forward-looking statements. Unless otherwise stated, all dollar amounts expressed below are in thousands, except for share and per share amounts.

    Overview

    Sunshine Silver Mines Corporation is        We are a U.S.-based precious metals explorationproduction, development and developmentexploration company with the objective of becoming a premier silver producer. We are currently focused on the advancement of our two principal projects: (i) the Sunshine Mine property in Idaho, oneproduction and continued development of the highest-grade known remaining primary-silver discoveries worldwide, which is estimated to have produced a totalCerro Los Gatos Mine and the further exploration and development of over 365 million ounces of silver, and (ii) the Los Gatos ProjectDistrict:


    Our objectives at the Los Gatos Project through 2013 are to:

    increase the drilling rate by increasing the numberTable of exploration drills from four to seven;Contents

    conduct social, environmental and technical work on the property with the objective of completing a pre-feasibility study on the Cerro Los Gatos and Esther zones; and

    acquire additional prospective mineral and surface rights.

    Achievement of our objectives at the Sunshine Mine property and the Los Gatos Project is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, a number of which are beyond our control. We cannot assure you that we will successfully achieve our objectives at the Sunshine Mine property or the Los Gatos Project. See “Risk Factors.”

    Operating Expenses

    Exploration Expenses

    We conduct exploration activities under mining concessions in Mexico. Historically, we also conducted exploration activities on patented and unpatented mining claims in the United States, and Mexico.which will be conducted in the future by SOP following the Reorganization. We expect our exploration expenses to increase significantly as we continue to expand our exploration activities at the Sunshine Mine property, the Los Gatos ProjectDistrict and our other exploration properties. As access to the underground platforms at the Sunshine Mine is achieved through re-establishment of a secondary escape shaft, our exploration costs will further increase. Our exploration expenses primarily consist of drilling costs, lease concession payments, assay costs and environmental,other geological and technical studies,support costs at both the Sunshine Mine property and the Los Gatos Project.our exploration properties.

    Care and MaintenancePre-development Expenses

    Our pre-development expenses primarily relate to mining infrastructure improvements and scoping studies and care and maintenance expenses relate to the care and maintenance ofactivities at the Sunshine Mine, which has been in the careComplex. Our mining infrastructure improvement expenses include shaft repair, decline excavation and maintenance stage since our acquisition of the Sunshine Mine in May 2010.other underground development costs. Our care and maintenance expenses include facility and surface repair, and re-development costs, mineral surface lease payments, utility costs and mine-dewatering costs. Pre-development activities at the Sunshine Complex will be conducted in the future by SOP following the Reorganization.

    General and Administrative Expenses

    Our general and administrative expenses consist of salaries and benefits, stock compensation, professional and consultant fees, insurance and other general administration costs. Our general and administrative expenses are expected to increase significantly as we prepare to operate as a public company. We expect higher costs related to salaries, benefits, stock compensation, legal fees, compliance and corporate governance, accounting and audit expenses, stock exchange listing fees, transfer agent and other stockholder-relatedshareholder-related fees, directorsdirectors' and officers’officers' and other insurance fees,costs, and other administrative costs. Immediately prior to the completion of this offering, we intend to enter into a Management Services Agreement with SOP, pursuant to which we will provide certain executive and managerial advisory services to SOP. SOP will reimburse us for costs of providing such services. See "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Reorganization and Management Services Agreement."

    In May 2011, we opened a corporate officeEquity Loss in Denver, Colorado, moved many advisory and shared-service functions performedAffiliates

            Our equity loss in New Yorkaffiliates relates to Denver, and began establishing a senior executive team primarily based in Denver. We expect higher costsour proportional share of net income or loss incurred from the LGJV.

    LGJV Arrangement Fee

            Our LGJV arrangement fee consists of arrangement fees related to compensationthe Dowa Term Loan and benefits, rentthe Los Gatos Working Capital Facility. The arrangement fees are based on a fixed 2% and occupancy,15% interest rates for the Dowa Term Loan and other

    administrative costs as we continue to add tothe Los Gatos Working Capital Facility, respectively, and 70% of the outstanding principal of the respective facility. These arrangement fees are solely our senior executive team and hire additional corporate employees. Additionally, we expect to incur higher costs from share-based compensation plans established by our Board of Directors.responsibility.

    Income Taxes

    As we have incurred substantial losses from our exploration and re-developmentpre-development activities, we may receive further benefits in the form of deferred tax assets that can reduce our future income tax liabilities, if it is more likely than not that the benefit will be realized before expiration. WeHistorically, we have not recognized these potential benefits in our financial statements and have fully reserved for such net deferred tax assets, as we believe it is more likely than not that the full benefit of these net deferred tax assets will not be realized before expiration. At December 31, 2010,In connection with the Reorganization, we had recorded a full valuation allowanceexpect to use approximately $7,100 thousand of $9,639 against these net deferred tax assets.assets to offset federal income tax liability.


    RoyaltiesTable of Contents

    We conductRoyalties

            Exploration activities are conducted on the Los Gatos District mining concessions in Mexico. Historically, exploration activities were conducted on patented and unpatented mining claims at bothin the Sunshine Mine propertyUnited States, which will be conducted in the future by SOP following the Reorganization. Mineral and the Los Gatos Project. Weconcession lease payments are required to make mineral and concession lease paymentsbe paid to various entities to secure the appropriate claims or surface rights. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2010, we paid $191 for such royalties. Certain of these agreements also have royalty payments that arewere triggered when we beginbegan producing and selling metal-bearing concentrate. There are currently no instances where we are paying any royalty based upon production and sales. See “Business—The Sunshine Mine Property—Royalties,” “Business—"Business—The Los Gatos Project—District—Location of the Los Gatos Project”District and note 6Access" and Note 4 to our December 31, 2019 audited consolidated financial statements.

    Comparability of Periods

    As a result of our acquisition of the Sunshine Mine in May 2010, we believe that period-over-period comparisons of our operating results are not necessarily meaningful and should not be relied upon as a good indicator of our future performance. Prior to our acquisition of the Sunshine Mine in May 2010, our operating results were derived solely from the activities of Los Gatos Ltd. and Precious Metals Opportunities LLC. We commenced activities at the Sunshine Mine after our purchase of the Sunshine Mine net assets out of bankruptcy from Sterling in May 2010. As a result, we have adopted “fresh start” accounting for the Sunshine Mine financial reporting.

    Results of Operations

    The following table presents certain information relating to our operating results for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 and the years ended December 31, 2010, 20092019, 2018 and 2008, and the three-months ended March 31, 2011 and 2010.2017. In accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States ("U.S. GAAP, allGAAP"), these financial reports have been prepared as ifstatements represent the combination of the companies under common control occurred prior to the earliest period presented. Accordingly, theconsolidated financial results have been prepared on the following basis:

    the 2008position and 2009 results of operations are derived solely from the activities of Los Gatos Ltd.;

    our Company and its subsidiaries (in thousands except for shares and per share data).

     
     Year Ended December 31, Six Months Ended
    June 30,
     
     
     2019 2018 2017 2020 2019 
     
      
      
      
     (unaudited)
     

    Expenses:

                    

    Exploration

     $1,248 $1,709 $1,179 $598 $527 

    Pre-development

      2,318  2,527  2,408  1,048  1,140 

    General and administrative

      4,845  4,396  6,494  3,257  2,689 

    Amortization

      2,370  2,307  2,483  1,203  1,238 

    Total expenses

      10,781  10,939  12,564  6,106  5,594 

    Other (income) expense:

                    

    Dilution loss on affiliates

      11,231        11,231 

    Equity loss in affiliates

      12,865  464  160  21,516  311 

    LGJV arrangement fee

      2,988  283    2,285  895 

    Other (income) expense

      (47) (19) 87  58  (9)

    Net other expense

      27,037  728  247  23,859  12,428 

    Loss before income taxes

      37,818  11,667  12,811  29,965  18,022 

    Income tax benefit

        (3)      

    Net loss

      37,818  11,664  12,811  29,965  18,022 

    Other comprehensive (income) loss:

                    

    Unrealized (gain) loss on securities, net of tax

      (32) (5) 25    5 

    Comprehensive loss

     $37,786 $11,659 $12,836 $29,965 $18,027 

    Net loss per share: Basic and diluted

     $0.49 $0.16 $0.19 $0.37 $0.24 

    Weighted average shares outstanding:

                    

    Basic and diluted

      77,934,044  73,941,655  67,507,179  81,011,188  75,050,171 

    the 2010 resultsTable of operations reflect the combined activities of Precious Metals Opportunities LLC and Los Gatos Ltd.; and

    the 2011 results of operations reflect the combined activities of Precious Metals Opportunities LLC and Los Gatos Ltd. through February 28, 2011; subsequent to this date, the results of operations reflect the consolidated activities of Sunshine Silver.

    Contents

       Year Ended December 31,  Three Months
    Ended

    March 31,
     
       2010  2009  2008  2011  2010 
                (unaudited) 

    Statements of Loss Data:

          

    Expenses:

          

    Exploration

      $14,653   $9,771   $2,718   $3,759   $3,144  

    Care and maintenance

       2,534    —      —      1,224    —    

    General and administrative

       5,490    818    415    3,972    1,067  
                         

    Total expenses

       22,677    10,589    3,133    8,955    4,211  
                         

    Other (income) expense:

          

    Interest expense

       1,887    360    79    198    325  

    Interest and other income

       (36  (13  (8  (37  (10

    Foreign exchange (gain) loss

       40    250    (47  (2  (20
                         

    Net other expense

       1,891    597    24    159    295  
                         

    Loss before income taxes

       24,568    11,186    3,157    9,114    4,506  

    Income tax benefit

       (30  —      —      (12  —    
                         

    Net Loss

      $24,538   $11,186   $3,157   $9,102   $4,506  
                         

    Financial information relating to the Company’s segments is a follows:

      Three Months Ended March 31, 2011  Three Months Ended March 31, 2010 

    Expenses

     U.S.  Mexico  Corporate  Total  U.S.  Mexico  Corporate  Total 
      (unaudited) 

    Exploration

     $78   $3,681    —     $3,759    —     $3,144    —     $3,144  

    Care and maintenance

     $1,224    —      —     $1,224    —      —      —      —    

    General and administrative

     $1,011   $258   $2,703   $3,972   $849   $218    —     $1,067  

    Net other (income) expense

     $(24 $183    —     $159    —     $295    —     $295  
      Year Ended December 31, 2010  Year Ended December 31, 2009 
      U.S.  Mexico  Corporate  Total  U.S.  Mexico  Corporate  Total 

    Exploration

     $207   $14,446    —     $14,653    —     $9,771    —     $9,771  

    Care and maintenance

     $2,534    —      —     $2,534    —      —      —      —    

    General and administrative

     $3,936   $1,326   $228   $5,490    —     $818    —     $818  

    Net other (income) expense

     $(7 $1,898    —     $1,891    —     $597    —     $597  
      Year Ended December 31, 2008             
      U.S.  Mexico  Corporate  Total             

    Exploration

      —     $2,718    —     $2,718      

    General and administrative

      —     $415    —     $415      

    Net other expense

      —     $24    —     $24      

    ThreeSix Months Ended March 31, 2011June 30, 2020 Compared to ThreeSix Months Ended March 31, 2010June 30, 2019

    For the threesix months ended March 31, 2011,June 30, 2020, we experienced a consolidated net loss of $9,102$29,965 thousand compared to a consolidated net loss of $4,506$18,022 thousand for the same period in 2010.six months ended June 30, 2019. The $4,596$11,943 thousand increase in consolidated net loss iswas primarily due to increases in exploration, care and maintenance and general and administrative expenses partially offset by a decrease in interest expense. The primary reasons for the fluctuations were as follows:

    Exploration expense increased $615 to $3,759 for the three months ended March 31, 2011 compared to $3,144 in the comparable period of 2010. Exploration efforts at the Sunshine Mine were $78 for the three months ended March 31, 2011 with no comparable costs incurred in the three months ended

    March 31, 2010. Exploration costs for our Mexico operations increased by approximately $537 for the three months ended March 31, 2011 compared to the comparable period in 2010 due to our expanded drilling at the Los Gatos Project and various other targets.

    Care and maintenance expense increased $1,224 for the three months ended March 31, 2011 compared to nil for the three months ended March 31, 2010 dueattributable to the May 2010 acquisition of the Sunshine Mine, which has been in a care and maintenance stage since that date.following:

            On a pro forma basis after giving effect to (i) the Reorganization, (ii) the issuance of an aggregate of            shares of common stock to our executive officers in connection with this offering, as described in "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Grants to Certain Executive Officers in Connection with This Offering," (iii) the conversion of our outstanding convertible notes into an aggregate of            shares of common stock in connection with this offering, (iv) the issuance and sale of             shares of common stock in this offering, after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, and (v) the acquisition or retirement of a portion of the Los Gatos Working Capital Facility and the funding of near-term debt service needs with a portion of the net proceeds of this offering as described in "Use of Proceeds," as if each such event occurred on the first day of the period presented, for the six months ended March 31, 2011, $737 ofJune 30, 2020, exploration expenses would have been $382 thousand; general and administrative expenses would have been $2,380 thousand and other expense was for compensationwould have been $                         thousand. Our net loss would have been $                         thousand, and benefit costs and $318 of general and administrative expense related to advisory and shared service costs and expenses charged by Tigris Financial Group Limited, a related-party.

    Other expense decreased $136 primarily due to a reduction in interest expense to $198 for the three months ended March 31, 2011 from $325 for the three months ended March 31, 2010. This reduction in interest expense is due to the conversion of all of our $31,000 of related-party indebtedness in January 2011 to shareholders’ equity.net loss per share would have been $            .

    Year Ended December 31, 20102019 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 20092018

    For the year ended December 31, 2010,2019, we experienced a consolidated net loss of $24,538$37,818 thousand compared to a consolidated net loss of $11,186$11,664 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2009.2018. The $13,352$26,154 thousand increase in consolidated net loss iswas primarily attributable to the following:


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            On a pro forma basis after giving effect to (i) the Reorganization, (ii) the issuance of an aggregate of            shares of common stock to our executive officers in connection with this offering, as described in "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Grants to Certain Executive Officers in Connection with This Offering," (iii) the conversion of our outstanding convertible notes into an aggregate of            shares of common stock in connection with this offering, (iv) the issuance and sale of             shares of common stock in this offering, after deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, and (v) the acquisition or retirement of a portion of the Los Gatos Working Capital Facility and the funding of near-term debt service needs with a portion of the net proceeds of this offering as described in "Use of Proceeds," as if each such event occurred on the first day of the period presented, for the year ended December 31, 2019, exploration expenses would have been $923 thousand; general and administrative expenses would have been $2,865 thousand and other expense would have been $                         thousand. Our net loss would have been $                         thousand and our net loss per share would have been $            .

    Year Ended December 31, 2018 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2017

            For the year ended December 31, 2018, we experienced a net loss of $11,664 thousand compared to a net loss of $12,811 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2017. The $1,147 thousand decrease in net loss was primarily attributable to the following:

    Year Ended December 31, 2009 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2008

    For the year ended December 31, 2009, we experienced a consolidated net loss of $11,186 compared to a consolidated net loss of $3,157 for the year ended December 31, 2008. The $8,029 increase in consolidated net loss is primarily due to increases in exploration, general and administrative and interest expense, and increases in foreign exchange losses. The primary reasons for the fluctuations are as follows:

    Exploration expense increased $7,053 to $9,771 in 2009 compared to $2,718 in 2008. In 2009, we placed additional exploration drills into operation at the Los Gatos Project, resulting in the further drilling of 58 holes. Also during 2009, headcount increased with respect to drilling employees and consultants to accommodate the additional core handling and sampling. In 2008, only one exploration drill was exploring in the Los Gatos region and it only drilled eight holes.

    General and administrative expense increased $403 to $818 in 2009 compared to $415 in 2008 due to additional employees and consultants required to support the increased exploration activities during 2009 and an increase of $225 for advisory costs charged by Tigris Financial (International) L.P., a related-party, under the services agreement.

    Interest expense increased $281 to $360 in 2009 compared to $79 in 2008 due to higher indebtedness and associated interest rates. As of December 31, 2009, total indebtedness was $15,990 as compared to $4,298 as of December 31, 2008.

    Foreign exchange loss increased $297 to $250 in 2009 compared to foreign exchange gain of $47 in 2008 primarily due to the higher average exchange rate of the Mexican Peso to the U.S. dollar in 2009 compared to 2008.

    Liquidity and Capital Resources

    As of MarchJune 30, 2020, and December 31, 2011,2019, we had cash and cash equivalents of $146,813$1,954 thousand and $9,085 thousand, respectively, and working capital of $145,329 compared to cash$2,405 thousand and cash equivalents of $3,636 and working capital of $4,485 as of December 31, 2010.$14,990 thousand, respectively. The significant increasedecrease in cash and cash equivalents and working capital was primarily due to proceeds from purchases of common stockincreased investment in the LGJV, increased related-party receivables and other operation needs, partially offset by unrelated investors of $146,630, stock option exercise proceeds of $1,449 and proceeds from capital contributions of $1,000, duringan increase in related-party convertible notes.

            For the threesix months ended MarchJune 30, 2020, we borrowed $10,000 thousand by issuing related-party convertible notes and the notes remain outstanding as of June 30, 2020. We did not have any related-party debt as of December 31, 2011.

    2019. As of March 31, 2011,June 30, 2020, we could borrow an additional


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    $5,000 thousand by issuing convertible notes under the Convertible Note Purchase Agreement (as defined herein).

            We did not have any related-party debt as of December 31, 2010 and December 31, 2009, our related-party debt was nil, $31,000, and $15,990, respectively. Subsequent to December 31, 2010, all of the $31,000 of related-party debt was converted into preferred shares of Los Gatos Ltd. Pursuant to our merger with Los Gatos Ltd., all Los Gatos Ltd. ordinary and preferred shares were converted into shares of our common stock.2019. We have no outstanding lines of credit or other bank financing arrangementsarrangements. We guarantee 70.0% of the Dowa Term Loan and do not anticipate additional future funding fromthe Los Gatos Working Capital Facility as of June 30, 2020. We have certain arrangement fee obligations related parties.

    Substantially all of our source of funds to date has beenthe Cerro Los Gatos Mine as detailed in the "LGJV Arrangement Fee" above. In 2019, we received $40,465 thousand in equity proceeds from financing activities. From inception through March 31, 2011,our shareholders. In May 2019, we contributed $18,200 thousand to an LGJV entity to provide funding for a partial repayment of principal and interest related to the MPR Loan. In late May 2019, the MPR Loan was fully extinguished with a cash payment of $18,200 thousand and the conversion of the remaining $50,737 thousand of principal and interest to Dowa equity. The conversion of the remaining principal and interest increased Dowa's ownership in the LGJV entities to 48.5%. As of June 30, 2020, the approximate ownership of the LGJV entities is 51.5% in favor of the Company and 48.5% in favor of Dowa. Due to the LGJV ownership dilution, we recognized a dilution loss on affiliates of $11,231 thousand in May 2019. We have received net proceedsan option to repurchase the approximate 18.5% equity interest in the LGJV from Dowa by June 30, 2021, and only after the Los Gatos Working Capital Facility is repaid, for a total consideration of $220,369 from these financing activities.approximately $51,100 thousand and all costs incurred by Dowa in connection with its ownership of such equity interest, including, but not limited to, legal and accounting fees, capital contributions and taxes.

    We believe that, upon the anticipated net proceeds fromcompletion of this offering, and our existingwe will have sufficient cash and cash equivalents will provide adequate funds for ongoing operations, planned capital expenditures and working capital requirementsresources to carry out our business plans for at least the next 12 months. However, we may electWe are focused on our forward-looking liquidity needs. We are evaluating our ongoing fixed cost structure as well as decisions related to seek additional funding priorproject retention, advancement and development. We will likely be required to that time. We expectraise capital or take other measures to fund future exploration and development. Significant development activities, if warranted, will require that we willarrange for financing in advance of planned expenditures. In addition, we expect to continue to increase our current financial resources with external financings as long as our long-term business needs require additionalus to do so. We manage liquidity risk through the management of our capital structure.

            We may be required to provide funds at a later date to bring the Sunshine Mine into sustained commercial operation and develop a mineLGJV to support operations at the Cerro Los Gatos Project,Mine which, depending upon the circumstances, may be in the form of equity, various forms of debt, joint venture funding or asome combination of equity and debt.thereof. There can be no assurance that additional funds will be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all.

    Dowa Debt Agreements

            On January 1, 2015, we entered into a joint venture with Dowa to develop the LGJV. Dowa initially acquired a 30% interest in the LGJV and the right to purchase future zinc-concentrate production at market rates.

            On July 11, 2017, we entered into a loan agreement (the "Dowa Term Loan") with Dowa whereby the LGJV could borrow up to $210,000 thousand to finance the development of the Los Gatos project. The principal amount of the Dowa Term Loan accrues interest daily at a rate of LIBOR plus 2.35%, and the interest was added to the amount borrowed until production commenced at the Los Gatos project. The LGJV is obligated to pay 14 consecutive semi-annual payments totaling the aggregate principal amount and capitalized interest beginning June 30, 2021, with payments made two business days prior to the end of each June and December. The maturity date for the Dowa Term Loan is two business days prior to December 31, 2027. The LGJV can prepay the loan from time to time, subject to a minimum amount. We guarantee 70.0% of the Dowa Term Loan. The Dowa Term Loan contains


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    affirmative and negative covenants reasonably customary for similar facilities, with which the LGJV is in compliance in all material respects as of the date of this prospectus.

            On April 16, 2019, we entered into a memorandum of understanding with the LGJV and Dowa, whereby we made a capital contribution to the LGJV in the amount of $18,200 thousand in consideration for partial repayment of a previously existing loan with Dowa of $65,678 thousand entered into with Dowa as of January 23, 2018 (the "MPR Loan"). Under the terms of the memorandum, Dowa agreed to convert the remaining balance of $42,937 thousand outstanding under the MPR Loan in exchange for approximately 18.5% of the equity interests in the LGJV. This diluted our ownership in the LGJV to approximately 51.5%, with Dowa owning the remaining approximate 48.5%. Furthermore, the LGJV will be required to contribute dividend payments to an escrow account until an aggregate amount equal to $20,000 thousand has been deposited into the account, which is payable to Dowa as a priority dividend, as described in a priority distribution agreement dated May 30, 2019 among us, MPR, OSJ and Dowa. See "Business—The Los Gatos District—Priority Distribution Agreement." Following payment of $20,000 thousand to Dowa, dividends will be paid in accordance with the ownership of the LGJV. Under this memorandum of understanding and the terms of an option agreement dated May 30, 2019 among us, MPR, OSJ and Dowa, Dowa granted us an option to repurchase the approximate 18.5% equity interest in the LGJV from Dowa by June 30, 2021, and only after the Los Gatos Working Capital Facility is repaid, for a total consideration of approximately $51,100 thousand and all costs incurred by Dowa in connection with its ownership of such equity interest, including, but not limited to, legal and accounting fees, capital contributions and taxes. See "Business—The Los Gatos District—Option Agreement." If we do not exercise our option by June 30, 2021, the option will expire and cease to have any further effect, after which Dowa may sell all or a portion of the interest to a third party. As part of the memorandum of understanding, we entered into a working capital facility agreement dated May 30, 2019, with the LGJV and Dowa (the "Los Gatos Working Capital Facility"), under which Dowa agreed to provide a maximum of $60,000 thousand for the benefit of the LGJV. The interest under the Los Gatos Working Capital Facility is LIBOR plus 3%. We also guarantee 70% of this facility and are required to pay an arrangement fee on the borrowing, calculated as 15.0% per annum of 70.0% of the average daily principal amount outstanding during the relevant fiscal quarter. The Los Gatos Working Capital Facility contains affirmative and negative covenants reasonably customary for similar facilities, with which the LGJV is in compliance in all material respects as of the date of this prospectus. All principal amounts outstanding under the Los Gatos Working Capital Facility will be due on or before June 28, 2021. The full principal amount of the Los Gatos Working Capital Facility has been drawn down by the LGJV.

    Convertible Notes

            On April 20, 2020, we entered into a Convertible Note Purchase Agreement with Electrum Silver US LLC (as amended, the "Convertible Note Purchase Agreement"). Pursuant to the Convertible Note Purchase Agreement, we may issue and sell to Electrum Silver US LLC or Electrum Silver US II LLC from time to time, convertible notes on the same terms under the Convertible Note Purchase Agreement until the earlier of (i) such time as the aggregate principal amount of principal indebtedness evidenced by all convertible notes issued and sold under the Convertible Note Purchase Agreement equals $15,000 thousand and (ii) April 20, 2021. Upon the consummation of a sale of equity securities in a bona fide equity financing, including this offering, that results in gross proceeds to us of at least $10,000 thousand from investors not affiliated with Electrum, the convertible notes, including any accrued but unpaid interest, may, at our option, (i) convert into shares of such equity securities at a price per share equal to the lesser of (A) 80% of the price per share of such equity securities and (B) $7.50 per share of such equity securities, subject to adjustment for any stock split (including as part of the Reorganization), stock dividend, reverse stock split, recapitalization or similar


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    transactions, or (ii) be repaid in full. The outstanding principal amount of the convertible notes and any accrued but unpaid interest is due and payable on April 19, 2023. However, any conversion of the convertible notes into equity securities as described above shall be deemed a repayment of the convertible notes so converted. The convertible notes bear interest at a rate of 5.00% per annum, compounding annually. As of the date of this prospectus, we have issued $             thousand aggregate principal amount of convertible notes and there is $             thousand in accrued but unpaid interest.

    Cash Flows

    The following table presents our sources and uses of cash for the periods indicated:

     
     Year Ended December 31, Six Months Ended
    June 30,
     
     
     2019 2018 2017 2020 2019 
     
      
      
      
     (unaudited)
     
     
     (in thousands)
      
      
     

    Net cash provided by (used by)

                    

    Operating activities

     $(12,295)$(6,654)$(8,204)$(9,537)$(4,273)

    Investing activities

      (21,905) (745) (28,555) (7,573) (19,576)

    Financing activities

      39,828  (222) 42,678  9,979  25,466 

    Total change in cash

     $5,628 $(7,621)$5,919 $(7,131)$1,617 

            

       Year Ended December 31,  Three Months Ended
    March 31,
     
       2010  2009  2008  2011  2010 
                (unaudited) 

    Net cash provided by (used in)

          

    Operating activities

      $(21,479 $(10,876 $(2,866 $(5,730 $(5,516

    Investing activities

       (30,856  (31  (4  (172  (6

    Financing activities

       54,592    11,885    3,250    149,079    6,463  
                         

    Total change in cash

      $2,257   $978   $380   $143,177   $941  
                         

    Cash used inby operating activities was $5,730$9,537 thousand and $5,516$4,273 thousand for the threesix months ended March 31, 2011June 30, 2020 and 2010,2019, respectively. The $5,264 thousand increase in cash used in operating activities iswas primarily due to aan increase in related party receivables from the LGJV and net loss, of $9,102after non-cash adjustments for the three months ended March 31, 2011, compared to a netequity loss of $4,506 for the three months ended March 31, 2010. This increase in net loss was partially offset by increases in accounts payableaffiliates and other accrued liabilities of $1,760 and a reduction in non-trade receivables of $434.stock-based compensation expense. Cash used inby operating activities was $21,479, $10,876$12,295 thousand, $6,654 thousand and $2,866$8,204 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2010, 20092019, 2018 and 2008,2017, respectively. The $5,641 thousand increase between 2010, 2009December 31, 2019 and 2008December 31, 2018 was primarily attributeddue to increasedan increase in related party receivables from the LGJV. The $1,550 thousand decrease between December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 was primarily due to a decrease in net losses and changes in working capital.loss.

    Cash used inby investing activities was $172$7,573 thousand and $6$19,576 thousand for the threesix months ended March 31, 2011June 30, 2020 and 2010,2019, respectively. This increase isThe $12,003 thousand decrease was primarily due to the purchase of property and equipment at the Sunshine Mine$18,200 investment in the three months ended March 31, 2011.LGJV in 2019, offset by the $7,573 thousand investment in the LGJV in 2020. Cash used inby investing activities was $30,856, $31$21,905 thousand, $745 thousand and $4$28,555 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2010, 20092019, 2018 and 2008,2017, respectively. The $21,160 thousand increase from 2008between December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018 was primarily due to 2009 is related to additional property, plantthe $21,371 thousand investment in the LGJV. The $27,810 thousand decrease between December 31, 2018 and equipment purchases. The increaseDecember 31, 2017 primarily reflects the $28,225 thousand investment in 2009 to 2010 is attributable to our purchase of the Sunshine MineLGJV in 2010 for $29,250 and $1,580 of property, plant and equipment purchases during 2010.2017.

    Cash provided by financing activities was $149,079$9,979 thousand and $6,463$25,466 thousand for the threesix months ended March 31, 2011June 30, 2020 and 2010,2019, respectively. The increase is$15,487 thousand decrease was primarily due to the issuance$25,466 thousand sales of common stock and capital contributions of $148,079 and $1,000, respectively, duringin 2019, partially offset by the three months ended March 31, 2011 compared to $6,463 of capital contributions during the three months ended March 31, 2010.$10,000 thousand increase in convertible notes in 2020. Cash provided (used) by financing activities was $54,592, $11,885$39,828 thousand, $(222) thousand and $3,250$42,678 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2010, 20092019, 2018 and 2008,2017, respectively. These increases wereCash provided by financing activities primarily relates to sales of common stock and convertible notes. Cash used in financing activities primarily relates to treasury stock purchases.


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    Results of LGJV Operations

            The following table presents certain information relating to LGJV's financial condition and operating results for the resultyears ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 and for the three-year period ended December 31, 2019. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, these financial statements represent the combined financial position and results of capital contributions of $35,978 and related-party debt funding of $18,500 in 2010, and $11,885 and $3,250 of related-party debt funding in 2009 and 2008, respectively.

    Cash dividends are not expected to be paid in the foreseeable future. See “Dividend Policy.”

    Contractual Obligations

    LGJV. As of December 31, 2010,2018 and 2017, our ownership of the LGJV was 70.0%. In connection with the extinguishment of the MPR Loan on May 30, 2019, our current ownership of the LGJV is approximately 51.5%.


    LOS GATOS JOINT VENTURE
    COMBINED BALANCE SHEETS
    (in thousands)

     
     As of December 31, 
     
     2019 2018 

    ASSETS

           

    Current Assets

           

    Cash and cash equivalents

     $1,302 $11,231 

    Receivables

      5,655   

    Inventories

      11,374  1,886 

    VAT receivable

      50,184  30,853 

    Restricted cash

        2,219 

    Other current assets

      1,672  6,747 

    Total current assets

      70,187  52,936 

    Non-Current Assets

           

    Mine development, net

      182,602  99,994 

    Deferred financing costs

        76 

    Property, plant and equipment, net

      216,131  150,763 

    Total non-current assets

      398,733  250,833 

    Total Assets

     $468,920 $303,769 

    LIABILITIES AND OWNERS' CAPITAL

           

    Current Liabilities

           

    Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities

     $43,287 $16,697 

    Dowa MPR Loan

        65,670 

    Related party payable

      6,875  1,377 

    Accrued interest

      885  2,692 

    Equipment loans

      6,948  5,227 

    Total current liabilities

      57,995  91,663 

    Non-Current Liabilities

           

    Dowa Term Loan

      217,796  132,066 

    Working Capital Facility

      60,000   

    Equipment loans

      12,916  13,494 

    Reclamation obligations

      11,314  10,524 

    Total non-current liabilities

      302,026  156,084 

    Owners' Capital

           

    Capital contributions

      237,905  168,967 

    Paid-in capital

      7,400  1,358 

    Accumulated deficit

      (136,406) (114,303)

    Total owners' capital

      108,899  56,022 

    Total Liabilities and Owners' Capital

     $468,920 $303,769 

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    LOS GATOS JOINT VENTURE COMBINED
    STATEMENTS OF LOSS
    (in thousands)

     
     Year Ended December 31, 
     
     2019 2018 2017 

    Sales

     $36,508 $ $ 

    Operating expenses

              

    Cost of sales

      30,339     

    Royalties

      184     

    Exploration

      208     

    General and administrative

      2,587  83  116 

    Accretion expense

      789  9  17 

    Depreciation, depletion and amortization

      15,460     

    Total operating expenses

      49,567  92  133 

    Other expense

              

    Interest expense, net of capitalization

      5,107     

    Arrangement fee

      3,524     

    Other expense (income)

      239  (53) (11)

    Foreign exchange loss

      174  623  112 

    Net other expense

      9,044  570  101 

    Net loss

     $22,103 $662 $234 

            At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the LGJV had current assets of $70,187 thousand and $52,936 thousand, respectively. The increase in total current assets was primarily due to an increase in value added tax and trade receivables, partially offset by decreases in cash and other current assets. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the LGJV had noncurrent assets of $398,733 thousand and $250,833 thousand, respectively. The increase in noncurrent assets was primarily due to increased mine development assets and property, plant and equipment to develop new mining areas and complete site infrastructure, partially offset by accumulated depletion and depreciation that began in 2019.

            At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the LGJV had current liabilities of $57,995 thousand and $91,663 thousand, respectively. The decrease in current liabilities was primarily due to the extinguishment of the Dowa MPR Loan, partially offset by an increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, the LGJV had noncurrent liabilities of $302,026 thousand and $156,084 thousand, respectively. The increase in non-current liabilities was primarily due to an increase in borrowings under the Dowa Term Loan and the Working Capital Facility.

            For the year ended December 31, 2019, the LGJV had a $22,103 thousand net loss compared to a $662 thousand net loss for the year ended December 31, 2018. The increase in net loss was primarily due to the start and ramp up of production in 2019, as well as beginning to depreciate the assets placed in service and to expense interest and arrangement fees costs upon achieving production. Interest and arrangement fee costs were capitalized during the construction period. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the LGJV had a $662 thousand net loss compared to a $234 thousand net loss for the year ended December 31, 2017. The increase in net loss was primarily due to foreign exchange losses as the Mexican peso declined in value relative to the U.S. dollar reporting currency.


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    Contractual Obligations

            As of December 31, 2019, we had the following contractual obligations:

     
     Payments due by period (in thousands) 
     
     Total Less than
    1 year
     1 - 3
    years
     4 - 5
    years
     More than
    5 years
     

    Reclamation and remediation obligations(1)

     $1,836 $ $ $1,836 $ 

    Mineral leases, concessions and agreements obligations(2)(3)

      470  322  50  34  64 

    Total contractual obligations

     $2,306 $322 $50 $1,870 $64 

    (1)
    These obligations pertain to the Sunshine Complex and will be assumed by SOP as part of the Reorganization.

    (2)
    Does not contain product and sale royalty payments.

    (3)
    The lease from Metropolitan Mines Corporation Ltd. relating to certain mining claims at the Sunshine Mine requires monthly payments of $1 thousand until ore is produced from the Metropolitan property. This obligation has not been included in the table above as the time for commencing production is unknown. This obligation will be assumed by SOP as part of the Reorganization.

            In addition, we entered into commitments with federal and state agencies to lease surface and mineral rights. These leases are renewable annually.

       Payments due by period 

    Contractual Obligations

      Total   Less than 1
    year
       1-3 years   4-5 years   More than
    5 years
     

    Reclamation and remediation obligations

      $1,836    $—      $—      $—      $1,836  

    Advance royalty payments(1)(2)(3)

       21,312     237     1,049     5,164     14,862  
                             

    Total

      $23,148    $   237    $1,049    $5,164    $16,698  
                             

    Stock-Based Compensation

            

    (1)Does not contain product and sale royalty payments. See “—Royalties.’’
    We recognize all employee and director stock-based compensation as a cost in our consolidated financial statements. Equity-classified awards are measured at the grant date fair value of the award. We estimate the grant date fair value using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model using estimated amounts for volatility of our stock, the expected life of the awards, the fair value of the underlying shares, the risk-free interest rate and the expected dividend yield. The related expense is included as a component of either exploration, pre-development or general and administrative expenses over the requisite service period of the award.

    (2)The lease from Metropolitan Mines Corporation relating to certain mining claims at the Sunshine Mine property requires monthly payments of $1 until ore is produced from the Metropolitan property. This obligation has not been included in the table above as the time for commencing production is unknown.
    (3)The San Jose de Minas Finder’s Fee Agreement requires an annual payment of 5% of the exploration costs incurred by us on the concession covered by this agreement, limited to a maximum payment of $100. This obligation has not been included in the table above as the amount of future exploration costs is unknown.
            Our stock-based compensation includes DSUs granted to certain employees and directors, and stock options granted to employees, directors and various individuals and entities.

            In 2018, we granted 10,000 stock options at a strike price of $4.50 per share. In 2019, we granted 1,203,000 stock options at a strike price of $6.00 per share. During the six months ended June 30, 2020, we granted 1,596,667 stock options at a strike price of $6.00 per share.

            The total stock-based compensation expense incurred for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 was $3,219 thousand, $2,392 thousand and $1,981 thousand, respectively. The total stock-based compensation expense incurred for the six months ended June 30, 2020 was $2,118 thousand.

            The following table sets forth stock option grant information from January 1, 2017 through June 30, 2020:

    Grant Date
     Options
    Granted
     Exercise
    Price
     

    2017(1)(2)(3)

      2,181,250 $4.50 

    2018(4)

      10,000 $4.50 

    2019(5)

      1,203,000 $6.00 

    2020(6)(7)(8)

      1,596,667 $6.00 

    (1)
    We granted 1,035,500 options on August 31, 2017 with an exercise price of $4.50.

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    (2)
    We granted 25,000 options on November 13, 2017 with an exercise price of $4.50.

    (3)
    We granted 1,120,750 options on December 16, 2017 with an exercise price of $4.50.

    (4)
    We granted 10,000 options on January 2, 2018 with an exercise price of $4.50.

    (5)
    We granted 1,203,000 options on May 3, 2019 with an exercise price of $6.00.

    (6)
    We granted 1,227,334 options on January 20, 2020 with an exercise price of $6.00.

    (7)
    We granted 328,000 options on January 30, 2020 with an exercise price of $6.00.

    (8)
    We granted 41,333 options on March 1, 2020 with an exercise price of $6.00.

    Significant Factors, Assumptions and Methodologies used in Determining Fair Value of Share Based Payments

            Stock-based compensation expense for DSU awards is based on the estimated fair value of our common stock on the grant date.

            Stock-based compensation expense for options is based on the estimated fair value for each award on the grant date. We calculate the grant date fair value based on an option pricing model using estimated amounts for risk-free interest rate, dividend yield, estimated historical volatility of our common stock, the expected life of the awards and the estimated fair value of the underlying common stock. In addition to the assumptions used to calculate the fair value of the options, we are required to estimate the expected forfeiture rate of the option awards, and only recognize stock-based compensation expense for those option awards expected to vest. We recognize stock-based compensation expense as a component of either exploration, pre-development or general and administrative expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award.

            The following assumptions were used to compute the fair value of the options granted:

     
     Grant Date
     
     Aug. 2017 Nov. 2017 Dec. 2017 Jan. 2018 May 2019 Jan. 2020 Mar. 2020

    Risk-free interest rate

     1.83% 2.18% 2.18% 2.18% 2.38% 1.63% 1.63%

    Dividend yield

           

    Estimated volatility

     66.40% 65.90% 65.80% 65.80% 66.80% 62.20% 62.20%

    Expected option life

     6 years 6 years 6 years 6 years 6 years 6 years 6 years

            The following assumptions were used to compute the fair value of the options, that are required to be revalued each reporting period, as of the dates indicated:

     
     December 31, June 30,
     
     2019 2018 2017 2020

    Risk-free interest rate

     1.76% 2.55% 2.26% 0.39%

    Dividend yield

        

    Estimated volatility

     63.60% 65.90% 65.50% 66.60%

    Expected option life

     6 years 6 years 6 years 6 years

            The risk-free interest rate assumption was based on the U.S. treasury constant maturity yield at the date of the grant over the expected life of the option. No dividends are expected to be paid. We calculated the estimated volatility based on the historical volatility of a group of peer companies' common stock over the expected option life. The peer information was used because we were not publicly traded at the time of the grant, and therefore did not have the market trading history required to calculate a meaningful volatility factor. The computation of expected option life was determined based on a reasonable expectation of the option life prior to the option being exercised or forfeited. Based upon our expectation of forfeiture for these grants, we estimated a forfeiture rate of zero for our executive and director option grants, and a forfeiture rate of 10% for our employee option grants.


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            As of June 30, 2020, there was approximately $7,751 thousand of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to option awards that we expect to recognize over a weighted average vesting period of 2.1 years.

    Common Stock Valuation

            We estimated the fair value of our common stock in 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020 based on resource multiples, discounted cash flows, comparable property values, comparable public company equity values, changes in comparable public company equity values, and a discount for a lack of marketability. Based on this market data, the corresponding fair value of per share common stock was used in valuing the options and DSUs granted in 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020.

    Off Balance Sheet Arrangements

    Other than the advanced royalty payments included in “—"Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Contractual Obligations”Obligations" above, we have no significant off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that areis material to our stockholders.shareholders.

    Critical Accounting Policies

    Listed below are the accounting policies that we believe are critical to our financial statements due to the degree of uncertainty regarding the estimates or assumptions involved and the magnitude of the asset, liability or expense that is being reported.

    Equity Method Investment

            We account for our investment in affiliates using the equity method of accounting whereby, after valuing the initial investment, we recognize our proportional share of results of operations of the affiliate in its consolidated financial statements. Equity method investments are reviewed periodically for other-than-temporary decline in value. Our investment in the LGJV is presented as investment in affiliates in the consolidated balance sheet. The difference between the carrying amount of the investment in affiliates and our equity in the LGJV's net assets is due to value of mineral resources at MPR. We incur certain costs on behalf of the LGJV, primarily related to a project development loan arrangement fee. Our proportional share of such costs are reported as an investment in affiliate and the residual costs, related to Dowa's proportional ownership, are reported in the statement of loss.

    Mineral Properties and Carrying Value of Long-Lived Assets

    Mineral property acquisition costs are recorded at cost and are deferred until the viability of the property is determined. Exploration, mineral property evaluation, option payments, related acquisition costs for mineral properties acquired under option agreements, general overhead, administrative and holding costs to maintain a property on a care and maintenance basis are expensed in the period they are incurred. When proven and probable mineral reserves are determined for a property, subsequent development costs on the property are capitalized. If a project were to be put into production, capitalized development costs would be depleted on the units of production basis determined by the proven and probable mineral reserves for that project.

            Existing proven and probable mineral reserves and value beyond proven and probable mineral reserves, including mineralization other than proven and probable mineral reserves and other material that is not part of the measured, indicated or inferred resource base, are included when determining the fair value of mine site reporting units at acquisition and, subsequently, in determining whether the assets are impaired. The term "recoverable minerals" refers to the estimated amount of silver or other


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    commodities that will be obtained after taking into account losses during mining, mineral resources processing and treatment and ultimate sale. Estimates of recoverable minerals from such exploration-stage mineral interests are risk-adjusted based on management's relative confidence in such materials. In estimating future cash flows, assets are grouped at the lowest levels for which there are identifiable cash flows that are largely independent of future cash flows from other asset groups. We review and evaluate our long-lived assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the related carrying amounts may not be recoverable. Asset impairment is considered to exist if the total estimated future cash flows on an undiscounted basis are less than the carrying amount of the asset. An impairment loss is measured and recorded based on discounted estimated future cash flows. Future cash flows are estimated based on estimated quantities of recoverable minerals, expected silver and other commodity prices (considering current and historical prices, trends and related factors), production levels, operating costs, capital requirements and reclamation costs, all based on life-of-mineLOM plans. No impairment tests have been required since our acquisition ofduring the Sunshine Mine in 2010.periods presented.

    Existing proven and probable reserves and value beyond proven and probable reserves, including mineralization other than proven and probable reserves and other material that is not part of the measured, indicated or inferred resource base, are included when determining the fair value of mine site reporting units at acquisition and, subsequently, in determining whether the assets are impaired. The term “recoverable minerals” refers to the estimated amount of silver or other commodities that will be obtained after taking into account losses during ore processing and treatment and ultimate sale to customers. Estimates of recoverable minerals from such exploration stage mineral interests are risk-adjusted based on management’s relative confidence in such materials. In estimating future cash flows, assets are grouped at the lowest levels for which there are identifiable cash flows that are largely independent of future cash flows from other asset groups.

    Various factors could impact our ability to achieve our forecasted production schedules from proven and probable mineral reserves. Additionally, production, capital and reclamation costs could differ from the assumptions used in the cash flow models used to assess impairment. The ability to achieve the estimated quantities of recoverable minerals from exploration stageexploration-stage mineral interests involves further risks in addition to those factors applicable to mineral interests where proven and probable mineral reserves have been identified, due to the lower level of confidence that the identified mineralized materialmineral resources could ultimately be mined economically. Assets classified as exploration potential have the highest level of risk that the carrying value of the asset can be ultimately realized, due to the still lower level of geological confidence and economic modeling.

    Reclamation ObligationsCommon Stock Valuation

    Reclamation costs        We estimated the fair value of our common stock in 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020 based on resource multiples, discounted cash flows, comparable property values, comparable public company equity values, changes in comparable public company equity values, and a discount for a lack of marketability. Based on this market data, the corresponding fair value of per share common stock was used in valuing the options and DSUs granted in 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020.

    Off Balance Sheet Arrangements

            Other than the advanced royalty payments included in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Contractual Obligations" above, we have no significant off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are allocatedreasonably likely to expense overhave a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that is material to our shareholders.

    Critical Accounting Policies

            Listed below are the lifeaccounting policies that we believe are critical to our financial statements due to the degree of uncertainty regarding the estimates or assumptions involved and the magnitude of the related assets andasset, liability or expense that is being reported.

    Equity Method Investment

            We account for our investment in affiliates using the equity method of accounting whereby, after valuing the initial investment, we recognize our proportional share of results of operations of the affiliate in its consolidated financial statements. Equity method investments are reviewed periodically adjusted to reflect changesfor other-than-temporary decline in value. Our investment in the estimated present value resulting fromLGJV is presented as investment in affiliates in the passage of time and revisions toconsolidated balance sheet. The difference between the estimates of either the timing orcarrying amount of the reclamation costs. Reclamation obligations are basedinvestment in affiliates and our equity in the LGJV's net assets is due to value of mineral resources at MPR. We incur certain costs on when the spending for an existing environmental disturbance will occur. We review, on at least an annual basis, the reclamation obligation at the Sunshine Mine site in accordance with guidance for accounting for asset retirement obligations.

    Accounting for reclamation obligations requires management to make estimates unique to the Sunshine Minebehalf of the futureLGJV, primarily related to a project development loan arrangement fee. Our proportional share of such costs we will incurare reported as an investment in affiliate and the residual costs, related to completeDowa's proportional ownership, are reported in the reclamation work required to comply with existing laws and regulations. Actual costs incurred in future periods could differ from amounts estimated. Additionally, future changes to environmental laws and regulations could increase the extentstatement of reclamation work required. Any such increases in future costs could materially impact the amounts charged to earnings for reclamation.loss.

    Income and Mining Taxes

    We recognize the expected future tax benefit from deferred tax assets when the tax benefit is considered to be more likely than not of being realized. Assessing the recoverability of deferred tax assets requires management to make significant estimates related to expectations of future taxable income. Estimates of future taxable income are based on forecasted cash flows and the application of existing tax laws in the United States and Mexico. Refer above to “—Mineral Properties and Carrying Value of Long-Lived Assets”Assets

            Mineral property acquisition costs are recorded at cost and are deferred until the viability of the property is determined. Exploration, mineral property evaluation, option payments, related acquisition costs for mineral properties acquired under option agreements, general overhead, administrative and holding costs to maintain a property on a care and maintenance basis are expensed in the period they are incurred. When proven and probable mineral reserves are determined for a discussionproperty, subsequent development costs on the property are capitalized. If a project were to be put into production, capitalized development costs would be depleted on the units of production basis determined by the proven and probable mineral reserves for that project.

            Existing proven and probable mineral reserves and value beyond proven and probable mineral reserves, including mineralization other than proven and probable mineral reserves and other material that is not part of the factors that could cause future cash flows to differ from estimates. To the extent that future cash flows and taxable income differ significantly from estimates, our ability to realize deferred tax assets recorded at the balance sheet date could be impacted. Additionally, future changes in tax laws in the jurisdictions in which we operate could limit our ability to obtain the future tax benefits represented by our deferred tax assets recorded at the reporting date.

    Our properties involve dealing with uncertainties and judgments in the application of complex tax regulations in multiple jurisdictions. The final taxes paidmeasured, indicated or inferred resource base, are dependent upon many factors, including negotiations with taxing authorities in various jurisdictions and resolution of disputes arising from federal, state, and Mexico tax audits. We recognize potential liabilities and record tax liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues, if any, in the United States and other tax jurisdictions based on our estimate of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. We adjust these reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances; however, due to the complexity of some of these uncertainties, the ultimate resolution may result in a payment that is materially different from our current estimate of the tax liabilities. If our estimate of tax liabilities proves to be less than the ultimate assessment, an additional charge to expense would result. If an estimate of tax liabilities proves to be greater than the ultimate assessment, a tax benefit would result. We recognize interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense.

    Stock-Based Compensation

    Our stock based compensation includes both stock options granted to employees and stock sold to or given to related parties (including their employees) and vendors.

    The following table sets forth information for our option grants from January 1, 2010 through March 31, 2011:

    Grant Date

      Options
    Granted
       Exercise
    Price
       Fair Value
    Per Share
     

    2010

       —       —       —    

    2011(1)(2)

       38,600     13.83     13.83  

    (1)The 38,600 options were granted on March 9, 2011.
    (2)An additional 125,000 options were granted on May 4, 2011 at an exercise price of $27.65.

    In addition, on June 30, 2010, Los Gatos Ltd. issued 174,949 ordinary shares (valued at $0.20 per share) for an aggregate of $2 to an employee of a related entity.

    Significant Factors, Assumptions and Methodologies used in Determining Fair Value of Options

    Stock-based compensation expense for options is based on the estimated fair value for each award on the grant date. We calculate the grant date fair value based on an option pricing model using estimated amounts for risk-free interest rate, dividend yield, estimated volatility of our common stock, the expected life of the awards andincluded when determining the fair value of mine site reporting units at acquisition and, subsequently, in determining whether the underlying common stock.assets are impaired. The term "recoverable minerals" refers to the estimated amount of silver or other


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    commodities that will be obtained after taking into account losses during mining, mineral resources processing and treatment and ultimate sale. Estimates of recoverable minerals from such exploration-stage mineral interests are risk-adjusted based on management's relative confidence in such materials. In additionestimating future cash flows, assets are grouped at the lowest levels for which there are identifiable cash flows that are largely independent of future cash flows from other asset groups. We review and evaluate our long-lived assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the related carrying amounts may not be recoverable. Asset impairment is considered to exist if the total estimated future cash flows on an undiscounted basis are less than the carrying amount of the asset. An impairment loss is measured and recorded based on discounted estimated future cash flows. Future cash flows are estimated based on estimated quantities of recoverable minerals, expected silver and other commodity prices (considering current and historical prices, trends and related factors), production levels, operating costs, capital requirements and reclamation costs, all based on LOM plans. No impairment tests have been required during the periods presented.

            Various factors could impact our ability to achieve our forecasted production schedules from proven and probable mineral reserves. Additionally, production, capital and reclamation costs could differ from the assumptions used in the cash flow models used to calculateassess impairment. The ability to achieve the fairestimated quantities of recoverable minerals from exploration-stage mineral interests involves further risks in addition to those factors applicable to mineral interests where proven and probable mineral reserves have been identified, due to the lower level of confidence that the identified mineral resources could ultimately be mined economically. Assets classified as exploration potential have the highest level of risk that the carrying value of the options, we are required to estimate the expected forfeiture rate of the option awards, and only recognize stock-based compensation expense for those option awards expected to vest. We recognize stock-based compensation expense as a component of either exploration or general and administrative expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award.

    We calculated the fair value of options granted in the three months ended March 31, 2011 using the following assumptions:

       Three Months Ended
    March 31, 2011
     
       (unaudited) 

    Risk-free interest rate

       2.46

    Dividend Yield

       —    

    Estimated volatility

       87.23

    Expected option life

       6 years  

    Fair value of common stock

      $13.83  

    The risk-free interest rate assumption was based on the U.S. treasury constant maturity yield at the date of the grant over the expected life of the option. No dividends are expected toasset can be paid. We calculated the estimated volatility based on the historical volatility of a group of peer companies’ common stock over the expected option life. The peer information was used because we were not publicly traded at the time of the grant, and therefore did not have the market trading history required to calculate a meaningful volatility factor. The computation of expected option life was determined based on a reasonable expectation of the option life priorultimately realized, due to the option being exercised or forfeited.

    We estimated a forfeiture ratestill lower level of zero based upon our expectation of forfeiture for these grants.

    As of March 31, 2011, there was approximately $381 of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to non-vested stock option awards that we expect to recognize over a weighted average vesting period of 2.0 years.

    In May 2010, we issued an additional 125,000 options at an exercise price of $27.65 using the same underlying common stock valuation for our options granted in the three months ended March 31, 2011, as we did

    not believe that the fair value of the underlying common stock had changed. We intended that the exercise price for the options granted in May 2010 would be well in excess of the underlying value of our common stock as the options are intended to be incentive in nature.

    Assuming an initial public offering price of $             per share, the midpoint of the price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, the intrinsic value of stock options outstanding at March 31, 2011, after giving effect to the 125,000 options issued in May 2011, was $            , of which $             related to options that were vestedgeological confidence and $             related to options that were unvested.economic modeling.

    Common Stock Valuation

    We estimated the fair value of our common stock in March 20112017, 2018, 2019 and 2020 based on resource multiples, discounted cash flows, comparable property values, comparable public company equity values, changes in comparable public company equity values, and a market value approachdiscount for a lack of our common stock. During March 2011, an unrelated party purchased 15% of our common stock for $13.83 per share. Accordingly, basedmarketability. Based on this market data, athe corresponding fair value of $13.83 per share of common stock was used in valuing the options and DSUs granted in March 20112017, 2018, 2019 and May 2011.2020.

    Off Balance Sheet Arrangements

            Other than the advanced royalty payments included in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Contractual Obligations" above, we have no significant off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that is material to our shareholders.

    Critical Accounting Policies

            Listed below are the accounting policies that we believe are critical to our financial statements due to the degree of uncertainty regarding the estimates or assumptions involved and the magnitude of the asset, liability or expense that is being reported.

    Los Gatos Ltd. Ordinary Share ValuationEquity Method Investment

    Stock based compensation        We account for stock soldour investment in affiliates using the equity method of accounting whereby, after valuing the initial investment, we recognize our proportional share of results of operations of the affiliate in its consolidated financial statements. Equity method investments are reviewed periodically for other-than-temporary decline in value. Our investment in the LGJV is presented as investment in affiliates in the consolidated balance sheet. The difference between the carrying amount of the investment in affiliates and our equity in the LGJV's net assets is due to or givenvalue of mineral resources at MPR. We incur certain costs on behalf of the LGJV, primarily related to a project development loan arrangement fee. Our proportional share of such costs are reported as an investment in affiliate and the residual costs, related parties (including their employees)to Dowa's proportional ownership, are reported in the statement of loss.

    Mineral Properties and vendors has beenCarrying Value of Long-Lived Assets

            Mineral property acquisition costs are recorded at cost and are deferred until the viability of the property is determined. Exploration, mineral property evaluation, option payments, related acquisition costs for mineral properties acquired under option agreements, general overhead, administrative and holding costs to maintain a property on a care and maintenance basis are expensed in the period they are incurred. When proven and probable mineral reserves are determined for a property, subsequent development costs on the property are capitalized. If a project were to be put into production, capitalized development costs would be depleted on the units of production basis determined by the proven and probable mineral reserves for that project.

            Existing proven and probable mineral reserves and value beyond proven and probable mineral reserves, including mineralization other than proven and probable mineral reserves and other material that is not part of the measured, indicated or inferred resource base, are included when determining the fair value of mine site reporting units at acquisition and, subsequently, in determining whether the sharesassets are impaired. The term "recoverable minerals" refers to the estimated amount of silver or other


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    commodities that will be obtained after taking into account losses during mining, mineral resources processing and treatment and ultimate sale. Estimates of recoverable minerals from such exploration-stage mineral interests are risk-adjusted based on management's relative confidence in excesssuch materials. In estimating future cash flows, assets are grouped at the lowest levels for which there are identifiable cash flows that are largely independent of future cash flows from other asset groups. We review and evaluate our long-lived assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the related carrying amounts may not be recoverable. Asset impairment is considered to exist if the total estimated future cash flows on an undiscounted basis are less than the carrying amount of the price paid forasset. An impairment loss is measured and recorded based on discounted estimated future cash flows. Future cash flows are estimated based on estimated quantities of recoverable minerals, expected silver and other commodity prices (considering current and historical prices, trends and related factors), production levels, operating costs, capital requirements and reclamation costs, all based on LOM plans. No impairment tests have been required during the stock. Forperiods presented.

            Various factors could impact our ability to achieve our forecasted production schedules from proven and probable mineral reserves. Additionally, production, capital and reclamation costs could differ from the 174,949 ordinary shares soldassumptions used in 2010, the faircash flow models used to assess impairment. The ability to achieve the estimated quantities of recoverable minerals from exploration-stage mineral interests involves further risks in addition to those factors applicable to mineral interests where proven and probable mineral reserves have been identified, due to the lower level of confidence that the identified mineral resources could ultimately be mined economically. Assets classified as exploration potential have the highest level of risk that the carrying value of the ordinary shares was determinedasset can be ultimately realized, due to the still lower level of geological confidence and economic modeling.

    Reclamation Obligations

            Reclamation obligations are recognized when incurred and are initially measured at fair value and subsequently adjusted for accretion expense and changes in the amount or timing of the estimated cash flows. The corresponding asset retirement costs are capitalized as part of the carrying amount of the related long-lived asset and depreciated over the asset's remaining useful life. Reclamation obligations are based on when the spending for an existing environmental disturbance will occur. We review, on at least an annual basis, the reclamation obligation at the Sunshine Mine in accordance with guidance for accounting for asset retirement obligations.

            Accounting for reclamation obligations requires management to make estimates unique to the Sunshine Mine relating to the future costs we will incur to complete the reclamation work required to comply with existing laws and regulations. Actual costs incurred in future periods could differ from amounts estimated. Additionally, future changes to environmental laws and regulations could increase the extent of reclamation work required. Any such increases in future costs could materially impact the amounts charged to earnings for reclamation.

    Income and Mining Taxes

            We recognize the expected future tax benefit from deferred tax assets when the tax benefit is considered to be more likely than not of being realized. Assessing the recoverability of deferred tax assets requires management to make significant estimates related to expectations of future taxable income. Estimates of future taxable income are based on forecasted cash flows and the application of existing tax laws in the United States and Mexico. Refer above to "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Critical Accounting Policies—Mineral Properties and Carrying Value of Long-Lived Assets" above for a discussion of the factors that could cause future cash flows to differ from estimates. To the extent that future cash flows and taxable income differ significantly from estimates, our ability to realize deferred tax assets recorded at the balance sheet date could be impacted. Additionally, future changes in tax laws in the jurisdictions in


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    which we operate could limit our ability to obtain the future tax benefits represented by our Board of Directorsdeferred tax assets recorded at the reporting date.

            Our properties involve dealing with the assistance of management. We utilized the guidance set forth by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, or the AICPA,uncertainties and judgments in the AICPA Technical Practice Aid when establishingapplication of complex tax regulations in multiple jurisdictions. The final taxes paid are dependent upon many factors, including negotiations with taxing authorities in various jurisdictions and resolution of disputes arising from federal, state and Mexico tax audits. We recognize potential liabilities and record tax liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues, if any, in the fair valueUnited States and other tax jurisdictions based on our estimate of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. We adjust these reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances; however, due to the complexity of some of these uncertainties, the ultimate resolution may result in a payment that is materially different from our current estimate of the ordinary shares attax liabilities. If our estimate of tax liabilities proves to be less than the purchase date.

    The 2010 ordinary share valuation (which also required valuing the outstanding Los Gatos Ltd. preferred shares) was based onultimate assessment, an enterprise value and option pricing model. As an active market for our Los Gatos Ltd. shares did not exist, our analysis was based on estimates of the enterprise value discussed below attributableadditional charge to the ordinary shares of Los Gatos Ltd. From guidance in the AICPA Technical Practice Aid, we selected an option pricing model that treated Los Gatos Ltd.’s ordinary and preferred shares as call options on the enterprise value, with the exercise price based on the liquidation preference of the preferred shares. Given the liquidation preference of the preferred shareholders, in some cases a majority of the enterprise value was attributed to the preferred shares in the option pricing model. We calculatedexpense would result. If an estimate of share price volatility based ontax liabilities proves to be greater than the ultimate assessment, a sampletax benefit would result. We recognize interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense.

    Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of comparable2012

            The JOBS Act permits us, as an "emerging growth company, volatilities since Los Gatos Ltd. shares were not actively traded. Additionally, our option pricing model included discount factors" to take advantage of 35%an extended transition period to comply with new or revised accounting standards applicable to public companies. We have elected to "opt out" of this provision and, 20% for lack of marketability and control byas a single shareholder, respectively. Basedresult, we will comply with new or revised accounting standards on the assumptions used and the model described above, a valuerelevant dates on which adoption of $0.20 per share was allocatedsuch standards is required for public companies that are not emerging growth companies. The decision to the ordinary shares granted to an employee of a related entity on June 30, 2010. To estimate the enterprise value, we used the following information:

    No offers to sell or solicitations to purchase any portion of Los Gatos Ltd.’s assets or shares occurred from the period January 1, 2010 to June 30, 2010.

    A valuationopt out of the assets (exploration properties) held by Los Gatos Ltd. by reference to comparable sales of exploration property andextended transition period under the likelihood of exploration success at our Los Gatos Ltd. properties. Our valuation compiled information on transactions recently completed by companies listed on various stock exchanges and having precious-metals exploration properties in similar geographic areas and political jurisdictions; specifically Mexico. From the review of numerous transactions, a number of appropriate transactions were selected for analysis to establish a range of values for the subject properties as of June 30, 2010. The likelihood of success was determined based upon the activities performed on the various exploration concessions held by Los Gatos Ltd.

    We obtained information on several underground silver-dominated, vein resources/deposits in Mexico that were either in production or the infrastructure was in construction. We estimated a value per silver equivalent ounce for each resource/deposit, where possible.

    In addition, we considered the following subsequent events in support of our valuation:

    A proposed transaction (with an unrelated party that was never consummated) to acquire a portion of Los Gatos Ltd.

    The discussions and negotiations with Liberty Metals and Mining, an unrelated party, that ultimately purchased 15% of Sunshine Silver Mines Corporation in March 2011.

    Recent Accounting Pronouncements

    For a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements, see note 2(o) to the consolidated financial statements.JOBS Act is irrevocable.

    Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

    Commodity Price Risk

    We intend to engage in the production of silver and concentrates containing silver, lead, zinc and antimonygold at the SunshineCerro Los Gatos Mine and the Los Gatos Project.commenced production on September 1, 2019. Accordingly, we expect the principal source of future revenue at the LGJV to be the sale of concentrates containing silver, and to a lesser extent, lead and zinc. A significant and sustained decrease in the price of these metals from current levels could have a material and negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

    Foreign Currency Risk

    Although most of our expenditures are in U.S. dollars, certain purchases of labor, operating supplies and capital assets are denominated in other currencies, primarily the Mexican Peso.peso. As a result, currency exchange fluctuations may impact the costs of our operations. To reduce this risk, we maintain limited cash balances in foreign currencies and transact most of our purchases in U.S. dollars.

    Concentration of Risk

    We have placed nearly all of our cash investments with a single, high-quality financial institution. All cash equivalents are invested in high-quality, short-term money market instruments, including government securities, bankers’bankers' acceptances, bank notes, certificates of deposit, commercial paper and repurchase agreements of domestic and foreign issuers. At no time have we had funds invested in asset-backed commercial paper. We have not experienced any losses on our cash investments.


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    SILVER INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

    The Silver Market

    Overview

    Silver is one of the eight precious, or noble, metals; the others are gold and the six platinum-group metals. Silver occurs naturally in its solid metallic state and is commonly associated with deposits of gold, copper, lead and zinc.

    As an industrial and monetary asset, silver haszinc as a dual personality that differentiates itsecondary metal. Silver is distinct from other precious metals. On the one hand, silvermetals in that it is both used in industrial applications and as an investment asset.

            Silver has a number of distinctive physical and chemical properties that makesmake it an essential component in severalnumerous industrial applications, including its strength, malleability, conductivity and ductility, its electrical and thermal conductivity, its sensitivity to and high reflectance of light and its ability to endure extreme temperature ranges. These properties restrict its substitution in most applications. Silver is one of the world's best conductors of electricity and is used in electronic components of common items such as solar panel photovoltaic cells, computers, televisions and cell phones.

    On the other hand, silver        Silver has also been used as a medium of exchange since earliest recorded history. From the time of the Roman Empire until the 19th century, most nations were on a silver standard with silver coins forming the main circulating currency. While silverit is no longer widely used as circulating currency, the metalsilver is still widely sought by investors for its store of value attributes. In particular, silver is viewed as an attractive hedge against a decrease in the value of the U.S. dollarcurrency and inflation during times of economic uncertainty.

    Silver Demand

    Silver has strong supply and        The three principal drivers of silver demand fundamentals with significant demand rooted in diverse sectors. The demand for silver is driven primarily by three uses:are industrial applications, consumer use and investment. According to GFMS,The Silver Institute's World Silver Survey 2020, demand for industrial applications is mainly driven by electrical and electronics uses, which accounted for 58.3% of industrial demand and 30.0% of total demand in 2010, industrial, consumer2019. Jewelry accounted for 20.3% of total demand and net physical investment represented 46.1%, 37.0% and 16.8%18.8% of silvertotal demand.

            Silver demand respectively.

    Industrial and consumergrew 0.4% in 2019 to a three-year high of 991.8 million ounces, from 988.3 million ounces the previous year, driven by a 12.3% surge in demand for silver, which isnet physical investment. This was offset by declines in the formsilverware and other industrials. Silver remains difficult to substitute in many areas, and outside of manufactured end-products, increased across all major end usesa dip in 2010, with the exception of photography and silverware, primarily due to strong gross domestic product gains in emerging markets and the industrialized world’s improving economic outlook. According to GFMS, total global2009, demand for these two uses grew by 12.8% in 2010, to a 10 year high of 878.8 million ounces. This increaseindustrial applications has remained broadly flat since 2007. There was led by the industrial demand category, which, according to GFMS, rose by 20.7% to 487.4 million ounces in 2010.

    With rapid population and income growth, surging demand for consumer electronics and a burgeoning housing market, China is the largest global silver marketplace fueling industrial and consumer demand for silver. According to GFMS, silver industrial and consumerhealthy photovoltaic demand in China is estimated to have risen2019, with support from 50.8 million ouncesstructural changes in 2001 to 127.2 million ouncesdemand, such as vehicle electrification.


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    World Physical Silver Demand in 2010, an increase of 150.4%.

    The graph below denotes global silver demand from 2001 to 2010:2019 (%)

    GlobalGRAPHIC


    Source: The Silver Demand

    LOGO

    Source: GFMS,Institute, World Silver Survey 20112020

    Traditional industrial applications of silver include batteries, bearings, brazing and soldering, catalysts andcatalysts. Silver, which is the best conductor of electricity among all metals, is used in virtually all electronics. In addition to traditional industrial uses, increases in emerging applications for silver, such as in the electric powertrain and other applications that are increasingly featured in hybrid internal combustion engine cars and electric vehicles, as well as LCD and RFID technologies, are expected to continue to augment industrial demand. Emerging applications include the advent of flexible electronics in which silver batteries play a prominent role, utilizing silver’ssilver's reflectivity as a component in solar cells to produce “green”"green" electricity and utilizing silver’ssilver's antimicrobial properties in medical applications and in the prevention of algae build-up in water purification systems.

    According to GFMS, between 2009 and 2010,        Global industrial demand, forwhich represented 51.5% of total silver rose by 20.7%, to 487.4demand in 2019, totaled 511.5 million ounces.ounces, flat from 2018. A major source of the6.7% increase in silver demand from the photovoltaic sector was offset by an annual decrease in the electronics and electrical sector. Combined, China, the United States and Japan accounted for 347.1 million ounces, representing 67.9% of total 2019 industrial demand for silver in 2010 was thedemand.

            The electrical and electronics sector. Silver’ssector has consistently ranked as the largest source of industrial silver demand. Silver's electrical and thermal conductive properties make it ideal for multiple high performancehigh-performance electronics and high voltage circuits, connectors and other electrical components, which are all integral parts of electronics. Such uses include switches, contacts, fuses, superconductors and printed circuit boards, which are contained in computers, mobile phones and other smart technologies. According to GFMS,The Silver Institute's World Silver Survey 2020, silver demand from the electrical and electronics sector reached 242.9297.6 million ounces in 2010,2019. At 84.7 million ounces, Japan accounted for 28.5% of 2019 electrical and electronics demand, with China (23.3%) and the highest level on record, up 30.9%United States (21.0%) also accounting for significant demand.

            Historically, photographic uses represented a large source of silver demand, accounting for 74% of total silver demand in 1999. However, photographic use has since declined significantly, driven by the


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    transition from 2009.silver halide to digital technology, especially in the area of consumer film. In 2019, photographic uses accounted for just 3.4% of total silver demand, according to The Silver Institute's World Silver Survey 2020.

    Accelerated        While photographic uses have declined, new technologies have emerged. For example, accelerated growth in the solar panel market alsohas contributed to the rise in silver industrial demand in 2010.recent years. Silver is used both as a conductor in solar cells and as a reflector in mirrors used to concentrate solar energy. Demand for silver from the solar panel industry surgedphotovoltaics accounted for 19.3% of industrial demand and 10.0% of total physical silver demand in 2010, up 70% over 2009 levels, to approximately 50 million ounces2019, according to GFMS.The Silver Institute's World Silver Survey 2020.

    Consumer use of silver is primarily        Silver's luster, resistance to tarnishing and malleability are properties well suited for the fabrication of jewelry silverware and coins, which rely on silver’s lustre, resistance to tarnishing and malleability. According to GFMS, the jewelry sector accounted for 15.8% of total demand for silver in 2010, followed by coins and medals with 9.6% of total demand and silverware with 4.8% of total demand.silverware. For these uses, silver is often alloyed to a small proportion of other metals, such as copper, to harden it. Sterling silver, for example, is 92.5% silver and 7.5% copper and has been the standard in many countries for silver jewelry since the 14th14th century.

    Historically, photographic uses represented silver’s second largest source of demand, after industrial applications. However, photographic off-take has been on a steady decline since 2001, driven by        According to The Silver Institute's World Silver Survey 2020, in 2019, the move from silver halide to digital technology, especially in the area of consumer film. In 2010, photographic usesjewelry sector accounted for 6.9%20.3% of total silver demand, according to GFMS.

    According to GFMS, between 2009 and 2010, consumer demand for silver, rose by 4.2%, to 391.3 million ounces. A major sourcewhile silverware accounted for 6.0% of the increase in consumertotal demand. In 2019, demand for jewelry (201.3 million ounces) and silverware (59.8 million ounces) declined 0.9% and 8.6% year-on-year, respectively. Jewelry demand is driven primarily from South Asia and East, which accounted for 134.4 million ounces, or 66.8% of global demand in 2019. Since 2014, India has been the world's largest silver jewelry consumer; in 2010 was2019, demand from India fell 4.8% to 69.0 million ounces as an economic slowdown, erratic monsoons and the increasedeepening liquidity crunch all negatively impacted demand. Other large global markets include Thailand and China (representing 14.2% and 11.3%, respectively, of 2019 global demand). India is also the world's largest consumer of silverware, accounting for 41.2 million ounces, or 68.9%, of 2019 global silverware demand in demand for silver coins and medals. The fabrication of coins and medals has increased gradually for much of the past decade, but growth has accelerated since the onset of the financial crisis in 2008. According to GFMS, silver demand for coins and metals in 2010 increased 28.2% from 2009, to 101.3 million ounces.2019.

    Silver has been a store of monetary value for over 4,000 years.years, and it continues to play an important part in investor portfolio diversification. Historically, the price of silver has shown at times a high correlation to the price of gold as a result of investment demand, and has been at times viewed as an attractive hedge against a decrease in the value of the U.S. dollarcurrency and inflation, attracting investors during times of uncertainty.

            Identifiable physical investment demand increased by 12.3% to 186.1 million ounces in 2019, the largest one-year increase since 2015. The Silver Institute attributes this rise to improved safe haven demand for precious metals from uncertainties stemming from the US-China trade dispute and a manufacturing slowdown in several industrialized countries.

    Investment demand for silver has increased significantlyrepresented a significant portion of total annual silver supply over the last decade. Over the last ten years, investment in coins and metals amounted to 1.1 billion ounces, which was one-tenth of total silver supply over that period. Silver investment demand flourished in the past 10 years,aftermath of the financial crisis and during the height of economic uncertainty in the Eurozone. Between 2013 and 2015, silver physical investment accounted for more than 22% of annual supply, with the most significant investment demand coming from investment products sucha peak of 28% recorded in 2015, according to GFMS, formerly known as bullion funds andGold Fields Mineral Services ("GFMS"). In addition, silver ETFs. In 2010, net investment in silverETP holding rose 13% to 178.0729 million ounces, representing 16.8% of silver demand, up 47.5% from 2009 levels, according to GFMS. Macro-developments such as concerns regarding the sovereign debt crisis in Europe, political problems worldwide, high unemployment in developed countries and rising inflation in developing countries were all factors that attracted investors to silver inlargest year-over-year increase since 2010.

    Silver Supply

    Silver supply comes from two principal sources, namely mineis primarily driven by mined silver production, and scrap supply. In 2010,which, according to GFMS, mine production comprised 69.6%The Silver Institute's World Silver Survey 2020, accounted for 81.7% of totalsupply in 2019. Recycling largely accounted


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    for the remainder of silver supply. Global silver supply while scrapincreased 0.6% year-over-year in 2019 to 1,023 million ounces compared to 1,016.8 million ounces in 2018.

            Mine silver constituted 20.3%output in 2019 declined for the fourth consecutive year, falling 1.3% to 836.5 million ounces from 847.8 million ounces in 2018. These recent production declines follow 13 consecutive years of total silver supply.

    According to GFMS, only 30.4% of mined silver is produced at mining operations where silver is the primary metal mined.growth. The remaining 69.6% of silver mined is extracteddecrease in zinc, copper and gold mines. As a result, silver supply is relatively inelasticwas largely driven by lower grades at primary silver mines, lower silver production from copper mines and tends to lag demand during periodslosses from production disruptions. In Peru, Compañía de Minas Buenaventura's Uchucchacua Mine saw silver production decrease from a 27% decline in grades and experienced a 21-day strike; Hochschild Mining's Arcata Mine was placed into care and maintenance early in the year; and declining silver grades were a factor at large primary copper mines. In Mexico, Fresnillo plc achieved lower grades at several of strong growth. According to GFMS, silver mine production grew 2.5%its mines; First Majestic Silver Corp.'s San Martin Mine and Endeavour Silver's El Cubo Mine were placed on care and maintenance; and blockades resulted in 2010 versus total demand growth of 14.6%.

    Newmont Corporation's Peñasquito Mino being suspended for 90 days.

    Mexico was the world’sworld's largest silver mining country in 2010 (128.62019 (190.3 million ounces)ounces, down 2.2% from 2018), followed by Peru (116.1(135.4 million ounces),ounces, down 7.6% from 2018) and China (99.2(110.7 million ounces), Australia (59.9ounces, up 0.06% from 2018). The chart below illustrates global mined silver production from 2011 through 2019.


    Global Mined Silver (Moz)

    GRAPHIC


    Source: The Silver Institute, World Silver Survey 2020

            In 2019, just 28.7% of silver produced globally (240.0 million ounces) and Chile (41.0was derived from primary silver mines, down 3.8% from 249.4 million ounces). The graph below illustrates the world’s leadingounces produced from primary silver mines in 2010, based on their production:2018. The remaining 71.3% of silver mined in 2019 was a by-product of lead/zinc, copper, gold and other operations. By-product silver production, which represents over two-thirds of global silver production, is typically inelastic with respect to the silver price.

            Global recycled silver supply also expanded slightly in 2019 by 1.3% to 169.9 million ounces. Industrial recycling is the largest source of recycled silver and rose for the fifth consecutive year. An increase in recycled supply was recorded across all regions, other than the Commonwealth of Independent States. Recycled supply from North America was the highest in 2019, representing 33.8% of the global total.


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    Silver Supply from Recycling (Moz)

    World’s Leading PrimaryGRAPHIC


    Source: The Silver Mines,Institute, World Silver Survey 2020

            Historically, another source of supply has been government sales, which amounted to 44 million ounces in 2010, according to GFMS data. However, government sales of silver stocks were minimal in the early part of this decade, and GFMS estimates that no significant sales have occurred since 2013.

            A combination of a slightly higher demand and a slightly higher supply in 2019 compared to 2018 resulted in a surplus of 31.3 million ounces, or 3.1% of silver demand, according to The Silver Institute's World Silver Survey 2020. Net investment in exchange traded products of 81.7 million ounces helped to propel the net silver balance to a 50 million ounce deficit, or approximately 5% of demand.


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    LOGO
    2011-2019 Global Silver Supply and Demand (Moz)

     
     2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 

    Supply

                                

    Mine Production

      760.1  792.7  840.3  877.5  892.9  892.3  863.4  847.8  836.5 

    Recycling

      232.9  216.0  192.7  174.9  166.5  164.4  167.7  167.7  169.9 

    Net Hedging Suplpy

      11.9      10.7  2.2        15.7 

    Net Official Sector Sales

      4.8  3.6  1.7  1.2  1.1  1.1  1.0  1.2  1.0 

    Total Supply

      1,009.7  1,012.4  1,034.7  1,064.2  1,062.6  1,057.8  1,032.2  1,016.8  1,023.1 

    Demand

                                

    Industrial

      508.1  450.5  460.8  449.6  456.2  490.3  517.2  511.5  510.9 

    ...of which photovoltaics

      68.4  55.0  50.5  48.4  54.1  93.7  101.8  92.5  98.7 

    Photography

      61.6  52.5  45.8  43.6  41.2  37.8  35.1  34.2  33.7 

    Jewelry

      162.2  159.2  187.1  193.5  202.6  189.2  196.3  203.1  201.3 

    Silverware

      41.5  40.1  45.7  52.4  56.6  52.3  57.7  65.4  59.8 

    Net Physical Investment

      272.0  240.8  300.1  282.6  310.4  213.9  156.2  165.7  186.1 

    Net Hedging Demand

        40.4  29.3      12.0  2.1  8.4   

    Total Demand

      1,045.4  983.5  1,068.9  1,021.6  1,067.0  995.5  964.7  988.3  991.8 

    Market Balance

      (35.7) 28.9  (34.2) 42.6  (4.4) 62.3  67.5  28.5  31.3 

    Net Investment in ETPs

      (18.9) 53.6  4.6  (0.5) (17.2) 50.9  6.8  (22.3) 81.7 

    Market Balance less ETPs

      (16.9) (24.7) (38.8) 43.1  12.8  11.3  60.7  50.8  (50.4)

    Source: GFMS,The Silver Institute, World Silver Survey 20112020

    Markets and Outlook

    Over the last ten years, the        The price of silver which proved relatively volatile in that timeframe, increased 655.9%.has experienced significant volatility over the last 25 years. The price of silver averaged approximately $4.71 per ounce$4.71/oz from 2000 through the end of 2003. Beginning in 2004, the price of silver began to appreciate considerably, reaching a high of $48.44 per ounce$48.70/oz in April 2011.

    Rising silver prices have boosted investor interest This significant ascent in the metalprice of silver was driven in part by investors' heightened risk aversion amid concerns over the possible effects of quantitative easing measures introduced in the wake of the global financial crises of 2008 and led2009. Subsequent to April 2011, the silver price trended lower, with the average annual price declining for four consecutive years between 2012 and 2015, reaching a significant increaselow of $13.65/oz in silver’s investor base. The silver market expanded significantly in both volume and value in 2010, as prices increased over 83% betweenDecember 2015. Between January 1, 20102016 and December 31, 2010.September 30, 2020, the price of silver traded within a range of $12.01 and $28.89/oz.

            In 2019, the average LBMA silver price increased 3.4% year-over-year to $16.21/oz. In 2019, the price of silver reached a high of $19.31/oz, a low of $14.38/oz and ended the year at $18.05/oz. The largest contributor to silver price movements is believed to be the ongoing trade dispute between the U.S. and China, which has had the impact of strengthening the U.S. dollar and weighing on the price of silver and other precious metals. The U.S. Federal Reserve took a dovish stance through 2019, as it lowered the federal funds rate three times.

            The price of silver rallied strongly to multi-year highs in September 2020. As of September 30, 2020, the LBMA silver price has increased 31% compared to the year-end 2019 price. The recent silver price appreciation is believed to have been driven by accommodative monetary policy, aggressive stimulus measures and accelerating investment demand in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as disrupted production and a recovery in industrial consumption. These factors have enhanced silver's appeal to investors seeking a hedge against inflation, a decrease in the value of the U.S. dollar and general economic and geopolitical uncertainty. Trading volumes at futures and options exchanges have increased significantly, and the dollar valueETPs inflows have been strong. As of September 30, 2020, silver flows among market participants nearly doubled from 2009 levels. According to GFMS,has a steep rally in thelong-term research analyst average consensus price outlook of silver in 2010 was also assisted by the increase in industrial and consumer demand for silver in 2010.$20.00/oz.


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    A chart indicating silver prices between January 1, 2000 and July 1, 2011September 30, 2020 is set out below. As of July 1, 2011,September 30, 2020, the price of silver was $33.88 per ounce.$23.73/oz.


    January 2000—August 2020 Silver Price (US$/oz Ag)

    Historical Silver PriceGRAPHIC


    Source: S&P Capital IQ

            

    LOGO

    Source: Bloomberg

    The following chart shows the comparative return of an investment in silver versus certain other investments.investments:


    Comparative Returns to July 1, 2011September 30, 2020

     
     Percentage Change 
     
     1-Year 5-Year 10-Year 

    Silver

      36.7% 60.0% 6.8%

    Gold

      28.1% 69.1% 44.1%

    Oil

      (25.6%) (10.8%) (49.7%)

    S&P 500

      13.0% 75.2% 194.7%

    FTSE

      (20.8%) (3.2%) 5.7%

    Nikkei

      6.6% 33.3% 147.5%

    MSCI World Index

      8.6% 49.6% 100.8%

    $/EUR

      (7.0%) (4.6%) 16.3%

    Source: Bloomberg


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    BUSINESS

    Our Company

            

       1 Year  5 Year  10 Year

    Silver

      89.7%  205.2%  689.8%

    Gold

      22.8%  141.6%  451.9%

    Oil

      56.4%    52.0%  330.7%

    S&P 500

      31.0%      5.5%      8.3%

    FTSE

      23.8%      2.7%      4.8%

    Nikkei

        7.2%    (36.4)%    (22.6)%

    MSCI World Index

      29.6%      1.8%    22.7%

    $/EUR

      15.6%    13.6%    71.3%

    13 Week T-Bill

        0.1%      1.7%      1.9%

    10 Year Bond

        3.1%      3.7%      4.1%

    30 Year Bond

        4.2%      4.4%      4.7%

    Notes: T-bills and T-bondsWe are average rates of return

    Source: Bloomberg

    In the short- to mid-term, GFMS believes that the economic backdrop for investment in silver will remain supportive as monetary policy is unlikely to significantly tighten in 2011 with ongoing economic, inflation and sovereign debt concerns. This is expected to encourage investment demand for silver and enhance industrial and consumer demand.

    BUSINESS

    The Company

    Sunshine Silver Mines Corporation is a U.S.-based precious metals explorationproduction, development and developmentexploration company with the objective of becoming a premier silver producer. The Company isWe were formed on February 2, 2011, when our predecessor Precious Metals Opportunities LLC, which was formed in December 2009, converted to a Delaware corporation. On March 1, 2011, Los Gatos Ltd. merged with and into us to form Sunshine Silver Mines Corporation. In 2014, we changed our name to Sunshine Silver Mining & Refining Corporation. In connection with the Reorganization, we intend to change our name to Gatos Silver, Inc.

    Our Principal Projects

            We are currently focused on the advancement of its two principal projects: (i) the Sunshine Mine in Idaho, oneproduction and continued development of the highest-grade known remaining primary-silver discoveries worldwide, which is estimated to have produced a totalCerro Los Gatos Mine and the further exploration and development of over 365 million ounces of silver, and (ii) the Los Gatos ProjectDistrict:


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            Prior to our initial acquisition of exploration concession rights in April 2006, very limited historical prospecting and exploration activities had been conducted in the Los Gatos District. We were able to acquire concessions covering approximately 103,087 hectares and, through our exploration, discovered a virgin silver region containing high-grade epithermal vein-style mineralization throughout the Los Gatos District concession package.

            In 2008, we negotiated surface access rights with local ranch owners and obtained the necessary environmental permits for drilling and road construction. Through 2015, we purchased all the surface lands required for the Cerro Los Gatos Mine development. Environmental baseline data collection began in May 2010 and was completed in 2016 and approved in 2017 to prepare for the development of future environmental studies required for the Cerro Los Gatos Mine. In 2014, we partnered with Dowa to finance and develop the Cerro Los Gatos Mine and pursue exploration in the Los Gatos District. We and Dowa formed a Mexico-incorporated co-owned operating company, MPR, which owns certain surface and mineral rights associated with the Los Gatos District. In connection with the formation of the LGJV, we entered into the Unanimous Omnibus Partner Agreement, which governs our and Dowa's respective rights over the LGJV. We own approximately 51.5% of the LGJV, with Dowa owning the remainder. Despite owning the majority interest in the LGJV, we do not exercise control over the LGJV due to certain provisions contained in the Unanimous Omnibus Partner Agreement that currently require unanimous partner approval of all major operating decisions (such as certain approvals, the creation of security interests on property, any initial public offering of the joint venture, and litigation settlements). We intend to exercise our right to repurchase an 18.5% interest in the LGJV from Dowa, increasing our ownership to approximately 70.0%. Following this increase in our ownership interest in the LGJV, we will continue to not exercise control over the LGJV due to the provisions contained in the Unanimous Omnibus Partner Agreement that currently require unanimous partner approval of all major operating decisions. See "—The Los Gatos District—Unanimous Omnibus Partner Agreement."

            We believe that we have strong support from the local community, with over 130 employees from the local community working across multiple areas involving the continued underground development, construction of the surface facilities and operation of the Cerro Los Gatos Mine. Over 99% of the approximate 540 employees at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine hail from Mexico, highlighting our commitment to the local workforce.

            Our primary areas of focus have been constructing and commissioning the Cerro Los Gatos Mine and defining and expanding the mineral resources associated with the Cerro Los Gatos Mine, the Esther deposit and the Amapola deposit. As of July 1, 2020, 739 exploration drill holes have been completed in the Los Gatos District, totaling 259,060 meters. The Los Gatos Technical Report


    Business StrengthsTable of Contents

    estimates that the Cerro Los Gatos Mine contains 10.4 million tonnes of measured and Competitive Advantagesindicated resources (or 5.4 million tonnes of measured and indicated resources on a 51.5% basis) inclusive of mineral reserves, at average grades of 269 g/t silver, 2.7% lead, 5.5% zinc, 0.34 g/t gold and 0.11% copper, or 3.5 million tonnes of measured and indicated resources (or 1.8 million tonnes of measured and indicated resources on a 51.5% basis) exclusive of mineral reserves, at average grades of 154 g/t silver, 2.2% lead, 4.3% zinc and 0.29 g/t gold, and 3.7 million tonnes of inferred resources (or 1.9 million tonnes of inferred resources on a 51.5% basis), at average grades of 107 g/t silver, 2.8% lead, 4.0% zinc and 0.28 g/t gold. The mineral resource estimates for the Cerro Los Gatos Mine have an effective date of September 6, 2019 and have not been updated since that time. The mineral resource estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report are presented on an undiluted basis without adjustment for mining recovery.

            The Los Gatos Technical Report estimates that the Esther deposit contains 0.46 million tonnes of indicated resources (or 0.24 million tonnes of indicated resources on a 51.5% basis) at average grades of 133 g/t silver, 0.04 g/t gold, 0.02% copper, 0.70% lead and 2.10% zinc, and 2.29 million tonnes of inferred resources (or 1.18 million tonnes of inferred resources on a 51.5% basis) at average grades of 98 g/t silver, 0.12 g/t gold, 0.05% copper, 1.60% lead and 3.00% zinc; and the Amapola deposit contains 0.25 million tonnes of indicated resources (or 0.13 million tonnes of indicated resources on a 51.5% basis) at average grades of 135 g/t silver, 0.10 g/t gold, 0.02% copper, 0.10% lead and 0.30% zinc, and 3.44 million tonnes of inferred resources (or 1.77 million tonnes of inferred resources on a 51.5% basis) at average grades of 140 g/t silver, 0.10 g/t gold, 0.03% copper, 0.20% lead and 0.30% zinc. The mineral resource estimates for the Esther and Amapola deposits have an effective date of December 21, 2012 and have not been updated since that time. The mineral resource estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report are presented on an undiluted basis without adjustment for mining recovery.

            Since the acquisition of the Los Gatos District concession package, we, Dowa and the LGJV have invested approximately $500 million in the development of the Cerro Los Gatos Mine. The Cerro Los Gatos Mine is currently in production. The first lead concentrate was shipped on September 3, 2019, and the first zinc concentrate was shipped on September 4, 2019. We anticipate increasing production to the designed 2,500 tpd rate by the end of the first quarter of 2021.

            Our objectives at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine are to, among other things:

            Our objectives at the Los Gatos District are to, among other things:


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    Ownership Structure

            A chart of our project ownership structure after the Reorganization is set out below.

    GRAPHIC


    In this graphic, green rectangles represent legal entities and grey circles depict the mining operations owned by such legal entities.

    (1) Silver Opportunity Partners LLC holds less than 0.01% interest in Minera Luz de Sol, S. de R.L. de C.V. due to requirements of Mexican law.

    Key Investment Highlights

    AttractiveHigh Quality and Long Life Assets

            Once fully operational, the Cerro Los Gatos Mine is expected to generate average LOM unlevered, after-tax free cash flow of approximately $76 million per year on a 100% basis (or approximately $39 million per year on a 51.5% basis). Projected attributable net revenue and free cash flow, as set forth in Twothe Los Gatos Technical Report, are presented below:


    Projected Net Revenue (in millions)

    GRAPHIC


    Table of Contents


    Projected Unlevered Free Cash Flow (in millions)

    GRAPHIC


    Net revenue is defined as net smelter return (revenue per tonne mined less the sum of concentrate refining, treatment and transportation costs per tonne mined), less royalties. Unlevered free cash flow is defined as unlevered operating cash flow less capital expenditures and changes in working capital. See also Section 22 of the World’s Premier SilverLos Gatos Technical Report. The Los Gatos Technical Report has an effective date of July 1, 2020. The mineral resource estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report have an effective date of September 6, 2019. The mineral reserve estimates and the economic analysis contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report have an effective date of July 1, 2020 and exclude 655,746 tonnes of material that has been mined through June 30, 2020. For a discussion of the mineral resource estimates and mineral reserve estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report, see "Business—The Los Gatos District—Mineral Resource Estimates—Cerro Los Gatos Mine, Esther and Amapola Deposits" and "Business—The Los Gatos District—Mineral Reserve Estimates—Cerro Los Gatos Mine." For a discussion of the assumed capital and operating costs in the Los Gatos Technical Report, see "Business—The Los Gatos District—Capital and Operating Costs." This information does not constitute guidance and you should not rely on it as an estimate or forecast of future performance. The Cerro Los Gatos net revenue and unlevered free cash flow are shown on a 51.5% ownership basis to reflect our current ownership interest in the LGJV. The 18.5% option represents our right to repurchase an 18.5% interest in the LGJV from Dowa. See "—Business Strategy." The level of geological uncertainty associated with an inferred mineral resource is too high to apply relevant technical and economic factors likely to influence the prospects of economic extraction in a manner useful for evaluation of economic viability. Inferred mineral resources are subject to uncertainty as to their existence and as to their economic legal feasibility.

    Cerro Los Gatos Mine Successfully Commissioned with Significant Near-Term Production Growth

            The Cerro Los Gatos Mine is currently in production, with final construction completed in the second quarter of 2019. Commissioning was successful, having achieved a number of key milestones, including:


    Table of Contents


    Mine Ramp-Up (tpd)

    GRAPHIC


    Process Plant Ramp-Up (tpd)

    GRAPHIC


    Table of Contents


    Metal Recoveries

    Metal
     Q3 2020
    Actual
    Recovery
     Q2 2020
    Actual
    Recovery
     Q1 2020
    Actual
    Recovery
     Commissioning
    Forecast
    Recovery
     Economic
    Analysis
    Recovery(1)
     

    Silver

      85.1% 84.2% 80.5% 75.0% 85.2%

    Gold

      61.9% 61.3% 62.0% 61.7% 63.9%

    Zinc

      73.9% 77.0% 69.4% 64.1% 73.2%

    Lead

      87.3% 87.1% 83.9% 81.9% 85.2%

    (1)
    Includes zinc concentrate and lead concentrate.

    Additional Resource Growth Potential from Exploration of the Los Gatos District

            In addition to the significant existing resources at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine, the Los Gatos District also contains the Esther and Amapola deposits and 11 other mineralized zones. With control of the concessions, the ability to develop the entire 103,087-hectare land position and more than 85% of the land position yet to be explored, we expect that we will stand to benefit from mineralization beyond those already identified in the 14 mineralized zones, which include the Cerro Los Gatos Mine, the Esther deposit and the Amapola deposit.

    Assets Located in Geopolitically Safe and Established Mining Regions

    Sunshine Silver’s principal assets are located in two of the world’s premier silver regions.        The Sunshine Mine propertyLos Gatos District is located in one of the Coeur d’Alene Mining District in Idaho, which district is estimated to have produced over one billion ounces ofworld's premier silver over the Mine’s 107-year history, and the Los Gatos Project is located inmining regions: the Mexican Silver Belt, which was the world’sworld's largest silver producing region in 2010. In addition to being located2019. Based on a survey published in premier2019 by the Fraser Institute, an independent research organization, Mexico is highly ranked among silver regions, both assets possess characteristics that differentiate them from other silver projects:

    Sunshine Mine Property

    A prolific past-producing mine, once onemining jurisdictions worldwide in terms of the largest silver producers in the United States, which is estimated to have produced a totalattractiveness of over 365 million ounces of silver

    One of the highest-grade known remaining primary-silver discoveries worldwide, estimated to contain 1,991,169 tons of mineralized material at an average silver grade of 21.2 ounces per ton

    Consolidated land position of approximately 2,247 hectares

    Significant existing infrastructure, including a primary shaft that is operational and being upgraded and refurbished, and a secondary shaft that is being refurbished and access to roads, power and water

    Strong community support coupled with an experienced and skilled workforce

    Los Gatos Project

    Control over an emerging silver region; land position of 81,607 hectares

    The identified Cerro Los Gatos and Esther zones, high-grade mineralization occurances that currently extend more than 2,500 meters along strike, remain open at depth and to the southeast

    Widespread mineralization beyond the Cerro Los Gatos and Esther zones, with 14 other priority targets

    Reduced Operating Risks at Sunshine Mine Given Historical Production

    Sunshine Silver believes that the significant historical production at the Sunshine Mine, combined with the recent and planned mine improvements, reduces the risk of the project relative to other silver development projects.

    The Sunshine Mine covers 171 hectares of surface rights, and the Company estimates that the Mine contains more than 160 kilometers of underground workings. The underground workings consist of multiple levels developed off the main production shaft, extending from the surface to a depth of over 1,825 meters.

    Since acquiring the Sunshine Mine, the Company has acquired additional surface rights and improved the existing infrastructure, repaired surface facilities and equipment and completed a number of environmental, health and safety upgrades. The Company has added experienced and highly-trained professionals to lead such improvements.

    Significant Exploration Potential for Additional Silver Resources

    Sunshine Silver believes it has substantial opportunities to define additional mineral resources through continued exploration of its properties:

    Sunshine Mine: Sunshine Silver has rights to approximately 2,247 hectares of exploration ground at the Sunshine Mine property. The property has numerous well-defined exploration targets, many of which

    are extensions of past-producing silver veins. In addition, Sunshine Silver has acquired additional surface rights to further consolidate its ownership of this mineralized trend. Despite being a prolific silver producing region, Sunshine Silver believes that the Coeur d’Alene Mining District is still highly under explored.

    Los Gatos Project: Sunshine Silver expects to expand the Cerro Los Gatos and the Esther zones, which remain open to extensions. Sunshine Silverinvestment. Mexico also has identified 14 other priority targets.

    Other opportunities: Sunshine Silver owns 17 other exploration properties in Mexico, which could provide additional opportunities for resource growth.

    Politically Stable and Mining-Friendly Jurisdictions

    Both Idaho and Mexico are jurisdictions with a long history of successful mineral development and operations. Both are consideredoperations, which we believe makes it a desirable jurisdictionsjurisdiction in which to conduct mining operations due to stable political, tax and regulatory policies.

            Mexico is the largest producer of silver in the world, in addition to being a top-10 producer of gold, lead and zinc, among other major commodities. According to the 2019 Fraser Institute survey, Mexico ranks ahead of many countries in terms of investment attractiveness for mining, but behind certain areas in the U.S., Canada and Australia. In the mining sector, foreign ownership of Mexican companies is not subject to significant restrictions. The Mexican government is focused on improving infrastructure, primarily in the power grid and road networks.

    Mine Site Exploration Potential Provides Opportunity for Significant Resource Conversion Beyond Existing Mine Plan

            We believe that our properties have significant exploration upside with numerous opportunities to define additional mineral resources through continued exploration.

            The Los Gatos District is located in the Mexican Silver Belt, near several other silver assets owned by large public companies. The Mexican Silver Belt has experienced significant exploration success, and the Los Gatos District represents an underexplored property where there has been little historical workings or previous exploration. The Los Gatos District contains numerous significant high-grade targets throughout. Previous work done has resulted in a 190% increase in measured and indicated silver equivalent resources from March 2014 to September 2019, with additional exploration planned using proceeds from this offering.


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    Cerro Los Gatos Mine Measured & Indicated Ore Tonnage (Mt) and Silver Grade (g/t) (100% Basis)

    GRAPHIC


            The LGJV owns the surface rights to infrastructure5,479 hectares covering the Cerro Los Gatos Mine and qualified labor availability.the Esther and Amapola deposits and the Gavilana (Paula) and San Luis zones, and has been granted mineral concessions for all 103,087 hectares, with 17 contiguous concessions in the Los Gatos District. We have identified 14 mineralized zones within the concessions. Of the 14 mineralized zones, the LGJV has established mineral resource estimates only at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine, the Esther deposit and the Amapola deposit and has conducted drilling on only 15 kilometers out of a strike length of over 150 kilometers of quartz veining along the Los Gatos District.


    Mineralized Zones Grade Intercepts

    Mineralized Zones
     Length (m) Ag (g/t) Pb (%) Zn (%) 

    Boca de Leon

      2.2  90.6  5.0  0.8 

    Cieneguita

      1.3  62.4  5.4  0.9 

    El Lince

      4.0  62.2  0.0  0.1 

    El Rodeo

      0.8  61.5  3.4  4.0 

    La Paula

      4.0  180.0  0.1  0.1 

    Los Torunos

      1.8  34.2  2.6  0.9 

    Mezcalera

      2.0  59.4  0.1  0.1 

    San Agustin

      1.3  148.0  1.2  2.3 

    San Luis

      2.0  271.0  0.3  0.1 

      The table above does not include Ocelote and Wall-E/Ava zones, as they do not have sufficient drilling.


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            The current resources are significant, but we believe that additional resource potential remains in the immediate area. Drill testing of other high-priority targets within the Los Gatos District has been relatively limited given our focus on delineation of reserves at, and construction of, the Cerro Los Gatos Mine. As a result, the highly prospective Los Gatos District remains underexplored. Drilling at the Esther deposit to date has demonstrated good grade continuity along the system and characteristics similar to that identified during preliminary work at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine. Following potentially positive results from infill drilling at the Esther and Amapola deposits, we expect to update the resources and perform a scoping study to determine if these two deposit areas could generate economic production, representing further upside potential for the broader Los Gatos District.

            We expect to perform additional definition drilling to expand the Southeast and Northwest zones of the Cerro Los Gatos Mine and to perform additional drilling to expand the Esther and Amapola deposits, which remain open to extensions at depth. In addition to the Cerro Los Gatos Mine, the Esther deposit and the Amapola deposit, we have identified 11 other mineralized zones defined by high-grade drill intersections in the Los Gatos District.

            In addition to the Los Gatos District, we have 100% control of the Santa Valeria property, located in Chihuahua, Mexico, which is comprised of 1,543 hectares and could provide further opportunities for resource growth.

    Attractive Market Dynamics

    Investment demand for silver exposure remains strong, driven in part by continuedvolatility in the U.S. dollar, weakness, ongoing economic uncertainty in Europe and political unrest in the Middle East.East and elsewhere. Historically, silver has been viewed as an effective hedge against a decrease in the value of the U.S. dollarcurrency and inflation, attracting investors during times of uncertainty. In addition, industrial demand for silver continues to increase, driven by new emerging applications for silver such as solar energy, medical applications and water purification, which the Company believes willwe believe enhance the strong supply and demand fundamentals of silver.

    Despite this strong investment and industrial demand, the universe of primary silver companies is small, which limitshas created a scarcity of investor options for silver exposure. Sunshine Silver represents anWe believe we represent a highly attractive opportunity for investors to gain exposure to a primary silver company with two attractiveworld-class assets.

    Experienced Management Team and Board of Directors

    Sunshine Silver has        We have an experienced and growing management team with a track record of successfully identifying and developing mineral discoveries. The Company’s Executive Chairman & ActingOur Chief Executive Officer, Stephen Orr, has 3443 years of experience in the minerals industry principally with Homestake Mining Company, where he ultimately served as Presidentpresident of Homestake Canada Inc.; Barrick Gold Corporation, where he was Managing Directormanaging director of Australia & Africa operations; OceanaGold, Limited, where he served as Chief Executive Officer;chief executive officer; and Ventana Gold Corp., where he was Presidentpresident & Chief Executive Officer. The Company’schief executive officer. Our Chief Financial Officer, Roger Johnson, has 3241 years of experience in financial management of the minerals industry with Coopers & Lybrand, as a public accountant; Kennecott Utah Copper Corporation,LLC, as Vice President, Controller;vice president, controller; Pasminco Zinc, Inc., as Senior Vice President, Financesenior vice president, finance and Administration;administration; and Newmont Mining Corporation, where he was vice president, chief accounting officer. Our Vice President of Exploration and Chief Accounting Officer.Geologist, Philip Pyle, has 41 years of experience in the minerals industry with Linear Gold (now Fortune Bay Corp.), where he served as exploration manager, and at MIM Exploration Pty Ltd, BHP Minerals International Exploration and AMAX Exploration Inc. He served as vice president exploration at Los Gatos Ltd. since 2008. Our VP Operations, John Kinyon, has 40 years of experience in the minerals industry, including as vice president and general manager at Coeur Mining Inc.'s Kensington Mine, general manager of Yukon Zinc's Wolverine project, vice


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    Thepresident operations at OceanaGold's New Zealand operations and general manager of Eskay Creek at Barrick Gold Corporation.

            Our Board will beof Directors is comprised of senior mining and financial executives who have broad domestic and international experience in mineral exploration, development and mining. The Company’s senior management andOur Board of Directors has been established with individuals who have in excess of 300 years of combinedcareer backgrounds at notable mining experience. Sunshine Silver believescompanies. We believe that the specialized skills and knowledge of the management team and of the Board of Directors will significantly enhance Sunshine Silver’sour ability to explore and develop the Sunshine Mine property and the Los Gatos ProjectDistrict and to pursue other regional growth opportunities.

            Mr. Pyle, Vice President of Exploration and Chief Geologist, and Mr. Huerta, Project Director at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine, are fluent in English and Spanish, have extensive experience with carrying out business activities in Mexico and are familiar with the culture and business practices in Mexico. Mr. Pyle, for example, has been travelling to Mexico on business for more than 30 years, 11 years of which were on a monthly basis. While our key management meetings are in English and our books and records are in English, all key local management members are fluent in English and Spanish, Dowa's upper management all speak English and our auditors operate in Spanish as needed. Further, our contracts that relate to our business operations in Mexico are prepared in both English and Spanish by lawyers who are fluent in both languages, with translations undertaken as needed.

            See "Management" for additional information.

    Shareholder Support and Sponsorship

            We were founded by The Electrum Group LLC and certain of its affiliates. Electrum is a leading private equityan investment firm engaged in mining exploration and development. Ledadvisor whose team, led by Dr. Thomas S. Kaplan, a highly-respected naturalhas historically focused on making strategic investments in precious metals resources investor, Electrum brings together decades of combined investment and operating experience, proven execution abilities and capabilities, a broad and diverse background and a deep knowledge of the natural resources sector and mining disciplines. By maintaining a disciplined and professional approach to acquisition and value enhancement,hydrocarbons. Electrum has developed a strongdemonstrated track record of successful natural resource investments and a multi-billion dollar asset basemore than 20 years of experience investing in the natural resource sector. Electrum holds significant stakes in public and private metals and mining companies, including NovaGold Resources Inc., Gabriel Resources Ltd., Taung Gold Limited, Tintina Resources Inc., Niocan Inc. and Sunward Resources Ltd. The Company believessector. We believe that access to the specialized skills and knowledge within Electrum will significantly enhance Sunshine Silver’sour ability to execute itsour business strategy.

    Liberty        Los Gatos Ltd. was founded by Electrum in April 2006. Prior to the merger of Los Gatos Ltd. with and into the Company in March 2011, Electrum principally funded the activities of Los Gatos Ltd. In addition, pursuant to a services agreement effective January 1, 2008, Tigris Financial (International) L.P. provided services consisting primarily of business and financial advice with respect to the strategic business development and corporate finance activities of Los Gatos Ltd. and its subsidiaries. This agreement was terminated on August 1, 2011.

            Precious Metals & MiningOpportunities LLC, our predecessor, was founded by Electrum in December 2009. Prior to the merger of Los Gatos Ltd. with and into the Company in March 2011, Electrum funded the activities of the Company. Prior to 2011, Electrum employees served as our officers and directors and were responsible for the management of all aspects of our business from March through June 2011. Thomas S. Kaplan, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Electrum, Igor Levental, President of Electrum, and Ali Erfan, Vice Chairman of Electrum, are members of the Company's Board of Directors.

            MERS is an independent, professional retirement services company that was created to administer the retirement plans for Michigan's local units of government on a wholly-owned subsidiarynot-for-profit basis. The team at MERS is made up of Boston-headquartered, Liberty Mutual Group. Astop industry experts who use fiscal best practices to give members peace of March 31, 2011, Liberty Mutual Groupmind and security in their retirement. From July 2015 through July 2019, MERS acquired 19.5% of our common stock. Prior to MERS's purchase of our common stock, we had more than $71 billionno business relationship with MERS.


    Table of total invested assets. As a subsidiary of Liberty Mutual Group, Liberty Metals & Mining makes investments inContents

            The current shareholder structure, which does not give effect to the metals and mining sector for Liberty Mutual Group.Reorganization, is depicted below:

    GRAPHIC

    Following the completion of thethis offering, Electrum and Liberty Metals & Mining willMERS are expected to beneficially own approximately        % and        % of the Company’sour outstanding common stock, respectively, after giving effect to (i) the Reorganization, (ii) the issuance of an aggregate of                shares of common stock to our executive officers in connection with this offering, as described in "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Grants to Certain Executive Officers in Connection with This Offering," (iii) the conversion of our outstanding convertible notes into an aggregate of                shares of common stock in connection with this offering, and (iv) the issuance and sale of                shares of common stock in this offering, assuming the over-allotment option is not exercised by the underwriters.underwriters, and Electrum will continue to have a presence on the Board of Directors.

    Business Strategy

    Sunshine Silver’s        Our business strategy is focused on creating value for stakeholders through the ownership and advancement of its two principal projects, projects—the SunshineCerro Los Gatos Mine property and the Los Gatos Project, District—and through the pursuit of similarly attractive silver-focused projects. Sunshine Silver plans to:

    Continue Exploration and DevelopmentThe LGJV commenced production at the Sunshine Mine property to Convert Existing Mineralized Material to Reserves and Expand the Resource Base

    Sunshine Silver intends to complete a pre-feasibility study at the Sunshine Mine property to determine the costs to re-commission and operate the Sunshine Mine as a sustainable and efficient silver producer. Sunshine Silver expects this study will be completed within 24 months from the completion of this offering. In addition, the Company intends to continue with its surface and underground exploration drilling program to provide sufficient sampling to estimate grade, tonnage and location of additional potentially economic veins and deposits for future production and to upgrade mineralized material to reserves.

    Re-Commission the Sunshine Mine to Long-Term Sustainable Production

    Sunshine Silver intends to refurbish or replace existing infrastructure at the Sunshine Mine in connection with its modernization and rehabilitation efforts and to review process optimization alternatives. The re-commissioning of the Sunshine Mine will be designed to allow the Company to reach a safe and sustainable production rate utilizing its newly optimized facilities.

    Accelerate Exploration at the Los Gatos Region and Advance the Los Gatos Project

    The Company plans to accelerate its exploration program at the Los Gatos region through additional drilling with the intent of identifying mineralized material. In the near term, the Company also intends to progress the most advanced exploration sites, the Cerro Los Gatos Mine in the third quarter of 2019. We intend to achieve these objectives through the following value-enhancing near-term and Esther zones, through to pre-feasibility study.long-term initiatives:


    Table of Contents

    Summary of Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves

            Below is a summary table of estimated mineral resources and reserves. Further information can be found in the following sections: "—The Los Gatos District—Mineral Resource Estimates—Cerro Los Gatos Mine, Esther and Amapola Deposits" and "—The Los Gatos District—Mineral Reserve Estimates—Cerro Los Gatos Mine."


    Table of Contents


    Summary Mineral Resources Inclusive of Mineral Reserves as of the Effective Date of the Los Gatos Technical Report

     
     Measured
    Mineral Resources
     Indicated
    Mineral Resources
     Measured & Indicated
    Mineral Resources
     Inferred
    Mineral Resources
     
     
     Amount
    (100%
    basis)
     Amount
    (51.5%
    basis)
     Grade /
    Qualities
     Amount
    (100%
    basis)
     Amount
    (51.5%
    basis)
     Grade /
    Qualities
     Amount
    (100%
    basis)
     Amount
    (51.5%
    basis)
     Grade /
    Qualities
     Amount
    (100%
    basis)
     Amount
    (51.5%
    basis)
     Grade /
    Qualities
     
     
     (in millions of
    tonnes)

     (g/t Ag or Au)
    (% Pb, Zn or Cu)

     (in millions of
    tonnes)

     (g/t Ag or Au)
    (% Pb, Zn or Cu)

     (in millions of
    tonnes)

     (g/t Ag or Au)
    (% Pb, Zn or Cu)

     (in millions of
    tonnes)

     (g/t Ag or Au)
    (% Pb, Zn or Cu)

     

    Ag:

                                         

    Los Gatos District

                                         

    Cerro Los Gatos Mine(1)

      5.8  3.0  324  4.6  2.4  202  10.4  5.4  269  3.7  1.9  107 

    Esther Deposit(2)

            0.46  0.24  133  0.46  0.24  133  2.29  1.18  98 

    Amapola Deposit(2)

            0.25  0.13  135  0.25  0.13  135  3.44  1.77  140 

    Total

      5.8  3.0  324  5.3  2.7  193  11.1  5.8  260  9.4  4.9  117 

    Au:

                                         

    Los Gatos District

                                         

    Cerro Los Gatos Mine(1)

      5.8  3.0  0.39  4.6  2.4  0.28  10.4  5.4  0.34  3.7  1.9  0.28 

    Esther Deposit(2)

            0.46  0.24  0.04  0.46  0.24  0.04  2.29  1.18  0.12 

    Amapola Deposit(2)

            0.25  0.13  0.10  0.25  0.13  0.10  3.44  1.77  0.10 

    Total

      5.8  3.0  0.39  5.3  2.7  0.25  11.1  5.8  0.32  9.4  4.9  0.18 

    Pb:

                                         

    Los Gatos District

                                         

    Cerro Los Gatos Mine(1)

      5.8  3.0  2.90  4.6  2.4  2.50  10.4  5.4  2.70  3.7  1.9  2.80 

    Esther Deposit(2)

            0.46  0.24  0.70  0.46  0.24  0.70  2.29  1.18  1.60 

    Amapola Deposit(2)

            0.25  0.13  0.10  0.25  0.13  0.10  3.44  1.77  0.20 

    Total

      5.8  3.0  2.90  5.3  2.7  2.2  11.1  5.8  2.6  9.4  4.9  1.6 

    Zn:

                                         

    Los Gatos District

                                         

    Cerro Los Gatos Mine(1)

      5.8  3.0  5.80  4.6  2.4  5.2  10.4  5.4  5.5  3.7  1.9  4.00 

    Esther Deposit(2)

            0.46  0.24  2.10  0.46  0.24  2.10  2.29  1.18  3.00 

    Amapola Deposit(2)

            0.25  0.13  0.30  0.25  0.13  0.30  3.44  1.77  0.30 

    Total

      5.8  3.0  5.8  5.3  2.7  4.7  11.1  5.8  5.2  9.4  4.9  2.4 

    Cu:

                                         

    Los Gatos District

                                         

    Cerro Los Gatos Mine(1)

      5.8  3.0  0.11  4.6  2.4  0.11  10.4  5.4  0.11  3.7  1.9  0.14 

    Esther Deposit(2)

            0.46  0.24  0.02  0.46  0.24  0.02  2.29  1.18  0.05 

    Amapola Deposit(2)

            0.25  0.13  0.02  0.25  0.13  0.02  3.44  1.77  0.03 

    Total

      5.8  3.0  0.11  5.3  2.7  0.10  11.1  5.8  0.10  9.4  4.9  0.08 

    (1)
    Based on a cut-off grade of 150 grams silver equivalent/tonne at assumed metal prices of $18.00/toz silver, $0.92/lb lead and $1.01/lb zinc; gold was not considered in silver equivalent calculation. The mineral resource estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report have an areaeffective date of 442,006 hectares, with significant additional hectares under applicationSeptember 6, 2019. The mineral resource estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report are presented on an undiluted basis without adjustment for mining recovery. Mineral reserve estimates and mineral concession. Thereresource estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report have different effective dates and are two projects underway with significant drill results, El Doctorbased on different dilution and recovery factors and cut-off grades. For a discussion of the mineral resource estimates contained in Oaxacathe Los Gatos Technical Report, including mineral resource estimates exclusive of mineral reserves, see "—The Los Gatos District—Mineral Resource Estimates—Cerro Los Gatos Mine, Esther and Zaragoza in Chihuahua. Additional drilling is planned at bothAmapola Deposits."

    (2)
    Based on a cut-off grade of these projects as well as additional targets through100 grams silver equivalent/tonne using metal prices of $22.30/toz silver, $0.97/lb lead, and $0.91/lb zinc. The mineral resource estimates for the Esther and Amapola deposits have an effective date of December 21, 2012. The Companymineral resource estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report are presented on an undiluted basis without adjustment for mining recovery. Mineral reserve estimates and mineral resource estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report have different effective dates and are based on different dilution and recovery factors and cut-off grades. For a discussion of the mineral resource estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report, see "—The Los Gatos District—Mineral Resource Estimates—Cerro Los Gatos Mine, Esther and Amapola Deposits."

    Table of Contents


    Summary Mineral Reserves as of the Effective Date of the Los Gatos Technical Report

     
     Proven Mineral
    Reserves
     Probable Mineral
    Reserves
     Total Mineral
    Reserves
     
     
     Amount
    (100%
    basis)
     Amount
    (51.5%
    basis)
     Grades /
    Qualities
     Amount
    (100%
    basis)
     Amount
    (51.5%
    basis)
     Grades /
    Qualities
     Amount
    (100%
    basis)
     Amount
    (51.5%
    basis)
     Grades /
    Qualities
     
     
     (in millions of tonnes)
     (g/t Ag or Au) (% Pb or Zn)
     (in millions of tonnes)
     (g/t Ag or Au) (% Pb or Zn)
     (in millions of tonnes)
     (g/t Ag or Au) (% Pb or Zn)
     

    Ag:

                                

    Los Gatos District

                                

    Cerro Los Gatos Mine

      6.4  3.3  332  3.3  1.7  254  9.6  5.0  306 

    Total

      6.4  3.3  332  3.3  1.7  254  9.6  5.0  306 

    Au:

                                

    Los Gatos District

                                

    Cerro Los Gatos Mine

      6.4  3.3  0.36  3.3  1.7  0.34  9.6  5.0  0.35 

    Total

      6.4  3.3  0.36  3.3  1.7  0.34  9.6  5.0  0.35 

    Pb:

                                

    Los Gatos District

                                

    Cerro Los Gatos Mine

      6.4  3.3  2.77  3.3  1.7  2.74  9.6  5.0  2.76 

    Total

      6.4  3.3  2.77  3.3  1.7  2.74  9.6  5.0  2.76 

    Zn:

                                

    Los Gatos District

                                

    Cerro Los Gatos Mine

      6.4  3.3  5.55  3.3  1.7  5.86  9.6  5.0  5.65 

    Total

      6.4  3.3  5.55  3.3  1.7  5.86  9.6  5.0  5.65 

    Reserves based on a $75 NSR cut-off value. NSR is planning sufficient drillingdefined as revenue per tonne mined less the sum of concentrate refining, treatment and transportation costs per tonne mined. The mineral reserve estimates for the Cerro Los Gatos Mine reflect diluted grades with adjustment for metallurgical recovery. The mineral reserve estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report have an effort to outline continuous geometryeffective date of mineralization at El DoctorJuly 1, 2020 and Zaragoza, which could lead to initialexclude 655,746 tonnes of material that has been mined through June 30, 2020. Mineral reserve estimates and mineral resource estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report have different effective dates and are based on different dilution and recovery factors and cut-off grades. For a discussion of mineralized material.the mineral reserve estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report, see "—The Los Gatos District—Mineral Reserve Estimates—Cerro Los Gatos Mine."

    Identify and Pursue Other Growth Opportunities that Add Value to StockholdersThe Los Gatos District

    Given the management and Board’s strong track record in exploration, development and asset integration, the Company may pursue acquisitions and joint ventures that are value accretive to its stockholders through the pursuit of similarly attractive silver-focused projects.

    The Sunshine Mine Property

    The technical information appearing below and elsewhere in this prospectus concerning the Sunshine Mine property, including estimates of mineralized material,Los Gatos District was derived from the reports of Behre Dolbear & Company, independent mining consultants.

    Location of the Sunshine Mine Property

    The Sunshine Mine property is located within the Coeur d’Alene Mining District in Northern Idaho. Most of the district’s production has come from within a 24.1 kilometer-long band from the Bunker Hill mine to the Galena mine. The Sunshine Mine is approximately in the center of the Bunker Hill and Galena Mine belt. The Sunshine Mine property includes both owned and leased properties containing 187 patented mining claims and 200 unpatented mining claims, for a mineral rights position of approximately 2,247 hectares and 171 hectares of surface rights.

    The Sunshine Mine property is approximately 71 kilometers east of Coeur d’Alene along U.S. Interstate 90. The Jewell Shaft, the mine’s main shaft, is located in the Big Creek Valley at Latitude 47°, 30’, 6” North, Longitude 116°, 4’, 10” West, near the base of a steep hill that lies to the east. The Mine’s infrastructure is located in proximity to the Jewell shaft. Access to the Sunshine Mine property from Coeur d’Alene isLos Gatos Technical Report prepared by I-90 east to the Big Creek turnoff and then south on about 4.0 kilometers of secondary paved road to the Mine site. The nearest town is Kellogg, Idaho, which is about 7.2 kilometers from the Mine.

    LOGO

    Ownership and Properties

    In May 2010, the Company acquired from Sterling, through Sterling’s bankruptcy proceedings, the majority of the operating facilities and equipment at the Sunshine Mine, including a lease on the Sunshine Mine that included a purchase option for title to the Mine. In July 2010, the Company closed the purchase option in the lease to obtain title to the Sunshine Mine and acquired the remaining operating facilities and equipment.

    The Sunshine Mine property also includes the Metropolitan, Chester, Bismark and Mineral Mountain properties that are leased by the Company.

    The following table sets out the various property rights that comprise the Sunshine Mine property:

    Property

      

    Owner

      Patent Claims   Unpatented Claims   Hectares 

    Sunshine

      

    Sunshine Silver

       152     118     1,586  

    Metropolitan

      

    Metropolitan Mines Corporation

       2     70     413  

    CAMP Project

      Sunshine Silver (below 274 meters below sea level)   20     12     163  

    Chester

      Chester Mining Company   6     0     43  

    Bismark

      Chester Mining Company   3     0     25  

    Mineral Mountain

      Mineral Mountain Mining and Milling Company   4     0     18  

    Total

         187     200     2,247  

    LOGO

    Sunshine and CAMP Project

    The Company owns 172 patented and 130 unpatented mining claims covering 1,749 hectares at the Sunshine Mine property, including the CAMP Project claims below 274 meters below sea level. This property includes the Sunshine Mine and mill, the Jewell shaft, surface facilities, a tailings impoundment area and extensive underground workings, including shafts, levels, raises and ramp systems, extending to a depth of over 1,825 meters. The property also includes the ConSil mine and mill and related buildings and equipment. Except in this paragraph and where the context otherwise requires, when describing the Sunshine Mine property in this prospectus, we include the leases set forth below.

    Metropolitan

    The Metropolitan property consists of 2 patented and 70 unpatented mining claims covering 413 hectares. These claims lay immediately to the south of the primary workings of the Sunshine Mine and immediately to the west of the ConSil mine. At depth the claims intersect several veins that were historically mined from the Sunshine Mine.

    Other Sunshine Properties

    In addition to the Sunshine, CAMP Project and Metropolitan properties, the Company leases other claims representing 13 patented claims covering 86 hectares.

    Royalties

    Many parts of the Sunshine Mine property are subject to royalties that are payable to parties from whom mineral rights are leased or to others who have a right to royalties on certain areas of the property. Certain of these agreements have royalty payments that are triggered when the Company begins producing and selling metal-bearing concentrate. These royalties are based on proceeds paid by smelters less certain costs, including costs incurred to transport the concentrates to the smelters, or NSR, for ore produced in the property area subject to the royalties. All royalty payment amounts below are in thousands of dollars.

    Sunshine Mine

    The Company is required to pay between a 0% (at a silver price below $6 per ounce) and 7% (at a silver price of $10 per ounce or higher) NSR royalty under a settlement agreement with the U.S. government and the Coeur d’Alene Indian tribe. All funds from the royalty must be used to pay for the remediation, restoration and other actions to address certain environmental damage to the Coeur d’Alene River and other natural resources located in the Idaho Silver Valley. The area subject to the royalty covers substantially all of the Sunshine Mine property, owned or leased by the Company, and extends outward within a one mile boundary of the property as set forth in the settlement agreement, which includes the leases set forth above under “—Ownership and Properties.”

    Metropolitan Mines Corporation Mining Claims

    The Company’s lease with Metropolitan Mines Corporation requires the Company to pay advanced royalties of $12.0 annually until such time as ore is produced from the Metropolitan property. Upon ore production, Metropolitan Mines Corporation is to be paid either 16% or 50% of the net proceeds from the sale of materials produced from the ore processed from these claims, depending upon the location of production.

    Chester Mining Company Mining Claims

    The Company’s lease with Chester Mining Company, or CMC, requires the Company to pay an advance royalty of $7.2 annually until such time as an NSR royalty of 4% or royalty of 20% of net profits on ore processed is payable. The net profit royalty is in lieu of and not in addition to the advance royalty and the NSR royalty. The lease also provides CMC with the option to acquire a 20% working interest in all ores, concentrates, metals or other mineral substances produced from the property. CMC may exercise this option by releasing the Company from its obligation to pay the 20% net profits royalty and by tendering an amount of cash equal to 20% of the then-current working capital fund. The initial lease team ends in 2029 and is renewable for an additional 25 years.

    Mineral Mountain Mining Claims

    The Company’s lease with Mineral Mountain Mining and Milling Company, or Mineral Mountain, requires the Company to pay a royalty of $3.6 annually or a royalty of 3% of net profits, if net profits from the ore processed from these claims exceeds such amount. The lease also provides Mineral Mountain with the option to acquire a 3% working interest in all ores, concentrates, metals or other mineral substances produced from the property. Mineral Mountain may exercise this option by releasing the Company from its obligation to pay the 3% net profits royalty and by tendering an amount of cash equal to 3% of the then-current working capital fund. The initial lease term ends in 2029 and is renewable for an additional 25 years.

    Infrastructure, Climate and Topography

    The Sunshine Mine property has a mild, northern-U.S. climate with snow, rain and fog in the winter. The Sunshine Mine property is tied into the regional power grid, water is abundant from Big Creek, and there are sufficient sources of manpower. Adequate waste disposal areas are present at both the Jewell and the Silver Summit shaft areas. A tailings pond is located on the property. The Company expects that the capacity of the tailings pond as currently configured will be sufficient for approximately ten years after commercial production resumes and that additional capacity may be added thereafter by increasing the height of the pond dam. Ore processing facilities are located on site and will be refurbished or replaced. The topography is typical of northern Idaho’s countryside, hilly to mountainous and forested. The primary shaft is located above the base of a very steep mountain, while the hoist room and other infrastructure facilities are located on a relatively level area of property at the mountain base.

    Geological Setting

    The Coeur d’Alene Mining District is hosted by the rocks of the Pre-Cambrian Belt super group. These sedimentary rocks were deposited approximately 1.6 billion years ago. At various times these rocks were faulted, leached, altered and re-mineralized. The Belt super group has been divided into the Prichard group, Ravalli group, Middle Carbonate group and Missoula group. Within the District, rocks of the Prichard, Ravalli, Missoula and Middle Carbonate groups can be found. The formations comprising the Ravalli group are, listed from oldest to youngest, the Burke, Revett, and Saint Regis Formations. The District has a history of intense faulting and folding of these rock formations. Two major east-west fault zones, the Osburn and Placer Creek faults, cut through the District.

    Ore deposits in the District are localized in the 182.9 meter thick St. Regis Formation and the underlying upper members of the 914.4 meter thick Revett Formation. Four major west-northwest trending faults cut the Sunshine Mine property area, and some have been mapped for several kilometers. The faults dip steeply to the south. The main vein systems at the Sunshine Mine property include the Sunshine, Chester, Copper, Yankee Girl and West Chance veins. Mineralized silver veins are present within a zone approximately 3,810 meters long by 1,524 meters wide and over a vertical distance of 1,890 meters from the surface at 1,036.3 meters above sea level to 853.4 meters below. The mineralization is open at depth below the 1,707 meter Mine level.

    The Crescent mine is immediately adjacent to the west and the Silver Summit mine is immediately adjacent to the east of the Sunshine Mine. Many of the productive vein structures and faults in those adjacent mines pass directly across the Company’s mineral rights position.

    History of the Sunshine Mine Property

    The Sunshine Mine, one of the highest-grade known remaining primary silver discoveries worldwide, is estimated to have produced a total of over 365 million ounces of silver. In 1884, the Blake brothers staked the Yankee Lode mining claim, and various contiguous holdings were consolidated to become the Sunshine Mining Company in 1920. In 1921, operations continued and grew at the Sunshine Mine until it was at full production by the end of 1988. In 1992, Sunshine Mining Company merged into SPMI. From 1991-2001, there was limited production at the Sunshine Mine primarily as a result of several factors, including a drop in the price of silver and the lack of regular and consistent exploration and development activities. The Mine eventually ceased production in the first quarter of 2001 and Sunshine Mining and Refining Company, or SMRC, the parent of SPMI, declared Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Sterling acquired control of the Sunshine Mine in 2003 through a lease with SPMI, which included an option to purchase the Mine. Beginning in August 2003, and followed by the initial drilling in the fall of 2004, Sterling began an exploration program, and the process of rehabilitation of the underground areas of the Mine began in 2004. The Sunshine Mine returned to production under Sterling for a short period in late 2007, but operations were suspended in late 2008 and Sterling went into bankruptcy in March 2009, due to falling silver prices ($10.79 per ounce as of December 31, 2008) and inadequate capital. At that time, SNS Silver Corporation took over care and maintenance of the Mine under contract with SPMI. In May 2010, the Company acquired, through Sterling’s bankruptcy proceedings, the majority of the operating facilities and equipment at the Sunshine Mine, including the lease on the Sunshine Mine from SPMI that included a purchase option for title to the Mine. In July 2010, the Company closed the purchase option in the lease to obtain title to the Sunshine Mine and acquired the remaining operating facilities and equipment.

    Exploration

    It is estimated that there are approximately 5,000 underground drill holes on the Sunshine Mine property. Approximately two thirds of the footage drilled was for exploration, both for long-term and short-term mine planning and development. The longest underground hole is approximately 914 meters. Long underground exploration holes are required to locate structures and veins because most development, except in the West Chance deposit, has been on the veins and thus drilling platforms for shorter holes at appropriate angles to the targets have not been available.

    The Company is undertaking significant exploration and re-development of the Sunshine Mine property. Since acquiring the Sunshine Mine, the Company has successfully completed or is currently working on the following significant re-development activities at the Sunshine Mine property:

    acquired additional surface rights;

    repaired surface facilities and equipment, including the Jewell hoists and shaft, and compressed air, water and pumping systems;

    commissioned the ConSil hoist and completed work to enable rehabilitation of the ConSil shaft from the top station downward to the 910 meter level;

    de-watered the Sunshine Mine to just below the 1,130 meter level;

    re-established utility services to the Sunshine Mine ramp, enabling commencement of improvements required for ventilation and re-access to mining blocks;

    made significant progress towards compiling a drill hole database review for areas of immediate exploration and began compiling the entire historical geologic database to create a three dimensional model of the resources; and

    designed a new development plan to re-establish access in the lower Mine levels for exploration and development.

    Historic exploration at the Sunshine Mine property was focused on progressive delineation of mineralization at depth leaving potential near-surface targets unexplored. However, long-known but previously unexplored target areas now are planned to be explored, through new drilling and new drill stations. The Company has identified important and prospective targets and multiple areas of exploration are planned to be tested for all accessible underground levels. The Company has also planned an extensive multi-year underground exploration program, focusing on eight primary veins. Total depth to be drilled under this program is estimated to be about 110,000 meters. The first phase of the planned 2011 exploration program will be concentrated on three of the eight areas of focus, the Yankee Girl Vein, the Sunshine Vein and the Chester Vein/Fault, and require about 10,000 meters of underground diamond drilling.

    The Company’s objectives at the Sunshine Mine property through 2013 are to:

    define additional mineralized material through extensive surface and underground exploration;

    complete a pre-feasibility study to determine the costs to re-commission and operate the Sunshine Mine as a sustainable and efficient silver producer; and

    upgrade existing infrastructure and re-establish access to developed portions of the resource.

    The Sunshine Mine has on-site infrastructure already in place, including a primary shaft, which is operational and in the process of being refurbished, and a secondary shaft, which is being refurbished. There is currently no production at the Sunshine Mine.

    Sunshine Mine Mineralogy

    Over 30 veins have been named and mined at the Sunshine Mine property. The principal vein systems in the property include the Sunshine, Chester, Copper, Yankee Girl and West Chance veins. The Sunshine Vein and Chester Vein are each estimated to have produced over 100 million ounces of silver to date. Major veins strike east-west and typically dip 60º-70º to the south. Locally, dips range from 45º to 90º. Vein strike lengths are up to 610 plus meters, with down dip lengths two to three times that of the strike length. Major veins are located between the regional and property-wide faults at an angle of about 25º to the boundary faults. Veins vary in width from a few inches to over nine meters, but are generally between one to 1.5 meters thick. Typically, the Sunshine Mine mineralized material consists principally of tetrahedrite, the high silver-content copper antimony sulfide.

    Tetrahedrite occurs as very fine grains in fracture filings, veinlets or discontinuous blebs in the vein-filled faults. This silver-bearing tetrahedrite is more properly called freibergite and contains 3% to 30% silver substituting for the copper in the crystal structure. Gangue minerals are predominantly siderite with lesser amounts of quartz. Galena is present in the West Chance Vein, the Silver Syndicate Vein and the Chester Hook Vein. Other metallic minerals seen in the gangue are pyrite, arsenopyrite, and, rarely, boulangerite, bournonite, pyrargyrite and magnetite.

    Sampling and Analysis

    Existing records and information from predecessor owners/operators of the Sunshine Mine show that the samplings, sample locations and descriptions, and sample handling were done in accordance with accepted industry standards. The reported method was that a geologist took one-to-five pound chip samples of the vein at the bottom, middle and top of the face as development on the vein proceeded. On the sample ticket, the location was recorded, the sample was described, and a sketch of the vein and face was made for most samples. The sample ticket was placed in a bag, and the geologist delivered the sample to the sample preparation facility. That sample data is available in the filed sample ticket books and in the electronic database beginning in 1995 and for some select samples prior to that year.

    The drifts on the veins were generally sampled at five to six foot intervals. Both raises and stopes were sampled at regular intervals that vary based on data requirements at any given time. As needed, the paper data has been digitized and entered into an electronic database. Most of the drilling data from 1972 forward and about half of the data prior to 1972 has been entered into the database. Locations and analyses from the underground face samples beginning in 1995 have been entered into the electronic database. Data from the face samples prior to 1995 has been digitized and entered into the database, as needed. Historic underground sampling assay results were plotted on paper and canvassed-back paper maps. A nearly complete set of historic sampling maps have been stored in the Sunshine Mine archives and vaults. The maps are quite detailed and document the results of extensive drift and stope sampling.

    Core and underground samples were delivered to the sample preparation facility on-site by the geologist who logged the core or took the sample. The samples were crushed and ground and delivered to the laboratory for analyses. Predecessor employees did all of the sample preparation, analyses and posting of results on-site. This chain of custody maintained the sample integrity.

    Sample preparation protocol used by the predecessor owner/operators of the Sunshine Mine has been reviewed and deemed to meet industry standards, and the likelihood of biased analytical results at the Sunshine Mine is not significant.

    Historic assaying was undertaken at the in-house predecessor assay laboratory. Assaying of silver was by fire assay and in the future will be by fire assay with an atomic absorption, or AA, finished by the American Analytical Services laboratory. Details of the historic predecessor analytical protocol are not available. There is no quality assurance or quality control data from the predecessor laboratory to verify the precision and accuracy of the results, and the quality of the results may have varied over time. The Company does not believe that the lack of such data is a significant reason to question the analytical results for the following reasons: (i) nothing in the history of the Mine exists to cause doubt about the analytical results; (ii) the large number of analyses, over more than 50 years, makes any errors over a short period of time or on relatively few samples insignificant as regards the whole database; and (iii) as reported by the predecessor, the lack of questions by the smelter and refinery of the analyses of concentrates from the Sunshine Mine indicates that the predecessor laboratory produced quality analyses.

    Historically, the predecessor employees did all of the sample preparation, analyses and posting of results on-site. This chain of custody maintained the sample integrity. For the up-coming exploration drilling campaign,

    the coarse rejects and sample pulps will be stored in a secure location in the core storage building for future use. All samples that remain on site, prior to delivery to the laboratory (onsite or offsite), are intended to be kept in a secure location not accessible by anyone other than approved personnel.

    Sunshine Mine Mineralized Material Estimate

    All blocks in this estimate have been delineated by appropriately spaced underground sampling and/or drilling. Grade and tonnage has been estimated using classic industry-accepted methods for narrow vein deposits that are typical in the Coeur d’Alene Mining District. The Company refers to this method as the “McKinstry” method. It was developed by H.E. McKinstry early in the 20th century.

    The ton and grade estimates in a block are based primarily on chip sampling vein widths and analyses from development and production headings. The vein widths are diluted to the planned mining width with wall rock at a zero grade. Drill core assays were used to extend or limit a block.

    To be classed as mineralized material, at least one lineal dimension of a mineralized vein had to be exposed by mine workings and adequately sampled. Mining history at the Sunshine Mine has shown that the vertical (down-dip) dimension of the mineralized shoots is generally twice the horizontal dimension. Conservatively, the down-dip or up-dip projection from the exposed vein was generally limited to half the horizontal dimension in the absence of conflicting drill-hole information. A tonnage factor of 10 cubic feet per ton is used to convert volumes to tonnage except for the West Chance Vein where a tonnage factor of 9.4 cubic feet per ton is used. The current West Chance “Legacy Blocks” were defined using the McKinstry method with more drill intercepts than are available elsewhere.

    The table below summarizes the mineralized material at the Sunshine Mine property as of April 1, 2011. The mineralized material in the table below contains the expected mining dilution and does not reflect in-situ grades.

    Sunshine Mine Mineralized Material—April 1, 2011

    (includes expected mining dilution)

     

    Category

      Tons   Average
    Grade
    (ounces
    per ton)
     

    Total

       1,991,169     21.20  

    Tetra Tech. The Los Gatos Project

    The technical information appearing below concerningTechnical Report was prepared by the following qualified persons, each of whom is an employee of Tetra Tech: Guillermo Dante Ramírez Rodríguez, Leonel Lopez, Kira Johnson, Keith Thompson, Kenneth Smith, Luis Quirindongo and Max Johnson. None of the qualified persons who prepared the Los Gatos Project was derived fromTechnical Report is affiliated with us or any other entity that has an ownership, royalty or other interest in the report of Behre Dolbear & Company, independent mining consultants.Cerro Los Gatos Mine or the Los Gatos District.

    Location of the Los Gatos ProjectDistrict and Access

    The Los Gatos Project, an exploration stage property,District, covers approximately 81,607103,087 hectares in the south-central part of the State of Chihuahua in Northern Méxiconorthern Mexico, within the municipality of Satevó. The ProjectLos Gatos District is roughly centered on Latitude 27° 34' 17" N, Longitude 106° 21' 33" W, near the town of San José del Sitio. The Los Gatos District is located approximately 128120 kilometers south of the state capital of Chihuahua City and approximately 88100 kilometers northwest of the Parral Mining District and immediately northwestmining city of and surrounding the townHidalgo del Parral.


    Table of San José del Sitio, within the municipality of Satevó.Contents

    San José del Sitio is accessible by an improved gravela nearly 100% paved road from the turnoff of Federal Highway 24 at the 81 kilometer marker between the cities of Chihuahua and Hidalgo de Parral. The access road can be traveled by any motorized vehicle and has regular bus and supply services to the surrounding communities. The ProjectLos Gatos District area is accessible by a large network of dirt and gravel roads that are used by local owners and lessees to access grazing areas for cattle and local ranches. Northern areas of the ProjectLos Gatos District are also accessible from several gravel roads connecting

    with Mexican Federal Highway 24 between the 60 kilometer to 81 kilometer markers. In more remote areas, the rolling topography permits easy access by foot into areas where roads do not exist.

            There are a limited number of qualified workers in San José del Sitio, but, technical workers (e.g., miners, electricians, mechanics, computer technicians, etc.), heavy equipment and specialized operators can be found in the surrounding area and at Parral, 88 kilometers southeast. Primary and secondary-level technical schools are available in Valle de Zaragoza, and all levels of schooling are available in Parral and/or Chihuahua, each 2.5 hours away by vehicle.

            See "Risk Factors—The title to some of the mineral properties may be uncertain or defective, thus risking our investment in such properties" for a discussion of factors or risks that may affect access or title or the right or ability to perform work on the property.

            See Section 4.1 of the Los Gatos Technical Report for further specific information of the location of the Los Gatos District.

    Mining Concessions

    The Los Gatos ProjectDistrict is made up of a series of claim titles for 81,607 hectares and a series of concession applications for a total surface area ofcovering approximately 83,452103,087 hectares. The titled mining concessions are summarized below:


    Los Gatos District—Titled Mining Concessions

    Los Gatos Project—Titled Mining Concessions
       

    Concession Name

      Title Number   Date
    Granted
      Hectares   

    Concessionaire

    1

      Los Gatos   231498    3/4/08   19,712    La Cuesta International

    2

      Los Gatos 2   228950    2/22/07   10,720    Minera Plata Real

    3

      Los Gatos 3   231076    1/16/08   27    Minera Plata Real

    4

      Mezcalera   228249    10/17/06   4,992    Minera Plata Real

    5

      Mezcalera 2 Fracción I   228929    2/21/07   39    Minera Plata Real

    6

      Mezcalera 2 Fracción II   228930    2/21/07   26    Minera Plata Real

    7

      Mezcalera 2 Fracción III   228931    2/21/07   29    Minera Plata Real

    8

      Paula Adorada   223392    12/9/04   40    Grupo Minero Factor

    9

      Gavilana   237137    11/19/10   10    Minera Plata Real

    10

      Etna   237167    11/19/10   45,996    Minera Plata Real

    11

      San Luis   236908    10/5/10   16    Minera Plata Real

    Total

           81,607    
    Concession Name
     Title Number Date Granted
    mm/dd/yy
     Hectares Current
    Concessionaire

    Los Gatos

      231498 3/4/08  19,712 Minera Plata Real

    Los Gatos 2

      228950 2/22/07  10,720 Minera Plata Real

    Los Gatos 3

      231076 1/16/08  27 Minera Plata Real

    Mezcalera

      228249 10/17/06  4,992 Minera Plata Real

    Mezcalera 2 Fracción I

      228929 2/21/07  39 Minera Plata Real

    Mezcalera 2 Fracción II

      228930 2/21/07  26 Minera Plata Real

    Mezcalera 2 Fracción III

      228931 2/21/07  29 Minera Plata Real

    Paula Adorada

      223392 12/9/04  40 Minera Plata Real

    La Gavilana

      237137 11/19/10  10 Minera Plata Real

    San Luis

      236908 10/5/10  16 Minera Plata Real

    La Gavilana Fracción I

      237461 12/21/10  44 Minera Plata Real

    Los Estados Fracción I

      237694 4/25/11  9 Minera Plata Real

    Los Estados Fracción II

      237695 4/25/11  44 Minera Plata Real

    Los Gatos 4

      238511 9/23/11  52,597 Minera Plata Real

    San Luis 2

      238694 10/18/11  42 Minera Plata Real

    Los Veranos

      238573 9/23/11  14,740 Minera Plata Real

    San Luis 3

      240452 5/23/12  0.01 Minera Plata Real

    Total

           103,087  

    These concessions are held by a wholly owned Mexican subsidiary of the Company, Minera Plata Real, S. de R. L. de C.V., or MPR. The concessions have a period of validity that ranges between 2054 and 2058. MPR holds the rights        In addition to the concessions of Los Gatos and Paula Adorada through exploration agreements with purchase options. These agreements have been duly recordedlisted in the Méxican Public Registry of Mines. Details of these exploration agreements are provided below. All royalty payments below are in thousands of dollars.

    Los Gatos Concession: MPR may purchase the Los Gatos concession (Title Number 231498) from La Cuesta International S. A. de C.V., or La Cuesta International, for a total of $15,000, which is payable through advance royalties of $20 every six months and a 2% NSR on production from the Los Gatos concession and 0.5% NSR from the lands within a one kilometer boundary of the Los Gatos concession. Once the total payment of royalties reaches $10,000, the 2% NSR on production will decrease to 0.5%. Once the total payment of royalties reaches $15,000, the concession ownership will transfer to MPR with no further payment obligation to La Cuesta International.

    Paula Adorada Concession: MPR may purchase the Paula Adorada concession from Grupo Factor for $500, according to a payment schedule. Once the final payment is made in 2013, the concession will be transferred to MPR with no further ongoing payment obligations to Grupo Factor.

    MPR has also filed the following mining concession applications that have not yet been titled by the México Direccion de Minas (the Department of Mines), or DGM:

    Mining Concession Applications Filed 

    Application Name

      File Number   Hectares 

    Los Gatos 4

       38,770     53,500  

    Los Estados

       39,246     241  

    Veranos

       39,506     15,164  

    Atenas

       39,507     14,547  

    Total

         83,452  

    In addition,table above, there are several small concessions within the Los Gatos ProjectDistrict area that have been cancelled and not yet liberated by the DGM,Dirección General de


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    Minas, which the Company intendswe intend to apply for once liberated. The Company hasWe have also arranged for permission to enter and perform exploration activities in a number of private land properties in the Projectdistrict area.

            These concessions are held by MPR. The concessions have a period of validity that ranges between 2054 and 2062. MPR holds the rights to the concessions of Los Gatos and Paula Adorada subject to the terms of an agreement with the original holder of the concession. These agreements have been duly recorded in the Méxican Public Registry of Mines. Details of these agreements are provided below.

    Infrastructure, Royalty and Agreement on Los Gatos Concession

            The Los Gatos concession (title 231498) is subject to the terms of an exploration, exploitation and unilateral promise of assignment of rights agreement made between La Cuesta International, S.A. de C.V. and MPR, dated May 4, 2006. Pursuant to this agreement, title to the Los Gatos concession was transferred to MPR and in connection with the transfer MPR is required to make semi-annual advanced royalty payments of $20,000 to La Cuesta International, S.A. de C.V. until the commencement of commercial production and thereafter is required to pay a 2% net smelter returns royalty on production from the Los Gatos concession and a 0.5% net smelter returns royalty from lands within a one-kilometer boundary of the Los Gatos concession, subject to a minimum royalty payment in the same amount as the advanced royalty payment. Once total royalty payments reach $10 million, the 2% net smelter returns royalty will decrease to 0.5% and once total payments have reached $15 million, the royalty will no longer be payable. MPR paid a royalty payment of $40 thousand per year during the preproduction period. Upon commencing production, payments under this agreement were deferred until March 31, 2021 with an annual interest rate of 4.5% applied to the outstanding balance. During the deferral period, MPR will pay an advance royalty payment of $100,000 per year until January 2021. As of June 30, 2020, $14,400 thousand remained for future royalty obligations. During the term of the agreement, MPR is required to comply with all mining, environmental and other applicable laws in order to maintain its right and title to the Los Gatos concession.

    Agreement for Paula Adorada

            The Paula Adorada concession was acquired from Chihuahua-based company Grupo Factor through an option to purchase agreement in effect from 2008 to 2013. Once all obligations and payments were completed during the term of the agreement, the registered ownership of the Paula Adorada concession (title 223392) was transferred from Grupo Factor to MPR in 2014, with no remaining obligations or royalties.

    Unanimous Omnibus Partner Agreement

            The Los Gatos District is owned and operated through the Unanimous Omnibus Partner Agreement. Pursuant to this agreement, the LGJV cannot make any "Major Decisions" without first having obtained Dowa's consent or without first having obtained the consent of holders of at least 90% of the interest in the LGJV, depending on the time such Major Decisions are made. Major Decisions, as defined in the agreement, include the significant operating decisions of the LGJV, such as, among other decisions, budgeting, development and exploitation approvals, loan and outside financing approvals, expansion of area of interest, surrendering claims, the creation of security interests on property, any initial public offering of the joint venture, and litigation settlements. Therefore, despite holding a majority equity interest in the LGJV, we do not exercise control over the LGJV.

            We intend to exercise our right to repurchase an 18.5% interest in the LGJV from Dowa, increasing our ownership to approximately 70.0%. Following this increase in our ownership interest in the LGJV, we will continue to not exercise control over the LGJV due to certain provisions contained in the Unanimous Omnibus Partner Agreement that currently require unanimous partner approval of


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    all major operating decisions (such as certain approvals, the creation of security interests on property, any initial public offering of the joint venture, and litigation settlements).

    Option Agreement

            On May 30, 2019 and in connection with the memorandum of understanding dated April 16, 2019, we entered into an option agreement with MPR, OSJ and Dowa, pursuant to which Dowa granted us an option to repurchase the approximate 18.5% equity interest in the LGJV by June 30, 2021, and only after the Los Gatos Working Capital Facility is repaid, for a total consideration of approximately $51.1 million and all costs incurred by Dowa in connection with its ownership of such equity interest, including, but not limited to, legal and accounting fees, capital contributions and taxes.

    Priority Distribution Agreement

            On May 30, 2019 and in connection with the memorandum of understanding dated April 16, 2019, we entered into a priority distribution agreement with MPR, OSJ and Dowa, pursuant to which we directed the LGJV to contribute dividend payments to an escrow account until an aggregate amount equal to $20 million has been deposited into the account, which is payable to Dowa as a priority dividend.

    Sales Agreements

            OSJ (the "Seller"), an entity that forms part of the LGJV, entered into a delivery contract, dated April 14, 2019, with Metagri S.A. de C.V. ("Metagri"), whereby Metagri agreed to buy and accept delivery of, and the Seller agreed to sell and deliver to Metagri, all lead concentrate that will be produced from the Cerro Los Gatos Mine until December 31, 2021. The lead concentrate will ultimately be delivered to Metagri's warehouse in Manzanillo, Mexico.

            The Seller also entered into a delivery contract, dated July 15, 2019, with Ocean Partners, whereby Ocean Partners agreed to buy and accept delivery of, and Seller agreed to sell and deliver to Ocean Partners, all zinc concentrate that will be produced from the Cerro Los Gatos Mine until June 30, 2022. The zinc concentrate will ultimately be delivered to Dowa's zinc smelter in Akita, Japan, unless otherwise agreed to by Dowa. The Seller, from time to time, will enter into memoranda of agreement setting forth the terms and conditions for the sales of zinc concentrate.

            From time to time, the Seller may enter into certain spot sale contracts should impurities in lead and zinc concentrate exceed certain specifications. Since the commencement of production, the Seller has entered into spot sale contracts due to high fluorine content for some production.

    Climate and Topography

    The Company’s present field camp is located in San José del Sitio, a community of approximately 200 persons, with electrical and water services, an elementary school and basic health services. Water resources in the region are mostly related to the Conchos River Basin, which includes the San Pedro, San Francisco de Borja and Satevó River Sub-Basins. Locally, there is significant groundwater in the area, with shallow groundwater recorded from most exploration drilling conducted by the Company. San José del Sitio is served by a 13.8-KV line, providing sufficient capacity for domestic needs but not enough for industrial needs. Larger-capacity electrical lines service the nearby city of Valle de Zaragoza, 45 kilometers to the southeast of the project area, where the 113-MW Santiago (Valle de Zaragoza) electrical sub-station is located.

    The ProjectLos Gatos District area is located in the Sierras y Llanuras del Norte Physiographic Province near the boundaries between the Gran Meseta, y Cañones, and the Sierras yand Llanuras Tarahumara Sub Provinces. The general geographyphysiography of the Los Gatos areaDistrict is characterized by low to middle rolling volcanic hills with local escarpments and flat valley floors. Altitudes vary with between 1,550 masl at the base of the Santo Toribio Creek and 1,780 masl at the top of the Los Gatos Hill, one of the highest peaks of the ProjectLos Gatos District area.

            Vegetation is characterized by a semi-desert landscape, with typical low brush vegetation in the slopes, including lechuguilla, sotol, yucca, sage, bear grass and other types of indigenous grasses. Larger brush and trees are common along the main watercourses, with the presence of oak, cypress, poplar, huizache and mesquite, among others.


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    The climate in the area is not expected to interfere with explorationtypical of desert areas of northwest Mexico, extreme semi-arid. Exploration and mining activities at the Project,Los Gatos District are seldom interrupted by adverse weather conditions, with the exception of short-lived storms producing floods and damage to access roads.

    There are a limited number
    Aerial View of qualified workers on site, however, technical workers (miners, electricians, mechanics, computer skilled, etc.) can be found in the area and at Parral, 88 kilometers southeast, including heavy equipment and specialized operators. Primary and secondary-level technical schools are available in Valle de Zaragoza, and all levels of schooling are available in Parral and/or Chihuahua, each 2.5 hours away.Cerro Los Gatos Mine

    GRAPHIC

    Geological Setting

    The Los Gatos ProjectDistrict is located in the transition zone between the Sierra Madre Occidental volcanic province of western Mexico and the Mesozoic Chihuahua basin to the east. It is also located in the general union ofcontact zone between the Sierra Madre Occidental, Chihuahua and Parral tectonostratigraphic terranes.

    The area is largely characterized by a thick sequence of Tertiary volcanic rocks that are generally dissected by a strong north-northwest bearing fault system that divides the area into the plateau and barranca sections and are subdivided in two major units, the Lower Volcanic Group and Upper Volcanic Group,Group. The area is one of the largest known epithermal, precious-metal metallogenic provinces and is host to several well knownwell-known gold-silver producing mining districts in Mexico, such as Concheño, Batopilas, San Dimas-Tayoltita and Ocampo, one of the largest epithermal precious metal metallogenic provinces.Ocampo.

            The dominant rocks of the Los Gatos ProjectDistrict area are athick accumulations of intermediate tuffs and lavas, with lesser felsic rocks, and Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) to Lower Paleocene aged sandstones, shales and limestones correlative with the Mezcalera formation, locally metamorphosed to phyllites, quartzites and marbles near areas of igneous activity. Rocks of this oldest sedimentary sequence that occur within a small horst block located to the southwestnorthwest of the Cerro Los Gatos discovery.District, with prominent high-angle fault boundaries on the north and south, parallel to the regional trend of faulting. Intruding and deposited on the entire section are locally important rhyolite flows, flow domes and dikes, usually strongly silicified, that have all of the varied textures expected with the development of flow domes, including breccias, flow banding and intrusive/extrusive transitions. Each of the rocks in the section contains observable hydrothermal alteration that suggests that mineralization in the area probably occurred late in the history of the development of the volcanic section. It is important to stress, however, that economic grades of mineralization have only thus far been identified in the andesite and dacite sections.


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    History of the Los Gatos ProjectDistrict

    The Los Gatos ProjectDistrict has been the subject of very limited historical prospecting and mineral exploration, including the development of shallow workings and preliminary exploration activities by Consejo de Recursos Minerales (now SGM)the Servicio Geológico Mexicano, the Mexican Geologic Survey) at the Esther, Gavilana (Paula) and San Luis zones with references to the occurrence of silver, lead and zinc. The Company’s surfaceconstruction and development work has not uncovered any evidence of past modern prospecting

    activities in the area although VVC Exploration has commenced an active exploration program on the southern site of the Los Gatos concession block. Other active projects in the area of southern Chihuahua are the joint venture at San Juan Cordero between Valley High Ventures and Levon Resources and the La Cigarra project of International Northair Mines.area. The Los Gatos ProjectDistrict was initially recognized by reconnaissance activities by La Cuesta International Inc. in 2005 and later offered to Los Gatos Ltd. (original parent of MPR). An initial letter of agreement for exploration work on the Los Gatos District was negotiated and a final contract ratified in April 2006 between MPR and La Cuesta International S. A. de C.V. (the Mexican minesubsidiary of La Cuesta International Inc.). Only minor field work was conducted in 2006 and 2007 on the Los Gatos District during the waiting period for the initial concession to be titled, and formal exploration company, in 2005.activities and drilling were conducted by MPR from and after 2008.

    Exploration

    The Los Gatos ProjectDistrict consists of twothree identified silver discoveries, discoveries—the Cerro Los Gatos Mine, the Esther deposit and the EstherAmapola deposit—and 11 other mineralized zones and 14 other priority targets with over 100150 kilometers of outcropping quartz and calcite veins.veins are also located in the Los Gatos District.

    In 2007, MPR initiated its first phase of exploration in the Los Gatos ProjectDistrict area with a program of surface geological mapping and rock sampling covering approximately 60% of the original Los Gatos concession within the core of the claim block. This work, conducted through a local Mexico-based consulting group, Grupo Azta, identified in excess of 100 kilometers of strike length of quartz and calcite veins, many of which contained lead, zinc and silver mineralization. Of the 1,217 rock samples taken from surface outcrops of vein and wall rocks, 200 samples contained values in excess of 10 grams of silver per tonne.

    From June 2008 to October 2008, environmental permits for drilling and road construction were obtained. In addition, during this period,obtained, proposed drill areas were re-mapped and re-sampled, surface access rights were negotiated with local ranches, and drill access roads were constructed. In January 2009 and September 2009, reports and corresponding notices of activity were submitted to the Federal Environmental AgencySecretary of Environment and Natural Resources to cover the development of access roads and drill sites to drill 50 holes, along with a request to increase the number of drill holes to 250.

    MPR began drilling in Based on a report filed on December 5, 2011, the number of drill holes permitted on the Los Gatos ProjectDistrict was extended to 600 drill holes.

            Environmental baseline data collection began in October 2008 usingMay 2010 for the development of future environmental studies required for the project. Data on flora, fauna, water, air, climate, security and social impacts are generally collected on a hydracore rig. Drilling from this rig was conducted from October 2008 to May 2009. In June 2009, the hyrdacore drill rig was replaced with a Major 5000, a larger capacity rig. Two additional Major 5000 rigs were brought in during July 2009 to September 2009. The first significant identification of silver occurred in the Cerro Los Gatos zone in April 2009, in which 73.6 grams of silver per tonne was found over four meters from 152 meter to 156 meter depth. This was followed by significant intercepts in two other drill holes, which contained 34 meters of 414 grams of silver per tonne, 2.0% lead and 4.85% zinc. At this point in the drilling program, the geometry and the preferred levelroutine basis for mineral deposition was identified, and a series of holes was drilled that indicated a continuous mineralized body of apparent ore grade with lead, zinc and silver mineralization over a strike length in excess of 2.5 kilometers, a dip extent in excess of 200 meters, and an average thickness of 6.2 meters within the Cerro Los Gatos zone.

    Also in early 2009, drilling in the Esther zone commenced with one rig moving back and forth between the Cerro Los Gatos and Esther zones. At the Esther zone, significant mineralization was identified in one hole in which 79.8 grams of silver per tonne was found over 14 meters from 102 meter to 116 meter depth. This was followed with significant offsets in two other holes, proving an average thickness of more than 3.4 meters and a minimum down dip extent of 200 meters.

    Drill sites are selected based on surface vein outcrops and geometric projections in the subsurface, as well as geochemical, geophysical and geological targets. Access to surface parcels has been negotiated with the individual ranch owners in exchangeintegration into future environmental studies required for improvements to roads and water supplies. In addition, two ranch parcels have been purchased in the Cerro Los Gatos and Amapola areas that will facilitate further development work. For a discussion of Amapola, see “—Recent Developments.” Drilling is conducted using a wire line rig with diamond core capabilities. All of the Company’s drilling at the Los Gatos Project is conducted by third parties.District.

    Detailed soil geochemistry programs have been conducted over the Esther zonedeposit and the area between the Cerro Los Gatos Mine and Esther zones.deposit. Results of the sampling identified new veins in the Esther zonedeposit and revealed four separate structures between the Esther deposit and the Cerro Los Gatos zones.

    Mine.

    Detailed topographic mapping has been created using Photosat, a Canadian contractor. The topography mapping was created at one meter, five meter, 10 meter and 50 meter contours from GeoeyeGeoeye® satellite coverage captured exclusively for the survey. Survey control points were established on the surface, with coordinates by total station in order to guarantee the accuracy of the survey.

    A detailed 3D Induced Polarization survey was conducted during July 2010 using SJ Geophysics, a contractor from Canada. Lines were initially spaced at 100 meters with stations every 25 meters, and later tightened to 50 meters by 25 meters. The resultsResults of the geophysicalsurvey suggest a correlation between vein


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    mineralization at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine and zones of high chargeability and low resistivity. In addition, the vein mineralization at the Esther deposit suggested a similar relationship of high chargeability and low resistivity. The first holes to test the trends of mineralization from these surveys show correlations between measured electrical propertiessuccessfully extended mineralization in both zones. As a result of the rocksgood correlation with mineralization, extensions of the surveys began in the subsurface and known zones of mineralization onNovember 2010 at both the Cerro Los Gatos Mine and Esther zones.deposit. Additionally, data was collected in the Amapola and San Agustin zones to determine the signature of mineralization in these areas for drilling.

    Environmental baseline data collection beganDrilling

            As of July 1, 2020, 739 exploration drill holes have been completed in May 2010 for the development of future environmental studies required for the Project. Data on flora, fauna, water, air, climate, security and social impacts are generally collected on a routine basis for integration into future environmental studies required for the Project.

    Due to the success of the exploration activities at the Los Gatos Project,District, totaling 259,060 meters.

            Drill sites are selected based on surface vein outcrops and geometric projections into the Company operated on average threesubsurface, as well as geochemical, geophysical and geological targets. Drilling is conducted using a wire line rig with diamond core capabilities. Holes begin with HQ size and are reduced, if necessary, to NQ and very rarely BQ, if difficult drilling conditions are encountered. Holes are surveyed with a Flexit EZ trac device at 50 meter intervals as the holes are completed. Surveys of drill rigs during 2010 and expanded the known mineralizationhole-collar coordinates locations are completed by a local contract topographer using a Topcon Total Station GTS-236W. All information pertinent to three veins through an additional 90 drill holes. The Company expects to continue its surface and core sample exploration activities at Los Gatos throughout 2011.

    The Company’s objectives at the Los Gatos Project through 2013 are to:

    increase the drilling rate by increasing the number of exploration drills from four to seven;

    conduct social, environmental and technical work on the property with the objective of completingis stored in a pre-feasibility study onmaster database in Microsoft Access®. Additional drilling at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine is aimed at upgrading the confidence of the resource and Ester zones;identifying mineralized extensions along strike and down dip.

            

    acquire additional prospective mineralIn addition to the drilling conducted at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine, the Esther deposit and surface rights.the Amapola deposit, MPR has conducted limited exploration drilling programs in other areas in the Los Gatos District which include Boca de Leon, Cieneguita, El Lince, El Rodeo, La Paula, Los Torunos Mezcalera, Ocelote, San Agustin, San Luis and Wall-E/Ava. While anomalous levels of mineralization have been identified in each of these zones other than Wall-E/Ava, drilling data is too limited to speculate as to the presence of economic quantities of mineralization. Additional drilling will be required in each area to delineate the mineralization identified.

    Los Gatos ProjectDistrict Mineralogy

    The Los Gatos ProjectDistrict hosts a series of quartz, quartz-calcite and calcite veins in at least eightfifteen separate vein systems that are exposed along a strike length of approximately 1230 kilometers and an outcrop belt width of approximately five kilometers. Vein width is generally in the order of one meter, but local wide zones up to eight meters in outcrop and true vein widths in excess of 30 meters have been identified by diamond drilling. Structurally, the veins form two sets, with north and northwest strikes and mostly steep dips. West/northwest trending fault and fracture zones probably reflect reactivated basement structures, whereas many of the north/northwest trending faults probably are associated with basin-and-range extension. Epithermal mineralization is associated with both phases of extension, so both trends have exploration potential; however, the basement architecture has overall control on the distribution of magmatic centers and hydrothermal systems.

    Mineralization at the Los Gatos ProjectDistrict is characterized by silver, lead, zinc and copper sulphides and their oxides, along with fluorite, manganese, barite and traces of gold associated with quartz and calcite veins. The veins vary in orientation from west-northwest to northwest to north-northwest to north-northeast.north-northeast and vary in thickness from one meter to eight meters outcrop, but with much greater true width at depth based upon diamond drilling. Study of the veins in hand specimen and thin section suggests that they are epithermal in origin and are likely of intermediate sulfidation composition, showing vein textures and gangue mineralogy that indicate a relatively high-level hydrothermal system in the boiling environment. Breccia with clasts of vein quartz indicates a protracted hydrothermal system during multiple faulting events, a positive sign for economic epithermal veins. It has been


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    interpreted that oremineralized-ore shoots may extend relatively far down dip, possibly to at least 230250 meters.

            The Cerro Los Gatos Mine vein system is persistent, with a general northwest trend dipping to the east, a mapped extension in the order of ten kilometers, and true widths of as much as 30 meters and local associated veining up to 50 meters wide. Banded quartz veins and breccias are cemented by quartz, calcite and abundant manganese oxides. A study based on geological characteristics and silver-lead-zinc (arsenic-antimony-mercury) anomalous sections of the vein resulted in the discovery of the Los Gatos listric-shaped mineralized horizon hosting the steeply to shallowly dipping mineralized-shoots at depth. Mineralization of interest is seen for approximately 2,500 meters in length and for an estimated average vertical extension in the order of 200 meters. The reported average drilled true width of the structure is in the order of 8.9 meters. It has been interpreted that the top of the mineralized horizon at Los Gatos is generally located at an elevation of 1,400 meters above sea level (masl).

            Original exploration activities at the Esther vein system indicated the presence of a narrow quartz vein, less than one meter, with minor veining and silicification and noticeable lack of calcite. However, the presence of a small high-grade mineralized-shoot, probably 60 meters deep, attracted interest in the area. Drilling of this area also resulted in the discovery of the Esther mineralized-shoot, which has a known length of 800 meters for the main mineralized-shoot, as well as up to 1,200 meters of additional mineralized vein. The height of the mineralized interval is indicated by two drill holes to be in the order of 100 meters; most mineral intersections range in the order of two meters to eight meters, with a probable average slightly over three meters. It has been interpreted that the top of the favorable horizon at Esther is generally located about 120 meters below the surface.

            The Amapola deposit contains several vein systems at varying degrees of strike and dip that are the target of exploration. Currently, four of these veins comprise adequate Ag grade and thickness to be considered as mineralized material and geologically modeled. The four veins include the Albita, Elizabeth, Cascajal and Julia. The mineral resources are principally present on the Albita and Elizabeth veins, which together comprise a "corridor" of mineralization up to approximately 50 meters thick.

    Sampling, Analysis and AnalysisData Verification

    The Company        MPR has carried out sampling campaigns that have included surface, limited underground and core samples. As of November 8, 2010, during the first stages of exploration, approximately 1,215 surface samplesSamples were taken and 15,537 core samples were taken from 154 drill holes forby local crews under the supervision of either a totalgeologist of 68,772 meters.MPR or one of their contractors. Sampling intervals were, in most cases, two meters, with local variations depending on vein geology, to a minimum of 0.8 meters where structures were found. Detailed sampling was carried out withat intervals directed by geological criteria. Pulp samples are deliveredcriteria, with priority given to ALS Chemex laboratorytesting high-grade zones in Vancouver, Canada for analysis.

    the vein structures and attention also given to identifying possible mineralization in the wall rock and quartz stockwork veining.

    The Company believes that core sampling is representative of mineralized intersections, with minor variation due to irregularities in mineralization.

    The Company has        MPR established a sampling protocol, which was followed through the drilling campaign, that in summary includes: supervision by CompanyMPR personnel, with the verification of core handling, recovery, core accommodation and depth recording by the contractor; and core collection, measurement, core recovery, photographing, specific gravity, analysis, geotechnical information analysis and sampling interval selection by CompanyMPR geologists.

    Detailed logging of the sample intervals is conducted once the core samples are sawed, with detailed descriptions and estimations of mineralogy and mineral content, hydrothermal alteration, veining and fracturing. Assay intervals are divided in two equal parts by diamond saw, with most sampling conducted on two meter intervals, except for specific vein intervals. Vein intervals are selected for more detailed sampling, with a minimum of 0.8 meters per interval in the sample and a maximum of two meters.


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    Samples are collected in standard plastic sample bags and tagged with a unique sample number recorded for each interval. Samples are grouped by drill hole and transported by pickup truck to the ALS Chemex laboratorylaboratories sample receiving location in Chihuahua City, Mexico. From the time the core samples leave the drill site to the time the samples are delivered to ALS Chemex, they are escorted and under the supervision of personnel from MPR.

            Samples are dried, crushed and pulverized by ALS Chemex in Chihuahua City. Assay orders are delivered to the Company.lab, and a copy of the receipt obtained is filed and registered in MPR's database. Sample pulps are then shipped by ALS Chemex to their laboratory in Vancouver, Canada for ICP analyses of silver, base metals and trace elements using a four-acid digestion technique. Gold assays are also completed using fire assay-AA preparation on 30-gram splits of the sample material.

    ALS Chemex has developed and implemented at each of its locations a Quality Management System (QMS) designed to ensure the production of consistently reliable data. As a result, the lab has received, including its sample preparation section in Guadalajara, the ISO 9001:2000 Quality Management SystemQMS registration from QMI-SAI Global.QMI. The ALS Laboratory Vancouver branch has also been accredited as conforming to applicablerequirements of Canadian regulatory requirements.regulations in this matter.

    Other Mexican Properties

    The Company owns        MPR has set up a Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) program to monitor the drilling program at the Los Gatos District, including the use of: (1) blanks (barren silica sand or controls a portfoliobarren andesitic flow material inserted wherever the geologist deems appropriate, but no less than one for every 40 samples focused on areas of 17 other exploration properties in Mexico covering an area of 442,006 hectares, with significant additional hectares under application for mineral concession. There are two projects underway with significant drill results, El Doctor in Oaxaca and Zaragoza in Chihuahua. Additional drilling is planned at both of these projects as well as additional targets through 2012. The Company is planning sufficient drilling in an effort to outline continuous geometry of mineralization at El Doctor and Zaragoza,higher metal values, which could lead to initial estimatescontamination); (2) standards are added every 20th sample (MPR has purchased 12 different standards from Rocklabs Ltd.); and (3) duplicates are also analyzed every 50 samples (each batch) by placing two sample tickets in the same sample bag and having the lab generate two pulps of the same sample for analysis.

            It is believed that core sampling is representative of mineralized material.intersections, with minor variations due to irregularities in mineralization, and that the QA/QC programs established by MPR and the sampling process follow industry standards and support the estimation of mineral resource.

    Recent Developments

    Philip Pyle, Vice President Exploration, who is        A review was made of available information derived from previous exploration work. This information included geological and sampling reports, drill logs, as well as assay results. Verification consisted of a Qualified Person as set out in NI 43-101, has supervised the preparationgeneral review of geological characteristics of the technical information that formsmain mineralized areas, shown by the basisMPR field checking of geological maps in all areas and of sampling procedures by MPR as well as a review of all vein intersections and discussions of detailed sample handling, sampling and security procedures established by MPR. The original locations of samples reviewed were located, although most require re-painting. Tetra Tech verified several drill hole location monuments with a handheld global positioning system.

            Tetra Tech has conducted sample verification to evaluate whether the samples selected by MPR for metallurgical and hardness testing were geologically representative of the informationmaterial in the mine plan. The review found that: samples were well selected with respect to various grades, alterations and host rock; there was no apparent metal domaining or zoning in the deposit; and that most of the samples fall within the bulk of the grade distributions and sampling of the higher-grade material has been accounted.

    Mineral Resource Estimates—Cerro Los Gatos Mine, Esther and Amapola Deposits

            All blocks in this estimate have been delineated by appropriately spaced drilling. Grade and tonnage has been estimated within a digital three-dimensional block model using the Kriging method. Mineral resources have been estimated for three individual deposit areas: the Cerro Los Gatos Mine, Esther and Amapola deposits. The mineral resource estimates contained in this section “—Recent Developments.”

    Exploration drilling at the Los Gatos Project has recently detectedTechnical Report have an effective date of September 6, 2019. The mineral resource estimates contained in the


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    Los Gatos Technical Report are presented on an undiluted basis without adjustment for mining recovery.

            For the Cerro Los Gatos Mine, a new trendcut-off grade of mineralization150 grams silver equivalent/tonne was estimated using generalized parameters, including the following: $40/tonne for mining costs; $20/tonne for processing costs; $4/tonne for general and administrative costs; 83% recovery at an assumed price of $18.00/oz silver; 92% recovery at an assumed price of $0.92/lb lead; and 77% recovery at an assumed price of $1.01/lb zinc. For the Esther deposit, a cut-off grade of 100 grams silver equivalent/tonne was estimated using generalized parameters, including the following: $40/tonne for mining costs; $20/tonne for processing costs; $3/tonne for general and administrative costs; 100% recovery at an assumed price of $22.30/oz silver; 95% recovery at an assumed price of $0.97/lb lead; and 88% recovery at an assumed price of $0.91/lb zinc. For the Amapola deposit, a cut-off grade of 100 grams silver equivalent/tonne was estimated using generalized parameters, including the following: $40/tonne for mining costs; $20/tonne for processing costs; $3/tonne for general and administrative costs; 100% recovery at an assumed price of $22.30/oz silver; 95% recovery at an assumed price of $0.97/lb lead; and 88% recovery at an assumed price of $0.91/lb zinc.

            Projected revenues from the sale of silver, zinc and lead are based upon long-term consensus prices that were the averages of long-term forecast prices that MPR obtained from various financial institutions as of the effective date of the respective mineral resource estimates. As of the effective date of the respective mineral resource estimates, the long-term consensus prices reflected the best estimate of the sales price that may be realized in the future from the mineral resources. Gold and copper, being part of the epithermal system, are included in the Mineral Resource estimate as comparisons, however they have not been considered for purposes of determining the Ag/Eq cut-off grade since copper in the final concentrates sold would not receive any payment and gold revenue is estimated at only 2.78% of the payable metal.

            The tonne and grade estimates in the block model are based on drill hole assay sample intervals. The vein widths are constrained by three-dimensional solids and have not been diluted.

            Sample intervals were composited to two meters, which is the mode sample length. Compositing was initiated and terminated at the top and bottom of continuous selected vein samples, resulting composites were permitted to be one to two meters in length and intervals less than one meter were rejected. As part of the Kriging process, composite influence was additionally weighted by interval length to provide further normalization. Compositing greater than two meters was determined not to be appropriate because three-meter composites would cause samples to be split and four-meter composites are too large to represent the vein across drip in some areas. At the Amapola deposit, ordinary Kriging was used. A single Kriging pass was made on each of the four veins and their secondary nearest neighbor. An inferred pass was only made for the Albita and Elizabeth veins. Similarly, at the Esther deposit, grade estimation was completed using ordinary Kriging. An initial Kriging pass was made on each of the three veins and followed by a secondary nearest inferred pass.

            Density of each block was determined from measured density samples within the mineralized zones and Kriged as a block attribute.


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            The table below summarizes the mineral resource estimates at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine and the Esther and Amapola deposits as of the effective date of the Los Gatos Technical Report.


    Los Gatos District Mineral Resource Estimates Inclusive of Mineral Reserves as of the Effective Date of the Los Gatos Technical Report

     
     Category Tonnes
    (million;
    100% basis)
     Tonnes
    (million;
    51.5% basis)
     Ag (g/t) Au (g/t) Pb (%) Zn (%) Cu (%) 

    Cerro Los Gatos Mine(1)

     Measured  5.8  3.0  324  0.39  2.9  5.8  0.11 

     Indicated  4.6  2.4  202  0.28  2.5  5.2  0.11 

     M&I  10.4  5.4  269  0.34  2.7  5.5  0.11 

     Inferred  3.7  1.9  107  0.28  2.8  4.0  0.14 

    Esther Deposit(2)

     Indicated  0.46  0.24  133  0.04  0.70  2.10  0.02 

     Inferred  2.29  1.18  98  0.12  1.60  3.00  0.05 

    Amapola Deposit(2)

     Indicated  0.25  0.13  135  0.10  0.10  0.30  0.02 

     Inferred  3.44  1.77  140  0.10  0.20  0.30  0.03 

    (1)
    Based on a cut-off grade of 150 grams silver equivalent/tonne at assumed metal prices of $18.00/toz silver, $0.92/lb lead and $1.01/lb zinc; gold was not considered in silver equivalent calculation. The mineral resource estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report have an effective date of September 6, 2019. The mineral resource estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report are presented on an undiluted basis without adjustment for mining recovery. Mineral reserve estimates and mineral resource estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report have different effective dates and are based on different dilution and recovery factors and cut-off grades.

    (2)
    Based on a cut-off grade of 100 grams silver equivalent/tonne using metal prices of $22.30/toz silver, $0.97/lb lead, and $0.91/lb zinc. The mineral resource estimates for the Esther and Amapola deposits have an effective date of December 21, 2012. The mineral resource estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report are presented on an undiluted basis without adjustment for mining recovery. Mineral reserve estimates and mineral resource estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report have different effective dates and are based on different dilution and recovery factors and cut-off grades.

            The table below summarizes the mineral resource estimates exclusive of reserves at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine as of the effective date of the Los Gatos Technical Report.


    Cerro Los Gatos Mine Mineral Resource Estimates Exclusive of Mineral Reserves as of the Effective Date of the Los Gatos Technical Report

     
     Category Tonnes
    (million;
    100% basis)
     Tonnes
    (million;
    51.5% basis)
     AgEq (g/t) Ag (g/t) Au (g/t) Pb (%) Zn (%) AgEq toz
    (millions)
     Ag toz
    (millions)
     Au toz
    (thousands)
     Pb lbs
    (millions)
     Zn lbs
    (millions)
     

    Cerro Los Gatos Mine

     Measured  1.3  0.7  442  181  0.39  2.4  4.5  19  8  16  71  131 

     Indicated  2.2  1.1  368  139  0.23  2.1  4.2  26  10  17  101  205 

     M&I  3.5  1.8  395  154  0.29  2.2  4.3  45  17  33  172  337 

     Inferred  3.7  1.9  361  107  0.28  2.8  4.0  43  13  34  231  330 

    Resources based on a cut-off grade of 150 grams silver equivalent/tonne at assumed metal prices of $18.00/toz silver, $0.92/lb lead and $1.01/lb zinc; gold was not considered in silver equivalent calculation. The mineral resource estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report have an effective date of September 6, 2019. The mineral resource estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report are presented on an undiluted basis without adjustment for mining recovery. Reserves based on a $75 NSR cut-off value. NSR is defined as revenue per tonne mined less the sum of concentrate refining, treatment and transportation costs per tonne mined. The mineral reserve estimates for the Cerro Los Gatos Mine reflect diluted grades with adjustment for metallurgical recovery. The mineral reserve estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report have an effective date of July 1, 2020 and exclude 655,746 tonnes of material that has been namedmined through June 30, 2020. Mineral reserve estimates and mineral resource estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report have different effective dates and are based on different dilution and recovery factors and cut-off grades.


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            The material assumptions for the mineral resource estimates at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine include (i) resource estimation completed by Tetra Tech in MicroMine mining software using drill hole data provided by MPR, (ii) usage of histograms and probability plots to determine where high-grade distribution tails became unsupported or deviated from lognormal and application of upper limits for grade capping, (iii) compositing sample intervals to two meters to match the mode sample length, (iv) using geological modeling and vein modeling, (v) using specific gravity measurements and (vi) no dilution being accounted for in the mineral resource estimates. See Section 14.1 of the Los Gatos Technical Report. The material assumptions for the mineral resource estimates at the Amapola deposit include (i) resource estimation completed by Tetra Tech in MicroMine software technology using drill hole data provided by MPR, (ii) using ordinary Kriging, with a single Kriging pass being made on the four veins of the Amapola deposit and a secondary nearest neighbor inferred pass made only for two of the veins and (iii) using specific gravity measurements to estimate vein density. See Section 14.2 of the Los Gatos Technical Report. The material assumptions for the mineral resource estimates at the Esther deposit include (i) resource estimation completed by Tetra Tech in MicroMine software technology using drill hole data provided by MPR, (ii) using ordinary Kriging, with a single Kriging pass made on each of the three veins of the Esther deposit followed by a secondary nearest neighbor inferred pass and (iii) using specific gravity measurements to estimate vein density. See Section 14.3 of the Los Gatos Technical Report.

            We are unaware of any title, taxations, socio-economic, marketing, political or other relevant factors that could materially affect this mineral resources estimate.

    Mineral Reserve Estimates—Cerro Los Gatos Mine

            The mineral reserve estimates include the portion of the measured and indicated resource that can be mined economically. Economic criteria and mining constraints (based on the selected mining methods) are applied to the resource blocks to define mineable blocks. Mineral reserves are determined after applying dilution and recovery factors to these mineable blocks.

            Mineral reserve estimates are calculated from the mine plan created from the September 2019 resource update. The mineral reserve estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report have an effective date of July 1, 2020 and exclude 655,746 tonnes of material that has been mined through June 30, 2020. The table below shows the reconciliation of mined tonnage and grades to the modeled reserve depletion for this time period, with differences resulting primarily from different sequencing of stopes and variances in ore tonnes:

     
     Tonnes Au (g/t) Ag (g/t) Pb (%) Zn (%) NSR ($) 

    Production Statistics

      655,746  0.45  253  2.62  3.67  161 

    Modelled Reserve Depletion

      715,818  0.51  282  2.62  3.79  170 

            A cut-off grade of $75/tonne NSR value was used to calculate reserves. Projected revenues from the sale of silver, gold, zinc and lead are based upon long-term consensus prices of $18.99/oz silver, $1,472/oz gold, $0.87/lb lead and $1.09/lb zinc. These prices were the averages of long-term forecast prices that MPR obtained from nine financial institutions. As of the effective date of the mineral reserve estimates, the long-term consensus prices reflected the best estimate of the sales price that may be realized in the future from the mineral reserves. See Section 21 of the Los Gatos Technical Report.

            We are unaware of any title, taxation, socio-economic, marketing, political or other relevant factors that could materially affect this mineral reserve estimate.

            The table below summarizes the mineral reserve estimate at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine, with an effective date of July 1, 2020, which includes dilution and recovery factors.


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    Cerro Los Gatos Mineral Reserve Estimates as of the Effective Date of the Los Gatos Technical Report

    Zone
     Category Tonnes
    (millions;
    100% basis)
     Tonnes
    (millions;
    51.5% basis)
     Ag (g/t) Au (g/t) Pb (%) Zn (%) 

    Northwest Zone

     Proven  2.6  1.3  359  0.43  3.09  5.88 

     Probable  0.5  0.3  333  0.34  2.86  5.88 

    Central Zone

     Proven  3.8  1.9  314  0.31  2.55  5.32 

     Probable  1.8  0.9  299  0.44  2.32  5.82 

    Southeast Zone

     Proven  0.0  0.0  148  0.16  3.69  7.23 

     Probable  0.6  0.3  148  0.16  3.69  7.23 

    Southeast Zone Block 2

     Probable  0.4  0.2  118  0.17  3.11  4.16 

    Total (Proven)

        6.4  3.3  332  0.36  2.77  5.55 

    Total (Probable)

        3.3  1.7  254  0.34  2.74  5.86 

    Total (Proven & Probable)

        9.6  5.0  306  0.35  2.76  5.65 

    Reserves based on a $75 NSR cut-off value. NSR is defined as revenue per tonne mined less the sum of concentrate refining, treatment and transportation costs per tonne mined. The mineral reserve estimates for the Cerro Los Gatos Mine reflect diluted grades with adjustment for metallurgical recovery. The mineral reserve estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report have an effective date of July 1, 2020 and exclude 655,746 tonnes of material that has been mined through June 30, 2020. Mineral reserve estimates and mineral resource estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report have different effective dates and are based on different dilution and recovery factors and cut-off grades.

            Proven reserves exceed measured resources as a result of the different dilution and recovery factors and cut-off grades being used for mineral reserve estimates compared to mineral resource estimates. Mineral reserve estimates have an effective date of July 1, 2020, account for dilution and recovery factors and are based on a cut-off grade of $75/tonne NSR. In contrast, mineral resource estimates for the Cerro Los Gatos Mine have an effective date of September 6, 2019, are presented on an undiluted basis without adjustment for mining recovery and are based on a cut-off grade of 150 grams silver equivalent/tonne.

            The material assumptions for the mineral reserve estimates at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine include (i) assigning NSR values to the block model, (ii) using a dilution strategy developed by a geomechanical consultant, (iii) application of mining recovery factors, including stope recovery and drift-and-fill recovery and (iv) application of dilution and recovery factors to stope tonnage and using Deswik scheduling software to develop a LOM development and production schedule. See Section 15 of the Los Gatos Technical Report.

    Mineral Processing and Metallurgical Testing

            The Cerro Los Gatos Mine is a silver-lead-zinc deposit with relatively complex mineralogy. Upon review of the metallurgical testing data, it was clear that the Cerro Los Gatos Mine mineralization responded well to a conventional sequential silver-lead-zinc flotation processing. Zinc rougher flotation tailings and zinc first cleaner scavenger tailings are combined to become the final tailings. Tailings thickener underflow (100%) is pumped to a cyanide destruction facility. Currently, all tailings are disposed of in the tailings storage facility. Once the backfill plant is in operation, and after detox, 40% of final tailings will be pumped to the backfill plant and the remaining 60% will be pumped to the tailings storage facility. Operational results have indicated that additional removal of fluorine will be required. Additional floatation cells have been added to the lead and zinc circuits, with a goal of reducing the fluorine in the final concentrates.

            The expected grades and recoveries for lead, zinc, and silver to individual flotation concentrates were further investigated by a pilot plant program at SGS Lakefield using a sample composed of a bulk sample accessed by an underground decline into the orebody. The results of that program are being


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    finalized but preliminary indications generally support the study grade and recovery estimates provided herein.

            Positive lead and silver flotation results were achieved from the SGS Vancouver Metallurgical Lab. The final lead cleaner concentrates of the locked cycle tests averaged 60.9% lead at 5,404 g/t silver at average recoveries of 89% lead and 68.7% silver. The zinc cleaner concentrates averaged 54.2% at an average recovery of 66.0% due to the high willemite content.

    Mining Operations

    Cerro Los Gatos Mine Underground Development

    GRAPHIC

            The underground mine design supports a steady-state production rate of 2,500 tpd of ore. Over the life of the mine, the mine is projected to produce 81 million ounces of silver, 69 thousand ounces of gold, 878 million pounds of zinc, and 499 million pounds of lead in concentrate. The sequence of mining began with the Central Zone, which had already been accessed via the existing decline developed down to the 1400 Level. The bulk of the Central Zone will be mined using the drift-and-fill method, as the dips, widths and thicknesses of the vein structures are amenable to this mining method.

            The Northwest Zone is being mined concurrently with the Central Zone via longhole stoping methods with sublevels developed at 20 meter vertical intervals. Portions of the Northwest Zone that are thicker than nine meters (footwall to hanging wall) will be mined using transverse longhole mining. Areas that are less than nine meters in width will be mined using longitudinal longhole mining. In the Central Zone, operations confirmed that backfill deficiencies caused unstable conditions on the hanging-wall zone, as it was experienced in stope 625, where the stability problems created blocks causing the support to yield. The predicted conditions in this zone have been accurate. In the Northwest Zone, the operating geotechnical conditions have been better than the anticipated conditions. This has allowed the excavation of bigger dimensions in the stope length (more than 12 meters), and the planned activities have considered excavating more in the vertical dimension of the stope (25 meters height). Some of the stability problems found in this zone are mainly due to drilling deficiencies, which have reached areas near the hanging-wall fault zone. ItThe 3D modeling of the Southeast Zone did not identify any issues except for potential hanging wall failure.

            Modern trackless mobile equipment is located 4.5 kilometers northwestbeing employed for most mining activities. Load-Haul-Dump ("LHD") trucks and dedicated underground trucks are used for ore/waste loading and transport from the underground workings through an internal ramp system and portal that connects all levels to surface. Ongoing waste development to sustain the 2,500 tpd production rate averages approximately 211 meters/month during the production period.


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            Based on the deposit geometry and anticipated geomechanical conditions, underground mining of the Cerro Los Gatos zone. Results indicate a minimumMine resource will incorporate both longhole and drift-and-fill mining methods. The existing exploration decline from surface will be extended to provide primary access and delivery of four separate mineralized quartz veins with high levelsservices. The ramp will also be used for haulage of silver at upper levelsore and waste from the underground operations.

    Processing and Recovery Operations

            The processing facility is designed to treat 2,500 tpd of silver, lead and zinc material at deeper levels. Highlightsan operational availability of 92%. The processing flow sheet for the project is a standard flow sheet commonly used in the mining industry, including conventional flotation recovery methods typical for lead-zinc material. The production plant has been constructed and adjustments will continue to optimize performance. Additional flotation cells have been installed to remove fluorine from the drilling include holes AM22concentrates.

            Run-of-mine ("ROM") material is crushed in a primary jaw crusher located near the underground mine portal. It is then conveyed to the processing facilities where it is ground to 80% finer than 45 microns in a semi-autogenous grinding and AM25:

    Hole

      From
    (meters)
       To
    (meters)
       Thickness
    (meters)
       Ag (g/t)   Pb (%)   Zn (%) 

    AM22

       651     651.85     0.85     588.0     13.70     0.70  

    AM25

       533     560     27.0     81.8     0.53     1.33  

    Included in AM25

       542.5     544.3     1.8     709.0     4.91     11.90  

    Continuous mineralizationball milling circuit. The ore is further processed in a flotation circuit, consisting of lead flotation followed by zinc flotation. The majority of the silver will be recovered in the lead flotation circuit and some silver will also be collected in the zinc flotation circuit. Lead sulfide is recovered in a rougher flotation bank, producing a concentrate that is then upgraded to smelter specifications in three stages of cleaning. Tails from the lead flotation section is then conditioned for zinc sulfide flotation. The process scheme for zinc flotation also includes a rougher bank and five stages of cleaning to produce smelter-grade zinc concentrates. For both lead and zinc sections, the rougher flotation concentrates are reground to 80% finer than 25 microns prior to cleaner flotation to liberate the sulfides for further upgrading. An additional deep-froth flotation cell has been identified overadded to the zinc circuit, and one additional deep-froth flotation cell has been added to the zinc and lead circuits during 2020, to remove more fluorine, a strike lengthdeleterious mineral for sales. Both final lead and zinc concentrates are thickened, filtered and stored in concentrate storage facilities prior to being loaded in trucks for shipment.

    Infrastructure, Permitting and Compliance Activities

            In addition to the recently constructed Cerro Los Gatos Mine processing plant and other facilities, we have a field camp located in nearby San José del Sitio, a community of 600 metersapproximately 264 persons, with electrical and water services, an elementary school and basic health services. Water resources in twothe region are mostly related to the Conchos River Basin, which includes the San Pedro, San Francisco de Borja and Satevó River Sub-Basins. Locally, there are significant amounts of water, with shallow groundwater recorded from most exploration drilling conducted by us.

            Underground development of the four known veins and additional drilling is planned to verify the geometry of this mineralization.

    In other developments at theCerro Los Gatos Project, a new zoneMine commenced in 2015 and surface infrastructure development commenced in 2017. All significant surface infrastructure was completed in mid-2019 and the Cerro Los Gatos Mine commenced production of quartz veininglead and zinc concentrates on September 1, 2019. The Cerro Los Gatos Mine processing plant is currently designed for 2,500 tpd capacity and the grinding circuit was engineered for expansion to 3,000 tpd in the future.

            The Cerro Los Gatos Mine is located in the Municipality of Satevó, Chihuahua, Mexico, approximately 160 kilometers southwest of the state capital of Chihuahua City and approximately 8 kilometers west of San José del Sitio, Chihuahua. The access road from Chihuahua, Mexico is newly paved. A portion of the road from San José del Sitio was rerouted to the mine site to minimize interference with the stream that runs near the mine property.

            Construction of required infrastructure has been identifiedcompleted, including administration offices, mine dry, fuel storage, mine maintenance shop, jaw crushing station, dome-covered crushed ore stockpile, process plant (including grinding circuit, flotation circuit, concentrate and tailing thickeners, concentrate


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    loadout and tailings detoxification), tailing storage facility, electrical substation, 66 kilometers of power line connecting high voltage to the grid substation at San Francisco de Borja, assay lab, mill maintenance, dewatering wells and water cooling and distribution system, and residential camps and associated infrastructure.

            The camps consist of structural steel pre-engineered buildings capable of housing over 350 people. The camps include kitchen and cafeteria, laundry, infirmary, and other buildings required to maintain this facility. Emergency power is provided for in the southwestern portioncamp to deliver 100% backup in the event of a power outage.

            The entire project is served by satellite-dish based internet and telephone communications.

            Power to the site is supplied via a 115 kV utility transmission line. This originates from the San Francisco de Borja substation in Satevó (Chihuahua), where a 115 kV connection has recently been installed.

            All raw water to meet potable and non-potable water demand is supplied by groundwater pumped from dewatering wells. The well water is cooled from 50°C to 40°C prior to use. Sewage water treatment systems were included to handle waste as required on the project.

            Storage and management of landfill disposal is housed in a single building, separated into two zones—one for non-hazardous waste and a second zone for hazardous waste. The hazardous waste is to be collected and disposal by a certified and authorized company per Mexican regulations.

            In 2008, we negotiated surface access rights with local ranch owners and obtained environmental permits for drilling. In April 2012, we entered into a mine and land access agreement with the local community, the Ejido La Esperanza (the "Ejido"), which provides annual land access with a renewal fee of $11,200. We also maintain an easement contract for 30 years with the Ejido for the access road to the mine.

            On December 12, 2016, MPR submitted an environmental impact statement to the Mexican Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources, which regulates the environmental aspects of mining projects and issued the permits once such statement is approved. The statement was approved in 2017. We also received approval for the permits for land use, authorization and approval for initiation of construction of mining workings and infrastructure and official alignment and number from the Municipality of Satevó, Chihuahua in June and July of 2018. In May 2019, we received approval for Environmental Unique License for the production of 2,500 tpd.

            On July 17, 2017, the Mexican Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources approved a mining exploitation project in Satevó, Chihuahua to develop work and activities (site preparation, construction, operation and others) needed to mine and explore the area. The authorized permit period is for 24 years ending July 17, 2041, with the possibility to extend for a similar period. Additionally, on September 4, 2017, we received the permitting to develop, construct and operate a project named Línea Eléctrica 115 KV Los Gatos, which consists of opening an 18-meter wide corridor over 58.0 kilometers. This project affects an area of 105 hectares to support the power lines in the municipalities of San Francisco de Borja and San Javier Satevó, Chihuahua. The authorized permit period is until September 4, 2037. We also received the relevant change of land use permitting to remove forest vegetation and fertile soil in an area of 390.6972 hectares to prepare the site and construct the infrastructure required for the mining exploitation of the Los Gatos claim block. This zoneproject which expires November 1, 2020, with the option to extend.

            We are committed to safety at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine. The Cerro Los Gatos mine is built to higher environmental standards than required by Mexican law, with a fully-lined tailings impoundment facility and enclosure of the conveyors and ore storage dome. We also use state-of-the-art rescue


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    capsules to hoist personnel to surface. Our cumulative injury frequency rate at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine has consistently been below the annual U.S. MSHA Lost Time Injury Frequency Rate.

    Capital and Operating Costs

            All costs and economic results are presented in U.S. dollars. Quantities and values are presented using standard metric units unless otherwise specified. No escalation has been named Boca de Leonapplied to capital or operating costs. No gearing is assumed in the analysis. Capital and operating cost estimates have an accuracy level of ±15%, and, given that the mine is currently in production, capital and operating cost estimates have a contingency of 0%. See Section 21.3 and Section 21.4 of the Los Gatos Technical Report.

            The economic analysis contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report is presented on an unlevered, post-tax, present value basis and has an effective date of July 1, 2020. For a discussion of the mineral resource estimates and mineral reserve estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report, see "—The Los Gatos District—Mineral Resource Estimates—Cerro Los Gatos Mine, Esther and Amapola Deposits" and "—The Los Gatos District—Mineral Reserve Estimates—Cerro Los Gatos Mine." Technical economic tables and figures presented in this prospectus require subsequent calculations to derive subtotals, totals, and weighted averages. Such calculations inherently involve a degree of rounding, which are not considered to be material.

            LOM sustaining capital cost requirements are estimated to be $267,000 thousand. Initial capital of $315,600 thousand was required to commence operations and construction was completed on time and on budget. Capital cost estimates used MPR-provided database information for mine and surface infrastructure, process plant and infrastructure, tailings storage facility, waste rock storage facility, water management, environmental, reclamation and owner's costs.

    Description
    UnitsSustaining
    Capital

    Direct Costs

    Mine & Surface Infrastructure

    $000s266,398

    Direct Costs

    $000s266,398

    Indirect Costs

    Mine & Surface Infrastructure

    $000s932

    Indirect Costs

    $000s932

    Total Sustaining Capital

    $000s267,330

            LOM operating costs are based on current operations and are summarized in the table below. The mine operating cost estimate includes all sill development, stope production, and drift-and-fill production and associated indirect costs. Operating costs include all labor, material, mobile and fixed equipment operating, and power consumption costs.

    Description
     Unit Cost
    ($/meter)
     Unit Cost
    ($/t-milled)
     

    Mine, Surface and G&A

      26.47  83.58 

    LOM Operating

        83.58 

    Economic Analysis

            The economic analysis contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report is presented on an unlevered, post-tax, present value basis and has an effective date of July 1, 2020. For a discussion of the mineral resource estimates and mineral reserve estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report, see


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    "—The Los Gatos District—Mineral Resource Estimates—Cerro Los Gatos Mine, Esther and Amapola Deposits" and "—The Los Gatos District—Mineral Reserve Estimates—Cerro Los Gatos Mine." For a discussion of the assumed capital and operating costs in the Los Gatos Technical Report, see "—The Los Gatos District—Capital and Operating Costs."

            The results of the economic analysis are summarized below:


    Economic Analysis Results




    Mine Life

    years11

    Ore Tonnage

    kt9,618



    Life-of-Mine Payable Production



    Avg. Annual
    Payable
    Production
    (51.5% basis)

    Average
    Grade
    Processed
    (100% basis)(51.5% basis)(100% basis)

    Production Statistics

    Silver

    305 g/t72.0 Moz37.1 Moz6.5 Moz3.4 Moz

    Zinc

    5.7%679 Mlb350 Mlb62 Mlb32 Mlb

    Lead

    2.8%442 Mlb228 Mlb40 Mlb21 Mlb

    Gold

    0.35 g/t45.5 Koz23.4 Koz4.1 Koz2.1 Koz

    Silver Equivalent

    642 g/t134.7 Moz69.4 Moz12.2 Moz6.3 Moz

    Life-of-Mine Cost Metrics

    Total Sustaining Capital Costs

    $ millions$267

    Operating Costs

    $/t-milled$83.58

    TC / RC, Penalties and Freight Costs

    $/mt$51.90

    Royalties

    $/mt$1.50

    Life-of-Mine By-Product Costs

    AISC

    $/oz Ag$5.47

    Life-of-Mine Co-Product Costs

    AISC

    $/oz AgEq$11.77

    Project Economics

    NPV (post-tax; 5.0%)

    $ millions$653

    Silver equivalent and by-product credits calculated using LOM average prices of $18.99/oz silver, $1,472/oz gold, $0.87/lb lead and $1.09/lb zinc. The economic analysis contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report has an effective date of July 1, 2020 and excludes 655,746 tonnes of material that has been mined through June 30, 2020.


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    Cerro Los Gatos Mine Unlevered Free Cash Flow Profile on a 100% Basis (in millions)

    GRAPHIC


    Cerro Los Gatos Mine Unlevered Free Cash Flow Profile on a 51.5% Basis (in millions)

    GRAPHIC


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    Cerro Los Gatos Mine LOM Revenue by Commodity(1)

    GRAPHIC


    See Section 22 of the Los Gatos Technical Report. The economic analysis contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report has an effective date of July 1, 2020 and excludes 655,746 tonnes of material that has been mined through June 30, 2020.

    (1)
    Cerro Los Gatos LOM revenue by commodity is calculated using LOM average prices of $18.99/oz silver, $1,472/oz gold, $0.87/lb lead and $1.09/lb zinc, and is shown on a 51.5% basis.

            The graphs below show the sensitivity analysis of the project economics and LOM revenue by commodity contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report at silver prices of $15.00/oz, $20.00/oz, $25.00/oz and $30.00/oz. The economic analysis contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report used long-term consensus silver price of $18.99/oz.


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    Cerro Los Gatos Mine Net Present Value (Post Tax; 5.0%) Sensitivity Analysis on a 100% basis

    GRAPHIC


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    Cerro Los Gatos Mine LOM Revenue by Commodity Sensitivity Analysis

    GRAPHIC


    See Section 22 of the Los Gatos Technical Report. The economic analysis contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report has an effective date of July 1, 2020 and excludes 655,746 tonnes of material that has been mined through June 30, 2020.

    Exploration, Development, and Production

            Concentrate production is currently achieving quality specifications and expected grades. The Cerro Los Gatos Mine is expected to produce, on average, 12.2 million payable silver equivalent ounces annually through the existing mine life (or 6.3 million payable silver equivalent ounces annually on a 51.5% basis), with an attractive, low-cost AISC profile. In addition to the goal of achieving the plant's 2,500 tpd design capacity, we intend to use a portion of the proceeds from this offering to complete a feasibility study, prepared in accordance with the SEC Mining Modernization Rules and NI 43-101, to expand the Cerro Los Gatos Mine production rate to 3,000 tpd. If feasible, we expect the LGJV to complete the expansion within the next three to four years.


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            The below graphs show our estimated payable silver equivalent production levels at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine in the coming years:


    2020—2031 Cerro Los Gatos Mine Payable AgEq Production Estimate (Moz) and AISC ($/oz AgEq) on a 100% Basis

    GRAPHIC


    2020—2031 Cerro Los Gatos Mine Payable AgEq Production Estimate (Moz) and AISC ($/oz AgEq) on a 51.5% Basis

    GRAPHIC


    Payable silver equivalent calculated using feasibility study LOM average prices of $18.99/oz silver, $1,472/oz gold, $0.87/lb lead and $1.09/lb zinc. AISC calculated as sum of total operating costs, treatment and refining charges, penalties, transportation and freight, royalties and capital costs for each year. See Section 22 of the Los Gatos Technical Report. The Los Gatos Technical Report has an effective date of July 1, 2020. The mineral resource estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report have an effective date of September 6, 2019. The mineral reserve estimates and the economic analysis contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report have an effective date of July 1, 2020 and exclude 655,746 tonnes of material that has been mined through June 30, 2020. For a discussion of the mineral resource estimates and mineral reserve estimates contained in the Los Gatos Technical Report, see "—The Los Gatos District—Mineral Resource Estimates—Cerro Los Gatos Mine, Esther and Amapola Deposits" and "—The Los Gatos District—Mineral Reserve Estimates—Cerro Los Gatos Mine." For a discussion of the assumed capital and operating costs in the Los Gatos Technical Report, see "—The Los Gatos District—Capital and Operating Costs." Based on production to date, we believe that the Cerro Los Gatos Mine has the potential to produce up to 7.2 million ounces of silver equivalent on a 100% basis (3.7 million ounces of silver equivalent on a 51.5% basis) in fiscal year 2020.

            We believe there is widespread mineralization potential beyond the Cerro Los Gatos Mine, the Esther and Amapola deposits and the 11 other mineralized zones, as more than 85% of the land position has yet to be drilled.


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    Location of the Cerro Los Gatos District

    GRAPHIC

            The current resources are significant, but we believe that additional resource potential remains in the immediate area. Drill testing of other high-priority targets within the Los Gatos District has been detected overrelatively limited given our focus on delineation of reserves at, and construction of, the Cerro Los Gatos Mine. As a strike lengthresult, the highly prospective Los Gatos District remains underexplored. Drilling at the Esther deposit to date has demonstrated good grade continuity along the system and characteristics similar to that identified during preliminary work at the Cerro Los Gatos Mine. Following potentially positive results from infill drilling at the Esther and Amapola deposits, we expect to update the resources and perform a scoping study to determine if these two deposit areas could generate economic production, representing further upside potential for the broader Los Gatos District.

            We expect to perform additional definition drilling to expand the Southeast and Northwest zones of 900 meters. The zone’s surface outcrops contain similar looking texturesthe Cerro Los Gatos Mine and mineralogyto perform additional drilling to expand the Esther and Amapola deposits, which remain open to extensions at depth. In addition to the Cerro Los Gatos quartz vein mineralization. Surface samplingMine, the Esther deposit and the Amapola deposit, we have identified 11 other mineralized zones defined by


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    high-grade drill intersections in the vein outcrops has generated values that rangeLos Gatos District. Grade intercepts from 68 to 411 grams of silver per tonne. The Company expects that the Boca de Leon zone will become a priority area for future exploration drilling.such mineralized zones are shown below.


    Mineralized Zones Grade Intercepts

    Mineralized Zones
     Length (m) Ag (g/t) Pb (%) Zn (%) 

    Boca de Leon

      2.2  90.6  5.0  0.8 

    Cieneguita

      1.3  62.4  5.4  0.9 

    El Lince

      4.0  62.2  0.0  0.1 

    El Rodeo

      0.8  61.5  3.4  4.0 

    La Paula

      4.0  180.0  0.1  0.1 

    Los Torunos

      1.8  34.2  2.6  0.9 

    Mezcalera

      2.0  59.4  0.1  0.1 

    San Agustin

      1.3  148.0  1.2  2.3 

    San Luis

      2.0  271.0  0.3  0.1 

    The table above does not include Ocelote and Wall-E/Ava zones, as they do not have sufficient drilling.

            Subject to financing, our objectives at the Los Gatos District are to, among other things:

    Internal Controls

    Listed below are the results of all of the drilling        Quality assurance at the Amapola zone from which the highlights above were extracted.

    Hole

      From
    (meters)
       To
    (meters)
       Thickness
    (meters)
       Ag (g/t)   Pb (%)   Zn (%) 

    AM01

       270     272     2.0     36.5     0.00     0.00  

    AM02

       266     274     8.0     87.3     0.02     0.03  

    AM03

       272     286     14.0     117.1     0.07     0.02  

    AM03

       354     358     4.0     63.7     0.01     0.01  

    AM03

       396     400     4.0     30.2     0.00     0.01  

    AM04

       408.3     414.4     6.1     407.0     0.18     0.58  

    AM07

       564     570     6     21.1     0.05     0.04  

    AM09

       528.7     530.1     1.4     547.0     0.58     3.49  

    AM11

       52     60     8.0     18.0     0.00     0.02  

    AM11

       407.4     416     8.6     28.7     0.06     0.13  

    AM12

       478     487.7     9.7     77.0     0.05     0.07  

    AM13

       42     44     2     100.0     0.01     0.06  

    AM13

       253.55     254.45     0.9     37.8     0.03     0.01  

    AM14

       406.6     417.25     10.65     49.1     0.02     0.04  

    AM15

       224     228     4     66.2     0.00     0.01  

    AM16

       232     232.9     0.9     59.0     0.04     0.02  

    AM18

       70.5     72.85     2.35     33.1     0.00     0.01  

    AM19

       464     464.8     0.8     50.6     0.34     0.17  

    AM19

       469.2     470     0.8     50.6     0.47     0.52  

    AM19

       510     512     2     41.3     0.04     0.56  

    AM19

       522     528.8     6.8     256.5     0.62     0.40  

    AM22

       651     651.85     0.85     588.0     13.70     0.70  

    AM25

       533     560     27.0     81.8     0.53     1.33  

    Included in AM25

       542.5     544.3     1.8     709.0     4.91     11.90  

    AM28

       396.85     398     1.15     58.7     4.50     9.48  

    AM28

       594.5     595.3     0.8     54.3     0.27     0.25  

    AM28

       625.75     626.65     0.9     44.2     4.47     0.63  

    AM28

       784     785.2     1.2     279.0     0.61     0.26  

    Drilling of AM05, AM06, AM08, AM10, AM17, AM20, AM21, AM23, AM24, AM26 and AM27 did not show significant mineralization.

    Sampling and analysis of the Amapola zone materials continue to be performed in the manner as described above under “—TheCerro Los Gatos Project—SamplingMine and Analysis.”

    the Los Gatos District involves the use of standard practice procedures for sample collection and includes oversight by experienced geological staff during data collection. Certain quality control measures for sample analysis include in-stream sample submittal of standard reference material, blank material and field duplicate sampling. For data verification, staff members observed drill hole locations and orientations, inspected drill cores and compared to logs and analytical results, observed core intake, visited outcrops and discussed with on-site geologists, including reviewing working maps and cross-sections. Inherent risks in quality control include potential sample contamination, among others.

    CustomersCompetition

    After it has commenced production, the Company may choose to sell most of the silver-bearing concentrate it produces under supply agreements to metal traders or integrated mining and smelting companies. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—If we achieve production, our profitability may be affected by supply agreements with customers.

    Competition

    There is aggressive competition within the silverprecious metals industry. The Company competesWe compete in efforts to obtain financing to explore and develop its projects with other silverprecious metals companies, such as Coeur d’Alene Mines CorporationMining Inc., Pan American Silver Corp. and Hecla Mining Company,First Majestic Silver Corp., as well as other mineral miners including Stillwater Mining Company and Kinross Gold Corporation, some of whomminers. These companies currently have greater resources than the Company does.we do. In the future, the Companywe may compete with such companies to acquire additional properties.

    In addition, the Companywe also encountersencounter competition for the hiring of key personnel. The mining industry is currently facing a shortage of experienced mining professionals, particularly with respect to experienced


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    mine construction and mine management personnel. This competition affects the Company’s operations at the Sunshine Mine property and the Los Gatos Project.our operations. Larger regional companies such as Coeur d’Alene Mines Corporation, Hecla Mining Company, Stillwater Mining Company and Kinross Gold Corporation in the Pacific Northwest can offer better employment terms as compared to smaller companies such as the Company.us.

    The Company        We also competescompete for mine service companies, in particularsuch as project coordinators and drilling companies. Potential suppliers may choose to provide better terms and scheduling to larger companies in the industry due to the scale and scope of their operations.

    Environmental, Health and Safety Matters

    The Company is        We are subject to stringent and complex environmental laws, regulations and permits in the various jurisdictions in which it operates. These requirements are a significant consideration for the Companyus as itsour operations involve, or may in the future involve, among other things, the removal, extraction and processing of natural resources, emission and discharge of materials into the environment, remediation of soil and groundwater contamination, workplace health and safety, reclamation and closure of waste impoundments and other properties, and handling, storage, transport and disposal of wastes and hazardous materials. Compliance with these laws, regulations and permits can require substantial capital or operating costs or otherwise delay, limit or prohibit the Company’sour development or future operation of itsour properties. These laws, regulations and permits, and the enforcement and interpretation thereof, change frequently and generally have become more stringent over time. If the Company violateswe violate these environmental requirements it may be subject to litigation, fines or other sanctions, including the revocation of permits and suspension of operations. Pursuant to such requirements, the Companywe also may be subject to inspections or reviews by governmental authorities.

    Permits and Approvals

    Numerous environmental permits and approvals are required for the Company’s current and future operations. Many of these permits are subject to renewal from time to time and can impose strict conditions, requirements or obligations on, or otherwise delay or prohibit, certain activities.

    In particular, the Company is subject to permitting requirements in connection with water discharges at the Sunshine Mine. The Company operates under a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System, or NPDES, permit that expired in 1996 but has been administratively extended. The Company applied to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for a renewal of its NPDES permit in July 2007 and is awaiting a response. The NPDES permit covers, among other matters, the waste streams from mining and ore concentrating

    operations at the Sunshine Mine and drainage water from discontinued mining operations. Beginning in the 1990s, the predecessor began allowing the lower mined-out levels of the mine to flood, which resulted in elevated iron and manganese concentrations in the mine water. In the future, more stringent limits could be imposed under the NPDES permit, whether as part of the permit renewal process or otherwise. The Company believes that it will incur significant costs to upgrade the existing wastewater treatment facility to meet more stringent permit limits, including those relating to total dissolved solids.

    To obtain, maintain and renew its environmental permits, the Companywe may be required to conduct environmental studies and collect and present to governmental authorities data pertaining to the potential impact that its current or future operations may have upon the environment. For example, in order to commence underground exploration activities at the Cerro Los Gatos Project, the Company will needMine, we were required to submit an environmental analysis to the applicable governmental authorities. In May 2010, the Companywe began collection ofcollecting the environmental baseline data for the Cerro Los Gatos Project. The Company expects that data collected on flora, fauna, water, air, climate, securityMine and social impacts will be integrated into future environmental studies required forreceived the Project.

    The Company will require additional permits and approvals to conduct future exploration, development and processing activities, including at both the Sunshine Mine property and the Los Gatos Project. Any failure to obtain, maintain or renew required permits, or other permitting delays or conditions, may delay, limit or prohibit its current or future operations.permit in 2015.

    Hazardous Substances and Waste Management

    The Company        We could be liable for environmental contamination at its or its predecessors’from our or our predecessors' currently or formerly owned or operated properties or third-party waste disposal sites. Certain environmental laws impose joint and several strict liability for releases of hazardous substances at such properties or sites, without regard to fault or the legality of the original conduct. A generator of waste can be held responsible for contamination resulting from the treatment or disposal of such waste at any off-site location (such as a landfill), regardless of whether the generator arranged for the treatment or disposal of the waste in compliance with applicable laws. Costs associated with liability for removal or remediation of contamination or damage to natural resources could be substantial and liability under these laws may attach without regard to whether the responsible party knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of the contaminants. In addition to potentially significant investigation and remediation costs, such matters can give rise to claims from governmental authorities and other third parties for fines or penalties, natural resource damages, personal injury and property damage.

    In connection with the Sunshine Mine, the Company is involved in the Bunker Hill Superfund Site. Pursuant to a 2001 Consent Decree that resolved certain liabilities arising under the U.S. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act relating to the Bunker Hill site, the Company is required to pay to the U.S. government and the Coeur d’Alene Indian tribe between a 0% (at a silver price below $6 per ounce) and 7% (at a silver price of $10 per ounce or higher) NSR royalty. This Consent Decree did not resolve all liabilities associated with the Bunker Hill site, including any liability for contamination at or migrating from the Company’s owned, leased or operated properties, which are located within the Bunker Hill Superfund Site. As a result, the Company may incur additional costs, liabilities or obligations in connection with the Bunker Hill site.

    The tailings pond at the Sunshine Mine currently receives mine water and process water discharges from the Company’s operations, as well as similar discharges from the nearby Crescent Mine. The Company expects that the capacity of the tailings pond as currently configured will be sufficient for approximately ten years after commercial production resumes and that additional capacity may be added thereafter by increasing the height of the pond dam.

    The Company is required to maintain financial assurances for certain future closure obligations, including with respect to the tailings pond at the Sunshine Mine. As of December 31, 2010, the Company has recorded an asset retirement obligation of approximately $744,000 reflecting the estimated present value of future closure obligations.

    Mine Health and Safety Laws

    The Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 and the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 impose stringent safety and health standards on all aspects of mining operations at the Sunshine Mine property. Also, Idaho has state programs for mine safety and health regulation and enforcement. In addition, the Company’s        Our Mexican properties are subject to regulation by the Political Constitution of the Mexican United States, and are subject to various legislation in Mexico, including the Mining Law, the Federal Law of Waters, the Federal Labor Law, the Federal Law of Firearms and Explosives, the General Law


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    on Ecological Balance and Environmental Protection and the Federal Law on Metrology Standards. Mining, environmental and labor authorities may inspect the Company’sour operations on a regular basis and issue various citations and orders when they believe a violation has occurred under the relevant statute. Regulations and the results of inspections, whether in the United States or Mexico, may have a significant effect on the Company’sour operating costs.

    Legislative and regulatory bodies at the federal and state levels, including MSHA and OSHA, have recently promulgated or proposed various new statutes, regulations and policies relating to mine safety and mine emergency issues. Although some new laws, regulations and policies are in place, these legislative and regulatory efforts are still ongoing.        At this time, it is not possible to predict the full effect that the new or proposed statutes, regulations and policies will have on the Company’sour operating costs, but it may increase its costs and those of its competitors.

    Other Environmental Laws

    The Company is        We are required to comply with numerous other foreign, federal, state and local environmental laws, regulations and permits in addition to those previously discussed. These additional requirements include, for example, the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and various permits regulating road construction and drilling at the Company’s Los Gatos, El Doctor, Mina Grande, Niko, ZacatlanMexican properties.

            We endeavor to conduct our mining operations in compliance with all applicable laws and Zaragoza zones.regulations. However, because of extensive and comprehensive regulatory requirements, violations during mining operations occur from time to time in the industry.

    Facilities and Employees

    As discussed above, the Company owns        We own and leaseslease land at the Sunshine Mine property, the Los Gatos Project and the Company’sour other exploration properties in Mexico. The Company also leases its executive office spaceMexico and at 370 17th Street, Suite 3800, Denver, Colorado, which lease expires April 30, 2012, subject to a renewal option.the Los Gatos District through our ownership interest in the LGJV.

    As of June 30, 2011, the Company2020, we had 4510 full-time employees in the United States and 9510 full-time employees in Mexico, and the LGJV had approximately 540 employees in Mexico. The Company also has a management agreement, which will continue following the offering, with Tigris Financial Group Ltd., one of the Company’s stockholders, and several consultants providing additional management, accounting and financial services. See “Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions.” The Company believesWe believe that itsour employee relations are good and plansplan to continue to hire employees as itsour operations expand. The Company expects the number of employees to increase following the offering as it increases its exploration efforts and prepares to operate as a public company. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Operating Expenses—Exploration Expenses” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Operating Expenses—General and Administrative Expenses.”

    Legal Proceedings

    From time to time, the Companywe and our affiliates may become subject to various legal proceedings that are incidental to the ordinary conduct of its business. Although the Companywe cannot accurately predict the amount of any liability that may ultimately arise with respect to any of these matters, it makeswe make a provision for potential liabilities when it deemswe deem them probable and reasonably estimable. These provisions are based on current information and legal advice and may be adjusted from time to time according to developments.

    Debtor-in-possession, or DIP, lenders to SPMI, a prior owner of the Sunshine Mine, have asserted a mortgage claim regarding much of the property at the Sunshine Mine that the Company acquired from SPMI See Note 10, "Commitments and Contingencies" in June 2010. The DIP financing loan was made in connection with SPMI’s bankruptcy in 2000, in the amount of $5 million, but the DIP lenders are also claiming right to accrued interest, at a default rate of 25%, and penalties, in an alleged aggregate amount of $71.2 million. The Company is currently engaged in discovery and no motions are scheduled for hearing. The Company intends to defend vigorously against the claim and does not believe that this matter is likely to have a material adverse effect on its operations orour consolidated financial condition. Litigation is inherently unpredictable, however, and while the Company believes it has valid defensesstatements included elsewhere in this matter, there can be no assurance asprospectus for additional information regarding our assessment of contingencies related to the ultimate outcomelegal matters.


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    Contents


    MANAGEMENT

    Executive Officers and Directors

    The following table sets forth information regarding theour executive officers directors and director nominees of Sunshine Silver,directors, as of the date of this prospectus:June 30, 2020:

    Name
    AgePosition

    Name

    Stephen Orr
     65Chief Executive Officer and Director
    Philip Pyle64Vice President of Exploration and Chief Geologist
    AgeJohn Kinyon(1) 

    Position

    Stephen Orr

    5662 Executive Chairman and Acting Chief Executive OfficerVice President of Operations

    Roger Johnson

     5463 Chief Financial Officer

    Philip Pyle

    Luis Felipe Huerta(2)
     50Project Director, Cerro Los Gatos Mine
    Adam Dubas41Chief Administrative Officer
    Thomas S. Kaplan(3)57Chairman of the Board of Directors
    Janice Stairs(3)61Lead Director
    Jeb Burns(3) 55 Vice President ExplorationDirector

    John Ellis

    Ali Erfan
     7555 Director
    Igor Gonzales65Director
    Karl Hanneman62Director
    Charles Hansard(4)72 Director Nominee

    Marc Faber

    Igor Levental
     6564 Director Nominee

    Wayne Kirk

    David Peat 67 Director Nominee

    William Natbony

    60Director

    Michael S. Parrett

    59Director Nominee

    David Peat

    58Director Nominee

    Robert A. Quartermain

    56Director Nominee

    Diana Walters

    47Director

    (1)
    Immediately prior to the completion of this offering, Mr. Kinyon's title will become Chief Operating Officer.

    (2)
    Immediately prior to the completion of this offering, Mr. Huerta's title will become Vice President, Mexico.

    (3)
    Dr. Kaplan and Mr. Burns intend to resign from the Board of Directors contingent upon and effective immediately prior to the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part. Upon Dr. Kaplan's resignation, Ms. Stairs will become the Chair of the Board of Directors.

    (4)
    We intend for Mr. Hansard to become a member of the Board of Directors contingent upon and effective immediately prior to the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

    Biographical Information

    Stephen Orr, 65,has served as our Executive Chairman since May 2011 and Acting Chief Executive Officer since June 2011.2011 and has served on our Board of Directors since May 2011, including as our Executive Chairman from May 2011 to January 2020. Mr. Orr has 34more than 40 years of experience in the mining industry, including international commercial experience at both executive and operational levels. Most recently,Previously, Mr. Orr was President, Directorserved as president, director and Chief Executive Officerchief executive officer at Ventana Gold Corp., a Vancouver-based mineral exploration and development company. Prior to joining Ventana Gold Corp. in September 2009, Mr. Orr was a Directorcompany, as director and Chief Executive Officer ofchief executive officer at OceanaGold, Limited, a position he held for five years, where under his leadership OceanaGold built and commissioned two new mines in New Zealand, and increased production by 90%. Prior to that time, Mr. Orr was Vice Presidentas vice president of North American Operations,operations and then Managing Directormanaging director of Australia and Africa operations forat Barrick Gold Corporation. Before joining Barrick, he spent 20 years with Homestake Mining Company in a number of increasingly senior positions, including PresidentCorporation and Chief Executive Officer foras president and chief executive officer at Homestake Canada Inc. Since June 2010, Mr. Orr has beenis a Directorresident of GoldQuest Mining Corp.Dallas, Texas. We believe that Mr. Orr’s more than 30 years ofOrr's extensive experience in the international mining industry at both executive and operational levels rendersmakes him qualified to be onea valuable member of our Board of Directors.

    Philip Pyle, 64, has served as our Vice President of Exploration since June 2011 and has served as our Chief Geologist since January 2020. Mr. OrrPyle has more than 40 years of experience in the mining industry. Previously, Mr. Pyle served as vice president—exploration at Los Gatos Ltd., as exploration manager at Linear Gold Corp. (now Fortune Bay Corp.), as exploration manager at MIM Exploration Pty Ltd., as exploration manager at BHP Minerals International Exploration Inc. and as a geologist at AMAX Exploration Inc. Mr. Pyle holds a B.A. in Earth Science from Dartmouth College and a


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    Masters in Geological Science from the University of Texas. Mr. Pyle is a resident of Denver, Colorado.Bozeman, Montana.

    John Kinyon, 62, was appointed as our Executive Vice President of Operations in April 2016 and has served as our Vice President of Operations since 2012. Mr. Kinyon has more than 40 years of U.S. and international operations and construction experience, including experience in various mining positions in the U.S., Canada, Tanzania, Australia, and New Zealand. From April 2011 to March 2012, Mr. Kinyon served as vice president and general manager at Coeur Mining Inc.'s Kensington Mine in Juneau, Alaska. Previously, Mr. Kinyon served as vice president of operations at OceanaGold, as general manager at Yukon Zinc and as general manager at Eskay Creek at Barrick Gold Corporation. Mr. Kinyon holds a B.S. in Engineering and Business Science from South Dakota State University and Black Hills University. Mr. Kinyon is a resident of Coeur d'Alene, Idaho.

    Roger Johnson, 63, was appointed has served as our Chief Financial Officer insince March 2011. Mr. Johnson previouslyalso formerly served as a Governor-appointed member of the Colorado PERA Board of Trustees. Mr. Johnson has more than 40 years of financial management experience in a number of senior roles forthe mining industry. Previously, Mr. Johnson served as vice president and chief accounting officer at Newmont Mining Corporation, from 2003-2011, most recently as Vice Presidentsenior vice president, finance and Chief Accounting Officer from 2008-2011. Mr. Johnson also served as Senior Vice President, Finance and Administrationadministration at Pasminco Zinc, Inc. in 2002 and 2003. He also served in a number of senior roles, including, as Vice President, Controller, forvice president, controller at Kennecott Utah Copper Corporation, a major business unit of Rio Tinto plc, from 1989-2002. Prior to joining Rio Tinto, Mr. JohnsonLLC and practiced public accounting for ten years with Coopers & Lybrand (now PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP). Mr. Johnson is a Certified Public Accountant. He has two degreesMr. Johnson holds a B.S. in Accounting and a Master of Professional Accountancy degree from the University of Utah, a Masters of Professional Accountancy and a M.S. in Accounting.Utah. Mr. Johnson is a resident of Denver, Colorado.

    Philip PyleLuis Felipe Huerta, 50,was appointed Vice President Exploration in June 2011. Mr. Pyle has served as Vice President – Exploration forProject Director of the Cerro Los Gatos Ltd.Mine since June 2008.May 2015. Mr. Pyle previously servedHuerta has more than 20 years of project management experience in the role of Exploration Manager for Linear Gold Corp. (now Brigus Gold Corp.) from September 2003mining industry. From 2012 to June 2008.2014, Mr. PyleHuerta served as Explorationproject manager for MIM Exploration Pty Ltd. from June 1997 to September 2003.at Continental Gold Inc. Previously, Mr. PyleHuerta served as Exploration Manager for BHP Minerals International Explorationproject manager at Fortuna Silver Mines Inc. and as project superintendent at Compañía Minera Milpo. Mr. Huerta holds a Bachelors in Engineering Science and a Masters in Project Management from 1985 to 1997. He also served as a geologist for AMAX Exploration Inc. from 1979 to 1985.ESAN Graduate School of Business. Mr. PyleHuerta is a resident of Houston, Texas.Chihuahua, Mexico.

    Adam Dubas, 41, has served as our Chief Administrative Officer since January 2019. Mr. Dubas has more than 20 years of experience in financial management. From 2011 to December 2018, Mr. Dubas served as our Corporate Controller. Previously, Mr. Dubas served as a senior manager at KPMG LLP, where he focused on the energy industry, and as an international financial analyst at Sprint Corporation. Mr. Dubas holds a B.S. in Business Administration, with highest distinction, from the University of Nebraska. Mr. Dubas is a resident of Denver, Colorado.

    Thomas S. Kaplan, 57, has served as the Chairman of our Board of Directors since January 2020. In addition to our Board of Directors, Dr. Kaplan also serves on the board of directors of NOVAGOLD Resources Inc. Dr. Kaplan has over 25 years of experience in the resources sector. Since 2012, Dr. Kaplan has served as the chairman and chief executive officer of The Electrum Group LLC, a privately-held global natural resources investment management company. Previously, Dr. Kaplan served as chairman of Leor Exploration & Production LLC, a natural gas exploration and development company, which he founded in 2003 and sold in 2007 to EnCana Corporation. In addition, Dr. Kaplan has served as chairman of the board of directors of Electrum Special Acquisition Corporation and Trilogy Metals Inc. (formerly known as NovaCopper Inc.). A prominent preservationist of wildlife and cultural heritage, he is the founder and chairman of Panthera, a global leader in big cat conservation, and also serves as chairman of the International Alliance for the Protection of Heritage in Conflict Areas (ALIPH), a multilateral organization co-founded by the governments of France and the United Arab Emirates. Dr. Kaplan holds a B.A., M.A. and D.Phil. in modern history from Oxford University. Dr. Kaplan is a resident of New York, New York. Dr. Kaplan intends to resign from the Board of


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    Directors contingent upon and effective immediately prior to the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

    John EllisJanice Stairs, 61,will become has served as a member of our Board of Directors upon the consummation of this offering. Mr. Ellis is a professional engineer registered in British Columbia. He has worked in senior management positions in the mining industry for the past 45 years, including the past 11 years as a consultant. He was a Director of the Mining Association of Manitoba, the Mining Association of Canadasince October 2019 and the National Mining Association. He has served as Lead Director of Anglogold North America Inc., Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting Company, Inc., Inspiration Resources Corp., Cashman Equipment Co., Queenstakeour Board of Directors since January 2020. In addition to our Board of Directors, Ms. Stairs also serves on the board of directors of Gabriel Resources Ltd., Lunden L.C., Mexivada Mining Corp., Canadian Potash Corp. and Royal Coal Corp. Mr. Ellis was Chairman and CEO of Anglogold North AmericaTrilogy Metals Inc., Independence Mining Company, Inc., Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting Co., Limited and was Senior Vice-President of Inspiration Resources Corp., Inspiration Copper Co. and Inspiration Coal Inc. He was also Vice-President of Operations for CVRD-Inco PTI Indonesia and Managing Director CVRD-Inco for Voisey’s Bay Nickel Company. For the past 11 years heMarathon Gold Corporation. Ms. Stairs has consulted for AngloGold Ashanti Limited, CVRD-Inco, Queenstake Resources, Ltd., BHP Billiton Ltd., Century Aluminum Company, NovaGold Resources Inc. and a number of other companies. Mr. Ellis graduated from Haileybury School of Mines and from Montana University of Science and Technology with a degree in Metallurgy. Mr. Ellis’ academic training in the field of metallurgy, plus his manymore than 30 years of experience in the mining industry, in both technicalresources sector. From 2011 until 2019, Ms. Stairs served as general counsel and managerial positions, render him qualified to servecorporate secretary at Namibia Critical Metals Inc. Previously, Ms. Stairs served as onegeneral counsel at Endeavour Mining Corporation, as vice president and general counsel at Etruscan Resources Inc., and as partner at the law firm McInnes Cooper (formerly Patterson Palmer). In addition, Ms. Stairs has served on the board of our Directors. Mr. Ellisdirectors of AuRico Gold Inc. and AuRico Metals Inc. Ms. Stairs holds a LL.B. from Dalhousie University and a M.B.A. from Queen's University. Ms. Stairs is a resident of Spring Creek, Nevada.Halifax, Nova Scotia. We believe that Ms. Stairs' academic training in law and business and her extensive experience in the resources sector make her a valuable addition to our Board of Directors. Ms. Stairs will become the Chair of the Board of Directors immediately prior to the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

    Marc FaberJeb Burns, 55,will become has served as a member of our Board of Directors upon the consummation of this offering. Dr. Faber has over 35 years of experience in the finance industry and is the Managing Director of Marc Faber Ltd., an investment advisory and fund management firm. He is an advisorsince March 2018. In addition to a number of private investment funds and serves as a Director of Ivanhoe Mines Ltd., Sprott Inc. and NovaGold Resources Inc. Dr. Faber publishes a widely read monthly investment newsletter entitled The Gloom, Boom & Doom Report and is the author of several books including Tomorrow’s Gold—Asia’s Age of Discovery. A renowned commentator on global market trends and developments, he is also a regular contributor to several leading financial publications around the world, including Barron’s, where he is a member of the Barron’s Roundtable. Dr. Faber received his Ph.D. in Economics magna cum laude from the University of Zurich. Through his many years of experience in the finance and investment management industry, Dr. Faber provides our Board of Directors, with financial analysis, riskMr. Burns also serves on the investment committee of Western Michigan University Foundation, the board of directors of Pacific Pension & Investment Institute, the board of directors of the Michigan History Foundation, the board of trustees of Mackinac Associates, and the board of directors of Venture Michigan Fund. Mr. Burns has nearly 20 years of investment and asset management experience. Since February 2001, Mr. Burns has been the chief investment officer at Municipal Employees' Retirement System of Michigan. Previously, Mr. Burns held positions in public policy, communications, budget, and strategic expertise, which render him qualified to serve as onelegislative affairs at the State of our Directors.Michigan. Mr. FaberBurns holds a B.A. in History and Political Science from Western Michigan University and a M.P.A. in Public Administration and Public Policy from Wayne State University. Mr. Burns is a resident of Chiangmai, Thailand.Lansing, Michigan. Mr. Burns intends to resign from the Board of Directors contingent upon and effective immediately prior to the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

    Wayne KirkAli Erfan, 55,will become has served as a member of our Board of Directors uponsince May 2019. In addition to our Board of Directors, Mr. Erfan serves on the consummationboard of this offering. Mr. Kirk currently holds directorships and is the Chairmandirectors of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committees at each of Anooraq Resources Corporation,Leor Energy, Electrum Ltd., TTI Inc., Augustus Ltd., Gabriel Resources Ltd., Great Basin Gold Ltd., Northern Dynasty Minerals Ltd. and Taseko Mines Ltd. He is also ChairmanReebonz Holding Limited. Mr. Erfan has more than 20 years of experience in senior roles in the Corporate Governanceventure capital and Nominating Committeeprivate equity industry. Since 2007, Mr. Erfan has served as a director of The Electrum Group, a privately-held global natural resources investment management company, and Compensation Committeesince 2017, Mr. Erfan has served as vice chairman of The Electrum Ltd.Group. Previously, Mr. Kirk spent 26 years specializing in corporateErfan served as a senior partner at 3i Group, Plc. Mr. Erfan founded the Cogito Scholarship Foundation, a U.K. charity. Mr. Erfan holds an M.B.A. from the London Business School and business law, including mergers and acquisitions, securities law and mining, with the firm of Thelen, Marrin Johnson & Bridges in San Francisco, California. From 1992-2001, he was Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary for Homestake Mining Company, which was acquired by Barrick Gold Corporation in December 2001. From 2002 until his retirement in 2004, Mr. Kirk was Special Counsel at Thelen Reid & Priest LLP, where he specialized in corporate and business law, including public company corporate governance. Mr. Kirk holds a B.A. and an M.A. in Politics, Philosophy and Economics from the University of California-Berkeley and an LL.B. from Harvard Law School.Oxford University. Mr. Kirk’s legal training and experience as a seasoned corporate and business lawyer, as well as his expertise in public company corporate governance, render him qualified to serve as one of our Directors. Mr. KirkErfan is a resident of Orcas, Washington.Monaco. We believe that Mr. Erfan's extensive experience in finance and our industry makes him a valuable addition to our Board of Directors.

    William NatbonyIgor Gonzales, 65, has served as a member of our Board of Directors since June 2011. Mr. Natbony is Chairman of Tigris Financial Group Ltd. Prior to joining Tigris in May 2007, Mr. Natbony was a senior partner at the international law firm of Katten Muchin Rosenman LLP. Mr. Natbony serves on the Advisory Board of the Mount Sinai Department of Medicine and is a member of the Strategic Planning Committee of the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Transplantation Center. Mr. Natbony is also a member of the Board of Directors of Panthera Corp. and The Orianne Society, charities that are leaders in their areas of conservation and environmental preservation. Mr. Natbony received a B.A., cum laude, from Queens College of the City

    University of New York, a J.D. from NYU School of Law and an LL.M. (in Taxation) from NYU School of Law. He was a Research fellow at Yale Law School and Professor at New York Law School. Mr. Natbony brings2020. In addition to our Board of Directors, his eclectic mixMr. Gonzales serves on the board of directors of Hudbay Minerals Inc. and Harte Gold Corp. Mr. Gonzales has more than 30 years of experience in the mining industry. Since June 2020, Mr. Gonzales has served as the chief operating officer at Appian Capital Advisory, a chairmanleading investment advisor in the metals and mining industry. From June 2017 to May 2020, Mr. Gonzales served as the president and chief executive officer at Sierra Metals Inc. From November 2014 to April 2017, Mr. Gonzales served as the chief operating officer at Companiade Minas Buenaventura. Previously, Mr. Gonzales served as the executive vice president and chief operating officer at Barrick Gold Corporation and in various roles with Southern Peru Copper Corporation. In addition,


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    Mr. Gonzales has served on the board of directors of Compañia de Minas Buenaventura and Cia Minera El Brocal. Mr. Gonzales holds a financial services company,B.S. in Chemical Engineering from the University of San Antonio Abad in Cusco, Peru, and an M.S. in Extractive Metallurgy from the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, where he was a senior partner of an international law firm and a board member of numerous organizations in both private and public sectors, which renders him qualified to be one of our Directors.Fulbright Scholar. Mr. NatbonyGonzales is a resident of Old Westbury, New York.Lima, Peru. We believe that Mr. Gonzales' extensive experience in our industry makes him a valuable addition to our Board of Directors.

    Michael S. ParrettKarl Hanneman, 62, has served as a member of our Board of Directors since October 2019. In addition to our Board of Directors, Mr. Kanneman also serves on the board of directors of International Tower Hill Mines, Ltd., Usibelli Coal Mine, Inc. and Northrim BanCorp, Inc. Mr. Hanneman has more than 35 years of mining industry management and technical experience as an executive, manager, mining engineer, mine operator and entrepreneur. Since February 2017, Mr. Hanneman has served as chief executive officer of International Tower Hill Mines, Ltd., where he leads a team advancing a 10-million-ounce gold resource in Alaska through project optimization. From March 2015 to February 2017, Mr. Hanneman served as chief operating officer of International Tower Hill Mines, Ltd. Previously, Mr. Hanneman served as general manager and project manager of International Tower Hill Mines, Ltd. and as director, corporate affairs, Alaska and as Alaska regional manager at Teck Resources Ltd., including being responsible for overseeing the $350 million Pogo Gold project throughout the period of underground exploration, feasibility study, project design and permitting. Mr. Hanneman holds a B.S. in Mining Engineering, magna cum laude, from the University of Alaska. Mr. Hanneman is a resident of Fairbanks, Alaska. We believe that Mr. Hanneman's extensive experience in our industry makes him a valuable addition to our Board of Directors.

    Charles Hansard, 72, will become a member of our Board of Directors contingent upon and effective immediately prior to the consummation of this offering. Mr. Parrett has served as a membereffectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part. In addition to our Board of Directors, of Pengrowth Corporation since 2004 and of Stillwater Mining Company since 2009. In June 2011, he was appointed Chairman of Mongolia Minerals Corporation, a private corporation. He wasMr. Hansard also serves on the Boardboard of Directorsdirectors of GabrielBaker Steel Resources Ltd. from 2003-2010Trust Limited, Electrum Limited and was Chairman from December 2005 through 2010. From 2003 until 2008,Moore Global Investments Limited. Mr. Parrett was a Director and TrusteeHansard has more than 25 years of Fording Canadian Coal Trust. During 2002-2003 andexperience in corporate governance at the first quarterboard of 2004,directors level. Mr. ParrettHansard served as a financial consultantthe chairman of African Platinum Plc, which he led through reorganization and feasibility prior to Stillwater Mining Company. From 1990-2001 he was, at various times, Chief Financial Officer, President of Rio Algom Mining Corp.its acquisition by Impala Platinum Ltd., and Chief Executive of BHP Billiton Base Metals. From 1983-1989 Mr. Parrett performed various financial functions, including Controller, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer, Controller Marketing and Director Internal Audit at Falconbridge Limited. Mr. Parrett is a chartered accountant and received his B.A. from York University. Mr. Parrett’s accounting background, plus his past executive roles in and his serviceshas served on the boardsboard of various mining companies, render him qualified to serve as onedirectors of our Directors.AIG Asset Management (Europe) Ltd., Apex Silver Mines Limited and Deutsche Global Liquidity PLC. Mr. ParrettHansard holds a B.B.S. from Trinity College Dublin. Mr. Hansard is a resident of Aurora, Ontario, Canada.London, U.K. We believe that Mr. Hansard's extensive experience in corporate governance makes him a valuable addition to our Board of Directors.

    David PeatIgor Levental, 64, will become has served as a member of our Board of Directors uponsince April 2019. In addition to our Board of Directors, Mr. Levental serves on the consummationboard of this offering.directors of NOVAGOLD Resources Inc. Mr. Levental has more than 30 years of experience across a broad cross-section of the international mining industry. Since February 2010, Mr. Levental has served as president of The Electrum Group LLC, a privately-held global natural resources investment management company. Previously, Mr. Levental has held senior executive positions with major mining companies, including Homestake Mining Company and International Corona Corp. In addition, Mr. Levental has served on boards of directors of several other mineral explorers and developers, including Gabriel Resources Ltd. and NovaCopper Inc. (now Trilogy Metals Inc.). Mr. Levental is a professional engineer of the Province of Ontario. Mr. Levental holds a B.S. in Chemical Engineering and an M.B.A. from the University of Alberta. Mr. Levental is a resident of Denver, Colorado. We believe that Mr. Levental's extensive experience in finance and our industry makes him a valuable addition to our Board of Directors.

    David Peat, 67, has served as a member of our Board of Directors since September 2011. In addition to our Board of Directors, Mr. Peat also serves on the board of directors of Gabriel Resources Ltd. Mr. Peat has over 25more than 30 years of experience in financial leadership in support of mining corporations. Since 2006, he has been a Director and Chairman of the Audit Committee of Brigus Gold Corp. He has also been a Director and Chairman of the Audit Committee of Gabriel Resources Ltd., since 2010. Mr. Peat was Acting Chief Financial Officer of Gabriel Resources Ltd. from December 10, 2010 through March 9, 2011. Mr. Peat was Vice Presidentpreviously served as vice president and Chief Financial Officer ofchief financial officer at Frontera Copper Corporation, from 2006-2009, Vice Presidentas vice president and Global Controller ofglobal controller at Newmont Mining Corporation from 2002-2004, and Vice Presidentas


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    vice president of finance and Chief Financial Officer ofchief financial officer at Homestake Mining Company from 1999-2002.Company. In addition, Mr. Peat started his career with Price Waterhouse in Torontohas served on the board of directors of Electrum Special Acquisition Corporation, AQM Copper Inc., Fortune Bay Corp. and he has beenBigus Gold Corp. Mr. Peat is a member of the Institute of Chartered Professional Accountants of Ontario since 1978. He received hisOntario. Mr. Peat holds a B.Com., Honors in Business Administration from the University of Windsor in 1976 and a B.A., in Economics from the University of Western Ontario in 1975.Ontario. Mr. Peat’sPeat is a resident of Fernandina Beach, Florida. We believe that Mr. Peat's academic training in business and economics and his extensive experience in corporate finance and accounting rendermake him qualified to serve as one of our Directors. Mr. Peat is a resident of Fernandina Beach, Florida.

    Robert A. Quartermainwill become a member of our Board of Directors upon the consummation of this offering. Dr. Quartermain is the President and Chief Executive Officer of Pretium Resources Inc., a gold development company with projects in Northern British Columbia. He served as the President and Chief Executive Officer of Silver Standard Resources Inc. from January 1985 to January 2010. Over this period, Silver Standard grew from a small exploration company to a major silver company with a market capitalization of over $2 billion, one producing mine, five advanced exploration and development properties and a pipeline of early stage exploration properties. Dr. Quartermain has over 35 years of experience in the resource industry and holds a B.Sc. degree in geology from the University of New Brunswick, an M.Sc. degree in mineral exploration from Queen’s University and was awarded a honorary D.Sc. degree from the University of New Brunswick in May 2009. Mr. Quartermain’s current and past experiences as chief executive officers of small and large companies in the mining industry render him qualified to serve as one of our Directors. Mr. Quartermain is a resident of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

    Diana Waltershas served as a member of our Board of Directors since June 2011, and was designated by Liberty Metals & Mining and electedvaluable addition to our Board of Directors based on a stockholders agreement which will terminate immediately prior to the closing of this offering. Ms. Walters is the President and Chief Executive Officer of Liberty Metals & Mining and has over 20 years of experience in management positions with energy

    and mining companies. Liberty Metals & Mining is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Liberty Mutual Group, and makes investments in the metals and mining sector. Before joining Liberty Mutual Group, Ms. Walters was a Managing Partner of Eland Partners, LLC, a natural resources advisory firm from 2007-2010. Prior to that, Ms. Walters was Managing Director for the Global Investment Banking Resources and Energy Group of HSBC Securities (USA) Inc. in New York from 2004-2007. From 1987-2007, Ms. Walters held various management positions in financial institutions in New York and Texas where her major emphasis was corporate finance origination and execution for international and independent energy and mining companies. Ms. Walters currently serves as an independent Director of Allana Potash Corp. Ms. Walters graduated from the University of Texas at Austin with a B.A. in Plan II and an M.A. in Energy and Mineral Resources. Ms. Walters’ academic training in energy and mineral resources, her many years of experience in management positions with energy and mining companies and her prior leadership roles in various financial institutions render her qualified to serve as one of our Directors. Ms. Walters is a resident of North Salem, New York.

    Board Composition

    Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws will provide that our Board of Directors shall consist of not less than three directors and not more than 12 directors, and the number of directors may be changed only by resolution adopted by the affirmative vote of a majority of the entire Board of Directors (which number shall be subject to increase or decrease by Electrum until it ceases to own more than 50% of our outstanding common stock).Directors. Upon the conclusion of this offering, we will have nineeight directors: Janice Stairs, Ali Erfan, Igor Gonzales, Karl Hanneman, Charles Hansard, Igor Levental, Stephen Orr John Ellis, Marc Faber, Wayne Kirk, William Natbony, Michael S. Parrett,and David Peat, Robert A. Quartermain and Diana Walters.Peat.

    Initially, our        Our Board of Directors will consist of a single class of directors each serving one year terms. Once Electrum no longer beneficially owns more than 50% of our outstanding shares of common stock, our Board of Directorsand directors will be divided into three classes of directors, with each class as nearly equal in number as possible, serving staggered three year termsserve until a successor is duly elected and qualified or until a director's earlier death, removal or resignation. (other than directors that may be elected by holders of our preferred shares, if any). Following this offering and assuming no exercise by the underwriters of their over-allotment option, Electrum willis expected to hold        % of our outstanding shares of common stock, and MERS is expected to hold        % of our outstanding common stock. Electrum and MERS will have control over the outcome ofcertain director elections, including the rightnomination rights pursuant to fill vacancies on our Board of Directors.a shareholders agreement that we intend to enter into in connection with this offering. See "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Shareholders Agreement."

    We have determined that each of ,             ,             ,Janice Stairs, Igor Gonzales, Karl Hanneman, Charles Hansard, Igor Levental and will beDavid Peat is an independent director within the meaning of the applicable rules of the SEC and the NYSE and that each of ,Janice Stairs, Charles Hansard and David Peat is also an independent director under Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act for the purpose of Audit Committee membership. In addition, our board has determined that David Peat is a financial expert within the meaning of the applicable rules of the SEC and the NYSE. We have also determined that each of Janice Stairs, Igor Gonzales, Karl Hanneman, Charles Hansard and David Peat is an independent director within the meaning of the applicable rules of the TSX.

            Mr. Orr has notified the Board of Directors that he intends to retire as Chief Executive Officer within one to two years following the completion of this offering. Accordingly, the Board of Directors has initiated efforts to recruit an experienced executive as President, who will work closely with Mr. Orr and be considered to succeed Mr. Orr as Chief Executive Officer. We intend for Mr. Orr to continue to serve on our Board of Directors after his retirement as Chief Executive Officer.

    Diversity

    Board of Directors

            We have not adopted a formal policy with respect to the identification and nomination of women and of other diverse attributes on the Board of Directors. Establishing and implementing a policy regarding diversity and female representation on the Board of Directors will be an element that we will take into consideration going forward.

            There is currently one woman on the Board of Directors (representing 11% of the current directors) and the Board of Directors is committed to increasing the level of women on the Board of Directors as board turnover occurs from time to time, taking into account the skills, background,


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    experience and knowledge desired at a particular time by the Board of Directors and its committees. Accordingly, consideration of the number of women who are directors, along with consideration of whether other diverse attributes are sufficiently represented on the Board of Directors, will be an important component of the selection process for new members of the Board of Directors going forward.

            The Compensation and Nominating Committee will, within the purview of its mandate, have the responsibility to take diversity into consideration as part of the overall director selection and nomination processes and to make the identification of female candidates a search criterion. Gender diversity on the Board of Directors will be achieved by continuously monitoring the level of female representation and, where appropriate, recruiting qualified female candidates to fill positions, as the need arises, through vacancies, growth or otherwise.

            The Board of Directors has not adopted a target regarding the number of women on the Board of Directors as the Board of Directors has determined that a target would not be the most effective way of ensuring greater diversity. The Board of Directors will however consider the appropriateness of adopting such a target in the future.

    Executive Officer Positions

            In appointing individuals to executive officer positions, we weigh a number of factors, including skills, experience and personal attributes required for the position along with the level of female representation within our senior management team. There are currently no women occupying an executive officer position within the Company (0% of the executive officers). We are, however, committed to increasing the gender diversity of our executive officers going forward.

            We have not adopted a target for the number of women in executive officer positions. The Board of Directors believes the most effective way to achieve greater diversity in our senior management team is to identify high-potential women within the organization and work with them to ensure they develop the skills, acquire the experience and have the opportunities necessary to eventually occupy executive officer positions. This includes taking action to build a culture of inclusion throughout the organization. The Board of Directors will, however, continue to evaluate the appropriateness of adopting targets in the future.

    Board Committees

            The Executive Committee will consist of Janice Stairs (chair), Igor Levental and Stephen Orr. The Executive Committee will operate pursuant to a charter approved by the Board of Directors. The Executive Committee has and may exercise all of the powers and authority of the Board of Directors, subject to such limitations as the Board of Directors and/or applicable law may from time to time impose.

    The Audit Committee will consist of David Peat (chair), Charles Hansard and ,Janice Stairs, and will be comprised entirely of independent directors. The Audit Committee will operate pursuant to a charter approved by the Board of Directors. The Audit Committee will approve the engagement of our independent public auditor and the scope of the audit to be undertaken by such auditor. In connection with our Annual Report on Form 10-K, the Audit Committee shall also review with management and the independent auditor the financial information to be included therein. In addition, the Audit Committee will review all proposed related person transactions for the purpose of recommending to the disinterested members of the Board of Directors that the transaction should be ratified and approved. See “Certain"Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions."

    The Compensation and Nominating Committee will consist of Karl Hanneman (chair), Igor Levental and ,David Peat, and will be comprised entirely of independent directors. The Compensation


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    and Nominating Committee will operate pursuant to a charter approved by the Board of Directors. The Compensation and Nominating Committee will determinerecommend and approveadvise the levelindependent directors of the Board of Directors with respect to the compensation for the Chief Executive OfficerOfficer. The Compensation and Chairman. The CompensationNominating Committee will also recommend and advise the Board of Directors with respect to the compensation of directors and other executive officers. The Compensation and Nominating Committee will make recommendations to the Board of Directors regarding the establishment and terms of our employee equity-based incentive plans and will administer such plans.

    The NominatingCompensation and Corporate Governance Committee will consist of             ,              and             , and will be comprised entirely of independent directors. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee will operate pursuant to a charter approved by the Board of Directors. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee will identify and nominate members for election to the Board of Directors and develop and recommend to the Board of Directors corporate governance principles applicable to us. The NominatingCompensation and Corporate GovernanceNominating Committee will also oversee the annual evaluation of the Board of Directors’Directors' performance.

            The Technical, Environmental, Health and Safety Committee will consist of Igor Gonzales (chair), Karl Hanneman and Stephen Orr. The Technical, Environmental, Health and Safety Committee will operate pursuant to a charter approved by the Board of Directors. The Technical, Environmental, Health and Safety Committee will be responsible for the review of our technical, environmental, health and safety performance, and mineral resources, resource and reserve reporting.

            The Finance Committee will consist of David Peat (chair), Ali Erfan and Igor Levental. The Finance Committee will operate pursuant to a charter approved by the Board of Directors. The Finance Committee will be responsible for assisting the Board of Directors in its oversight of our major investments and financial risk management programs, policies and processes.

    Audit Fees

            We have been billed an aggregate amount of $450,000 and $88,000 in fees by our external auditors over the fiscal years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, for audit services.

    Audit Related Fees

            There were no audit related fees by our external auditors for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018.

    Tax Fees

            We have been billed an aggregate amount of $78,000 and $92,000 in fees by our external auditors over the fiscal years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, for professional services rendered relating to tax compliance, tax advice and tax planning. Such services included corporate income tax return preparation and consultation on foreign tax matters.

    Other Fees

            We have not been billed any other fees by our external auditors for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018.

    Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation

            None of our executive officers serves, or in the past year has served, as a member of the board of directors or compensation committee (or other committee performing equivalent functions) of any entity that has one or more executive officers serving on our Board of Directors or compensation committee. No interlocking relationship exists between any member of the compensation committee (or other committee performing equivalent functions) and any executive, member of the Board of Directors or member of the compensation committee (or other committee performing equivalent functions) of any other company.


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    Insider Trading Policy

            Prior to the closing of this offering, our Board of Directors will adopt an insider trading policy that will, subject to certain exceptions, prohibit our employees, directors and officers from trading in our securities while in possession of material nonpublic information.

    Code of Business Conduct and Ethics

    Prior to the closing of this offering, our Board of Directors will adopt a code of business conduct and ethics applicable to our employees, directors and officers, in accordance with applicable U.S. federal securities laws and the corporate governance rulesrequirements of the NYSE. Any waiver of this code to an employee may be granted only by the Chief Executive Officer or the Chief Financial Officer or General Counsel.Officer. Only the Board of Directors or a designated committee of the Board of Directors may provide waivers involving any of our directors or executive officers. All waivers granted to our directors and executive officers will be promptly disclosed as required by applicable U.S. federal securities laws and the corporate governance rulesrequirements of the NYSE.

    Our Corporate Governance Guidelines require our directors to act as fiduciaries of the Company, to disclose conflicts of interest to the other members of our Board of Directors and to abstain from taking any action in any matter in which the director has a conflict of interest.

    COMPENSATION DISCUSSION AND ANALYSISPenalties or Sanctions

    We were formed on February 2, 2011 when        None of our predecessor, Precious Metals Opportunities LLC, converteddirectors or executive officers, and to the best of our knowledge, no shareholder holding a sufficient number of securities to materially affect the control of the Company, has been subject to any penalties or sanctions imposed by a court relating to securities legislation or by a securities regulatory authority or has entered into a settlement agreement with a securities regulatory authority or been subject to any other penalties or sanctions imposed by a court or regulatory body that would likely be considered important to a Delaware corporation. On March 1, 2011, Los Gatos Ltd. mergedreasonable investor making an investment decision.

    Individual Bankruptcies

            None of our directors or executive officers, and to the best of our knowledge, no shareholder holding a sufficient number of securities to materially affect the control of the Company, has, within the 10 years prior to the date of this prospectus, become bankrupt, made a proposal under any legislation relating to bankruptcy or insolvency, or become subject to or instituted any proceedings, arrangement or compromise with creditors, or had a receiver, receiver manager or trustee appointed to hold the assets of that individual.

    Corporate Cease Trade Orders and into us. PriorBankruptcies

            None of our directors or executive officers, and to March 1, 2011,the best of our predecessor companies were managedknowledge, no shareholder holding a sufficient number of securities to materially affect the control of the Company is, as at the date of this prospectus, or has been within the 10 years before the date of this prospectus: (a) a director, chief executive officer or chief financial officer of any company that was subject to an order that was issued while the director or executive officer was acting in the capacity as director, chief executive officer or chief financial officer; (b) was subject to an order that was issued after the director or executive officer ceased to be a director, chief executive officer or chief financial officer and which resulted from an event that occurred while that person was acting in the capacity as director, chief executive officer or chief financial officer; or (c) a director or executive officer of any company that, while that person was acting in that capacity, or within a year of that person ceasing to act in that capacity, became bankrupt, made a proposal under advisory services arrangementsany legislation relating to bankruptcy or insolvency or was subject to or instituted any proceedings, arrangement or compromise with creditors or had a receiver, receiver manager or trustee appointed to hold its assets. For the purposes of this paragraph, "order" means a cease trade order, an order similar to a cease trade order or an order that denied the relevant company access to any exemption under securities legislation, in each case, that was in effect for a period of more than 30 consecutive days.


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    EXECUTIVE AND DIRECTOR COMPENSATION

            Our named executive officers ("NEOs"), which consist of our principal stockholdersexecutive officer and we did not have employees orthe two other most highly compensated executive officers.officers, are:

    Currently,

            Historical information in this prospectus, we refersection does not give effect to these individuals asthe Reorganization.

    Summary Compensation Table

            The table below summarizes the total compensation earned by each NEO in fiscal years ending 2019.


    2019 Summary Compensation Table

    Name and Principal Position
     Year Salary
    ($)
     Non-Equity
    Incentive
    Plan
    Compensation
    ($)(1)
     Option
    Awards
    ($)(2)
     All Other
    Compensation
    ($)(3)
     Total
    ($)
     

    Stephen Orr

      2019  521,000  425,000  931,000    1,877,000 

    Chief Executive Officer

                       

    Philip Pyle

      2019  350,000  197,000  580,000  19,000  1,146,000 

    Vice President of Exploration & Chief Geologist

                       

    John Kinyon

      2019  350,000  175,000  580,000  15,500  1,120,500 

    Executive Vice President of Operations

                       

    (1)
    Represents performance-based cash bonuses under the Annual Incentive Plan in respect of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, which were paid in March 2020.

    (2)
    Represents the grant date fair value of stock options granted to the NEOs in 2019, determined in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718.

    (3)
    Represents our Named matching contribution to the NEO's 401(k) account.

    Executive Officers or NEOs. All of our NEOs were hired in 2011 and did not receive any compensation for services to us prior to 2011. We are in the process of hiring additional key executives to complete our management team.

    We discuss the employment agreements we have entered into with our NEOs below. Each of these agreements resulted from arm’s length negotiation with the respective executive. We believed that these employment packages were necessary in order to induce these individuals to leave their prior employment, enter into employment with us and strive to make our business plan a success.

    We intend to form a Compensation Committee in connection with this offering. We expect that the Compensation Committee will continue the basic elements of compensation that are reflected in the executive employment contracts discussed below: base salary, annual incentive compensation and equity-based long-term incentive awards such as stock options. As we engage additional executives, we expect that the Compensation Committee will further refine its objectives and philosophy with regard to executive compensation, with the goal of attracting and retaining skilled executives to implement our business plan.

    Employment Agreements with Named Executive Officers

    Employment Agreement with Mr. Orr

    We entered into an employment agreement with Mr. Orr, dated as of May 3, 2011. He commenced employment as our Executive Chairman effective as of May 4, 2011 and has been our Acting Chief Executive Officer since June 2011.

    Base Salary.    Effective January 1, 2020, Mr. Orr receives an annual base salary of $500,000,$619,000, which will be subject to review on an annual basis and may be adjusted in accordance with the procedures set forth by the Compensation and Nominating Committee.

            Annual Bonus.    Mr. Orr is eligible to participate in a bonus plan pursuant to which his current target bonus is 100% of his base salary upon achievement by him and the Company of certain targets determined by the Compensation and Nominating Committee. The amount of bonus attainment may range 0% to 100% of base salary in any given year as determined by the Compensation and Nominating Committee, and the amount of annual bonus actually paid (if any) will depend on the


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    actual performance of the Company and Mr. Orr as determined by the Compensation and Nominating Committee.

    Stock Options. Upon commencement of his employment with us,    Mr. Orr was granted an optioncontinues to purchase 125,000 shares ofbe eligible to receive equity awards under our common stock. Upon the consummation of this offering, Mr. Orr will be granted an option to purchase an additional 125,000 shares of our common stock.compensation programs. See "—Stock Option Grants."

    Benefits and Perquisites.    Mr. Orr will beis entitled to participate in the various employee benefits plans that are, from time to time, made generally available to our employees.

    Confidentiality and Non-Solicitation.    Mr. Orr has agreed to maintain the confidentiality of our information and not to use or allow or help another to use or access such information at any time during or after his employment with us. Mr. Orr has also agreed not to solicit any of our employees, consultants or service providers during his employment and for one year after termination of his employment.

    Termination and Change in Control.Payments and benefits to which Mr. Orr will be entitled upon termination of his employment, whether or not in connection with a change in control, are discussed below in the footnotes to the table under “—"—Potential Payments Upon Termination or Change in Control."

    Employment Agreement with Mr. JohnsonPyle

    We entered into an employment agreement with Mr. Johnson,Pyle, dated as of February 28,June 1, 2011, and he commenced employment as our Chief Financial OfficerVice President of Exploration effective as of March 9,June 1, 2011.

    Base Salary.    Effective January 1, 2020, Mr. JohnsonPyle receives an annual base salary of $330,000,$370,000, which will be subject to review on an annual basis and may be adjusted in accordance with the procedures set forth by the Compensation and Nominating Committee.

    One-Time Bonus. Upon commencement of his employment with us, Mr. Johnson received a one-time bonus of $600,000 as compensation for forgoing his stock options from his prior employer.

    Annual Bonus.Mr. Johnson will bePyle is eligible to participate in a bonus plan pursuant to which he will be entitled to receive an annualhis current target bonus equal to 67%is 70% of his base salary upon achievement by him and the Company of certain targets determined by the Compensation and Nominating Committee. The amount of target bonus attainment may range from 33% of base salary0% to 100% of base salary in any given year as determined by the Compensation and Nominating Committee, and the amount of annual bonus actually paid (if any) will depend on the actual performance of the Company and Mr. Johnson as determined by the Compensation Committee.

    Stock Options. Upon commencement of his employment with us, Mr. Johnson was granted an initial option to purchase 35,000 shares of our common stock and a regular option to purchase 3,600 shares of our common stock. If Mr. Johnson is still employed by us on February 1, 2012, he will be granted an option to purchase an additional 3,600 shares of our common stock on February 1, 2012. If Mr. Johnson is still employed by us on February 1, 2013, he will be granted an option to purchase an additional 3,600 shares of our common stock on February 1, 2013.

    Benefits and Perquisites. Mr. Johnson will be entitled to participate in the various employee benefits plans that are, from time to time, made generally available to our employees.

    Confidentiality and Non-Solicitation. Mr. Johnson has agreed to maintain the confidentiality of our information and not to use or allow or help another to use or access such information at any time during or after his employment with us. Mr. Johnson has also agreed not to solicit any of our employees, consultants or service providers during his employment and for one year after termination of his employment.

    Termination and Change in Control.Payments and benefits to which Mr. Johnson will be entitled upon termination of his employment, whether or not in connection with a change in control, are discussed below in the footnotes to the table under “—Potential Payments Upon Termination or Change in Control.”

    Employment Agreement with Mr. Pyle

    We entered into an employment agreement with Mr. Pyle, dated as of June 1, 2011, and he commenced employment as our Vice President Exploration effective as of June 1, 2011.

    Base Salary. Mr. Pyle receives an annual base salary of $200,000, which will be subject to review on an annual basis and may be adjusted in accordance with the procedures set forth by the Compensation Committee.

    Annual Bonus.Mr. Pyle will be eligible to participate in a bonus plan pursuant to which, at the end of 2011, he will be entitled to receive an annual target bonus in the amount of 50% of his base salary and up to 100% of his base salary upon achievement by him and the Company of certain targets determined by the Compensation Committee. The amount of annual bonus actually paid (if any) will depend on the actual performance of the Company and Mr. Pyle as determined by the Compensation and Nominating Committee.

            Stock Options.    Mr. Pyle is eligible to receive equity awards under our compensation programs. See "—Stock Option Grants."

    Benefits and Perquisites.    Mr. Pyle will beis entitled to participate in the various employee benefits plans that are, from time to time, made generally available to our employees.

    Confidentiality and Non-Solicitation.    Mr. Pyle has agreed to maintain the confidentiality of our information and not to use or allow or help another to use or access such information at any time during or after his employment with us. Mr. Pyle has also agreed not to solicit any of our employees, consultants or service providers during his employment and for one year after termination of his employment.

    Termination and Change in Control.Payments and benefits to which Mr. Pyle will be entitled upon termination of his employment, whether or not in connection with a change in control, are discussed below in the footnotes to the table under “—"—Potential Payments Upon Termination or Change in Control."


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    Employment Agreement with Mr. Kinyon

            We entered into an employment agreement with Mr. Kinyon, dated as of April 1, 2016, pursuant to which he commenced employment in his role as our Executive Vice President of Operations as of April 1, 2016.

    Note        Base Salary.: Because    Effective January 1, 2020, Mr. Kinyon receives an annual base salary of $370,000, which will be subject to review on an annual basis and may be adjusted in accordance with the procedures set forth by the Compensation and Nominating Committee.

            Annual Bonus.    Mr. Kinyon is eligible to participate in a bonus plan pursuant to which his current target bonus is 70% of his base salary upon achievement by him and the Company of certain targets determined by the Compensation and Nominating Committee. The amount of bonus attainment may range 0% to 100% of base salary in any given year as determined by the Compensation and Nominating Committee, and the amount of annual bonus actually paid (if any) will depend on the actual performance of the Company and Mr. Kinyon as determined by the Compensation and Nominating Committee.

            Stock Options.    Mr. Kinyon is eligible to receive options to purchase our common stock under our compensation programs. See "—Stock Option Grants."

            Benefits and Perquisites.    Mr. Kinyon is entitled to participate in the various employee benefits plans that are, from time to time, made generally available to our employees.

            Confidentiality and Non-Solicitation.    Mr. Kinyon has agreed to maintain the confidentiality of our information and not to use or allow or help another to use or access such information at any time during or after his employment with us. Mr. Kinyon has also agreed not to solicit any of our employees, consultants or service providers during his employment and for one year after termination of his employment.

            Termination and Change in Control.    Payments and benefits to which Mr. Kinyon will be entitled upon termination of his employment, whether or not in connection with a change in control, are discussed below under "—Potential Payments Upon Termination or Change in Control."

    Stock Option Grants

            On May 3, 2019, we granted annual stock option awards in recognition of services performed in fiscal year 2019 to key employees, including our NEOs. The number of shares of our common stock underlying these options granted to our NEOs received no compensation for services to us prior to 2011,are detailed in the following tables summarizetable. These stock option awards vest ratably on December 14, 2018, December 14, 2019, December 14, 2020, December 14, 2021 and December 14, 2022. These stock option awards each have an exercise price of $6.00 per share.

    NEO
    Option Shares

    Stephen Orr

    252,000

    Philip Pyle

    157,000

    John Kinyon

    157,000

            Upon the NEOs’ compensation for 2011.

    Summary Compensation Table

    pricing of this offering, we intend to grant stock option awards in recognition of services performed in fiscal year 2020 and in connection with this offering to key employees, including our NEOs. We intend to grant options representing an aggregate of                shares of our common stock. The table below summarizes the total compensation paidnumber of shares of our common stock underlying these options to or earned (or will be paid to or earned) by each NEO in 2011.

    2011 Summary Compensation Table

    Name and Principal Position(a)

     Year(b)  Salary
    ($) (c)(1)
      Bonus
    ($) (d)
      Option
    Awards
    ($) (f)(2)
      Non-Equity
    Incentive Plan
    Compensation
    ($) (g)
      All Other
    Compensation
    ($) (i)
      Total
    ($) (j)
     

    Stephen Orr

    Executive Chairman and Acting Chief Executive Officer

      2011    500,000    —      1,122,500    —      —      1,622,500  

    Roger P. Johnson

    Chief Financial Officer

      2011    330,000    600,000(3)   392,176    181,302(4)   13,200(5)   1,516,678  

    Philip Pyle

    Vice President Exploration

      2011    200,000    —      —      59,000(6)   —      259,000  

    (1)This column reflects each NEO’s current base salary.
    (2)This column reflects the grant date fair value of stock options granted to each NEO in 2011, determined in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718.
    (3)This figure represents a one-time bonus Mr. Johnson received when he commenced employment with us as compensation for forgoing his stock options from his prior employer.
    (4)This figure represents Mr. Johnson’s annual target bonus under his employment agreement, prorated for performance year 2011 because he commenced employment with us in March 2011. The amount actually earned will be determined by the Compensation Committee taking into account the performance of the Company and Mr. Johnson in 2011.
    (5)This figure estimates the Company’s matching contributions to Mr. Johnson’s 401(k) account in 2011.
    (6)This figure represents Mr. Pyle’s annual target bonus under his employment agreement, prorated for performance year 2011 because he commenced employment with us in June 2011. The amount actually earned will be determined by the Compensation Committee taking into account the performance of the Company and Mr. Pyle in 2011.

    Grants of Plan-Based Awards

    The table below provides information about equity and non-equity awards granted to our NEOs are detailed in the NEOs in 2011.following table. These stock option awards will vest ratably over a three-year period,


    2011 GrantsTable of Plan-Based AwardsContents

    beginning on the first anniversary of the grant. These stock option awards will each have an exercise price equal to the public offering price in this offering.

    Name (a)

      Grant Date
    (b)
      Estimated Future Payouts Under
    Non-Equity Incentive Plan Awards
       All Other
    Option
    Awards:
    Number of
    Securities
    Underlying
    Options
    (#) (j)
       Exercise
    or Base
    Price of
    Option
    Awards
    ($/Sh)(k)
       Grant Date
    Fair Value
    of Stock
    and Option
    Awards
    ($) (l)
     
       Threshold
    ($) (c)
       Target
    ($) (d)
       Maximum
    ($) (e)
           

    Stephen Orr

       5/4/2011    —       —       —       125,000     27.65     1,122,500  
       (1)          125,000     (1)     (1)  

    Roger P. Johnson

       3/9/2011(2)   0     181,302     270,600     —       —       —    
       3/9/2011    —       —       —       35,000     13.825     355,600  
       3/9/2011    —       —       —       3,600     13.825     36,576  

    Philip Pyle

       6/1/11(3)   0     59,000     118,000     —       —       —    

    (1)In addition to the option grant on May, 4, 2011, Mr.
    NEO
    Option Shares

    Stephen Orr will be granted an option to purchase 125,000 shares of our common stock upon the consummation of this offering at a purchase price equal to the offering price. The grant date will be the closing date of this offering, and the exercise price will be the offering price.

    Philip Pyle

    John Kinyon

    (2)Mr. Johnson is eligible to participate in a bonus plan pursuant to which he will be entitled to receive an annual target bonus in the amount of 67% of base salary, prorated for performance year 2011 because he commenced employment with us in March 2011. The maximum payout of Mr. Johnson’s 2011 annual bonus will be 100% of his base salary (also prorated for performance year 2011 because he commenced employment with us in March 2011).
    (3)Mr. Pyle is eligible to participate in a bonus plan pursuant to which he will be entitled to receive an annual target bonus in the amount of 50% of base salary, prorated for performance year 2011 because he commenced employment with us in June 2011. The maximum payout of Mr. Pyle’s 2011 annual bonus will be 100% of his base salary (also prorated for performance year 2011 because he commenced employment with us in June 2011).

    2019 Fiscal Year-End Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End

    The table below provides information on the projected holdings of equity awards (which are comprised of only stock options) held by the NEOs onas of December 31, 2011.2019.

    2011
    Outstanding Equity Awards at 2019 Fiscal Year-End

    Name
     Number of
    Securities
    Underlying
    Unexercised
    Options (#)
    Exercisable
     Number of
    Securities
    Underlying
    Unexercised
    Options (#)
    Unexercisable
     Option
    Exercise
    Price ($)
     Option
    Expiration
    Date

    Stephen Orr

      600,000    13.83 10/30/2022

      600,000    13.83 2/16/2023

      290,000    3.50 2/8/2025

      228,873    3.50 12/23/2025

      187,500  62,500(1) 4.50 12/15/2026

      126,000  126,000(2) 4.50 12/5/2027

      63,000  189,000(3) 6.00 12/13/2028

    Philip Pyle

      102,000    13.83 10/30/2022

      102,000    13.83 2/16/2023

      110,000    3.50 2/8/2025

      116,667    3.50 12/23/2025

      116,250  38,750(1) 4.50 12/15/2026

      78,500  78,500(2) 4.50 12/5/2027

      39,250  117,750(3) 6.00 12/13/2028

    John Kinyon

      45,000    13.83 10/30/2022

      45,000    13.83 2/16/2023

      80,000    3.50 2/8/2025

      63,137    3.50 12/23/2025

      26,250  8,750(4) 3.50 3/18/2026

      67,875  22,625(1) 4.50 12/15/2026

      78,500  78,500(2) 4.50 12/5/2027

      39,250  117,750(3) 6.00 12/13/2028

    (1)
    The options listed here were granted on August 31, 2017, and vest ratably on each of the first four anniversaries following the grant date.

    (2)
    The options listed here were granted on December 6, 2017, and vest ratably on each of the first four anniversaries following the grant date.

    (3)
    The options listed here were granted on May 3, 2019, and vest ratably on each of the first four anniversaries following December 14, 2018.

    (4)
    The options listed here were granted on March 18, 2016, and vest ratably on each of the first four anniversaries following the grant date.

    Table of Contents

    Name

    (a)

      Option Awards 
      Number of
    Securities
    Underlying
    Unexercised
    Options
    Exercisable
    (#) (b)
       Number of
    Securities
    Underlying
    Unexercised
    Options
    Unexercisable
    (#) (c)
      Option
    Exercise
    Price
    ($) (e)
       Option
    Expiration

    Date (f)
     

    Stephen Orr

       —       125,000(1)   27.650     5/3/2021  
         125,000(2)   (2)     (2)  

    Roger P. Johnson

       —       35,000(3)   13.825     3/8/2021  
       —       3,600(4)   13.825     3/8/2021  

    (1)This represents the option granted to Mr. Orr when he commenced employment with us. One-third of this option will vest on May 4 of each of 2012, 2013 and 2014.
    (2)This represents the option that will be granted to Mr. Orr upon the consummation of this offering. The exercise price of this option will be offering price, and the option will expire on the ten-year anniversary of the closing date of this offering. The vesting schedule of this option will be specified in the applicable stock option award agreement.
    (3)This represents the initial option granted to Mr. Johnson when he commenced employment with us. The first half of this option will vest on March 9, 2012, and remaining half will vest on March 9, 2013.
    (4)This represents the regular option granted to Mr. Johnson when he commenced employment with us. One-third of this option will vest on March 9 of each of 2012, 2013 and 2014.

    Potential Payments Upon Termination or Change in Control

    The table below describes        Below we describe the payments and benefits to which each NEO will be entitled to under his employment agreement if his employment is terminated on or before December 31, 2011 (i) by him without good reason, (ii) by us for cause, (iii) by us without cause"cause" or by him for good reason"good reason" (without a change"change in control)control"), (iv)(ii) by us without cause or by him for good reason within one year of a change in control (v)or (iii) due to his death or (vi)"disability" (such terms as defined in the applicable employment agreement).

    Mr. Orr

            Termination without Cause or for Good Reason.    If we terminate Mr. Orr's employment without cause or Mr. Orr voluntarily terminates his employment for good reason, he will be entitled to: (i) 12 months of base salary, payable in lump sum, and (ii) if he timely elects continuation coverage under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 ("COBRA"), payment by us on his behalf of the portion of the monthly premiums for his group health insurance (including coverage of his dependents) that we paid immediately prior to his termination for the 12 months following his termination. Any unvested stock options will cease vesting and be forfeited, and any vested stock options will remain exercisable until the earlier of (i) 180 days following termination and (ii) the expiration of the original option term.

            Termination without Cause or for Good Reason in Connection with a Change in Control.    If there is a change in control and (a) within one year following the change in control Mr. Orr's employment is terminated without cause or Mr. Orr voluntarily terminates his employment for good reason or (b) within three months preceding the change in control we terminate Mr. Orr's employment without cause and such termination occurred in anticipation of such change in control, he will be entitled to: (i) 24 months of base salary, payable in lump sum, and (ii) if he timely elects continuation coverage under COBRA, payment by us on his behalf of the portion of the monthly premiums for his group health insurance (including coverage of his dependents) that we paid immediately prior to his termination, for the 18 months following his termination. Any unvested stock options will cease vesting and be forfeited, and any vested stock options will remain exercisable until the earlier of (i) 180 days following termination and (ii) the expiration of the original option term.

            Death or Disability.    If Mr. Orr's employment is terminated due to death or disability, he will not be entitled to any payments or benefits. Any unvested stock options will vest in full and remain exercisable until the earlier of (i) one year following termination and (ii) the expiration of the original option term.

    Mr. Pyle

            Termination without Cause or for Good Reason.    If we terminate Mr. Pyle's employment without cause or Mr. Pyle voluntarily terminates his disability. All amounts are estimates only,employment for good reason, he will be entitled to: (i) 12 months of base salary, payable in lump sum, (ii) a prorated annual bonus for the year of termination determined by multiplying the annual bonus that he otherwise would have earned by a fraction, the numerator of which is the number of days that elapsed between January 1 of the year of termination and actual amounts will vary depending uponhis termination date, and the facts and circumstances applicabledenominator of which is 365 (the "Pro Rata Annual Bonus"), to be paid at the same time as such bonuses are paid to our other executives, and (iii) if he timely elects continuation coverage under COBRA, payment by us on his behalf of the triggering event.portion of the monthly premiums for his group health insurance (including coverage of his dependents) that we paid immediately prior to his termination, for the 12 months following his termination. Any unvested stock options will cease vesting and be forfeited, and any vested stock options will remain exercisable until the earlier of (i) 180 days following termination and (ii) the expiration of the original option term.


    Table of Contents

    Name

      

    Termination Scenario

     Base
    Salary ($)
      Annual
    Bonus ($)
      Accelerated
    Vesting of
    Unvested
    Stock
    Options ($)
      Health Benefit
    Continuation ($)
      Total ($) 

    Stephen Orr

      

    Voluntary termination without good reason(1)

      —      —      —      —      —    
      

    Involuntary termination for cause(2)

      —      —      —      —      —    
      

    Involuntary termination without cause or voluntary termination for good reason(3)

      500,000    —      —      21,348    521,348  
      

    Involuntary termination without cause or voluntary termination for good reason within one year of a change in control(4)

      1,000,000    —      —      32,022    1,032,022  
      

    Death(5)

      —      —      (6  —      (6
      

    Disability(7)

      —      —      (6  —      (6

    Roger P. Johnson

      

    Voluntary termination without good reason(8)

      —      —      —      —      —    
      

    Involuntary termination for cause(9)

      —      —      —      —      —    
      

    Involuntary termination without cause or voluntary termination for good reason(10)

      550,000    181,302    (6  17,556    748,858  
      

    Involuntary termination without cause or voluntary termination for good reason within one year of a change in control(11)

      660,000    181,302    (6  26,334    867,636(6) 
      

    Death(12)

      —      181,302    (6  —      181,302(6) 
      

    Disability(13)

      —      181,302    (6  —      181,302(6) 
            Termination without Cause or for Good Reason in Connection with a Change in Control.    If there is a change in control and (a) within one year following the change in control Mr. Pyle's employment is terminated without cause or Mr. Pyle voluntarily terminates his employment for good reason or (b) within three months preceding the change in control we terminate Mr. Pyle's employment without cause and such termination occurred in anticipation of such change in control, he will be entitled to: (i) 24 months of base salary, payable in lump sum, and (ii) if he timely elects continuation coverage under COBRA, payment by us on his behalf of the portion of the monthly premiums for his group health insurance (including coverage of his dependents) that we paid immediately prior to his termination, for the 18 months following his termination. Any unvested stock options will cease vesting and be forfeited, and any vested stock options will remain exercisable until the earlier of (i) 180 days following termination and (ii) the expiration of the original option term.

    Name

      

    Termination Scenario

     Base
    Salary ($)
      Annual
    Bonus ($)
      Accelerated
    Vesting of
    Unvested
    Stock
    Options ($)
      Health Benefit
    Continuation ($)
      Total ($) 

    Philip Pyle

      

    Voluntary termination without good reason(14)

      —      —      —      —      —    
      

    Involuntary termination for cause(15)

      —      —      —      —      —    
      

    Involuntary termination without cause or voluntary termination for good reason(16)

      200,000    59,000    —      21,345    280,345  
      

    Involuntary termination without cause or voluntary termination for good reason within one year of a change in control(17)

      400,000    59,000    —      32,017    491,017  
      

    Death(18)

      —      59,000    —      —      59,000  
      

    Disability(19)

      —      59,000    —      —      59,000  

    (1)If Mr. Orr voluntarily terminates his employment without good reason, he will not be entitled to any payments or benefits. Any outstanding stock options, to the extent exercisable at termination, will remain exercisable until the earlier of (i) the date 30 days following termination and (ii) the expiration of the original option term.
    (2)If we terminate Mr. Orr’s employment for cause, he will not be entitled to any payments or benefits. Any outstanding stock options will cease to be exercisable and will be forfeited.
    (3)If we terminate Mr. Orr’s employment without cause or Mr. Orr voluntarily terminates his employment for good reason, he will be entitled to: (i) 12 months of base salary and (ii) if he timely elects continuation coverage under the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985, as amended, or COBRA, the portion of COBRA premiums for his group health insurance (including coverage of his dependents) that we paid immediately prior to termination during the 12 months following termination, at our expense. All outstanding stock options will cease vesting, and all vested stock options will remain exercisable until the earlier of (i) the date 180 days following termination and (ii) the expiration of the original option term.
    (4)If there is a change in control and within one year of the change in control we terminate Mr. Orr’s employment without cause or Mr. Orr voluntarily terminates his employment for good reason, he will be entitled to: (i) 24 months of base salary and (ii) if he timely elects continuation coverage under COBRA, the portion of COBRA premiums for his group health insurance (including coverage of his dependents) that we paid immediately prior to termination during the 18 months following termination, at our expense. All outstanding stock options will cease vesting, and all vested stock options will remain exercisable until the earlier of (i) the date 180 days following termination and (ii) the expiration of the original option term.
    (5)If Mr. Orr’s employment is terminated due to death, he will not be entitled to any payments or benefits. All outstanding options will fully vest and will remain exercisable until the earlier of (i) the date one year following termination and (ii) the expiration of the original option term.
    (6)The value of the accelerated vesting of unvested stock options will depend on the closing market price of our common stock on December 31, 2011 and is therefore not reported in this table.
    (7)If Mr. Orr’s employment is terminated due to disability, he will not be entitled to any payments or benefits. All outstanding options will fully vest and will remain exercisable until the earlier of (i) the date one year following termination and (ii) the expiration of the original option term.
    (8)If Mr. Johnson voluntarily terminates his employment without good reason, he will not be entitled to any payments or benefits. Any outstanding stock options, to the extent exercisable at termination, will remain exercisable until the earlier of (i) the date 30 days following termination and (ii) the expiration of the original option term.
    (9)If we terminate Mr. Johnson’s employment for cause, he will not be entitled to any payments or benefits. Any outstanding stock options will cease to be exercisable and will be forfeited.
    (10)If we terminate Mr. Johnson’s employment without cause or Mr. Johnson voluntarily terminates his employment for good reason, he will be entitled to: (i) 20 months of base salary, (ii) a prorated annual bonus determined by multiplying the annual bonus he otherwise would have been earned by a fraction, the numerator of which is the number of days that elapsed between January 1 of the year of termination and the termination date, and the denominator of which is 365, or Pro Rata Annual Bonus and (iii) if he timely elects continuation coverage under COBRA, the portion of COBRA premiums for his group health insurance (including coverage of his dependents) that we paid immediately prior to termination during the 12 months following termination, at our expense. All outstanding stock options will cease vesting, except that his initial option to purchase 35,000 shares of our common stock will fully vest, and all vested stock options will remain exercisable until the earlier of (i) the date 180 days following termination and (ii) the expiration of the original option term.
            Death or Disability.    If Mr. Pyle's employment is terminated due to death or disability, he will be entitled to his Pro Rata Annual Bonus, to be paid at the same time as such bonuses are paid to our other executives. Any unvested stock options will vest in full and remain exercisable until the earlier of (i) one year following termination and (ii) the expiration of the original option term.

    (11)If there is a change in control and within one year of the change in control we terminate Mr. Johnson’s employment without cause or Mr. Johnson voluntarily terminates his employment for good reason, he will be entitled to: (i) 24 months of base salary, (ii) his Pro Rata Annual Bonus and (iii) if he timely elects continuation coverage under COBRA, the portion of COBRA premiums for his group health insurance (including coverage of his dependents) that we paid immediately prior to termination during the 18 months following termination, at our expense. All outstanding stock options will cease vesting, except that his initial option to purchase 35,000 shares of our common stock will fully vest, and all vested stock options will remain exercisable until the earlier of (i) the date 180 days following termination and (ii) the expiration of the original option term.
    (12)If Mr. Johnson’s employment is terminated due to death, he will be entitled to his Pro Rata Annual Bonus. All outstanding options will fully vest and will remain exercisable until the earlier of (i) the date one year following termination and (ii) the expiration of the original option term.
    (13)If Mr. Johnson’s employment is terminated due to disability, he will be entitled to his Pro Rata Annual Bonus. All outstanding options will fully vest and will remain exercisable until the earlier of (i) the date one year following termination and (ii) the expiration of the original option term.
    (14)If Mr. Pyle voluntarily terminates his employment without good reason, he will not be entitled to any payments or benefits. Any outstanding stock options, to the extent exercisable at termination, will remain exercisable until the earlier of (i) the date 30 days following termination and (ii) the expiration of the original option term.
    (15)If we terminate Mr. Pyle’s employment for cause, he will not be entitled to any payments or benefits. Any outstanding stock options will cease to be exercisable and will be forfeited.
    (16)If we terminate Mr. Pyle’s employment without cause or Mr. Pyle voluntarily terminates his employment for good reason, he will be entitled to: (i) 12 months of base salary, (ii) a Pro Rata Annual Bonus and (iii) if he timely elects continuation coverage under COBRA, the portion of COBRA premiums for his group health insurance (including coverage of his dependents) that we paid immediately prior to termination during the 12 months following termination, at our expense. All outstanding stock options will cease vesting, and all vested stock options will remain exercisable until the earlier of (i) the date 180 days following termination and (ii) the expiration of the original option term.
    (17)If there is a change in control and within one year of the change in control we terminate Mr. Pyle’s employment without cause or Mr. Pyle voluntarily terminates his employment for good reason, he will be entitled to: (i) 24 months of base salary, (ii) a Pro Rata Annual Bonus and (iii) if he timely elects continuation coverage under COBRA, the portion of COBRA premiums for his group health insurance (including coverage of his dependents) that we paid immediately prior to termination during the 18 months following termination, at our expense. All outstanding stock options will cease vesting, and all vested stock options will remain exercisable until the earlier of (i) the date 180 days following termination and (ii) the expiration of the original option term.
    (18)If Mr. Pyle’s employment is terminated due to death, he will be entitled to his Pro Rata Annual Bonus. All outstanding options will fully vest and will remain exercisable until the earlier of (i) the date one year following termination and (ii) the expiration of the original option term.
    (19)If Mr. Pyle’s employment is terminated due to disability, he will be entitled to his Pro Rata Annual Bonus. All outstanding options will fully vest and will remain exercisable until the earlier of (i) the date one year following termination and (ii) the expiration of the original option term.
    Mr. Kinyon

    Sunshine Silver Mines Corporation         Termination without Cause or for Good Reason.    If we terminate Mr. Kinyon's employment without cause or Mr. Kinyon voluntarily terminates his employment for good reason, he will be entitled to: (i) 12 months of base salary, payable in lump sum, (ii) a Pro Rata Annual Bonus, to be paid at the same time as such bonuses are paid to our other executives, and (iii) if he timely elects continuation coverage under COBRA, payment by us on his behalf of the portion of the monthly premiums for his group health insurance (including coverage of his dependents) that we paid immediately prior to his termination, for the 12 months following his termination. Any unvested stock options will cease vesting and be forfeited, and any vested stock options will remain exercisable until the earlier of (i) 180 days following termination and (ii) the expiration of the original option term.

            Termination without Cause or for Good Reason in Connection with a Change in Control.    If there is a change in control and (a) within one year following the change in control Mr. Kinyon's employment is terminated without cause or Mr. Kinyon voluntarily terminates his employment for good reason or (b) within three months preceding the change in control we terminate Mr. Kinyon's employment without cause and such termination occurred in anticipation of such change in control, he will be entitled to: (i) 24 months of base salary, payable in lump sum, and (ii) if he timely elects continuation coverage under COBRA, payment by us on his behalf of the portion of the monthly premiums for his group health insurance (including coverage of his dependents) that we paid immediately prior to his termination, for the 18 months following his termination. Any unvested stock options will cease vesting and be forfeited, and any vested stock options will remain exercisable until the earlier of (i) 180 days following termination and (ii) the expiration of the original option term.

            Death or Disability.    If Mr. Kinyon's employment is terminated due to death or disability, he will be entitled to his Pro Rata Annual Bonus, to be paid at the same time as such bonuses are paid to our other executives. Any unvested stock options will vest in full and remain exercisable until the earlier of (i) one year following termination and (ii) the expiration of the original option term.

    Long Term Incentive Plan

    We have adopted the Sunshine Silver Mines CorporationAmended and Restated Long Term Incentive Plan or the LTIP,("LTIP"), which allows us to grant an array of equity-based awards to our NEOs, other employees, consultants and non-employee directors. The purpose of the LTIP is to recognize the contributions made by our employees, consultants and directors, and to provide these individuals with an additional incentive to use maximum


    Table of Contents

    efforts for the future success of the Company. StockAll stock options granted to Mr.Messrs. Orr, Pyle and Mr. Johnson in 2011,Kinyon, as disclosed above, were granted under the LTIP. A total of 163,600 stock options were granted and are the only options that have been granted to date under the LTIP. Upon consummation of this offering, 288,600 stock options will have been granted. See “Compensation Discussion and Analysis—Grants of Plan-Based Awards.”

    Plan Term.    The LTIP expires after ten years,in October 2030, unless prior to that date either the maximum number of shares available for issuance under the LTIP has been issued or our Board of Directors terminates the LTIP.

    Authorized Shares.Subject to adjustment as described below, 2,000,00015,000,000 shares of our common stock are available for awards to be granted under the LTIP. TheAdditionally, the number of shares that may be issued pursuant to stock awards (i.e., awards in the form of shares of our common stock including restricted stock and share-settled restricted stock units)reserved for issuance under the LTIP may not exceed 2,000,000, andincrease automatically on the first day of each fiscal year beginning on January 1, 2022 by an amount equal to the lesser of (i) 2.5% of outstanding shares on December 31 of the immediately preceding fiscal year or (ii) such number of shares that may be issued pursuant to incentive stock options may not exceed 2,000,000. Following the time at which the Company becomes subject to

    the deduction limitationsas determined by our Board of Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, no participant may receive under the LTIPDirectors in any calendar year stock options and stock appreciation rights that relate to more than 200,000 shares, stock awards that relate to more than 200,000 shares or cash awards or cash-settled restricted stock units having a value determined on the grant date in excess of $5,000,000.its discretion. If a stock option or stock appreciation right expires or otherwise terminates without having been exercised in full, or if any shares subject to a stock award are forfeited, the shares for which thesuch stock option or stock appreciation right was not exercised or the shares so forfeited will again be available for issuance under the LTIP.

    Administration.Our Board of Directors administers the LTIP and may also designate a committee composed of two or more non-employee directors to administer the LTIP. Any such committee so designated by our Board of Directors to administer the LTIP will comply with the legal requirements (if any) relating to the administration of the types of awards granted under the LTIP imposed by applicable corporate and securities laws, the Code and any stock exchange or national market system on which our common stock is then listed or traded. Our Board of Directors (or the designated committee) has authority to select individuals to whom awards are granted, determine the types of awards and terms and conditions of awards (including applicable vesting periods), and construe and interpret the LTIP and awards under it.

    Types of Awards.The LTIP provides for grants of stock options, stock appreciation rights, stock awards, cash awards, deferred stock unit awards and performance awards.


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    Stock Options. A stock option is a contractual right to purchase shares at a future date at a specified exercise price. Generally, the per share exercise price of a stock option will be determined by our Board of Directors (or the designated committee) but may not be less than the closing price of a share of our common stock on the grant date. No stock option will be exercisable more than ten years from the grant date. Stock options that are intended to qualify as incentive stock options must meet the requirements of Section 422 of the Code.

    Stock Appreciation Rights. A stock appreciation right is a contractual right to receive, in cash or shares, an amount equal to the appreciation of a specified number of shares of our common stock from the grant date. Any stock appreciation right will be granted subject to the same terms and conditions as apply to stock options, as described above.

    Stock Awards. A stock award is an award in the form of shares of our common stock, including restricted stock and share-settled restricted stock units. Our Board of Directors (or the designated committee) will determine the terms, conditions and limitations applicable to any stock award, including vesting or other restrictions.

    Cash Awards. A cash award is an award denominated in cash.

    Performance Awards.A performance award is an award that is subject to the attainment of one or more performance goals, which will be set by our Board of Directors (or the designated committee). Our Board of Directors (or the designated committee) will also determine the terms, conditions and limitations applicable to any performance award. Performance awards that are intended to qualify as qualified performance-based compensation under Section 162(m) of the Code will be paid, vested or otherwise deliverable solely on the account of the attainment of one or more pre-established, objective performance goals, which will include revenue and income measures, expense measures, operating measures, cash flow measures, liquidity measures, leverage measures, market measures, return measures, corporate value measures and other measures such as those relating to acquisitions, dispositions or customer satisfaction.

    Eligibility.Our employees, consultants and non-employee directors are eligible to receive awards under the LTIP, except that incentive stock options may only be granted to our employees.

    Adjustments.In the event of any subdivision or consolidation of outstanding shares of our common stock, declaration of a dividend payable in shares of our common stock or other stock split, our Board of Directors (or

    the designated committee) will proportionately adjust the terms of any outstanding awards and the number of shares issuable under the LTIP.LTIP and the terms of any outstanding awards (including the number of shares covered by outstanding awards, the exercise price and the appropriate fair market value determination). In the event of any other recapitalization or capital reorganization of the Company, any consolidation or merger of the Company with another corporation or entity, the adoption by the Company of any plan of exchange affecting our common stock or any distribution to holders of our common stock of securities or property (other than normal cash dividends or dividends payable in our common stock), our Board of Directors (or the designated committee) will proportionately adjust the terms of any outstanding awards and the number of shares issuable under the LTIP and the terms of any outstanding awards, but only to the extent necessary to maintain the proportionate interest of the award holders and preserve, without exceeding, the value of such awards. In addition, in the event of a corporate merger, consolidation, acquisition of property or stock, separation, reorganization or liquidation, our Board of Directors (or the designated committee) may make such adjustments to awards or other provisions for the disposition of awards as it deems equitable, and will be authorized to provide for the substitution or assumption of awards, the acceleration of the vesting and exercisability of, or lapse of restrictions with respect to, awards, or the cash-out of awards.awards (with cancellation of any awards that are "out of the money"), or the cancellation of options and stock appreciation rights with notice and opportunity to the holders thereof to exercise prior to such cancellation.

    Termination of Service and Change in Control.Upon a participant’sparticipant's termination of service, any unexercised, unvested or unpaid awards will be treated as set forth in the applicable award agreement. In the event of a change in control where(i) with respect to stock options and stock appreciation rights, if the stock options or stock appreciation rights are not continued, assumed (or substituted)or substituted by the Company (or surviving corporation or ultimate parent corporation in a change in control), unless otherwise provided in an applicable award agreement, our Board of Directors (or the designated committee) may provide for full or partial vesting or cash-out of any outstandingsuch stock options or stock appreciation rights. Ourrights and (ii) with respect to stock awards, our Board of Directors (or the designated committee) may also provide in the applicable award agreement (or by unilateral amendment to the award agreement) the terms and conditions that relate to the lapse of any restrictions on shares subject to any stock awards in the event of a change in control.

    Amendment and Termination.Our Board of Directors (or the designated committee) has the right to amend any participant's award agreements issued to a participant,agreement, subject to the participant’sparticipant's consent if such amendment is not favorable to the participant. Our Board of Directors may amend, suspend or terminate the LTIP, but no such amendment or termination willmay be made which would adversely affect any outstanding awards without the written consent of the affected participants. In addition, to the extent necessary to comply with Section 422 of the Code, Section 16b-3 of the Exchange Act, Section 613(i) of the Toronto Stock Exchange Company Manual or any other applicable law or regulation, including the requirements of any stock exchange or national market system on which our common stock is then listed, the Company will obtain shareholder approval of any plan amendment or termination.termination except for certain changes which do not need shareholder approval, including, without limitation: (i) minor changes of a "housekeeping nature"; (ii) amending awards under the LTIP, including, without limitation, with respect


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    to any option period (provided that the period during which an option is exercisable does not exceed ten years from the date the option is granted and that such option is not held by an insider), vesting period, exercise method and frequency, subscription price (provided that the award is not held by an insider) and method of determining the subscription price, assignability and effect of termination of a participant's employment or engagement or cessation of the participant's directorship; (iii) accelerating vesting or extending the expiration date of any award (provided that such award is not held by an insider), provided that the period during which an award is exercisable does not exceed ten years from the date the award is granted; (iv) changing the terms and conditions of any financial assistance which may be provided by us to participants to facilitate the purchase of our common stock under the LTIP; and (v) adding a cashless exercise feature, payable in cash or securities, whether or not providing for a full deduction of the number of underlying common stock from the LTIP reserve.

    Annual Incentive Plan

            We have adopted the Annual Incentive Plan ("AIP"), under which our NEOs and other employees are eligible to receive annual cash bonuses. The purpose of the plan is to incentivize our executives and other employees to attain annual performance objectives, thereby furthering our best interests and those of our shareholders.

            Eligibility.    Each of our employees is eligible to receive an annual cash bonus under the AIP for each fiscal year. Each employee who is employed for less than a full fiscal year will be eligible for a pro rata bonus for such partial year. In addition to the Executive Officer Bonuses as described more fully below, for each fiscal year, the Compensation and Nominating Committee may approve a bonus pool from which bonuses to employees other than our executive officers may be paid, with such bonuses to be determined by the chief executive officer.

            Executive Officer Bonuses.    The Compensation and Nominating Committee may provide cash bonuses to our executive officers based on objective criteria established by the Compensation and Nominating Committee. For each fiscal year, the Compensation and Nominating Committee will:

            Maximum Annual Bonus.    The plan specifies that the maximum amount of annual cash bonus that can be paid under the plan to any eligible employee for a single fiscal year will not exceed $10 million.

            Amendment and Termination.    The Compensation and Nominating Committee may amend or terminate the plan at any time.

            Settlement of Bonus Awards.    The Compensation and Nominating Committee may, in its discretion, settle bonuses paid under the AIP in the form of equity under the LTIP.


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            Clawback.    Any bonus paid under the AIP is subject to repayment in accordance with any of our policies relating to the recoupment of incentive compensation, as may be in effect from time to time or as required by federal law or regulation.

            With respect to the fiscal year ended December 31, 2019, each of our NEOs was eligible for an annual cash bonus under the AIP. The Compensation and Nominating Committee approved seven performance milestones related to safety, cost management, project completion and governmental and community relations, which would be used to determine bonus payouts to the NEOs. The level of achievement of the performance milestones, as well as an individual performance adjustment factor, were used by the Compensation and Nominating Committee to determine the actual bonus payouts as a percentage of the target bonus.

    Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation Plan for Senior Executives and Outside Directors

            Effective January 1, 2019, we adopted the Deferred Compensation Plan for Senior Executives and Outside Directors (the "Deferred Compensation Plan"), under which (i) our senior executives are eligible to elect to defer receipt of any portion of cash compensation or equity compensation awards other than from the exercise of stock options and (ii) our non-employee directors are eligible to elect to defer receipt of any portion of annual retainers or meeting awards.

            Participants in the Deferred Compensation Plan are entitled to receive distribution of his or her deferred compensation account in either (i) a single lump sum distribution of cash or shares of our stock or (ii) annual installments of cash or shares of our stock over a period of not more than five (5) years after the date payment commences. All distributions under the Deferred Compensation Plan shall be made or shall commence, as the case may be, on the earlier of (i) the date designated in a participant's deferral election form and (ii) the date that is six months and one day after the occurrence of (x) the participant's termination of active service as a senior executive or non-employee director as applicable or (y) the date of the participant's death; provided, however, that if a participant is a "specified employee" within the meaning of Internal Revenue Code Section 409A ("409A"), payment of any benefits under the Deferred Compensation Plan shall not commence until six months following a participant's "separation from service" as such term is defined under 409A.

    Director Compensation

            Pursuant to our director compensation policy, each director will receive an annual retainer of $35,000 for service on the Board of Directors. Directors will also receive $1,500 for each Board of Directors and committee meeting attended (whether in person or by telephone), provided that directors who must travel inter-continentally to attend a Board of Directors or committee meeting in person will receive an additional $2,500. Upon becoming a public entity, directors who chair the Audit Committee and Compensation and Nominating Committee will each receive an additional annual retainer of $14,000 and directors who chair any other standing committee of the Board of Directors will each receive an additional annual retainer of $7,000.

            All such compensation is currently paid in the form of immediately vested DSUs that settle upon the director's cessation of continuous service. Directors also receive annual grants of stock options. On May 3, 2019, we granted annual stock option awards with an aggregate value of $1,618,063 to our directors in recognition of services performed in fiscal year 2019.

            Following this offering, we may begin to pay a portion of each director's compensation in cash. We may permit directors to defer all or a portion of such compensation under the Deferred Compensation Plan, under which our directors will be able to defer their annual retainers and receive such deferred retainers in cash or in shares of our common stock. Beginning at the annual meeting of shareholders in 2021 and at each annual meeting of shareholders thereafter, each director will be granted an option under the LTIP to purchase a number of shares of our common stock with a Black-Scholes value of


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    $100,000, which will vest ratably on a monthly basis over 12 months. The exercise price per share of such option will be the fair market value of our common stock on the date of grant.

            The director compensation policies described above do not apply to our employee directors, including Stephen Orr (whose compensation is set forth above in this "Executive and Director Compensation").

            The table below provides information on the director compensation earned in 2019:


    2019 Director Compensation

    Name(1)
     Stock
    Awards
    ($)(2)(3)
     Option
    Awards
    ($)(4)
     Total
    ($)
     

    Janice Stairs

      8,750    8,750 

    Jeb Burns(5)

      42,500  114,520  157,020 

    Ali Erfan

      26,333    26,333 

    Karl Hanneman

      39,500  114,520  154,020 

    Wayne Kirk(6)

      44,000  114,520  158,520 

    Igor Levental

      30,750    30,750 

    David Peat

      44,000  114,520  158,520 

    (1)
    Compensation for Stephen Orr, our Chief Executive Officer, is not reflected herein as such compensation is fully reflected in "—2019 Summary Compensation Table" above.

    (2)
    Represents the grant date fair value of DSUs granted to our non-employee directors in 2019, determined in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. DSUs were granted fully vested, and settle in shares of our common stock upon the director's cessation of continuous service with the Company.

    (3)
    As of December 31, 2019, non-employee directors who were directors during that year held outstanding DSUs with respect to the following number of shares: Ms. Stairs: 1,458; Mr. Burns, 12,708; Mr. Erfan, 4,389; Mr. Hanneman, 7,555; Mr. Kirk, 74,699; Mr. Levental, 5,125; Mr. Peat 75,378. While all DSUs are fully vested on grant, such DSUs may not be settled until there is a cessation of the director's continuous service with the Company.

    (4)
    Represents the grant date fair value of stock options granted to our directors is still under development.

    in 2019, determined in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718.

    (5)
    The compensation was received by MERS for the service of its director designee, Jeb Burns.

    (6)
    Mr. Kirk served on our Board of Director until August 24, 2020.

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    CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

    The following is a description of the transactions we have engaged in since January 1, 20082017 or currently proposed with our directors and executive officers and beneficial owners of more than five percent of our voting securities and their affiliates.

    Formation and Merger

    On February 22, 2011, Los Gatos Ltd. entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger and Amalgamation, or the Merger Plan, with Sunshine Silver. Both entities were indirectly majority-owned by trusts primarily for the benefit of members of the immediate family of Dr. Kaplan. Pursuantaffiliates (in addition to the Merger Plan, Los Gatos Ltd. mergedemployment agreements, equity awards and was amalgamated withother compensation-related arrangements described in "Executive and into Sunshine Silver and the separate corporate existence of Los Gatos Ltd. ceased. Each outstanding preferred share and each issued and outstanding ordinary share of Los Gatos Ltd. was converted into approximately 0.15517 shares of our common stock. In addition, as a result of the Merger Plan, existing outstanding options to purchase one share of Los Gatos Ltd. ordinary shares were converted into an option to purchase approximately 0.15517 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $2.32 per share.

    Capital Contributions and Equity Financings

    During the period from October 2, 2009 through December 31, 2009, individuals associated with various related entities purchased 11,425,956 ordinary shares of Los Gatos Ltd. at a price of $0.01 per share (including Philip Pyle, our Vice President Exploration, who purchased 603,015 ordinary shares and Mr. Natbony, our Director who purchased 3,180,879 ordinary shares)Compensation"). In addition, Los Gatos Ltd. issued 12,000,000 shares to related individualsThe information in payment for services. In June 2011, in consideration for Mr. Pyle accepting employment with Sunshine Silver, we amended his share purchase agreement so that the shares subject to a repurchase option may, in the event of his termination, be repurchased at the option of CGT Management Ltd., or CGT, for 100% of their fair market value.

    In July 2011, certain employees and consultants of Tigris Financial Group, Ltd., or Tigris Ltd., a stockholder of the Company, and Electrum Ltd., an affiliate of the Company, agreed to enter into lock-up agreements restricting their ability to sell shares for a period of 180 days following the date of this prospectus. In consideration for the entry into such lock-up agreements, we agreed to amend share purchase agreements and share award agreements between the Company, Tigris Financial (International) L.P., or Tigris L.P., and such employees and consultants.

    Pursuant to such amendments, shares held by employees of Tigris Ltd., including shares held by a trust of which our Director, Mr. Natbony, is the trustee, will no longer be subject to transfer restrictions or a repurchase option following expiration of the lock-ups. Additionally, pursuant to such amendments (i) 60% of the shares held by each employee of Electrum Ltd. and each consultant of Tigris Ltd. will no longer be subject to transfer restrictions or a repurchase option following expiration of the lock-ups and (ii) 40% of the shares held by each employee of Electrum Ltd. and each consultant of Tigris Ltd. will be subject to transfer restrictions and a repurchase option until July 1, 2012; reducing to 20% of the shares starting on July 1, 2012 and, commencing on July 1, 2013, no such shares will be subject to restrictions.

    In the past, Los Gatos Ltd. maintained loan agreements and advances with CGT, one of our stockholders, and GRAT Holdings LLC (the parent of a current shareholder). See footnote 8 to our audited and unaudited consolidated financial statements. During 2009, Los Gatos Ltd. issued 1,383,682 ordinary shares and 53,901,115 preferred shares to CGT in satisfaction of $553,000 of such indebtedness. During 2009, Los Gatos Ltd. also settled $527,000 due to CGT through the issuance of 52,715,203 preferred shares. During 2010, Los Gatos Ltd. reduced related-party debt to CGT by $5.4 million as consideration for the exercise of 14,934,227 options in lieu of the stated exercise price of such options. In January 2011, the $31.2 million principal and accrued interest outstanding under these loan arrangements was exchanged for 14,542,512 preferred shares of Los Gatos Ltd. and the obligations were cancelled.

    Effective as of May 11, 2010, the two members of Electrum Silver Holdings LLC’s parent, who at the time were direct members of Precious Metals Opportunities LLC, transferred 2% each of their respective interests in Precious Metals Opportunities LLC (totaling 4%) to Tigris Ltd., one of our existing stockholders.

    During the three months ended March 31, 2011 and during the year ended December 31, 2010, the members of Precious Metals Opportunities LLC, which included the current members of Electrum Silver Holdings LLC’s parent and Tigris Ltd., contributed $1.0 million and $36.0 million, over the respective time periods, as capital contributions to Precious Metals Opportunities LLC. On February 2, 2011, these capital contributions were converted into an aggregate of 20,000,000 shares of our common stock when Precious Metals Opportunities LLC converted to a Delaware corporation and became Sunshine Silver.

    On March 8, 2011, we sold 8,318,264 shares of our common stock at a price of $13.825 per share for a total consideration of $115.0 million to Liberty Metals & Mining (pricing terms were agreed upon in December 2010). In connection with this sale, we entered into a stockholders agreement with certain of our stockholders, which provides certain rights to such holders of our stock, including a preemptive right in favor of Liberty Metals & Mining. The preemptive rightsection does not applygive effect to this offering. In accordance with its terms, the stockholders agreement, including Liberty Metals & Mining’s preemptive right, will terminateReorganization.

    Services Agreements

            Effective January 1, 2015, in connection with the closing of this offering. On June 1, 2011, Liberty Metals & Mining exercised its preemptive right pursuant to the stockholders agreement, purchasing an additional 527,313 shares of our common stock for total consideration of $7.3 million. Upon the purchase, Liberty Metals & Mining owned 15% of our outstanding common stock.

    Between April and May 2011, we sold a total of 95,000 shares of our common stock at a price per share of $13.825 to Ozorrus Investments Limited, an entity affiliated with Stephen Orr, our Executive Chairman and Acting Chief Executive Officer, and to Robert Quartermain, one of our Director nominees. In connection with the sales, we and the Electrum parties entered into a letter agreement and a subscription agreement with each of the stockholders. The agreements provide the stockholder with certain rights and restrictions with respect to the shares, and certain of the terms of the agreements will terminate in connection with the closing of this offering.

    On May 2, 2011, certain of our existing Electrum stockholders sold a total of 37,257 shares of our common stock at a price per share of $13.825 to certain key employees of Tigris Ltd. and Electrum party affiliates, including to our current Director Mr. Natbony. In connection with the stock transfers, the transferees entered into letter agreements with us and the Electrum parties which contain certain rights and restrictions with respect to the shares. Certain of the terms of the letter agreements will terminate in connection with the closing of this offering.

    Services Agreements

    Effective January 1, 2008, Los Gatos Ltd. entered into a services agreement with Tigris L.P., one of our stockholders. Pursuant to the agreement, Tigris L.P. agreed to provide Los Gatos Ltd. assistance with services, consisting primarily of business and financial advice with respect to the strategic business development and corporate finance activities of Los Gatos Ltd. and its subsidiaries. Pursuant to the services agreement, Los Gatos Ltd. paid Tigris L.P. $500,000, $375,000 and $150,000 for the years ending December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008 and $125,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2011, plus out-of-pocket expenses. In addition, pursuant to the services agreement, on October 2, 2009, Los Gatos Ltd. made a one-time grant to Tigris L.P. of 4,771,318 ordinary shares (valued at $48,000) in the capital of Los Gatos Ltd., free of any restrictions on transferability. The services agreement terminates with or without cause upon 30 days’ prior written notice by either party. The agreement includes indemnification provisions by Los Gatos Ltd. in favor of Tigris L.P., its affiliates, and each of their officers, directors, employees, partners, shareholders and related persons against all claims, losses, damages, liabilities and expenses (including reasonable attorney’s fees) incurred by Tigris L.P. arising out of or related to the performance by Tigris L.P. of the services pursuant to the agreement. This agreement will be terminated in connection with the offering.

    Effective May 11, 2010, Silver Opportunity Partners LLC, or SOP, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Precious Metals Opportunities LLC entered into a services agreement with Tigris Ltd., one of our stockholders. Pursuant to the agreement, Tigris Ltd. agreed to provide SOP assistance with services, including: general business; investment, management and/or financial advice; internal bookkeeping services; general administrative services;

    network and communications services; supervision of outside service providers; and such other services as SOP and Tigris Ltd. may agree to from time to time. For the year ended December 31, 2010 and for the three months ended March 31, 2011, SOP paid Tigris Ltd. $500,000 and $125,000, respectively, for services under the agreement. The agreement included indemnification provisions by SOP in favor of Tigris Ltd. and its owners, affiliates, officers, directors, employees, agents and representatives against all claims, losses, damages, liabilities and expenses (including reasonable attorney’s fees) incurred by Tigris Ltd. arising out of or related to the performance by Tigris Ltd. of the services pursuant to the agreement. Prior to this offering, this agreement will be amended to add Sunshine Silver Mines Corporation as a party. This agreement will remain in place following the offering at a rate of $500,000 per annum.

    Effective March 1, 2011,LGJV, we entered into a services agreement with Tigris Ltd.MPR, OSJ and SSJ. Pursuant to the agreement, Tigris Ltd. hasOSJ agreed to provide us assistance withto the LGJV certain consulting and administrative services, including: general business; investment, management and/or financial advice; internal bookkeeping services; general administrative services; networkincluding services necessary to explore, develop, construct and communications services; supervision of outside service providers;operate the LGJV and such other services as we and Tigris Ltd. may agree to from time to time. We pay Tigris Ltd. at cost for any out-of-pocket expenses incurred by them. Tigris Ltd. is not entitled to any additional, or other forms of, consideration for its services. The services agreement terminates with or without cause upon 30 days’ prior written notice by either party.business development activities. The agreement includesincluded indemnification provisions by usMPR, SSJ in favor of Tigris Ltd.OSJ and its owners, affiliates, officers, directors, employees, agents and representativesindemnitees against all claims, losses, damages, liabilitiescosts, expenses and expenses (including reasonable attorney’s fees)charges incurred by Tigris Ltd.OSJ arising outas a result of any act or relatedomission with respect to the performance by Tigris Ltd.provision of the services pursuant to the agreement, except for willful misconduct or gross negligence.

            The LGJV paid $1.1 million and $3.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, under this agreement. This agreementWe had receivables in the amount of $4.1 million and $0.9 million as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, under this agreement.

    Reorganization

            Immediately prior to the closing of this offering, we intend to effect the Reorganization in which (i) SOP will become a wholly owned subsidiary of a newly created Delaware corporation named Silver Opportunity Partners Corporation, (ii) each            shares of our common stock outstanding immediately prior to the Reorganization will be terminatedexchanged for (A)             shares of our common stock (subject to rounding to eliminate fractional shares) and (B)              shares of common stock of SOP Corporation (subject to rounding to eliminate fractional shares) and (iii) we will change our name from Sunshine Silver Mining & Refining Corporation to Gatos Silver, Inc. SOP currently holds our interest in the Sunshine Complex, which is located in the Coeur d'Alene Mining District in Idaho and is comprised of the Sunshine Mine and the Sunshine Big Creek Refinery. Through the Reorganization, we expect to distribute all of our equity interest in SOP to our shareholders immediately prior to the completion of this offering. See "Prospectus Summary—Corporate Information and Reorganization."

    Management Services Agreement

            In connection with the offering.

    Exploration Activity

    From time to time, we have receivables from or payables to other related parties under common control of Electrum in the normal course of our exploration activities. These typically represent expenditures incurred by one party but paid by another. These amounts are settled by cash payment. As of December 31, 2008, 2009 and 2010 and as of March 31, 2011 total receivables outstanding from these activities were approximately $0, $0, $30,000 and $30,000, respectively, and total payables outstanding from these activities were approximately $53,000, $39,000, $9,000 and $40,000, respectively.

    Stockholders Agreements

    In connection with this offering,Reorganization, we intend to enter into a stockholders agreementManagement Services Agreement with SOP, pursuant to which we will provide certain executive and managerial advisory services to SOP. A form of the Management Services Agreement will be filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part.

    Grants to Certain Executive Officers in Connection with This Offering

            Since April 2020, certain of our existing stockholders.executive officers have deferred 20% of their salary. These executive officers will receive an aggregate of approximately            shares of common stock in connection with this offering. The value of the shares of common stock to be granted to each executive officer represents 125% of such executive officer's deferred salary. Each share of common stock is valued at $            , which is 80% of the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus.


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    Shareholders Agreement

            Prior to the consummation of this offering, we will enter into a shareholders agreement with Electrum and MERS pursuant to which Electrum and MERS will have the right to nominate members of our Board of Directors. Upon the consummation of this offering, Electrum will have the right to nominate: (a) a number of members of our Board of Directors that is one fewer than a majority of the Board of Directors following all nominations pursuant to such nomination right so long as Electrum beneficially owns in the aggregate at least 35% of the then outstanding shares of our common stock and (b) one member of our Board of Directors so long as Electrum beneficially owns in the aggregate (x) less than 35% of the then outstanding shares of our common stock and (y) at least 5% of the then outstanding shares of our common stock. MERS will have the right to nominate one member of our Board of Directors for as long as it owns at least 5% of the then outstanding shares of our common stock. The nominees of Electrum and MERS will need to be approved by the Board of Directors and elected at the annual meeting of shareholders.

            The shareholders agreement will also provide that for so long as Electrum owns at least 35% of the then outstanding shares of our common stock, certain actions by us will require the approval of Electrum in addition to any other vote by our Board or shareholders. The actions requiring Electrum approval include:

            In addition, we will agree to indemnify Electrum and MERS from any losses arising directly or indirectly out of Electrum's and MERS's actual, alleged or deemed control or ability to influence control of us or the actual or alleged act or omission of Electrum's and MERS's director nominees, including any act or omission in connection with this offering. If, for any reason our agreement to indemnify Electrum and MERS is unavailable or unenforceable, we will agree to make the maximum contribution to the payment and satisfaction of the indemnified liabilities permissible under applicable law.

    Registration Rights Agreement

            Prior to the consummation of this offering, we will enter into a registration rights agreement with Electrum, MERS and substantially all our other existing shareholders. Pursuant to the registration rights agreement, Electrum and MERS may require us to file a registration statement under the U.S. Securities Act, with respect to their shares following the expiration of the lock-up period described under "Shares Eligible for Future Shareholders—Lock-Up Agreements." We will not be obligated to effect more than three demand registrations within a 12-month period. All shareholders under the registration rights agreement will be entitled to piggyback registration rights with respect to any registration initiated by us or another shareholder or shareholders after the consummation of this offering and will continue to hold this right until they transfer their shares.


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    Indemnity Agreements

    In connection with this offering, we intend to enter into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers. These agreements, among other things, will require us to indemnify each director and executive officer to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law, including indemnification of expenses such as attorneys’attorneys' fees, judgments, fines and settlement amounts incurred by the director or executive officer in any action or proceeding, including any action or proceeding by or in right of us, arising out of the person’sperson's services as a director or executive officer.

    Sales of Shares of Common Stock

            In August, September and November 2017, we entered into subscription agreements with certain investors with respect to the issuance and sale of shares of our common stock. The following table sets forth the number of shares of our common stock issued and sold to our directors, executive officers or holders of more than 5% of our capital stock at the time of or as a result of such issuance, and any affiliate or immediate family member thereof, pursuant to such subscription agreements:

    Name
     Number of Shares
    of Common Stock
    Purchased
     Aggregate Purchase
    Price
     
     
      
     (in thousands)
     

    Electrum Silver US LLC

      5,777,777 $26,000 

    Municipal Employees' Retirement System of Michigan

      2,777,778 $12,500 

            In May, June and July 2019, we entered into subscription agreements with certain investors with respect to the issuance and sale of shares of our common stock. The following table sets forth the number of shares of our common stock issued and sold to our directors, executive officers or holders of more than 5% of our capital stock at the time of or as a result of such issuance, and any affiliate or immediate family member thereof, pursuant to such subscription agreements:

    Name
     Number of Shares
    of Common Stock
    Purchased
     Aggregate Purchase
    Price
     
     
      
     (in thousands)
     

    Electrum Silver US LLC

      4,166,667 $25,000 

    Municipal Employees' Retirement System of Michigan

      2,500,000 $15,000 

    Stephen Orr(1)

      45,000 $270 

    (1)
    Purchased by an affiliate of Stephen Orr, our Chief Executive Officer.

    Sales of Convertible Notes

            On April 20, 2020, we entered into a Convertible Note Purchase Agreement with Electrum Silver US LLC. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Convertible Notes." From April 20, 2020 to the date hereof, we issued and sold to Electrum Silver US LLC $            million aggregate principal amount of convertible notes. We expect that the outstanding convertible notes, and accrued but unpaid interest on such convertible notes, will convert to shares of our common stock in connection with this offering, unless the net proceeds from this offering exceed $             million, in which case we intend to use $            of the net proceeds to repay our outstanding convertible notes. See "Use of Proceeds."

    Statement of Policy on Related PersonParty Transactions

    Prior to the closing of this offering, we will adopt a related party transaction policy designed to minimize potential conflicts of interest arising from any dealings we may have with our affiliates and to


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    provide appropriate procedures for the disclosure, approval and resolution of any real or potential conflicts of interest that may exist from time to time. This policy will provide, among other things, that all related party transactions will be ratified and approved by disinterested members of our Board of Directors after receiving a recommendation from the Audit Committee that the transaction is fair, reasonable and within our policy. In making its recommendation, the Audit Committee will consider each related personparty transaction in light of all relevant factors, including without limitation the benefits of the transaction to us, the terms of the transaction and whether they are arm’sarm's length and in the ordinary course of our business, the direct or indirect nature of the related person’sparty's interest in the transaction, the size and expected term of the transaction, and other facts and circumstances that bear on the materiality of the related personparty transaction under applicable law and NYSEstock exchange standards.

    PRINCIPAL STOCKHOLDERSDirected Share Program

            At our request, the underwriters have reserved up to        % of the shares of common stock offered by this prospectus, for sale, at the initial public offering price, to our employees and directors and to friends, professional contacts and family members of our employees and directors. We do not currently know the extent to which these related persons will participate in the directed share program, if at all.


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    PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS

    The following table sets forth information regarding beneficial ownership of our common stock as of                                    June 15, 2011,, 2020, after giving effect to (i) the Reorganization, (ii) the issuance of an aggregate of                shares of common stock to our executive officers in connection with this offering, as described in "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Grants to Certain Executive Officers in Connection with This Offering," and (iii) the conversion of our outstanding convertible notes into an aggregate of                shares of common stock in connection with this offering, by:

      each person whom we know to own beneficially more than 5% of our common stock;



    each of our directors, director nominees and named executive officers individually; and



    all of our directors, director nominees and executive officers as a group.

    In accordance with the rules of the SEC, beneficial ownership includes voting or investment power with respect to securities and includes shares issuable pursuant to stock options that are exercisable within 60 days of                                    June 15, 2011., 2020. Shares issuable pursuant to stock options are deemed outstanding for purposes of computing the percentage ownership of the person holding such options but are not outstanding for purposes of computing the percentage ownership of any other person. The percentage of beneficial ownership for the following table is based on                         58,810,112 shares of common stock outstanding as of                                    June 15, 2011,, 2020, and                        shares of common stock outstanding after the completion of this offering, assuming no exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares.underwriters' over-allotment option. Unless otherwise indicated, the address for each listed stockholdershareholder is: c/o Sunshine Silver MinesMining & Refining Corporation, 370 17th Street,8400 E. Crescent Parkway, Suite 3800, Denver,600, Greenwood Village, CO 80202.80111. To our knowledge, except as indicated in the footnotes to this table and pursuant to


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    applicable community property laws, the persons named in the table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares of common stock shown as beneficially owned by them.

       Shares Beneficially
    Owned Before the Offering
      Shares Beneficially
    Owned After the Offering

    Name and Address of Beneficial Owner

          Number           Percent          Number          Percent    

    Executive Officers and Directors:

           

    Stephen Orr(1)

       75,000     *     

    Roger Johnson(2)

       —       *     

    Philip Pyle

       93,572     *     

    John Ellis

       —       —       

    Marc Faber

       —       —       

    Wayne Kirk

       —       —       

    William Natbony(3)(4)(5)(6)

       497,204     *     

    Michael S. Parrett

       —       —       

    David Peat

       —       —       

    Robert Quartermain

       20,000     *     

    Diana Walters

       —       —       

    All executive officers and directors as a group
    (11 persons)

       685,776     1.17   

    Greater than 5% Stockholders:

           

    Electrum:

           

    CGT Management Ltd.(6)

       21,009,506     35.7   

    Electrum Silver Holdings LLC(4)

       19,200,000     32.6   

    Tigris Group of Companies(5)

       1,473,124     2.5   

    Liberty Metals & Mining Holdings, LLC(7)

       8,845,577     15.0   

    *Represents beneficial ownership


    Percentage of less than 1%.Shares Beneficially Owned
    Name of Beneficial Owner
    Shares
    Beneficially
    Owned
    Before This
    Offering
    After This
    Offering

    Executive Officers and Directors:

    (1)Consists of 75,000 shares of our common stock held by Ozorrus Investments Limited, in which

    Stephen Orr is(1)

    Philip Pyle

    John Kinyon

    Roger Johnson

    Luis Felipe Huerta

    Adam Dubas

    Thomas S. Kaplan(2)

    Jeb Burns(3)

    Ali Erfan(4)

    Igor Gonzales

    Karl Hanneman

    Charles Hansard

    Igor Levental(5)

    David Peat

    Janice Stairs

    All executive officers, directors and director nominees as a beneficiary. Does not include 125,000 shares of our common stock issued pursuant to employee stock options that are not exercisable within 60 days. The address for Ozorrus Investments Limited is 84 Hales Oven Avenue, Mount Eden, Auckland, New Zealand 1041.group (15 persons)

    (2)Does not include 38,600 shares of our common stock issued pursuant to employee stock options that are not exercisable within 60 days.

    (3)

    Consists of 497,204 shares of common stock held by trusts, of which Mr. Natbony is the sole trustee and over which shares Mr. Natbony holds sole voting and dispositive power. Mr. Natbony is a member of our Board of Directors. Mr. Natbony’s address is 535 Madison Avenue, 11th Floor, New York, NY 10022.Greater than 5% Shareholders:

    (4)

    Mr. Natbony is the manager of Electrum(6):

    Electrum Silver HoldingsUS LLC and GRAT Holdings LLC, which principally owns and controls (7)

    Electrum Silver Holdings LLC. GRAT HoldingsUS II LLC is owned by trusts for the benefit of members of the family of Dr. Thomas Kaplan, of which trusts Mr. Natbony is the trustee. Mr. Natbony disclaims beneficial ownership of the shares held by Electrum Silver Holdings LLC, except to the extent of his pecuniary interest therein. The address for each of Electrum Silver Holdings LLC and GRAT Holdings LLC is 535 Madison Avenue, 11th(7) Floor, New York, NY 10022.

    (5)

    Consists of 765,637 shares held by Tigris Financial Group Ltd. and 707,487 shares held by Tigris Financial (International) L.P. Tigris Financial Group Ltd. is owned and controlled by Dr. Kaplan. Mr. Natbony is the Chairman(8)

    GRAT Holdings, LLC(9)

    Manul Capital Management LLC(10)

    Total

    Municipal Employees' Retirement System of Tigris Financial Group Ltd. Tigris Financial (International) L.P. is controlled by its general partner, Tigris Management Ltd., which is owned and controlled by Dr. Kaplan. Mr. Natbony disclaims beneficial ownership of the shares beneficially owned by Tigris Financial Group Ltd., except to the extent of his pecuniary interest therein. The address for Tigris Financial Group Ltd. is 535 Madison Avenue, 11Michiganth(11) Floor, New York, NY 10022. The address for Tigris Financial (International) L.P. and Tigris Management Ltd. is 65 Front Street, Hamilton, Bermuda.

    (6)CGT Management Ltd. is owned and controlled by Butterfield Trust (Bermuda) Limited, or Butterfield, as trustee of a trust primarily for the benefit of members of the family of Dr. Thomas Kaplan. Mr. Natbony has the power to remove and replace the trustee of such trust. The directors and control persons of CGT Management Ltd. are Pearline McIntosh and Ceri Turton. Each of Butterfield, Mr. Natbony, Ms. McIntosh and Ms. Turton disclaims beneficial ownership of the shares held by CGT Management Ltd. except to the extent of their pecuniary interest therein. The address for CGT Management Ltd. is 65 Front Street, Hamilton, Bermuda.
    (7)

    Liberty Metals & Mining Holdings, LLC is an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Liberty Mutual Holding Company Inc. The address for each of Liberty Metals & Mining Holdings, LLC and Liberty Mutual Holding Company Inc. is 175 Berkeley Street, 18


    *
    Represents beneficial ownership of less than 1%.

    (1)
    Includes (i)                         shares of our common stock held by Cast Management 401k Trust, in which Mr. Orr is a beneficiary and (ii)                         shares of our common stock held by 49 North LLC, which is owned and controlled by Mr. Orr. The address of Cast Management 401k Trust is 30 N Gould St, Suite R, Sheridan, WY 82801. The address of 49 North LLC is Royal Palms Professional Building, 9053 Estate Thomas, Suite 101, St Thomas, the Virgin Islands 00802.

    (2)
    Dr. Kaplan disclaims beneficial ownership of shares of our common stock held by Electrum (as defined below) in which he does not have any pecuniary interest. See footnote (6).

    (3)
    Mr. Burns disclaims beneficial ownership of the shares of our common stock held by Municipal Employees' Retirement System of Michigan in which he does not have any pecuniary interest. See footnote (11).

    (4)
    Consists of                        shares of our common stock held by Ajami Associates Limited, which is owned and controlled by Mr. Erfan. The address of Ajami Associates Limited is c/o Sphere Management (Maritius) Limited, 6th Floor, Suite 619, Port Louis, Mauritius. Mr. Erfan disclaims beneficial ownership of shares of our common stock held by Electrum in which he does not have any pecuniary interest. See footnote (6).

    (5)
    Consist of                        shares of our common stock held by Levental Family Trust, in which Mr. Levental is a beneficiary. The address of Levental Family Trust is c/o Davis Graham and Stubbs, 1550 17th St., #500 Denver, CO 80202. Mr. Levental disclaims beneficial ownership of shares of our common stock held by Electrum in which he does not have any pecuniary interest. See footnote (6).

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    (6)
    Dr. Kaplan is the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of The Electrum Group LLC, Mr. Levental is President of The Electrum Group LLC and Mr. Erfan is Vice Chairman of The Electrum Group LLC. Each of Electrum Silver US LLC, Tigris Financial Group Ltd., GRAT Holdings, LLC and Manul Capital Management LLC (for the purposes of this section, collectively, "Electrum") is controlled by The Electrum Group LLC. Dr. Kaplan, Mr. Levental and Mr. Erfan may be deemed to possess voting and dispositive powers with respect to shares of our common stock held by Electrum. Dr. Kaplan, Mr. Levental and Mr. Erfan each disclaim beneficial ownership of the shares of our common stock held by Electrum in which he does not have any pecuniary interest. The address of The Electrum Group is 535 Madison Avenue, 12th Floor, New York, NY 10022.

    (7)
    Electrum Silver US LLC ("Electrum Silver") and Electrum Silver US II LLC ("Electrum Silver II") are managed by Electrum Strategic Management LLC ("Electrum Management"). Each of Electrum Silver, Electrum Silver II and Electrum Management are principally owned and controlled by Electrum Global Holdings L.P. ("Global Holdings"). Global Holdings is controlled by its general partner, TEG Global GP Ltd. ("Global GP"). The Electrum Group LLC ("TEG Services") is the investment adviser to Global Holdings and possesses voting and investment discretion with respect to assets of Global Holdings, including indirect investment discretion with respect to the shares of common stock held by Electrum Silver and Electrum Silver II. Global GP is principally owned and controlled indirectly by GRAT Holdings, LLC ("GRAT Holdings"). GRAT Holdings is owned by trusts for the benefit of members of the family of Dr. Kaplan. Dr. Kaplan and his wife may be deemed to have beneficial ownership of shares of our common stock indirectly owned by GRAT Holdings. The address for each of Electrum Silver, Electrum Silver II, Electrum Management, Global Holdings, Global GP, GRAT Holdings, TEG Services and Dr. Kaplan is c/o The Electrum Group LLC, 535 Madison Avenue, 12th Floor, New York, NY 10022.

    (8)
    Tigris Financial Group Ltd. is owned and controlled by Dr. Kaplan, who is deemed the beneficial owner of such shares of our common stock as a result of his indirect voting and dispositive powers over such shares. The address for Tigris Financial Group Ltd. is c/o The Electrum Group LLC, 535 Madison Avenue, 12th Floor, New York, NY 10022.

    (9)
    GRAT Holdings, LLC is owned and controlled by Dr. Kaplan, who is deemed the beneficial owner of such shares of our common stock as a result of his indirect voting and dispositive powers over such shares. The address for GRAT Holdings, LLC is c/o The Electrum Group LLC, 535 Madison Avenue, 12th Floor, New York, NY 10022.

    (10)
    Manul Capital Management LLC is owned and controlled by Dr. Kaplan, who is deemed the beneficial owner of such shares of our common stock as a result of his indirect voting and dispositive powers over such shares. The address for Manul Capital Management LLC is c/o The Electrum Group LLC, 535 Madison Avenue, 12th Floor, New York, NY 10022.

    (11)
    Municipal Employees' Retirement System of Michigan ("MERS") is an independent, professional retirement services company that administers the retirement plans for Michigan's local units of government. Mr. Burns is the Chief Investment Officer of MERS. Mr. Burns may be deemed to possess voting and dispositive powers with respect to shares of our common stock held by MERS. Mr. Burns disclaims beneficial ownership of the shares of our common stock held by MERS in which he does not have any pecuniary interest. The address of MERS is 1134 Municipal Way, Lansing, MI 48917.

    Table of Contentsth Floor, Boston, MA 02116.


    DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK

    The following descriptions are summaries of the material terms of our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws. Reference is made to the more detailed provisions of, and the descriptions are qualified in their entirety by reference to, the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws, copies of which are filed with the SEC as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, and applicable law.

    General

    Following this offering, our authorized capital stock will consist of 700,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.001 per share, and 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $$0.001 per share.

    Common Stock

    Common stock outstanding.As of March 31, 2011June 30, 2020, there were 57,523,61280,646,832 shares of common stock outstanding which were held of record by 37 stockholders.54 shareholders. There will be                        shares of common stock outstanding, assuming no exercise of the underwriters’underwriters' over-allotment option, to purchase additional shares and no exercise of outstanding options and no conversion of outstanding DSUs, after giving effect to (i) the saleReorganization, (ii) the issuance of thean aggregate of                shares of common stock offered hereby.to our executive officers in connection with this offering, as described in "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Grants to Certain Executive Officers in Connection with This Offering," (iii) the conversion of our outstanding convertible notes into an aggregate of                shares of common stock in connection with this offering, and (iv) the issuance and sale of                shares of common stock in this offering. All outstanding shares of common stock are fully paid and non-assessable, and the shares of common stock to be issued upon the completion of this offering will be fully paid and non-assessable.

    Voting rights.The holders of common stock are entitled to one vote per share on all matters to be voted upon by the stockholders,shareholders, except on matters relating solely to terms of preferred stock.

    Dividend rights.We do not intend to pay any dividends in the foreseeable future and currently intend to retain all future earnings to finance our business. Subject to preferences that may be applicable to any outstanding preferred stock, the holders of common stock are entitled to receive ratably such dividends, if any, as may be declared from time to time by our Board of Directors out of funds legally available therefor. See “Dividend"Dividend Policy."

    Rights upon liquidation.In the event of liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the holders of common stock are entitled to share ratably in all assets remaining after payment of liabilities, subject to prior distribution rights of preferred stock, if any, then outstanding.

    Other rights.    The holders of our common stock have no preemptive or conversion or exchange rights or other subscription rights. There are no redemption, retraction, purchase for cancellation, surrender or sinking or purchase fund provisions applicable to the common stock.

    Preferred Stock

    Our Board of Directors has the authority to issue the preferred stock in one or more series and to fix the rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions thereof, including dividend rights, dividend rates, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption, redemption prices, liquidation preferences and the number of shares constituting any series or the designation of such series, without further vote or action by the stockholders.shareholders. The issuance of preferred stock may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of our companyCompany without further action by the stockholdersshareholders and may


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    adversely affect the voting and other rights of the holders of common stock. At present, we have no plans to issue any of the preferred stock.

    Certain Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and ByLawBylaw Provisions

    Opt-Out of Section 203 of the DGCL

    We have expressly elected not to be governed by the “business combination” provisions of Section 203 of the DGCL, until such time as Electrum ceases to own more than 50% of our outstanding common stock, after which we will be governed by those provisions. Section 203 prohibits a person who acquires more than 15% but less than 85% of all classes of our outstanding voting stock without the approval of our Board of Directors from merging or combining with us for a period of three years, unless the merger or combination is approved by a two-thirds vote of the shares not owned by such person. These provisions would apply even if the proposed merger or acquisition could be considered beneficial by some stockholders.

    Requirements for Advance Notification of StockholderShareholder Nominations and Proposals

    Our Amended and Restated Bylaws establish advance notice procedures with respect to stockholdershareholder proposals and nomination of candidates for election as directors that will apply after Electrum ceases to own more than 50% of our outstanding common stock.directors.

    Limits on Written Consents

    Prior to a transaction or series of transactions that results in Electrum ceasing to own more than 50% of our outstanding common stock, the stockholders may amend our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation in any manner as permitted by the DGCL.

    Following Electrum ceasing to own more than 50% of our outstanding common stock, any        Any action required or permitted to be taken by the stockholdersshareholders must be effected at a duly called annual or special meeting of stockholdersshareholders and may not be effected by any consent in writing in lieu of a meeting of such stockholders,shareholders, subject to the rights of the holders of any series of preferred stock.

    Limits on Special Meetings

    Special meetings of the stockholdersshareholders may be called at any time only by the secretary at the direction of our Board of Directors pursuant to a resolution adopted by the Board of DirectorsDirectors.

    Choice of Forum

            Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation will provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for the following types of actions or proceedings under Delaware statutory or common law: (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; (ii) any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty; (iii) any action asserting a claim against us arising under the Delaware General Corporation Law; and (iv) any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by Electrum until it ceasesthe internal affairs doctrine. The foregoing provision does not apply to own more than 50%claims under the Securities Act, the Exchange Act or any claim for which the U.S. federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation will further provide that the federal district courts of the United States will, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act.

            Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation will also provide that any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring or holding any interest in shares of our outstanding common stock.capital stock will be deemed to have notice of and to have consented to these choice of forum provisions. These exclusive forum provisions may limit a stockholder's ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers, and other employees, although our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

            While Delaware courts have determined that choice of forum provisions are facially valid, it is possible that a court of law in another jurisdiction could rule that the choice of forum provisions to be contained in our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation are inapplicable or unenforceable if they are challenged in a proceeding or otherwise. If a court were to find the choice of forum provision in our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions.

    Corporate Opportunities

    Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation provides that we renounce any interest or expectancy in the business opportunities of Electrum and Liberty Metals & MiningMERS and of our directors who are affiliated with Electrum or Liberty Metals & Mining,MERS, other than directors employed by us,who are also our employees, and that neither our


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    directors affiliated with Electrum or Liberty Metals & Mining,MERS, other than directors employed by us,who are also our employees, nor Electrum or Liberty Metals & MiningMERS have any obligation to offer us those opportunities. Electrum, and Liberty Metals & MiningMERS and any of our directors who are affiliated with them other than directors employed by uswho are also our employees may, in the past, present or future, carry out and engage in any and all activities associated with any business, including, without limitation, any mining business.

    Amendments to our Governing Documents

    Generally, the amendment of our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation requires approval by our Board of Directors and the vote of holders of at least 50%more than 66.67% of the votes entitled to be cast by the outstanding capital stock in the election of our Board of Directors (which amount shall be raised to 662/3% of our outstanding capital stock following the time that Electrum ceases to own more than 50% of our outstanding common stock).Directors. Any amendment to our Amended and Restated Bylaws requires the approval of either a majority of our Board of Directors or holders of at least 50%more than 66.67% of the votes entitled to be cast by the outstanding capital stock in the election of our Board of Directors (which amount shall be raised to 662/3% of our outstanding capital stock following the time that Electrum ceases to own more than 50% of our outstanding common stock).Directors.

    Board of Directors

    Initially, our        Our Board of Directors will consist of a single class of directors each serving one year terms. Following Electrum ceasing to own more than 50% of our outstanding common stock, our Board of Directorsand directors will be divided into three classes of directors, with each class as nearly equal in number as possible, serving staggered three year termsserve until a successor is duly elected and qualified or until a director's earlier death, removal or resignation (other than directors that may be elected by holders of our preferred shares, if any).

    Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and our Amended and Restated Bylaws provide that at such date that Electrum ceases to own more than 50% of our outstanding common stock, directors may be removed only for cause and only by the affirmative vote of the holders of 662/3%66.67% of our outstanding voting stock, voting together as a single class, unless approved by our Board of Directors, in which case such removal for cause shall require the affirmative vote of the holders of more than 50% of our outstanding voting stock, voting together as a single class. Prior to that date, directors may be removed by holders of a majority of our outstanding voting stock, voting together as a single class. Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and our Amended and Restated Bylaws provide that any vacancy on our Board of Directors, including a vacancy resulting from an enlargement of our Board of Directors, at such time that Electrum ceases to own more than 50% of our outstanding common stock, may be filled by vote of a majority of our directors then in office (prior to that date, any vacancy on the Board of Directors may be filled by Electrum).office. Furthermore, our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation provides that at such time that Electrum ceases to own more than 50% of our outstanding common stock, the authorized number of directors may be changed only by the affirmative vote of 662/3% of our outstanding shares of capital stock or by the resolution of our Board of Directors (priorDirectors.

    Delaware Business Combination Statute

            We will elect to be subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which regulates corporate acquisitions. Section 203 prevents an "interested stockholder," which is defined generally as a person owning 15% or more of a corporation's voting stock, or any affiliate or associate of that date,person, from engaging in a broad range of "business combinations" with the authorized numbercorporation for three years after becoming an interested stockholder unless:

      the board of directors may be changedof the corporation had previously approved either the business combination or the transaction that resulted in the stockholder's becoming an interested stockholder;

      upon completion of the transaction that resulted in the stockholder's becoming an interested stockholder, that person owned at least 85% of the voting stock of the corporation outstanding at the time the transaction commenced, other than statutorily excluded shares; or

      following the transaction in which that person became an interested stockholder, the business combination is approved by Electrum).the board of directors of the corporation and holders of at least two-thirds of the outstanding voting stock not owned by the interested stockholder.

            Under Section 203, the restrictions described above also do not apply to specific business combinations proposed by an interested stockholder following the announcement or notification of designated extraordinary transactions involving the corporation and a person who had not been an


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    interested stockholder during the previous three years or who became an interested stockholder with the approval of a majority of the corporation's directors, if such extraordinary transaction is approved or not opposed by a majority of the directors who were directors prior to any person becoming an interested stockholder during the previous three years or were recommended for election or elected to succeed such directors by a majority of such directors.

            Section 203 may make it more difficult for a person who would be an interested stockholder to effect various business combinations with a corporation for a three-year period. Section 203 also may have the effect of preventing changes in our management and could make it more difficult to accomplish transactions which our stockholders may otherwise deem to be in their best interests.

    ListingAnti-Takeover Effects of Some Provisions

    The Company will        Some provisions of our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws could make the following more difficult:

      acquisition of control of us by means of a proxy contest or otherwise, or

      removal of our incumbent officers and directors.

            These provisions, as well as our ability to issue preferred stock, are designed to discourage coercive takeover practices and inadequate takeover bids. These provisions are also designed to encourage persons seeking to acquire control of us to first negotiate with our Board of Directors. We believe that the benefits of increased protection give us the potential ability to negotiate with the proponent of an unfriendly or unsolicited proposal to acquire or restructure us, and that the benefits of this increased protection outweigh the disadvantages of discouraging those proposals, because negotiation of those proposals could result in an improvement of their terms.

    Listing

            We have applied to list theour common stock on the New York Stock ExchangeNYSE and TSX under the symbol “AGS.”"GATO." The listing will be subject to us fulfilling all of the listing requirements of the NYSE and the TSX. There can be no assurance that the NYSE or the TSX will approve our listing application.

    Transfer Agent and Registrar

    The Transfer AgentU.S. transfer agent and Registrarregistrar for the Common Stockcommon stock is .EQ by Equiniti, located at 1110 Centre Pointe Curve, Suite 101, Mendota Heights, Minnesota 55120 and the Canadian transfer agent and registrar for the common stock is TSX Trust Company, located at 100 Adelaide Street West, Suite 301, Toronto, Ontario, M5H 1S3.


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    U.S. FEDERAL TAX CONSIDERATIONS FOR NON-U.S. HOLDERS OF COMMON STOCK

    The following is a discussion ofare the material U.S. federal income and estate tax consequences that apply to you if you are a “non-U.S. holder,” as defined below, who beneficially ownsof the ownership and disposition of our common stock butacquired in this offering by a "Non-U.S. Holder" that does not own, and has not at any time owned, actually or constructively (as determined for purposes of the provisions of U.S. federal income tax law applicable to non-U.S. holders of shares of a USRPHC, as defined below), more than 5% of our common stock. This discussion appliesSubject to the exceptions set forth below, you only if you purchase our common stock in connection with this offering and will hold our common stock as a capital asset. You are a “non-U.S. holder”Non-U.S. Holder if for U.S. federal income tax purposes you are a beneficial owner of our common stock and you are:

      a non-residentnonresident alien individual, other than certain former citizens and residents of the United States;

    individual;

    a corporation,foreign corporation; or other entity taxable as a corporation, created or organized in or under the laws of a jurisdiction other than the United States or of any political subdivision thereof; or



    a foreign estate or trust,

    trust.

    but        You are not a Non-U.S. Holder, however, if you are ana nonresident alien individual who is present in the United States for 183 days or more in the taxable year of dispositionin which you sell any of our common stock and, certain other requirements being met, is not otherwiseor if you are a former citizen or former resident of the United States, or an entity that has expatriated from the United States, for U.S. federal income tax purposes. If you are such an individual,a person, you should consult your tax adviseradvisor regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences of the sale, exchange or otherownership and disposition of our common stock.

    If you are a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, or a partner in a partnership, the U.S. federal income tax consequencestreatment of owning and disposing of our common stocka partner will generally depend on the status of the partner and upon the activities of the partnership. Partnerships owning common stock and partners in such partnerships should consult their tax advisers as to the particular U.S. federal income tax consequences of owning and disposing of our common stock.your activities.

    This discussion is based on the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended to the date hereof (the "Code"), administrative pronouncements, judicial decisions and final, temporary and proposed Treasury Regulations, all as of the date hereof,regulations, changes to any of which subsequent to the date of this prospectus may affect the tax consequences described herein.herein, possibly with retroactive effect. This discussion does not addressdescribe all aspects of U.S. federal income and estate taxationthe tax consequences that may be relevant to you in light of your particular circumstances and does not address any aspect of state, local or non-U.S. taxation, or any taxes other than income and estate taxes. You should consult your tax advisor with regard to the application of the U.S. federal tax laws to your particular situation, as well as any tax consequences arising under the laws of any state, local or foreign jurisdiction. You should consult your tax adviser with respect to the particular tax consequences to you of owning and disposing of our common stock, including the consequences under the laws of any state, local or foreignnon-U.S. taxing jurisdiction.

    Dividends

    As discussed under “Dividend Policy”"Dividend Policy" above, we do not currently expect to pay dividends.make distributions on our common stock. In the event that we do paymake distributions of cash or other property, those distributions will constitute dividends dividends you receive onfor U.S. federal income tax purposes to the extent paid from our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles. To the extent those distributions exceed our current and accumulated earnings and profits, they will constitute a return of capital, which will first reduce your basis in our common stock, but not below zero, and then will be treated as gain from the sale of our common stock, as described below under "—Gain on Disposition of Our Common Stock."

            Dividends paid to you generally will be subject to withholding tax at a 30% rate or a reduced rate specified by an applicable income tax treaty. In order to obtain a reduced rate of withholding (subject to the discussion below under "—FATCA"), you mustwill be required to provide ana properly executed applicable Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") Form W-8BENW-8 certifying your entitlement to benefits under a treaty.

    The withholding tax does not apply to        If dividends paid to you if you provide an Internal Revenue Service Form W-8ECI certifying that the dividends are effectively connected with your conduct of a trade or business withinin the United States and,(and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty, is alsoare attributable to a permanent establishment or fixed base maintained by you in the United States. Instead,States), you will generally be taxed on the effectively connected dividends in the same manner as a U.S. person. In this case, you will be subjectexempt from the withholding tax


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    discussed in the preceding paragraph, although you will be required to regularprovide a properly executed IRS Form W-8ECI in order to claim an exemption from withholding. You should consult your tax advisor with respect to other U.S. income tax as ifconsequences of the you wereownership of our common stock, including the possible imposition of a U.S. resident, subject to an applicable incomebranch profits tax treaty providing otherwise. If you are a non-U.S. corporation receiving effectively connected dividends, you may also be subject to an additional “branch profits tax” imposed at a rate of 30% (or a lower treaty rate). if you are a corporation.

    Gain on Disposition of Our Common Stock

    You        Subject to the discussion below under "—Information Reporting and Backup Withholding," you generally will generally not be subject to U.S. federal income or withholding tax on gain realized on a sale or other taxable disposition of our common stock unless either (i) unless:

      the gain is effectively connected with your conduct of a trade or business in the United States and,(and, if required by an applicable income tax treaty, is also attributable to a permanent establishment

      or fixed base maintained by you in the United States,States), or (ii) the gain is subject to tax under the rules that apply to the disposition of the stock of

      we are or have been a “U.S."United States real property holding corporation,”corporation" (a "USRPHC"), as described below, at any time within the five-year period preceding the disposition or your holding period, whichever period is shorter, and our common stock has ceased to be regularly traded on an established securities market prior to the beginning of the calendar year in which the sale or disposition occurs.

            We believe that we are not, and do not anticipate becoming, a USRPHC.

    Gain        If you recognize gain on a sale or other disposition of our common stock that is effectively connected with your conduct of a trade or business in the United States will be subject to regular U.S.(and if required by an applicable income tax as iftreaty, is attributable to a permanent establishment or fixed base maintained by you werein the United States), you will generally be taxed on such gain in the same manner as a U.S. resident, subjectperson. You should consult your tax advisor with respect to an applicable treaty providing otherwise. If you areother U.S. tax consequences of the disposition of our common stock, including the possible imposition of a non-U.S. corporation recognizing effectively connected gain, you may also be subject to an additional “branchbranch profits tax” imposedtax at a rate of 30% (or a lower treaty rate).

    A corporation is generally a USRPHC if 50% or more of the fair market value of its real property assets and its other assets used or held for use in a trade or business consist of U.S. real property interests, as defined in the Code and applicable regulations. Based on our estimates of the current relative fair market values of our U.S. real property interests and other assets, we believe we are not currently a USRPHC. However, both because the determination of the value of our mineral assets is uncertain and requires the use of subjective estimates, and because the relative fair market values of our assets will likely fluctuate over time (based on, for example, the results of the exploration and development of our properties), there can be no assurance that we are not, or will not become, a USRPHC. Even if weyou are a USRPHC, for so long as our common stock is regularly traded on an established securities market (such as the NYSE), you will not recognize taxable gain on a sale of our common stock under the rules applicable to USRPHCs unless you actually or constructively own more than 5% of our common stock at any time during the five-year period ending on the date of disposition or, if shorter, your holding period for our common stock. If our common stock was not considered to be regularly traded on an established securities market for purposes of these rules, you would be subject to U.S. federal income tax on any gain recognized on the disposition of all or a portion of our common stock in generally the same manner as described above with respect to gain that is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States.corporation.

    Information Reporting and Backup Withholding Requirements

    Information returns willare required to be filed with the Internal Revenue ServiceIRS in connection with payments of dividends on our common stock. You may have toUnless you comply with certification procedures to establish that you are not a U.S. person, information returns may also be filed with the IRS in order to avoid information reporting and backup withholding requirementsconnection with respect to payments of dividends or the proceeds offrom a sale or other disposition of our common stock. TheYou may be subject to backup withholding on payments on our common stock or on the proceeds from a sale or other disposition of our common stock unless you comply with certification procedures required to claimestablish that you are not a reduced rateU.S. person or otherwise establish an exemption. Your provision of withholding under a treatyproperly executed applicable IRS Form W-8 certifying your non-U.S. status will satisfy the certification requirements necessarypermit you to avoid backup withholding. Amounts withheld under the backup withholding as well. You willrules are not additional taxes and may be allowed a creditrefunded or credited against your U.S. federal income tax liability, if any, for, and may be entitledprovided that the required information is timely furnished to a refundthe IRS.

    FATCA

            Provisions of the amountCode commonly referred to as "FATCA" require withholding of any backup withholding from a payment30% on payments of dividends to your or the gross proceeds you receive from a sale or disposition ofon our common stock provided that you timely furnish the required information to the Internal Revenue Service.

    Recent Legislation

    Recent legislation will generally impose, effective"foreign financial institutions" (which is broadly defined for payments made after December 31, 2012, withholding at a rate of 30% on dividendsthis purpose and the gross proceeds of a disposition of common stock paid toin general includes investment vehicles) and certain foreignother non-U.S. entities including financial institutions, unless various U.S. information reporting and due diligence requirements are satisfied. As a result,(generally relating to ownership by U.S. persons of interests in or accounts with those entities) have been satisfied or an exemption applies. An intergovernmental agreement between the entity through whichUnited States and an applicable foreign country may modify these requirements. Proposed regulations provide that the FATCA tax will


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    not apply to gross proceeds from the disposition of shares of U.S. corporations, such as our common stock, is held by you will affectas otherwise would have been the determination of whethercase after December 31, 2018, and Treasury has stated that taxpayers may rely on the proposed regulations until final regulations are issued. If FATCA withholding is required. The new withholding regime will apply in conjunction with the existing rules described in “—Dividends” and “—Information Reporting and Backup Withholding Requirements” above.imposed, a beneficial owner that is not a foreign financial institution generally may obtain a refund of any amounts withheld by filing a U.S. federal income tax return (which may entail significant administrative burden). You should consult your tax adviseradvisor regarding the possible implicationseffects of this legislationFATCA on your investment in our common stock.

    Federal Estate Tax

    If you are an individual or an entity        Individual Non-U.S. Holders and entities the property of which is potentially includible in such an individual Non-U.S. Holder’sindividual's gross estate for U.S. federal estate tax purposes (for example, a trust funded by such an individual Non-U.S. Holder and with respect to which the individual has retained certain interests or powers), you should note that, absent an applicable treaty benefit,exemption, our common stock will be treated as U.S. situsU.S.-situs property subject to U.S. federal estate tax.


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    CANADIAN FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES FOR NON-U.S.CANADIAN HOLDERS

    The following summary describes the principal Canadian federal income tax considerations under theIncome Tax Act (Canada) and theIncome Tax Regulations or, collectively, the Tax Act, generally applicable to a purchaser who acquires as beneficial owner our common stock pursuant to this offering and who, at all relevant times, for purposes of theTaxthe Tax Act, (i) is, or is deemed to be, resident in Canada,Canada; (ii) deals at arm’sarm's length with the Company;Company and the underwriters; (iii) is not affiliated with the Company;Company and the underwriters; (iv) is not in a relationship with us such that we would be considered a “foreign affiliate”"foreign affiliate" of such purchaser; and (v) holds our common stock as capital property or a Holder.(a "Holder"). Generally, our common stock will be capital property to a Holder provided the Holder does not acquire or hold our common stock in the course of carrying on a business or as part of an adventure or concern in the nature of trade.

    This summary is not applicable to (i) a Holder an interest in which is a “tax"tax shelter investment”investment", (ii) a purchaserHolder that is a “financial institution”"financial institution" for purposes of certain rules referred to as the mark-to-market rules, or (iii) a purchaserHolder that is a "specified financial institution", (iv) a Holder that is a partnership or exempt from tax under Part I of the Tax Act, (v) a Holder that reports its “Canadian"Canadian tax results”results" in a currency other than Canadian currency, or (vi) a Holder that has entered or will enter into, in respect of our common stock, a "synthetic disposition arrangement" or a "derivative forward agreement", each as defined in the Tax Act. Additional considerations, not discussed herein, may be applicable to a Holder that is a corporation that is, or becomes as part of a transaction or event or series of transactions or events that includes the acquisition of our common stock, controlled by a non-resident person or group of non-resident persons for the purposes of the foreign affiliate dumping rules in section 212.3 of the Tax Act. Such purchasersHolders should consult their own tax advisors.

    This summary is based on the current provisions of the Tax Act, and an understanding of the current administrative policies and assessing practices of the Canada Revenue Agency published in writing prior to the date hereof. This summary takes into account all specific proposals to amend the Tax Act publicly announced by or on behalf of the Minister of Finance (Canada) prior to the date hereof, or the Proposed Amendments, and assumes that all Proposed Amendments will be enacted in the form proposed. However, no assurances can be given that the Proposed Amendments will be enacted as proposed, or at all. This summary does not otherwise take into account or anticipate any changes in law or administrative policy or assessing practice whether by legislative, administrative or judicial action nor does it take into account tax legislation or considerations of any province, territory or foreign jurisdiction, which may differ from those discussed herein.

    This summary is of a general nature only and is not, and is not intended to be, legal or tax advice to any prospective purchaser or holder of our common stock. This summary is not exhaustive of all Canadian federal income tax considerations. Accordingly, prospective purchasers of our common stock should consult their own tax advisors having regard to their own particular circumstances.

    Currency Conversion

    Generally, for purposes of the Tax Act, all amounts relating to the acquisition, holding or disposition of our common stock must be converted into Canadian dollars based on the exchange rates as determined in accordance with the Tax Act. The amount of dividends required to be included in the income of, and capital gains or capital losses realized by, a Holder may be affected by fluctuations in the Canadian / U.S. dollar exchange rate.

    Dividends

    A Holder will be required to include in computing its income for a taxation year the amount of any dividends received on our common stock. In the case of a Holder that is an individual, such dividends willnot be subject to the gross-up and dividend tax credit rules applicable to taxable


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    dividends received from taxable Canadian corporations. A Holder that is a corporation willnot be entitled to deduct the amount of such dividends in computing its taxable income. The full amount of the dividends, including amounts deducted for U.S. withholding tax, if any, in respect of the dividends must be included in income. To the extent U.S. withholding tax is paid in respect of dividends paid on our common stock, the amount of such tax generally will be eligible for foreign tax credit or deduction treatment subject to the detailed rules and limitations under the Tax Act.

            Holders are advised to consult their own tax advisors with respect to the availability of a credit or deduction to them having regard to their particular circumstances.

    Dispositions

    Generally, on a disposition or deemed disposition of a share of our common stock, a Holder will realize a capital gain (or capital loss) equal to the amount, if any, by which the proceeds of disposition, net of any reasonable costs of disposition, exceed (or are less than) the adjusted cost base to the Holder of the share immediately before the disposition or deemed disposition.

    The adjusted cost base to the Holder of a share of our common stock acquired pursuant to this offering will be determined by averaging the cost of such share with the adjusted cost base immediately before the time of acquisition of all other shares of our common stock owned by the Holder as capital property immediately before that time, if any.

    Generally, a Holder is required to include in computing its income for a taxation year one-half of the amount of any capital gain, or a taxable capital gain, realized in the year. Subject to and in accordance with the provisions of the Tax Act, a Holder is required to deduct one-half of the amount of any capital loss, or an allowable capital loss, realized in a taxation year from taxable capital gains realized by the Holder in the year and allowable capital losses in excess of taxable capital gains for the year may be carried back and deducted in any of the three preceding taxation years or carried forward and deducted in any subsequent taxation year against net taxable capital gains realized in such years. Capital gains realized by a Holder that is an individual or trust, other than certain specified trusts, may give rise to a liability for alternative minimum tax under the Tax Act.

    To the extent U.S. tax is paid in respect of capital gains realized on the disposition or deemed disposition of a share of our common stock, the amount of such tax generally will be eligible for foreign tax credit treatment subject to the detailed rules and limitations under the Tax Act. Holders are advised to consult their own tax advisors with respect to the availability of a credit to them having regard to their particular circumstances.

    Eligibility for Investment

    On the date of issue, provided that our common stock is listed at that time on a designated stock exchange, (within the meaning of the Tax Act), which currently includes the Toronto Stock ExchangeNYSE and the New York Stock Exchange,TSX, shares of our common stock will be qualified investments under the Tax Act for trusts governed by registered retirement savings plans ("RRSPs"), registered retirement income funds ("RRIFs"), registered education savings plans ("RESPs"), deferred profit sharing plans, registered disability savings plans ("RDSPs") and tax-free savings accounts , or TFSA.("TFSAs"). Provided the holder of a TFSA or RDSP, the annuitant of an RRSP or RRIF, or the subscriber of an RESP, as the case may be, (i) does not have a “significant interest”"significant interest" (within the meaning of the Tax Act) in us, and does not have a “significant interest”(ii) deals at arm's length with us (within the meaning of the Tax Act) in a corporation, partnership or trust that does not deal at arm’s length with us,, such shares will not be a prohibited investment under the Tax Act for such TFSA.TFSA, RRSP, RRIF, RESP or RDSP. In addition, the Canadian federal budget released on June 6, 2011,shares of our common stock will generally not be a "prohibited investment" if such shares are "excluded property" (within the meaning of the Tax Act). Annuitants under an RRSP or the 2011 Federal Budget, the Minister of Finance proposed that the definition and rules in respectRRIF, holders of a prohibited investment currently applicable in respectTFSA or RDSP, and subscribers of TFSA be extendedan RESP should consult their own tax advisors as to apply to registered retirement savings plans and registered retirement income funds. There can be no assurance that the 2011 Federal Budget proposalswhether shares of our common stock will be enacted as proposed,a "prohibited investment" for such RRSP, RRIF, TFSA, RESP or at all.RDSP in their particular circumstances.


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    Offshore Investment Entity RulesFund Property

    In the Canadian federal budget released on March 4, 2010, or the 2010 Federal Budget, the Minister of Finance announced that certain previously announced Proposed Amendments to the        The Tax Act relating to the taxation of Canadian residents investing in certain non-resident entities, or the FIE Proposals, will not be implemented. The Minister of Finance also proposed to replace the FIE Proposals with a slightly revised version of the current offshore investment fund property rules,contains provisions (the "OIF Rules") which Proposed Amendments were released on August 27, 2010. There can be no assurance that the 2010 Federal Budget proposals will be enacted as proposed, or at all.

    The existing rules with respect to offshore investment fund property may, in certain circumstances, require a Holder to include an amount in income in each taxation year in respect of the acquisition and holding of our common stock, if (1) the value of such common stock may reasonably be considered to be derived, directly or indirectly, primarily from portfolio investments in: (i) shares of the capital stock of one or more corporations, (ii) indebtedness or annuities, (iii) interests in one or more corporations, trusts, partnerships, organizations, funds

    or entities, (iv) commodities, (v) real estate, (vi) Canadian or foreign resource properties, (vii) currency of a country other than Canada, (vii)(viii) rights or options to acquire or dispose of any of the foregoing, or (viii)(ix) any combination of the foregoing or Investment Assets. We are of the view that our common stock should not(collectively, "Investment Assets") and (2) it may reasonably be an offshore investment fund property.

    Furthermore, in order for these rules to apply to a Holder in respect of our common stock, it must be reasonable to concludeconcluded that one of the main reasons for the Holder acquiring, holding or holdinghaving shares of our common stock was to derive a benefit from portfolio investments in Investment Assets in such a manner that the taxes, if any, on the income, profits and gains from such Investment Assets for any particular year are significantly less than the tax that would have been applicable under Part I of the Tax Act if the income, profits and gains had been earned directly by the Holder.

            In making the determination under point (2) in the preceding paragraph, the OIF Rules provide that regard must be had to all of the circumstances, including (i) the nature, organization and operation of any non-resident entity, including the Company, and the form of, and the terms and conditions governing, the Holder's interest in, or connection with, any such non-resident entity, (ii) the extent to which any income, profit and gains that may reasonably be considered to be earned or accrued, whether directly or indirectly, for the benefit of any non-resident entity, including the Company, are subject to an income or profits tax that is significantly less than the income tax that would be applicable to such income, profits and gains if they were earned directly by the Holder, and (iii) the extent to which any income, profits and gains of any non-resident entity, including the Company, for any fiscal period are distributed in that or the immediately following fiscal period.

            If applicable, the OIF Rules generally require a Holder to include in the Holder's income for each taxation year in which such Holder owns our common stock the amount, if any, by which (i) the total of all amounts each of which is the product obtained when the Holder's "designated cost" (as defined in the Tax Act) of our common stock at the end of a month in the year is multiplied by 1/12 of the aggregate of the prescribed rate of interest for the period including that month plus two percentage points exceeds (ii) any dividends or other amounts included in computing such Holder's income for the year (other than a capital gain) from our common stock determined without reference to the OIF Rules. Any amount required to be included in computing a Holder's income in respect of our common stock under these provisions will be added to the adjusted cost base and the designated cost of our common stock to the Holder.

            The CRA has taken the position that the term "portfolio investment" should be given a broad interpretation. Notwithstanding this interpretation, we do not believe that the value of shares of our common stock should be regarded as being derived, directly or indirectly, primarily from portfolio investments in Investment Assets, though the CRA may take a different view. However, if the term "portfolio investment" should be given a broad interpretation, and even if the value of shares of our common stock may reasonably be considered to be derived, directly or indirectly, primarily from portfolio investments in Investment Assets, the OIF Rules will apply to a Holder only if it is reasonable to conclude that one of the main reasons for the Holder acquiring, holding or having our common stock was to derive a benefit from Investment Assets in such a manner that the taxes, if any, on the income, profits and gains from such Investment Assets for any particular year are significantly less than the tax that would have been applicable under Part I of the Tax Act if the income, profits and gains had been earned directly by the Holder.


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    These rulesOIF Rules are complex and their application depends, in part, on the reasons for a Holder acquiring or holding our common stock. Holders are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the application and consequences of these rules in their own particular circumstances.

    Additional Refundable Tax

            A Holder that is, throughout its taxation year, a "Canadian-controlled private corporation" (as defined in the Tax Act) may be subject to pay a refundable tax on its "aggregate investment income" (as defined in the Tax Act), including amounts in respect of net taxable capital gains and certain dividends.

    Foreign Property Information Reporting

    In general, a Holder that is a “specified"specified Canadian entity”entity" for a taxation year or fiscal period and whose total cost amount of “specified"specified foreign property”property" (as such terms are defined in the Tax Act) including our common stock at any time in the taxation year or fiscal period exceeds CAD $100,000 will be required to file an information return for the taxation year or fiscal period disclosing certain prescribed information. Subject to certain exceptions, a taxpayer resident in Canada will generally be a specified Canadian entity. Our common stock will come within the definition of “specified"specified foreign property”property" for the purposes of the Tax Act. Penalties will apply where a Holder fails to file the required information return in respect of such Holder's "specified foreign property" on a timely basis in accordance with the Tax Act.

    In the 2010 Federal Budget, the Minister of Finance proposed to expand the existing reporting requirements with respect to “specified foreign property” so that more detailed information is available for audit use. Revised legislation reflecting such proposal has not yet been released.The reporting rules in the Tax Act are complex and this summary does not purport to explain all circumstances in which reporting may be required.

    Holders should consult their own tax advisors regarding whether they must comply with these reporting requirements including any expansion thereof pursuant to the above-mentioned 2010 Federal Budget proposal.requirements.


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    SHARES ELIGIBLE FOR FUTURE SALE

    Prior to this offering, there has been no market for our common stock. Future sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market could adversely affect market prices prevailing from time to time. Furthermore, because only a limited number of shares will be available for sale shortly after this offering due to existing contractual and legal restrictions on resale as described below, there may be sales of substantial amounts of our common stock in the public market after the restrictions lapse. This may adversely affect the prevailing market price and our ability to raise equity capital in the future.

    Upon the completion of this offering, after giving effect to (i) the Reorganization, (ii) the issuance of an aggregate of                shares of common stock to our executive officers in connection with this offering, as described in "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Grants to Certain Executive Officers in Connection with This Offering," (iii) the conversion of our outstanding convertible notes into an aggregate of                shares of common stock in connection with this offering, and (iv) the issuance and sale of                shares of common stock in this offering, we will have            shares of common stock outstanding, assuming no exercise of the underwriters’underwriters' over-allotment option, to purchase additional shares and no exercise of any options outstanding as of March 31, 2011.the date hereof and no conversion of any DSUs outstanding on the date hereof. All of the shares sold in this offering will be freely transferable without restriction or registration under the U.S. Securities Act, except for any shares purchased by one of our existing “affiliates,”"affiliates," as that term is defined in Rule 144 under the U.S. Securities Act, including pursuant to the directed share program.Act. See “Underwriting.”"Underwriting and Plan of Distribution." The remaining shares of common stock outstanding are “restricted shares”"restricted shares" as defined in Rule 144. Restricted shares may be sold in the public market only if registered or if they qualify for the exemption from registration under Rules 144 or 701 under the U.S. Securities Act. As a result of the contractual 180-day lock-up period described below and the provisions of Rules 144 and 701, these shares will be available for sale in the public market as follows:

    Number of Shares

    Date

     On the date of this prospectus.
     After 90 days from the date of this prospectus.
     After 180 days from the date of this prospectus (subject, in some cases, to volume limitations).

    Rule 144

    In general, under Rule 144, beginning 90 days after the date of this offering, subject to the terms of any lock-up agreement described below, an affiliatea person who has beneficially owned restricted shares of our common stock for at least six months would be entitled to sell such securities, provided that (i) such person is not deemed to have been one of our affiliates at the time of, or at any time during the 90 days preceding, a sale and (ii) we are subject to the Exchange Act periodic reporting requirements for at least 90 days before the sale. Persons who have beneficially owned restricted shares of our common stock for at least six months but who are our affiliates at the time of, or any time during the 90 days preceding, a sale, would be subject to additional restrictions, by which such person would be entitled to sell within any three-monththree month period only a number of such sharessecurities that does not exceed the greater of (a) either of the following:

      1% of the number of shares of our common stock then outstanding, which will equal approximately                        shares immediately after this offering, assuming no exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares,underwriters' over-allotment option; or (b) 

      the average weekly reportedtrading volume of trading of our common stock on the New York Stock ExchangeNYSE during the four calendar weeks preceding the filing of a notice on Form 144 with respect to the sale;

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    provided, in each case, that we are subject to the Exchange Act periodic reporting requirements for at least 90 days before the sale. SalesSuch sales both by affiliates under Rule 144 areand by non-affiliates must also limited bycomply with the manner of sale, provisions and notice requirements and the availability of current public information about us.

    Following this offering, subjectand notice provisions of Rule 144 to the terms of any lock-up agreement described below, a person that is not an affiliate of ours at the time of, or at any time during the three months preceding, a sale and who has beneficially owned restricted shares of our common stock for at least six months, may sell such shares without complying with the volume limitation, manner of sale or notice provisions described above, and any such person who has beneficially owned restricted shares of our common stock for at least one year may sell such shares without complying with the abovementioned restrictions and the current public information requirement.

    We are unable to estimate the number of shares that will be sold under Rule 144 since this will depend on the market price for our common stock, the personal circumstances of the stockholder and other factors.extent applicable.

    Rule 701

    In general, under Rule 701, any of our employees, directors, officers, consultants or advisors who purchasespurchase shares from us in connection with a compensatory stock or option plan or other written agreement before the

    effective date of this offering is entitled to resell such shares 90 days after the effective date of this offering in reliance on Rule 144, without having to comply with the holding period requirements or certain other restrictions contained in Rule 701.

    The SEC has indicated that Rule 701 will apply to typical stock options granted by an issuer before it becomes subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, along with the shares acquired upon exercise of such options, including exercises after the date of this prospectus. Securities issued in reliance on Rule 701 are restricted securities and, subject to the terms of any lock-up agreement described below, beginning 90 days after the date of this prospectus, may be sold by persons other than “affiliates,”"affiliates," as defined in Rule 144, subject only to the manner of sale provisions of Rule 144, and by “affiliates”"affiliates" under Rule 144 without compliance with its one-year minimum holding period requirement.

    Stock Options

    As of March 31, 2011,June 30, 2020, after giving effect to the Reorganization, options to purchase a total of            245,907 shares of our common stock were outstanding.outstanding, substantially all of the shares subject to optionswhich are subject to lock-up agreements. After this offering, an additional                        shares of our common stock will be available for future option grants under our stock plans.Long Term Incentive Plan.

    Upon the completion of this offering, we intend to file a registration statement under the U.S. Securities Act covering all shares of common stock subject to outstanding options or issuable pursuant to our Long Term Incentive Plan. Shares registered under thissuch registration statement will be available for sale in the open market, subject to Rule 144 volume limitations applicable to affiliates, vesting restrictions with us or the terms of any lock-up agreement described below.

    Lock-up Agreements

    We, our executive officers and directors and the holders of substantially all of our outstanding shares of common stock have entered into lock-up agreements with the underwriters. Under these agreements, subject to certain exceptions, we and each of these persons may not, without the prior written approval of Morgan StanleyBMO Capital Markets Corp., Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC and RBC Capital Markets, LLC, offer, sell, contract to sell, pledge, or otherwise dispose of, directly or indirectly, or hedge our common stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for our common stock. These restrictions will be in effect for a period of 180 days after the date of this prospectus, which period is subject to extension in the circumstances described in the paragraph below.extension. At any time, and without public notice, Morgan StanleyBMO Capital Markets Corp., Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC and RBC Capital Markets, LLC may, in itstheir sole discretion, release some or all the securities from these lock-up agreements.

    Notwithstanding the above, if (i) during the period beginning on the date that is 15 calendar days plus three business days before the last day There are no agreements, understandings or intentions, tacit or explicit, to release any of the 180-day period described in the paragraph above, or the initialcommon stock subject to lock-up period, and ending on the last day of the initial lock-up period, we issue an earnings release or material news or a material event relating to us occurs; or (ii)agreements prior to the expiration of the initial lock-up period, we announce thatperiod.

    Registration Rights

            Prior to the consummation of this offering, we will release earnings results during the 16 day period beginning on the last dayenter into a registration rights agreement with certain of the initial lock-up period, then the restrictions imposedour shareholders pursuant to which we will grant certain of our shareholders and their affiliates certain registration rights with respect to our shares of common stock owned by these lock-up agreements will continue to apply untilthem following the expiration of the date that is 15 calendar days plus three business days after the date on which the issuancelock-up period described above under "—Lock-up Agreements." See "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions—Registration Rights Agreement."


    Table of the earnings release or the material news or material event occurs. See “Underwriting.”

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    UNDERWRITING AND PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION

    We are offering the shares of our common stock described in this prospectus through the underwriters named below. UBS Securities LLC, Morgan StanleyBMO Capital Markets Corp., Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC and RBC Capital Markets, LLC are acting as joint book-running managers of this offering and as the representatives of the underwriters. We have entered into an underwriting agreement dated                     , 2011 with the representatives. Subject to the terms and conditions of the underwriting agreement, each of the underwriters has severally agreed to purchase the number of shares of common stock listed next to its name in the following table.

    Underwriters

    Number of
    shares

    UBS Securities LLC

    Morgan Stanley & Co. LLC

    RBCBMO Capital Markets LLCCorp. 

      

    TotalGoldman Sachs & Co. LLC

     

    RBC Capital Markets, LLC

    Total

            The offering is being made concurrently in the United States and in each of the provinces in Canada, other than Québec. Our common stock will be offered in the United States through those underwriters who are registered to offer the common stock for the sale in the United States and such other registered dealers as may be designated by the underwriters. Our common stock will be offered in each of the provinces of Canada, other than Québec, through BMO Nesbitt Burns Inc., Goldman Sachs Canada Inc., RBC Dominion Securities Inc. and such other registered dealers as may be designated by the underwriters. Subject to applicable law, the underwriters, or such other registered dealers or other entities outside the United States and Canada that are affiliates of the underwriters as may be designated by the underwriters, may offer the common stock outside of the United States and Canada.

    The underwriting agreement provides thatfor a firm commitment underwriting, and the underwriters must buy all of the shares if they buy any of them. However, the underwriters are not required to pay for the shares covered by the underwriters’underwriters' over-allotment option described below. In Canada, the shares are to be taken up by the underwriters, if at all, on or before a date not later than 42 days after the date of this prospectus.

    Our common stock is offered subject to a number of conditions, including:

      receipt and acceptance of our common stock by the underwriters; and



    the underwriters’underwriters' right to reject orders in whole or in part.

            The obligation of the underwriters under the underwriting agreement may also be terminated at their discretion upon the occurrence of certain stated events, including, without limitation: a material adverse change in our business that makes it impractical or inadvisable to proceed with the offering; a suspension or material limitation of trading generally on certain securities markets; a suspension or material limitation in trading in shares of our common stock on the NYSE or the TSX; a general moratorium on commercial banking activities or a material disruption in commercial banking or securities settlement services; and an outbreak or escalation of hostilities or acts of terrorism or any other calamity or crisis or any change in financial, political or economic conditions, in each case that makes it impractical or inadvisable to proceed with the offering.

    We have been advised by the representatives that the underwriters intend to make a market in our common stock but that they are not obligated to do so and may discontinue making a market at any time without notice.

    In connection with this offering, certain of the underwriters or securities dealers may distribute prospectuses electronically.


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    Over-Allotment Option

    We have granted the underwriters an option to buy up to an aggregate of                        additional shares of our common stock. The underwriters may exercise this option solely for the purpose of covering over-allotments, if any, made in connection with this offering. The underwriters have 30 days from the date of this prospectus to exercise this option. If the underwriters exercise this option, they will each purchase additional shares approximately in proportion to the amounts specified in the table above.

    Commissions and Discounts

    Shares sold by the underwriters to the public will initially be offered at the initial offering price set forth on the cover of this prospectus. Any shares sold by the underwriters to securities dealers may be sold at a discount of up to $            per share from the initial public offering price. If all the shares are not sold after the underwriters have made a reasonable effort to sell the shares at the initial public offering price, the representatives may change the offering price and the other selling terms.terms, provided that the price for the shares shall not exceed the public offering price and further provided that the compensation that is realized by the underwriters will be decreased by the amount that the aggregate price paid by the purchasers for the shares is less than the gross proceeds paid by the underwriters to us. Upon execution of the underwriting agreement, the underwriters will be obligated to purchase the shares at the prices and upon the terms stated therein. The representatives of the underwriters have informed us that they do not expect to sell more than an aggregate of five percent of the total number of shares of common stock offered by them to accounts over which such representatives exercise discretionary authority.

    The following table shows the per share and total underwriting discounts and commissions we will pay to the underwriters assuming both no exercise and full exercise of the underwriters’underwriters' option to purchase up to                                    additional shares.shares to cover over-allotments.


    No exerciseFull exercise

    Per share

     $             $             

    Total

     $             $             

    We estimate that the total expenses of the offering payable by us, not including the underwriting discounts and commissions, will be approximately $             million. The underwritersWe have agreed to reimburse usthe underwriters for a portionexpenses relating to the clearance of our expenses incurred in connectionthis offering with the offering.Financial Industry Regulatory Authority up to $35,000.

    No Sales of Similar Securities

    We, our executive officers and directors and the holders of substantially all of our outstanding shares of common stock have entered into lock-up agreements with the underwriters. Under these agreements, we and each of these persons may not, without the prior written approval of Morgan StanleyBMO Capital Markets Corp., Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC and RBC Capital Markets, LLC, offer, sell, contract to sell, pledge, or otherwise dispose of, directly or indirectly, or hedge our common stock or securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for our common stock. These restrictions will be in effect for a period of 180 days after the date of this prospectus, which period is subject to extension in the circumstances described in the paragraph below.prospectus. At any time, and without public notice, Morgan StanleyBMO Capital Markets Corp., Goldman Sachs & Co. LLC and RBC Capital Markets, LLC may, in itstheir sole discretion, release some or all the securities from these lock-up agreements.

    Notwithstanding the above, if (i) during the period beginning on the date that is 15 calendar days plus three business days before the last day of the 180-day period described in the paragraph above, or the initial lock-up period, and ending on the last day of the initial lock-up period, we issue an earnings release or material news or a material event relating to us occurs; or (ii) prior to the expiration of the initial lock-up period, we announce that we will release earnings results during the 16 day period beginning on the last day of the initial lock-up period, then the restrictions imposed by these lock-up agreements will continue to apply until the expiration of the date that is 15 calendar days plus three business days after the date on which the issuance of the earnings release or the material news or material event occurs.

    The lock-up agreement does not apply to the following transactions by us: (1) issuances of common stock upon the exercise of options (or granting or vesting of other equity incentive awards) or warrants, if any, disclosed as outstanding elsewhere in this prospectus; (2) the issuance of employee


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    stock options (or other equity incentive awards) and subsequent issuances of common stock upon the exercise of options (or granting or vesting of other equity incentive awards) pursuant to equity incentive plans described elsewhere in this prospectus; (3) the filing of a registration statement on Form S-8 relating to the offering of securities in accordance with the terms of equity incentive plans described elsewhere in this prospectus; and (4) the issuance of common stock in connection with one or more acquisitions by the Company of,us, or joint ventures between the Companyus and, another company, or pursuant to equipment leasing arrangements, debt financings or settlement agreements by the Company,us, provided that the aggregate number of shares of common stock that may be issued pursuant to clause (4) shall not exceed 10% of the total number of shares of common stock outstanding after the completion of this offering and each recipient of shares of common stock issued pursuant to clause (4) agrees to be bound by the terms of a lock-up agreement.agreement; (5) the distribution of all of our equity interest in SOP to its shareholders as described in this prospectus; (6) the conversion of our outstanding convertible notes into an aggregate of                        shares of common stock in connection with this offering as described in this prospectus; and (7) the distribution of an aggregate of                        shares of common stock in connection with this offering to certain of our executive officers who deferred a portion of their salaries as described in this prospectus.

    The lock-up agreement does not apply to the following transactions by our executive officers, directors and holders of our common stock: (1) bona fide gifts; (2) dispositions to any trust for the direct or indirect benefit of the transferor or the transferor’stransferor's immediate family; (3) transfers to a wholly-owned subsidiary of the transferor or to direct or indirect stockholders,shareholders, members, partners or other affiliates of the transferor, provided that the transfer does not involve a disposition for value; (4) transfers by operation of law, such as the rules of intestate succession; (5) dispositions of common stock acquired in this offering (other than any issuer-directed shares purchased in this offering by our directors or officers) or in open-market transactions after the completion of this

    offering; (6) transfers to any corporation, partnership or other business entity with whom the transferor shares in common an investment manager or adviser; and (7) the establishment of a trading plan pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 under the Exchange Act for the transfer of common stock, provided that such plan does not permit the transfer or other disposition of common stock during the lock-up period.period; and (8) transfers pursuant to a bona fide third-party tender offer, merger, consolidation or other similar transaction involving a change of control. In the case of clauses (1), (2), (3), (4) and (6) above, the transferee must also agree to be bound by the terms of a lock-up agreement.

    Indemnification

    We have agreed to indemnify the several underwriters against certain liabilities, including certain liabilities under the U.S. Securities Act. If we are unable to provide this indemnification, we have agreed to contribute to payments the underwriters may be required to make in respect of those liabilities.

    New York Stock ExchangeExchanges

    We intendhave applied to apply to havelist our common stock approved for listing on the New York Stock ExchangeNYSE and the TSX under the symbol “AGS.”"GATO." The listing will be subject to us fulfilling all of the listing requirements of the New York Stock Exchange.NYSE and the TSX. There can be no assurance that the NYSE or the TSX will approve our listing application.

    Price Stabilization, Short Positions

    In connection with this offering, the underwriters may engage in activities that stabilize, maintain or otherwise affect the price of our common stock during and after this offering, including:

      stabilizing transactions;



    short sales;

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      purchases to cover positions created by short sales;



    imposition of penalty bids; and



    syndicate covering transactions.

    Stabilizing transactions consist of bids or purchases made for the purpose of preventing or retarding a decline in the market price of our common stock. These transactions may also include making short sales of our common stock, which involve the sale by the underwriters of a greater number of shares of common stock than they are required to purchase in this offering. Short sales may be “covered"covered short sales," which are short positions in an amount not greater than the underwriters’underwriters' over-allotment option referred to above, or may be “naked"naked short sales," which are short positions in excess of that amount.

    The underwriters may close out any covered short position by either exercising their over-allotment option, in whole or in part, or by purchasing shares in the open market. In making this determination, the underwriters will consider, among other things, the price of shares available for purchase in the open market as compared to the price at which they may purchase shares through the over-allotment option.

    The underwriters must close out any naked short position by purchasing shares in the open market. A naked short position is more likely to be created if the underwriters are concerned that there may be downward pressure on the price of the common stock in the open market that could adversely affect investors who purchased in this offering. Any naked short position would form part of the underwriters' over-allocation position.

    The underwriters also may impose a penalty bid. This occurs when a particular underwriter repays to the underwriters a portion of the underwriting discount received by it because the representatives have repurchased shares sold by or for the account of that underwriter in stabilizing or short covering transactions.

    As a result of these activities, the price of our common stock may be higher than the price that otherwise might exist in the open market. If these activities are commenced, they may be discontinued by the underwriters at any time. The underwriters may carry out these transactions on the New York Stock Exchange,NYSE, the TSX, other stock exchanges, in the over-the-counter market or otherwise. Neither we nor the underwriters make any representation or prediction as to the effect that the transactions described above may have on the price of the shares.

    Determination of Offering Price

    Prior to this offering, there was no public market for our common stock. The initial public offering price will be determined by negotiation by us and the representatives of the underwriters. The principal factors to be considered in determining the initial public offering price include:

      the information set forth in this prospectus and otherwise available to the representatives;



    our history and prospects and the history and prospects for the industry in which we compete;



    our past and present financial performance and an assessment of our management;



    our prospects for future earnings and the present state of our development;



    the general condition of the securities market at the time of this offering;



    the recent market prices of, and demand for, publicly traded common stock of generally comparable companies; and



    other factors deemed relevant by the underwriters and us.

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    The estimated public offering price range set forth on the cover page of this preliminary prospectus is subject to change as a result of market conditions and other factors. Neither we nor the underwriters can assure investors that an active trading market will develop for our common stock or that the common stock will trade in the public market at or above the initial public offering price.

    Directed Share ProgramAffiliations

    At our request, the underwriters have reserved up to     % of the common stock being offered by this prospectus for sale at the initial public offering price to our directors, officers, employees, consultants and existing stockholders and other persons having a relationship with us, such as customers or suppliers, or our existing stockholders. The sales will be made by UBS Financial Services Inc., a selected dealer affiliated with UBS Securities LLC, an underwriter of this offering, through a directed share program. We do not know if these persons will choose to purchase all or any portion of these reserved shares, but any purchases they do make will reduce the number of shares available to the general public. Any shares sold in the directed share program to our directors and executive officers will be subject to the lock-up agreements described above.

    Affiliations

    The underwriters and their respective affiliates are full service financial institutions engaged in various activities, which may include securities trading, commercial and investment banking, financial advisory, investment management, investment research, principal investment, hedging, financing and brokerage activities.

            The underwriters and their affiliates may from time to time in the future engage with us and perform services for us in the ordinary course of their business for which they will receive customary fees and expenses. In the ordinary course of their various business activities, the underwriters and their respective affiliates may make or hold a broad array of investments and actively trade debt and equity securities (or related derivative securities) and financial instruments (including bank loans) for their own account and for the accounts of their customers, and such investment and securities activities may involve securities and/or instruments of us. The underwriters and their respective affiliates may also make investment recommendations and/or publish or express independent research views in respect of these securities or instruments and may at any time hold, or recommend to clients that they acquire, long and/or short positions in these securities and instruments.

    Directed Share Program

            At our request, the underwriters have reserved up to        % of the shares of common stock offered by this prospectus, for sale, at the initial public offering price, to our employees and directors and to friends, professional contacts and family members of our employees and directors. If purchased by these persons, these shares will not be subject to a lock-up restriction, except in the case of shares purchased by any director or officer, which will be subject to a 180-day lock-up restriction described above. The sales will be made at our direction by RBC Capital Markets, LLC through a directed share program. The number of shares available for sale to the general public will be reduced by the number of reserved shares sold to these individuals. Any reserved shares that are not so purchased will be offered by the underwriters to the general public on the same terms as the other shares offered by this prospectus. We have agreed to indemnify the underwriters against certain liabilities and expenses, including liabilities under the Securities Act, in connection with the sales of the shares reserved for the directed share program.

    Notice to Investors

    Notice to prospective investors in the European Economic Area and the United Kingdom

    In relation to each member stateMember State of the European Economic Area (each a "Member State") and, until the expiry of the period during which the United Kingdom continues to be subject to European Union law without being a Member State (the "Transition Period"), the United Kingdom, no shares of our common stock have been offered or will be offered pursuant to the offering to the public in that Member State or the United Kingdom prior to the publication of a prospectus in relation to the shares which has implementedbeen approved by the competent authority in that Member State or the United Kingdom or, where appropriate, approved in another Member State or the United Kingdom and notified to the competent authority in that Member State or the United Kingdom, all in accordance with the Prospectus Directive (each, a relevant member state)Regulation), other than Germany, with effect from and including the date on which the Prospectus Directive is implemented inexcept that relevant member state (the relevant implementation date), an offeroffers of securities described in this prospectusshares may not be made to the public in that relevant member state other than:Member State or the United Kingdom at any time under the following exemptions under the Prospectus Regulation:

      (a)
      to any legal entity which is a qualified investor as defined in the Prospectus Directive;Regulation;

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    by the underwriters

      (b)
      to fewer than 100, or, if the relevant member state has implemented the relevant provisions of the 2010 PD Amending Directive, 150 natural or legal persons (other than qualified investors as defined in the Prospectus Directive)Regulation), as permitted under the Prospectus Directive, subject to obtaining the prior consent of the representatives for any such offer; or



    (c)
    in any other circumstances falling within Article 3(2)1(4) of the Prospectus Directive;

    Regulation,

    provided that no such offer of securitiesshares of our common stock shall requireresult in a requirement for the publication by us or any underwriter to publishof a prospectus pursuant to Article 3 of the Prospectus Directive.Regulation or supplement a prospectus pursuant to Article 23 of the Prospectus Regulation.

    For the purposes of this provision, the expression an “offer of securities"offer to the public”public" in relation to any shares of our common stock in any relevant member stateRelevant State means the communication in any form and by any means of sufficient information on the terms of the offer and the securitiesany shares of our common stock to be offered so as to enable an investor to decide to purchase or subscribe for the securities, as the expression may be varied in that member state by any measure implementing the Prospectus Directive in that member state,shares of our common stock, and the expression “Prospectus Directive”"Prospectus Regulation" means Directive 2003/71/EC (and amendments thereto, including the 2010 PD Amending Directive, to the extent implemented in the relevant member state), and includes any relevant implementing measure in the relevant member state. The expression 2010 PD Amending Directive means Directive 2010/73/EU.

    We have not authorized and do not authorize the making of any offer of securities through any financial intermediary on our behalf, other than offers made by the underwriters with a view to the final placement of the securities as contemplated in this prospectus. Accordingly, no purchaser of the securities, other than the underwriters, is authorized to make any further offer of the securities on behalf of us or the underwriters.

    The EEA selling restriction is in addition to any other selling restrictions set out in this prospectus.Regulation (EU) 2017/1129.

    Notice to prospective investors in Australia

    This prospectus is not a formal disclosure        No placement document, and has not been, nor will be, lodged with the Australian Securities and Investments Commission. It does not purport to contain all information that an investor or their professional advisers would expect to find in a prospectus or other disclosure document (as defined in the Corporations Act 2001 (Australia)) for the purposes of Part 6D.2 of the Corporations Act 2001 (Australia) or in a product disclosure statement for the purposes of Part 7.9 of the Corporations Act 2001 (Australia), in either case, in relation to the common stock.

    The common stock is not being offered in Australia to “retail clients” as defined in sections 761G and 761GA of the Corporations Act 2001 (Australia). This offering is being made in Australia solely to “wholesale clients” for the purposes of section 761G of the Corporations Act 2001 (Australia) and, as such, no prospectus, product disclosure statement or other disclosure document has been lodged with the Australian Securities and Investments Commission in relation to the common stock has been, or will be, prepared.

    offering. This prospectus does not constitute ana prospectus, product disclosure statement or other disclosure document under the Corporations Act, and does not purport to include the information required for a prospectus, product disclosure statement or other disclosure document under the Corporations Act.

            Any offer in Australia other than to wholesale clients. By submitting an application forof the shares of our common stock you represent and warrantmay only be made to us that youpersons, or to the Exempt Investors, who are a wholesale client for"sophisticated investors" (within the

    purposes meaning of section 761G708(8) of the Corporations Act), "professional investors" (within the meaning of section 708(11) of the Corporations Act) or otherwise pursuant to one or more exemptions contained in section 708 of the Corporations Act 2001 (Australia). If any recipientso that it is lawful to offer the shares of this prospectus is not a wholesale client, no offer of, or invitation to apply for, our common stock shall be deemedwithout disclosure to be made to such recipient and no applications forinvestors under Chapter 6D of the Corporations Act.

            The shares of our common stock will be accepted from such recipient. Any offer to a recipientapplied for by Exempt Investors in Australia and any agreement arising from acceptance of such offer, is personal and may onlymust not be accepted byoffered for sale in Australia in the recipient. In addition, by applying for our common stock you undertake to us that, for a period of 12 months fromafter the date of issueallotment under the offering, except in circumstances where disclosure to investors under Chapter 6D of the common stock, you willCorporations Act would not transfer any interest inbe required pursuant to an exemption under section 708 of the common stock to any person in Australia other thanCorporations Act or otherwise or where the offer is pursuant to a wholesale client.disclosure document which complies with Chapter 6D of the Corporations Act. Any person acquiring shares must observe such Australian on-sale restrictions.

            This prospectus contains general information only and does not take into account the investment objectives, financial situation or particular needs of any particular person. It does not contain any securities recommendations or financial product advice. Before making an investment decision, investors need to consider whether the information in this prospectus is appropriate for their needs, objectives and circumstances, and, if necessary, seek expert advice on those matters.

    Notice to prospective investors in Hong Kong

    Our common stock may not be offered or sold in Hong Kong by means of this prospectus or any document other than (i) to “professional investors”"professional investors" within the meaning of the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap.571, Laws of Hong Kong) and any rules made thereunder, or (ii) in circumstances which do not constitute an offer to the public within the meaning of the Companies Ordinance (Cap.32, Laws of Hong Kong), or (iii) in other circumstances which do not result in the document being a “prospectus”"prospectus" within the meaning of the Companies Ordinance (Cap.32, Laws of Hong Kong). No advertisement, invitation or document relating to our common stock may be issued or may be in the possession of any person for the purpose of issue (in each case whether in Hong Kong or elsewhere) which is directed at, or the contents of which are likely to be accessed or read by, the public in Hong


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    Kong (except if permitted to do so under the securities laws of Hong Kong) other than with respect to the common stock which is or is intended to be disposed of only to persons outside Hong Kong or only to “professional investors”"professional investors" within the meaning of the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap. 571, Laws of Hong Kong) and any rules made thereunder.

    Notice to prospective investors in Japan

    Our common stock has not been and will not be registered under        No registration pursuant to Article 4, paragraph 1 of the Financial Instruments and Exchange Law of Japan (Law No. 25 of 1948, as amended) (the "FIEL") has been made or will be made with respect to the Financial Instruments and Exchange Law, andsolicitation of the application for the acquisition of the shares of our common stock.

            Accordingly, the shares of our common stock have not been, directly or indirectly, offered or sold and will not be, directly or indirectly, offered or sold directly or indirectly, in Japan or to, or for the benefit of, any resident of Japan (which term as used herein means any person resident in Japan, including any corporation or other entity organized under the laws of Japan), or to others for re-offering or resale,re-sale, directly or indirectly, in Japan or to, aor for the benefit of, any resident of Japan except pursuant to an exemption from the registration requirements, of, and otherwise in compliance with, the Financial InstrumentsFIEL and Exchange Law and anythe other applicable laws regulations and ministerial guidelinesregulations of Japan.

      For Qualified Institutional Investors ("QII")

            Please note that the solicitation for newly-issued or secondary securities (each as described in Paragraph 2, Article 4 of the FIEL) in relation to the shares of our common stock constitutes either a "QII only private placement" or a "QII only secondary distribution" (each as described in Paragraph 1, Article 23-13 of the FIEL). Disclosure regarding any such solicitation, as is otherwise prescribed in Paragraph 1, Article 4 of the FIEL, has not been made in relation to the shares of our common stock. The shares of our common stock may only be transferred to QIIs.

      For Non-QII Investors

            Please note that the solicitation for newly-issued or secondary securities (each as described in Paragraph 2, Article 4 of the FIEL) in relation to the shares of our common stock constitutes either a "small number private placement" or a "small number private secondary distribution" (each as is described in Paragraph 4, Article 23-13 of the FIEL). Disclosure regarding any such solicitation, as is otherwise prescribed in Paragraph 1, Article 4 of the FIEL, has not been made in relation to the shares of our common stock. The shares of our common stock may only be transferred en bloc without subdivision to a single investor.

    Notice to prospective investors in Singapore

    This documentprospectus has not been registered as a prospectus with the Monetary Authority of Singapore and, in Singapore, the offer and sale of our common stock is made pursuant to exemptions provided in sections 274 and 275 of the Securities and Futures Act, Chapter 289 of Singapore, or the SFA.Singapore. Accordingly, this prospectus and any other document or material in connection with the offer or sale, or invitation for subscription or purchase, of our common stockNon-CIS Securities may not be circulated or distributed, nor may our common stockthe Non-CIS Securities be offered or sold, or be made the subject of an invitation for subscription or purchase, whether directly or indirectly, to persons in Singapore other than (i) to an institutional investor as defined in Section 4A of the SFA pursuant tounder Section 274 of the SFA,Securities and Futures Act, Chapter 289 of Singapore (the "SFA"), (ii) to a relevant person as defined in section 275(2) of the SFA pursuant to Section 275(1) of the SFA,, or any person pursuant to Section 275(1A) of the SFA,, and in accordance with the conditions specified in Section 275, of the SFA, or (iii) otherwise pursuant to, and in accordance with the conditions of, any other applicable provision of the SFA, in each case subject to compliance withSFA.


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            Where the conditions (if any) set forth in the SFA. Moreover, this document is not a prospectus as defined in the SFA. Accordingly, statutory liability under the SFA in relation to the content of prospectuses would not apply. Prospective investors in Singapore should consider carefully whether an investment in our common stock is suitable for them.

    Where our common stock isNon-CIS Securities are subscribed or purchased under Section 275 of the SFA by a relevant person which is:

      (a)
      a corporation (which is not an accredited investor as(as defined in Section 4A of the SFA)), the sole business of which is to hold investments and the entire share capital of which is owned by one or more individuals, each of whom is an accredited investor; or



    (b)
    a trust (where the trustee is not an accredited investor) whose sole purpose is to hold investments and each beneficiary of the trust is an individual who is an accredited investor;

    sharesinvestor, securities (as defined in Section 239(1) of the SFA) of that corporation or the beneficiaries’beneficiaries' rights and interest (howsoever described) in that trust shall not be transferable fortransferred within six months after that corporation or that trust has acquired the sharesNon-CIS Securities pursuant to an offer made under Section 275 of the SFA except:



    (i)
    to an institutional investor for corporations under Section 274 of the SFA, or to a relevant person defined in Section 275(2) of the SFA, or to any person pursuant toarising from an offer that is made on terms that such shares of that corporation or such rights and interest in that trust are acquired at a consideration of not less than $200,000 (or its equivalent in a foreign currency) for each transaction, whether such amount isreferred to be paid for in cash or by exchange of securities or other assets, and further for corporations, in accordance with the conditions, specified in Section 275275(1A) or Section 276(4)(i)(B) of the SFA;



    (ii)
    where no consideration is or will be given for the transfer; or



    (iii)
    where the transfer is by operation of law.

    In addition, investorslaw;

    (iv)
    as specified in Section 276(7) of the SFA; or

    (v)
    as specified in Regulation 32 of the Securities and Futures (Offers of Investments) (Shares and Debentures) Regulations 2005 of Singapore.

    Singapore should note thatSecurities and Futures Act Product Classification: Solely for the common stock acquired by them is subjectpurposes of our obligations pursuant to resalesections 309B(1)(a) and transfer restrictions specified under Section 276309B(1)(c) of the SFA, we have determined, and they, therefore, should seek their own legal advice before effecting any resale or transferhereby notify all relevant persons (as defined in Section 309A of theirthe SFA), that the shares of our common stock.stock are "prescribed capital markets products" (as defined in the Securities and Futures (Capital Markets Products) Regulations 2018) and Excluded Investment Products (as defined in MAS Notice SFA 04-N12: Notice on the Sale of Investment Products and MAS Notice FAA-N16: Notice on Recommendations on Investment Products).

    Notice to prospective investors in Switzerland

    This prospectus doesdocument is not intended to constitute an issueoffer or solicitation to purchase or invest in the shares of our common stock described herein. The shares of our common stock may not be publicly offered, sold or advertised, directly or indirectly, in, into or from Switzerland and will not be listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange or on any other exchange or regulated trading venue in Switzerland. Neither this document nor any other offering or marketing material relating to the shares of our common stock constitutes a prospectus as such term is understood pursuant to Articlearticle 652a or Articlearticle 1156 of the Swiss Code of Obligations or a listing prospectus within the CO, and the common stock will not be listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange. Therefore, the prospectus may not comply with the disclosure standardsmeaning of the CO and/or the listing rules (including any prospectus schemes) of the SIX Swiss Exchange. Accordingly,Exchange or any other regulated trading venue in Switzerland, and neither this document nor any other offering or marketing material relating to the shares of our common stock may not be offered to the publicpublicly distributed or otherwise made publicly available in or from Switzerland, but only to a selected and limited circle of investors, which do not subscribe for the shares with a view to distribution.Switzerland.

    Notice to prospective investors in the United Kingdom

    This prospectus is        Each underwriter has represented and agreed that:

      (a)
      it has only being distributedcommunicated or caused to be communicated and iswill only directed at: (i) persons who are outsidecommunicate or cause to be communicated an invitation or inducement to engage in investment activity (within the United Kingdom; (ii) investment professionals falling within Article 19(5)meaning of Section 21 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotion) Order 2005,("FSMA")) received by

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        it in connection with the issue or sale of our shares of our common stock in circumstances in which Section 21(1) of the FSMA does not apply to us; and

      (b)
      it has complied and will comply with all applicable provisions of the FSMA with respect to anything done by it in relation to our shares of our common stock in, from or otherwise involving the United Kingdom.

            After the expiry of the Transition Period, no shares of our common stock have been offered or will be offered pursuant to the offering to the public in the United Kingdom prior to the publication of a prospectus in relation to the shares which has been approved by the Financial Conduct Authority in accordance with the FSMA, as amended), except that offers of shares may be made to the public in that Member State at any time under the following exemptions under the FSMA, as amended:

      (a)
      to any legal entity which is a qualified investor as defined under the FSMA;

      (b)
      to fewer than 150 natural or legal persons (other than qualified investors as defined under the FSMA), subject to obtaining the prior consent of the representatives for any such offer; or

      (c)
      in any other circumstances falling within Section 86 of the FSMA, as amended,

    provided that no such offer of shares of our common stock shall require the company or the Order; or (iii) high net worth companies, and other personsrepresentative to whom it may lawfully be communicated, falling within Article 49(2)(a)publish a prospectus pursuant to (d)Section 85 of the Order (all such persons falling within (i)-(iii) together being referredFSMA or supplement a prospectus pursuant to as “relevant persons”). TheSection 87G of the FSMA.

            For the purposes of this provision, the expression an "offer to the public" in relation to any shares of our common stock are only available to,in the United Kingdom the communication in any form and by any means of sufficient information on the terms of the offer and any invitation, offer or agreementshares of our common stock to subscribe,be offered so as to enable an investor to decide to purchase or otherwise acquire suchsubscribe for any shares will be engagedof our common stock.


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    LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

            We are, from time to time, involved in only with, relevant persons. Any person wholegal proceedings of a nature considered normal to our business. We believe that none of the litigation in which we are currently involved, or have been involved since the beginning of our most recently completed financial year, individually or in the aggregate, is not a relevant person should not actmaterial to our consolidated financial condition, cash flows or rely onresults of operations. See Note 10, "Commitments and Contingencies" in our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus or anyfor additional information regarding our assessment of its contents.

    contingencies related to legal matters.


    LEGAL MATTERS

    The validity of the issuance of the shares of common stock offered hereby will be passed upon for us by Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP, New York, New York and for the underwriters by Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP, New York, New York. Certain matters with respect to Canadian law will be passed upon for us by Osler, Hoskin & HarcourtFasken Martineau DuMoulin LLP and for the underwriters by Stikeman Elliott LLP.


    EXPERTS

    The consolidated financial statements of Sunshine Silver MinesMining & Refining Corporation (formerly Los Gatos Ltd.) as of December 31, 20092019 and 2018 and for each of the years in the two-yearthree-year period ended December 31, 2009 and the period from April 24, 2006 (Inception) to December 31, 2009 (not presented separately herein), appearing herein and in this registration statement, have been audited by WithumSmith+Brown, PC, independent registered public accounting firm, as set forth in their report thereon appearing elsewhere herein, and are included in reliance upon such report given on the authority of such firm as experts in accounting and auditing.

    The consolidated financial statements of Sunshine Silver Mines Corporation as of December 31, 2010, and for the year ended December 31, 2010 and information included in the cumulative from inception presentations for the period January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2010 (not separately presented herein),2019, have been included herein and in the registration statement in reliance upon the report of KPMG LLP, or KPMG, independent registered public accounting firm, appearing elsewhere herein, and upon the authority of said firm as experts in accounting and auditing.

    Except        The combined financial statements of the Los Gatos Joint Venture as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 and for each of the information set forth in “Prospectus Summary—Recent Developments” and “Business—Recent Developments” which was reviewed by Philip Pyle, as set forthyears in the following paragraph,three-year period ended December 31, 2019, have been included herein in reliance upon the report of KPMG LLP, independent auditors, appearing elsewhere herein, and upon the authority of said firm as experts in accounting and auditing.

            The technical information appearing in this prospectus concerning the SunshineCerro Los Gatos Mine and the Los Gatos Project,District, including estimates of mineralized material for the Sunshine Mine,mineral resources and mineral reserves, was derived from the technical reports of Behre Dolbear & Company,Los Gatos Technical Report prepared by Tetra Tech, Inc., independent mining consultants. As of the date hereof, Behre Dolbear & Company,Tetra Tech, Inc. beneficially owns none of our outstanding common shares.stock.


    Information relating to our mineral properties in this prospectus set forth in “Prospectus Summary—Recent Developments” and “Business—Recent Developments” was reviewed by Philip Pyle, Vice President Exploration, and is included herein in reliance on such person’s expertise. Philip Pyle is a “Qualified Person” as such term is defined in NI 43-101. AsTable of the date hereof, Philip Pyle beneficially owns, directly or indirectly, less than 1% of our outstanding common shares.Contents

    CHANGE IN INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

    On November 19, 2010, Sunshine Silver’s Board of Directors, in contemplating an initial public offering, appointed KPMG as its independent registered public accounting firm to audit its financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2010; the financial statements for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2009 and 2008 and the period from April 24, 2006 (Inception) to December 31, 2009 were audited by WithumSmith + Brown, PC.

    On November 19, 2010, Sunshine Silver’s Board of Directors dismissed WithumSmith + Brown, PC as Sunshine Silver’s independent registered public accounting firm for the periods subsequent to December 31, 2009. Sunshine Silver had no audit committee at such time.

    The reports, dated June 29, 2011, of WithumSmith + Brown, PC on the financial statements for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2009 and 2008 and the period from April 24, 2006 (Inception) to December 31, 2009 contained no adverse opinion or disclaimer of opinion and were not qualified or modified as to uncertainty, audit scope or accounting principle.

    During the years ended December 31, 2009 and 2008 and through the date hereof, there were no disagreements with WithumSmith+Brown, PC on any matter of accounting principles or practices, financial statement disclosure, or auditing scope or procedure which, if not resolved to WithumSmith+Brown, PC’s satisfaction, would have caused WithumSmith+Brown, PC to make reference to the subject matter in connection with its report on Sunshine Silver’s consolidated financial statements for such years, and there were no reportable events as defined in Item 304(a)(1)(v) of Regulation S-K. Sunshine Silver has provided WithumSmith+Brown, PC with a copy of the foregoing statements. Attached as Exhibit 16.1 is a copy of WithumSmith+Brown, PC’s letter, dated July 7, 2011, stating its agreement with such statements.

    During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2009 and 2008, we had not consulted with KPMG regarding any of the matters described in Item 304(a)(2)(i) or Item 304(a)(2)(ii) of Regulation  S-K.

    WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION

    We have filed with the SEC a registration statement on Form S-1, including exhibits and schedules, under the U.S. Securities Act with respect to the common stock offered hereby. This prospectus does not contain all of the information set forth in the registration statement and the exhibits and schedules thereto. For further information with respect to the Company and our common stock, reference is made to the registration statement and the exhibits and any schedules filed therewith.

            Statements contained in this prospectus as to the contents of any contract or other document referred to are not necessarily complete and in each instance, if such contract or document is filed as an exhibit to the registration statement reference is made to the copy of such contract or other document filed as an exhibit to the registration statement, each statement being qualified in all respects by such reference. A copy

            As a result of the registration statement, includingoffering, we will be required to file periodic reports and other information with the exhibits and schedules thereto, may be read and copied at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. Information on the operation of the Public Reference Room may be obtained by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. In addition, theSEC.

            The SEC maintains an Internet websitesite that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information about issuers, like us, that filewe have filed electronically with the SEC. The address of that site is www.sec.gov.

    As a result of the offering, we        We will becomealso be subject to the full informational requirements of the Exchange Act. We will fulfill our obligations with respectsecurities commissions in each of the provinces of Canada, other than Québec, subject to such requirements by filing periodicavailable exemptions. You are invited to read any reports, andstatements or other information, other than confidential filings, that we file with the SEC. We intend to furnish our stockholders with annual reports containing consolidated financial statements certified by an independent public accounting firm. We doCanadian provincial securities authorities. These filings are also electronically available from the Canadian System for Electronic Document Analysis and Retrieval ("SEDAR") (www.sedar.com), the Canadian equivalent of the SEC's Electronic Document Gathering and Retrieval System. Documents filed on SEDAR are not, currently maintain a website.and should not be considered, part of this prospectus.


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    GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS

    You may find        Certain terms and abbreviations used in this prospectus are defined below:

    "Ag" means the following definitions helpful in your reading of this prospectus.

    “Ag”ischemical symbol for the abbreviation forelement silver.

    “By-Product”"AISC" means all-in sustaining cost.

            "Au" means the chemical symbol for the element gold.

    "By-Product"is a secondary metal or mineral product recovered in the milling process.

    “Concentrate”"Concentrate"is a very fine powder-likethe product containing the valuable metalof physical concentration process, such as flotation or gravity concentration, which involves separating ore minerals from which most of theunwanted waste material inrock. Concentrates require subsequent processing (such as smelting or leaching) to break down or dissolve the ore has been eliminated.minerals and obtain the desired elements, usually metals.

    “Development”"Cu" means the chemical symbol for the element copper.

    "Development"is work carried out for the purpose of accessing a mineral deposit. In an underground mine, this work includes shaft sinking, crosscutting, drifting and raising. In an open pit mine, development includes the removal of over burden.

    “Dilution”"Dewatering" is the removal of water from a mine shaft or other pre-existing underground workings by pumping or drainage as a safety measure or as a preliminary step to resumption of development or operations in the area.

    "Dilution"is an estimate of the amount of waste or low-grade mineralized rock which will be mined with the ore as part of normal mining practices in extracting an ore body.

    “Drilling”"Drilling"

    Core:    with a hollow bit with a diamond cutting rim to produce a cylindrical core that is used for geological study and assays used in mineral exploration.

    In-fill:    is any method of drilling intervals between existing holes, used to provide greater geological detail and to help establish reserve estimates.

    “Exploration”"Exploration"is prospecting, sampling, mapping, diamond drilling and other work involved in searching for ore.

    “Grade”"Feasibility Study"is a comprehensive study of a mineral deposit in which all geological, engineering, legal, operating, economic, social, environmental and other relevant factors are considered in sufficient detail that it could reasonably serve as the amountbasis for a final decision by a financial institution to finance the development of the deposit for mineral production.

    "Grade" means the concentration of each ore metal in each ton of ore, expresseda rock sample, usually given as troyweight percent. Where extremely low concentrations are involved, the concentration may be given in grams per tonne (g/t) or ounces per ton or(Oz/t), the grade of an ore deposit is calculated, often using sophisticated statistical procedures, as an average of the grades of a very large number of samples collected from the deposit.

    "g/t" means grams per tonne for precious metals.tonne.

    “Hectare”"Hectare"is a metric unit of area equal to 10,000 square meters (2.471 acres).

    “Mill”"Indicated Mineral Resources" or "Indicated Resources" is that part of a Mineral Resource for which quantity, grade or quality, densities, shape and physical characteristics, can be estimated with a level of confidence sufficient to allow the appropriate application of technical and economic parameters, to support mine planning and evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit. The


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    estimate is based on detailed and reliable exploration and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes that are spaced closely enough for geological and grade continuity to be reasonably assumed.

    "Inferred Mineral Resources" or "Inferred Resources" is that part of a Mineral Resource for which quantity and grade or quality can be estimated on the basis of geological evidence and limited sampling and reasonably assumed, but not verified, geological and grade continuity. The estimate is based on limited information and sampling gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes.

    "Los Gatos Technical Report" means "NI 43-101 Technical Report: Los Gatos Project, Chihuahua, Mexico," prepared by Tetra Tech Inc., dated July 1, 2020, which was prepared in accordance with the requirements of the SEC Mining Modernization Rules and NI 43-101.

    "masl" is meters above sea level.

    "Mineral Reserves" means the economically mineable part of a Measured or Indicated Resource demonstrated by at least a preliminary feasibility study. This study must include adequate information on mining, processing, metallurgical, economic and other relevant factors that demonstrate, at the time of reporting, that economic extraction can be justified. A Mineral Reserve includes diluting materials and allowances for losses that may occur when the material is mined.

    "Mineral Resources" means a concentration or occurrence of diamonds, natural solid inorganic material, or natural solid fossilized organic material including base and precious metals, coal, and industrial minerals in or on the earth's crust in such form and quantity and of such a grade or quality that it has reasonable prospects for economic extraction. The location, quantity, grade, geological characteristics and continuity of a Mineral Resource are known, estimated or interpreted from specific geological evidence and knowledge.

    "Measured Mineral Resources" is that part of a Mineral Resource for which quantity, grade or quality, densities, shape, and physical characteristics are so well established that they can be estimated with confidence sufficient to allow the appropriate application of technical and economic parameters, to support production planning and evaluation of the economic viability of the deposit. The estimate is based on detailed and reliable exploration, sampling and testing information gathered through appropriate techniques from locations such as outcrops, trenches, pits, workings and drill holes that are spaced closely enough to confirm both geological and grade continuity.

    "Mill"is a processing facility where ore is finely ground and thereafter undergoes physical or chemical treatments to extract the valuable metals.

    “Mineralized Material”is silver bearing material that has been physically delineated"M&I" means Measured Mineral Resources and Indicated Mineral Resources.

    "NI 43-101" means National Instrument 43-101—Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects adopted by one or more of a number of methods, including drilling, underground work, surface trenching and other types of sampling. This material has been found to contain a sufficient amount of mineralization of an average grade of metal or metals to have economic potential that warrants further exploration evaluation. While this material is not currently or may never be classified as ore reserves, it is reported as mineralized material only if the potential exists for reclassification into the reserves category. This material cannot be classified in the reserves category until final technical, economic and legal factors have been determined. Under the SEC’s standards, a mineral deposit does not qualify as a reserve unless it can be economically and legally extracted at the time of reserve determination and it constitutes a proven or probable reserve (as defined below).Canadian Securities Administrators.

    “Ore”"NSR" means Net Smelter Return: the proceeds returned from the smelter and/or refinery to the mine owner less certain costs.

    "Ore"is rock, generally containing metallic or non-metallic minerals, that can be mined and processed at a profit.

    "Ore Body”Body"is a sufficiently large amount of ore that can be mined economically.

    "Ore Reserve”Reserve"is the part of a mineral deposit that could be economically and legally extracted or produced at the time of the reserve determination.

    "Pb" means the chemical symbol for the element lead.


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    "Probable Reserve”is aMineral Reserve" means the economically mineable part of an Indicated, and in some circumstances a mineralized depositMeasured Mineral Resource demonstrated by at least a preliminary feasibility study. This study must include adequate information on mining, processing, metallurgical, economic, and other relevant factors that can be extracted or produced economically and legallydemonstrate, at the time of reporting, that economic extraction can be justified.

    "Proven Mineral Reserve" means the reserve determination. The quantity and grade and/or qualityeconomically mineable part of a probable reserve is computed fromMeasured Mineral Resource demonstrated by at least a preliminary feasibility study. This preliminary feasibility study must include adequate information similar toon mining, processing, metallurgical, economic, and other relevant factors that used for a proven reserve, but the sites for inspection, sampling and measurement are farther apart or are otherwise less adequately spaced. The degree of assurance, although lower than that for proven reserves, is high enough to assume continuity between points of observation.

    “Proven Reserve”is a portion of a mineral deposit that can be extracted or produced economically and legallydemonstrate, at the time of the reserve determination. The quantity of a proven reserve is computed from dimensions revealed in outcrops, trenches, workings or drill holes; grade and/or quality are computed from the results of detailed sampling and the sites for inspections, sampling and measurement are spaced so closely and the geologic character is so well definedreporting, that size, shape, depth and mineral content of a proven reserve is well-established.economic extraction can be justified.

    “Reclamation”"Reclamation"is the process by which lands disturbed as a result of mining activity are modified to support beneficial land use. Reclamation activity may include the removal of buildings, equipment, machinery and other physical remnants of mining, closure of tailings, leach pads and other features, and contouring, covering and re-vegetation of waste rock and other disturbed areas.

    "Recovery Rate”Rate"is a term used in process metallurgy to indicate the proportion of valuable material physically recovered in the processing of ore. It is generally stated as a percentage of material recovered compared to the material originally present.

    “Refining”"Refining"is the final stage of metal production in which impurities are removed from the molten metal.

    “Silver”is a metallic element with minimum fineness of 995 parts per 1000 parts pure silver."Rehabilitation"

    “Stripping Ratio”is the ratiorestoration of the numberan existing underground excavation to a safe condition for further exploration and development by removing obstructions, installing necessary ground support and repairing or replacing utility services such as compressed air lines, water lines, and electrical service.

    "SEC Mining Modernization Rules" means subpart 1300 of tons of waste material to the number of tons of ore extracted atRegulation S-K.

    "Smelting" is an open-pit mine.intermediate stage metallurgical process in which metal is separated from impurities by using thermal or chemical separation techniques.

    “Tailings”"Tailings"is the material that remains after all economically and technically recovered precious metals have been removed from the ore during processing.

    “Ton”"Ton"means a short ton which is equivalent to 2,000 pounds, unless otherwise specified. We will also reference "Tonne," which is a metric ton or 2,2002,204.6 pounds. "Tonne" is referenced under the "Grade" definition.

    "toz" means a troy ounce.

    "Waste" is rock which is not ore. Usually referred to that rock which has to be removed during the normal course of mining in order to get at the ore.

    "Zn" means the chemical symbol for the element zinc.


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    INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

    Page

    Sunshine Silver MinesMining & Refining Corporation Audited Consolidated Financial Statements:

    Report of KPMG LLP Independent Registered Public Accounting FirmStatements

      F-2 

    Report of WithumSmith + Brown, PC Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

      F-3F-2 

    Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 20102019 and 20092018

      F-4F-3 

    Consolidated Statements of Loss and Comprehensive Loss for the Years Endedyears ended December 31, 2010, 20092019, 2018 and 2008 and the period from April 24, 2006 (Inception) to December 31, 20102017

      F-5F-4 

    Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’Shareholders' Equity (Deficit) for the Years Endedyears ended December 31, 2010, 2009, 20082019, 2018 and 2007 and the period from April 24, 2006 (Inception) to December 31, 20062017

      F-6F-5 

    Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Endedyears ended December 31, 2010, 20092019, 2018 and 2008 and the period from April 24, 2006 (Inception) to December 31, 20102017

      F-7F-6 

    Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

      F-8F-7 

    The Los Gatos Joint Venture Combined Financial Statements


    Independent Auditors' Report

    F-27

    Combined Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018

    F-28

    Combined Statements of Loss for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018

    F-29

    Combined Statements of Owner's Capital for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018

    F-30

    Combined Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018

    F-31

    Notes to the Combined Financial Statements

    F-32

    Sunshine Silver MinesMining & Refining Corporation Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements:Statements

     

    Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2011June 30, 2020 and December 31, 20102019

      F-30F-45 

    Condensed Consolidated Statements of Loss and Comprehensive Loss for the Three Months Ended March  31, 2011six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2010 and the period from April 24, 2006 (Inception) to March 31, 20112019

      F-31F-46 

    Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’Shareholders' Equity (Deficit) for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2011six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019

      F-32F-47 

    Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Three Months Ended March  31, 2011six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2010 and the period from April 24, 2006 (Inception) to March 31, 20112019

      F-33F-48 

    Notes to the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

      F-34F-49 

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    REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
    Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

    TheTo the Shareholders and Board of Directors and Stockholders


    Sunshine Silver MinesMining & Refining Corporation:

    Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

    We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheetsheets of Sunshine Silver MinesMining & Refining Corporation (an exploration stage company)and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2010,2019 and 2018, the related consolidated statementstatements of loss and comprehensive loss, changes in shareholders’shareholders' equity (deficit), and cash flows for each of the yearyears in the three-year period ended December 31, 20102019, and the information includedrelated notes (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the cumulative from inception presentation for thethree-year period January 1, 2010 toended December 31, 2010 (not separately presented herein).2019, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

    Basis for Opinion

            These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’sCompany's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audit.

    audits. We conducted our audit in accordanceare a public accounting firm registered with the auditing standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan (PCAOB) and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engagedbe independent with respect to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. Our audit included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriatethe Company in accordance with the circumstances, but not forU.S. federal securities laws and the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectivenessapplicable rules and regulations of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amountsSecurities and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

    In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Sunshine Silver Mines Corporation (an exploration stage company) as of December 31, 2010,Exchange Commission and the results of their operations and their cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2010, and information included in the cumulative from inception presentations for the period January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2010 (not separately presented herein), in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.PCAOB.

    /s/    KPMG LLP

    New York, NY

    July 7, 2011

    REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

    To the Board of Directors and Stockholders

    of Sunshine Silver Mines Corp. (formerly Los Gatos Ltd.)

    We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Sunshine Silver Mines Corporation (formerly Los Gatos Ltd.) as of December 31, 2009, and the related consolidated statements of loss and comprehensive loss, shareholders’ equity (deficit) and cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2009 and the period from April 24, 2006 (Inception) to December 31, 2009 (not presented separately herein). These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits.

    We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States).PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement. The Company is not requiredmisstatement, whether due to have, nor were we engagederror or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to perform, an auditassess the risks of its internal control overmaterial misstatement of the consolidated financial reporting. Our audit included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing auditstatements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includesrespond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence supportingregarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements, assessingstatements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statement presentation.statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

    /s/ KPMG LLP

    We have served as the Company's auditor since 2011.
    Denver, Colorado
    June 26, 2020



    In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position

    Table of Sunshine Silver Mines Corporation (formerly Los Gatos Ltd.) as of December 31, 2009, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended December 31, 2009 and the period from April 24, 2006 (Inception) to December 31, 2009 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.Contents

    /s/    WithumSmith+Brown, PC

    WithumSmith+Brown, PC

    Morristown, New Jersey

    June 29, 2011


    SUNSHINE SILVER MINESMINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)



    CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS



    AS OF DECEMBER 31,



    (In thousands, except for share and per share amounts)

     
     2019 2018 

    ASSETS

           

    Current Assets

           

    Cash and cash equivalents

     $9,085 $3,457 

    Materials and supplies inventory

      103  174 

    Deferred financing costs

      1,777   

    Related party receivables

      6,422  1,345 

    Other current assets

      1,068  1,133 

    Total current assets

      18,455  6,109 

    Non-Current Assets

           

    Investment in affiliates

      105,396  108,172 

    Metals inventory

      250  250 

    Property, plant and equipment, net

      30,194  32,030 

    Total Assets

     $154,295 $146,561 

    LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

           

    Current Liabilities

           

    Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities

     $3,465 $2,172 

    Non-Current Liabilities

           

    Reclamation obligations

      1,439  1,337 

    Shareholders' Equity

           

    Common stock, $0.001 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized; 80,646,832 and 73,902,522 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018

      80  74 

    Paid-in capital

      375,921  331,802 

    Accumulated deficit

      (225,583) (187,765)

    Treasury stock, at cost, 289,177 shares as of December 31, 2019 and December 31, 2018

      (1,027) (1,027)

    Unrealized loss on investments, net of tax

        (32)

    Total shareholders' equity

      149,391  143,052 

    Total Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity

     $154,295 $146,561 

       

       2010  2009 

    ASSETS

       

    Current Assets:

       

    Cash and cash equivalents

      $3,636   $1,379  

    Materials and supplies inventory

       779    —    

    Other current assets

       1,739    1,200  
             

    Total current assets

       6,154    2,579  

    Non-Current Assets:

       

    Property, plant and equipment, net

       29,922    31  
             

    Total Assets

      $36,076   $2,610  
             

    LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)

       

    Current Liabilities:

       

    Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities

      $1,669   $890  

    Non-Current Liabilities:

       

    Related-party debt

       31,000    15,990  

    Reclamation obligations

       744    —    
             

    Total non-current liabilities

       31,744    15,990  

    Commitments and contingencies (Note 14)

       

    Shareholders’ Equity (Deficit)

       

    Preferred Shares, $0.01 par value; 106,616,318 shares authorized, issued, and outstanding as of December 31, 2010 and 2009; liquidation preference $0.41 per share ($43,712,690)

       1,066    1,066  

    Ordinary Shares, $0.01 par value; 193,383,682 shares authorized, issued and outstanding 46,916,747 and 31,807,571 shares at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively

       469    318  

    Paid-in capital

       41,340    65  

    Accumulated deficit

       (40,257  (15,719

    Unrealized gains on investments, net of tax

       45    —    
             

    Total shareholders’ equity (deficit)

       2,663    (14,270
             

    Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity (Deficit)

      $36,076   $2,610  
             

    See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.


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    SUNSHINE SILVER MINESMINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)



    CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF LOSS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS



    FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,



    (In thousands, except for share and per share amounts)

     
     2019 2018 2017 

    Expenses

              

    Exploration

     $1,248 $1,709 $1,179 

    Pre-development

      2,318  2,527  2,408 

    General and administrative

      4,845  4,396  6,494 

    Amortization

      2,370  2,307  2,483 

    Total expenses

      10,781  10,939  12,564 

    Other expense (income)

              

    Dilution loss in affiliates

      11,231     

    Equity loss in affiliates

      12,865  464  160 

    Arrangement fees

      2,988  283   

    Other expense (income)

      (47) (19) 87 

    Net other expense

      27,037  728  247 

    Loss before income taxes

      37,818  11,667  12,811 

    Income tax benefit

        (3)  

    Net loss

     $37,818 $11,664 $12,811 

    Other comprehensive (income) loss

              

    Unrealized (gain) loss on securities, net of tax

      (32) (5) 25 

    Comprehensive loss

     $37,786 $11,659 $12,836 

    Net loss per share:

              

    Basic and diluted

     $0.49 $0.16 $0.19 

    Weighted average shares outstanding:

              

    Basic and diluted

      77,934,044  73,941,655  67,507,179 

       

       2010  2009  2008  Period from
    April 24, 2006
    (Inception) to
    December 31,
    2010
     

    Expenses:

         

    Exploration

      $14,653   $9,771   $2,718   $28,309  

    Care and maintenance

       2,534    —      —      2,534  

    General and administrative

       5,490    818    415    6,907  
                     

    Total expenses

       22,677    10,589    3,133    37,750  

    Other expense:

         

    Interest expense

       1,887    360    79    2,344  

    Interest and other income

       (36  (13  (8  (60

    Foreign exchange (gain) loss

       40    250    (47  253  
                     

    Net other expense

       1,891    597    24    2,537  
                     

    Loss before income taxes

       24,568    11,186    3,157    40,287  
                     

    Income tax benefit

       (30  —      —      (30
                     

    Net loss

       24,538    11,186    3,157    40,257  

    Other comprehensive loss:

         

    Unrealized gain on securities, net of tax

       (45  —      —      (45
                     

    Comprehensive loss

      $24,493   $11,186   $3,157   $40,212  
                     

    Pro-forma financial information (unaudited)

         

    Pro-forma net loss per share:

         
                  

    Basic and diluted

      $0.74   $2.06   $16.95   
                  

    Pro-forma weighted average shares outstanding:

         
                  

    Basic and diluted

       32,957,239    5,436,534    186,204   
                  

    See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.


    Table of Contents


    SUNSHINE SILVER MINESMINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)



    CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (DEFICIT)



    (In thousands, except for share amounts)

     
     Number Amount  
      
      
      
     
     
     Common
    Stock
     Treasury
    Stock
     Common
    Stock
     Treasury
    Stock
     Paid-in
    Capital
     Accumulated
    Deficit
     Other
    Comprehensive
    Income (Loss)
     Total
    Shareholders'
    Equity
     

    Balance at December 31, 2016

      64,414,211  216,845 $64  (701)$284,096 $(163,290)$(12)$120,157 

    Stock-based compensation

              1,946      1,946 

    Issuance of common stock

      9,483,868    10    42,668      42,678 

    DSUs converted to common stock

      53,775               

    Unrealized loss on investments

                  (25) (25)

    Deferred share unit compensation

              422      422 

    Other

              116      116 

    Net loss

                (12,811)   (12,811)

    Balance at December 31, 2017

      73,951,854  216,845 $74  (701)$329,248 $(176,101)$(37)$152,483 

    Stock-based compensation

              2,367      2,367 

    Issuance of common stock

      23,000        104      104 

    Unrealized gain on investments, net of tax

                  5  5 

    Repurchase of common stock

      (72,332) 72,332    (326)       (326)

    Other

              83      83 

    Net loss

                (11,664)   (11,664)

    Balance at December 31, 2018

      73,902,522  289,177 $74  (1,027)$331,802 $(187,765)$(32)$143,052 

    Stock-based compensation

              3,219      3,219 

    Issuance of common stock

      6,744,310    6    40,459      40,465 

    Unrealized gain on investments, net of tax

                  32  32 

    Deferred share unit compensation

              491      491 

    Other

              (50)     (50)

    Net loss

                (37,818)   (37,818)

    Balance at December 31, 2019

      80,646,832  289,177 $80  (1,027)$375,921 $(225,583)$ $149,391 

       

      Number of
    Ordinary
    Shares
      Number of
    Preferred Shares
      Amount  Paid-in
    Capital
      Accumulated
    Deficit
      Other
    Comprehensive
    Income
      Total 
        Ordinary
    Shares
      Preferred
    Shares
         

    Balance at April 24, 2006 (Inception)

      —      —     $—     $—     $—     $—     $—     $—    

    Issuance of ordinary shares

      12,000     12    —      —      —       12  

    Stock subscription receivable

        (12      (12

    Net loss

      —      —      —      —      —      (314  —      (314
                                    

    Balance at December 31, 2006

      12,000    —      —      —      —      (314  —      (314

    Net loss

      —      —      —      —      —      (1,062  —      (1,062
                                    

    Balance at December 31, 2007

      12,000    —      —      —      —      (1,376  —      (1,376

    Net loss

      —      —      —      —      —      (3,157  —      (3,157
                                    

    Balance at December 31, 2008

      12,000    —      —      —      —      (4,533  —      (4,533

    Conversion of ordinary shares

      (12,000  1,200,000    —      —      —      —      —      —    

    Conversion of debt to ordinary and preferred shares

      1,383,682    105,416,318    14    1,066    —      —      —      1,080  

    Sale of ordinary shares

      11,425,956    —      114    —      —      —      —      114  

    Stock-based payment

      18,997,933    —      190    —      —      —      —      190  

    Stock-based compensation

      —      —      —      —      65    —      —      65  

    Net loss

      —      —      —      —      —      (11,186  —      (11,186
                                    

    Balance at December 31, 2009

      31,807,571    106,616,318    318    1,066    65    (15,719  —      (14,270

    Issuance of ordinary shares

      15,109,176    —      151    —      5,297    —      —      5,448  

    Contribution of capital

          35,978      35,978  

    Unrealized gains on investments, net of tax

      —      —      —      —      —      —      45    45  

    Net loss

      —      —      —      —      —      (24,538  —      (24,538
                                    

    Balance at December 31, 2010

      46,916,747    106,616,318   $469   $1,066   $41,340   $(40,257 $45   $2,663  
                                    

    See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.


    Table of Contents


    SUNSHINE SILVER MINESMINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)



    CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS



    FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,



    (In thousands)

     
     2019 2018 2017 

    OPERATING ACTIVITIES

              

    Net loss

     $(37,818)$(11,664)$(12,811)

    Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used by operating activities:

              

    Amortization

      2,370  2,290  2,483 

    Dilution loss in affiliates

      11,231     

    Stock compensation expense

      3,219  2,392  1,981 

    Equity loss in affiliates

      12,865  464  160 

    Accretion expense

      102  95  88 

    Other

      63  18   

    Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

              

    Receivables from related-party

      (5,078) (145) (383)

    Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities

      645  (105) 186 

    Materials and supplies inventory

      67  1  54 

    Other current assets

      39    38 

    Net cash used by operating activities

      (12,295) (6,654) (8,204)

    INVESTING ACTIVITIES

              

    Purchase of property, plant and equipment

      (534) (83) (330)

    Investment in affiliates

      (21,371) (662) (28,225)

    Net cash used by investing activities

      (21,905) (745) (28,555)

    FINANCING ACTIVITIES

              

    Issuance of common stock

      40,465  104  42,678 

    Deferred financing costs

      (637)    

    Repurchase of common stock

        (326)  

    Net cash provided (used) by financing activities

      39,828  (222) 42,678 

    Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents

      5,628  (7,621) 5,919 

    Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period

      3,457  11,078  5,159 

    Cash and cash equivalents, end of period

     $9,085 $3,457 $11,078 

    Supplemental disclosure of noncash transactions:

              

    Conversion of compensation into deferred share units

     $491 $ $422 

    Property, plant and equipment included in accrued liabilties

     $ $(12)$12 

    Deferred financing costs included in accrued liabilties

     $1,139 $ $ 

       

       2010  2009  2008  Period from
    April 24, 2006
    (Inception) to
    December 31,
    2010
     

    OPERATING ACTIVITIES:

         

    Net loss

      $(24,538 $(11,186 $(3,157 $(40,257

    Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used by operating activities:

         

    Depreciation

       773    6    1    780  

    Loss on disposal of assets

       21    —      —      21  

    Stock issuance in payment for services rendered

       70    255    —      325  

    Accretion expense

       55    —      —      55  

    Income tax benefit

       (30  —      —      (30

    Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

         

    Non-trade receivables

       311    (798  (107  (753

    Deposits

       (107  —      —      (107

    Prepaid expenses

       (171  14    (32  (194

    Receivables from related-party

       (30  —      —      (30

    Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities

       326    487    333    1,177  

    Accrued interest on long-term debt to related-party

       1,887    360    79    2,344  

    Warehouse supplies

       (16  —      —      (16

    Payable to related-party

       (30  (14  17    (77
                     

    Net cash used by operating activities

       (21,479  (10,876  (2,866  (36,762
                     

    INVESTING ACTIVITIES:

         

    Purchase of property, plant and equipment

       (1,580  (31  (4  (1,616

    Acquisitions, net

       (29,250  —      —      (29,250

    Transfers to restricted cash

       (26  —      —      (26
                     

    Net cash used by investing activities

       (30,856  (31  (4  (30,892
                     

    FINANCING ACTIVITIES:

         

    Capital contributions

       35,978    —      —      35,978  

    Stock subscriptions receivable

       114    —      —      114  

    Related-party debt

       18,500    11,885    3,250    35,198  
                     

    Net cash provided by financing activities

       54,592    11,885    3,250    71,290  
                     

    Net increase in cash and cash equivalents

       2,257    978    380    3,636  

    Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period

       1,379    401    21    —    
                     

    Cash and cash equivalents, end of period

      $3,636   $1,379   $401   $3,636  
                     

    See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.


    Table of Contents


    SUNSHINE SILVER MINESMINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)



    NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS



    (inIn thousands, except share, per share, option and optionstock unit amounts)

    1. Description of Business and Basis of Preparation of Financial Statements

            

    1.Description of Business, Merger of Entities Under Common Control and Basis of Preparation of Financial Statements

    These financial statements represent the consolidated financial position and results of operations of Sunshine Silver MinesMining & Refining Corporation and its subsidiaries (“("Sunshine Silver”Silver" or “the Company”"the Company"). Unless the content otherwise requires, references to Sunshine Silver or the Company mean the Sunshine Silver Mines Corporation consolidated companies.

    On March 1, 2011, the investors in the Sunshine Silver predecessor entities individually and collectively combined the predecessor entities, which had been previously operated and reported as companies under common control. The predecessor Sunshine mine (“Predecessor Sunshine”) and Los Gatos Ltd. (“Los Gatos”) entities believed a combination of the two entities to consolidate their strategic land positions in the United States and Mexico, respectively, would position Sunshine Silver to become a significant competitor in the silver market. This transaction was reported for accounting purposes as a combination of companies under common control. In accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”), all financial reports have been prepared as if the combination of the companies under common control occurred prior to the earliest period presented, and certain amounts have been reclassified to conform to the combined presentation.

    The consolidated financial statements herein refer to the consolidated and combined financial statements of Predecessor Sunshine and Los Gatos. The 2008 and 2009 financial information represents the consolidated financial position and results of operations of Los Gatos, as Predecessor Sunshine did not commence operations until 2010. Accordingly, the 2010 information represents the combined financial position and results of operations of Predecessor Sunshine and Los Gatos.

    Sunshine Silver

    Predecessor Sunshine was formed as Precious Metals Opportunities LLC (“Precious Metals”), a Delaware limited liability company. On February 2, 2011, Precious Metals converted to a Delaware corporation, and became Sunshine Silver. The Company specializes in investing in or acquiring, exploring, and developing assets in the mining industry.

    United States—Sunshine Complex

            On May 11, 2010, Predecessor Sunshinethe Company purchased the net assets of the Idaho Sunshine mine from Sterling MiningMine. On October 10, 2013, the Company (“Sterling”purchased the Sunshine Big Creek Refinery ("Refinery"), through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Silver Opportunity Partners LLC, (“SOP”) a Delaware limited liability company.. The Sunshine mine is currently undergoingMine and the Refinery comprise the vertically integrated, Sunshine Complex. The Company has conducted an advanced exploration drilling program including maintainingand a program to improve certain mining infrastructure at the Sunshine mine facilityComplex. The Sunshine Complex is currently on care and developingmaintenance, with a refurbishmentcontinued but reduced program for planned operationsof infrastructure improvement. A Sunshine Complex preliminary economic assessment technical report was completed in the future. Accordingly, Sunshine Silver is deemed to be an exploration stage company.December 2012, and subsequently updated in January 2020.

    Mexico—Los Gatos Project

    Los Gatos was incorporated as a “shelf” holding company under the laws of Bermuda on April 24, 2006 for the purpose of coordinating the activities of subsidiaries exploring for deposits of precious and related metals and was substantially owned by CGT Management Ltd. (a limited liability company incorporated in Bermuda) (“CGT”). Los Gatos intends to realize value from its exploration portfolio over time through selective exploration, sale or joint ventures with third parties, as determined from time to time to be in the best interests of Los Gatos and its shareholders. Los Gatos’        The Company's primary explorationMexico efforts are focused on the advancementoperation of the Los Gatos Joint Venture ("LGJV") in Chihuahua Mexico with its joint venture partner, Dowa Metals and Mining Co., Ltd. ("Dowa"), which commenced production on September 1, 2019. As of December 31, 2019, the LGJV ownership is 51.5% SSMRC and 48.5% Dowa.

            On January 1, 2015, the Company entered into the LGJV to develop the Los Gatos project in northern Mexico, through("LGP") with Dowa. The LGJV operating entities consist of Minera Plata Real S. de R.L. de C.V (“MPR”("MPR"), Operaciones San Jose del Plata S. de R.L. de C.V. and Servicios San Jose del Plata S. de R.L. de C.V. (collectively the "LGJV Entities"). The LGJV completed an advanced definitional drilling and decline development program in 2016 and completed a wholly-owned subsidiaryfeasibility study in January 2017. Dowa completed its $50,000 funding requirement on April 1, 2016; thereby initially acquiring a 30% interest in the LGJV and the right to purchase future zinc-concentrate production at market rates.

            In July 2017, the LGJV entered into a loan agreement (the "Term Loan") with Dowa whereby the LGJV could borrow up to $210,000 for LGP development, with a maturity date of December 29, 2027. Interest on the Term Loan accrues daily at LIBOR plus 2.35%, but the interest is added to the amount borrowed for repayment monthly until December 29, 2019. During 2018, the LGJV paid Dowa a $4,200 closing fee. Commencing June 30, 2021, 14 consecutive semi-annual equal payments of the Company. Dueaggregate principal and capitalized interest begin. The Term Loan also requires additional principal payments equal to 70% of the LGJV excess cash flows (as defined). As of December 31, 2019, the LGJV had $221,900 outstanding, including $11,900 of interest, under the Term Loan. SSMRC is a 70% guarantor of the Term Loan should the LGJV not be able to meet its obligations under this loan agreement.

            In January 2018, the LGJV entered into a loan agreement (the "Dowa MPR Loan") with Dowa whereby the LGJV could borrow up to $65,700 to continue LGP development. Interest on this loan accrues daily at LIBOR plus 1.5% and is added to the exploratory natureamount borrowed. As of its operations, Los Gatos is deemedDecember 31, 2018, the LGJV had $67,800 outstanding, including $2,100 of interest, under the Dowa MPR Loan. In May 2019, the Company contributed $18,200 to be an exploration stage company.the LGJV to provide funding for a partial repayment of


    Table of Contents


    SUNSHINE SILVER MINESMINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)

    NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share, option and stock unit amounts)

    1. Description of Business and Basis of Preparation of Financial Statements (Continued)

    principal and interest related to the Dowa MPR Loan. In May 2019, the Dowa MPR Loan was fully extinguished with a principal and interest payment of $18,200 and the conversion of the remaining principal and interest of $50,737 to additional Dowa ownership in the LGJV entities. Due to the LGJV ownership dilution, the Company recognized a dilution loss on affiliates of $11,231 in May 2019. Subsequent to this transaction the ownership of the LGJV entities is 51.5% SSMRC and 48.5% Dowa.

            As of December 31, 2019, the LGJV had $60,000 of principal and $8 of interest due under a working capital facility agreement ("WCF") entered into with Dowa in May 2019. The WCF bears interest at LIBOR plus 3.0% and matures June 28, 2021. The LGJV paid interest of $1,419 under this facility for the year ended December 31, 2019. SSMRC is a 70% guarantor of the WCF should the LGJV be unable to meet its obligations under this loan agreement.

    2.Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

            

    a.Basis of consolidation and combination

    Predecessor SunshineDuring 2019 and Los Gatos2018, the LGJV entered into various equipment loan agreements, with repayment over four years at interest rates ranging from 5.76% to 8.67%, to finance a portion of mining equipment purchases. SSMRC has guaranteed the payment of all obligations, including accrued interest, under the equipment loan agreements.

    Mexico—Exploration

            The Company's other regional Mexico exploration efforts are consolidatedconducted through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Minera Luz del Sol S. de R.L. de C.V. ("MLS").

    Liquidity

            The Company has a history of operating losses and cash outflows from operations which are both expected to continue. Based on the Company's current cash flow forecasts, there is an expected cash shortfall within one year of the issuance date of the financial statements. As a result, the Company received a financial support commitment for $18,000 from its primary shareholder, Electrum Silver US LLC, to ensure the Company is able to satisfy its obligations as discusseda going concern through June 26, 2021. The Company will need to raise additional funds through the issuance of debt or equity to refinance or otherwise retire obligations, or to satisfy the guarantee of the LGJV WCF, as they come due after June 26, 2021. The ability to raise capital is dependent on certain matters that are outside of the Company's control, and it may not be successful in note 1.raising sufficient funds, which could lead to an event of default.

    2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

    Basis of consolidation and combination

            All Company subsidiaries are consolidated. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

    Equity method investment

    b.Use of estimates

            The Company accounts for its investment in affiliates using the equity method of accounting whereby, after valuing the initial investment, the Company recognizes its proportional share of results of operations of the affiliate in its consolidated financial statements. Equity method investments are


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    SUNSHINE SILVER MINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share, option and stock unit amounts)

    2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

    reviewed periodically for other-than-temporary decline in value. The Company's investment in the LGJV Entities is presented as Investment in affiliates in the consolidated balance sheet. The basis difference between the carrying amount of the investment in affiliates and the Company's equity in the LGJV Entities' net assets is due to value of the LGJV mineral resources. This basis difference is amortized on a units of production basis as the mineral resource is produced.

            The Company incurs certain costs on behalf of the LGJV, primarily related to a project development loan arrangement fee. The Company's proportional share of such costs are reported as an investment in affiliate and the residual costs, related to Dowa's proportional ownership, are reported in the statement of loss as arrangement fees.

    Use of estimates

    The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include mineral properties; environmental reclamation and closure obligations; valuation of stock and stock options; valuation allowances for deferred tax assets; and the fair value of financial instruments.

    Functional currency and translation of foreign currencies

    c.Functional currency and translation of foreign currencies

    The U.S. dollar is the functional currency of the Company.Company and its subsidiaries. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated to U.S. dollars at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date, with the resulting gains or losses reported in foreign exchange (gain) loss in the computationstatement of net loss. Non-monetary assets and liabilities are translated at historical exchange rates. Expenses and other income and expense items denominated in foreign currencies are translated into U.S. dollars at average exchange rates, except for depreciation which is translated at historical exchange rates.

    Cash and cash equivalents

    d.Cash and cash equivalents

    The Company considers all highly liquid short-term investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. Restricted cash, included in other current assets, consists of cash and investments which are held as collateral for a letter of credit and other extensions of credit. Restricted cash is included in other current assets.

    e.Investments

    Investment securities consist of publicly-traded equity securities. Short-term investments include investments with maturities greater than three months, but not exceeding 12 months. Long-term investments include investments with maturities greater than 12 months. The Company classifies its equity securities that have readily determinable fair values as available-for-sale securities. At December 31, 2010, the Company held $194 of short-term available for sale securities with an original cost of $119.

    Available-for-sale securities are recorded at fair value. Unrealized holding gains and losses, net of the related tax effect, on available-for-sale securities are excluded from earnings and are reported as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income until realized. Realized gains and losses from the sale of available-for-sale securities are determined on a specific-identification basis.

    A decline in the market value of any available-for-sale below cost deemed to be other than temporary results in an impairment to reduce the carrying amount to fair value. To determine if an impairment is other than

    SUNSHINE SILVER MINES CORPORATION

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)

    NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)Materials and supplies and metals inventories

            

    2.Summary of Significant Accounting Policies—Continued

    temporary, the Company considers all available information relevant to the collectability of the security, including past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts when developing estimate of cash flows expected to be collected.

    f.Materials and supplies inventory

    The Company’sCompany's materials and supplies inventories are valued at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined using the average cost method for all inventories and includes applicable taxes and freight.inventories. The Company routinely evaluates the forecasted usage of its material and supplies to determinerecognize a provision for obsolete stock, as warranted.

            The Company's metals inventory is valued at the existencelower of obsolete stock.average cost or net realizable value. Net realizable value represents the estimated future sales price of the product based on current and long-term metals prices, less the estimated costs to complete production and bring the product to a salable condition. Metals inventory that is not expected to be processed within the next 12 months is classified as a non-current asset.


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    SUNSHINE SILVER MINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share, option and stock unit amounts)

    2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

    Property, plant and equipment

            

    g.Property, plant and equipment

    Mineral property acquisition costs are recorded at cost and are deferred until the viability of the property is determined. Exploration, mineral property evaluation, option payments, related acquisition costs for mineral properties acquired under an option agreement, general overhead, administrative and holding costs to maintain a property on a care and maintenance basis are expensed in the period they are incurred. When a mineral property is determined to have proven and probable reserves, subsequent development costs are capitalized to mineral properties. For acquired mineral properties the Company allocates the acquisition cost to proven and probable reserves and value beyond proven and probable reserves. When mineral properties are developed and operations commence, the Company expects capitalized costs to beare charged to operations using the units-of-production method over proven and probable reserves. Upon abandonment or sale of a mineral property, all capitalized costs relating to the specific property are written offremoved in the period abandoned or sold and a gain or loss is recognized.

    Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation onAmortization of plant and equipment is calculated on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. The estimated useful lives of plant and equipment and buildings and improvements range from 10 to 20 years. The estimated useful lives of furniture, fixtures and computers range from 3three to 10 years.

    Total depreciation for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009, and 2008 was $773, $6, and $1, respectively.Impairment of long-lived assets

            

    h.Impairment of long-lived assets

    Long-lived assets, such as property, plant and equipment, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. If circumstances requiredrequire a long-lived asset or asset group to be tested for possible impairment, the Company first compares undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by that asset or asset group to its carrying value. If the carrying value of the long-lived asset or asset group is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment is recognized to the extent that the carrying value exceeds its fair value. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques including discounted cash flow models, quoted market values and third-party independent appraisals, as considered necessary. There were no impairments recognized for the three years ended 2019.

    Asset retirement obligations

            

    i.Reclamation and Remediation Costs (asset retirement obligations)

    The Company has asset retirement obligations (“ARO”("ARO") arising from regulatory requirements to perform certain property and asset retirement activities at the time that certain machinery and equipment are disposed.end of the respective asset life. An ARO is

    SUNSHINE SILVER MINES CORPORATION

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)

    NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    2.Summary of Significant Accounting Policies—Continued

    recognized when incurred and is initially measured at fair value and subsequently adjusted for accretion expense and changes in the amount or timing of the estimated cash flows. The corresponding asset retirement costs are capitalized as part of the carrying amount of the related long-lived asset and depreciated over the asset’sasset's remaining useful life. The ARO is based on when spending for an existing environmental disturbance is expected to occur. The Company reviews, on at least an annual basis, unless otherwise deemed necessary, the reclamation obligation at each mine site. The Company recorded an ARO at the May 2010 acquisition of the Sunshine mine assets.property.

    Stock-based compensation

            

    j.Stock-based compensation

    The Company recognizes all employee stock-based compensation as a cost in the consolidated financial statements. Equity-classified awards are measured at the grant date fair value of the award.


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    SUNSHINE SILVER MINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share, option and stock unit amounts)

    2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

    The Company estimates grant date fair value using the Black-Scholes-MertonBlack-Scholes option-pricing model using the grant date share price, estimated amounts for volatility of the Company’sCompany's stock, the expected life of the awards, the fair value of the underlying shares, the risk-free interest rate and the expected dividend yield. The related expense is included as a component of either exploration, pre-development or general and administrative and exploration expense over the requisite service period of the award.

    k.Net loss per share

    Pro-forma basic loss per share

            Basic and diluted loss per share are computed by dividing the net loss available to common stockholders by the pro-forma weighted-average number of common stock shares expected to be deemed outstanding, including director share units ("DiSUs"), for the periodsrespective period presented. In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”)For the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, stock options have been excluded from the dilutive earnings per share guidance, the Company has retroactively adjusted the Los Gatos’ ordinary and preferred shares outstanding to common-stock-equivalent shares outstanding of Sunshine Silver, for purposes of calculating the pro-forma net loss per share of all reporting periods presented. Changes in ownership interests during any period are weighted for the portion of the period that shares were deemed outstanding.calculation as their effect would be anti-dilutive.

    Income taxes

            

    l.Comprehensive Loss

    Comprehensive loss is defined as all changes in equity (deficit), exclusive of transactions with stockholders, such as capital investments. Comprehensive loss includes net loss and changes in certain assets and liabilities that are reported directly in equity. For the year ended December 31, 2010, comprehensive income included the change in the market value of available for sale securities, net of tax, and is reported on the Consolidated Statements of Loss and Comprehensive Loss.

    m.Income Taxes

    Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The

    SUNSHINE SILVER MINES CORPORATION

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)

    NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    2.Summary of Significant Accounting Policies—Continued

    effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company recognizes the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs. The Company records interest related to unrecognized tax benefits in interest expense and penalties in income tax expense.

    n.Business Combinations

    When the Company acquires a business, the purchase price is allocated based on the fair value of tangible assets and identifiable intangible assets acquired, and liabilities assumed. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. Goodwill, if any, is measured as the residual of the excess of the consideration transferred over the fair value of identifiable net assets acquired. If the fair value of the net assets acquired exceeds the purchase price, the resulting bargain purchase is recognized as a gain in the Consolidated Statement of Loss and Comprehensive Loss. The Company engages independent, third-party appraisal firms to assist in determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Such a valuation requires management to make significant estimates, especially with respect to intangible assets. These estimates are based on historical experience and information obtained from the management of the acquired companies. These estimates are inherently uncertain. For all acquisitions, operating results are included in the Consolidated Statement of Loss and Comprehensive Loss from the date of acquisition.

    o.Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

    Fair Value AccountingRecently issued accounting standards

    In January 2010, ASC guidance for fair value measurements and disclosure was updatedFebruary 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, "Leases," which will require lessees to require additional disclosures related to transfers in and out of level 1 and 2 fair value measurements. The guidance was amended to clarify the level of disaggregation required forrecognize assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by most leases on the disclosures required for inputs and valuation techniques used to measure the fair value of assets and liabilities that fall in either level 2 or level 3. The updated guidance wasbalance sheet. These changes become effective for the Company’sCompany's fiscal year beginning January 1, 2010.2022. The Company is still assessing the impact of the standard but does not expect there will be a material impact to the Company's financial statements.

            In August 2018, ASU No. 2018-13 was issued to modify and enhance the disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. This update is effective in fiscal years, including interim periods, beginning after December 15, 2019, and early adoption had no impact onis permitted. The Company is evaluating the Company’s consolidated financial position, resultsrequired disclosures of operations or cash flows.the standard and expects to modify disclosures for fair value measurements upon adoption.

            In December 2019, ASU No. 2019-12 was issued to simplify and enhance accounting for income taxes. This update is effective in fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2021, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, and early adoption is permitted. The Company is


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    Business Combinations

    In December 2010, the ASC guidance for business combinations was updated to clarify existing guidance which requires a public entity to disclose pro-forma revenue and earnings of the combined entity as though the business combination(s) that occurred during the current year had occurred as of the beginning of the comparable prior annual period only. The update also expands the supplemental pro-forma disclosures required to include a description of the nature and amount of material, nonrecurring pro-forma adjustments directly attributable to the business combination included in the reported pro-forma revenue and earnings. The updated guidance is effective for the Company’s fiscal year beginning January 1, 2011. The Company does not anticipate that the amendment to the business combination guidance will have an impact on the Company’s financial position and results of operations.


    SUNSHINE SILVER MINESMINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)

    NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share, option and stock unit amounts)

    3.Recapitalization and Merger Plan

    On January 31, 2011, Los Gatos designated 14,542,512 unissued shares2. Summary of par value $0.01 ordinary shares (“Ordinary Share”) as par value $0.01 preferred shares (“Preferred Share”), and issued these Preferred Shares in full satisfactionSignificant Accounting Policies (Continued)

    still assessing the impact of its then existing $31,000 of related-party debt and $198 of accrued interest.

    On February 2, 2011, 20,000,000 shares of common stock were issuedthe standard but does not expect there will be a material impact to the Company’s owners when Precious Metals converted to a Delaware corporationCompany's financial statements.

    3. Other Current Assets

     
     December 31,
    2019
     December 31,
    2018
     

    Value added tax receivable

     $213 $192 

    Restricted cash and certificate of deposit

      466  466 

    Available for sale securities

        28 

    Prepaid expenses

      359  415 

    Deposits and other

      30  32 

    Total other current assets

     $1,068 $1,133 

            At December 31, 2018, the cost basis of available for sale securities was $21.

    4. Property, Plant and became Sunshine Silver.Equipment, net

    On February 22, 2011, Los Gatos entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger and Amalgamation (“Merger Plan”) with Sunshine Silver. Pursuant to the Merger Plan,

     
     December 31,
    2019
     December 31,
    2018
     

    Mineral properties(1)

     $18,203 $18,203 

    Plant and equipment

      13,621  15,381 

    Land

      1,814  1,575 

    Buildings, infrastructure and improvements

      16,798  14,140 

    Furniture, fixtures and computers

      1,565  2,168 

    Property, plant and equipment at cost

      52,001  51,467 

    Less accumulated amortization

      (21,807) (19,437)

    Property, plant and equipment, net

     $30,194 $32,030 

    (1)
    No amortization is currently being recognized on March 1, 2011, Los Gatos merged and was amalgamated with and into Sunshine Silver and the separate corporate existence of Los Gatos ceased. All 168,075,577 issued and outstanding Preferred and Ordinary Shares were converted, at an approximate conversion ratio of 0.15517, into 26,080,836 shares of par value $0.001 per share common stock of Sunshine Silver. The merger did not affect the shares of Sunshine Silver’s common stock existing before the merger.

    In addition, as a result of the Merger Plan, 6,727,561 outstanding options to purchase one share of Los Gatos Ordinary Shares were converted by operation of law, at an approximate conversion ratio of 0.15517, into 1,043,938 options to purchase Sunshine Silver common stock at an exercise price of $2.32 per share.

    Subsequent to the Merger Plan, through June 30, 2011, unrelated investors contributed substantially all of $163,700 for 20.1% of the common stock of the Company, and holders of 885,990 options exercised their right to purchase shares of Sunshine Silver common stock at an exercise price of $2.32 per share resulting in proceeds of $2,100.

    4.Acquisition of the Sunshine Mine

    On May 11, 2010, the Company, through its wholly owned subsidiary SOP, acquired the net assets of Sterling’s Idaho Sunshine Mine by purchase through Sterling’s bankruptcy proceedings. Included in this purchase was Sterling’s mine lease with Sunshine Precious Metals, Inc. (“SPMI”). In July 2010, SOP exercised the option in the lease to buy the Sunshine Mine mineral properties, as the Company has not established proven and facilities from SPMI.

    The Sunshine Mine is a past-producing mine. The Sunshine Mine suspended operations in 2008 and remains in a care and maintenance status. The mine facility includes extensive underground workings including shafts, levels, raises and ramp systems.

    The total consideration paid in cash was comprised of a) $23,500 for the net assets acquired and liabilities assumed and b) $5,750 for the right, title and interest acquired from SPMI. The payment for the lease was recorded in property, plant and equipment, net in the Company’s consolidated balance sheet at acquisition date. The acquisition was accounted for as a business combination.

    SUNSHINE SILVER MINES CORPORATION

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)

    NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    4.Acquisition of the Sunshine Mine—Continued

    The purchase price of $29,250 was allocated to the following assets and liabilities using the estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date:

    Assets:

      

    Receivables

      $147  

    Property, plant and equipment

       29,105  

    Investments

       119  

    Materials & supplies inventory

       763  

    Restricted cash

       289  
         
       30,423  
         

    Liabilities:

      

    Reclamation obligations

       708  

    Contingent consideration

       465  
         

    Net assets acquired

      $29,250  
         

    The estimated fair values of the reclamation obligationsprobable reserves, and the property, plant and equipment are classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy as the valuations were determined based on assumptions that market participants would usemine has not yet been placed back in the pricing of such assets and liabilities without observable inputs and little or no market activity. The fair value of the acquired current assets and current liabilities equaled their carrying amounts due to their short-term nature.

    The results of the operations of the Sunshine mine have been included in the Company’s consolidated statement of loss and comprehensive loss from the date of acquisition through December 31, 2010. The Company incurred $2,100 in acquisition costs related to the Sunshine mine acquisition. The Company follows the business combination accounting guidance related to acquisition-related costs and expenses these costs as incurred. The acquisition-related costs for the Sunshine mine acquisition are included in general and administrative costs in the consolidated statement of loss and comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2010.

    5.Other Current Assets

       December 31,
    2010
       December 31,
    2009
     

    Value added tax receivable

      $823    $993  

    Restricted cash and certificate of deposit

       315     —    

    Securities available for sale

       194     —    

    Prepaid expenses

       193     22  

    Vendor deposits

       107     —    

    Non-trade receivables

       77     71  

    Related-party receivable

       30     —    

    Stock subscriptions receivable

       —       114  
              

    Total other current assets

      $1,739    $1,200  
              

    SUNSHINE SILVER MINES CORPORATION

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)

    NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    6.Property, Plant and Equipment, net

       December 31,
    2010
      December 31,
    2009
     

    Mineral properties

      $13,544   $—    

    Plant & equipment

       6,226    12  

    Land

       1,219    —    

    Buildings & improvements

       9,555    —    

    Furniture, fixtures & computers

       142    25  
             

    Property, plant & equipment at cost

       30,686    37  

    Less accumulated depreciation

       (764  (6
             

    Property, plant & equipment, net

      $29,922   $31  
             
    service.

    Mineral Properties

    The Company conducts exploration activities on patented and unpatented mining claims as follows:in the United States and under mining concessions in Mexico.

            The Company is required to make mineral and concession lease payments to various entities to secure the appropriate claims or surface rights. Certain of these agreements also have royalty payments that are triggered when the Company produces and sells minerals. Since no Company assets are in production, the Company is not currently paying any royalty based on production and sales.


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    SUNSHINE SILVER MINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share, option and stock unit amounts)

    4. Property, Plant and Equipment, net (Continued)

    Sunshine MineComplex

    The Company owns the Sunshine mine,Complex, which includes patented and unpatented mining claims, surface access rights, and related infrastructure buildings and equipment. The property includes the Sunshine mine, and mill and all of the proximate support buildings, including the shops, dry, assay office, mine office, warehouse, hoist house, compressor building and surface and underground equipment. The property also includes the Sunshine Refinery, ConSil mineMine and mill and related infrastructure buildings and equipment.

            The Company is required to pay between a 0% and 7% net smelter return ("NSR") royalty based upon theof 0% (at a silver price less than $6.00 per ounce) to 7% (at a silver price of silver,$10.00 and greater per ounce) under a settlement with the US government and the Coeur d’Alened'Alene Indian tribe. This royalty covers substantially all of the property owned or leased bycomprising the Company,Sunshine Mine and extends outward within a one mileone-mile boundary of all such property. The Company is concurrently engagingthe property described in exploration that has consisted of geochemical and geophysical studies, core diamond drilling, and rehabilitating a second access shaft in preparation for future operations.the settlement.

    Chester Group of Mining Claims

    The Company leases nine patented mining claims and has a one-third interest in four other patented mining claims from the Chester Group that are adjacent to the mining claims of the Sunshine mine.Mine. The 25-year lease term is for 25 years endingends February 2029 and is renewable for an additional 25 years. The lease is subject to anmonthly advance royalty payable by the Company of $0.6 per monthpayments until such time as a royalty of 4% on net returnsNSR or a royalty of 20% of net profits is payable. The lease also provides Chester Group with the option to acquire a 20% working interest in all ores, concentrates, metals or other mineral substances produced from the property. Chester Group may exercise this option by releasing the Company from its obligation to pay the 20% net profits royalty and by tendering an amount of cash equal to 20% of the then-current working capital fund. The Company isChester Group lease also obligated to deliverrequires an annual payment of 50,000 shares of restricted Sterling Mining Company common stock annually duringstock.

    Silver Summit / Consil Mine Royalty

            The Company is required to pay a NSR of 2% (at a silver price below $5.00 per ounce) to 4% (at a silver price of $7.00 and greater per ounce) from production of commercial minerals from certain patented and unpatented mining claims. The patented and unpatented mining claims subject to this royalty surround the lease term.Silver Summit/Consil Mine.

    Metropolitan Mines Mining Claims

    The Company leases 2two patented and 70 unpatented mining claims from the Metropolitan Mines Corporation group (“Metropolitan”("Metropolitan") that layare located immediately to the south of the primary workings of the Sunshine Mine. The

    SUNSHINE SILVER MINES CORPORATION

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)

    NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    6.Property, Plant and Equipment, net—Continued

    lease term is indefinite until cancelled.cancelled by mutual agreement. The leases are subject to monthly advance royalty payments of $1 per month until such time as ore is produced from the Metropolitan property. Net proceeds, when ore is produced, are to be splitshared between Metropolitan (16% or 50%) and the Company (84% or 50%) depending upon the location of the production.

    Mineral Mountain Mining Claims

    The Company leases the Mineral Mountain Mining and Milling Company group of four patented mining claims that are adjacent to the mining claims of the Sunshine mine.Mine. The 25-year lease term is for 25 years ending ends


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    SUNSHINE SILVER MINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share, option and stock unit amounts)

    4. Property, Plant and Equipment, net (Continued)

    February 2029 and is renewable for an additional 25 years. The lease is subject to anannual advance royalty payment of $3.6 per yearpayments until such time as net profits royalties of 3% are payable. The lease also provides Mineral Mountain Mining and Milling Companythe claim owner with the option to acquire a 3% working interest in all ores, concentrates, metals or other mineral substances produced from the property. Mineral Mountain Mining and Milling CompanyThe claim owner may exercise this option by releasing the Company from its obligation to pay the 3% net profits royalty and by tendering an amount of cash equal to 3% of the then-current working capital fund.

    Rock Creek—Idaho

    The Company leases unpatented claims and a patented claim at Rock Creek, Idaho. The lease was signed on March 1, 2006, with a term of 25 years, with a 25% net profits royalty and an25-year leases end in 2031. The leases are subject to monthly advance royalty of $0.5 per month applied againstpayments and a 25% net profits royalty when operational. Contained within the lease is a $50 work commitment of $50 perfor every 5-year period. The Company is obligated to pay all future taxes relating to the leased property. The Company may cancel the lease with 30 days’days notification.

    Mining Concessions and AgreementsAgreement

    In Mexico, mineral concessions from the Mexican government can only be held by Mexican nationals or Mexican-incorporated companies. The concessions are valid for 50 years and are extendable provided the concessions are kept in good standing. For concessions to remain in good standing a semi-annual fee must be paid to the Mexican government and aan annual report must be filed in May of each year which coversdescribing the work accomplished on the property between January and December of the previous year.must be filed. These concessions may be cancelled without penalties by termination notificationpenalty with prior notice to the Mexican government.

    Los Gatos        MLS is the concession holder of a series of claims titles granted by the Mexican government. The rights to fivecertain concessions are held through exploration agreements with purchase options or a finder’sfinder's fee agreement, as discussed below:

    La Cuesta International S.A. de C.V.—Los Gatos concessionSanta Valeria Concession

    The Company may purchase the Los Gatos concession for $15,000, which is payable through advanced royalties and a production royalty of 2% net smelter return on production from the Los Gatos concession (reduces to 0.5% upon all payments reaching $10,000) and 0.5% net smelter return from lands within a one kilometer boundary of the Los Gatos concession. Advance royalties of $40 annually are payable prior to commercial production. Once total payments have reached $15,000, the Los Gatos concession ownership will be

    SUNSHINE SILVER MINES CORPORATION

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)

    NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    6.Property, Plant and Equipment, net—Continued

    transferred to the Company. During the pre-production phase, the Company is obligated to annually complete a minimum of $100 of exploration work on the concession. The agreement has no expiration date; however, the Company may terminate the agreement upon 30 day official termination notification.

    Grupo Factor—Paula Adorada concession

    The Company is required to make the following future annualmonthly payments totaling $405 to obtain ownership of the Paula Adorada concession: 2011—$50; 2012—$100 and 2013—$255. The Company may terminate the agreement upon 30 day official termination notification which results in the forfeiture of payments previously made.

    Zaragoza—Peregrina and El Pilar concession

    The Company is required to make the following future annual payments in orderthrough 2020 to continue exploration activities and obtain ownership of the Zaragoza project concession: 2011—$80, 2012—$160,Santa Valeria concessions, and 2013—$320.is required to make a production royalty payment of 1% of the net smelter returns on production. The Company may terminate the agreement upon notification which results in the forfeiture of payments previously made.prior notice.

    Niko concessionSan Jose de Minas Finder's Fee Agreement

    The Company is required to make the followingan annual payments in order to continue exploration activities and obtain ownership of the Niko concession: 2011 through 2014—$50 each year; 2015—$5,000 and a production royalty payment of 2%1% net smelter return on production of the Niko concession. The Company may terminate the agreement upon notification which results in the forfeiture of payments previously made.

    San Jose de Minas Finder’s Fee Agreement

    The Company is required to make the following future annual payments in order to continue exploration activities under a Finder’s Fee Agreement: 1% of the net smelter returns for any production from Company concessions covered by the San Jose de Minas Finder's Fee agreement; and, the Company is obligated to pay annually 5% of the exploration costs incurred by the Company, limited to a maximum $100 annual payment pertaining to the specified concessions. Once total payments under the agreement reach $1,000 the Company will have no other obligations under the agreement. No production has taken place since inception of the agreement. The agreement has no expiration date; however, the Company may terminate the agreement upon official termination notification.prior notice.


    Table of Contents


    SUNSHINE SILVER MINESMINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)

    NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share, option and stock unit amounts)

    4. Property, Plant and Equipment, net (Continued)

            

    6.Property, Plant and Equipment, net—Continued

    In summary, theseAs of December 31, 2019, the Company's leases, concessions, and agreements are subject to minimum payments as shownsummarized in the table below:

       Production
    Royalties  Payable(1)
       2010 Annual
    Lease Fees
     

    Chester Claim Group(2)

       Yes    $7.2  

    Metropolitan Mines Claim Group

       Yes     12.0  

    Mineral Mountain Claim Group

       Yes     3.6  

    Rock Creek-Idaho(3)

       Yes     6.0  

    La Cuesta International(4)

       Yes     40.0  

    Grupo Factor

       No     45.0  

    Zaragoza

       No     40.0  

    Niko

       Yes     50.0  

    San Jose de Minas

       Yes     —    

    (1)All agreements except Grupo Factor and Zaragoza are subject to production royalties.
    (2)The Chester Claim Group lease also requires an annual payment of 50,000 shares of the Sterling Mining Company’s common stock.
    (3)The lease also requires $50 work commitment during each five-year period. Annual lease fees can be credited against a 25% net profits royalty.
    (4)The lease also requires $100 of exploration work annually on the concession during the pre-production phase.

    7.Accounts Payable and Other Accrued Liabilities

      December 31,
    2010
      December 31,
    2009
     

    Accounts payable

     $450   $46  

    Accrued expenses

      399    720  

    Accrued payroll & taxes

      327    85  

    Contingent consideration

      484    —    

    Payable to related-party

      9    39  
            

    Total accounts payable and other accrued liabilities

     $1,669   $890  
            

    8.Related-Party Transactions

    Related-party debt

    Los Gatos maintains loan agreements with CGT that bear interest at fixed rates with maturities generally one to two years from their respective issuance together with any accrued unpaid interest thereon.

    The Company’s outstanding related-party debt as of December 31, 2010 consists of three obligations totaling $31,000. These obligations mature on October 2, 2012, have a fixed interest rate of 7.5%, and are presented as non-current liabilities.

    The Company’s outstanding related-party debt as of December 31, 2009, consists of $11,989, $1,500, and $2,250 obligations maturing on October 2, 2010, October 19, 2010, and December 15, 2010, respectively, and $251 of accrued interest. These obligations have a fixed interest of 7.5%. These obligations were refinanced subsequent to December 31, 2009 with a fixed interest rate of 7.5% and a maturity of October 2, 2012. Accordingly, these obligations are presented as non-current liabilities.

    SUNSHINE SILVER MINES CORPORATION

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)

    NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    8.Related-Party Transactions—Continued

    During 2010, Los Gatos reduced related-party debt by $5,376 to CGT as consideration for the exercise of 14,934,227 options. During 2009, Los Gatos reduced related-party debt of $553 to CGT through issuance of 1,383,682 Ordinary Shares and 53,901,115 Preferred Shares. In January 2011, the $31,198 principal and accrued interest outstanding under these loan arrangements were exchanged for 14,542,512 Preferred Shares and the obligations were cancelled.

    During 2010, 2009, and 2008, Los Gatos borrowed $18,500, $11,885, and $3,250, respectively, from CGT. Interest expense on these loan arrangements was $1,887, $360, and $79 for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009, and 2008, respectively.

    Service Agreements

    Los Gatos and SOP have service agreements with related parties, Tigris Financial (International) LP (“Tigris Intl”) and Tigris Financial Group Ltd. (“Tigris”), respectively, whereby Tigris and Tigris Intl provide certain business and financial advice, including consulting, administrative, accounting and business development services.

    The Los Gatos service agreement was effective January 1, 2008 and pursuant to this agreement, Los Gatos paid Tigris Intl $500, $375, and $150 for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009, and 2008, respectively, plus out of pocket expenses incurred by Tigris Intl. In addition to the annual payments, as stipulated in the service agreement, Los Gatos issued 4,771,318 Ordinary Shares to Tigris Intl during October 2009, for which the fair value of $48 was charged to general and administrative expense. The service agreement can be terminated by either party with thirty-day notice.

    The SOP service agreement was effective May 11, 2010 and pursuant to this agreement, SOP paid Tigris $500 for the year ended December 31, 2010. The service agreement can be terminated by either party with sixty-day notice.

    Other Related-party Transactions

    During 2009, Los Gatos settled $527 due to CGT through the issuance of 52,715,203 Preferred Shares.

    From time to time, the Company may have receivables from or payables to other related parties under common control in the normal course of its exploration activities. These typically represent expenditures incurred by one party but paid by another. These amounts are settled via cash payments.

    9.Stockholder’s Equity (Deficit)

    Los Gatos

    Los Gatos was incorporated in Bermuda in April 2006 as a “shelf” holding company with authorized capitalization through October 2, 2009 of $12,000, for the purpose of coordinating the activities of subsidiaries exploring for deposits of precious and related metals. Los Gatos issued its total authorized $12,000 of capitalization in the form of ordinary shares of $1.00 par in a private placement ultimately to CGT.

    2009 Ordinary and Preferred Share Transactions

    On October 2, 2009, Los Gatos authorized an increase in its total capitalization to $3,000,000, designated all of its shares to have a $0.01 par (300,000,000 total shares at $0.01 par) and divided its share capital into shares of two classes: Ordinary Shares and Preferred Shares.

    SUNSHINE SILVER MINES CORPORATION

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)

    NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    9.Stockholder’s Equity (Deficit)—Continued

    The holders of Ordinary Shares:

    are entitled to one vote per share;

     
     Mineral Leases,
    Concessions and
    Agreements Obligations:
     

    2020

     $322 

    2021

      17 

    2022

      17 

    2023

      17 

    2024

      17 

    Thereafter

      80 

    Total

     $470 

            

    are entitled to such dividends as may from time to time be declared;

    in the event of winding-up or dissolution of Los Gatos, whether voluntary or involuntary or for the purpose of a reorganization or otherwise or upon any distribution of capital, are entitled to the surplus assets of Los Gatos after the distribution in full of any and all capital payable in respect of the preferred shares then issued and outstanding; and

    are generally entitled to enjoy all of the rights attaching such shares; and

    may not transfer their shares until all of the Preferred Shares are converted into Ordinary Shares

    The holders of Preferred Shares:

    are entitled to one vote per share;

    are entitled to such dividends as may from time to time be declared;

    in the event of winding-up or dissolution of Los Gatos, whether voluntary or involuntary or for the purpose of a reorganization or otherwise or upon any distribution of capital, are entitled to payment of $0.41 per preferred share from the surplus assets of Los Gatos;

    are entitled to convert each Preferred Share to an Ordinary Share at the discretion of the holder of the preferred share by delivery of written notice to the Secretary of Los Gatos; and

    are generally entitled to enjoy all of the rights attaching to such shares.

    Los Gatos converted its then existing 12,000 shares of $1.00 par ordinary stock to 1,200,000 Preferred Shares and designated an additional 105,416,318 of its total shares as Preferred Shares. All 106,616,318 Preferred Shares were issued to CGT in payment of the then outstanding advance of $527 and a reduction of long-term debt payable to CGT of $539. In addition, on October 2, 2009, Los Gatos issued 1,383,682 Ordinary Shares to CGT in payment of long term debt payable to CGT of $14.

    During the period October 2, 2009 through December 31, 2009, Los Gatos issued 18,997,933 Ordinary Shares in payment for services, as follows: 1) 12,000,000 shares to related individuals; 2) 2,226,615 shares to two vendors; and 3) 4,771,318 shares to Tigris Intl. In addition, individuals associated with various related entities purchased 11,425,956 Ordinary Shares for $114. The December 31, 2009 stock subscription receivable of $114 was paid in full on January 28, 2010.

    The 11,425,956 and the 2,226,615 Ordinary Shares issued are subject to agreements which contain a purchase option by the entity (or an affiliate of the entity) at which the respective shareholder is employed or is providing services, as the case may be. In case of termination of employment or the service relationship prior to five years from the initial vesting date set forth in each shareholder’s share purchase agreement or share award agreement, the shareholder can receive from the option holder, at the option holder’s option, payment for the shares amounting to 20% of the shares owned multiplied by the number of years from the initial vesting date to a maximum of 100% at a price determined by the Company’s board of directors. The purchase option ends five years from the initial vesting date.

    SUNSHINE SILVER MINES CORPORATION

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)

    NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    9.Stockholder’s Equity (Deficit)—Continued

    2009 Stock Option Transactions

    On October 14, 2009, Los Gatos entered into stock option agreements with various individuals and entities that agreed to serve on its Advisory Board that provide for the purchase of 21,661,788 Ordinary Shares. These options vested on the date of the grant and had a stated exercise price of $0.36 per share expiring the earlier of, a ten year period ending October 14, 2019, or two years after an initial public offering. The stock options were valued using a Black-Scholes model. The following assumptions were used to compute the fair value of the option grants:

    Risk free interest rate

    3.0

    Dividend yield

    —  

    Estimated volatility

    76.87

    Expected option life

    10 years

    The Company’s computation of the estimated volatility was based on the historical volatility of a group of peer companies’ common stock over the expected option life, and included both exploration stage and development stage companies. The peer information was used because the Company is not publicly traded and therefore does not have the market trading history required to calculate a meaningful volatility factor. The computation of the expected option life was determined based on a reasonable expectation of the option life prior to being exercised or forfeited. The risk-free interest rate assumption was based on the U.S. Treasury constant maturity yield at the date of the grant over the expected life of the option.

    For the year ended December 31, 2009, the Company recognized stock-based compensation of $65 related to these option grants. As of December 31, 2009, all 21,661,788 options were outstanding and exercisable.

    2010 Ordinary Share Transactions

    On June 30, 2010, the Company issued 174,949 Ordinary Shares for $2 to an employee of a related entity under the same terms as described above for Ordinary Shares. The Company recognized an additional $34 of expense to reflect the $0.20 fair value of the Ordinary Shares. The fair value was determined based on an enterprise value and option pricing model.

    2010 Stock Option Transactions

    During the year ended December 31, 2010, there were no stock options granted.

    In December 2010, options to acquire 14,934,227 Ordinary Shares were exercised by CGT, of which 14,616,139 options were acquired from an entity serving on the Advisory Board, at an exercise price of $0.36 per share resulting in $5,376 of capital contributions through reduction in related-party debt.

    At December 31, 2010, 6,727,561 options with an exercise price of $0.36 per share, expiring the earlier of October 14, 2019, or two years after an initial public offering, were outstanding.

    SUNSHINE SILVER MINES CORPORATION

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)

    NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    9.Stockholder’s Equity (Deficit)—Continued

    The following table is a summary of stock option activity for the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009:

       Pre-merger   Pro-forma post-merger             

    Options

      Shares  Exercise
    Price
       Shares  Exercise
    Price
       Remaining
    Life (Years)
       Aggregate
    Intrinsic
    Value
       Unrecognized
    Compensation
    Cost
     

    Outstanding at December 31, 2008

       —     $—       —     $—          

    Granted

       21,661,788    0.36     3,361,327    2.32        

    Exercised

       —      —       —      —          

    Forfeited or Expired

       —      —       —      —          
                            

    Outstanding at December 31, 2009

       21,661,788    0.36     3,361,327    2.32        

    Granted

       —      —       —      —          

    Exercised

       (14,934,227  0.36     (2,317,389  2.32        

    Forfeited or Expired

       —      —       —      —          
                            

    Outstanding at December 31, 2010

       6,727,561   $0.36     1,043,938   $2.32     8.79    $—      $—    
                                     

    2011 Ordinary and Preferred Share Transactions

    In January 2011, Los Gatos designated 14,542,512 unissued Ordinary Shares as Preferred Shares. On January 31, 2011, Los Gatos issued such Preferred Shares to CGT in full satisfaction of the then existing $31,198 (principal of $31,000 and interest of $198) amounts due to CGT.

    In addition, the 6,727,561 options outstanding for the purchase of Los Gatos Ordinary Shares converted to options to purchase 1,043,938 common stock shares of Sunshine Silver at $2.32 per share on March 1, 2011.

    Sunshine Silver

    Through January 2011, the owners of Precious Metals contributed $36,978 as capital contributions. In February 2011, 20,000,000 shares of common stock were issued when Precious Metals became Sunshine Silver.

    Pursuant to the Merger Plan, all issued and outstanding Ordinary Shares and Preferred Shares were converted into approximately 0.15517 shares of Sunshine Silver’s $0.001 par value common stock.

    10.Asset Retirement Obligations

    In connection with the acquisition of the Sunshine mine, the Company recorded an ARO of $708 related to final closure and reclamation. The liability was initially measured at fair value and subsequently adjusted for accretion and changes in the amount or timing of the estimated cash flows. During the year ended December 31, 2010, the Company recorded accretion expense of $36.

    SUNSHINE SILVER MINES CORPORATION

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)

    NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    10.Asset Retirement Obligations—Continued

    The following table summarizes activity in the Company’s ARO:

       December 31,
    2010
       December 31,
    2009
     

    Balance, beginning of year

      $—      $—    

    ARO from acquisition of the Sunshine Mine

       708     —    

    Accretion expense

       36     —    
              

    Balance, end of year

      $744    $—    
              

    The Company is required to provide the applicable governmental agencies with financial assurances related to its closure and reclamation obligations. At December 31, 2010, the Company had restricted cash in the form of a certificate of deposit totaling $275 as collateral for a letter of credit issued by a financial institution as security to a certain governmental agency for the Company’s reclamation obligations.

    11.Fair Value Measurements

    The Company establishes a framework for measuring the fair value of financial assets and liabilities and nonfinancial assets and liabilities which are measured at fair value on a recurring (annual) basis in the form of a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs into valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. This hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs. Further, financial assets and liabilities should be classified by level in their entirety based upon the lowest level of input that was significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

    Level 1:Unadjusted quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that are accessible at the measurement date.

    Level 2:Quoted prices in inactive markets for identical assets or liabilities, quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, or other observable inputs either directly related to the asset or liability or derived principally from corroborated observable market data.

    Level 3:Unobservable inputs due to the fact that there is little or no market activity. This entails using assumptions in models which estimate what market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

    Financial Assets and Liabilities

    The following table summarizes the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at December 31, 2010 (none at December 31, 2009) by respective level of the fair value hierarchy:

    December 31, 2010

      Level 1   Level 2   Level 3   Total 

    Assets:

            

    Short-term available for sale securities

       194     —       —       194  
                        
      $194    $—      $—      $194  
                        

    SUNSHINE SILVER MINES CORPORATION

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)

    NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    11.Fair Value Measurements—Continued

    The Company’s short-term available for sale securities are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. These securities are comprised of common stock, which have been valued using quoted prices in active markets. The Company did not have any Level 2 or Level 3 financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2010 or 2009. The Company’s accounting policy is to recognize transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy on the date of the event or change in circumstances that caused the transfer. There were no significant transfers into or out of level 1, level 2, or level 3 for the year ended December 31, 2010.

    Non-Financial Assets and Liabilities

    The Company discloses or recognizes its non-financial assets and liabilities, such as ARO and purchased businesses at fair value on a non-recurring basis. During the year ended December 31, 2010, the Company recorded the purchase of the Sunshine mine assets at fair value and established a reclamation obligation at fair value in connection with such acquisition in accordance with the ASC business combination standard. The estimated fair values for these non-financial assets and liabilities are classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy as the valuations were determined based on internally developed assumptions that market participants would use in the pricing of such assets and liabilities without observable inputs and no market activity.

    Fair Value of Other Financial Instruments

    At December 31, 2010 and 2009 the Company’s other financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and certificate of deposit, receivables, accounts payable and other current liabilities. The carrying amounts of these financial instruments approximate fair value due to their short maturities. As of December 31, 2010 and 2009, the carrying value of related-party debt approximates fair value.

    12.Income Taxes

    The components of the consolidated income tax benefit (provision) from continuing operations were as follows:

       Year Ended December 31, 
       2010
    U.S.
      2010
    Mexico
       2009
    Mexico
       2008
    Mexico
     

    Current portion of income tax benefit

           

    U.S. Federal

      $—     $—      $—      $—    

    U.S. State

       —      —       —       —    

    Mexico

       —      —       —       —    

    Deferred portion of income tax benefit

           

    U.S. Federal

       (24  —       —       —    

    U.S. State

       (6  —       —       —    

    Mexico

       —      —       —       —    
                       

    Total income tax benefit

      $(30 $—      $—      $—    
                       

    SUNSHINE SILVER MINES CORPORATION

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)

    NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    12.Income Taxes—Continued

    A reconciliation of the actual income tax benefit (provision) and the tax computed by applying the U.S. federal rate (35%) to the loss before income taxes is as follows:

       Year Ended December 31, 
       2010  2009  2008 

    Tax benefit from continuing operations

      $(8,599 $(3,915 $(1,105

    State tax benefit from continuing operations

       (333  —      —    

    Nondeductible expenses

       2,460    1,494    351  

    Foreign tax rate differential

       540    484    151  

    Change in valuation allowance

       6,803    2,039    516  

    Effect of foreign tax rate change

       (203  —      —    

    Net operating loss inflation rate adjustment

       (620  129    190  

    Foreign exchange rate differential

       (78  (231  (103
                 

    Total income tax benefit

      $(30 $—     $—    
                 

    A summary of the components of the net deferred tax assets is as follows:

       Year Ended
    December 31,
     
       2010  2009 

    Current deferred tax assets

       

    Contingent consideration

      $193   $—    
             

    Total current deferred tax assets

       193    —    

    Non-current deferred tax assets

       

    Mineral reserves

       166    —    

    Asset retirement obligation

       297    —    

    Property, plant and equipment

       237    —    

    Exploration

       74    —    

    Operating loss carryforward

       8,736    2,834  

    Other

       6    2  
             

    Total non-current deferred tax assets

       9,516    2,836  

    Valuation allowances

       (9,639  (2,836
             

    Total deferred tax assets

       70    —    
             

    Current deferred tax liabilities

       

    OCI gain on available for sale securities

       (30  —    

    Prepaid expenses

       (40  —    
             

    Total current deferred tax liabilities

       (70  —    

    Total deferred tax liabilities

       (70  —    
             

    Net deferred income tax assets (liabilities)

      $—     $—    
             

    Based upon the level of taxable income (loss) and projections of future taxable income (loss) over the periods which the deferred tax assets are deductible, management believes it is more likely than not that the

    SUNSHINE SILVER MINES CORPORATION

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)

    NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    12.Income Taxes—Continued

    Company will not realize the benefits of these deductible differences, and thus has recorded a valuation allowance against the net deferred tax asset balance of $9,639 and $2,836 as of December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively. If the Company is profitable for a number of years and the prospects for the realization of the deferred tax assets are more likely than not, the Company will then reverse the valuation allowance and credit income tax expense.

    At December 31, 2010 the Company had $4,409 of net operating loss carryforwards in the United States expiring in 2030, and $23,250 of net operating loss carryforwards in Mexico which expire at various dates through 2020. Valuation allowances have been recorded on net operating loss carryforwards where the Company believes it is more likely than not that the net operating loss will not be realized. The Company will monitor the valuation on an ongoing basis and will make the appropriate adjustments as necessary should circumstances change.

    The Company has adopted the provisions of ASC 740-10,Income Taxes. The Company files income tax returns in the U.S., Mexico, and Idaho. The statute of limitations for tax returns filed in the U.S. and Mexico is three years and five years, respectively, from the date of filing. The Company’s 2010 U.S. tax return is subject to examinations by U.S. tax authorities until 2014. The Company is no longer subject to examinations by Mexico tax authorities for years prior to 2006.

    As of December 31, 2010, the Company has not recognized any increases or decreases in unrecognized tax benefits, as it is more likely than not that all tax positions have a high probability of being upheld by the taxing authorities. The Company recognizes penalties and accrued interest related to unrecognized tax benefits in interest expense and penalties in operating expenses. No such interest or penalties were recognized during the periods presented.

    13.Cash Flow Information

    The following table details supplemental cash and non-cash transactions:

       Year Ended December 31,   Period from
    April 24, 2006
    (Inception) to
    December 31,
    2010
     
       2010   2009   2008   

    Contingent consideration at acquisition

      $465    $—      $—      $465  

    Conversion of loans & accrued, unpaid interest from related parties to equity

       5,376     1,080     —       6,456  

    Conversion of accrued interest to debt

       1,506     207     —       1,713  

    Stock subscription receivable for sale of stock

       —       114     —       114  

    14.Commitments and Contingencies

    The Company, in determining its accruals and disclosures with respect to loss contingencies, will charge to income an estimated loss if information available prior to the issuance of the financial statements indicates that it is probable that a liability has been incurred at the date of the financial statements and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Legal expenses associated with the commitments and contingencies are expensed as

    SUNSHINE SILVER MINES CORPORATION

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)

    NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    14.Commitments and Contingencies—Continued

    incurred. If a loss contingency is not probable or reasonably estimable, disclosure of the loss contingency is made in the financial statements when it is at least reasonably possible that a material loss could be incurred.

    Environmental Contingencies

    The Company’s mining and exploration activities are subject to various laws and regulations governing the protection of the environment. These laws and regulations are continually changing and are generally becoming more restrictive. The Company has made, and expects to make in the future, expenditures to comply with such laws and regulations, but cannot predict the full amount of such future expenditures.

    Mineral Leases and Concessions:

    The Company has the following mineral lease and concessions commitments:

    2011

      $237  

    2012

       367  

    2013

       682  

    2014

       107  

    2015

       5,057  

    Thereafter

       14,862  
         
      $21,312  
         

    The Company is required to make mineral and concession lease payments to various entities to secure the appropriate claims or surface rights. Certain of these agreements also have royalty payments that are triggered when the Company produces and sells minerals. Currently there are no such instances where the Company is paying any royalty based upon production and sales. The Finder’sSan Jose de Minas Finder's Fee Agreement requires an annual payment of 5% of the exploration costs incurred by the Company, limited to a maximum annual payment of $100. This obligation has not been included in the table above as the amount of future exploration costs is unknown. One ofAdditionally, the leasesMetropolitan Mines claim requires monthly payments of $1 until ore is produced. This obligation has not been included inis excluded from the table above as the time for commencing production is unknown. Additionally, one

            The Company made mineral lease and concession payments of the concessions requires $100 of annual exploration expenditures on the concession, another requires $50 of exploration expenditures per every 5-year period,$434, $434 and one of the leases calls$437 for the Company to deliver annually 50,000 shares of Sterling stock, the previous owner of the Sunshine mine, to the lessor in addition to making monthly lease payments.years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

    5. Accounts Payable and Other Accrued Liabilities

     
     December 31,
    2019
     December 31,
    2018
     

    Accounts payable

     $270 $365 

    Accrued expenses

      1,724  530 

    Accrued compensation

      1,471  1,277 

    Total accounts payable and other accrued liabilities

     $3,465 $2,172 

    6. Related-Party Transactions

    Service Agreements

            The Company has made such payments totaling approximately $191, $60a related-party agreement to provide certain consulting services to Electrum USA, LLC. The Company had a receivable related to this agreement of $1 and $45$10 as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Pursuant to the service agreement, the Company received $9, $47 and $50 for the yearyears ended December 31, 2010, 2009,2019, 2018 and 2008,2017, respectively

            The Company has a management agreement with the LGJV to provide certain consulting and administrative services. Pursuant to this service agreement, the LGJV paid $1,050, $3,501 and $1,378 to the Company for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The Company incurs


    Table of Contents

    Other Contingencies

    Stonehill / Highwood Litigation

    In September 2010, the Company filed an action in the District Court of the First Judicial District of the State of Idaho, Shoshone County, to quiet title to real property it had acquired effective as of June 30, 2010, from SPMI and Sunshine Mining Property Group, LLC (“SPG”). SOP had also acquired personal property from those entities. In September 2000, Stonehill Capital Management LLC (“Stonehill”) and Highwood Partners, LP (“Highwood”) had filed a mortgage relating to much of the real property. SPMI’s personal property was also subject to UCC-1 financing statements field in September 2000 and August 2005. The mortgage and UUC filings


    SUNSHINE SILVER MINESMINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)

    NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    14.Commitments and Contingencies—Continued

    purported to secure a $5,000 debtor-in-possession loan facility incurred in connection with SPMI’s bankruptcy filing in 2000.

    The quiet title action raises the following three independent arguments to remove the mortgage: (i) the mortgage is time barred; (ii) liens were terminated by prior order of the bankruptcy court; and (iii) liens have been repaid. The time-barred argument relies on an Idaho statute of limitations that requires that mortgages be enforced within five years from the date of maturity. The Company contends that the debtor-in-possession facility matured on December 15, 2000 and therefore that the statute of limitations expired in December 2005. In addition, the Company believes that the mortgage was terminated and released upon SPMI’s emergence from bankruptcy in December 2000. Finally, to the extent that material assets were sold in the years following SPMI’s bankruptcy, the Company contends that the proceeds should have been applied to any amounts owed to Stonehill and Highwood.

    By order dated May 9, 2011, the Company amended its complaint to enforce a lien-release agreement with Stonehill and Highwood as a third-party beneficiary and to assert breach of contract claims against American Reclamation Inc., a party who purchased SPMI in 2003, and related parties for failing to disclose the lien-release agreement with Stonehill and Highwood. Shortly thereafter, Stonehill and Highwood filed a separate complaint against the Company and SPMI seeking to foreclose on its mortgage. The Company, Stonehill and Highwood subsequently stipulated to consolidate for all purposes the foreclosure action with the pending action brought by the Company.

    The parties are currently engaged in discovery. The defendants filed a motion for summary judgment with their answer in November 2010, but a hearing on that motion has been abated pending discovery. Sunshine Silver intends to defend vigorously against this claim, and while the Company believes it has valid defenses in this matter, the Company cannot reasonably predict the outcome.

    The Company is from time to time involved in various legal proceedings related to its business. Except in the above-described proceedings, management does not believe that adverse decisions in any pending or threatened proceeding or that amounts that may be required to be paid by reason thereof will have a material adverse effect of the Company’s financial condition or results of operations.

    15.Segment Information

    The Company operates in a single industry as a corporation engaged in the acquisition and exploration of silver mineral properties. The Company has mineral property interests in the U.S. and Mexico. The Company’s reportable segments are based on the Company’s mineral interests and management structure, and include the U.S., Mexico, and Corporate segments. The U.S. segment is maintaining the Sunshine mine facility and developing a refurbishment program for planned operations in the future. The Company’s Mexico segment engages in the exploration of the Los Gatos mineral properties.

    SUNSHINE SILVER MINES CORPORATION

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)

    NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    15.Segment Information—Continued

    Financial information relating to the Company’s segments is a follows:

       Year Ended December 31, 2010 
       U.S.  Mexico   Corporate   Total 

    Exploration

      $207   $14,446    $—      $14,653  

    Care and maintenance

       2,534    —       —       2,534  

    General and administrative

       3,936    1,326     228     5,490  

    Net other (income) expense

       (7  1,898     —       1,891  

    Related party debt

       —      31,000     —       31,000  

    Capital expenditures

       29,464    1,366     —       30,830  

    Total assets

       31,090    4,986     —       36,076  

       Year Ended December 31, 2009 
       U.S.   Mexico   Corporate   Total 

    Exploration

      $—      $9,771    $—      $9,771  

    General and administrative

       —       818     —       818  

    Net other expense

       —       597     —       597  

    Related party debt

       —       15,990     —       15,990  

    Capital expenditures

       —       31     —       31  

    Total assets

       —       2,610     —       2,610  

       Year Ended December 31, 2008 
       U.S.   Mexico   Corporate   Total 

    Exploration

      $—      $ 2,718    $—      $2,718  

    General and administrative

       —       415     —       415  

    Net other expense

       —       24     —       24  

    Capital expenditures

       —       4     —       4  

    16.Subsequent Events

    As discussed in note 3, the Merger Plan was consummated on March 1, 2011.

    In March 2011, Roger P. Johnson was appointed as the Company’s Chief Financial Officer. In May 2011, Stephen A. Orr was appointed as the Company’s Executive Chairman and Acting Chief Executive Officer.

    In March 2011 and May 2011, the Company granted 38,600 and 125,000 common stock options to employees, respectively.

    SUNSHINE SILVER MINES CORPORATION

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)

    CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED)

    (In thousands, except for share and per share amounts)

       March 31,
    2011
      December 31,
    2010
     

    ASSETS

       

    Current Assets:

       

    Cash and cash equivalents

      $146,813   $3,636  

    Materials and supplies inventory

       782    779  

    Other current assets

       2,057    1,739  
             

    Total current assets

       149,652    6,154  

    Non-Current Assets:

       

    Property, plant and equipment, net

       29,786    29,922  
             

    Total Assets

      $179,438   $36,076  
             

    LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

       

    Current Liabilities:

       

    Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities

      $4,323   $1,669  

    Non-Current Liabilities:

       

    Related-party debt

       —      31,000  

    Reclamation obligations

       758    744  
             

    Total non-current liabilities

       758    31,744  

    Shareholder’s Equity

       

    Preferred Shares, $0.01 par value; authorized, issued and outstanding none and 106,616,318 shares as of March 31, 2011 and December 31, 2010, respectively

       —      1,066  

    Ordinary Shares, $0.01 par value; authorized, issued and outstanding none and 46,916,747 as of March 31, 2011 and December 31, 2010, respectively

       —      469  

    Common Stock, $0.001 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized; shares issued and outstanding 57,523,612 and none as of March 31, 2011 and December 31, 2010, respectively

       57    —    

    Paid-in capital

       223,597    41,340  

    Accumulated deficit

       (49,359  (40,257

    Unrealized gains on investments, net of tax

       62    45  
             

    Total shareholders’ equity

       174,357    2,663  
             

    Total Liabilities and Share holder’s Equity

      $179,438   $36,076  
             

    See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

    SUNSHINE SILVER MINES CORPORATION

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)

    CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF LOSS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS (UNAUDITED)

    (In thousands, except for share and per share amounts)

       Three Months Ended
    March 31,
      Period from
    April 24, 2006
    (Inception) to
    March 31, 2011
     
       2011  2010  

    Expenses:

        

    Exploration

      $3,759   $3,144   $32,068  

    Care and maintenance

       1,224    —      3,758  

    General and administrative

       3,972    1,067    10,879  
                 

    Total expenses

       8,955    4,211    46,705  

    Other (income) expense:

        

    Interest expense

       198    325    2,542  

    Interest and other income

       (37  (10  (97

    Foreign exchange (gain) loss

       (2  (20  251  
                 

    Net other expense

       159    295    2,696  
                 

    Loss before income taxes

       9,114    4,506    49,401  
                 

    Income tax benefit

       (12  —      (42
                 

    Net loss

       9,102    4,506    49,359  

    Other comprehensive loss:

        

    Unrealized gain on securities, net of tax

       (17  —      (62
                 

    Comprehensive loss

      $9,085   $4,506   $49,297  
                 

    Pro-forma net loss per share:

        
              

    Basic and diluted

      $0.16   $0.20   
              

    Pro-forma weighted average shares outstanding:

        
              

    Basic and diluted

       55,833,338    22,218,389   
              

    See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

    SUNSHINE SILVER MINES CORPORATION

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)

    CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY (UNAUDITED)

    (In thousands, except for share amounts)

      Number of  Amount  Additional
    Paid-in

    Capital
      Accumulated
    Deficit
      Other
    Comprehensive
    Income
      Total 
      Ordinary
    Shares
      Preferred
    Shares
      Common
    Stock
      Ordinary
    Shares
      Preferred
    Shares
      Common
    Stock
         

    Balance at December 31, 2010

      46,916,747    106,616,318    —      469    1,066    —     $41,340    (40,257 $45   $2,663  

    Issuance of preferred shares

      —      14,542,512    —      —      146    —      31,052    —      —      31,198  

    Contribution of capital

      —      —      —      —      —      —      1,000    —      —      1,000  

    Issuance of common stock on conversion of capital contributions

      —      —      20,000,000    —      —      20    (20  —      —      —    

    Conversion of ordinary and preferred shares into common stock

      (46,916,747  (121,158,830  26,080,836    (469  (1,212  26    1,655    —      —      —    

    Issuance of common stock

      —      —      11,442,776    —      —      11    148,560    —      —      148,571  

    Stock-based compensation

      —      —      —      —      —      —      10    —      —      10  

    Unrealized gains on investments, net of tax

      —      —      —      —      —      —      —      —      17    17  

    Net loss

      —      —      —      —      —      —      —      (9,102  —      (9,102
                                            

    Balance at March 31, 2011

      —      —      57,523,612   $—     $—     $57   $223,597   $(49,359 $62   $174,357  
                                            

    See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

    SUNSHINE SILVER MINES CORPORATION

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)

    CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)

    (In thousands)

      Three Months Ended
    March 31,
      Period from
    April 24, 2006
    (Inception) to
    March 31, 2011
     
      2011  2010  

    OPERATING ACTIVITIES:

       

    Net loss

     $(9,102 $(4,506 $(49,359

    Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used by operating activities:

       

    Depreciation

      306    3    1,086  

    Loss on disposal of assets

      —      —      21  

    Stock issuance in payment for services rendered

      —      —      325  

    Accretion expense

      21    —      76  

    Income tax benefit

      (12  —      (42

    Other

      10    —      10  

    Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

       

    Non-trade receivables

      434    (150  (319

    Deposits

      (6  (1,260  (113

    Prepaid expenses

      (223  (22  (417

    Receivables from related-party

      —      (19  (30

    Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities

      1,760    (12  2,937  

    Accrued interest on long-term debt to related-party

      198    325    2,542  

    Warehouse supplies

      (3  —      (19

    Payable to related-party

      887    125    810  
                

    Net cash used by operating activities

      (5,730  (5,516  (42,492
                

    INVESTING ACTIVITIES:

       

    Purchase of property, plant and equipment

      (170  (6  (1,786

    Acquisitions, net

      —      —      (29,250

    Purchase of investments

      (2  —      (2

    Transfers to restricted cash

      —      —      (26
                

    Net cash used by investing activities

      (172  (6  (31,064
                

    FINANCING ACTIVITIES:

       

    Capital contributions

      1,000    2,349    36,978  

    Stock subscription receivable

      —      114    114  

    Issuance of common stock

      148,079    —      148,079  

    Reduction of advances payable to related party

      —      —      —    

    Reduction of loans payable converted to stock

      —      —      —    

    Related-party debt

      —      4,000    35,198  
                

    Net cash provided by financing activities

      149,079    6,463    220,369  
                

    Net increase in cash and cash equivalents

      143,177    941    146,813  

    Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period

      3,636    1,379    —    
                

    Cash and cash equivalents, end of period

     $146,813   $2,320   $146,813  
                

    See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.

    SUNSHINE SILVER MINES CORPORATION

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)

    NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (UNAUDITED)

    (in thousands, except share, per share, option and optionstock unit amounts)

    1.Description of Business, Merger of Entities Under Common Control and Basis of Preparation of Financial Statements

    These financial statements represent the condensed consolidated financial position and results of operations of Sunshine Silver Mines Corporation and its subsidiaries (“Sunshine Silver” or “the Company”). Unless the content otherwise requires, references to Sunshine Silver or the Company mean the Sunshine Silver Mines Corporation condensed consolidated companies. These unaudited consolidated financial statements are to be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements appearing in this registration statement.

    On March 1, 2011, the investors in the Sunshine Silver predecessor entities individually and collectively combined the predecessor entities, which had been previously operated and reported as companies under common control. This transaction was reported for accounting purposes as a combination of companies under common control. In accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”), all financial reports have been prepared as if the combination of the companies under common control occurred prior to the earliest period presented, and certain amounts have been reclassified to conform to the new presentation.

    The condensed consolidated financial statements herein refer to the condensed consolidated and combined financial statements of the Sunshine mine and Los Gatos Ltd predecessor entities (“Predecessor Sunshine” and “Los Gatos”), respectively. Accordingly, the 2010 information represents the combined financial position and results of operations of Predecessor Sunshine and Los Gatos. The 2011 information represents the combined results of operations of the predecessor entities through February 28, 2011, subsequent to this date; the financial results represent the consolidated financial information for Sunshine Silver.

    Sunshine Silver6. Related-Party Transactions (Continued)

    Predecessor Sunshine was formed as Precious Metals Opportunities LLC (“Precious Metals”), a Delaware limited liability company. On February 2, 2011, Precious Metals converted to a Delaware corporation, and became Sunshine Silver.certain LGJV costs that are subsequently reimbursed by the LGJV. The Company specializes in investing, exploring, and developing assets in the mining industry. The Sunshine mine is currently undergoing an advanced exploration drilling program, including maintaining the Sunshine mine facility and developinghad a refurbishment program for planned operations in the future. Accordingly, Sunshine Silver is deemed to be an exploration stage company.

    Los Gatos

    Los Gatos was incorporated as a “shelf” holding company under the laws of Bermuda on April 24, 2006 for the purpose of coordinating the activities of subsidiaries exploring for deposits of precious andreceivable related metals and was substantially owned by CGT Management Ltd. (a limited liability company incorporated in Bermuda) (“CGT”). Los Gatos’ primary exploration efforts are focused on the advancement of the Los Gatos project in northern Mexico, through Minera Plata Real S. de R.L. de C.V (“MPR”), a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. Due to the exploratory nature of its operations, Los Gatos is deemed to be an exploration stage company.

    2.Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

    The significant accounting policies of the Company are set forth in the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2010, included herein.

    SUNSHINE SILVER MINES CORPORATION

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)

    NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    2.Summary of Significant Accounting Policies—Continued

    Basis of consolidation and combination

    Predecessor Sunshine and Los Gatos are consolidated as discussed in note 1. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

    Use of estimates

    The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include mineral properties; environmental reclamation and closure obligations; valuation allowances for deferred tax assets; and the fair value of financial instruments.

    3.Recapitalization and Merger Plan

    On January 31, 2011, Los Gatos designated 14,542,512 unissued shares of par value $0.01 ordinary shares (“Ordinary Share”) as par value $0.01 preferred shares (“Preferred Share”), and issued these Preferred Shares in full satisfaction of its then existing $31,000 of related-party debt.

    On February 2, 2011, 20,000,000 shares of common stock were issued to the Company’s owners when Precious Metals converted to a Delaware corporation and became Sunshine Silver.

    On February 22, 2011, Los Gatos entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger and Amalgamation (“Merger Plan”) with Sunshine Silver. Pursuant to the Merger Plan, on March 1, 2011, Los Gatos merged and was amalgamated with and into Sunshine Silver and the separate corporate existence of Los Gatos ceased. Each issued and outstanding Preferred Share and each issued and outstanding Ordinary Share was converted into approximately 0.15517 shares of par value $0.001 per share common stock of Sunshine Silver. The merger did not affect the shares of Sunshine Silver’s common stock existing before the merger.

    In addition, as a result of the Merger Plan, existing outstanding options to purchase one share of Los Gatos Ordinary Shares were converted by operation of law into an option to purchase approximately 0.15517 shares of Sunshine Silver common stock at an exercise price of $2.32 per share.

    4.Acquisition of the Sunshine Mine

    On May 11, 2010, the Company, through its wholly owned subsidiary SOP, acquired the net assets of Sterling’s Idaho Sunshine mine by purchase from Sterling’s bankruptcy proceedings. Included in this purchase was Sterling’s mine lease with Sunshine Precious Metals, Inc. (“SPMI”). In July 2010, SOP exercised the option in the lease to buy the Sunshine Mine and facilities from SPMI.

    SUNSHINE SILVER MINES CORPORATION

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)

    NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    4.Acquisition of the Sunshine Mine—Continued

    The total consideration paid in cash was comprised of a) $23,500 for the net assets acquired and liabilities assumed and b) $5,750 for the right, title and interest acquired from SPMI. The payment for the lease was recorded in property, plant and equipment, net in the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet at acquisition date. The acquisition was accounted for as a business combination.

    The purchase price of $29,250 was allocated to the following assets and liabilities using the estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date:

    Assets:

      

    Receivables

      $147  

    Property, plant, and equipment

       29,105  

    Investments

       119  

    Materials & supplies inventory

       763  

    Restricted cash

       289  
         
       30,423  
         

    Liabilities:

      

    Reclamation obligations

       708  

    Contingent consideration

       465  
         

    Net assets acquired

      $29,250  
         

    The estimated fair values of the asset retirement obligation and the property, plant and equipment are classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy as the valuations were determined based on internally developed assumptions that market participants would use in the pricing of such assets and liabilities without observable inputs and little or no market activity. The fair value of the acquired current assets and current liabilities equaled their carrying amounts due to their short-term nature.

    The results of the operations of Sunshine mine have been included in the Company’s condensed consolidated statement of loss and comprehensive loss from the date of acquisition through December 31, 2010. The Company incurred $2,100 in acquisition costs related to the Sunshine mine acquisition. The Company follows the business combination accounting guidance related to acquisition-related costs and expenses these costs as incurred. The acquisition-related costs for the Sunshine mine acquisition are included in general and administrative costs in the condensed consolidated statement of loss and comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2010.

    5.Other Current Assets

       March 31,
    2011
       December 31,
    2010
     

    Value added tax receivable

      $377    $823  

    Restricted cash and certificate of deposit

       315     315  

    Securities available for sale

       225     194  

    Prepaid expenses

       416     193  

    Vendor deposits

       113     107  

    Non-trade receivables

       89     77  

    Related party receivable

       30     30  

    Stock subscriptions receivable

       492     —    
              

    Total other current assets

      $2,057    $1,739  
              

    SUNSHINE SILVER MINES CORPORATION

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)

    NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    5.Other Current Assets—Continued

    At March 31, 2011 and December 31, 2010, the Company held $225 and $194 of short-term available for sale securities with an original cost of $121 and $119, respectively.

    6.Property, Plant and Equipment, net

       March 31,
    2011
      December 31,
    2010
     

    Mineral properties

      $13,544   $13,544  

    Plant & equipment

       6,378    6,226  

    Land

       1,219    1,219  

    Buildings & improvements

       9,555    9,555  

    Furniture, fixtures & computers

       160    142  
             

    Property, plant & equipment at cost

       30,856    30,686  

    Less accumulated depreciation

       (1,070  (764
             

    Property, plant & equipment, net

      $29,786   $29,922  
             

    Mineral Properties

    The Company conducts exploration activities on patented and unpatented mining claims at both the Sunshine mine and Los Gatos properties.

    The Company is required to make mineral and concession lease payments to various entities to secure the appropriate claims or surface rights. Certain of these agreements also have royalty payments that are triggered when the Company produces and sells minerals. Currently there are no such instances where the Company is paying any royalty based upon production and sales.

    7.Accounts Payable and Other Accrued Liabilities

       March 31,
    2011
       December 31,
    2010
     

    Accounts payable

      $39    $450  

    Accrued expenses

       2,663     399  

    Contingent consideration

       491     484  

    Accrued payroll & taxes

       234     327  

    Payable to related party

       896     9  
              

    Total accounts payable and other accrued liabilities

      $4,323    $1,669  
              

    8.Related-Party Transactions

    Related-party debt

    The Company did not have any related-party debt outstanding as of March 31, 2011. On January 31, 2011, Los Gatos issued 14,542,512 Preferred Shares in full satisfaction of its then existing $31,000 of related-party debt and $198 of accrued interest.

    The Company borrowed and repaid $800 for five days in March 2011 from an affiliate, GRAT Holdings LLC (the parent of a current shareholder), for general corporate purposes.

    SUNSHINE SILVER MINES CORPORATION

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)

    NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    8.Related-Party Transactions—Continued

    Interest expense on the related party debt was $198 and $325 for the three months-ended March 31, 2011 and 2010, respectively.

    Service Agreements

    Los Gatos and SOP have service agreements with related parties, Tigris Financial (International) LP (“Tigris Intl”) and Tigris Financial Group Ltd. (“Tigris”), respectively, whereby Tigris and Tigris Intl provide certain business and financial advice, including consulting, administrative, accounting and business development services.

    Pursuant to the Los Gatos service agreement, Los Gatos paid Tigris Intl $125 for the three monthsended March 31, 2011 and 2010. The service agreement can be terminated by either party with thirty-day notice. The SOP service agreement was effective May 11, 2010. Pursuant to this agreement SOP paid Tigris $125 for the three months-ended Marchof $4,050 and $900 as of December 31, 2011. The service agreement can be terminated by either party with sixty-day notice.2019 and 2018, respectively.

    9.Stockholder’s7. Stockholders' Equity

    Los Gatos

    2011 Ordinary and Preferred Share Transactions

    On January 31, 2011, Los Gatos designated 14,542,512 unissued Ordinary Shares as Preferred Shares. On January 31, 2011, Los Gatos issued such Preferred Shares to CGT in full satisfaction of the then existing $31,198 (principal of $31,000 and interest of $198) amounts due to CGT.

    In addition, pursuant to the Merger Plan, the 6,727,561 options outstanding for the purchase of Los Gatos Ordinary Shares converted to options to purchase 1,043,938 common stock shares of Sunshine Silver at $2.32 per share on March 1, 2011.

    Sunshine Silver

    Common Stock Transactions

    During May 2019, the three months ended March 31, 2011, and during 2010, the owners of Precious Metals contributed $1,000 and $35,978, respectively, as capital contributions. In February 2011, these capital contributions were converted into 20,000,000 shares ofCompany issued 4,166,667 common stock when Precious Metals became Sunshine Silver.

    Pursuant toshares at $6.00 per share raising $25,000 in a private placement. During June 2019, the Merger Plan, allCompany issued and outstanding Ordinary Shares and Preferred Shares were converted into approximately 0.15517 shares of Sunshine Silver’s $0.001 par value common stock.

    During the three months ended March 31, 2011, unrelated investors contributed $146,630 for 18.4% of the77,643 common stock ofshares at $6.00 per share raising $465 in a private placement. During July 2019, the Company and holders of 836,631 options exercised their right to purchaseissued 2,500,000 common stock shares of Sunshine Silver stock at an exercise price of $2.32$6.00 per share resultingraising $15,000 in proceeds of $1,941.a private placement.

    Subsequent to        During March 31, 2011, through June 30, 2011, unrelated investors contributed substantially all of $17,103 for 2.1% of2018, the Company issued 23,000 common stock ofshares at $4.50 per share raising $104 in a private placement.

            During August 2017, the Company and holders of 49,359 options exercised their right to purchase shares of Sunshine Silverissued 4,483,868 common stock shares at an exercise price of $2.32$4.50 per share resultingraising $20,177 in proceeds of $115.a private placement. During September 2017, the Company issued 2,777,778 common stock shares at $4.50 per share raising $12,500 in a private placement. During November 2017, the Company issued 2,222,222 common stock shares at $4.50 per share raising $10,000 in a private placement.

    Stock Option Transactions

    During the three months ended March 31, 2011, the Company granted 38,600 employee        The Company's stock options. These options have a contractual term of 10 years and entitle the holder to purchase one share of the Company’sCompany's common stock,stock. The options granted to employees have a requisite service period of four years. The options granted to non-employee directors have a requisite service period of one year.

            The following table summarizes the respective vesting start dates and had a weighted-average grant datenumber of options granted to employees and directors in 2019, 2018 and 2017:

    Recipient
    Options
    Granted
    Vesting Start DateGrant Date

    Employees

    25,000November 13, 2017November 13, 2017

    Employees

    965,750December 6, 2017December 6, 2017

    Directors

    155,000December 6, 2017December 6, 2017

    Employees

    10,000January 2, 2018January 2, 2018

    Employees

    1,017,000December 14, 2018May 3, 2019

    Directors

    186,000December 14, 2018May 3, 2019

            The following assumptions were used to compute the fair value of $10.16 per option. The Company recognizedthe options granted:

     
     Grant Date
     
     Nov 2017 Dec 2017 Jan 2018 May 2019

    Risk free interest rate

     2.18% 2.18% 2.18% 2.38%

    Dividend yield

        

    Estimated volatility

     65.90% 65.80% 65.80% 66.80%

    Expected option life

     6 years 6 years 6 years 6 years

    Table of Contents


    SUNSHINE SILVER MINESMINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)

    NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share, option and stock unit amounts)

    7. Stockholders' Equity (Continued)

            The following assumptions were used to compute the fair value of the LGJV Personnel options as of December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017:

    9.Stockholder’s Equity—Continued
     
     December 31,
     
     2019 2018 2017

    Risk free interest rate

     1.76% 2.55% 2.26%

    Dividend yield

       

    Estimated volatility

     63.60% 65.90% 65.50%

    Expected option life

     6 years 6 years 6 years

            The Company's estimated volatility computation was based on the historical volatility of a group of peer companies' common stock over the expected option life and included both exploration stage and development stage companies. The peer information was used because the Company is not publicly traded and therefore does not have the market trading history required to calculate a meaningful volatility factor. The computation of the expected option life was determined based on a reasonable expectation of the option life prior to being exercised or forfeited. The risk-free interest rate assumption was based on the U.S. Treasury constant maturity yield at the date of the grant over the expected life of the option.

    $10 of stock compensation expense for the three months ended March 31, 2011.        Total unrecognized compensation expense as of MarchDecember 31, 20112019 was $381,$4,477, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.02.4 years. The Company did not grant any stockweighted-average grant-date fair value, intrinsic value of options exercised, and total stock-based compensation expense for the three monthsyears ended MarchDecember 31, 2010. On May 4, 2011, the Company granted 125,000 common stock options.2019, 2018 and 2017 are summarized as follows:

     
     December 31, 
     
     2019 2018 2017 

    Weighted-average grant-date fair value

     $3.69 $2.73 $2.73 

    Intrinsic value of options exercised

           

    Stock based compensation expense

      3,219  2,392  1,981 

    The following table summarizestables summarize the stock option activity for the period:years ended December 31, 2019:

    Employee & Director Options
     Shares Weighted-
    Average
    Exercise
    Price
     Aggregate
    Intrinsic
    Value
     Weighted-
    Average
    Remaining
    Life (Years)
     

    Outstanding at December 31, 2018

      6,097,309 $7.29 $2,096  6.22 

    Granted

      1,253,000 $6.00       

    Exercised

       $       

    Forfeited

      247,948 $3.41       

    Outstanding at December 31, 2019

      7,102,361 $7.20 $7,532  5.96 

    Vested at December 31, 2019

      5,646,611 $7.69 $6,484  5.35 

    Table of Contents


    SUNSHINE SILVER MINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share, option and stock unit amounts)

    7. Stockholders' Equity (Continued)

    LGJV Personnel Options
     Shares Weighted-
    Average
    Exercise
    Price
     Aggregate
    Intrinsic
    Value
     Weighted-
    Average
    Remaining
    Life (Years)
     

    Outstanding at December 31, 2018

      167,082 $3.80 $117  7.42 

    Granted

       $       

    Exercised

       $       

    Forfeited

      (57,892)$4.02       

    Outstanding at December 31, 2019

      109,190 $3.68 $253  6.11 

    Vested at December 31, 2019

      104,190 $3.64 $245  6.02 

    Director Share Unit Transactions

            

    Stock Options

      Shares  Weighted-Average
    Exercise Price
     

    Outstanding at beginning of period

       6,727,561   $0.36  

    Converted—ordinary share options(1)

       (6,727,561  0.36  

    Converted—common stock options(1)

       1,043,938    2.32  

    Granted

       38,600    13.83  

    Exercised

       (836,631  2.32  

    Forfeited or expired

       —     
             

    Outstanding at end of period

       245,907    4.13  
             

    Vested at end of period

       207,307   $2.32  
             

    (1)On March 1, 2011, pursuant to the Merger Plan, the options to purchase Los Gatos ordinary shares were converted to options to purchase the Company’s stockDiSUs are awarded to Directors at a conversion factor of 0.15517. Accordingly, 6,727,561 Los Gatos options outstanding as of March 1, 2011 were converted to 1,043,938 common stock options of the Company at a strike price of $2.32.

    10.Asset Retirement Obligations

    In connection with the acquisitiondiscretion of the Sunshine mine,Board of Directors. The DiSUs are fully vested on the grant date and each DiSU entitles the holder to receive one share of the Company's common stock upon departure from the Company. The DiSU fair value equaled the Company's common stock fair value on the grant date.

            On May 3, 2019, the Company recorded an ARO of $708granted 55,963 DiSUs to Directors as compensation for director fees from September 2017 through December 2018. In 2019, the Company incurred $9 related to final closurethese fees. The Company accrued $307 related to these fees in 2018 and reclamation.2017. On September 26, 2019, the Company granted 29,098 DiSUs to Directors as compensation for director fees from January 1, 2019 through September 30, 2019. During 2019, the Company incurred $236 related to director fees. At December 31, 2019 and 2018, there were 355,215 and 270,154 DiSUs outstanding, respectively.

    8. Asset Retirement Obligations

            The liability was initially measured at fair value and subsequently adjusted for accretion and changes in the amount or timing of the estimated cash flows. During the three months ended March 31, 2011, the Company recorded accretion expense related to the asset retirement obligationARO of $14.

    $102, $94 and 88 for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The following table summarizes activity in the Company’sCompany's ARO:

     
     December 31,
    2019
     December 31,
    2018
     

    Balance, beginning of period

     $1,337 $1,243 

    Accretion expense

      102  94 

    Balance, end of period

     $1,439 $1,337 

            

       March 31,
    2011
       December 31,
    2010
     

    Balance, beginning of period

      $744    $—    

    ARO from acquisition of the Sunshine Mine

         708  

    Accretion expense

       14     36  
              

    Balance, end of period

      $758    $744  
              

    The Company is required to provide the applicable governmental agencies with financial assurances related to its closure and reclamation obligations. At March 31, 2011 and December 31, 2010,2019 and 2018, the Company had restricted cash in the form of a certificate of deposit totaling $275 as collateral for a letter of credit issued by a financial institution as security to a certain governmental agency for the Company’sCompany's reclamation obligations.


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    SUNSHINE SILVER MINESMINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)

    NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share, option and stock unit amounts)

    9. Fair Value Measurements

            

    11.Fair Value Measurements

    The Company establishes a framework for measuring the fair value of financial assets and liabilities and nonfinancial assets and liabilities which are measured at fair value on a recurring (annual) basis in the form of a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs into valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. This hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs. Further, financial assets and liabilities should be classified by level in their entirety based upon the lowest level of input that was significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

    Level 1:Unadjusted quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that are accessible at the measurement date.

    Level 2:Quoted prices in inactive markets for identical assets or liabilities, quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, or other observable inputs either directly related to the asset or liability or derived principally from corroborated observable market data.

    Level 3:Unobservable inputs due to the fact that there is little or no market activity. This entails using assumptions in models which estimate what market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

    Financial Assets and Liabilities

    The following table summarizes the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis at March 31, 2011 and December 31, 2010 by respective level of the fair value hierarchy:

    Type

      Location   Level   March 31,
    2011
       December 31,
    2010
     

    Available for sale securities

       Current assets     Level 1    $225    $194  

    The Company’s short-term available for sale securities are classified within Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. These securities are comprised of common stock, which have been valued using quoted prices in active markets. The Company did not have any Level 2 or Level 3 financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of March 31, 2011 and December 31, 2010

    Non-Financial Assets and Liabilities

    The Company discloses or recognizes its non-financial assets and liabilities, such as ARO and purchased businesses at fair value on a non-recurring basis. During the year ended December 31, 2010, the Company recorded the purchase of the Sunshine mine assets at fair value and established a reclamation obligation at fair value in connection with such acquisition in accordance with the ASC business combination standard. The estimated fair values for these non-financial assets and liabilities are classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy as the valuations were determined based on internally developed assumptions that market participants would use in the pricing of such assets and liabilities without observable inputs and no market activity.

    Fair Value of Other Financial Instruments

    At December 31, 20102019 and 20092018 the Company’sCompany's other financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, and certificate of deposit, receivables, accounts payable and other current liabilities. The carrying amounts of these financial instruments approximate fair value due to their short maturities. As of December 31, 2010, the carrying value of related-party debt approximates

    Non-Financial Assets and Liabilities

            The Company discloses and recognizes its non-financial assets and liabilities, such as ARO, at fair value on a non-recurring basis. The estimated fair value for these non-financial liabilities are classified as Level 3 of December 31, 2010.the fair value hierarchy, as the valuation was determined based on internally developed assumptions that market participants would use in the pricing of such assets without observable inputs and no market activity.

    SUNSHINE SILVER MINES CORPORATION        The Company recorded its initial investment in affiliates at fair value. The estimated fair value for this non-financial asset is classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, as the valuation was determined based on internally developed assumptions with few observable inputs and no market activity.

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)

    NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)10. Commitments and Contingencies

            

    12.Cash Flow Information

    The following table details supplemental cash and non-cash transactions:

       Three Months Ended March 31,   Period from
    April 24, 2006
    (Inception) to
    March 31, 2011
     
           2011           2010       

    Conversion of loans & accrued unpaid interest from related parties to equity

      $31,198    $—      $37,654  

    Contingent consideration at acquisition

       —       —       465  

    Conversion of accrued interest to debt

       —       —       1,713  

    Stock subscription receivable for sale of stock

       —       —       114  

    13.Commitments and Contingencies

    The Company, inIn determining its accruals and disclosures with respect to loss contingencies, the Company will charge to income an estimated loss if information available prior to the issuance of the financial statements indicates that it is probable that a liability has been incurred at the date of the financial statements and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Legal expenses associated with the commitments and contingencies are expensed as incurred. If a loss contingency is not probable or reasonably


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    SUNSHINE SILVER MINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share, option and stock unit amounts)

    10. Commitments and Contingencies (Continued)

    estimable, disclosure of the loss contingency is made in the combined financial statements when it is at least reasonably possible that a material loss could be incurred.

    Environmental Contingencies

    The Company’sCompany's mining and exploration activities are subject to various laws, regulations and regulationspermits governing the protection of the environment. These laws, regulations and regulationspermits are continually changing and are generally becoming more restrictive. The Company has made, and expects to make in the future, expenditures to comply with such laws, regulations and regulations,permits, but cannot predict the full amount of such future expenditures.

    Other Contingencies

    Stonehill / Highwood Litigation

    In September 2010, the Company filed an action in the District Court of the First Judicial District of the State of Idaho, Shoshone County, to quiet title to real property it had acquired effective as of June 30, 2010, from SPMI and Sunshine Mining Property Group, LLC (“SPG”). SOP had also acquired personal property from those entities. In September 2000, Stonehill Capital Management LLC (“Stonehill”) and Highwood Partners, LP (“Highwood”) had filed a mortgage relating to much of the real property. SPMI’s personal property was also subject to UCC-1 financing statements field in September 2000 and August 2005. The mortgage and UUC filings purported to secure a $5,000 debtor-in-possession loan facility incurred in connection with SPMI’s bankruptcy filing in 2000.

    The quiet title action raises the following three independent arguments to remove the mortgage: (i) the mortgage is time barred; (ii) liens were terminated by prior order of the bankruptcy court; and (iii) liens have been repaid. The time-barred argument relies on an Idaho statute of limitations that requires that mortgages be enforced within five years from the date of maturity. The Company contends that the debtor-in-possession facility matured on December 15, 2000 and therefore that the statute of limitations expired in December 2005. In addition, the Company believes that the mortgage was terminated and released upon SPMI’s emergence from bankruptcy in December 2000. Finally, to the extent that material assets were sold in the years following SPMI’s bankruptcy, the Company contends that the proceeds should have been applied to any amounts owed to Stonehill and Highwood.

    SUNSHINE SILVER MINES CORPORATION

    (AN EXPLORATION STAGE COMPANY)

    NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    13.Commitments and Contingencies—Continued

    By order dated May 9, 2011, the Company amended its complaint to enforce a lien-release agreement with Stonehill and Highwood as a third-party beneficiary and to assert breach of contract claims against American Reclamation Inc., a party who purchased SPMI in 2003, and related parties for failing to disclose the lien-release agreement with Stonehill and Highwood. Shortly thereafter, Stonehill and Highwood filed a separate complaint against the Company and SPMI seeking to foreclose on its mortgage. The Company, Stonehill and Highwood subsequently stipulated to consolidate for all purposes the foreclosure action with the pending action brought by the Company.

    The parties are currently engaged in discovery. The defendants filed a motion for summary judgment with their answer in November 2010, but a hearing on that motion has been abated pending discovery. Sunshine Silver intends to defend vigorously against this claim, and while the Company believes it has valid defenses in this matter, the Company cannot reasonably predict the outcome.

    The Company is from time to time involved in various legal proceedings related to its business. Except in the above-described proceedings, managementManagement does not believe that adverse decisions in any pending or threatened proceeding or that amounts that may be required to be paid by reason thereof will have a material adverse effect of the Company’sCompany's financial condition or results of operations.

    11. Income Taxes

            The components of loss before income taxes were as follows:

     
     Year Ended December 31, 
     
     2019 2018 2017 

    U.S. 

     $(35,672)$(9,701)$(11,327)

    Mexico

      (2,145) (1,964) (1,484)

    Total

     $(37,817)$(11,665)$(12,811)

            The consolidated income tax benefit from continuing operations consisted of nil, $3 and nil for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively.


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    SUNSHINE SILVER MINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share, option and stock unit amounts)

    11. Income Taxes (Continued)

            A reconciliation of the actual income tax benefit and the tax computed by applying the applicable U.S. federal rate to the loss before income taxes is as follows:

     
     Year Ended December 31, 
     
     2019 2018 2017 

    Tax benefit from continuing operations

     $7,491 $2,037 $3,965 

    State tax benefit from continuing operations

      1,214  286  327 

    Nondeductible expenses

      (3) (3) 101 

    Change in valuation allowance

      (5,472) (2,127) 14,295 

    Effect of tax rate change

      866  (851) (23,087)

    Effect of foreign tax rate differential

      193  183  (56)

    Net operating loss inflation rate adjustment

      26  7  16 

    Foreign branch tax benefit

      451  427  389 

    Net operating loss true-up

      37  (11) (11,471)

    Taxation election true-up

          15,580 

    Exploration true-up

      (4,904)    

    Other

      101  55  (59)

    Total income tax benefit

     $ $3 $ 

            The net operating loss inflation rate adjustment relates to historical net operating loss carryforwards in Mexico from 2008 to 2019. These historical carryforwards have been adjusted based upon an inflation factor published by the central bank of Mexico, to reflect changes to the Company's tax basis in the net operating losses carried forward.


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    SUNSHINE SILVER MINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share, option and stock unit amounts)

    11. Income Taxes (Continued)

            The components of the net deferred tax assets (liabilities) are summarized as follows:

     
     Year Ended December 31, 
     
     2019 2018 2017 

    Current deferred tax assets

              

    Accrued compensation

     $298 $232 $302 

    Deferred share unit awards

      172  170  172 

    Other accrued liabilities

      24  24   

    Charitable contributions

      21  19  18 

    Total current deferred tax assets

      515  445  492 

    Non-current deferred tax assets

              

    Acquisition costs

      104  115  131 

    Mineral properties

      3,860  3,774  3,782 

    Asset retirement obligation

      351  320  304 

    Property, plant and equipment

      581  492  421 

    Exploration

      2,515  7,874  8,500 

    Operating loss carryforward

      29,680  26,671  25,003 

    Foreign branch tax benefit

      8,736  2,095  1,454 

    Foreign exchange gain

      17  16  16 

    Inventory

      165  161  165 

    Stock options

      7,089  6,228  5,765 

    Other

        9  25 

    Total non-current deferred tax assets

      53,098  47,756  45,566 

    Valuation allowances

      (53,585) (48,109) (45,982)

    Total deferred tax assets

      28  92  76 

    Deferred tax liabilities

              

    OCI gain on available for sale securities

        (3)  

    Prepaid expenses

      (28) (89) (76)

    Total deferred tax liabilities

      (28) (92) (76)

    Net deferred income tax assets (liabilities)

     $ $ $ 

            Based upon the level of taxable income (loss) and projections of future taxable income (loss) over the periods in which the deferred tax assets are deductible, management believes it is more likely than not that the Company will not realize the benefits of these deductible differences, and thus has provided a valuation allowance of $53,585, $48,109 and $45,982 against the net deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017, respectively. If the Company is profitable for a number of years, and the prospects for the realization of the deferred tax assets become more likely than not, the Company will then reverse all or a portion of the valuation allowance that could result in a reduction of future reported income tax expense.

            At December 31, 2019, the Company had $121,609 of net operating loss carryforwards in the United States, of which $102,331 expire at various dates through 2037, and $19,278 may be carried


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    SUNSHINE SILVER MINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share, option and stock unit amounts)

    11. Income Taxes (Continued)

    forward indefinitely. There are also $3,635 of net operating loss carryforwards (net of inflation adjustments) in Mexico expiring at various dates through 2029. No assets have been recognized for net operating loss carryforwards where the Company believes it is more likely than not that the net operating losses will not be realized.

            The Company has adopted the provisions of ASC 740-10, Income Taxes. The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. and Mexico. The statute of limitations for tax returns filed in the U.S. and Mexico is three years and five years, respectively, from the date of filing. The Company's 2019, 2018, 2017 and 2016 U.S. tax returns are subject to examinations by U.S. tax authorities until 2023, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The Company is no longer subject to examinations by Mexico tax authorities for years prior to 2015.

            As of December 31, 2019, the Company has not recognized any increases or decreases in unrecognized tax benefits, as it is more likely than not that all tax positions will be upheld by the taxing authorities. The Company reports tax penalties in income tax expense. No such penalties were recognized during the periods presented.

            Effective January 1, 2017, the Company's Mexico assets and operations are owned by entities that have elected to be treated for United States tax purposes as corporations and, as a result, the taxable income or loss and other tax attributes of such entities are stated separately from the Company's United States assets and operations and are not included in the Company's United States federal consolidated income tax return. The Company's other foreign assets and operations are owned by entities that have elected to be treated for U.S. tax purposes as unincorporated branches of a U.S. holding company and, as a result, the taxable income or loss and other tax attributes of such entities are included in the Company's U.S. federal consolidated income tax return.

            On December 22, 2017, the United States enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Act"). The Act makes broad changes to the United States tax code for corporations, including, but not limited to, (1) reducing the United States federal corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%; (2) allowing immediate deductibility for 100% of expenditures for qualified property through bonus depreciation; (3) eliminating the alternative minimum tax; and (4) changing rules related to uses and limitations of net operating loss carryforwards created in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017.

    12. Segment Information

            The Company operates in a single industry as a corporation engaged in the acquisition, development and exploration of silver mineral properties. The Company has mineral property interests in the U.S. and Mexico. The Company's reportable segments are based on the Company's mineral interests and management structure, and include the U.S., Mexico, and Corporate segments. The U.S. segment is maintaining the Sunshine Complex infrastructure. The Mexico segment engages in the


    Table of Contents


    SUNSHINE SILVER MINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share, option and stock unit amounts)

    12. Segment Information (Continued)

    exploration on the Company's Mexican mineral properties and includes the Company's investment in its LGJV affiliate. Financial information relating to the Company's segments is as follows:

     
     Year Ended December 31, 2019 
     
     U.S. Mexico Corporate Total 

    Exploration

     $325 $923 $ $1,248 

    Pre-development

      2,317  1    2,318 

    General and administrative

      1,943  312  2,587  4,842 

    Amortization

      2,336  3  34  2,373 

    Dilution loss in affiliates

          11,231  11,231 

    Equity loss in affiliates

        12,865    12,865 

    Arrangement fees

          2,988  2,988 

    Net other (income) expense

      (10) 31  (68) (47)

    Capital expenditures

      534      534 

    Total assets

      31,475  55,372  67,448  154,295 


     
     Year Ended December 31, 2018 
     
     U.S. Mexico Corporate Total 

    Exploration

     $794 $915 $ $1,709 

    Pre-development

      2,527      2,527 

    General and administrative

      1,775  54  2,567  4,396 

    Amortization

      2,214  17  76  2,307 

    Equity loss in affiliates

        464    464 

    Arrangement fees

          283  283 

    Net other (income) expense

      (5) 16  (33) (22)

    Capital expenditures

      71      71 

    Total assets

      33,567  79,869  33,125  146,561 


     
     Year Ended December 31, 2017 
     
     U.S. Mexico Corporate Total 

    Exploration

     $445 $735 $ $1,180 

    Pre-development

      2,408      2,408 

    General and administrative

      1,610  399  4,485  6,494 

    Amortization

      2,334    149  2,483 

    Equity loss in affiliates

        160    160 

    Net other (income) expense

      64  37  (14) 87 

    Capital expenditures

      330      330 

    Total assets

      35,961  108,436  11,618  156,015 

    13. Investment in Affiliates

            During the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 the Company recognized a $12,865, $464 and $160 loss, respectively, on its investment in the LGJV Entities, representing its ownership share of the LGJV Entities' operating results. The combined financial position and results of operations


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    SUNSHINE SILVER MINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share, option and stock unit amounts)

    13. Investment in Affiliates (Continued)

    of the LGJV Entities as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and for the years ended December 31, 2019, 2018 and 2017 are as follows:


    LOS GATOS JOINT VENTURE
    COMBINED BALANCE SHEETS
    (in thousands)

     
     2019 2018 

    ASSETS

           

    Current Assets

           

    Cash and cash equivalents

     $1,302 $11,231 

    Receivables

      5,655   

    Inventories

      11,374  1,886 

    VAT receivable

      50,184  30,853 

    Restricted cash

        2,219 

    Other current assets

      1,672  6,747 

    Total current assets

      70,187  52,936 

    Non-Current Assets

           

    Mine development, net

      182,602  99,994 

    Deferred financing costs

        76 

    Property, plant and equipment, net

      216,131  150,763 

    Total non-current assets

      398,733  250,833 

    Total Assets

     $468,920 $303,769 

    LIABILITIES AND OWNERS' CAPITAL

           

    Current Liabilities

           

    Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities

     $43,287 $16,697 

    Dowa MPR Loan

        65,670 

    Related party payable

      6,875  1,377 

    Accrued interest

      885  2,692 

    Equipment loans

      6,948  5,227 

    Total current liabilities

      57,995  91,663 

    Non-Current Liabilities

           

    Dowa Term Loan

      217,796  132,066 

    Working Capital Facility

      60,000   

    Equipment loans

      12,916  13,494 

    Reclamation obligations

      11,314  10,524 

    Total non-current liabilities

      302,026  156,084 

    Owners' Capital

           

    Capital contributions

      237,905  168,967 

    Paid-in capital

      7,400  1,358 

    Accumulated deficit

      (136,406) (114,303)

    Total owners' capital

      108,899  56,022 

    Total Liabilities and Owners' Capital

     $468,920 $303,769 

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    SUNSHINE SILVER MINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share, option and stock unit amounts)

    13. Investment in Affiliates (Continued)


    LOS GATOS JOINT VENTURE
    COMBINING STATEMENT OF LOSS
    (in thousands)

     
     Twelve Months Ended December 31, 
     
     2019 2018 2017 

    Sales

     $36,508 $ $ 

    Operating expenses

              

    Cost of sales

      30,339     

    Royalties

      184     

    Exploration

      208     

    General and administrative

      2,587  83  116 

    Accretion expense

      789  9  17 

    Depreciation, depletion and amortization

      15,460     

    Total operating expenses

      49,567  92  133 

    Other expense (income)

              

    Interest expense, net of capitalization

      5,107     

    Arrangement fee

      3,524     

    Other expense (income)

      239  (53) (11)

    Foreign exchange (gain) loss

      174  623  112 

    Total other expense (income)

      9,044  570  101 

    Net loss

     $(22,103)$(662)$(234)

            Prior to achievement of commercial production in September 2019, some expenses were capitalized to mine development.

    14. Subsequent Events

            In March 2020, the Company contributed $2,574 to the LGJV in support of continued operations. In June 2020, the Company contributed and additional $2,574 to the LGJV in support of continued operations.

            On March 30, 2020, in response to the coronavirus pandemic, the Mexico government issued a temporary 30-day suspension of all non-essential activities, which was subsequently extended to May 31, 2020. Accordingly, the LGJV temporarily suspended non-essential activities. The LGJV resumed mining operations in late May 2020 as permitted by the Mexican Government.

            In April 2020, the Company received $567 from a forgivable loan, bearing 1% annual interest, related to the Paycheck Protection Program of the United States' Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act.

            The Company entered into a $15,000 convertible promissory note agreement with Electrum Silver US LLC, in 2020. The convertible promissory note incurs an annual interest of 5% and conversion provides a 20% discount to the next third-party financing share price. The convertible promissory note and any accrued but unpaid interest is due and payable on April 19, 2023, unless converted, exchanged or otherwise paid. As of June 26, 2020, the Company has received $10,000 under the convertible promissory note.


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    Independent Auditors' Report

    The Board of Managers
    Los Gatos Joint Venture:

            We have audited the accompanying combined financial statements of Los Gatos Joint Venture (the Company), which comprise the combined balance sheets as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the related combined statements of loss, combined statements of owners' capital, and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes to the combined financial statements.

    Management's Responsibility for the Financial Statements

            Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of these combined financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles; this includes the design, implementation, and maintenance of internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of combined financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.

    Auditors' Responsibility

            Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these combined financial statements based on our audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the combined financial statements are free from material misstatement.

            An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the combined financial statements. The procedures selected depend on the auditors' judgment, including the assessment of the risks of material misstatement of the combined financial statements, whether due to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments, the auditor considers internal control relevant to the entity's preparation and fair presentation of the combined financial statements in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the entity's internal control. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of significant accounting estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the combined financial statements.

            We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion.

    Opinion

            In our opinion, the combined financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Los Gatos Joint Venture as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

    14.Segment Information
    /s/ KPMG LLP

    Denver, Colorado
    April 1, 2020

       Three Months Ended March 31, 2011 
       U.S.  Mexico   Corporate   Total 

    Exploration

      $78   $3,681    $—      $3,759  

    Care and maintenance

       1,224    —       —       1,224  

    General and administrative

       1,011    258     2,703     3,972  

    Net other (income) expense

       (24  183     —       159  

    Related party debt

       —      —       —       —    

    Capital expenditures

       152    —       18     170  

    Total assets

       31,756    3,932     143,750     179,438  
       Three Months Ended March 31, 2010 
       U.S.  Mexico   Corporate   Total 

    Exploration

      $—     $3,144    $—      $3,144  

    General and administrative

       849    218     —       1,067  

    Net other expense

       —      295     —       295  

    Related party debt

       —      20,315     —       20,315  

    Capital expenditures

       —      6     —       6  

    Total assets

       1,500    3,391     —       4,891  

    LOGOTable of Contents


    LOS GATOS JOINT VENTURE

    COMBINED BALANCE SHEETS

    AS OF DECEMBER 31,

    (In thousands)

     
     2019 2018 

    ASSETS

           

    Current Assets

           

    Cash and cash equivalents

     $1,302 $11,231 

    Receivables

      5,655   

    Inventories

      11,374  1,886 

    VAT receivable

      50,184  30,853 

    Restricted cash

        2,219 

    Other current assets

      1,672  6,747 

    Total current assets

      70,187  52,936 

    Non-Current Assets

           

    Mine development, net

      182,602  99,994 

    Deferred financing costs

        76 

    Property, plant and equipment, net

      216,131  150,763 

    Total non-current assets

      398,733  250,833 

    Total Assets

     $468,920 $303,769 

    LIABILITIES AND OWNERS' CAPITAL

           

    Current Liabilities

           

    Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities

     $43,287 $16,697 

    Dowa MPR Loan

        65,670 

    Related party payable

      6,875  1,377 

    Accrued interest

      885  2,692 

    Equipment loans

      6,948  5,227 

    Total current liabilities

      57,995  91,663 

    Non-Current Liabilities

           

    Dowa Term Loan

      217,796  132,066 

    Working Capital Facility

      60,000   

    Equipment loans

      12,916  13,494 

    Reclamation obligations

      11,314  10,524 

    Total non-current liabilities

      302,026  156,084 

    Owners' Capital

           

    Capital contributions

      237,905  168,967 

    Paid-in capital

      7,400  1,358 

    Accumulated deficit

      (136,406) (114,303)

    Total owners' capital

      108,899  56,022 

    Total Liabilities and Owners' Capital

     $468,920 $303,769 

       

    See accompanying notes to the combined financial statements.


    ThroughTable of Contents


    LOS GATOS JOINT VENTURE

    COMBINED STATEMENTS OF LOSS

    FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,

    (In thousands)

     
     2019 2018 

    Sales

     $36,508 $ 

    Operating expenses

           

    Cost of sales

      30,339   

    Royalties

      184   

    Exploration

      208   

    General and administrative

      2,587  83 

    Accretion expense

      789  9 

    Depreciation, depletion and amortization

      15,460   

    Total operating expenses

      49,567  92 

    Other expense (income)

           

    Interest expense, net of capitalization

      5,107   

    Arrangement fee

      3,524   

    Other expense (income)

      239  (53)

    Foreign exchange (gain) loss

      174  623 

    Total other expense (income)

      9,044  570 

    Net loss

     $(22,103)$(662)

    See accompanying notes to the combined financial statements.


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    LOS GATOS JOINT VENTURE

    COMBINED STATEMENTS OF OWNERS' CAPITAL

    (In thousands)

     
     Capital
    Contributions
     Paid-in
    Capital
     Accumulated
    Deficit
     Total 

    Balance at December 31, 2017

     $168,967 $329 $(113,641)$55,655 

    Contributions

             

    Other

        84    84 

    Costs paid by investor

        945    945 

    Net loss

          (662) (662)

    Balance at December 31, 2018

     $168,967 $1,358 $(114,303)$56,022 

    Contributions

      68,938      68,938 

    Other

        (116)   (116)

    Costs paid by investor

        6,158    6,158 

    Net loss

          (22,103) (22,103)

    Balance at December 31, 2019

     $237,905 $7,400 $(136,406)$108,899 

    See accompanying notes to the combined financial statements.


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    LOS GATOS JOINT VENTURE

    COMBINED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

    FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,

    (In thousands)

     
     2019 2018 

    Cash flows from operating activities:

           

    Net loss

     $(22,103)$(662)

    Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash used by operating activities:

           

    Depreciation, depletion and amortization

      15,460   

    Arrangement fee

      3,524   

    Accretion

      789  9 

    Other

      (116) 83 

    Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

           

    VAT receivable

      (19,330) (27,369)

    Receivables

      (5,655)  

    Inventories

      (7,027)  

    Other current assets

      (977)  

    Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities

      13,392   

    Payable to related-party

      3,281   

    Accrued interest

      2,745   

    Net cash used by operating activities

      (16,017) (27,939)

    Cash flows from investing activities:

           

    Deposits

      1,005  (1,001)

    Other current assets

      2,661  (5,684)

    Mine development

      (74,630) (65,007)

    Purchase of property, plant and equipment

      (53,811) (93,386)

    Accrued interest

      (513)  

    Restricted cash transfers

      2,219  (2,219)

    Net cash used by investing activities

      (123,069) (167,297)

    Cash flows from financing activities:

           

    Capital contributions

      18,200   

    Deferred financing costs

      (222) (453)

    Equipment loan payments

      (6,485) (1,486)

    Working Capital Facility borrowings

      60,000   

    Dowa MPR Loan payment

      (17,336)  

    Dowa MPR Loan borrowings

        65,678 

    Dowa Term Loan borrowings

      75,000  135,000 

    Dowa Term Loan origination cost

        (4,200)

    Net cash provided by financing activities

      129,157  194,539 

    Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents

      (9,929) (697)

    Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period

      11,231  11,928 

    Cash and cash equivalents, end of period

     $1,302 $11,231 

    Interest paid

     $3,940 $ 

    Supplemental dislosure of noncash transactions:

           

    Accrued interest on debt included in mine development

     $4,213 $1,858 

    Accrued interest on debt included in property, plant and equipment

     $4,322 $2,584 

    Equipment loan borrowings

     $7,679 $20,207 

    Conversion of Dowa MPR Loan to capital contributions

     $50,737 $ 

    Conversion of related party accrued interest to outstanding loan balance

     $10,179 $ 

    Depreciation expense included in mine development

     $4,589 $2,266 

    Mine development costs included in accrued liabilities

     $10,720 $5,481 

    Property, plant and equipment included in accrued liabilities

     $10,290 $5,224 

    Equity method investee costs incurred by investor

     $2,634 $945 

    Deferred financing costs included in PPE and mine development

     $495 $ 

    See accompanying notes to the combined financial statements.


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    LOS GATOS JOINT VENTURE

    NOTES TO THE COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

    (In thousands, except share, per share and option amounts, tonnes or as otherwise noted)

    1. Description of Business and Basis of Preparation

            These combined financial statements represent the combined financial position and results of operations of the Los Gatos Joint Venture ("LGJV" or "the Company"). Unless the context otherwise requires, references to LGJV or the Company mean the Los Gatos Joint Venture.

            On January 1, 2015, the LGJV was established to develop the Los Gatos Project (LGP) in northern Mexico. The LGJV consists of Minera Plata Real S. de R.L. de C.V. ("MPR"), Operaciones San Jose de Plata S. de R.L. de C.V. and Servicios San Jose de Plata S. de R.L. de C.V. (collectively the "LGJV Entities"). Upon completion of their $50,000 funding to the LGJV, Dowa Metals & Mining, Ltd. ("Dowa") acquired a 30% interest in the LGJV Entities and the right to purchase future zinc-concentrate production at market rates. The remaining 70% interest in the LGJV entities was owned by Sunshine Silver Mining & Refining Corporation ("SSMRC"). The ownership of the LGJV Entities as of December 31, 2019 is 51.5% SSMRC and 48.5% Dowa, see footnote 9 for additional detail on LGJV Entities ownership changes.

            In 2016, the LGJV completed an advanced definition drilling program and began decline development to provide the necessary data to complete a feasibility study. Prior to completing the feasibility study, the Company was in the exploration stage. The January 12, 2017 feasibility study ("Feasibility Study") demonstrated the economic viability of the LGP, and during the first quarter of 2017, the Company commenced the $316,000 LGP development.

            On September 1, 2019, the LGP commenced commercial production of its two concentrate products; a lead concentrate and a zinc concentrate. The Company's lead and zinc concentrates are sold to third-party customers.

    2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

    Risks and uncertainties

            As a mining company, the Company's revenue, profitability and future rate of growth are substantially dependent on prevailing prices for silver, zinc, lead and gold. Historically, the commodity markets have been quite volatile, and there can be no assurance that commodity prices will not be subject to wide fluctuations in the future. A substantial or extended decline in commodity prices could have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial position, results of operations, cash flows, and the quantities of reserves the Company can economically produce. The carrying value of the Company's property, plant and equipment, mine development, inventories and stockpiles are particularly sensitive to the outlook for commodity prices. A substantial or extended decline in the Company's price outlook could result in material impairment charges related to these assets. Additionally, changes in other factors such as changes in mine plans, increases in costs, geotechnical failures, and changes in social, environmental or regulatory requirements can adversely affect the Company's ability to recover its investment in certain assets and result in impairment charges.

            The Company has considered and assessed the risk resulting from its concentrate sales arrangements with its customers. In the event that the Company's relationships with its customers are interrupted for any reason, the Company believes that it would be able to locate another customer to purchase its metals concentrates; however, any interruption could temporarily disrupt the Company's sale of its products and adversely affect operating results.


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    LOS GATOS JOINT VENTURE

    NOTES TO THE COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share and option amounts, tonnes or as otherwise noted)

    2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

    Use of estimates

            The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("U.S. GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the combined financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable given the specific circumstances. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include receivables; inventories; mineral properties; reclamation and closure obligations; valuation allowances for deferred tax assets; depreciation, depletion and accretion and the fair value of financial instruments.

    Functional currency and translation of foreign currencies

            The U.S. dollar is the LGJV's functional currency. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated to U.S. dollars at exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date, with the resulting gains or losses reported in foreign exchange (gain) loss in the computation of net loss. Non-monetary assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars at historical exchange rates. Expenses and other income and expense items in foreign currencies are translated into U.S. dollars at average or historical exchange rates.

    Cash and cash equivalents

            The Company considers all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.

    Metal and Materials Inventories

            The Company's inventories include ore, concentrate and operating materials and supplies. The classification of ore and concentrate inventories is determined by the production stage of the ore. All inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using the average cost method for all inventories and includes applicable taxes and freight. Ore inventory represents stockpiled ore that is available for processing. Concentrate inventory represents stockpiled lead or zinc concentrate that is available for shipment or in transit to customers. Ore and concentrate inventories include applicable operating and overhead costs.

    Mine development

            The Feasibility Study established LGP's proven and probable reserves in early January 2017. Accordingly, subsequent development costs were capitalized as mine development assets until September 1, 2019 when the LGP achieved production. Subsequent to September 1, 2019, costs incurred to develop the mine are capitalized to mine development assets. Upon the commencement of production, capitalized costs are charged to operations using the units-of-production method in the period the applicable metal reserves are processed over the estimated proven and probable reserve tons directly benefiting from the capital expenditures. The LGJV incurred $7,291 and nil for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, in depletion expense.


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    LOS GATOS JOINT VENTURE

    NOTES TO THE COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share and option amounts, tonnes or as otherwise noted)

    2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

            Upon abandonment or sale of a mineral property, any remaining capitalized mine development costs relating to such property will be removed from the balance sheet and a gain or loss recognized.

    Property, plant and equipment

            Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost and depreciation is calculated on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. The estimated useful lives of plant and equipment and infrastructure range between three years and the end of the proven and probable reserves mine life. The estimated useful lives of furniture, fixtures and computers range from three to ten years.

    Impairment of long-lived assets

            Long-lived assets, such as property, plant and equipment are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. If circumstances require a long-lived asset or asset group to be tested for possible impairment, the Company first compares undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by that asset or asset group to its carrying value. If the carrying value of the long-lived asset or asset group is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment is recognized to the extent that the carrying value exceeds its fair value. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques including discounted cash flow models, quoted market values and third-party independent appraisals, as considered necessary. There were no impairments recognized for 2019 or 2018.

    Value added tax receivable and payable

            Value added taxes ("VAT") are assessed on purchases of materials, services and sales of products. The Company is entitled to recover the taxes they have paid related to purchases of materials and services. The Company collects VAT when certain products are sold to customers VAT receivables represent refundable value-added taxes paid to the Mexican government on certain transactions in Mexico. The Company records the VAT cash flows as operating activities in the combined statement of cash flows, given the short-term, refundable and operating characteristics of these cash flows.

    Reclamation and remediation costs (asset retirement obligations)

            The Company has asset retirement obligations ("ARO") arising from regulatory requirements to perform certain property and asset reclamation activities at the end of the respective asset life. An ARO is recognized when incurred and is initially measured at fair value and subsequently adjusted for accretion expense and changes in the amount or timing of the estimated cash flows. The corresponding asset retirement costs are capitalized as part of the carrying amount of the related long-lived asset and amortized over the asset's remaining useful life. The ARO is based on timing of expected spending for an existing environmental disturbance. The Company reviews, on an annual basis, unless otherwise deemed necessary, its reclamation obligation.


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    LOS GATOS JOINT VENTURE

    NOTES TO THE COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share and option amounts, tonnes or as otherwise noted)

    2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

    Revenue Recognition

            The Company generates revenue by selling silver-bearing lead and zinc concentrates. Concentrate sales are initially recorded based on 100% of the provisional sales prices, net of estimated treatment and refining charges, when it satisfies the performance obligation of transferring control of the concentrate to the customer. Concentrate revenue is initially recorded on a provisional basis based on historical prices and provisional assays. Final settlement is based on the final assays and an applicable price as determined by a future quotational period at the time of sale. Market changes in the prices of metals between the delivery and final settlement dates will result in adjustments to revenues related to previously recorded sales of concentrate.

    Income taxes

            The Company's income tax jurisdiction is Mexico. Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis and operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company recognizes the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs. The Company recognizes tax penalties in income tax expense.

    Recently issued accounting standards

            In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, "Leases," which will require lessees to recognize assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by most leases on the balance sheet. These changes become effective for the Company's fiscal year beginning January 1, 2021. The Company is still assessing the impact of the standard but does not expect there will be a material impact to the Combined Balance Sheet, Combined Statement of Income (Loss) or the Combined Statements of Cash Flows as a result of the adoption of ASU 2016-02. The Company is in the process of assessing the required disclosures of the new standard and expects to provide additional qualitative and quantitative disclosures related to its leasing arrangements upon adoption.

            In December 2019, ASU No. 2019-12 was issued to simplify and enhance accounting for income taxes. This update is effective in fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2021, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, and early adoption is permitted. The Company is completing its assessment of the impact and anticipated adoption date of this guidance.


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    LOS GATOS JOINT VENTURE

    NOTES TO THE COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share and option amounts, tonnes or as otherwise noted)

    3. Sales

            The Company's sales by concentrate for the year ended December 31, are summarized below:

     
     2019 2018 

    Lead Concentrate

     $28,437 $ 

    Zinc Concentrate

      8,071   

     $36,508 $ 

    4. Inventories

            The Company's inventories as of December 31, are summarized below:

     
     2019 2018 

    Ore inventory

     $4,863 $691 

    Concentrate inventory

      1,096   

    Material and supplies

      5,415  1,195 

     $11,374 $1,886 

    5. Other Current Assets

            The Company's other current assets as of December 31, are summarized below:

     
     2019 2018 

    Prepaid expenses

     $1,432 $5,761 

    Deposits and other

      240  986 

     $1,672 $6,747 

    6. Property, Plant and Equipment, net

            The Company's property, plant and equipment as of December 31, are summarized below:

     
     2019 2018 

    Mineral properties

     $853 $853 

    Infrastructure & equipment

      216,759  138,373 

    Land

      14,422  14,422 

    Furniture and fixtures

      508  365 

    Property, plant and equipment at cost

      232,542  154,012 

    Less accumulated depreciation

      (16,411) (3,249)

    Property, plant and equipment, net

     $216,131 $150,763 

    Mineral Properties

            The Company conducts exploration activities under mining concessions in Mexico.


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    LOS GATOS JOINT VENTURE

    NOTES TO THE COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share and option amounts, tonnes or as otherwise noted)

    6. Property, Plant and Equipment, net (Continued)

            The Company is required to make mineral and concession lease payments to various entities to secure its claims or surface rights. One of these agreements also requires royalty payments based on the production and sale of minerals.

    Mining Concessions and Agreement

            In Mexico, mineral concessions from the Mexican government can only be held by Mexican nationals or Mexican-incorporated companies. The concessions are valid for 50 years and are extendable provided the concessions are kept in good standing. For concessions to remain in good standing, a semi-annual fee must be paid to the Mexican government and a report must be filed each year which covers the work accomplished on the property during the previous year. These concessions may be cancelled without penalty with prior notice to the Mexican government.

            MPR is the concession holder of a series of mineral concessions granted by the Mexican government. The rights to certain concessions are held through exploration agreements with purchase options or a finder's fee agreement, as discussed below:

    La Cuesta International S.A. de C.V. (La Cuesta)

            The Company is required to make quarterly advance royalty payments and is required to pay a production royalty of a) 2% net smelter return on production from the concession until all payments reach $10,000 and b) 0.5% net smelter return on production from the concession after total payments have reached $10,000 and c) 0.5% net smelter return on production from other property within a one-kilometer boundary of the Los Gatos concession. After total payments reach $15,000, the Los Gatos concession ownership will be transferred to the Company. During the pre-production phase, the Company is obligated to complete a minimum of $100 of exploration and development work annually on the concession. The agreement has no expiration date; however, the Company may terminate the agreement upon a 30-day notice. Under this agreement, the first royalty payment is due on or before March 31, 2021, net of advance royalty payments. The Company has remitted $535 in advance royalty payments under this contract through December 31, 2019.

            As of December 31, 2019, the Company's minimum La Cuesta obligation is summarized in the table below:

    2020

     $100 

    2021

      100 

    2022

      100 

    2023

      100 

    2024

      100 

    Thereafter

      13,965 

    Total

     $14,465 

            The Company paid $45 and $40 for this obligation for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.


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    LOS GATOS JOINT VENTURE

    NOTES TO THE COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share and option amounts, tonnes or as otherwise noted)

    7. Accounts Payable and Other Accrued Liabilities

            The Company's accounts payable and other accrued liabilities as of December 31, are summarized below:

     
     2019 2018 

    Accounts payable

     $29,669 $5,520 

    Accrued expenses

      12,580  10,951 

    Accrued payroll and taxes

      1,038  226 

    Total accounts payable and accrued liabilities

     $43,287 $16,697 

    8. Related-Party Transactions

            Effective January 1, 2015, the LGJV has a management services agreement with SSMRC whereby, SSMRC provides certain consulting and administrative services. The LGJV incurred $5,100 and $3,950 for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively, for these services. Certain expenses incurred by the owners on behalf of the LGJV are reimbursed.

    9. Related Party Debt

            On July 11, 2017, the Company entered into a loan agreement ("Term Loan") with Dowa whereby the Company can borrow up to $210,000 for LGP development, with a maturity date of December 29, 2027. Interest on this loan accrues daily at LIBOR plus 2.35%, 2011 (the 25th daybut the interest is added to the amount borrowed for repayment monthly until December 29, 2019. A $4,200 fee was paid to Dowa during 2018 upon the loan closing. Commencing June 30, 2021, 14 consecutive semi-annual equal payments of the aggregate principal plus accrued interest on the payment date begin. The Term Loan also requires accelerated principal payments equal to 70% of excess cash flows (as defined) from the LGP. As of December 31, 2019, the Company had $221,900 outstanding, including $11,900 of interest, under the Term Loan. In early 2019, the Company borrowed the remaining $75,000 available under the Term Loan. As of December 31, 2018, the Company had $137,300 outstanding, including $2,300 of interest, under the Term Loan. Prior to production commencing in September 2019, $7,100 of interest was capitalized to Mine Development or Property, Plant and Equipment. Subsequent to production, $3,400 of interest was expensed. During 2018, all interest was capitalized to Mine Development or Property, Plant and Equipment.

            On January 23, 2018, the Company entered into a loan agreement ("Dowa MPR Loan") whereby the Company could borrow up to $65,000 for LGP development. Interest on this loan accrues daily at LIBOR plus 1.5%. but the interest is added to the amount borrowed. All interest was capitalized to Mine Development or Property, Plant and Equipment. The amount borrowed, including accrued and unpaid interest, was due the earlier of June 30, 2019, or upon substantial completion of the LGP development. If the Dowa MPR Loan was not repaid by the maturity date, Dowa could elect to convert all or a portion of SSMRC's portion of the outstanding Dowa MPR Loan, including accrued interest, to additional equity in the LGJV Entities at 170% of SSMRC's portion of the outstanding balance ("Additional Equity"). If SSMRC's ownership in the LGJV Entities was diluted, for two years from the maturity date, SSMRC can repurchase the Additional Equity for 170% of such value plus all costs and expenses incurred by Dowa to acquire and hold the Additional Equity. In May 2019, SSMRC


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    LOS GATOS JOINT VENTURE

    NOTES TO THE COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share and option amounts, tonnes or as otherwise noted)

    9. Related Party Debt (Continued)

    contributed $18,200 to OSJ to provide funding for a partial repayment of principal and interest related to the Dowa MPR Loan. In May 2019, the Dowa MPR Loan was fully extinguished with a principal and interest payment of $18,200 and the conversion of the remaining principal and interest of $50,737 to additional Dowa ownership in the LGJV entities. Subsequent to this transaction the ownership of the LGJV entities is 51.5% SSMRC and 48.5% Dowa.

            On May 30, 2019, the LGJV entered into a working capital facility agreement ("WCF") with Dowa whereby the LGJV could borrow up to $60,000 to fund the working capital and sustaining capital requirements of the LGP. Interest on the WCF accrues daily at LIBOR plus 3.0%. The maturity date of the WCF is June 28, 2021. As of December 31, 2019, the LGJV had $60,000 of principal and $8 of accrued interest outstanding under this facility. The Company paid interest of $1,419 under this facility for the year ended December 31, 2019.

            SSMRC incurs certain fees on behalf of the LGJV entities related to the Term Loan and WCF. Prior to production, these fees were capitalized, subsequent to production, these fees were expensed.

            Scheduled minimum debt repayments are as follows for the year ending December 31:

    2020

     $6,948 

    2021

      98,780 

    2022

      37,337 

    2023

      32,277 

    2024

      31,826 

    Thereafter

      95,478 

     $302,647 

    10. Owners' Capital

            During 2019, Dowa and SSMRC, contributed $50,737 and $18,200, respectively, as owners' capital to the LGJV as a result of the extinguishment of the Dowa MPR Loan. As of December 31, 2019, the ownership of the LGJV entities was 51.5% SSMRC and 48.5% Dowa. As of December 31, 2018, the ownership of the LGJV entities was 70% SSMRC and 30% Dowa.

    11. Asset Retirement Obligations

            In 2015, the Company recognized an ARO related to the work performed at the LGP. The Company estimated the present value of the estimated future cash flows required to revegetate the disturbed areas and perform any required monitoring. The Company used a discount rate and interest rate of 9% and 1%, respectively, to calculate the present value of this obligation, related to the disturbance of land around the mine portal, waste rock dump and road to the explosives storage area.

            In 2018, the Company recognized an ARO related to the additional development work performed at the LGP. The Company estimated the present value of the estimated future cash flows required to reclaim the disturbed areas and perform any required monitoring. The Company used a discount rate and interest rate of 7.5% and 3%, respectively, to calculate the present value.


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    LOS GATOS JOINT VENTURE

    NOTES TO THE COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share and option amounts, tonnes or as otherwise noted)

    11. Asset Retirement Obligations (Continued)

            The Company recorded accretion expense related to the ARO of $790 and $9 for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The following table summarizes activity in the Company's ARO as of December 31:

     
     2019 2018 

    Balance, beginning of period

     $10,524 $207 

    Accretion expense

      790  9 

    ARO additions

        10,308 

    Balance, end of period

     $11,314 $10,524 

    12. Fair Value Measurements

            The Company establishes a framework for measuring the fair value of financial assets and liabilities and nonfinancial assets and liabilities which are measured at fair value on a recurring (annual) basis in the form of a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs into valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. This hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs. Further, financial assets and liabilities should be classified by level in their entirety based upon the lowest level of input that was significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

            Level 1:    Unadjusted quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that are accessible at the measurement date.

            Level 2:    Quoted prices in inactive markets for identical assets or liabilities, quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, or other observable inputs either directly related to the asset or liability or derived principally from corroborated observable market data.

            Level 3:    Unobservable inputs due to the fact there is little or no market activity. This entails using assumptions in models which estimate what market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

    Financial Assets and Liabilities

            At December 31, 2019 the Company's financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, receivables, restricted cash, other current assets, accounts payable and other current liabilities. The carrying amounts of these financial instruments approximate fair value due to their short maturities.

            The following table details the fair value of the Company's debt obligations as of December 31, 2019 and 2018 and are included in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The Term Loan is carried at amortized cost. The fair value of the WCF approximates carrying value as the liability is secured, has a variable interest rate, and lacks credit concerns. The carrying value of the equipment loans approximate fair value as the liability is secured by the underlying equipment, guaranteed by SSMRC, and lacks


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    LOS GATOS JOINT VENTURE

    NOTES TO THE COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share and option amounts, tonnes or as otherwise noted)

    12. Fair Value Measurements (Continued)

    significant credit concerns. The fair value of the Term Loan was estimated using observable inputs directly related to the obligations. The following table summarizes the fair value as of December 31:

     
     2019 2018 

    Term Loan(1)

     $221,929 $136,750 

    WCF

      60,000   

    Equipment Loans

      19,864  18,721 

     $301,793 $155,471 

    (1)
    Net of unamortized debt discount of $4,133 and $4,684 as of December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

    Non-Financial Assets and Liabilities

            The Company discloses and recognizes its non-financial assets and liabilities, such as ARO, at fair value on a non-recurring basis. The estimated fair value for these non-financial assets and liabilities are classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, as the valuation was determined based on internally developed assumptions that market participants would use in the pricing of such liabilities without observable inputs and no market activity.

    13. Commitments and Contingencies

            In determining accruals and disclosures with respect to loss contingencies, the Company will charge to income an estimated loss if information available prior to the issuance of the financial statements indicates that it is probable that a liability has been incurred at the date of the financial statements and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Legal expenses associated with the commitments and contingencies are expensed as incurred. If a loss contingency is not probable or reasonably estimable, disclosure of the loss contingency is made in the combined financial statements when it is at least reasonably possible that a material loss could be incurred.

            The Company's mining, development and exploration activities are subject to various laws, regulations and permits governing the protection of the environment. These laws, regulations and permits are continually changing and are generally becoming more restrictive. The Company has made, and expects to make in the future, expenditures to comply with such laws, regulations and permits, but cannot predict the full amount of such future expenditures.

            From time to time, the Company may be involved in legal proceedings related to its business. Management does not believe that adverse decisions in any pending or threatened proceeding or that amounts that may be required to be paid by reason thereof will have a material adverse effect of the Company's combined financial condition or results of operations.

    14. Equipment Loans

            During 2019 and 2018, the LGJV Entities entered into equipment loan agreements, with repayment over four years at interest rates ranging from 5.76% to 8.67%, to finance a portion of


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    LOS GATOS JOINT VENTURE

    NOTES TO THE COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share and option amounts, tonnes or as otherwise noted)

    14. Equipment Loans (Continued)

    mining equipment purchases. As of December 31, 2019, and 2018, the Company had outstanding loans of $19,915 and $18,721, respectively, and incurred $1,647 and $607 of interest, respectively. Prior to production and during 2018 all interest was capitalized to Property, Plant and Equipment. Subsequent to production in September 2019, all interest on equipment was expensed. SSMRC has guaranteed the payment of all obligations, including accrued interest, under the equipment loan agreements.

    15. Income Taxes

            The combined loss before income taxes in Mexico is $22,103 and $662 for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The combined current and deferred income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 was nil.

            A reconciliation of the actual income tax expense (benefit) and the tax computed by applying the Mexico federal rate (30%) to the loss before income taxes for the year ended December 31, is as follows:

     
     2019 2018 

    Tax benefit from continuing operations

     $(6,631)$(199)

    Nondeductible Expenses

      2,244  1,207 

    Change in Valuation Allowance

      3,773  16,052 

    NOL inflation adjustment

      41  (17,060)

    NOL expiration

      574   

    Total income tax expense (benefit)

     $ $ 

            The net operating loss (NOL) inflation rate adjustment relates to historical net operating loss carryforwards in Mexico from 2007 to 2019. These historical carryforwards have been inflation-adjusted based upon an inflation factor published by the central bank of Mexico, as any inflationary adjustment will impact the Company's basis in the net operating losses during the carryforward period.


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    LOS GATOS JOINT VENTURE

    NOTES TO THE COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share and option amounts, tonnes or as otherwise noted)

    15. Income Taxes (Continued)

            A summary of the components of the net deferred tax assets for the year ended December 31, is as follows:

     
     2019 2018 

    Deferred tax assets

           

    Accrued Expenses

     $112 $105 

    Exploration and Development

      8,451  10,096 

    Operating loss carryforward

      35,589  31,685 

    NOL, inflation adjustment

      5,838  4,412 

    Valuation allowances

      (49,567) (45,794)

    Total deferred tax assets

      423  504 

    Deferred tax liabilities

           

    Prepaid expenses

      (103) (292)

    Fixed Assets

      (320) (212)

    Deferred tax liabilities

      (423) (504)

    Total deferred tax liability

      (423) (504)

    Net deferred income tax assets (liabilities)

     $ $ 

            Based upon the level of taxable income (loss) and projections of future taxable income (loss) over the periods which the deferred tax assets are deductible, management believes it is more likely than not that the Company will not realize the benefits of these deductible differences, and thus has recorded a valuation allowance against the net deferred tax asset balance of $49,567. If the Company is profitable for a number of years and prospects for the realization of the deferred tax assets are more likely than not, the Company will then reverse its valuation allowance and credit income tax expense.

            At December 31, 2019, the Company had $138,089 of net operating loss carryforwards in Mexico (including inflation adjustments) which expire at various dates through 2029. The statute of limitations for tax returns filed in Mexico is five years from the date of filing. The tax returns of the Company are no longer subject to examinations by Mexican tax authorities for years prior to 2015.

            As of December 31, 2019, the Company has not recorded any unrecognized tax benefits, as it is more likely than not that all tax positions have a high probability of being upheld by the taxing authorities. The Company recognizes penalties and accrued interest related to unrecognized tax benefits in interest expense and penalties in operating expenses. No such interest or penalties were recognized.

    16. Subsequent Events

            On March 30, 2020, in response to the coronavirus pandemic, the Mexico government issued a temporary 30-day suspension of all non-essential activities ("Mexico Advisory"). Accordingly, the Company will temporarily suspend the non-essential LGJV activities. The Company will be able to maintain essential activities during the suspension with its existing cash, receivables and, if necessary, additional owner capital contributions.


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    LOS GATOS JOINT VENTURE

    NOTES TO THE COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share and option amounts, tonnes or as otherwise noted)

    16. Subsequent Events (Continued)

            Due to the recent declines in the silver and zinc prices, the Company has developed an optimized mining and processing plan ("Optimized Plan") to be implemented in 2020. Should silver and zinc prices remain relatively low at the expiration of the Mexico Advisory, the Company expects to begin implementing the Optimized Plan. The Optimized Plan processes higher-grade ore, at a slightly lower throughput, to cover operating costs while metals prices remain low. The Optimized Plan provides flexibility to return to design production rates as metal prices improve.

            There are no other events or transactions requiring recognition in these combined financial statements, through April 1, 2020.


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    SUNSHINE SILVER MINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED)

    (In thousands, except for share and per share amounts)

     
     June 30,
    2020
     December 31,
    2019
     

    ASSETS

           

    Current Assets

           

    Cash and cash equivalents

     $1,954 $9,085 

    Materials and supplies inventory

      108  103 

    Deferred financing costs

      2,514  1,777 

    Related party receivables

      9,755  6,422 

    Other current assets

      1,123  1,068 

    Total current assets

      15,454  18,455 

    Non-Current Assets

           

    Investment in affiliates

      91,452  105,396 

    Metals inventory

      250  250 

    Property, plant and equipment, net

      28,991  30,194 

    Total Assets

     $136,147 $154,295 

    LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

           

    Current Liabilities

           

    Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities

     $3,049 $3,465 

    Related-party convertible note

      10,000   

    Non-Current Liabilities

           

    Reclamation obligations

      1,494  1,439 

    Shareholders' Equity

           

    Common Stock, $0.001 par value; 100,000,000 shares authorized; 80,646,832 shares outstanding as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019

      80  80 

    Paid-in capital

      378,099  375,921 

    Accumulated deficit

      (255,548) (225,583)

    Treasury stock, at cost, 289,177 shares as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019

      (1,027) (1,027)

    Total shareholders' equity

      121,604  149,391 

    Total Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity

     $136,147 $154,295 

    See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.


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    SUNSHINE SILVER MINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS (UNAUDITED)

    (In thousands, except for share and per share amounts)

     
     Six Months Ended June 30, 
     
     2020 2019 

    Expenses

           

    Exploration

     $598 $527 

    Pre-development

      1,048  1,140 

    General and administrative

      3,257  2,689 

    Amortization

      1,203  1,238 

    Total expenses

      6,106  5,594 

    Other expense (income)

      
     
      
     
     

    Dilution loss on affiliates

        11,231 

    Equity loss in affiliates

      21,516  311 

    Arrangement fees

      2,285  895 

    Interest expense

      43   

    Other income

      (9) (15)

    Foreign exchange loss

      24  6 

    Net other expense

      23,859  12,428 

    Net loss

     $29,965 $18,022 

    Other comprehensive loss

           

    Unrealized loss on securities, net of tax

        5 

    Comprehensive loss

     $29,965 $18,027 

    Net loss per share:

           

    Basic and diluted

     $0.37 $0.24 

    Weighted average shares outstanding:

           

    Basic and diluted

      81,011,188  75,050,171 

    See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.


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    SUNSHINE SILVER MINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (UNAUDITED)

    (In thousands, except for share amounts)

     
     Number Amount  
      
      
      
     
     
     Common
    Stock
     Treasury
    Stock
     Common
    Stock
     Treasury
    Stock
     Paid-in
    Capital
     Accumulated
    Deficit
     Other
    Comprehensive
    Loss
     Total 

    Balance at December 31, 2019

      80,646,832  289,177 $80 $(1,027)$375,921 $(225,583)$ $149,391 

    Stock-based compensation

              2,117      2,117 

    Deferred share unit compensation

              61      61 

    Net loss

                (29,965)   (29,965)

    Balance at June 30, 2020

      80,646,832  289,177  80  (1,027) 378,099  (255,548)   121,604 

    Balance at December 31, 2018

      
    73,902,522
      
    289,177
     
    $

    74
     
    $

    (1,027

    )

    $

    331,802
     
    $

    (187,765

    )

    $

    (32

    )
     
    143,052
     

    Issuance of common stock

      4,244,310    4    25,462      25,466 

    Stock-based compensation

              1,722      1,722 

    Deferred share unit compensation

              316      316 

    Unrealized loss on investments, net of tax

                  (5) (5)

    Other

              34      34 

    Net loss

                (18,022)   (18,022)

    Balance at June 30, 2019

      78,146,832  289,177  78  (1,027) 359,336  (205,787) (37) 152,563 

    See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.


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    SUNSHINE SILVER MINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (UNAUDITED)

    (In thousands)

     
     Six Months Ended June 30, 
     
     2020 2019 

    OPERATING ACTIVITIES

           

    Net loss

     $(29,965)$(18,022)

    Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used by operating activities:

           

    Amortization

      1,203  1,176 

    Dilution loss on affiliate

        11,231 

    Accretion expense

      55  47 

    Stock-based compensation expense

      2,117  1,722 

    Equity loss in affiliates

      21,516  311 

    Other

        7 

                Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

           

    Other current assets

      (55) 167 

    Receivables from related-parties

      (3,332) (395)

    Accounts payable and other accrued liabilities

      (1,071) (516)

    Materials and supplies inventory

      (5) (1)

    Net cash used by operating activities

      (9,537) (4,273)

    INVESTING ACTIVITIES

      
     
      
     
     

    Purchase of property, plant and equipment

        (427)

    Investment in affiliates

      (7,573) (19,149)

    Net cash used by investing activities

      (7,573) (19,576)

    FINANCING ACTIVITIES

      
     
      
     
     

    Related-party convertible debt

      10,000   

    Payroll Protection Program loan

      567   

    Deferred financing costs

      (588)  

    Issuance of common stock

        25,466 

    Net cash provided by financing activities

      9,979  25,466 

    Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents

      (7,131) 1,617 

    Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period

      9,085  3,457 

    Cash and cash equivalents, end of period

     $1,954 $5,074 

    Supplemental disclosure of noncash transactions:

      
     
      
     
     

    Deferred financing costs included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities

     $149 $ 

    See accompanying notes to the condensed consolidated financial statements.


    Table of Contents


    SUNSHINE SILVER MINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

    (In thousands, except share, per share, option, and stock unit amounts)

    1. Description of Business and Basis of Preparation of Financial Statements

            These financial statements represent the consolidated financial position and results of operations of Sunshine Silver Mining & Refining Corporation and its subsidiaries ("SSMRC" or "the Company"). Unless the context otherwise requires, references to Sunshine Silver or the Company mean the Sunshine Silver Mining & Refining Corporation and its consolidated subsidiaries.

    United States—Sunshine Complex

            The Company has conducted an advanced exploration drilling program and a rehabilitation program to improve certain mining infrastructure at the Sunshine Mine. The Sunshine Complex, located in the Coeur d'Alene Mining District in Idaho, is comprised of the Sunshine Mine and the Sunshine Big Creek Refinery. The Sunshine Mine is currently on care and maintenance, with a continued but reduced program of infrastructure improvement. A Sunshine Mine preliminary economic assessment was completed in December 2012, and subsequently updated in January 2020. On October 10, 2013, the Company purchased the Sunshine Big Creek Refinery ("Refinery"). The Refinery is currently on care and maintenance.

    Mexico—Los Gatos Project

            The Company's primary Mexico efforts are focused on the operation of the Los Gatos Joint Venture ("LGJV") in Chihuahua Mexico. On January 1, 2015, the Company entered into the LGJV to develop the Los Gatos project ("LGP") with Dowa Metals and Mining Co., Ltd. ("Dowa"). The LGJV operating entities consist of Minera Plata Real S. de R.L. de C.V ("MPR"), Operaciones San Jose del Plata S. de R.L. de C.V. ("OSJ") and Servicios San Jose del Plata S. de R.L. de C.V. (collectively the "LGJV Entities"). The LGJV completed an advanced definitional drilling and decline development program in 2016 and completed a feasibility study in January 2017. Dowa completed its $50,000 funding requirement on April 1, 2016; thereby acquiring an initial 30% interest in the LGJV and the right to purchase future zinc-concentrate production at market rates. In May 2019, Dowa increased its ownership interest to 48.5% through the conversion of the Dowa MPR Loan to equity, see Note 11 for further discussion. The LGJV ownership is currently 51.5% SSMRC and 48.5% Dowa.

            On September 1, 2019, the LGP commenced commercial production of its two concentrate products; a lead concentrate and a zinc concentrate. The LGP's lead and zinc concentrates are sold to third-party customers.

            On March 30, 2020, in response to the coronavirus pandemic, the Mexican government issued a temporary 30-day suspension of all non-essential activities, which was subsequently extended to May 31, 2020. Accordingly, the LGJV temporarily suspended non-essential activities. The LGJV resumed mining operations in late May 2020 as permitted by the Mexican Government.

            The Company's financial statements have been presented on the basis that it is a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. The Company has a history of operating losses and cash outflows from operations, which are expected to continue through at least 2021. Management evaluates whether conditions or events raise substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date the consolidated interim financial statements are issued. In performing this assessment, management considered the risks associated with its ongoing ability to fund the Company's existing


    Table of Contents


    SUNSHINE SILVER MINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share, option, and stock unit amounts)

    1. Description of Business and Basis of Preparation of Financial Statements (Continued)

    operations, specifically its holding costs at the Sunshine Complex, general and administrative expenses, and the Company's obligations related to the LGJV, which includes $45 million in capital contributions to the LJGV in June 2021. The Company has received a financial support commitment for $18,000 from Electrum its primary shareholder, which matures on June 25, 2021. Based on the Company's current cash flow forecasts, there is an expected cash shortfall within one year of the issuance date of the interim financial statements. As a result, the Company will need to raise additional funds through the issuance of debt or equity to refinance or otherwise retire obligations, in order to satisfy the guarantee of the LGJV Working Capital Facility (WCF) and LGJV Term Loan (Term Loan) and fund its operations. The Company is currently preparing for an IPO and expects the proceeds to be sufficient to meet its obligations through at least September 2021. However, the ability to raise capital is dependent on certain matters that are outside of the Company's control. Therefore, there is substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern through September 2021, and the Company may not be able to maintain its 51.5% LGJV ownership. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from an outcome of this prospectus)uncertainty.

    Mexico—Exploration

            The Company's other regional Mexico exploration efforts are conducted through its wholly-owned subsidiary, Minera Luz del Sol S. de R.L. de C.V. ("MLS").

    2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

            The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements at June 30, 2020 and for the six-month periods ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 are unaudited, but include all adjustments, consisting of normal recurring entries, which we believe to be necessary for a fair presentation for the dates and periods presented. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of results for a full year. The financial statements should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2019.

            We disclosed in our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2019, those accounting policies that we consider significant in determining our results of operations and financial position. There have been no material changes to, or in the application of, the accounting policies previously identified and described in our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2019.

            There have been no accounting pronouncements during the six months ended June 30, 2020, which we expect to have a material impact on our financial statements.


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    SUNSHINE SILVER MINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share, option, and stock unit amounts)

    3. Other Current Assets

     
     June 30,
    2020
     December 31,
    2019
     

    Value added tax receivable

     $238 $213 

    Restricted cash

      466  466 

    Prepaid expenses

      390  359 

    Deposits and other

      29  30 

    Total other current assets

     $1,123 $1,068 

    4. Property, Plant and Equipment, net

     
     June 30,
    2020
     December 31,
    2019
     

    Mineral properties(1)

     $18,203 $18,203 

    Plant and equipment

      13,621  13,621 

    Land

      1,814  1,814 

    Buildings, infrastructure and improvements

      16,798  16,798 

    Furniture, fixtures and computers

      1,565  1,565 

    Property, plant and equipment at cost

      52,001  52,001 

    Less accumulated amortization

      (23,010) (21,807)

    Property, plant and equipment, net

     
    $

    28,991
     
    $

    30,194
     

    (1)
    No amortization is currently being recognized on the Sunshine Mine mineral properties as the Company has not established proven and probable reserves, the mine has not yet been placed back in service, and there is no basis over which to amortize these costs.

    Mineral Properties

            The Company conducts exploration activities on patented and unpatented mining claims in the United States and under mining concessions in Mexico.

            The Company is required to make mineral and concession lease payments to various entities to secure the appropriate claims or surface rights. Certain of these agreements also have royalty payments that are triggered when the Company produces and sells minerals. Since no Company assets are in production, the Company is not currently paying any royalties based on production or sales.


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    SUNSHINE SILVER MINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share, option, and stock unit amounts)

    5. Accounts Payable and Other Current Liabilities

     
     June 30,
    2020
     December 31,
    2019
     

    Accounts payable

     $129 $270 

    Accrued expenses

      1,488  1,724 

    Paycheck Protection Program loan

      567   

    Accrued compensation

      865  1,471 

    Total accounts payable and other current liabilities

     $3,049 $3,465 

            In April 2020, the Company received $567 under a forgivable loan, bearing 1% annual interest, related to the Paycheck Protection Program ("PPP"). The PPP, established as part of the United States' Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act ("CARES Act"), federal securities law may requireprovides loans to qualifying businesses for amounts up to 2.5 times the average monthly payroll expenses of the qualifying business. The loans and accrued interest are forgivable as long as the borrower uses the loan proceeds for eligible purposes, including payroll, benefits, rent and utilities, and maintains its payroll levels.

            The Company believes it used the loan proceeds for purposes consistent with the PPP. While the Company currently believes that its use of the loan proceeds has met the conditions for forgiveness of the loan, the Company cannot guarantee forgiveness of the loan, in whole or in part. Should the loan not be forgiven, the Company intends to repay the loan within one year.

    6. Related-Party Convertible Notes

            The Company entered into convertible promissory note agreements with Electrum Silver US LLC, during the second quarter of 2020, to borrow up to $15,000 (which were subsequently assigned to Electrum Silver US II LLC). The convertible promissory notes bear a 5% annual interest rate. Upon the Company issuing common stock in a qualified financing, as defined, prior to April 19, 2023, the principal amount then outstanding and accrued but unpaid interest under the promissory notes will automatically convert into common stock of the Company at a price per share equal to the lesser of (A) 80% of the price per share of the shares that are issued and sold by the Company in the qualified financing or (B) $7.50 per share. The convertible promissory notes and any accrued but unpaid interest is due and payable on April 19, 2023, unless converted, exchanged or otherwise paid. As of June 30, 2020, the Company has borrowed $10,000 under the convertible promissory note agreements.

    7. Related-Party Transactions

    Service Agreement

            The Company has a management agreement with the LGJV to provide certain consulting and administrative services. The Company received $0 and $1,050 from the LGJV under this agreement for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The Company had receivables from the LGJV under this agreement of $6,150 and $4,050 as of June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, respectively. The Company also incurs certain LGJV costs that are subsequently reimbursed by the LGJV.


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    SUNSHINE SILVER MINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share, option, and stock unit amounts)

    8. Stockholders' Equity

    Stock Option Transactions

            The Company's stock options have a contractual term of 10 years and entitle the holder to purchase shares of the Company's common stock. The options granted to employees and LGJV personnel have a requisite service period of four years. The options granted to non-employee directors have a requisite service period of one year.

            The Company granted 1,596,667 and 1,203,000 stock options during the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

            Total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense as of June 30, 2020 was $7,751, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.1 years. The weighted-average grant-date fair value and stock-based compensation expense for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 are summarized as follows:

     
     Six Months Ended
    June 30,
     
     
     2020 2019 

    Weighted-average grant-date fair value

     $3.31 $3.50 

    Stock based compensation expense

     $2,118 $1,729 

            Stock option activity for the six months ended June 30, 2020 is summarized in the following tables:

    Director and Employee Options
     Shares Weighted-Average
    Exercise
    Price
     

    Outstanding at December 31, 2019

      7,102,361 $7.20 

    Granted

      1,596,667 $6.00 

    Exercised

       $ 

    Forfeited

       $ 

    Outstanding at June 30, 2020

      8,699,028 $6.98 

    Vested at June 30, 2020

      5,842,395 $7.63 


    LGJV Personnel Options
     Shares Weighted-Average
    Exercise
    Price
     

    Outstanding at December 31, 2019

      109,190 $3.68 

    Granted

       $ 

    Exercised

       $ 

    Forfeited

       $ 

    Outstanding at June 30, 2020

      109,190 $3.68 

    Vested at June 30, 2020

      104,190 $3.64 

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    SUNSHINE SILVER MINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share, option, and stock unit amounts)

    8. Stockholders' Equity (Continued)

    Director Share Unit Transactions

            DiSUs are awarded to Directors at the discretion of the Board of Directors. The DiSUs are fully vested on the grant date and each DiSU entitles the holder to receive one share of the Company's common stock upon departure from the Company. The DiSU fair value equaled the Company's common stock fair value on the grant date.

            At June 30, 2020, there were 365,421 DiSUs outstanding. The Company granted 10,206 and 55,963 DiSUs during the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

    9. Asset Retirement Obligations

            The Company recorded accretion expense related to the asset retirement obligation ("ARO") of $55 and $47 for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The following table summarizes activity in the Company's ARO:

     
     June 30,
    2020
     December 31,
    2019
     

    Balance, beginning of period

     $1,439 $1,337 

    Accretion expense

      55  102 

    Balance, end of period

     $1,494 $1,439 

            The Company is required to provide the applicable governmental agencies with financial assurances related to its closure and reclamation obligations. At June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company had restricted cash in the form of a certificate of deposit totaling $275 as collateral for a letter of credit issued by a financial institution as security to a governmental agency for certain of the Company's reclamation obligations.

    10. Fair Value Measurements

            The Company establishes a framework for measuring the fair value of financial assets and liabilities and nonfinancial assets and liabilities, which are measured at fair value on a recurring (annual) basis in the form of a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs into valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. This hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs. Financial assets and liabilities are classified by level in their entirety based upon the lowest level of input that was significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

            Level 1:    Unadjusted quoted market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that are accessible at the measurement date.

            Level 2:    Quoted prices in inactive markets for identical assets or liabilities, quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, or other observable inputs either directly related to the asset or liability or derived principally from corroborated observable market data.


    Table of Contents


    SUNSHINE SILVER MINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share, option, and stock unit amounts)

    10. Fair Value Measurements (Continued)

            Level 3:    Unobservable inputs due to the fact there is little or no market activity. This entails using assumptions in models which estimate what market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

    Financial Assets and Liabilities

            At June 30, 2020 and December 31, 2019, the Company's financial instruments consist of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, receivables, accounts payable and other current liabilities. The carrying amounts of these financial instruments approximate fair value due to their short maturities.

    Non-Financial Assets and Liabilities

            The Company discloses and recognizes its non-financial assets and liabilities, such as ARO, at fair value on a non-recurring basis. The estimated fair value for these non-financial liabilities are classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, as the valuation are determined based on internally developed assumptions that market participants would use in the pricing of such assets without observable inputs and no market activity.

            The Company recorded its initial investment in affiliates at fair value. The estimated fair value for this non-financial asset is classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, as the valuation was determined based on internally developed assumptions with few observable inputs and no market activity.

    11. Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees

            In determining its accruals and disclosures with respect to loss contingencies, the Company will charge to income an estimated loss if information available prior to the issuance of the financial statements indicates that it is probable that a liability has been incurred at the date of the financial statements and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. Legal expenses associated with the commitments and contingencies are expensed as incurred. If a loss contingency is not probable or reasonably estimable, disclosure of the loss contingency is made in the financial statements when it is at least reasonably possible that a material loss could be incurred.

            The Company's mining and exploration activities are subject to various laws, regulations and permits governing the protection of the environment. These laws, regulations and permits are continually changing and are generally becoming more restrictive. The Company has made, and expects to make in the future, expenditures to comply with such laws, regulations and permits, but cannot predict the full amount of such future expenditures.

            In July 2017, the LGJV Entities entered into a loan agreement (the "Term Loan") with Dowa whereby the LGJV Entities could borrow up to $210,000 for LGP development, with a maturity date of December 29, 2027. Interest on the Term Loan accrues daily at LIBOR plus 2.35%, with the interest to be added to the amount borrowed until commencement of production. During 2018, the LGJV paid Dowa a $4,200 closing fee. Commencing June 30, 2021, 14 consecutive semi-annual equal payments of the aggregate principal and capitalized interest begin. The Company is required to pay an arrangement fee on the borrowing, calculated as 70%, of 1% of the outstanding principal balance, two business days prior to June 30 and December 31 each fiscal year until maturity, commencing after the initial


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    SUNSHINE SILVER MINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share, option, and stock unit amounts)

    11. Commitments, Contingencies and Guarantees (Continued)

    drawdown which occurred in July 2018. The Term Loan also requires additional principal payments equal to 70% of excess cash flows (as defined). As of June 30, 2020, the LGJV had $222,783 outstanding under the Term Loan.

            On January 23, 2018, the LGJV entered into a loan agreement (the "Dowa MPR Loan") with Dowa whereby the LGJV could borrow up to $65,700 to continue LGP development. Interest on this loan accrued daily at LIBOR plus 1.5% and was added to the amount borrowed. The amount borrowed plus accrued interest was due the earlier of June 30, 2019, or upon LGP's substantial completion. If the Company's 70% portion of the Dowa MPR Loan was not repaid in full on or before the due date, Dowa could elect to convert all or a portion of the principal amount into additional LGJV ownership at a favorable conversion rate.

            The Company contributed $18,200 to the LGJV in May 2019 to provide funding for a partial repayment of principal and interest related to the Dowa MPR Loan. In late May 2019, the Dowa MPR Loan was fully extinguished with a cash payment of $18,200 and the conversion of the remaining $50,737 of principal and interest. The conversion of the remaining principal and interest increased Dowa's ownership in the LGJV entities to 48.5%. At June 30, 2020, the ownership of the LGJV entities is 51.5% SSMRC and 48.5% Dowa. Due to the LGJV ownership dilution, the Company recognized a dilution loss on affiliates of $11,231 in May 2019. SSMRC has until June 30, 2021 to repurchase the 18.5% interest for SSMRC's unpaid portion of the Dowa MPR loan amount, plus a 70% penalty and any Dowa holding costs of this incremental interest.

            On May 30, 2019, the LGJV entered into a working capital facility agreement (the "WCF") with Dowa whereby the LGJV could borrow up to $60,000 to fund the working capital and sustaining capital requirements of the LGP. Interest on this loan accrues daily at LIBOR plus 3.0% and all outstanding principal and interest matures on June 28, 2021. The Company is required to pay an arrangement fee on the borrowing, calculated as 15.0% per annum of 70.0% of the average daily principal amount outstanding under the WCF during such fiscal quarter. As of June 30, 2020, the LGJV had $60,000 outstanding under the WCF.

            The Company has guaranteed 70% of the outstanding principal and accrued interest of the Term Loan and the WCF in the event of default by the LGJV. The Company has guaranteed the payment of all obligations, including accrued interest, under the LGJV equipment loan agreements

    12. Segment Information

            The Company operates in a single industry as a corporation engaged in the acquisition, exploration and development of silver mineral properties. The Company has mineral property interests in the U.S. and Mexico. The Company's reportable segments are based on the Company's mineral interests and management structure, and include the U.S., Mexico, and Corporate segments. The U.S. segment is improving the mining infrastructure, maintaining the Sunshine Mine facilities, and maintaining the


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    SUNSHINE SILVER MINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share, option, and stock unit amounts)

    12. Segment Information (Continued)

    Sunshine Big Creek Refinery. The Mexico segment engages in the development and exploration on the Company's Mexican mineral properties.

     
     Six Months Ended June 30, 2020 Six Months Ended June 30, 2019 
     
     U.S. Mexico Corporate Total U.S. Mexico Corporate Total 

    Exploration

     $216 $382 $ $598 $158 $369 $ $527 

    Pre-development

      1,048      1,048  1,139  1    1,140 

    General and administrative

      877  252  2,128  3,257  1,048  191  1,450  2,689 

    Amortization

      1,186    17  1,203  1,158  62  18  1,238 

    Arrangement fees

          2,285  2,285      895  895 

    Equity loss in affiliates

        21,516    21,516    311    311 

    Dilution loss on affiliates

                11,231    11,231 

    Net other loss (income)

      (2) 24  36  58  (4) 4  (9) (9)

    Capital expenditures

              427      427 

    Total assets

      30,156  34,346  71,646  136,147  32,430  68,953  53,905  155,288 

    13. Investment in Affiliate

            During the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019, the Company recognized a $21,516 and $311 loss, respectively, on its investment in the LGJV Entities, representing its ownership share of the LGJV Entities' operational results. The combined financial position and results of operations of the LGJV


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    SUNSHINE SILVER MINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share, option, and stock unit amounts)

    13. Investment in Affiliate (Continued)

    Entities as of June 30, 2020, and December 31, 2019 and for the six months ended June 30, 2020 and 2019 are as follows:


    LOS GATOS JOINT VENTURE
    COMBINED BALANCE SHEETS (UNAUDITED)
    (in thousands)

     
     June 30,
    2020
     December 31,
    2019
     

    ASSETS

           

    Current Assets

           

    Cash and cash equivalents

     $5,690 $1,302 

    Receivables

      4,443  5,655 

    Inventories

      10,641  11,374 

    VAT receivable

      45,576  50,184 

    Other current assets

      4,141  1,672 

    Total current assets

      70,492  70,187 

    Non-Current Assets

           

    Mine development, net

      188,896  182,601 

    Property, plant and equipment, net

      204,619  216,131 

    Total non-current assets

      393,515  398,732 

    Total Assets

     $464,007 $468,919 

    LIABILITIES AND OWNERS' CAPITAL

      
     
      
     
     

    Current Liabilities

           

    Accounts payable and accrued liabilities

     $47,020 $43,287 

    Related party payable

      10,398  6,875 

    Accrued interest

      45  885 

    Unearned revenue

      5,172   

    Related party advance

      18,904   

    Equipment loans

      6,955  6,948 

    Total current liabilities

      88,495  57,995 

    Non-Current Liabilities

           

    Dowa Term Loan

      219,087  217,796 

    Working Capital Facility

      60,000  60,000 

    Equipment loans

      9,445  12,916 

    Reclamation obligations

      11,738  11,314 

    Total non-current liabilities

      300,270  302,026 

    Owners' Capital

           

    Capital contributions

      237,905  237,905 

    Paid-in capital

      12,108  7,400 

    Accumulated deficit

      (174,771) (136,406)

    Total owners' capital

      75,242  108,899 

    Total Liabilities and Owners' Capital

     $464,007 $468,919 

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    SUNSHINE SILVER MINING & REFINING CORPORATION

    NOTES TO THE CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)

    (In thousands, except share, per share, option, and stock unit amounts)

    13. Investment in Affiliate (Continued)


    LOS GATOS JOINT VENTURE
    COMBINING STATEMENT OF INCOME (LOSS) [UNAUDITED]
    (in thousands)

     
     Six Months Ended
    June 30,
     
     
     2020 2019 

    Sales

     $37,160 $ 

    Expenses

           

    Cost of sales

      28,272   

    Royalties

      29   

    Exploration

      408   

    General and administrative

      4,650  34 

    Depreciation, depletion and amortization

      21,260   

    Other

      3,416   

      58,035  34 

    Other (income) expense

           

    Interest expense

      6,943   

    Arrangement fee

      4,709   

    Accretion expense

      424   

    Other (income) expense

      (108) 562 

    Foreign exchange loss (gain)

      5,522  (176)

      17,490  386 

    Net income (loss)

     $(38,365)$(420)

            For the six months ended June 30, 2020, the Company and Dowa contributed $5,148 and $13,756, respectively in the form of advances to the LGJV to support limited operations during the temporary, government-mandated COVID-19 suspension. Effective July 14, 2020, the advances from SSMRC and Dowa were converted to LGJV capital contributions and $9,448 of LGJV payables to SSMRC were converted to SSMRC capital contributions to the LGJV in lieu of additional SSMRC pro-rata cash contributions.

    14. Subsequent Events

            On August 10, 2020, SSMRC borrowed an additional $2,000 under the convertible promissory notes.



    GRAPHIC

            Until                        , 2020, all dealers that effect transactions in our common stock,these securities, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This requirement is in addition to the dealers’dealers' obligation to deliver a prospectus when acting as underwriters and with respect to their unsold allotments or subscriptions.


    PART II

    Table of Contents


    PART II
    INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS

    Item 13.Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution.


    Amount to
    To Bebe Paid

    RegistrationSEC registration fee

     $29,025*

    FINRA filing fee

    25,500

    NYSE listing fee

    *

    Transfer agent’s fees

    *

    Printing and engraving expenses

    *

    Legal fees and expenses

    *

    Accounting fees and expenses

    *

    Blue sky fees and expenses

    *

    Miscellaneous

    *

    Total

    $*
       *

    NYSE listing fee

    *

    TSX listing fee

    *

    Transfer agents' fees

    *

    Printing and engraving expenses

    *

    Legal fees and expenses

    *

    Accounting fees and expenses

    *

    Blue sky fees and expenses

    *

    Miscellaneous

    *

    Total

    $*

    *
    To be completed by amendment

            

    *To be completed by amendment

    Each of the amounts set forth above, other than the RegistrationSEC registration fee and the FINRA filing fee, is an estimate.

    Item 14.Indemnification of Directors and Officers.

    Section 145 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, or the DGCL, provides that a corporation may indemnify directors and officers as well as other employees and individuals against expenses (including attorneys’attorneys' fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection with any threatened, pending or completed actions, suits or proceedings in which such person is made a party by reason of such person being or having been a director, officer, employee or agent to such corporation. The DGCL provides that Section 145 is not exclusive of other rights to which those seeking indemnification may be entitled under any bylaw, agreement, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise. The Registrant’sRegistrant's Amended and Restated Bylaws provideCertificate of Incorporation provides for indemnification by the Registrant of its directors, officers and employees to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL. The Registrant intends to enter into indemnification agreements with each of its directors and executive officers to provide these directors and officers additional contractual assurances regarding the scope of the indemnification set forth in the Registrant's Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and to provide additional procedural protections. These agreements, among other things, will require the Registrant to indemnify each director and executive officer to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law, including indemnification for expenses such as attorneys' fees, judgments, fines and settlement amounts incurred by the director or executive officer in any action or proceeding, including any action or proceeding by or in right of the Registrant, arising out of the person's services as a director or executive officer.

    Section 102(b)(7) of the DGCL permits a corporation to provide in its certificate of incorporation that a director of the corporation shall not be personally liable to the corporation or its stockholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a director, except for liability (i) for any breach of the director’sdirector's duty of loyalty to the corporation or its stockholders, (ii) for acts or omissions not in good faith or which involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law, (iii) for unlawful payments of dividends or unlawful stock repurchases, redemptions or other distributions, or (iv) for any

    II-1


    Table of Contents

    transaction from which the director derived an improper personal benefit. The Registrant’sRegistrant's Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation provides for such limitation of liability.

    The Registrant intends to enter into indemnification agreements with each of its directors and executive officers. These agreements, among other things, will require the Registrant to indemnify each director and executive officer to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law, including indemnification for expenses such as attorneys’ fees, judgments, fines and settlement amounts incurred by the director or executive officer in any action or proceeding, including any action or proceeding by or in right of the Registrant, arising out of the person’s services as a director or executive officer.

    The Registrant maintains standard policies of insurance under which coverage is provided (a) to its directors and officers against loss arising from claims made by reason of breach of duty or other wrongful act, and (b) to the Registrant with respect to payments which may be made by the Registrant to such officers and directors pursuant to the above indemnification provision or otherwise as a matter of law.

            

    II-1


    The proposed form of Underwriting Agreement (to be filed as Exhibit 11.1 to this Registration Statement) will provide for indemnification of directors and officers of the Registrant by the underwriters against certain liabilities.

    Item 15.Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities.

    Since        During the past three years, before the date of the initial filing of this Registration Statement, the Registrant has sold securities without registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), as described below. None of these transactions involved any underwriters or any public offerings, and we believe that each of these transactions was exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act pursuant to Section 3(a)(9), Section 4(2), Regulation D or Rule 701 of the Securities Act.

    During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008, we did not issue any unregistered securities.

    During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2009 we issued the following unregistered securities for the consideration listed:

    1. On October 2, 2009, Los Gatos Ltd. converted 12,000 ordinary shares held by CGT Management Ltd., or CGT, to 1,200,000 preferred shares. 105,416,318 preferred shares of Los Gatos Ltd. were also issued to CGT in payment of the then outstanding advance of $527,152 and a reduction of long-term debt payable to CGT of $539,011.

    2. On October 2, 2009, Los Gatos Ltd. issued 1,383,682 ordinary shares to CGT in payment of long term debt payable to CGT of $13,837.

    3. During the period October 2, 2009 through December 31, 2009, Los Gatos Ltd. issued 18,997,933 ordinary shares in payment for services, as follows: 1) 12,000,000 shares to related individuals; 2) 2,226,615 shares to two vendors; and 3) 4,771,318 shares to Tigris Financial (International) L.P. In addition, individuals associated with Electrum purchased 11,425,956 ordinary shares of Los Gatos Ltd. at a price of $0.01 per share.

    4. On October 14, 2009, Los Gatos Ltd. entered into stock option agreements with various individuals and entities that agreed to serve on its advisory board. The stock option agreements provided for the purchase of 21,661,788 ordinary shares of Los Gatos Ltd. with a stated exercise price of $0.36 per share.

    During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2010, we issued the following unregistered securities for the consideration listed:

    1. On June 30, 2010, Los Gatos Ltd. issued 174,949 ordinary shares of Los Gatos Ltd. for $1,749 to an employee of Tigris Financial Group Ltd.

    2. In December 2010, options to acquire 14,934,227 ordinary shares of Los Gatos Ltd. were exercised by CGT, of which 14,616,139 shares were acquired from a company serving on Los Gatos Ltd.’s Advisory Board, at an exercise price of $0.36 per share resulting in $5.4 million of capital contributions through reduction in related-party debt.

    Since January 1, 2011, we have issued and sold the following unregistered securities:securities described below without registering the securities under the U.S. Securities Act.

      1.
      On January 31, 2011, Los Gatos Ltd. designated 14,542,512 unissued Los Gatos Ltd. ordinary shares as preferred shares. On January 31, 2011, Los Gatos Ltd.November 15, 2017, we issued such preferred shares to CGT in full satisfaction of the then outstanding $31.2 million (principal of $31.0 million and interest of $198,000) amounts due to CGT.

      II-2


      2. On March 1, 2011, in connection with the merger of Los Gatos Ltd. into the Registrant (the “Merger”), the 6,727,561 options outstanding for the purchase of Los Gatos Ltd. ordinary shares were converted into options to purchase 1,043,938sold 2,222,222 shares of common stock of the Company at $2.32 per share. Pursuant to the Merger, all outstanding ordinaryone or more private equity investment funds, institutional investors and other persons for $9,999,999.

      2.
      On March 15, 2018, we issued and sold 23,000 shares of Los Gatos Ltd.common stock to certain of our directors and preferredofficers for $103,500.

      3.
      On May 24, 2019, we issued and sold 4,166,667 shares of Los Gatos Ltd. were converted into approximately 0.15517 shares of the Registrant’s common stock.

      3. During the three months ended March 31, 2011,stock to one or more private equity investment funds, institutional investors and the year ended December 31, 2010, the members of Precious Metals Opportunities LLC contributed $1.0 millionother persons for $25,000,002.

      4.
      From June 3, 2019 to June 19, 2019, we issued and $36.0 million, respectively, as capital contributions. In February 2011, these capital contributions were converted intosold an aggregate of 20,000,00077,643 shares of the Registrant’s common stock when Precious Metals Opportunities LLC became the Company.

      4. On March 9, 2011, the Company granted 38,600 employee stock options, with an exercise price of $13.825 per option, to Roger Johnson.

      5. On May 4, 2011, the Company granted 125,000 employee stock options, with an exercise price of $27.65 per option, to Stephen Orr.

      6. Since January 1, 2011, we also issued in the aggregate 11,843,287 unregistered securities to 13 individuals or entities, including Liberty Metals & Mining Holdings, LLC and certain of the Registrant’sour directors and officers (or their affiliates) for $465,858.

      5.
      On July 16, 2019, we issued and sold 2,500,000 shares of common stock to one or more private equity investment funds, institutional investors and other persons for $15,000,000.

      6.
      From April 20, 2020 to August 10, 2020, we issued and sold $12,000,000 aggregate considerationprincipal amount of $163.7 million.convertible notes to one or more private equity investment funds, institutional investors and other persons.

            The recipientsoffers, sales and issuances of the securities described in these transactions represented their intention to acquire the securities for investment only and not with a view to or for sale in connection with any distribution thereof.

    7. Since the Merger, through June 30, 2011, holders of 885,990 options exercised their right to purchase sharespreceding table were exempt from registration either (i) under Section 4(a)(2) of the Registrant’s common stock atU.S. Securities Act and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder in that the transactions were between an exercise priceissuer and sophisticated investors or members of $2.32 per share, resultingits senior executive management and did not involve any public offering within the meaning of Section 4(a)(2), (ii) under Regulation S promulgated under the U.S. Securities Act in proceeds of $2.1 million.that offers, sales and issuances were not made to persons in the United States and no directed selling efforts were made in the United States, (iii) under Rule 144A under the U.S. Securities Act in that the shares were offered and sold by the initial purchasers to qualified institutional buyers or (iv) under Rule 701 promulgated under the U.S. Securities Act in that the transactions were under compensatory benefit plans and contracts relating to compensation.

    Item 16.Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.

    (a)   The followinglist of exhibits are filed as partset forth under "Exhibit Index" at the end of thisthe is Registration Statement:Statement is incorporated by reference.

            

    Exhibit
    Number

    Description

      1Form of Underwriting Agreement*
      2.1Asset Purchase Agreement among Sterling Mining Company and Silver Opportunity Partners LLC dated as of April 21, 2010*
      2.2Agreement and Plan of Merger and Amalgamation dated as of February 22, 2011 between Los Gatos Limited and Sunshine Silver Mines Corporation*
      3.1Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation*
      3.2Amended and Restated Bylaws*
      4.1Form of Common Stock Certificate*
      5Opinion of Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP*
    10.1Purchase Agreement dated as of February 8, 2011 by and between Liberty Metals & Mining Holdings, LLC and Sunshine Silver Mines Corporation*
    10.2Services Agreement dated as of January 1, 2008 between Los Gatos Ltd. and Tigris Financial (International) L.P.*

    II-3


    Exhibit
    Number

    Description

    10.3Services Agreement dated as of May 11, 2010 between Tigris Financial Group Ltd. and Silver Opportunity Partners LLC*
    10.4First Amendment dated as of             , 2011, to the Services Agreement dated as of May 11, 2011 between Tigris Financial Group Ltd. and Silver Opportunity Partners LLC*
    10.5Services Agreement dated as of March 1, 2011 between Tigris Financial Group Ltd. and Sunshine Silver Mines Corporation*
    10.6Royalty Deed dated April 12, 2001 among Sunshine Precious Metals, Inc., The United States of America and the Coeur D’Alene Tribe*
    10.7Metropolitan Mines Corporation, Limited and Sterling Mining Company Lease Agreement, dated as of September 16, 2004*
    10.8Exploration, Exploitation and Unilateral Promise to Sell Agreement between La Cuesta International, S.A. de C.V. and Minera Plata Real, S.A. de C.V., dated as of April 13, 2006*
    10.9Title of Concession Mining and Exploration, Grupo Minero Factor S.A. de C.V., dated as of December 9, 2004*
    10.10Sunshine Silver Mines Corporation Long Term Incentive Plan*
    10.11Employment Agreement dated as of February 28, 2011 between Sunshine Silver Mines Corporation and Roger P. Johnson*
    10.12Employment Agreement dated as of May 4, 2011 between Sunshine Silver Mines Corporation and Stephen Orr*
    10.13Employment Agreement dated as of June 1, 2011 between Sunshine Silver Mines Corporation and Philip Pyle*
    10.14Form of Option Agreement*
    10.15Stockholders Agreement*
    10.16Form of Indemnification Agreement between Sunshine Silver Mines Corporation and each of its directors and executive officers*
    16.1Letter re: Change in Certifying Accountant
    21Subsidiaries of the Registrant
    23.1Consent of KPMG LLP
    23.2Consent of WithumSmith + Brown, PC
    23.3Consent of Behre Dolbear & Company
    23.4Consent of Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP (included in Exhibit 5)*
    23.5Consent of Philip Pyle
    24.1Power of Attorney (included on signature page)
    99.1Consent of John Ellis
    99.2Consent of Marc Faber

    II-4


    Exhibit
    Number

    Description

    99.3Consent of Wayne Kirk
    99.4Consent of Michael S. Parrett
    99.5Consent of David Peat
    99.6Consent of Robert A. Quartermain

    *To be filed by amendment.

    (b)   No financial statement schedules are provided because the information called for is not required or is shown either in the financial statements or the notes thereto.

    II-2


    Table of Contents

    Item 17.UndertakingsUndertakings.

            The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes:

              (a)   Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933 may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the Registrant pursuant to the provisions referenced in Item 14 of this Registration Statement, or otherwise, the Registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the U.S. Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer, or controlling person of the Registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered hereunder, the Registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question of whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the U.S. Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

    The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes:undertakes that:

      (a) To provide to the underwriters at the closing specified in the underwriting agreement certificates in such denominations and registered in such names as required by the underwriters to permit prompt delivery to each purchaser.

      (b)   For purposes of determining any liability under the U.S. Securities Act, the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this Registration Statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of prospectus filed by the Registrantregistrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(1) or (4) or 497(h) under the U.S. Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of this Registration Statement as of the time it was declared effective.

      (c)        (b)   For the purpose of determining any liability under the U.S. Securities Act, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

    II-3


    Table of Contents


    EXHIBIT INDEX

    Exhibit
    Number
    Description
    1.1Form of Underwriting Agreement


    3.1


    Form of Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, to be effective prior to or upon the closing of this offering


    3.2


    Form of Amended and Restated By-Laws, to be effective prior to or upon the closing of this offering


    5.1

    *

    Opinion of Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP


    10.1.1


    Term Loan Agreement dated as of July 11, 2017 among Minera Plata Real S. de R.L. de C.V., Operaciones San Jose de Plata, S. de R.L. de C.V., and Servicios San Jose de Plata, S. de R.L. de C.V. as Borrowers and Dowa Metals & Mining Co., Ltd. as Lender and Sunshine Silver Mining and Refining Corporation and Los Gatos Luxembourg S.a.r.l.


    10.1.2


    Amendment No. 1 to Term Loan Agreement, dated as of July 11, 2018 among Minera Plata Real S. de R.L. de C.V., Operaciones San Jose de Plata, S. de R.L. de C.V., and Servicios San Jose de Plata, S. de R.L. de C.V., the Borrowers, Dowa Metals & Mining Co., Ltd., as Lender and Sunshine Silver Mining & Refining Corporation and Los Gatos Luxembourg S.a.r.l.


    10.1.3


    Amendment No. 2 to Term Loan Agreement, dated as of November 30, 2018 among Minera Plata Real S. de R.L. de C.V., Operaciones San Jose de Plata, S. de R.L. de C.V., and Servicios San Jose de Plata, S. de R.L. de C.V., the Borrowers, Dowa Metals & Mining Co., Ltd., as Lender and Sunshine Silver Mining & Refining Corporation and Los Gatos Luxembourg S.a.r.l.


    10.1.4


    Amendment No. 3 to Term Loan Agreement, dated as of January 31, 2019 among Minera Plata Real S. de R.L. de C.V., Operaciones San Jose de Plata, S. de R.L. de C.V., and Servicios San Jose de Plata, S. de R.L. de C.V., the Borrowers, Dowa Metals & Mining Co., Ltd., as Lender and Sunshine Silver Mining & Refining Corporation and Los Gatos Luxembourg S.a.r.l.


    10.2.1


    Loan Agreement as of January 23, 2018 by and among Minera Plata Real S. de R.L. de C.V., Operaciones San Jose de Plata, S. de R.L. de C.V., and Servicios San Jose de Plata, S. de R.L. de C.V., the Borrowers, Sunshine Silver Mining & Refining Corporation, as Guarantor and Dowa Metals & Mining Co., Ltd., as Lender


    10.3.1


    Memorandum of Understanding as of April 16, 2019 by and among Minera Plata Real S. de R.L. de C.V., Operaciones San Jose de Plata, S. de R.L. de C.V., and Servicios San Jose de Plata, S. de R.L. de C.V., the Borrowers, Dowa Metals & Mining Co., Ltd. and Sunshine Silver Mining & Refining Corporation


    10.4.1


    Working Capital Facility Agreement as of May 30, 2019 by and among Minera Plata Real S. de R.L. de C.V., Operaciones San Jose de Plata, S. de R.L. de C.V., and Servicios San Jose de Plata, S. de R.L. de C.V., the Borrowers, Dowa Metals & Mining Co., Ltd., as Lender, and Sunshine Silver Mining & Refining Corporation, as Guarantor


    10.5.1


    Unanimous Omnibus Partner Agreement effective as of January 1, 2015 among Minera Plata Real, S. de R.L. de C.V., Operaciones San Jose de Plata, S. de R.L. de C.V., Servicios San Jose de Plata, S. de R.L. de C.V., Los Gatos Luxembourg S.a.r.l., Sunshine Silver Mining & Refining Corporation and Dowa Metals & Mining Co.,  Ltd.

    II-4


    Table of Contents

    Exhibit
    Number
    Description
    10.5.2Agreement to Make Capital Contribution dated April 10, 2017, among Minera Plata Real, S. de R.L. de C.V., Operaciones San Jose de Plata, S. de R.L. de C.V., Servicios San Jose de Plata, S. de R.L. de C.V., Los Gatos Luxembourg S.a.r.l., Sunshine Silver Mining & Refining Corporation and Dowa Metals & Mining Co.,  Ltd.


    10.5.3


    Amendment to Partner Agreement dated June 30, 2017, among Minera Plata Real, S. de R.L. de C.V., Operaciones San Jose de Plata, S. de R.L. de C.V., Servicios San Jose de Plata, S. de R.L. de C.V., Los Gatos Luxembourg S.a.r.l., Sunshine Silver Mining & Refining Corporation and Dowa Metals & Mining Co.,  Ltd.


    10.5.4


    Amendment No. 3 to Partner Agreement dated March 30, 2018 among Minera Plata Real, S. de R.L. de C.V., Operaciones San Jose de Plata, S. de R.L. de C.V., Servicios San Jose de Plata, S. de R.L. de C.V., Los Gatos Luxembourg S.a.r.l., Sunshine Silver Mining & Refining Corporation and Dowa Metals & Mining Co.,  Ltd.


    10.5.5


    Amendment No. 4 to Partner Agreement dated March 30, 2019 among Minera Plata Real, S. de R.L. de C.V., Operaciones San Jose de Plata, S. de R.L. de C.V., Servicios San Jose de Plata, S. de R.L. de C.V., Sunshine Silver Mining & Refining Corporation and Dowa Metals & Mining Co., Ltd.


    10.5.6


    Amendment No. 5 to Partner Agreement dated April 29, 2020 among Minera Plata Real, S. de R.L. de C.V., Operaciones San Jose de Plata, S. de R.L. de C.V., Servicios San Jose de Plata, S. de R.L. de C.V., Sunshine Silver Mining & Refining Corporation and Dowa Metals & Mining Co., Ltd.


    10.5.7


    Amendment No. 6 to Partner Agreement dated May 25, 2020 among Minera Plata Real, S. de R.L. de C.V., Operaciones San Jose de Plata, S. de R.L. de C.V., Servicios San Jose de Plata, S. de R.L. de C.V., Sunshine Silver Mining & Refining Corporation and Dowa Metals & Mining Co., Ltd.


    10.5.8


    Amendment No. 7 to Partner Agreement dated June 16, 2020 among Minera Plata Real, S. de R.L. de C.V., Operaciones San Jose de Plata, S. de R.L. de C.V., Servicios San Jose de Plata, S. de R.L. de C.V., Sunshine Silver Mining & Refining Corporation and Dowa Metals & Mining Co., Ltd.


    10.6.1


    Option Agreement dated May 30, 2019 among Minera Plata Real, S. de R.L. de C.V., Operaciones San Jose de Plata, S. de R.L. de C.V., Sunshine Silver Mining & Refining Corporation and Dowa Metals & Mining Co., Ltd.


    10.7.1


    Priority Distribution Agreement dated May 30, 2019 among Minera Plata Real, S. de R.L. de C.V., Operaciones San Jose de Plata, S. de R.L. de C.V., Sunshine Silver Mining & Refining Corporation and Dowa Metals & Mining Co., Ltd.


    10.8.1


    Exploration, Exploitation and Unilateral Promise to Sell Agreement dated May 4, 2006 between La Cuesta International, S.A. de C.V. and Minera Plata Real, S.A. de C.V.


    10.9.1

    †#

    Agreement dated July 15, 2019, between Ocean Partners USA. Inc. and Operaciones San Jose de Plata, S. de R.L. de C.V.


    10.9.2

    †#

    Memorandum of Agreement dated July 1, 2020, between Operaciones San Jose de Plata, S. de R.L. de C.V. and Dowa Metals & Mining Co., Ltd.


    10.10.1

    †#

    Cerro Los Gatos Lead Concentrate Sales Agreement dated April 14, 2019 between Operaciones San Jose de Plata, S. de R.L. de C.V. and Metagri S.A. de C.V.

    II-5


    Table of Contents

    Exhibit
    Number
    Description
    10.11.1Convertible Note Purchase Agreement dated April 20, 2020 between Sunshine Silver Mining & Refining Corporation and Electrum Silver US LLC, as amended on June 23, 2020


    10.12.1


    Long Term Incentive Plan, as amended and restated in connection with this offering


    10.12.2


    Form of Executive Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement


    10.12.3


    Form of Director Nonqualified Stock Option Agreement


    10.12.4


    Form of DiSU Award Agreement


    10.12.5


    Form of DSU Award Agreement


    10.13.1


    Annual Incentive Plan


    10.14.1


    Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation Plan


    10.15.1


    Employment Agreement dated as of May 3, 2011 between Sunshine Silver Mining & Refining Corporation and Stephen Orr


    10.15.2


    Employment Agreement dated as of April 1, 2016 between Sunshine Silver Mining & Refining Corporation and John Kinyon


    10.15.3


    Employment Agreement dated as of June 1, 2011 between Sunshine Silver Mining & Refining Corporation and Philip Pyle


    10.16.1


    Form of Management Services Agreement


    10.17.1


    Form of Shareholders Agreement


    10.18.1


    Form of Indemnification Agreement


    10.19.1


    Form of Registration Rights Agreement


    21.1


    Subsidiaries of the Registrant


    23.1


    Consent of KPMG LLP—Sunshine Silver Mining & Refining Corporation


    23.2


    Consent of KPMG LLP—Los Gatos Joint Venture


    23.3

    *

    Consent of Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP (included in Exhibit 5.1)


    23.4


    Consent of Tetra Tech, Inc.


    23.5


    Consent of Guillermo Dante Ramírez-Rodríguez


    23.6


    Consent of Leonel López


    23.7


    Consent of Kira Lyn Johnson


    23.8


    Consent of Keith Thompson


    23.9


    Consent of Kenneth E. Smith


    23.10


    Consent of Luis Quirindongo


    23.11


    Consent of Max Johnson


    24.1


    Power of Attorney (included on signature page)


    96.1


    NI 43-101 Technical Report: Los Gatos Project, Chihuahua, Mexico, dated July 1, 2020


    99.1


    Consent of Charles Hansard to be named Director Nominee

    *
    To be filed by amendment.

    Previously filed.

    #
    Portions of this exhibit have been omitted because they are both (i) not material and (ii) would likely cause competitive harm to the Company if publicly disclosed.

    II-6


    Table of Contents


    SIGNATURES

            

    II-5


    SIGNATURES

    Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the Registrant has duly caused this Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Denver, State of Colorado, on the 7th day of July, 2011.October 13, 2020.

    SUNSHINE SILVER MINES CORPORATION

    SUNSHINE SILVER MINING & REFINING CORPORATION
    By:

     

    By:

    /s/ Stephen OrrSTEPHEN ORR


     Name: Stephen Orr

     Title: 

    PrincipalChief Executive Officer

    KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Stephen Orr and Roger Johnson, and eachII-7


    Table of them, his or her true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power to act separately and full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments (including post-effective amendments) to this Registration Statement and all additional registration statements pursuant to Rule 462(b) of the Securities Act, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and all other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto each said attorney-in-fact and agent full power and authority to do and perform each and every act in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents or either of them or his or her or their substitute or substitutes may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.Contents

    Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this Registration Statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

    Signature
    Title
    Date








    Signature/s/ STEPHEN ORR


    Stephen Orr
     

    Title

    Chief Executive Officer and Director (principal executive officer)
     

    Date

    October 13, 2020

    /s/ ROGER JOHNSON

    Roger Johnson


    Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer and principal accounting officer)


    October 13, 2020

    *

    Thomas S. Kaplan


    Chairman of the Board of Directors


    October 13, 2020

    *

    Janice Stairs


    Lead Director


    October 13, 2020

    *

    Jeb Burns


    Director


    October 13, 2020

    *

    Ali Erfan


    Director


    October 13, 2020

    *

    Igor Gonzales


    Director


    October 13, 2020

    *

    Karl Hanneman


    Director


    October 13, 2020

    *

    Igor Levental


    Director


    October 13, 2020

    II-8


    Table of Contents

    Signature
    Title
    Date

    /s/ Stephen Orr



     
    Principal Executive Officer

     
    July 7, 2011


    Stephen Orr

    /s/ Roger Johnson

    Roger Johnson

    Principal Financial

    Officer and Principal Accounting Officer

    July 7, 2011

    /s/ William Natbony

    *

    David Peat
     Director July 7, 2011October 13, 2020

    William Natbony


    *By:

     


    /s/ Diana Walters

    ROGER JOHNSON

    Roger Johnson
    Attorney-in-Fact

     
    Director

     
    July 7, 2011

    Diana Walters


    II-9

    II-6


    EXHIBIT INDEX

    Exhibit
    Number

    Description

      1Form of Underwriting Agreement*
      2.1Asset Purchase Agreement among Sterling Mining Company and Silver Opportunity Partners LLC dated as of April 21, 2010*
      2.2Agreement and Plan of Merger and Amalgamation dated as of February 22, 2011 between Los Gatos Limited and Sunshine Silver Mines Corporation*
      3.1Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation*
      3.2Amended and Restated Bylaws*
      4.1Form of Common Stock Certificate*
      5Opinion of Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP*
    10.1Purchase Agreement dated as of February 8, 2011 by and between Liberty Metals & Mining Holdings, LLC and Sunshine Silver Mines Corporation*
    10.2Services Agreement dated as of January 1, 2008 between Los Gatos Ltd. and Tigris Financial (International) L.P.*
    10.3Services Agreement dated as of May 11, 2010 between Tigris Financial Group Ltd. and Silver Opportunity Partners LLC*
    10.4First Amendment dated as of             , 2011, to the Services Agreement dated as of May 11, 2011 between Tigris Financial Group Ltd. and Silver Opportunity Partners LLC*
    10.5Services Agreement dated as of March 1, 2011 between Tigris Financial Group Ltd. and Sunshine Silver Mines Corporation*
    10.6Royalty Deed dated April 12, 2001 among Sunshine Precious Metals, Inc., The United States of America and the Coeur D’Alene Tribe*
    10.7Metropolitan Mines Corporation, Limited and Sterling Mining Company Lease Agreement, dated as of September 16, 2004*
    10.8Exploration, Exploitation and Unilateral Promise to Sell Agreement between La Cuesta International, S.A. de C.V. and Minera Plata Real, S.A. de C.V., dated as of April 13, 2006*
    10.9Title of Concession Mining and Exploration, Grupo Minero Factor S.A. de C.V., dated as of December 9, 2004*
    10.10Sunshine Silver Mines Corporation Long Term Incentive Plan*
    10.11Employment Agreement dated as of February 28, 2011 between Sunshine Silver Mines Corporation and Roger P. Johnson*
    10.12Employment Agreement dated as of May 4, 2011 between Sunshine Silver Mines Corporation and Stephen Orr*
    10.13Employment Agreement dated as of June 1, 2011 between Sunshine Silver Mines Corporation and Philip Pyle*
    10.14Form of Option Agreement*
    10.15Stockholders Agreement*
    10.16Form of Indemnification Agreement between Sunshine Silver Mines Corporation and each of its directors and executive officers*
    16.1Letter re: Change in Certifying Accountant


    Exhibit
    Number

    Description

    21Subsidiaries of the Registrant
    23.1Consent of KPMG LLP
    23.2Consent of WithumSmith + Brown, PC
    23.3Consent of Behre Dolbear & Company
    23.4Consent of Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP (included in Exhibit 5)*
    23.5Consent of Philip Pyle
    24.1Power of Attorney (included on signature page)
    99.1Consent of John Ellis
    99.2Consent of Marc Faber
    99.3Consent of Wayne Kirk
    99.4Consent of Michael S. Parrett
    99.5Consent of David Peat
    99.6Consent of Robert A. Quartermain

    *To be filed by amendment.