As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 19, 2015

6, 2021

Registration Statement No. 333-203667



333- 252990

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

AMENDMENT NO 1. TO

Amendment No. 1

to

FORM S-3

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

CEDAR REALTY TRUST, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Maryland

44 South Bayles Avenue
Port Washington, NY 11050-3765

(516) 767-6492

42-1241468
(State or other jurisdiction
of
incorporation of incorporation or organization)
(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)(I.R.S. employer
identification number)
Employer
Identification Number)

Bruce J. Schanzer

Chief Executive Officer

Cedar Realty Trust, Inc.

44 South Bayles Avenue

Port Washington, NY 11050-3765

(516) 767-6492

(Address,Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant's principal executive offices)


Adina G. Storch, Esq.
General Counsel
Cedar Realty Trust, Inc.
44 South Bayles Avenue
Port Washington, NY  11050-3765
(516) 767-6492
 (Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, of agent for service of process)

With a copyservice)

Copies to:

Jordan M. Rosenbaum, Esq.
Stroock & Stroock & Lavan LLP
180 Maiden Lane
New York, NY  10038
(212) 806-5400

Yoel Kranz

Goodwin Procter LLP

620 Eighth Avenue

New York, NY 10018

(212) 813-8800

Adina G. Storch, Esq.

General Counsel

Cedar Realty Trust, Inc.

44 South Bayles Avenue

Port Washington, NY 11050-3765

(516) 767-6492


Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public:

From time to time after the effective date of this Registration Statement becomes effective.
as determined by market conditions.

If the only securities being registered on this formForm are being offered pursuant to dividend or interest reinvestment plans, please check the following box.  ¨

If any of the securities being registered on this formForm are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, other than securities offered only in connection with dividend or interest reinvestment plans, please check the following box.  ý

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ¨

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ¨

If this Form is a registration statement pursuant to General Instruction I.D. or a post-effective amendment thereto that shall become effective upon filing with the Commission pursuant to Rule 462(e) under the Securities Act, check the following box.  ¨

If this Form is a post-effective amendment to a registration statement filed pursuant to General Instruction I.D. filed to register additional securities or additional classes of securities pursuant to Rule 413(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box.  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer¨  Accelerated filer ý
   
Accelerated filer 
Non-accelerated filer ¨ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)filerSmaller reporting company¨ 
Emerging growth company

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of Securities Act.  ☐

CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE

 

Title of each class of

securities to be registered

 

Amount to be

registered/proposed

maximum offering price

per unit/proposed

maximum aggregate

offering price

 Amount of
registration fee

Common Stock

 (1)(2)  

Preferred Stock

 (1)(2)  

Depositary Shares

 (1)  

Warrants

 (1)  

Stock Purchase Contracts

 (1)  

Units

 (1)  

Total

 $750,000,000(1) $81,825.00(3)

 

 

(1)

There are being registered hereunder such indeterminate number of shares of Common Stock, Preferred Stock, Depositary Shares, Warrants, Stock Purchase Contracts and Units of the Registrant as shall have an aggregate initial offering price not to exceed $750,000,000. Any securities registered hereunder may be sold separately or as units with other securities registered hereunder. The proposed maximum initial offering price per unit will be determined, from time to time, by the Registrant in connection with the issuance by the Registrant of the securities registered hereunder. There are also being registered hereunder an indeterminate number of shares of Common Stock as shall be issuable upon conversion, exchange or exercise of any securities that provide for that issuance. In addition, pursuant to Rule 416 under the Securities Act, the securities being registered hereunder include such indeterminate number of shares of common stock and preferred stock as may be issuable with respect to the shares being registered hereunder as a result of stock splits, stock dividends or similar transactions..

  ��                                                                                                               
(2)

Includes rights to acquire common stock or preferred stock of the Company under any shareholder rights plan then in effect, if applicable under the terms of any such plan.

(3)

A registration fee of $81,825.00 with respect to the securities registered pursuant to this Registration Statement was previously paid in connection with the initial filing on February 11, 2021. The registration fee was calculated in accordance with Rule 457(o) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

The Registrantregistrant hereby amends this Registration Statementregistration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrantregistrant shall file a further amendment whichthat specifically states that this Registration Statementregistration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act, of 1933as amended, or until the Registration Statementthis registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.





The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed.  Wechange. These securities may not sell these securitiesbe sold until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any state or other jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

Subject to Completion, dated

SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED May 19, 2015

6, 2021

PROSPECTUS

$1,000,000,000

750,000,000

LOGO

CEDAR REALTY TRUST, INC.

Common Stock

Preferred Stock

Depositary Shares

Warrants

Stock Purchase Contracts and

Units

This prospectus provides you with a general description of securities that Cedar Realty Trust, Inc. may offer and issuesell from time to time. Each time upwe sell securities, we will provide a prospectus supplement that will contain specific information about the terms of that sale and may add to $1,000,000,000 of:

·
shares of common stock;
·
shares of preferred stock;
·
shares of preferred stock represented by depositary shares;
·
warrants;
·
stock purchase contracts; and
·
units.
Cedar’sor update the information in this prospectus. You should read this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement carefully before you invest in our securities.

Cedar Realty Trust, Inc. may offer and sell these securities to or through one or more underwriters, dealers and/or agents on a continuous or delayed basis.

Our common stock is tradedlisted on the New York Stock Exchange, or NYSE, under the symbol “CDR.”

The securities to be offered by us will be in amounts, at prices“CDR”, our 7.25% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock is listed on the NYSE under the symbol CDR PrB, and our 6.50% Series C Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock is listed on terms to be determined at the time of offering.
When we sell a particular series of securities, we will prepare a prospectus supplement describingNYSE under the offering and the terms of that series of securities.  Such terms may include limitations on direct or beneficial ownership and restrictions on transfer of the securities, in each case as may be appropriate to preserve our status as a real estate investment trust for federal income tax purposes.
Where necessary, the applicable prospectus supplement will contain additional information about certain United States Federal income tax considerations relating to, and any listing on a securities exchange of, the securities covered by such prospectus supplement.
We may offer the securities directly or through agents or to or through underwriters or dealers.  If any agents or underwriters are involved in the sale of the securities their names, and any applicable purchase price, fee, commission or discount arrangement between or among them, will be set forth, or will be calculable from the information set forth, in an accompanying prospectus supplement.  We can sell the securities through agents, underwriters or dealers only with delivery of a prospectus supplement describing the method and terms of the offering of such securities.  See “Plan of Distribution.”
symbol CDR PrC.

Investing in our securities involves certainvarious risks. See “Risk Factors”Risk Factors beginning aton page 3 of4 as well as the risk factors contained in documents Cedar Realty Trust, Inc. files with the Securities and Exchange Commission and which are incorporated by reference in this Prospectus for a description of certain factors that you should consider prior to purchasing the securities.

prospectus.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities, or passed upon the adequacydetermined if this prospectus is truthful or accuracy of this prospectus.complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The Attorney General of the State of New York has not passed on or endorsed the merits of this Offering.  Any representation to the contrary is unlawful.

The date of this Prospectusprospectus is                 , 2015.2021.


_____________________




TABLE OF CONTENTS



About this Prospectus2
   
Incorporation of Certain Documents by Reference2
Page 
The Company

ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS

3
 1 
Risk Factors

WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION

3
 1 
Forward-Looking Statements

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

3
 2 
Use of Proceeds

CEDAR REALTY TRUST, INC.

4
 
Description of Preferred Stock

RISK FACTORS

4
 
Description of Depositary Shares

USE OF PROCEEDS

12
 4 
Description of Common Stock

DESCRIPTION OF COMMON STOCK AND PREFERRED STOCK

15
 4 
Description of Warrants

DESCRIPTION OF DEPOSITARY SHARES

16
 7 
Description of Stock Purchase Contracts

DESCRIPTION OF WARRANTS

17
 8 
Description of Units

DESCRIPTION OF STOCK PURCHASE CONTRACTS

18
 9 
Material Federal Income Tax Considerations

DESCRIPTION OF UNITS

18
 10 
Plan of Distribution

CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF MARYLAND LAW AND OUR CHARTER AND BYLAWS

35
 10 
Legal Matters

CERTAIN U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS

36
 14 
Experts

PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION

36
 35 
Where You Can Find More Information

EXPERTS

3637

LEGAL MATTERS

37







ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS

This prospectus is part of a “shelf” registration statement that we filed on Form S-3with the SEC under the Securities and Exchange CommissionAct of 1933, as amended (the “SEC”“Securities Act”). By using a “shelf”shelf registration statement, we may sell any combination of our common stock, preferred stock, depositary shares, warrants, stock purchase contracts or continuous offering process.  We mayunits from time to time sell any combination of the securities offered in this prospectusand in one or more offerings up to a total dollar amount of $1,000,000,000.  In this prospectus, the terms “Cedar,” “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” include Cedar Realty Trust, Inc., and its consolidated subsidiaries, including Cedar Realty Trust Partnership, L.P., or our operating partnership.

This prospectus provides you with a general description of the securities we may offer.offerings. Each time we sell securities, we will provide you with a supplement to this prospectus supplement containing specific information about the terms of the securities being offered.  The prospectus supplement whichthat contains specific information about the terms of the securities being offered may also include an additional discussion(if other than common stock) and the specific terms of certain U.S. Federal income tax consequences and any risk factors or other special considerations applicable to those securities.that offering. The prospectus supplement may also add, update or change information contained in this prospectus. If there is any inconsistency between the information in thethis prospectus and theany prospectus supplement, you should rely on the information in the prospectus supplement. YouBefore purchasing any securities, you should carefully read both this prospectus and any prospectus supplement, together with the additional information described under the headingheadings “Where You Can Find More Information.Information” and “Incorporation of Certain Documents by Reference.
INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN DOCUMENTS BY REFERENCE

You should rely only on the information contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus and in any prospectus supplement. We have not authorized any other person to provide you with different information. If anyone provides you with different or inconsistent information, you should not rely on it. We will not make an offer to sell these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. You should assume that the information appearing in this prospectus and any prospectus supplement is accurate as of the date on its respective cover, and that any information incorporated by reference is accurate only as of the date of the document incorporated by reference, unless we indicate otherwise. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may have changed since those dates.

Unless the context otherwise requires, or unless otherwise specified, all references in this prospectus to the terms “we,” “us,” “our” and “our company” refer to Cedar Realty Trust, Inc., a Maryland corporation, together with its consolidated subsidiaries.

WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION

We file annual, quarterly and special reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. You may read and copy any document that we file at the public reference facilities of the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. Please call the SEC at (800) SEC-0330 for further information about the public reference facilities. These documents may also be accessed through the SEC’s electronic data gathering, analysis and retrieval system, or EDGAR, via electronic means, including the SEC’s home page on the Internet (www.sec.gov).

We also maintain an internet site at www.cedarrealtytrust.com where you may find additional information about us and our business. The information included, or referenced to, on, or otherwise accessible through, our website is not intended to form a part of or be incorporated by reference into this prospectus.

The SEC allows us to “incorporate by reference” the information that we file with them,into this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to those documents.another document filed separately with the SEC. The information incorporated by reference is an importantdeemed to be part of this prospectus.prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement, except for any information superseded by information contained directly in this prospectus, any accompanying prospectus supplement, any subsequently filed document deemed incorporated by reference or any free writing prospectus prepared by or on behalf of us. This prospectus incorporatesand any accompanying prospectus supplement incorporate by reference the documents and reports listed below:

1.Cedar’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014.
2.Cedar’s definitive proxy statement dated March 17, 2015.
3.The description of Cedar’s common stock which is contained in Item 1 of our registration statement on Form 8-A,set forth below that we have previously filed October 1, 2003 pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act, including any amendment or reports filed for the purpose of updating such description.
4.The description of Cedar’s Series B Preferred Stock contained in Item 1 of our registration statement on Form 8-A, filed on May 16, 2012 pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act, including any amendment or reports filed for the purpose of updating such description.
5.The information contained in the section “Investment Policies and Policies With Respect to Certain Activities” contained in the Registration Statement on Form S-11 filed on August 20, 2003, as amended, SEC File Number: 333-108091.
6.Current Reports on Form 8-K filed on January 8, 2015,  February 11, 2015 and May 5, 2015 (except for information furnished pursuant to Item 2.02 and Item 7.01 of Form 8-K and the furnished exhibit relating to that information).
7.
Cedar's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2015.
We also incorporate by reference the information contained in all other documents we file with the SEC pursuant to Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (other than portions of these documents that areinformation deemed to have been furnished and not filed in accordance with SEC rules, including current reports on Form 8-K furnished under ItemItems 2.02 and Item 7.01 (including any financial statementsof Form 8-K):

our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 filed on February 11, 2021;

the information specifically incorporated by reference into our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 from our definitive proxy statement on Schedule 14A filed with the SEC on April 30, 2021;

our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2021, filed with the SEC on May 6, 2021

our Current Reports on Form 8-K filed on February 4, 2021 and April 29, 2021 (excluding Item 7.01 thereof); and

the description of our shares of common stock included in our Registration Statement on Form 8-A filed on October 1, 2003, including any amendments and reports filed for the purpose of updating such description.

All documents filed by us under Section 13(a), 13(c), 14 or exhibits relating thereto furnished pursuant to Item 9.01))15(d) of the Exchange Act on or after the date of the initial filing of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part and prior to effectiveness of the registration statement andand/or on or after the date of this prospectus. The information containedprospectus and prior to the date of the completion of the offering of the securities described in any such document willthis prospectus shall also be considereddeemed to be incorporated by reference in this prospectus and to be a part of this prospectus from the date the document is filed with the SEC.


of filing of those documents. Any statement contained in this prospectus or in a previously filed document incorporated or deemed to be incorporated by reference in this prospectus willshall be deemed to be modified or superseded for purposes of this prospectus to the extent that a statement contained hereinin this prospectus or in any other subsequently filed document whichthat also is or iswas deemed to be incorporated by reference in this prospectus
2

modifies or supersedes that statement. Any statement so modified or superseded willshall not be deemed, except as so modified or superseded, to constitute a part of this prospectus.

The information relating to us contained in this prospectus should be read together with the information in the documents incorporated by reference.

You may request a copycan obtain any of these filings,the documents incorporated by reference in this document from us or the SEC through the SEC’s website at the address described above. Documents incorporated by reference are available from us without charge, excluding any exhibits to those documents, unless the exhibit is specifically incorporated by reference as an exhibit in this document. You can obtain documents incorporated by reference in this document at no cost by requesting them in writing or telephoningby telephone from us at our principal executive offices at the following address:


Investor Relations
Cedar Realty Trust, Inc.
44 South Bayles Avenue
Port Washington, NY  11050-3765
(516) 767-6492
You should rely only onaddress or telephone number:

Cedar Realty Trust, Inc.

Investor Relations

44 South Bayles Avenue

Port Washington, New York 11050

Telephone (516) 767-6492

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

We make forward-looking statements in this prospectus, including the information incorporated by reference or provided in this prospectus, and any accompanying prospectus supplement, within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). For these statements, we claim the protections of the safe harbor for forward-looking statements contained in such Section. You can identify forward-looking statements by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “believes,” “expects,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “seeks,” “approximately,” “intends,” “plans,” “estimates,” “contemplates,” “aims,” “continues,” “would” or “anticipates” or similar words or phrases in the positive or negative. In particular, forward looking statements include those pertaining to our capital resources, portfolio performance, dividend policy, results of operations, anticipated growth in our portfolio from operations, acquisitions, and market conditions and demographics. Forward-looking statements involve numerous risks and uncertainties, many of which are difficult to predict and generally beyond our control. They depend on assumptions, data or methods which may be incorrect or imprecise, and we may not be able to realize them. We do not guarantee that the transactions and events described will happen as described (or that they will happen at all). The following factors, among others, could cause actual results and future events to differ materially from those set forth or contemplated in the forward-looking statements:

the economic, political and social impact of, and uncertainty relating to, the COVID-19 pandemic, including:

the effectiveness or lack of effectiveness of governmental relief in providing assistance to large and small businesses, particularly including our retail tenants and other retailers, that have suffered significant declines in revenues as a result of mandatory business shut-downs, “shelter-in-place” or “stay-at-home” orders and social distancing practices, as well as individuals adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic,

the duration of any prospectus supplement.  We have not authorized anyone elsesuch orders or other formal recommendations for social distancing and the speed and extent to provide you with different information.  Wewhich revenues of our retail tenants recover following the lifting of any such orders or recommendations,

the potential impact of any such events on the obligations of the Company’s tenants to make rent and other payments or honor other commitments under existing leases,

the potential adverse impact on returns from redevelopment projects,

to the extent we were seeking to sell properties in the near term, significantly greater uncertainty regarding our ability to do so at attractive prices, and

the broader impact of the severe economic contraction and increase in unemployment that has occurred in the short term and negative consequences that will occur if these trends are not quickly reversed;

the ability and willingness of the Company’s tenants and other third parties to satisfy their obligations under their respective contractual arrangements with the Company;

the loss or bankruptcy of the Company’s tenants, particularly in light of the adverse impact to the financial health of many retailers that has occurred and continues to occur as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic;

the ability and willingness of the Company’s tenants to renew their leases with the Company upon expiration, the Company’s ability to re-lease its properties on the same or better terms in the event of nonrenewal or in the event the Company exercises its right to replace an existing tenant, and obligations the Company may incur in connection with the replacement of an existing tenant, particularly, in light of the adverse impact to the financial health of many retailers that has occurred and continues to occur as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the significant uncertainty as to when and the conditions under which potential tenants will be able to operate physical retail locations in future;

macroeconomic conditions, such as a disruption of or lack of access to capital markets and the adverse impact of the recent significant decline in the Company’s share price from prices prior to the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic;

financing risks, such as the Company’s inability to obtain new financing or refinancing on favorable terms as the result of market volatility or instability; (vii) increases in the Company’s borrowing costs as a result of changes in interest rates and other factors, including the potential phasing out of LIBOR after 2021;

the impact of the Company’s leverage on operating performance;

risks related to the market for retail space generally, including reductions in consumer spending, variability in retailer demand for leased space, adverse impact of e-commerce, ongoing consolidation in the retail sector and changes in economic conditions and consumer confidence;

risks endemic to real estate and the real estate industry generally;

competitive risks;

risks related to the geographic concentration of the Company’s properties in the Washington, D.C. to Boston corridor;

damage to the Company’s properties from catastrophic weather and other natural events, and the physical effects of climate change;

the inability of the Company to realize anticipated returns from its redevelopment activities;

uninsured losses;

loss of key officers and executives;

the Company’s ability and willingness to maintain its qualification as a REIT in light of economic, market, legal, tax and other considerations; and

information technology security breaches.

Investors should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements, which are based only on information currently available to us (or to third parties making an offerthe forward-looking statements). We undertake no obligation to publicly release any revisions to such forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of these securities in any state where the offer is not permitted.  Do not assume that the information in this prospectus, except as required by applicable law. Investors should also refer to Cedar Realty Trust, Inc.’s annual reports on Form 10-K and quarterly reports on Form 10-Q for future periods and current reports on Form 8-K as it files them with the SEC, and to other materials Cedar Realty Trust, Inc. may furnish to the public from time to time through Forms 8-Kor any prospectus supplement is accurate as of any date other than the date on the front of these documents.otherwise.


THE COMPANY

CEDAR REALTY TRUST, INC.

We were organized in 1984 and elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust, or REIT, in 1986. We are a fully-integrated real estate investment trust that focuses primarily on ownership and operation of grocery-anchored shopping centers straddling the Washington D.C. to Boston corridor. At December 31, 2014,2020, we owned and managed a portfolio of 5954 operating properties (excluding properties “held for sale/conveyance”) totaling approximately 9.2 million square feet of gross leasable area, or GLA.


.

We conduct our business and own all of our properties through our operating partnership, in which we owned at December 31, 20142020 an approximate 99.5%99.4% economic interest, and are its sole general partner.


Our principal executive offices are located at 44 South Bayles Avenue, Port Washington, NY 11050, our telephone number is (516) 767-6492 and our website address is www.cedarrealtytrust.com.www.cedarrealtytrust.com. The information included, or referenced to, on, or otherwise accessible through, our website is not intended to form a part of or be incorporated by reference into this prospectus.


RISK FACTORS

Investing

You should carefully consider the risks described in our securities involves significant risks.  Please see the risk factors under the heading “Risk Factors” in our periodic reports filed with the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, which aredocuments incorporated by reference in this prospectus.  Beforeprospectus before making an investment decision, you should carefully consider thesedecision. These risks as well as other information we include or incorporate by reference in this prospectus and any prospectus supplement.  The risks and uncertainties we have described are not the only ones facing our company. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also affectimpair our business operations.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
Our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected by the occurrence of any of these risks. The trading price of our securities could decline due to the materialization of any of these risks, and you may lose all or part of your investment. This prospectus contains or incorporatesand the documents incorporated herein by reference also contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended,that involve risks and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Such forward-looking statements include, without limitation, statements containing the words “anticipates”, “believes”, “expects”, “intends”, “future”, and words of similar import which express our beliefs, expectations or intentions regarding future performance or future events or trends. While forward-looking statements reflect good faith beliefs, expectations or intentions, they are not guarantees of future performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, which may cause actualuncertainties. Actual results performance or achievements tocould differ materially from those anticipated future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by suchin these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors, outside of our control. Certain factors that might cause
3

such differences include, but are not limited to,including the following: real estate investment considerations, such as the effect of economic and other conditions in general and in our market areas in particular; the financial viability of our tenants (including an inability to pay rent, filing for bankruptcy protection, closing stores and/or vacating the premises); the continuing availability of acquisition, ground up development and redevelopment opportunities on favorable terms; the availability of equity and debt capital (including the availability of construction financing)risks described in the publicdocuments incorporated herein by reference, including our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 and private markets;documents we file with the availabilitySEC after the date of suitable joint venture partners and potential purchasers of our properties if offered for sale; the adequacy of impairment provisions for properties treated as held for sale/conveyance; changes in interest rates; the fact that returns from acquisition, ground up development and redevelopment activities may not be at expected levels or at expected times; risks inherent in ongoing ground up development and redevelopment projects including, but not limited to, cost overruns resulting from weather delays, changes in the nature and scope of ground up development and redevelopment efforts, changes in governmental regulations relating thereto, and market factors involved in the pricing of material and labor; the need to renew leases or relet space upon the expiration or termination of current leases and incur applicable required replacement costs; and the financial flexibility of us and our joint venture partners to repay or refinance debt obligations when due and to fund tenant improvements and capital expenditures. For a discussion of these and other factors that could cause actual results to differ from those contemplated in the forward-looking statements in this prospectus and in documentsthat are deemed incorporated by reference in this prospectus.

USE OF PROCEEDS

When we offer particular securities, we will describe in a prospectus seesupplement relating to the section entitled “Risk Factors”securities offered how we intend to use the proceeds from their sale. We may invest funds not required immediately for such purposes in short-term investment grade securities.

DESCRIPTION OF COMMON STOCK AND PREFERRED STOCK

The following description of our common stock and preferred stock is not complete but is a summary of the rights and preferences of our common stock and preferred stock. While we believe that the following description covers the material terms of our common stock and preferred stock, the description may not contain all of the information that is important to you. We encourage you to read carefully our charter and bylaws and the applicable provisions of Maryland law for a more complete understanding of our common stock and preferred stock. Any series of preferred stock we issue will be governed by our charter (as amended and in effect as of the date of such issuance). Copies of our charter and bylaws are filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part and the following summary, to the extent it relates to those documents, is qualified in its entirety by reference thereto.

Authorized and Outstanding Securities.

Our authorized capital stock consists of 150 million shares of common stock with a par value of $.06 per share, and 12.5 million shares of preferred stock, with a par value of $.01 per share. As of December 31, 2020, there were (1) 13,529,969 shares of common stock outstanding, (2) 1,449,609 shares outstanding of our 7.25% Series B Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series B Preferred Stock”), and (3) 5,000,000 shares outstanding of our 6.50% Series C Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock (the “Series C Preferred Stock”).

Description of Common Stock

Voting

Under our articles of incorporation, as amended, which we refer to as our “charter”, holders of our common stock are entitled to one vote per share on all matters submitted to the common stock holders for vote at all meetings of stockholders.

Dividends and Distributions

Subject to the preferential dividend rights of any sectionoutstanding preferred stock, holders of common stock are entitled “Risk Factors”to receive such dividends as may be declared by our board of directors. Upon the declaration of dividends, holders of common stock are entitled to share in supplementsall such dividends, pro rata, in accordance with the relative number of shares of common stock held by each such holder.

Subject to the preferential dividend rights of any outstanding preferred stock, dividends and distributions are declared by our board of directors and paid to the holders of common stock in cash, property or our other securities (including shares of any class or series whether or not shares of such class or series are already outstanding) out of funds legally available therefor. Each share of common stock has identical rights with respect to dividends and distributions.

Liquidation Rights

Subject to the preferential rights of any outstanding preferred stock, in the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of, or any distribution of the assets of, the Company, each holder of common stock shall be entitled to receive, ratably with each other holder of common stock, that portion of the assets of the Company available for distribution to its stockholders as the number of shares of the common stock held by such holder bears to the total number of shares of common stock then outstanding.

Transferability

The common stock is freely transferable, and except for the 9.9% limit described below under “Restrictions on Ownership and Transfer” and federal and state securities laws restrictions on our directors, officers and other affiliates and on persons holding “restricted” stock, our stockholders are not restricted in their ability to sell or transfer shares of the common stock.

Sinking Fund, Preemptive, Subscription and Redemption Rights

The common stock does not carry any sinking fund, preemptive, subscription or redemption rights enabling a holder to subscribe for or receive shares of any class of our stock or any other securities convertible into shares of any class of our stock.

Listing

The common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange, which we refer to as the NYSE, under the symbol “CDR”.

Registrar and Transfer Agent

American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC is the registrar and transfer agent for the common stock.

Description of Preferred Stock

Our charter authorizes our board of directors to authorize the issuance of preferred stock in one or more classes or series and may determine, with respect to any such class or series, the rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions of the preferred stock of that class or series, including:

distribution rights;

conversion rights;

voting rights;

redemption rights and terms of redemptions; and

liquidation preferences.

The preferred stock we may offer from time to time under this prospectus, when issued, will be duly authorized, fully paid and non-assessable, and holders of preferred stock will not have any preemptive rights.

The issuance of preferred stock could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control or other transaction that might involve a premium price for our common stock or otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders. In addition, any preferred stock that we issue could rank senior to our common stock with respect to the payment of distributions, in which case we could not pay any distributions on our common stock until full distributions have been paid with respect to such preferred stock.

The preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers, restrictions, limitations as to dividends, qualifications or terms or conditions of redemption of each class or series of preferred stock will be fixed by articles supplementary relating to the class or series. We will describe the specific terms of the particular series of preferred stock in the prospectus supplement relating to that series, which terms will include:

the designation and par value of the preferred stock;

the voting rights, if any, of the preferred stock;

the number of shares of preferred stock offered, the liquidation preference per share of preferred stock and the offering price of the preferred stock;

the distribution rate(s), period(s) and payment date(s) or method(s) of calculation applicable to the preferred stock;

whether distributions will be cumulative or non-cumulative and, if cumulative, the date(s) from which distributions on the preferred stock will cumulate;

the procedures for any auction and remarketing for the preferred stock, if applicable;

the provision for a sinking fund, if any, for the preferred stock;

the provision for, and any restriction on, redemption, if applicable, of the preferred stock;

the provision for, and any restriction on, repurchase, if applicable, of the preferred stock;

the terms and provisions, if any, upon which the preferred stock will be convertible into common stock, including the conversion price (or manner or calculation) and conversion period;

the terms under which the rights of the preferred stock may be modified, if applicable;

the relative ranking and preferences of the preferred stock as to distribution rights and rights upon the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs;

any limitation on issuance of any other series of preferred stock, including any series of preferred stock ranking senior to or on parity with the series of preferred stock as to distribution rights and rights upon the liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs;

any listing of the preferred stock on any securities exchange;

if appropriate, a discussion of any additional material federal income tax considerations applicable to the preferred stock;

information with respect to book-entry procedures, if applicable;

in addition to those restrictions described below, any other restrictions on the ownership and transfer of the preferred stock; and

any additional rights, preferences, privileges or restrictions of the preferred stock.

In addition to any other class or series of preferred stock that we may offer, issue or sell pursuant to this prospectus and in the documents incorporated by reference into this prospectus. We do not intend, and disclaim any duty or obligation, to update or revise any forward-looking statements set forth or incorporated by reference in thisaccompanying prospectus to reflect any change in expectations, change in information, new information, future events or other circumstances on which such information maysupplement, we have been based.

USE OF PROCEEDS
The net proceeds from the sale of the securities will be used for general corporate purposes, which may include the repayment of existing indebtedness, the development or acquisition of additional properties as suitable opportunities arise and the renovation, expansion and improvementpreviously issued shares of our existing properties.  The applicable prospectus supplement will contain further details on the use of net proceeds.
DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED STOCK
AuthorizedSeries B Preferred Stock and Outstanding
The Company is authorized toSeries C Preferred Stock. We may reopen these series and issue 12,500,000 shares of preferred stock, $.01 par value per share.  7,950,000additional shares of Series B Preferred Stock are issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2014.
The following summary of the material terms and provisions of our preferred stock does not purport to be complete and is subject to the detailed provisions of our Articles of Incorporation (including any applicable articles supplementary, amendment or annex to our Articles of Incorporation designating the terms of a series of preferred stock), our Articles Supplementary relating to theSeries C Preferred Stock. Our Series B Preferred Stock and our Bylaws, each as supplemented, amended or restated, each of which is incorporated by reference into this prospectus. You should carefully read each of these documents in order to fully understand the terms and provisions of our preferred stock. For information on incorporation by reference, and how to obtain copies of these documents, see the sections of this prospectus entitled “Incorporation of Certain Documents by Reference” and “Where You Can Find More Information.”

Series BC Preferred Stock
The Series B Preferred Stock bears cumulative cash dividends at the rate of 7.25% per annum of the $25.00 per share liquidation preference (equivalent rank senior to $1.8125 per annum per share). Distributions on the Series B Preferred Stock are payable quarterly in arrears on the 20th day of each February, May, August and November or, if not a business day, the next business day. We may not redeem the Series B Preferred Stock prior to May 22, 2017, except in connection with a Change of Control discussed below and in limited circumstances relating to our continuing qualification as a REIT for federal income tax purposes.  On and after May 22, 2017, we may, at our option, redeem the Series B Preferred Stock, in whole or from time to time in part, by payment of $25.00 per share, plus all accrued
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and unpaid distributions to, but not including, the date of redemption.  Any partial redemption of the Series B Preferred Stock will be on a pro rata basis. Upon the occurrence of a Change of Control we will have the option to redeem the Series B Preferred Stock, in whole or in part, within 120 days after the first date on which such Change of Control occurred, for cash at a redemption price of $25.00 per share, plus all accrued and unpaid distributions to, but not including, the date of redemption. If we exercise our redemption rights, the holders of Series B Preferred Stock will not have certain conversion rights.  Unless full cumulative distributions on all shares of Series B Preferred Stock have been or contemporaneously are declared and either paid or set apart for payment for all past distribution periods, no shares of Series B Preferred Stock will be redeemed unless all outstanding shares of Series B Preferred Stock are simultaneously redeemed. In addition, unless full cumulative distributions on all shares of Series B Preferred Stock have been or contemporaneously are declared and either paid or set apart for payment for all past distribution periods, we will not purchase or otherwise acquire directly or indirectly any shares of Series B Preferred Stock, any shares of our common stock or shares of any other class or series ranking junior to or on parity with the Series B Preferred Stock as to distributions or upon liquidation (except by conversion into or exchange for shares of our equity securities ranking junior to the Series B Preferred Stock as to distributions and upon liquidation). These restrictions on redemptions, purchases and other acquisitions shall not prevent our redemption, purchase or acquisition of preferred stock of any series in order to ensure that we remain qualified as a REIT for United States federal income tax purposes, or the purchase or acquisition of Series B Preferred Stock pursuant to a purchase or exchange offer made on the same terms to all holders of the Series B Preferred Stock. A “Change of Control” is when the following have occurred and are continuing:  (A) (x) the acquisition by any person, including any syndicate or group deemed to be a “person” under Section 13(d)(3) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, of beneficial ownership, directly or indirectly, through a purchase, merger or other acquisition transaction or series of purchases, mergers or other acquisition transactions of shares of our capital stock entitling that person to exercise more than 50% of the total voting power of our capital stock entitled to vote generally in elections of directors (except that such person will be deemed to have beneficial ownership of all securities that such person has the right to acquire, whether such right is currently exercisable or is exercisable only upon the occurrence of a subsequent condition), and (y) following the closing of any transaction referred to in clause (x), neither we nor the acquiring or surviving entity has a class of common securities (or American Depositary Receipts (“ADRs”), representing such securities) listed on the NYSE, the NYSE MKT Equities (the “NYSE MKT”) or the NASDAQ Stock Market (“NASDAQ”), or listed or quoted on an exchange or quotation system that is a successor to the NYSE, the NYSE MKT or NASDAQ; or (B) a change of control occurs pursuant to the provisions of any shareholder rights plan that we may adopt in the future.

The Series B Preferred Stock, with respect to distribution rights and rights upon the voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up ranks: (i) senior to our common stock and all other classes or series of our equity securities we may issue in the future the termscompany. In addition to other preferential rights, each holder of which specifically provide that such equity securities will rank junior to the Series B Preferred Stock; (ii) on a parity with all other classes or series of our equity securities we may issue in the future the terms of which specifically provide that such equity securities rank on a parity with the Series B Preferred Stock; and (iii) junior to all classes or series of equity securities we may issue in the future the terms of which specifically provide that such equity securities rank senior to the Series B Preferred Stock. The term “equity securities” does not include any convertible debt securities we may issue in the future.
Holders of the Series B Preferred Stock generally have no voting rights. However, if either (a) we do not pay distributions on our Series B Preferred Stock for six or more quarterly periods (whether or not consecutive), or (b) theand Series BC Preferred Stock is not listed on the NYSE or another national securities exchange forentitled to receive a period of at least 180 consecutive days, thenliquidation preference, which is equal to $25.00 per share, plus any accrued and unpaid distributions thereon, before the holders of the Series B Preferred Stock, voting together as a single class with the holders ofour common stock receive any other class or series of our preferred stock upon which similar voting rights have been conferred and are exercisable, will be entitled to vote for the election of two additional directors to serve on our board of directors until we pay all distributions which we owe on the Series B Preferred Stock or until the Series B Preferred Stock is listed on a national securities exchange, as applicable. In addition, the affirmative vote of the holders of at least two-thirds of the Series B Preferred Stock (voting as a separate class) is required for us to (a) authorize, create or increase the authorized or issued amount of any class or series of our equity securities ranking senior to the Series B Preferred Stock as to distributions and amounts upon liquidation or (b) amend or repeal our charter (including by merger, consolidation or otherwise), in a manner that materially and adversely affects the rights of the holders of the Series B Preferred Stock, provided that in the caseevent of a merger or consolidation, the Series B Preferred Stock will not be deemed to be materially and adversely affected if the Series B Preferred Stock remains outstanding with its
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terms materially unchanged or, if we are not the surviving entity in such transaction, the Series B Preferred Stock is exchanged for a security of the surviving entity with terms that are materially the same as the Series B Preferred Stock.
The Series B Preferred Stock is listed on the NYSE under the symbol “CDR PrB.”

General
The statements below describing the preferred stock are in all respects subject to and qualified by reference to the applicable provisions of our Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws and any applicable articles supplementary to the Articles of Incorporation designating terms of a series of preferred stock.
The issuance of preferred stock could adversely affect the voting power, dividend rights and other rights of holders of common stock.  Issuance of preferred stock could impede, delay, prevent or facilitate a merger, tender offer or change in our control.  Although the Board of Directors is required to make a determination as to the best interests of our stockholders when issuing preferred stock, the Board could act in a manner that would discourage an acquisition attempt or other transaction that some, or a majority, of the stockholders might believe to be in our best interests or in which stockholders might receive a premium for their shares over the then prevailing market price; provided, however, that preferred stock may not be used for anti-takeover purposes.  Management believes that the availability of preferred stock will provide us with increased flexibility in structuring possible future financings and acquisitions and in meeting other needs that might arise.
Our Articles of Incorporation contain the following restrictions in connection with the issuance of any preferred stock:
(1)  the preferred stock will not be used as, or in conjunction with, an anti-takeover defense (including potential mergers, in connection with an existing or future shareholder rights plan, or by designating terms, or issuing shares in transactions for the purposes of aiding management in defending against an unsolicited bid for control of the Company) unless approved by the shareholders at such time;
(2)  the preferred stock will not be issued to an individual or group for the purpose of creating a block of voting power to support management on controversial issues without receiving stockholder approval; and
(3)  if the preferred stock is to have voting rights, the shares will have the same voting rights as the common stock (including upon conversion).
Terms
Subject to the limitations prescribed by the Articles of Incorporation, the Board of Directors can fix the number of shares constituting each series of preferred stock and the designations and powers, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other special rights and qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof, including such provisions as may be desired concerning voting, redemption, dividends, dissolution or the distribution of assets, conversion or exchange, and such other subjects or matters as may be fixed by resolution of the Board of Directors.  When issued, the preferred stock will be fully paid and nonassessable by us.  The preferred stock will have no preemptive rights.
Reference is made to the prospectus supplement relating to the preferred stock offered thereby for specific terms, including:
(1)the title and stated value of the preferred stock;
(2)the number of shares of the preferred stock offered, the liquidation preference per share and the offering price of the preferred stock;
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(3)the dividend rate(s), period(s) and/or payment date(s) or method(s) of calculation thereof applicable to the preferred stock;
(4)the date from which dividends on the preferred stock shall accumulate, if applicable;
(5)the procedures for any auction and remarketing, if any, for the preferred stock;
(6)the provision for a sinking fund, if any, for the preferred stock;
(7)the provision for redemption, if applicable, of the preferred stock;
(8)any listing of the preferred stock on any securities exchange;
(9)the terms and conditions, if applicable, upon which the preferred stock will be convertible into our common stock, including the conversion price, or the manner of calculation thereof;
(10)whether interests in the preferred stock will be represented by depositary shares;
(11)any other specific terms, preferences, rights, limitations or restrictions of the preferred stock;
(12)a discussion of federal income tax considerations applicable to the preferred stock;
(13)the relative ranking and preferences of the preferred stock as to dividend rights and rights upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs;
(14)any limitations on issuance of any series of preferred stock ranking senior to or on a parity with the series of preferred stock as to dividend rights and rights upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs; and
(15)any limitations on direct or beneficial ownership and restrictions on transfer, in each case as may be appropriate to be qualified as a REIT.
Rank
Unless otherwise specified in the prospectus supplement, the preferred stock will, with respect to dividend rights and rights upon liquidation, dissolution or our winding up, rank:
(a)senior to all classes or series of our common stock;
(b)senior to all equity securities ranking junior to the preferred stock;
(c)equal with all equity securities issued by us, if the terms of such securities specifically provide for equal treatment;
(d)junior to all equity securities the terms of which specifically provide that the equity securities rank senior to the preferred stock.
The term “equity securities” excludes convertible debt securities.
Dividends
Holders of the preferred stock of each series will be entitled to receive, when and if declared by our Board of Directors, out of assets legally available for payment, cash dividends at rates and on dates set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement.  Each such dividend will be payable to holders of record as they appear on our
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share transfer books on the applicable record dates.  Our Board of Directors will fix the record dates for dividend payments.
As provided in the applicable prospectus supplement, dividends on any series of the preferred stock may be cumulative or non-cumulative.  Cumulative dividends will be cumulative from and after the date set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement.  If our Board of Directors fails to declare a dividend payable on a dividend payment date on any series of the preferred stock for which dividends are non-cumulative, then the holders of such series of the preferred stock will have no right to receive a dividend for the dividend period ending on such dividend payment date.  We will have no obligation to pay the dividend accrued for such dividend period, whether or not dividends on such series are declared payable on any future dividend payment date.
If preferred stock of any series is outstanding, our Board of Directors will not declare, pay or set apart for payment dividends on any of our capital stock of any other series ranking, as to dividends, equally with or junior to the preferred stock outstanding for any period unless:
(a)for preferred stock with cumulative dividends, we have declared and paid, or declared and set apart a sum sufficient to pay, full cumulative dividends on the preferred stock through the then current dividend period; and
(b)for preferred stock lacking a cumulative dividend, we have declared and paid or declared and set aside a sum sufficient to pay full dividends for the then current dividend period.
When dividends are not paid in full, or when a sum sufficient for such full payment is not set apart, upon preferred stock of any series and the shares of any other series of preferred stock ranking equally as to dividends with the preferred stock of such series, all dividends declared upon preferred stock of such series and any other series of preferred stock ranking equally as to dividends with such preferred stock shall be declared pro rata so that the amount of dividends declared per share of preferred stock of such series and such other series of preferred stock shall in all cases bear to each other the same ratio that accrued dividends per share on the preferred stock of such series, which shall not include any accumulation of unpaid dividends for prior dividend periods if such preferred stock lacks a cumulative dividend, and such other series of preferred stock bear to each other.  No interest, or sum of money instead of interest, shall be payable for any dividend payment or payments on preferred stock of such series which may be in arrears.
Except as provided in the immediately preceding paragraph, unless we have paid dividends through the then current dividend period, including dividend payments in arrears if dividends are cumulative, for such series of preferred stock or unless our Board of Directors has declared such dividends and has set aside a sum sufficient for such payment, our Board of Directors shall not declare dividends, other than in shares of common stock or other capital shares ranking junior to the preferred stock of such series as to dividends and upon liquidation, or pay or set aside for payment or declare or make any other distribution upon the common stock, or any other of our capital shares ranking junior to or equally with the preferred stock of such series as to dividends or upon liquidation.  Additionally, we shall not redeem, purchase or otherwise acquire for any consideration, or any moneys to be paid or made available for a sinking fund for the redemption of any such shares, any shares of common stock, or any other of our capital shares ranking junior to or equally with the preferred stock of such series as to dividends or upon liquidation.  Notwithstanding the foregoing, we may convert such shares into or exchange such shares for other of our capital shares ranking junior to the preferred stock of such series as to dividends and upon liquidation.
Redemption
If the applicable prospectus supplement so provides, the preferred stock will be subject to mandatory redemption or redemption at our option, as a whole or in part, in each case upon the terms, at the times and at the redemption prices set forth in such prospectus supplement.
The prospectus supplement applicable to a series of preferred stock that is subject to mandatory redemption will specify:
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(a)the number of shares of such preferred stock that shall be redeemed by us in each year,
(b)the year such redemption will commence,
(c)the redemption price per share, together with an amount equal to all accrued and unpaid dividends thereon to the date of redemption,
(d)whether the redemption price is payable in cash or property.
If the redemption price for preferred stock of any series is payable only from the net proceeds of the issuance of our capital shares, the terms of such preferred stock may provide that, if we have not issued capital shares or to the extent the net proceeds from any issuance are insufficient to pay in full the aggregate redemption price then due, such preferred stock shall automatically be converted into our capital shares pursuant to conversion provisions specified in the applicable prospectus supplement.
We cannot redeem, purchase or otherwise acquire shares of a series of preferred stock unless:
(a)for preferred stock with cumulative dividends, we have declared and paid, or declared and set apart a sum sufficient to pay, full cumulative dividends on the preferred stock through the then current dividend period; and
(b)for preferred stock lacking a cumulative dividend, we have declared and paid or declared and set aside a sum sufficient to pay full dividends for the then current dividend period.
The foregoing shall not prevent the purchase or acquisition of preferred stock of such series to preserve our REIT status or pursuant to a purchase or exchange offer made on the same terms to holders of all outstanding preferred stock of such series.
If fewer than all of the outstanding shares of preferred stock of any series are to be redeemed, we will determine the number of shares to be redeemed.  We may redeem the shares on a pro rata basis from the holders of record of such shares in proportion to the number of such shares held or for which redemption is requested by such holder with adjustments to avoid redemption of fractional shares, or by lot.
We will mail notice of redemption 30 to 60 days prior to the redemption date to each holder of record of preferred stock of any series to be redeemed at the address shown on our share transfer books.  Each notice shall state:
(a)the redemption date;
(b)the number of shares and series of the preferred stock to be redeemed;
(c)the redemption price;
(d)the place or places where certificates for such preferred stock are to be surrendered for payment of the redemption price;
(e)that dividends on the shares to be redeemed will cease to accrue on such redemption date; and
(f)the date upon which the holder’s conversion rights, if any, as to such shares shall terminate.
If we are to redeem fewer than all the shares of preferred stock of any series, the notice we mail to each holder of preferred stock shall specify the number of shares of preferred stock to be redeemed from each holder.  If we have given notice of redemption of any preferred stock and if we have set aside, in trust for the benefit of the holders of any preferred stock called for redemption, the funds necessary for such redemption, then from and after
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the redemption date dividends will cease to accrue on the preferred stock to be redeemed.  Additionally all rights of the holders of the redeemable shares will terminate, except the right to receive the redemption price.
Liquidation Preference
Upon any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of our affairs, thencompany. Furthermore, we are generally restricted from declaring or paying any distributions, or setting aside any funds for the payment of distributions, on our common stock or, subject to certain exceptions, redeeming or otherwise acquiring shares of our common stock unless full cumulative distributions on our Series B Preferred Stock and Series C Preferred Stock have been declared and either paid or set aside for payment in full for all past distribution periods.

Upon certain changes in control (as defined in our charter), the holders of each series of preferred stock shall be entitled to receive out of our assets legally available for distribution to stockholders liquidating distributions in the amount of the liquidation preference per share, plus an amount equal to all dividends accrued and unpaid on such series of preferred stock.  Such preferred stockholders will receive these distributions before any distribution or payment shall be made to the holders of any common stock or any other class or series of our capital shares ranking junior to the preferred stock in the distribution of assets upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up.  After payment of the full amount of the liquidating distributions to which they are entitled, the holders of preferred stock will have no right or claim to any of our remaining assets.  If our available assets are insufficient to pay the amount of the liquidating distributions on all outstanding preferred stockSeries B Preferred Stock and the corresponding amounts payable on all shares of other classes or series of our capital shares ranking equally with the preferred stock in the distribution of assets, then the holders of the preferred stock and all other such classes or series of capital shares shall share on a pro rata basis in any such distribution of assets in proportion to the full liquidating distributions to which they would otherwise be entitled.

If liquidating distributionsSeries C Preferred Stock have been made in full to all holders of preferred stock, our remaining assets will be distributed among the holders of any other classes or series of capital shares ranking junior to the preferred stock upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up, according to their rights and preferences and in each case according to their number of shares.  For such purposes, our consolidation or merger with or into any other corporation, trust or entity, or the sale, lease or conveyance of all or substantially all of our property or business, shall not be deemed to constitute our liquidation, dissolution or winding up.
Voting Rights
Holders of the preferred stock will not have any voting rights, except as set forth below or as otherwise from time to time required by law or as indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement.
Whenever dividends on any shares of preferred stock are in arrears for six or more quarterly periods, the holders of such shares of preferred stock, voting separately as a class with all other series of preferred stock upon which like voting rights have been conferred and are exercisable, will be entitled to vote for the election of two additional directors at a special meeting called by the holders of record of ten percent (10%) of any series of preferred stock so in arrears or at the next annual meeting of stockholders, and at each subsequent annual meeting until (a) if such series of preferred stock has a cumulative dividend, we have paid or our Board of Directors has declared and set aside a sum sufficient for payment of all dividends accumulated on such shares of preferred stock for the past dividend periods and the then current dividend period or (b) if such series of preferred stock lacks a cumulative dividend, we have fully paid or our Board of Directors has declared and set aside a sum sufficient for payment of four consecutive quarterly dividends.  In such case, two directors will be added to our Board of Directors.
Unless provided otherwise for any series of preferred stock, so long as any shares of preferred stock remain outstanding, we will not, without the affirmative vote or consent of the holders of at least two-thirds of the shares of each series of preferred stock outstanding at the time, given in person or by proxy, either in writing or at a meeting with such series voting separately as a class, (a) authorize or create, or increase the authorized or issued amount of, any class or series of capital stock ranking prior to such preferred stock with respect to payment of dividends or the distribution of assets upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up or reclassify any of our authorized capital stock into such shares, or create, authorize or issue any obligation or security convertible into or evidencing the right to purchase any such shares;convert some or (b) amend, alter or repeal the provisionsall of our Articles of Incorporation or the designating amendment for such series of preferred stock, whether by merger, consolidation or otherwise, so as to materially and adversely affect any right, preference, privilege or voting power of such series of preferred stock or the holders thereof.  With respect to the occurrence of any of the events set forth in (b) above so long as the preferred stock remains outstanding with the terms thereof materially unchanged, the occurrence of any such event shall not be deemed to materially and adversely affect such rights, preferences, privileges or voting power of holders
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of preferred stock.  Additionally, any increase in the amount of the authorized preferred stock or the creation or issuance of any other series of preferred stock, or any increase in the amount of authorizedtheir shares of such series or any other series of preferred stock, in each case ranking oninto a parity with or junior to the preferred stock of such series with respect to payment of dividends or the distribution of assets upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up, shall not be deemed to materially and adversely affect such rights, preferences, privileges or voting powers.
The foregoing voting provisions will not apply if, at or prior to the time when the act with respect to which such vote would otherwise be required shall be effected, all outstanding shares of such series of preferred stock shall have been redeemed or called for redemption and sufficient funds shall have been deposited in trust to effect such redemption.
Conversion Rights
The applicable prospectus supplement will set forth the terms and conditions, if any, upon which any series of preferred stock is convertible into shares of common stock.  Such terms will include the number of shares of our common stock intobased on a defined formula, subject to a share cap, or alternative consideration. The full terms governing our Series B Preferred Stock and Series C Preferred Stock are set forth in our charter, which is included as an exhibit to the sharesregistration statement of preferred stock are convertible,which this prospectus is a part and the conversion price, or manner of calculation thereof,foregoing summary is qualified in its entirety by reference thereto.

Our Series B Preferred Stock is traded on the conversion period, provisions as to whether conversion will be atNYSE under the option ofsymbol “CDR-PrB” and our Series C Preferred Stock is traded on the holders ofNYSE under the preferred stock or us, the events requiring an adjustment of the conversion pricesymbol “CDR-PrC”. The transfer agent and provisions affecting conversion in the event of the redemption of such series of preferred stock.

Stockholder Liability
Maryland law generally provides that no stockholder, including holders of preferred stock, shall be personally liableregistrar for our debtsSeries B Preferred Stock and obligations solely as a result of their status as a stockholder.
Restrictions on Ownership
To qualify as a REIT under the Code, not more than 50% in value of our outstanding capital shares may be owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer individuals as defined in the Code to include certain entities, during the last half of a taxable year.  Therefore, the designating amendment for each series of preferred stock may contain provisions restricting the ownership and transfer of the preferred stock.  The applicable prospectus supplement will specify any additional ownership limitation relating to a series of preferred stock.
Registrar and Transfer Agent
The applicable prospectus supplement will set forth the Registrar and Transfer Agent for the preferred stock.  The Registrar and Transfer Agent for the Series BC Preferred Stock is American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC.
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DESCRIPTION OF DEPOSITARY SHARES
The following description contains general terms and provisions of the depositary shares to which any prospectus supplement may relate.  The particular terms of the depositary shares offered by any prospectus supplement and the extent, if any, to which such general provisions may not apply to the depositary shares so offered will be described in the prospectus supplement relating to such depositary shares.  For more information, please refer to the provisions of the depositary agreement we will enter into with a depositary to be selected, and our Articles of Incorporation (including any applicable articles supplementary, amendment or annex to our Articles of Incorporation designating the terms of a series of preferred stock), and our Bylaws, each as supplemented, amended or restated, each of which is incorporated by reference into this prospectus. For information on incorporation by reference, and how to obtain copies of these documents, see the sections of this prospectus entitled “Incorporation of Certain Documents by Reference” and “Where You Can Find More Information.”
General
We may issue receipts for depositary shares, each of which will represent a fractional interest of a share of a particular series of preferred stock, as specified in the applicable prospectus supplement.  Shares of preferred stock of each series represented by the depositary shares will be deposited under a separate deposit agreement between us, the depositary named therein and the holders of the depositary receipts.  Subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, each depositary receipt owner will be entitled, in proportion to the fractional interest of a share of a particular series of preferred stock represented by the depositary shares evidenced by such depositary receipt, to all the rights and preferences of the preferred stock represented thereby.
Depositary receipts issued pursuant to the applicable deposit agreement will evidence the depositary shares.  Immediately following our issuance and delivery of the preferred stock to the depositary, we will cause the depositary to issue, on our behalf, the depositary receipts.  Upon request, we will provide you with copies of the applicable form of deposit agreement and depositary receipt.
Dividends and Other Distributions
The depositary will distribute all cash dividends or other cash distributions received in respect of the preferred stock to the record holders of depositary receipts evidencing the related depositary shares in proportion to the number of depositary receipts owned by the holders.
If there is a distribution other than in cash, the depositary will distribute property received by it to the record holders of depositary receipts entitled thereto.  If the depositary determines that it is not feasible to make such distribution, the depositary may, with our approval, sell the property and distribute the net proceeds from such sale to the holders.
Withdrawal of Stock
Upon surrender of the depositary receipts at the corporate trust office of the depositary, unless the related depositary shares have previously been called for redemption, the holders thereof will be entitled to delivery, to or upon such holders' order, of the number of whole or fractional shares of the preferred stock and any money or other property represented by the depositary shares evidenced by the depositary receipts.  Holders of depositary receipts will be entitled to receive whole or fractional shares of the related preferred stock on the basis of the proportion of preferred stock represented by each depositary share as specified in the applicable prospectus supplement.  Thereafter, holders of such shares of preferred stock will not be entitled to receive depositary shares for the preferred stock.  If the depositary receipts delivered by the holder evidence a number of depositary shares in excess of the number of depositary shares representing the number of shares of preferred stock to be withdrawn, the depositary will deliver to the holder a new depositary receipt evidencing the excess number of depositary shares.
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Redemption of Depositary Shares
Provided we shall have paid in full to the depositary the redemption price of the preferred stock to be redeemed plus an amount equal to any accrued and unpaid dividends thereon to the redemption date, whenever we redeem shares of preferred stock held by the depositary, the depositary will redeem as of the same redemption date the number of depositary shares representing shares of the preferred stock so redeemed.  The redemption price per depositary share will be equal to the redemption price and any other amounts per share payable with respect to the preferred stock.  If fewer than all the depositary shares are to be redeemed, the depositary shares to be redeemed will be selected as nearly as may be practicable without creating fractional depositary shares, pro rata, or by any other equitable method we determine.
From and after the date fixed for redemption, all dividends in respect of the shares of preferred stock so called for redemption will cease to accrue, the depositary shares called for redemption will no longer be deemed to be outstanding and all rights of the holders of the depositary receipts evidencing the depositary shares so called for redemption will cease, except the right to receive any moneys payable upon such redemption and any money or other property to which the holders of such depositary receipts were entitled to receive upon such redemption upon surrender to the depositary of the depositary receipts representing the depositary shares.
Voting of the Preferred Stock
Upon receipt of notice of any meeting at which the holders of the preferred stock are entitled to vote, the depositary will mail the information contained in such notice of meeting to the record holders of the depositary receipts evidencing the depositary shares that represent such preferred stock.  Each record holder of depositary receipts evidencing depositary shares on the record date, which will be the same date as the record date for the preferred stock, will be entitled to instruct the depositary as to the exercise of the voting rights pertaining to the amount of preferred stock represented by such holder's depositary shares.  The depositary will vote the amount of preferred stock represented by such depositary shares in accordance with such instructions, and we will agree to take all reasonable action that may be deemed necessary by the depositary in order to enable the depositary to do so.  If the depositary does not receive specific instructions from the holders of depositary receipts evidencing such depositary shares, it will abstain from voting the amount of preferred stock represented by such depositary shares.  The depositary shall not be responsible for any failure to carry out any instruction to vote, or for the manner or effect of any such vote made, as long as any such action or non-action is in good faith and does not result from the depositary's negligence or willful misconduct.
Liquidation Preference
Upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, whether voluntary or involuntary, the holders of each depositary receipt will be entitled to the fraction of the liquidation preference accorded each share of preferred stock represented by the depositary share evidenced by such depositary receipt, as set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement.
Conversion of Preferred Stock
Except with respect to certain conversions in order to be qualified as a REIT, the depositary shares are not convertible into our common stock or any other of our securities or property.  Nevertheless, if the applicable prospectus supplement so specifies, the holders of the depositary receipts may surrender their depositary receipts to the depositary with written instructions to the depositary to instruct us to cause conversion of the preferred stock represented by the depositary shares evidenced by such depositary receipts into whole shares of common stock, other shares of our preferred stock or other shares of our capital stock, and we have agreed that upon receipt of such instructions and any amounts payable in respect thereof, we will cause the conversion of the depositary shares utilizing the same procedures as those provided for delivery of preferred stock to effect such conversion.  If the depositary shares evidenced by a depositary receipt are to be converted in part only, the depositary will issue a new depositary receipt for any depositary shares not to be converted.  No fractional shares of common stock will be issued upon conversion, and if such conversion will result in a fractional share being issued, we will pay an amount in cash equal to the value of the fractional interest based upon the closing price of the common stock on the last business day prior to the conversion.
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Amendment and Termination of the Deposit Agreement
By agreement, we and the depositary at any time can amend the form of depositary receipt and any provision of the deposit agreement.  However, any amendment that materially and adversely alters the rights of the holders of depositary receipts or that would be materially and adversely inconsistent with the rights granted to holders of the related preferred stock will be effective only if the existing holders of at least two-thirds of the depositary shares have approved the amendment.  No amendment shall impair the right, subject to certain exceptions in the deposit agreement, of any holder of depositary receipts to surrender any depositary receipt with instructions to deliver to the holder the related preferred stock and all money and other property, if any, represented thereby, except in order to comply with law.  Every holder of an outstanding depositary receipt at the time an amendment becomes effective shall be deemed, by continuing to hold the depositary receipt, to consent and agree to the amendment and to be bound by the deposit agreement as amended thereby.
Upon 30 days’ prior written notice to the depositary, we may terminate the deposit agreement if (a) such termination is necessary to be qualified as a REIT or (b) a majority of each series of preferred stock affected by such termination consents to such termination.  Upon the termination of the deposit agreement, the depositary shall deliver or make available to each holder of depositary receipts, upon surrender of the depositary receipts held by such holder, such number of whole or fractional shares of preferred stock as are represented by the depositary shares evidenced by the depositary receipts together with any other property held by the depositary with respect to the depositary receipt.  If the deposit agreement is terminated to preserve our status as a REIT, then we will use our best efforts to list the preferred stock issued upon surrender of the related depositary shares on a national securities exchange.
The deposit agreement will automatically terminate if (a) all outstanding depositary shares shall have been redeemed, (b) there shall have been a final distribution in respect of the related preferred stock in connection with our liquidation, dissolution or winding up and such distribution shall have been distributed to the holders of depositary receipts evidencing the depositary shares representing such preferred stock or (c) each share of the related preferred stock shall have been converted into our capital stock not so represented by depositary shares.
Charges of Depositary
We will pay all transfer and other taxes and governmental charges arising solely from the existence of the deposit agreement.  In addition, we will pay the fees and expenses of the depositary in connection with the performance of its duties under the deposit agreement.  However, holders of depositary receipts will pay certain other transfer and other taxes and governmental charges.  The holders will also pay the fees and expenses of the depositary for any duties, outside of those expressly provided for in the deposit agreement, the holders request to be performed.
Resignation and Removal of Depositary
The depositary may resign at any time by delivering to us notice of its election to do so.  We may at any time remove the depositary, any such resignation or removal will take effect upon the appointment of a successor depositary.  A successor depositary must be appointed within 60 days after delivery of the notice of resignation or removal and must be a bank or trust company having its principal office in the United States and having a combined capital and surplus of $50,000,000 or more.
Miscellaneous
The depositary will forward to holders of depositary receipts any reports and communications from us which are received by the depositary with respect to the related preferred stock.
We and the depositary will not be liable if either of us is prevented from or delayed in, by law or any circumstances beyond its control, performing its obligations under the deposit agreement.  Our obligations and the depositary's obligations under the deposit agreement will be limited to performing the duties thereunder in good faith and without negligence, in the case of any action or inaction in the voting of preferred stock represented by the
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depositary shares, gross negligence or willful misconduct.  If satisfactory indemnity is furnished, we and the depositary will be obligated to prosecute or defend any legal proceeding in respect of any depositary receipts, depositary shares or shares of preferred stock represented thereby.  We and the depositary may rely on written advice of counsel or accountants, or information provided by persons presenting shares of preferred stock represented by depository receipts for deposit, holders of depositary receipts or other persons believed in good faith to be competent to give such information, and on documents believed in good faith to be genuine and signed by a proper party.
In the event the depositary shall receive conflicting claims, requests or instructions from any holders of depositary receipts, on the one hand, and us, on the other hand, the depositary shall be entitled to act on our claims, requests or instructions.

Restrictions on Ownership

To qualify as a REIT under the Code, not more than 50% in value of our outstanding capital shares may be owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer individuals as defined in the Code to include certain entities, during the last half of a taxable year.  Therefore, the designating amendment and Transfer

In order for each series of preferred stock may contain provisions restricting the ownership and transfer of the preferred stock, including any depositary shares.  The applicable prospectus supplement will specify any additional ownership limitation relating to the depositary shares being offered thereby.

DESCRIPTION OF COMMON STOCK
The following summary of the material terms and provisions of our common stock does not purport to be complete and is subject to the detailed provisions of our Articles of Incorporation and our Bylaws, each as supplemented, amended or restated, each of which is incorporated by reference into this prospectus. You should carefully read each of these documents in order to fully understand the terms and provisions of our common stock. For information on incorporation by reference, and how to obtain copies of these documents, see the sections of this prospectus entitled “Incorporation of Certain Documents by Reference” and “Where You Can Find More Information.”
General
The Company’s authorized capital stock includes 150 million shares of common stock, $.06 par value per share.  For each outstanding share of common stock held, the holder is entitled to one vote on all matters presented to stockholders for a vote.  Cumulative voting is not permitted.  Holders of the common stock do not have preemptive rights.  At March 13, 2015 there were 85,037,549 shares of common stock outstanding.
All shares of common stock issued and sold will be duly authorized, fully paid, and non-assessable.  Distributions may be paid to the holders of common stock if and when declared by our Board of Directors.  Dividends will be paid out of funds legally available for dividend payment.
Under Maryland law, stockholders are generally not personally liable for our debts or obligations solely as a result of their status as a stockholder.  If we are liquidated, subject to the right of any holders of preferred stock to receive preferential distributions, each outstanding share of common stock will be entitled to participate pro rata in the assets remaining after payment of, or adequate provision for, all of our known debts and liabilities.
Restrictions on Ownership
In orderus to qualify as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code not more than 50% in value of our outstanding capital shares may be owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer individuals1986, as defined in the Code to include certain entities, during the last half of a taxable year and the commonamended (the “Code”), our stock must be beneficially owned by 100 or more persons during at least 335 days of a taxable year of 12 months or during a proportionate part of a shorter taxable year. To satisfyAlso, not more than 50% of the abovevalue of the outstanding shares of our stock may be owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer individuals (as defined in the Internal Revenue Code to include certain entities such as qualified pension plans) during the last half of a taxable year.

Our charter provides that no person or entity may beneficially own, or be deemed to own by virtue of the applicable constructive ownership requirementsprovisions of the Code, more than 9.9% of the outstanding shares of our common stock. The articles supplementary designating the terms of the Series B Preferred Stock and certain other requirements for qualificationSeries C Preferred Stock provide that the 9.9% ownership limitation applies to ownership of these series of preferred stock as a REIT, our Articles of Incorporation contain a provision restricting theseparate classes. Any person who acquires or attempts to acquire beneficial or constructive ownership or acquisition of shares of common stock.

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Registrarstock or preferred that will or may violate the ownership limitation is required to give written notice immediately to us and Transfer Agent
American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLCprovide us with such other information as we may request in order to determine the effect of such transfer on our REIT status.

If our board of directors or a committee thereof determines that a transfer or proposed transfer of the shares of common stock or preferred stock violates or may violate the ownership limitation or certain other provisions of our charter prohibiting transfers that may have the effect of causing us to lose our REIT status, our board of directors or committee thereof is empowered to take any action it deems advisable to refuse to give effect to or to prevent such transfer, including (i) electing to purchase any shares owned by a person or group of affiliated persons in excess of the Registrarownership limitations or (ii) refusing to transfer or issue shares to a person if an acquisition of shares by such person or group would result in such person or group exceeding these ownership limits or jeopardizing our status as a REIT. Any transfer of shares that would result in a person or group exceeding ownership limits or in our disqualification as a REIT is deemed void as of the date of such transfer. Our board of directors has the right to waive the ownership limitations and Transfer Agent for theexcess share provisions of our charter relating to our common stock or preferred stock.

DESCRIPTION OF WARRANTS

DEPOSITARY SHARES

The following description containsof shares represented by depositary shares sets forth certain general terms and provisions of warrants to which any prospectus supplementdepositary agreements, depositary shares and depositary receipts. This summary does not contain all of the information that you may relate.find useful. The particular terms of the warrants offered by any prospectus supplementdepositary shares and the extent, if any, to which such general provisions may not apply to the warrants so offeredrelated agreements and receipts will be described in the prospectus supplement relating to those depositary shares. For more information, you should review the relevant form of deposit agreement and relevant form of depositary receipts, which will be filed with the SEC.

Interest in a Fractional Share, or Multiple Shares, of Preferred Stock

We may, at our option, elect to offer depositary shares, each of which would represent an interest in a fractional share, or multiple shares, of preferred stock instead of whole shares of preferred stock. If so, we will allow a depositary to issue depositary shares to the public, each of which will represent an interest in a fractional share, or multiple shares, of preferred stock as described in the prospectus supplement.

Deposit Agreement

The shares of preferred stock underlying any depositary shares will be deposited under a separate deposit agreement between us and a bank or trust company acting as depositary with respect to those shares of preferred stock. The prospectus supplement relating to a series of depositary shares will specify the name and address of the depositary. Under the deposit agreement, each owner of a depositary share will be entitled, in proportion of its interest in a fractional share, or multiple shares, of the preferred stock underlying that depositary share, to all the rights and preferences of that preferred stock, including dividend, voting, redemption, conversion, and exchange and liquidation rights.

Depositary shares will be evidenced by one or more depositary receipts issued under the deposit agreement. We will distribute depositary receipts to those persons purchasing such depositary shares in accordance with the terms of the offering made by the related prospectus supplement.

Dividends and Other Distributions

If we pay a cash distribution or dividend on a series of preferred stock represented by depositary shares, the depositary will distribute such dividends to the record holders of such depositary shares. If the distributions are in property other than cash, the depositary will distribute the property to the record holders of the depositary shares. However, if the depositary determines that it is not feasible to make the distribution of property, the depositary may, with our approval, sell such property and distribute the net proceeds from such sale to the record holders of the depositary shares.

Withdrawal of Preferred Stock

Upon surrender of depositary receipts at the office of the depositary and upon payment of the charges provided in the deposit agreement and subject to the terms thereof, a holder of depositary receipts is entitled to have the depositary deliver to such holder the applicable number of shares of preferred stock underlying the depositary shares evidenced by the surrendered depositary receipts. There may be no market, however, for the underlying preferred stock and once the underlying preferred stock is withdrawn from the depositary, it may not be redeposited.

Redemption and Liquidation

The terms on which the depositary shares relating to the preferred stock of any series may be redeemed, and any amounts distributable upon our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement.

Voting

Upon receiving notice of any meeting at which the holders of preferred stock represented by depositary shares are entitled to vote, the depositary will mail the notice to the record holders of the depositary shares relating to such series of preferred stock. Each record holder of such depositary shares on the record date may instruct the depositary on how to vote the shares of preferred stock underlying that holder’s depositary shares. The depositary will vote the shares of preferred stock underlying those depositary shares according to those instructions, and we will take reasonably necessary actions to enable the depositary to do so. If the depositary does not receive specific instructions from the record holders of such depositary shares, it will abstain from voting those shares of preferred stock, unless otherwise discussed in the prospectus supplement.

Amendment and Termination of Deposit Agreement

We and the depositary may amend the form of depositary receipt evidencing the depositary shares and the related deposit agreement. However, any amendment that significantly affects the rights of the holders of depositary shares will not be effective unless holders of a majority of the then outstanding depositary shares approve that amendment. No amendment, however, may impair the right of any holder of depositary shares to receive any money or other property to which he or she may be entitled under the terms of the deposit agreement at the times and in the manner and amount provided for therein. We or the depositary may terminate a deposit agreement only if:

we redeemed or reacquired all outstanding depositary shares relating to the deposit agreement;

if applicable, all outstanding depositary shares have been converted into shares of Common stock or another series of preferred stock; or

there has been a final distribution with respect to the preferred stock of any series in connection with our liquidation, dissolution or winding up and such distribution has been made to the related depositary shareholders.

DESCRIPTION OF WARRANTS

The following description sets forth certain general terms and provisions of the warrants that we may offer from time to time. This summary does not contain all of the information that you may find useful. The particular terms of any of the warrants that we may offer and the related agreements will be described in the prospectus supplement relating to those warrants. For more information, please refer toyou should review the provisions of the warrant, arelevant form of warrant agreement and the relevant form of warrant certificate, if any, which we will filebe filed with the SEC at or prior to the time of the sale of the warrant. For information on incorporation by reference, and how to obtain copies of these documents, see the sections of this prospectus entitled “Incorporation of Certain Documents by Reference” and “Where You Can Find More Information.”SEC.

General

We may issue warrants for the purchase of one or more of the other securities described in this prospectus. Warrants may be issued independently, together with any other securities offered by any prospectus supplement and may be attached to or separately, warrants to purchase our common stock or preferred stock.separate from such securities. We willmay issue the warrants under a warrant agreementsagreement to be entered into between us and a warrant agent. We will name any warrant agent or as shall be set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement. The warrant agent will act solely as our agent in connection withYou should review the warrants of the series being offered and will not assume any obligation or relationship of agency or trust for or with any holders or beneficial owners of warrants.  The applicable prospectus supplement for the specific terms of any warrants that may be offered, including:

the title of such warrants;

the aggregate number of the warrants;

the price or prices at which the warrants will describe be issued;

the followingdesignation and terms where applicable, of the securities with which the warrants in respect of which this prospectus is being delivered:


·
the title of warrants;
·
the designation, amount and terms of the securities for which the warrants are exercisable and the procedures and conditions relating to the exercise of the warrants;
·
the designation and terms of the other securities, if any, with which the warrants are towill be issued and the number of warrants issued with such security;
·
the price or prices at which the warrants will be issued;
·
the aggregate number of warrants;
·
any provisions for adjustment of the number or amount of securities receivable upon exercise of the warrants or the exercise price of the warrants;
·
the price or prices at which the securities purchasable upon exercise of the warrants may be purchased;
·
if applicable, the date on and after which the warrants and the securities purchasable upon exercise of the warrants will be separately transferable;
·
if applicable, a discussion of the material United States federal income tax considerations applicable to the exercise of the warrants;
·
any other terms of the warrants, including terms, procedures and limitations relating to the exchange and exercise of the warrants;
·
the date on which the right to exercise the warrants will commence, and the date on which the right will expire;

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·
the maximum or minimum number of warrants which may be exercised at any time; and
·
information with respect to book-entry procedures, if any.
Pursuant to this prospectus we also may issue warrants to underwriters or agents as additional compensation in connection with a distribution of our securities.
Exercise of Warrants
Each warrant will entitle the holder thereof to purchase for cash the number of shareswarrants issued with each such security;

the date, if any, on and after which the warrants and the related security, if any, will be separately transferable;

the price at which each security that can be purchased upon exercise of preferred stocksuch warrants may be purchased;

the date on which the right to exercise the warrants will commence and the date on which such right will expire;

the minimum or common stock at the exercise price as will in each case be set forth in, or be determinable as set forth in, the applicable prospectus supplement.  Warrantsmaximum amount of such warrants which may be exercised at any one time, upif applicable;

information with respect to book-entry procedures, if any;

a discussion of certain federal income tax considerations; and

any other terms of such warrants, including terms, procedures and limitations relating to the closetransferability, exchange and exercise of business onsuch warrants.

DESCRIPTION OF STOCK PURCHASE CONTRACTS

The following description sets forth certain general terms and provisions of the expiration date set forthstock purchase contracts that we may offer from time to time. This summary does not contain all of the information that you may find useful. The particular terms of any purchase contract that we may offer and the related agreements will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement.  Aftersupplement relating to those stock purchase contracts. For more information, you should review the closerelevant form of business onstock purchase contract and the expiration date, unexercised warrantsrelevant form of pledge agreement for stock purchase contracts, if any, which will become void.

Warrants may be exercised as set forthfiled with the SEC.

If we offer any stock purchase contracts, certain terms of that series of stock purchase contracts will be described in the applicable prospectus supplement, relating to those warrants.  Upon receipt of payment andincluding, without limitation, the warrant certificate properly completed and duly executed at following:

the corporate trust officeprice of the warrant agentsecurities or any other office indicated in the applicable prospectus supplement, we will, as soon as practicable, forward the purchased securities.  If less than all of the warrants represented by the warrant certificate are exercised, a new warrant certificate will be issued for the remaining warrants.

DESCRIPTION OF STOCK PURCHASE CONTRACTS
We may issue stock purchase contracts, which are contracts obligating holdersproperty subject to purchase from or sell to us, and obligating us to purchase from or sell to the holders, a specified number of shares of our common stock or preferred stock at a future date or dates.  The price per share of common stock or preferred stock may be fixed at the time the stock purchase contracts are issued or(which may be determined by reference to a specific formula containeddescribed in the stock purchase contracts.  We may issuecontracts);

any requirement for us to make periodic payments to holders or vice versa, and whether the payments are unsecured or pre-funded;

any provisions relating to any security provided for the stock purchase contracts in such amounts and in as many distinct series as we wish.contracts;

The prospectus supplement may contain, where applicable, the following information about

whether the stock purchase contracts issued under it:

·
whether the stock purchase contracts obligate the holder to purchase or sell, or both purchase and sell, our common stock or preferred stock and the nature and amount of common stock or preferred stock, or the method of determining that amount;
·
whether the stock purchase contracts are to be prepaid or not;
·
whether the stock purchase contracts are to be settled by delivery, or by reference or linkage to the value, performance or level of our common stock or preferred stock;
·
any acceleration, cancellation, termination or other provisions relating to the settlement of the stock purchase contracts; and
·
whether the stock purchase contracts will be issued in fully registered or global form.
The applicable prospectus supplement will describe the terms of any stockholder or us to purchase contracts.  The preceding descriptionor sell, or both purchase and any description of stock purchase contracts insell, the applicable prospectus supplement does not purport to be complete and issecurities subject to and is qualified in its entirety by reference topurchase or sale under the stock purchase contract, agreement and if applicable, collateral arrangementsthe nature and depository arrangementsamount of each of those securities, or the method of determining those amounts;

whether the stock purchase contracts are to be prepaid or not;

whether the stock purchase contracts are to be settled by delivery, or by reference or linkage to the value, performance or level of the securities subject to purchase under the stock purchase contract;

any acceleration, cancellation, termination or other provisions relating to the settlement of the stock purchase contracts;

whether the stock purchase contracts will be issued in fully registered or global form;

a discussion of certain federal income tax considerations; and

any other terms of such stock purchase contracts and any securities subject to such stock purchase contracts.

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DESCRIPTION OF UNITS

The following description sets forth certain general terms and provisions of the units that we may offer from time to time. This summary does not contain all of the information that you may find useful. The particular terms of any of the units that we may offer and the related agreements will be described in the prospectus supplement relating to those units. For more information, you should review the relevant form of unit agreement and the relevant form of unit certificate, if any, which will be filed with the SEC.

We may issue units comprised of one or more of the other securities described in this prospectus in any combination. Each unit will be issued so that the holder of the unit is also the holder of each security included in the unit. Thus, the holder of a unit will have the rights and obligations of a holder of each included security. The unit agreement under which a unit is issued may provide thatprospectus supplement will describe:

the designation and terms of the units and of the securities included incomprising the unitunits, including whether and under what circumstances the securities comprising the units may not be held or transferred separately, at any time or at any time before separately;

a specified date.

The applicable prospectus supplement may describe:
·
the designation and termsdescription of the units and of the securities comprising the units, including whether and under what circumstances those securities may be held or transferred separately;
·
any provisions for the issuance, payment, settlement, transfer or exchange of the units or of the securities comprising the units; and
·
whether the units will be issued in fully registered or global form.
The applicable prospectus supplement will describe the terms of any units.  The preceding description and anyunit agreement governing the units;

a description of units in the provisions for the payment, settlement, transfer or exchange of the units;

the applicable prospectus supplement does not purport to be complete and is subject to and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the unit agreement and, if applicable, collateral arrangements and depositary arrangements relating to such units.


MATERIAL FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS
The following is a summary of certain materialU.S. federal income tax considerations relating to the units; and

any other terms of the units and of the securities comprising the units.

CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF MARYLAND LAW AND OUR CHARTER AND BYLAWS

The following description of the terms of our stock and of certain provisions of Maryland law is only a summary. Copies of our charter and bylaws are filed as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part and the following description is qualified entirely by reference to our charter and bylaws and the applicable provisions of Maryland law.

Number of Directors; Vacancies

Our charter provides that the number of directors will be set only by the board of directors in accordance with our bylaws. Our bylaws provide that a majority of our entire board of directors may at any time increase or decrease the number of directors. However, the number of directors may never be less than three.

Whenever any vacancy occurs on the board of directors by reason of death, resignation, removal, or increase in the authorized number of directors, or otherwise, it may be filled by the board of directors or by the stockholders at a special meeting of the stockholders called for that purpose.

Annual Elections; Majority Voting

Each of our directors will be elected by our stockholders to serve until our next annual meeting of stockholders and until his or her successor is duly elected and qualifies. Our bylaws provide for majority voting in uncontested director elections. Pursuant to our bylaws, in a contested election, directors are elected by a plurality of all of the votes cast in the election of directors, and in an uncontested election, a director is elected if he or she receives more votes for his or her election than votes against his or her election.

Removal of Directors

Our charter provides that, subject to the rights, if any, of holders of any class or series of preferred stock to elect or remove one or more directors, a director may be removed only for cause, and then only by the affirmative vote of at least a majority of the votes entitled to be cast generally in the election of directors. “Cause” is defined in our charter to mean the willful and continuous failure of a director to substantially perform such director’s duties (other than any such failure resulting from temporary incapacity due to physical or mental illness) or the willful engaging by a director in gross misconduct materially and demonstrably injurious to the corporation.

Calling of Special Meetings of Stockholders

Our bylaws provide that special meetings of stockholders may be called by our chairman of the board. Additionally, our bylaws provide that, subject to the satisfaction of certain procedural and informational requirements by the stockholders requesting the meeting, a special meeting of stockholders to act on any matter that may properly be considered at a meeting of stockholders shall be called by the chairman of the board or the secretary of the corporation upon the written request of (x) a majority of the directors or (y) the holders of 25 percent or more of all the votes entitled to be cast on such matter at such meeting.

Business Combinations

The MGCL provides that “business combinations” between a Maryland corporation and an interested stockholder or an affiliate of an interested stockholder are prohibited for five years after the most recent date on which the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. These business combinations include a merger, consolidation, share exchange, or, in circumstances specified in the statute, an asset transfer or issuance or reclassification of equity securities. An interested stockholder is defined as:

any person who beneficially owns 10% or more of the voting power of the corporation’s voting stock; or

an affiliate or associate of the corporation who, at any time within the two-year period immediately prior to the date in question, was the beneficial owner, directly or indirectly, of 10% or more of the voting power of the then outstanding stock of the corporation.

After the five-year prohibition, any business combination between the Maryland corporation and an interested stockholder generally must be recommended by the board of directors of the corporation and approved by two super-majority stockholder votes, unless, among other conditions, the holders of the corporation’s common stock receive a minimum price, as defined by Maryland law, for their shares and the consideration is received in cash or in the same form as previously paid by the interested stockholder for its shares. None of these provisions of Maryland law will apply, however, to business combinations that are approved or exempted by the board of directors of the corporation before the time that the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. Furthermore, a person is not an interested stockholder if the transaction by which he or she would otherwise have become an interested stockholder is approved in advance by the board of directors.

As permitted by Maryland law, our charter contains an election exempting any business combinations between us and any other person or entity from the business combination provisions of the MGCL and, consequently, the five-year prohibition and the supermajority vote requirements will not apply to business combinations between us and any person as described above. As a result, any person described above may be able to enter into business combinations with us that may not be in the best interest of our stockholders without compliance by our company with the supermajority vote requirements and other provisions of the statute.

Control Share Acquisitions

The MGCL provides that the acquirer of certain levels of voting power in electing directors of a Maryland corporation (one-tenth or more, but less than one-third, one-third or more but less than a majority, and a majority or more) is not entitled to vote the shares in excess of the applicable threshold unless voting rights for the shares are approved at a meeting by holders of two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter, excluding shares of stock owned by the acquiror or by an officer or director of the corporation who is an employee of the corporation, or unless the acquisition of the shares has been specifically or generally approved or exempted from the statute by a provision in the corporation’s charter or bylaws adopted before the acquisition of the shares.

As permitted by Maryland law, our charter contains an election exempting from the control share acquisition statute any and all acquisitions by any person of shares of our stock.

Appraisal Rights

The MGCL provides that stockholders may exercise appraisal right, subject to certain exceptions, including if appraisal rights are eliminated under a company’s charter or if the company’s common stock is listed on a national securities exchange. Because the common stock is listed on the NYSE, our stockholders will not be entitled to exercise appraisal rights in the event of our consolidation, merger, transfer or business combination, the acquisition of the stockholder’s stock in a share exchange, amendment of our charter in a way that substantially adversely affects the stockholders’ rights, or our conversion to a different form of entity.

Subtitle 8

Under Subtitle 8 of Title 3 of the MGCL, a Maryland corporation with a class of equity securities registered under the Exchange Act and at least three directors who are not officers or employees of the corporation, and who are not affiliated with a person who is seeking to acquire control of the corporation, may elect to be subject, by provision in its charter or bylaws or a resolution of its board of directors and notwithstanding any contrary provision in the charter or bylaws, to any or all of the following five provisions:

a classified board requirement;

a two-thirds vote requirement for removing a director;

a requirement that the number of directors be fixed only by vote of the board of directors;

a requirement that a vacancy on the board be filled only by the affirmative vote of a majority of the remaining directors and for the remainder of the full term of the class of directors in which the vacancy occurred and until a successor is elected and qualifies; or

a requirement for the calling of a special meeting of stockholders only at the written request of stockholders entitled to cast at least a majority of the votes entitled to be cast at the meeting.

We have not elected to create a classified board; however, our board of directors may elect in the future, without stockholder approval, to create a classified board or elect to be subject to one or more of the other provisions of Subtitle 8.

Amendments to Our Charter and Bylaws

Other than amendments permitted to be made without stockholder approval under Maryland law or by a specific provision in our charter, our charter may be amended only if such amendment is declared advisable by our board of directors and approved by the affirmative vote of stockholders entitled to cast two-thirds of all of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter. Our board of directors, without stockholder approval, has the power under our charter to amend our charter from time to time to increase or decrease the aggregate number of shares of stock or the number of shares of stock of any class or series that we are authorized to issue, to authorize us to issue authorized but unissued shares of our common stock or preferred stock and to classify any unissued shares of our preferred stock, or reclassify any unissued shares of our common stock or preferred stock, into one or more classes or series of stock and set the terms of such newly classified or reclassified shares.

Our board of directors may amend or repeal our bylaws or adopt new by laws. In addition, stockholders, by the affirmative vote of a majority of all votes entitled to be cast on the matter, may amend or repeal our bylaws or adopt new bylaws, provided, that stockholders may not alter or repeal the section of our bylaws providing for director, officer and employee indemnification or the provisions relating to amendment of the bylaws, in either case without the approval of our board of directors

Transactions Outside the Ordinary Course of Business

We generally may not merge with or into or consolidate with another company, sell all or substantially all of our assets or engage in a statutory share exchange or convert unless such transaction is declared advisable by our board of directors and approved by the affirmative vote of stockholders entitled to cast a majority of all of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter.

Anti-Takeover Effect of Certain Provisions of Maryland Law and of Our Charter and Bylaws

The provisions of the MGCL, our charter and our bylaws described above including, among others, and the restrictions on ownership and transfer of our stock, could delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change of control of our company that might involve a premium price for holders of our common stock or otherwise be in their best interests.

Indemnification and Limitation of Directors’ and Officers’ Liability

Our charter and bylaws provide for indemnification of directors and officers to the fullest extent permitted by Maryland law.

The MGCL generally permits indemnification of any director or officer with respect to any proceedings unless it is established that: (a) the act or omission of the director or officer was material to the matter giving rise to the proceeding and was either (i) committed in bad faith or (ii) the result of active and deliberate dishonesty; (b) the director or officer actually received an improper personal benefit in money, property or services; or (c) in the case of a criminal proceeding, the director or officer had reasonable cause to believe that the act or omission was unlawful. The indemnity may include judgments, penalties, fines, settlements, and reasonable expenses actually incurred by the director or officer in connection with the proceedings. However, a corporation may not indemnify a director or officer who shall have been adjudged to be liable to the corporation, or who instituted a proceeding against the corporation (unless such proceeding was brought to enforce the indemnification provisions of the MGCL, or the charter, bylaws, a resolution of the board of directors of the corporation or an agreement approved by the board of directors). In addition, a director may not be indemnified under the MGCL in respect of any proceeding charging improper personal benefit to the director, whether or not involving action in the director’s official capacity, in which the director was adjudged to be liable on the basis that personal benefit was improperly received. The termination of any proceeding by judgment, order or settlement does not create a presumption that the director or officer did not meet the requisite standard of conduct required for permitted indemnification. The termination of any proceeding by conviction, or plea of nolo contendere or its equivalent, or an entry of an order of probation prior to judgment, creates a rebuttable presumption that the director or officer did not meet that standard of conduct. A director or officer who has been successful on the merits or otherwise, in the defense of any proceeding referred to above shall be indemnified against any reasonable expenses incurred by the director or officer in connection with the proceeding.

We have also entered into indemnity agreements with several of our officers and directors that provide that we will, subject to certain conditions, pay on behalf of the indemnified party any amount which the indemnified party is or becomes legally obligated to pay because of any act or omission or neglect or breach of duty, including any actual or alleged error or misstatement or misleading statement, which the indemnified party commits or suffers while acting in the capacity as an officer or director. Once an initial determination is made by the registrant that a director or officer did not act in bad faith or for personal benefit, the indemnification provisions contained in the charter, bylaws, and indemnity agreements would require us to advance any reasonable expenses incurred by the director or officer, and to pay the costs, judgments, and penalties determined against a director or officer in a proceeding brought against them.

Insofar as the foregoing provisions permit indemnification of directors, officers or persons controlling us for liability arising under the Securities Act, we have been informed that in the opinion of the SEC, this indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.

CERTAIN U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS

The following summary discusses certain U.S. federal income tax considerations associated with our qualification and taxation as a REIT and the acquisition, holding,ownership and disposition of our common stock, preferred stock, and depositary shares (such depository shares, together with ourof common stock and preferred stock, our “Stock”, and holders thereof, “Stockholders”), as well as our warrants.  This summary is based on current law, is for general information only, and is not tax advice.

This discussion does not purport to address all aspects of taxation that may be relevant to particular holders in light of their personal investment or tax circumstances, or to certain types of holders (including, without limitation, insurance companies, tax-exempt organizations (except as described below in “Taxation of Tax-Exempt Stockholders”), financial institutions and broker dealers) subject to special treatment under the federal income tax laws. In addition, this discussion (except to the extent described below in “Taxation of Non-U.S. Stockholders and Non-U.S. Holders of Warrants”) does not address the tax consequences applicable to holders that are not “U.S. Stockholders” or “U.S. Holders.” For this purpose, a “U.S. Stockholder” or “U.S. Holder” is a holder of our Stock or warrants (respectively) that, forstock. Supplemental U.S. federal income tax purposes, is: (i) a citizen or residentconsiderations relevant to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of the United States; (ii)securities offered by this prospectus may be provided in the prospectus supplement that relates to those securities. The information in this section is based on the current Code, current, temporary and proposed income tax regulations promulgated under the Code (“Treasury Regulations”), the legislative history of the Code, current administrative interpretations and practices of the IRS (including its practices and policies as endorsed in private letter rulings, which are not binding on the IRS except in the case of the taxpayer to whom a corporation (includingprivate letter ruling is addressed), and existing court decisions. Future legislation, regulations, administrative interpretations and court decisions could change current law or adversely affect existing interpretations of current law, possibly with retroactive effect. Any change could apply retroactively. We have not obtained any rulings from the IRS concerning the tax treatment of the matters discussed below. Thus, it is possible that the IRS could challenge the statements in this discussion and that a court could agree with the IRS.

Special rules that are not discussed below may apply to you if, for example you are a broker-dealer, a trust, an estate, a regulated investment company, a REIT, a financial institution, an insurance company, a person who holds 10% or more (by vote or value) of our stock, a partnership or other pass-through entity or an investor in such an entity, treateda person subject to the alternative minimum tax provisions of the Code, a person holding our common stock or preferred stock as part of a “straddle,” “hedge,” “short sale,” “conversion transaction,” “synthetic security” or other integrated investment, a person required to accelerate any item of gross income as a corporationresult of such income being recognized on an applicable financial statement, a person who marks-to market our common stock or preferred stock, a U.S. expatriate, a U.S. Stockholder (as defined below) whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar, a tax-exempt entity, a Non-U.S. Stockholder (as defined below) or are otherwise subject to special tax treatment under the Code.

This summary does not discuss the impact that any U.S. federal taxes other than income taxes (such as estate and gift taxes), U.S. state and local taxes, alternative minimum taxes, estate taxes, and taxes imposed by non-U.S. jurisdictions could have on the matters discussed in this summary. In addition, this summary assumes that security holders hold our stock as capital assets, which generally means as property held for investment. In addition, the following summary does not address any U.S. federal income tax purposes) createdconsequences to holders of our outstanding stock that could result if we issue any redeemable preferred stock at a price that exceeds its redemption price by more than a de minimis amount or organized under the lawsthat otherwise provides for dividends that are economically a return of the United States, any of its States orstockholders investment (rather than a return on the District of Columbia; (iii) an estate whose income is subject to federal income taxation regardless of its source; or (iv) any trust if (a) a U.S. court is able to exercise primary supervision over the administration of such trust and one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control all substantial decisionsstockholder’s investment), which preferred stock could be considered “fast-pay stock” under Treasury Regulations promulgated under Section 7701(l) of the trust or (b) it has a valid election in place to beCode and treated under such regulations as a U.S. person. If a partnership (including any entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes) holds our Stock or warrants,financing instrument among the federal income tax treatment of a partner in the partnership will generally depend on the statusholders of the partnerfast-pay stock and the activities of the partnership. If you are a partner in a partnership holding our Stock or warrants, youother stockholders.

Prospective investors should consult yourtheir tax advisor regardingadvisors in order to determine the U.S. federal, state, local, foreign and other tax consequences to them of the purchase, ownership and disposition of our Stockshares, the tax treatment of a REIT and the effect of potential changes in the applicable tax laws.

For purposes of this discussion, references to “our company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer solely to Cedar Realty Trust, Inc. and do not include the Operating Partnership or warrants byany of our other subsidiaries. For purposes of this discussion, the partnership.

In addition, the following summary assumes that our warrants areterm “corporation” includes any entity treated as such,a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and notthe term “stock” means interests treated as common stock or preferred stock,equity in a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. No assurances can be made inFor purposes of this regard. The tax considerations discussed below with respect to our warrants would be different ifdiscussion, the warrants wereterm “partnership” includes any entity treated as common stock or preferred stock.
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EACH PROSPECTIVE HOLDER SHOULD CONSULT WITH ITS TAX ADVISOR REGARDING THE SPECIFIC TAX CONSEQUENCES OF THE PURCHASE, OWNERSHIP AND SALE OF OUR STOCK OR WARRANTS AND OF THE COMPANY’S ELECTION TO BE TAXED AS A REIT, INCLUDING THE FEDERAL, STATE, LOCAL, AND FOREIGN INCOME AND OTHER TAX CONSEQUENCES OF SUCH PURCHASE, OWNERSHIP, SALE AND ELECTION, AND OF POTENTIAL CHANGES IN APPLICABLE TAX LAWS, SOME OF WHICH MAY APPLY RETROACTIVELY.
Taxationa partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and the term “partner” includes any person treated as a member of Our Company
a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

General

We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860the applicable provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”)and the Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder, or Treasury Regulations, commencing with theour taxable year ended December 31, 1986. We believe that we have been organized and have operated in such a manner as to qualify for taxation as a REIT and intend to continue to operate in such a manner. However, qualification and taxationoperating as a REIT depend uponso long as our ability to meet on a continuing basis, through actual annual operating results, asset composition, distribution levels and diversityBoard of stock ownership, the variousDirectors determines that REIT qualification tests and organizational requirements imposed under the Code, as discussed below. Accordingly, no assurance can be givenremains in our best interest. However, we cannot assure you that we have been organized and have operated, or will continue to be organized and operate, in a manner so as to remain qualified as a REIT.

The following is a general summary ofmeet the material Code provisions and the corresponding Treasury Regulations that govern theapplicable requirements under U.S. federal income tax treatment of a REIT and its Stockholders. These provisions of the Code and Treasury Regulationslaws, which are highly technical and complex. This summary

In brief, a corporation that complies with the provisions in Code Sections 856 through 860 and qualifies as a REIT generally is qualified innot taxed on its entirety by the applicable Code provisions, the Treasury Regulations, and administrative and judicial interpretations thereof.

We have received an opinion of Stroock & Stroock & Lavan LLPtaxable income to the effectextent such income is currently distributed to stockholders, thereby completely or substantially eliminating the “double taxation” that a corporation and its stockholders generally bear together. However, as discussed in greater detail below, we could be subject to U.S. federal income tax in some circumstances even if we qualify as a REIT and would likely suffer adverse consequences, including reduced cash available for distribution to its stockholders, if we fail to qualify as a REIT.

Goodwin Procter LLP has acted as our tax counsel in connection with this registration statement. Goodwin Procter LLP is of the opinion that commencing with our taxable year ended on December 31, 1998,2016, we have been operatedorganized in conformity with the requirements for qualification as a REIT under the Code and our actual method of operation from January 1, 2015 through the date of the opinionhereof (as represented by us to Goodwin Procter LLP) has enabled us to meet, and our proposed method of operation as described in this prospectus and as(as represented by us to Goodwin Procter LLP) will enable us to continue to so qualify throughmeet, the endrequirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT under the Code. This opinion has been filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of our current taxable year and thereafter. It must be emphasized that thewhich this prospectus is a part.

Goodwin Procter LLP’s opinion of Stroock & Stroock & Lavan LLP is based on various assumptionsrepresentations made by us as to certain factual matters relating to our prior and intended and expected organization, ownership and operation,method of operation. Goodwin Procter LLP has not verified those representations, and is conditioned upontheir opinion assumes that such representations and covenants madeare accurate and complete, that we have been owned, organized and operated and will continue to be owned, organized and will continue to operate in accordance with such representations and covenants and that we will take no action inconsistent with our status as a REIT. In addition, this opinion is based on the law existing and in effect as of its date (and to the extent applicable, the law in effect for prior periods covered by their opinion). Our qualification and taxation as a REIT will depend on our management regarding our organization, income, assets,ability to have met and to meet on a continuing basis, through actual operating results, the asset composition, distribution levels, diversity of share ownership and various other qualification tests imposed under the past, present and future conduct of our business operations, the compliance with whichCode discussed below. Goodwin Procter LLP has not reviewed and will not be reviewed by Stroock & Stroock & Lavan LLP. In addition,review our compliance with these tests on a continuing basis. Accordingly, the opinion of our tax counsel does not guarantee our ability to qualify as a REIT depends in part upon the operating results, organizational structure and entity classification for federal income tax purposes of certain affiliated entities, and also requires that we satisfy certain asset tests, some of which depend upon the fair market values of assets directly or indirectly owned by us which may not be susceptible to a precise determination. Accordingly, while we intend to operate so that we will qualifyremain qualified as a REIT, given the highly complex nature of the rules governing REITs, the ongoing importance of factual determinations, and the possibility of future changes in our circumstances, no assurance can be given by Stroock & Stroock & Lavan LLP or us that we have satisfied and will so qualifysatisfy such tests for our taxable year ended December 31, 2016 or for any particular year. Thesubsequent period. Also, the opinion of Goodwin Procter LLP is expressed asnot binding on the IRS, or any court, and could be subject to modification or withdrawal based on future legislative, judicial or administrative changes to U.S. federal income tax laws, any of the date issued and counselwhich could be applied retroactively. Goodwin Procter LLP will have no obligation to advise us or the holders of our Stockstock or warrantsdebt of any subsequent change in the matters stated, representedaddressed in its opinion, the factual representations or assumed,assumptions on which the conclusions in the opinion are based, or of any subsequent change in the applicable law. You should be aware that opinions of counsel

Taxation

We are subject to tax at normal corporate rates on our “REIT taxable income.” The term “REIT taxable income” means the taxable income as computed for a corporation which is not binding ona REIT:

without the Internal Revenue Service, or IRS,deductions allowed by Code Sections 241 through 247, and 249 (relating generally to the deduction for dividends received);

excluding amounts equal to: the net income from foreclosure property and the net income derived from prohibited transactions;

deducting amounts equal to: the net loss from foreclosure property, the net loss derived from prohibited transactions, the tax imposed by Code Section 857(b)(5) upon a failure to meet the 95% or the courts,75% gross income tests, the tax imposed by Code Section 856(c)(7)(C) upon a failure to meet the quarterly asset tests, the tax imposed by Code Section 856(g)(5) for otherwise avoiding REIT disqualification, and no assurance can be given that the IRS will not challengetax imposed by Code Section 857(b)(7) on non-arm’s length transactions between REITs and their taxable REIT subsidiaries, or TRSs;

deducting the conclusions set forthamount of dividends paid under Code Section 561, computed without regard to the amount of the net income from foreclosure property (which is excluded from REIT taxable income); and

without regard to any change of annual accounting period pursuant to Code Section 443(b).

Because we are allowed the deduction for dividends paid in such opinions or that a court would not sustain such a challenge.

Providedcalculating our REIT taxable income, in any year in which we qualify for taxation as a REIT we generally will not be requiredsubject to payU.S. federal corporate income taxestax on that portion of our taxable income or net income thatcapital gain which is currently distributed to our Stockholders. This treatmentstockholders.

Although we can eliminate or substantially eliminates the “double taxation” (at the corporate and Stockholder levels) that generally results from investment in a corporation. However, we will still be required to payreduce our U.S. federal income tax as follows:

liability by maintaining our REIT qualification and paying sufficient dividends, we will be subject to U.S. federal tax in the following circumstances:

We will be required to pay taxtaxed at regularnormal corporate rates on any undistributed REIT taxable income including undistributedand/or net capital gains.gain.

If we fail to satisfy either the 95% Gross Income Test or the 75% Gross Income Test (each of which is described below), but our failure is due to reasonable cause and not willful neglect, and we therefore maintain our REIT qualification, we will be subject to a tax equal to the product of (a) the amount by which we failed the 75% or 95% Gross Income Test (whichever amount is greater) multiplied by (b) a fraction intended to reflect our profitability.

We maywill be subject to an excise tax if we fail to currently distribute sufficient income. In order to make the “required distribution” with respect to a calendar year, we must distribute the sum of (1) 85% of our REIT ordinary income for the calendar year, (2) 95% of our REIT capital gain net income for the calendar year, and (3) the excess, if any, of the grossed up required distribution (as defined in the Code) for the preceding calendar year over the distributed amount for that preceding calendar year. Any excise tax liability would be equal to 4% of the difference between the amount required to paybe distributed under this formula and the “alternative minimum tax” on our items of tax preference under some circumstances.amount actually distributed and would not be deductible by us.

If we have (1) net income from the saleprohibited transactions (generally, gain from inventory or other disposition of “foreclosure“dealer property” which is held primarily for sale) such income would be subject to customers in the ordinary course of business or (2) other nonqualifying income from foreclosure property, wea 100% tax. See “- REIT Qualification Tests - Prohibited Transactions.”

We will be requiredsubject to payU.S. federal income tax at the highest corporate rate on this income.any non-qualifying income from foreclosure property, although we will not own any foreclosure property unless we make loans or accept purchase money notes secured by interests in real property and foreclose on the property following a default on the loan, or foreclose on property pursuant to a default on a lease.

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   Foreclosure property generally

If we fail to satisfy any of the REIT asset tests, as described below, other than a failure of the 5% or 10% REIT assets tests that does not exceed a statutory de minimis amount as described more fully below, but our failure is defined as propertydue to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect and we acquired through foreclosurenonetheless maintain our REIT qualification because of specified cure provisions, we will be required to pay a tax equal to the greater of $50,000 or after a default on a loan securedthe amount determined by multiplying the highest corporate tax rate (currently 21%) by the property or a lease ofnet income generated by the property.non-qualifying assets during the period in which we failed to satisfy the asset tests.

We will be required to pay a 100% tax on any net income from prohibited transactions. Prohibited transactions are, in general, sales or other taxable dispositions of property, other than foreclosure property, held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business.
If we fail to satisfy the 75% gross income test or the 95% gross income test, as discussed below, but have otherwise maintained our qualification as a REIT because certain other requirements are met, we will be required to pay a tax equal to the greater of the amount by which we failed to satisfy the 75% or 95% gross income tests, multiplied by a fraction intended to reflect our profitability.

If we fail to satisfy any of the REIT asset tests (other than a de minimis failure of the 5% asset test, 10% vote test or the 10% value test), as described below, due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect, and we nonetheless maintain our REIT qualification because of specified cure provisions, we will be required to pay a tax equal to the greater of $50,000 or the highest corporate tax rate multiplied by the net income generated by the nonqualifying assets that caused us to fail such test.

If we fail to satisfy anyother provision of the Code that would result in our failure to continue to qualify as a REIT (other than a violation of the REIT gross income tests or certain violations of the asset tests described below)test requirement) and thethat violation is due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect, we may retain our REIT qualification butif we will be required to pay a penalty of $50,000 for each such failure.

We will be required to pay a 4% excise tax to the extent we fail to distribute, as specially defined in the Code, during each calendar year at least the sum of (1) 85% of our REIT ordinary income for the year, (2) 95% of our REIT capital gain net income for the year, and (3) any undistributed taxable income from prior periods.
If we acquire any asset “in a conversion transaction” (which generally refers to a transaction in which the basis of the acquired asset in our hands is determined by reference to the basis of the asset in the hands of a C corporation or partnership that has one or more corporate partners), and we subsequently recognize gain on the disposition of the asset during the ten-year period beginning on the date on which we acquired the asset, then we will be required to pay tax at the highest regular corporate tax rate on this gain to the extent of the excess of (1) the fair market value of the asset over (2) our adjusted basis in the asset, in each case determined as of the date on which we acquired the asset. The results described in this paragraph with respect to the recognition of gain assume that the C corporation or partnership, as applicable, will refrain from making an election to receive different treatment under existing Treasury Regulations on its tax return for the year in which we acquire the asset.
We will be required to pay a 100% tax on any “redetermined rents,” “redetermined deductions” or “excess interest.” See “— Penalty Tax.” In general, redetermined rents are rents from real property that are overstated as a result of services furnished to any of our tenants by a “taxable REIT subsidiary” of ours. Redetermined deductions and excess interest generally represent amounts that are deducted by a taxable REIT subsidiary of ours for amounts paid to us that are in excess of the amounts that would have been deducted based on arm’s length negotiations.

We may be required to pay monetary penalties to the IRS in certain circumstances, including if we fail to meet record-keeping requirements intended to monitor our compliance with rules relating to the composition of our Stockholders, as described below in “— Requirementsstockholders. Such penalties generally would not be deductible by us.

If we fail to qualify for Qualificationtaxation as a REIT.”REIT because we have accumulated non-REIT earnings and profits at the end of the relevant year (i.e., any earnings and profits that we inherit from a taxable C corporation during the year, such as through tax-free merger or tax-free liquidation with a taxable C corporation, and that are not distributed or otherwise offset during the taxable year), and the presence of non-REIT earnings and profits at year-end is not due to fraud with intent to evade tax, we generally may retain our REIT status by paying a special distribution, but we will be required to pay an interest charge on 50% of the amount of undistributed non-REIT earnings and profits.

If we acquire any asset from a corporation that is subject to full corporate-level U.S. federal income tax in a transaction in which our basis in the asset is determined by reference to the transferor corporation’s basis in the asset, such as through a tax-free merger or other tax-free reorganization, and we recognize gain on the disposition of such asset during the 5-year recognition period beginning on the date we acquired such asset, then such gain up to the amount of the excess of the fair market value of such asset as of the beginning of such recognition period over our adjusted basis in such asset at the beginning of such recognition period will be subject to U.S. federal income tax at the highest regular corporate U.S. federal income tax rate (currently 21%). The results described in this paragraph assume that the non-REIT corporation does not elect, in lieu of this treatment, to be subject to an immediate tax when the asset is acquired by us.

We will be subject to a 100% penalty tax on some payments we receive or on certain other amounts (or on certain expenses deducted by our TRSs) if arrangements among us, our tenants and/or our TRSs are not comparable to similar arrangements among unrelated parties.

The earnings of our subsidiaries that are C corporations, including any subsidiary we have elected to treat as a TRS, will generally be subject to U.S. federal corporate income tax.

We may elect to retain and pay income tax on our net capital gain. In that case, a stockholder would include his, her or its proportionate share of our undistributed net capital gain (to the extent we make a timely designation of such gain to the stockholder) in his, her or its income as long-term capital gain, would be deemed to have paid the tax that we paid on such gain, and would be allowed a refund or credit as the case may be for his, her or its proportionate share of the tax deemed to have been paid, and an adjustment would be made to increase the stockholder’s basis in our stock. Stockholders that are U.S. corporations will also appropriately adjust their earnings and profits for the retained capital gain in accordance with Treasury Regulations to be promulgated.

In addition, notwithstanding our qualification as a REIT, we and our subsidiaries may be subject to a variety of taxes other than federal income taxes, including payroll taxesstate and state, local and foreign income, property, orpayroll and other taxes on our assets and operations.

Requirements for We could also be subject to tax in situations and on transactions not presently contemplated.

REIT Qualification as a REITTests

Organizational Requirements. The Code defines a REIT as a corporation, trust or association:

 1.(1)

that is managed by one or more trustees or directors;

 2.(2)that issues

the beneficial ownership of which is evidenced by transferable shares or by transferable certificates to evidence itsof beneficial ownership;interest;

 3.(3)

that would be taxable as a domestic corporation but for Sections 856 through 860 of the Code;its qualification as a REIT;

 4.(4)

that is notneither a financial institution ornor an insurance company within the meaning of certain provisions of the Code;company;

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 5.(5)

that meets the gross income requirements (the “Gross Income Tests”), asset requirements (the “Asset Tests”) and annual distribution requirements summarized below;

(6)

the beneficial ownership of which is beneficially ownedheld by 100 or more persons;persons on at least 335 days in each full taxable year, proportionately adjusted for a short taxable year;

 6.(7)not

generally in which, at any time during the last half of each taxable year, no more than 50% in value of the outstanding stock of which is owned, actuallydirectly or constructively,indirectly, by five or fewer individuals including, for this purpose,(as defined in the Code to include specified entities; andentities);

 7.(8)

that meetsmakes an election to be taxable as a REIT for the current taxable year, or has made this election for a previous taxable year, which election has not been revoked or terminated, and satisfies all relevant filing and other tests, described below, regardingadministrative requirements established by the nature of its incomeIRS that must be met to maintain qualification as a REIT; and assets and the amount of its distributions.

The Code provides that conditions

(9)

that uses a calendar year for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

Organizational requirements (1) to (4), inclusive, must be met during the entire taxable year, that conditionthrough (5) must be met during at least 335 days of aeach taxable year of 12 months, or during a proportionate part of a taxable year of less than 12 months,for which REIT qualification is sought, while requirements (6) and condition (6) must be met during the last half of the taxable year. Conditions (5) and (6)(7) do not applyhave to be met until after the first taxable year for which ana REIT election is made to be taxed as a REIT. For purposes of condition (6), specified tax-exempt entities generally are treated as individuals and a “look-through” rule applies with respect to pension funds.

made.

We believe that we have been organized, have operated and have issued sufficient shares of capital stock with sufficient diversity of ownership to allow us to satisfy conditions (1) through(6) and (7) inclusive, during the relevant time periods.above. In addition, our charter provides for restrictions regarding ownership andthe transfer of shares of our shares whichcapital stock that are intended to assist us in continuing to satisfysatisfying the share ownership requirements described in (5)conditions (6) and (6)(7) above. These restrictions, however, may not ensure that we will in all cases, be able to satisfy the share ownership requirements described in (5) and (6) above. If we fail to satisfy these share ownership requirements, except as provided in the next sentence, our status asrequirements.

To monitor its compliance with condition (7) above, a REIT will terminate.is required to send annual letters to its stockholders requesting information regarding the actual ownership of its shares. If however, we comply with the rules contained in applicable Treasury Regulations that require us to ascertain the actual ownership of our sharesannual letters requirement and we do not know or, exercising reasonable diligence, would not have known through the exercise of reasonable diligence, that we failedour failure to meet the requirement described in condition (6)(7) above, then we will be treated as having met this requirement. To comply with these rules, we must demand written statements each year from the record holders of significant percentages of our capital stock in which the record holders are to disclose the actual owners of the shares, i.e., the persons required to include in gross income the dividends paid by us. A list of those persons failing or refusingcondition (7) above. Failure to comply with this demand must be maintained as part of our records. Failure by us to comply with these record keepingsuch requirements could subject us to monetary penalties. A Stockholder that failsIf you fail or refusesrefuse to comply with the demand isletters, you will be required by the Treasury Regulations to submit a statement with itsyour tax return disclosing theyour actual ownership of theour shares and other information.

In addition, we may not maintain We have complied with condition (8) above by making our statusREIT election as a REIT unlesspart of our U.S. federal income tax return for our taxable year isended December 31, 1986. For purposes of satisfying condition (9), we have adopted December 31 as our year end, and we intend to comply with the calendar year. We have and will continue to have a calendar taxable year.applicable record-keeping requirements.

Ownership of Interests in Partnerships Limited Liability Companies and Qualified REIT Subsidiaries. In the case of aSubsidiaries. A REIT whichthat is a partner in a partnership or a member in a limited liability company or other unincorporated entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, Treasury Regulations provide that the REIT will be deemed to own its proportionate share of the assets of the partnership or limited liability company, treated as a partnership, as the case may be, based on its interest in partnership capital, subject to special rules relating to the 10% value test described below. Also, the REITand will be deemed to be entitled to its proportionate share of the income of that entity.

The assets and gross income of thea partnership or limited liability companyof which a REIT is a partner retain the same character in the hands of the REIT as in the partnership for purposes of Section 856 of the Code, including satisfying the gross income tests and the asset tests.REIT. Thus, our pro rata share of the assets and items of income of our operatingany partnership including our operating partnership’s share of these items of any entity treated as a partnership or disregarded entity for federal income tax purposes in which it ownswe own an interest is treated as our assets and items of income for purposes of applying the requirements describedAsset Tests and Gross Income Tests.

If we become a partner in this discussion, including the incomeany partnership that we do not control and asset tests described below. A brief summary of the rules governing the federal income taxation of partnerships and limited liability companies is set forth below in “Tax Aspects of Our Operating Partnership, the Subsidiary Partnerships and the Limited Liability Companies.”

We have control of our operating partnership and generally control our subsidiary partnerships and limited liability companies and intend to operate them in a manner consistent with the requirements for our qualification as a REIT. We may from time to time be a non-managing member in some of our partnerships and limited liability companies. If a partnership or limited liability company in which we own an interestsuch entity takes or expects to take actions that could jeopardize our statusqualification as a REIT or require us to pay tax, we may be forced to dispose of our interest in such entity. In addition, it is possible that a partnership or limited liability company could take an action which could cause us to fail a REIT incomeGross Income Test or asset test,Asset Test, and that we would not become aware of such action in time to dispose
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of our interest in the partnership or limited liability company or take other corrective action on a timely basis. In that case, we could fail to qualify as a REIT unless we were entitled to relief, as described below.

We may from time to time own and operate certain propertiesassets through wholly-owned subsidiaries that we intend to be treated as “qualified REIT subsidiaries” under the Code.subsidiaries.” A corporation will qualify as our qualified REIT subsidiary if we own 100% of the corporation’s outstanding stock and if we do not elect with the subsidiary to treat it as a “taxable REIT subsidiary,”TRS, as described below. A corporation that is a qualified REIT subsidiary is not treated as a separate corporation, and all assets, liabilities and items of income, gain, loss, deduction and credit of a qualified REIT subsidiary are treated as assets, liabilities and items of income, gain, loss, deduction and credit (as the case may be) of the parent REIT for all purposes underof the Code (including all REIT qualification tests). Thus, in applying the federal tax requirements described in this discussion, any corporations in which we own a 100% interest (other than any taxable REIT subsidiaries) are ignored,Asset Tests and all assets, liabilities and items of income, gain, loss, deduction and credit of such corporations are treated as our assets, liabilities and items of income, gain, loss, deduction and credit.Gross Income Tests. A qualified REIT subsidiary is not requiredsubject to payU.S. federal income tax, but may be subject to state or local tax, and our ownership of the stock of a qualified REIT subsidiary doeswill not violate the restrictions on ownership of securities, as described below under “—“- Asset Tests.”

While we currently hold all of our investments through the Operating Partnership, we also may hold investments separately, through qualified REIT subsidiaries. Because a qualified REIT subsidiary must be wholly owned by a REIT, any such subsidiary utilized by us would have to be owned by us, or another qualified REIT subsidiary, and could not be owned by the Operating Partnership unless we own 100% of the equity interest in the Operating Partnership.

Certain other wholly-owned entities also may be treated as disregarded as separate from their owners for U.S. federal income tax purposes, generally including any domestic unincorporated entity that would be treated as a partnership if it had more than one owner for U.S. federal income tax purposes. For U.S. federal income tax purposes, all assets, liabilities and items of income, deduction and credit of any such disregarded entity will be treated as assets, liabilities and items of income, deduction and credit of the owner of the disregarded entity.

If a disregarded subsidiary or qualified REIT subsidiary ceases to be wholly owned by us (for example, if any equity interest in the subsidiary is acquired by a person other than us or another one of our disregarded subsidiaries), the subsidiary’s separate existence would no longer be disregarded for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Instead, it would have multiple owners and would be treated as either a partnership (if not formerly a qualified REIT subsidiary) or a taxable corporation (if formerly a qualified REIT subsidiary). Such an event could, depending on the circumstances, adversely affect our ability to satisfy the Asset Tests and Gross Income Tests, including the requirement that REITs generally may not own, directly or indirectly, more than 10% of the value or voting power of the outstanding securities of another corporation. See “- Asset Tests” and “- Income Tests.”

Ownership of Interests in Taxable REIT SubsidiariesTRSs. We currently own an interest in three TRSs and may acquire securities in additional TRSs in the future. A taxable REIT subsidiaryTRS is a corporation other than a REIT in which a REIT directly or indirectly holds stock, and that has made a joint election with such REIT to be treated as a taxable REIT subsidiary. A taxable REIT subsidiary also includes any corporation other thanTRS. If a REIT with respect to which a taxable REIT subsidiaryTRS owns securities possessing more than 35% of the total voting power or value of the outstanding securities of another corporation, such corporation.other corporation will also be treated as a TRS. Other than some activities relating to lodging and health care facilities, a taxable REIT subsidiaryTRS generally may generally engage in any business, including the provision of customaryinvesting in assets and engaging in activities that could not be held or non-customary services to tenants of its parentconducted directly by us without jeopardizing our qualification as a REIT.

A taxable REIT subsidiarydomestic TRS is subject to U.S. federal income tax as a regular C corporation. In addition,corporation (and a taxable REIT subsidiarynon-U.S. TRS would be subject to U.S. federal income tax on certain U.S. source income and income effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business, if any). We may conduct material activities through a TRS and the amount of such taxes paid by our TRS(s) could be prevented from deducting interest on debt funded directly or indirectly by its parent REIT if certain tests regarding the taxable REIT subsidiary’s debt to equity ratio and interest expense are not satisfied. substantial.

A REIT’s ownership of securities of taxable REIT subsidiaries willa TRS is not be subject to the 5% or 10% vote or valueasset tests or 5% asset test described below. However, no more than 20% of the gross value of a REIT’s assets may be represented by securities of one or more TRSs (or 25% for our taxable years beginning before January 1, 2018).

Share Ownership Requirements

The common stock and any other stock we issue must be held by a minimum of 100 persons (determined without attribution to the owners of any entity owning our stock) for at least 335 days in each full taxable year, proportionately adjusted for partial taxable years. In addition, we cannot be “closely-held,” which means that at all times during the second half of each taxable year, no more than 50% in value of our stock may be owned, directly or indirectly, by five or fewer “individuals” as specifically defined for this purpose (determined by applying certain attribution rules under the Code to the owners of any entity owning our stock). However, these two requirements do not apply until after the first taxable year an entity elects REIT status.

Our charter contains certain provisions intended, among other purposes, to enable us to meet these share ownership requirements. First, subject to certain exceptions, our charter provides that no person may beneficially or constructively own (applying certain attribution rules under the Code) more than 9.9% in value of the aggregate of our outstanding shares of stock or more than 9.9% (in value or in number of shares, whichever is more restrictive) of any class or series of shares of our stock, as well as in certain other circumstances. See “—the Section entitled “Description of Capital Stock—Restrictions on Ownership and Transfer” in this prospectus. Additionally, our charter contains provisions requiring each holder of our shares to disclose, upon demand, constructive or beneficial ownership of shares as deemed necessary to comply with the requirements of the Code. Furthermore, stockholders failing or refusing to comply with our disclosure request will be required, under Treasury Regulations promulgated under the Code, to submit a statement containing information regarding the beneficial ownership of our stock to the IRS at the time of filing their annual income tax returns for the year in which the request was made.

Asset Tests

At the close of each calendar quarter of the taxable year, we must satisfy five tests based on the composition of our assets, or the Asset Tests. After initially meeting the Asset Tests at the close of any quarter, we will not lose our qualification as a REIT for failure to satisfy the Asset Tests at the end of a later quarter solely due to changes in value of our assets. In addition, if the failure to satisfy the Asset Tests results from an acquisition during a quarter, the failure generally can be cured by disposing of non-qualifying assets within 30 days after the close of that quarter. We will continue to maintain adequate records of the value of our assets to ensure compliance with these tests and intend to act within 30 days after the close of any quarter as may be required to cure any noncompliance.

75% Asset Test. At least 75% of the value of our assets must be represented by “real estate assets,cash, cash items (including receivables) and government securities, which we refer to as the 75% Asset Test. Real estate assets include (1) real property (including interests in real property and interests in mortgages on real property or on interests in real property); (2) for taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2016, personal property leased with real property if the rents attributable to the personal property would be rents from real property under the income tests discussed below; (3) shares in other qualifying REITs; (4) for taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2016, debt instruments issued by publicly offered REITs; and (5) any stock or debt instrument (not otherwise a real estate asset) attributable to the temporary investment of “new capital,” but only for the one-year period beginning on the date we received the new capital. A stock or debt instrument will qualify as being attributable to the temporary investment of new capital if the money used to purchase the stock or debt instrument is received by us in exchange for our stock (other than through a dividend reinvestment plan) or in a public offering of debt obligations that have a maturity of at least five years. Assets that do not qualify for purposes of the 75% test are subject to the additional asset tests described below under “- 25% Asset Test.”

We are currently own interestsinvested in a number of real properties. In addition, we have invested and intend to invest funds not used to acquire properties in cash sources, “new capital” investments or other liquid investments which allow us to continue to qualify under the 75% Asset Test. Therefore, our investment in real properties should constitute “real estate assets” and should allow us to meet the 75% Asset Test. A real estate mortgage loan that we own generally will be treated as a real estate asset for purposes of the 75% Asset Test if, on the date that we acquire or originate the mortgage loan, the value of the real property securing the loan is equal to or greater than the principal amount of the loan. Notwithstanding the foregoing, for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2015, a mortgage loan secured by both real property and personal property shall be treated as a wholly qualifying real estate asset (and all interest and gain from such loan may be qualifying income for purposes of the 75% income test) if the fair market value of such personal property does not exceed 15% of the total fair market value of all such property, even if the real property collateral value is less than the outstanding principal balance of the loan.

25% Asset Test. Except as described below, the remaining 25% of our assets generally may be invested without regard to the 75% Asset Test, which we refer to as the 25% Asset Test. However, if we invest in any securities that do not qualify under the 75% Asset Test, other than securities of our TRS, such securities may not exceed either (1) 5% of the value of our assets as to any one issuer; or (2) 10% of the outstanding securities by vote or value of any one issuer. The 10% value test does not apply to certain “straight debt” and other excluded securities, as described in the Code, including but not limited to any loan to an individual or estate, any obligation to pay rents from real property, and any security issued by a REIT. In addition, a partnership interest held by a REIT is not considered a “security” for purposes of the 10% value test; instead, the REIT is treated as owning directly its proportionate share of the partnership’s assets, which is based on the REIT’s proportionate interest in any securities issued by the partnership (disregarding for this purpose the general rule that a partnership interest is not a security), but excluding certain securities described in the Code.

For purposes of the 10% value test, “straight debt” means a written unconditional promise to pay on demand or on a specified date a sum certain in money if (i) the debt is not convertible, directly or indirectly, into stock, and (ii) the interest rate and interest payment dates are not contingent on profits, the borrower’s discretion, or similar factors other than certain contingencies relating to the timing and amount of principal and interest payments, as described in the Code. In the case of an issuer which is a corporation or a partnership, securities that otherwise would be considered straight debt will not be so considered if we, and any of our “controlled taxable REIT subsidiaries and may acquire securities in additional taxable REIT subsidiariessubsidiaries” as defined in the future.

Affiliated REITs. Our operatingCode, hold any securities of the corporate or partnership owned aissuer which (a) are not straight debt or other excluded securities (prior to the application of this rule), and (b) have an aggregate value greater than 10% indirect1% of the issuer’s outstanding securities (including, for the purposes of a partnership issuer, our interest in an entity which elected to be taxed as a partner in the partnership).

TRS Ownership Test. As described above, no more than 20% of the gross value of our assets may be represented by securities of one or more TRSs (or 25% for taxable years beginning before January 1, 2018).

25% Debt Test. Not more than 25% of the value of our total assets may be represented by debt instruments of publicly offered REITs that are not secured by mortgages on real property or interests in real property.

We believe that our holdings of real estate assets and other securities comply with the foregoing REIT asset requirements, and we intend to monitor compliance on an ongoing basis.

A REIT is able to cure certain asset test violations. As noted above, a REIT cannot own securities of any one issuer representing more than 5% of the total value of the REIT’s assets or more than 10% of the outstanding securities, by vote or value, of any one issuer. However, a REIT would not lose its REIT qualification for itsfailing to satisfy these 5% or 10% asset tests in a quarter if the failure is due to the ownership of assets the total value of which does not exceed the lesser of (1) 1% of the total value of the REIT’s assets at the end of the quarter for which the measurement is done, or (2) $10 million; provided, that in either case the REIT either disposes of the assets within six months after the last day of the quarter in which the REIT identifies the failure (or such other time period prescribed by the Department of the Treasury, or the Treasury), or otherwise meets the requirements of those rules by the end of that period.

If a REIT fails to meet any of the asset test requirements for a quarter and the failure exceeds the de minimis threshold described above, then the REIT still would be deemed to have satisfied the requirements if (1) following the REIT’s identification of the failure, the REIT files a schedule with a description of each asset that caused the failure, in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Treasury; (2) the failure was due to reasonable cause and not to willful neglect; and (3) the REIT disposes of the assets within six months after the last day of the quarter in which the identification occurred or such other time period as is prescribed by the Treasury (or the requirements of the rules are otherwise met within that period). A REIT that relies on this cure provision must pay a tax on the failure equal to the greater of (1) $50,000, or (2) an amount determined (under regulations) by multiplying (x) the highest rate of tax for corporations under Code Section 11, by (y) the net income generated by the assets that caused the failure for the period beginning on the first taxable year ended December 31, 2009 (the “Affiliated REIT”), although itdate of the failure and ending on the date the REIT has subsequently sold such interest.

disposed of the assets (or otherwise satisfies the requirements).

Income Tests. We

For each calendar year, we must satisfy two separate tests based on the composition of our gross income, requirements annually to maintainas defined under our qualification as a REIT. First, in each taxable year we must derive directlymethod of accounting, or indirectly atthe Gross Income Tests.

75% Gross Income Test. At least 75% of our gross income for the taxable year (excluding gross income from prohibited transactions and certain hedging transactions entered into after July 30, 2008,other items) must result from (1) rents from real property, (2) interest on obligations secured by mortgages on real property or on interests in real property, (3) gains from the sale or other disposition of real property (including interests in real property and interests in mortgages on real property, and including gain from the sale of certain foreign currency gains recognized after July 30, 2008personal property ancillary to such real property) other than property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of our trade or business, (4) dividends from other qualifying REITs and cancellationgain (other than gain from prohibited transactions) from the sale of indebtedness income) from investmentsshares of other qualifying REITs, (5) other specified sources relating to real property or mortgages on real property, including “rentsthereon, and (6) for a limited time, income from real property,” interest derived from mortgage loans secured by real property (including certain qualified mezzanine financings secured by interests in entities owning real property), dividends from other REITs (suchtemporary investments of “new capital” (as described under the 75% Asset Test above). We refer to this requirement as the Affiliated REIT), gains from the sale of real estate assets and income from certain types of temporary investments. Second, in each taxable year we must derive at75% Gross Income Test.

95% Gross Income Test. At least 95% of our gross income (excluding gross income from prohibited transactions and certain hedging transactions entered into onother items) for the taxable year must be derived from (1) sources which satisfy the 75% Gross Income Test, (2) dividends, (3) interest, or after January 1, 2005, certain foreign currency gains recognized after July 30, 2008 and cancellation of indebtedness income) from the real property investments described above or dividends, interest and(4) gain from the sale or disposition of stock or other securities that are not assets held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of our trade or business. We refer to this requirement as the 95% Gross Income Test.

Rents from any combinationReal Property. Income attributable to a lease of the foregoing. For these purposes, the term “interest”real property generally does not include any amount received or accrued, directly or indirectly, if the determination of all or some of the amount depends in any way on the income or profits of any person. However, an amount received or accrued generally will not be excluded from the term “interest” solely by reason of being based on a fixed percentage or percentages of receipts or sales.

Rents we receive from a tenant will qualify as “rents from real property” under the 75% Gross Income Test and the 95% Gross Income Test if such lease is respected as a true lease for U.S. federal income tax purposes (see “- Characterization of Property Leases”) and subject to the purposerules discussed below. Rent from a particular tenant will not qualify if we, or an actual or constructive owner of satisfying the gross income requirements for a REIT described above only if all10% or more of our stock, actually or constructively, owns 10% or more of the following conditions are met:
total combined voting power or 10% of the total value of all classes of stock in a corporate tenant, or 10% or more of the assets or net profits of a non-corporate tenant (subject to certain exceptions). The amountportion of rent attributable to personal property rented in connection with real property will not qualify, unless the portion attributable to personal property is 15% or less of the total rent received under, or in connection with, the lease.

Generally, rent will not qualify as “rents from real property” if it is based in any waywhole, or in part, on the income or profits ofderived by any person.person from the underlying property. However, an amount we receive or accrue generallyrent will not be excludedfail to so qualify if it is based on a fixed percentage (or designated varying percentages) of receipts or sales, including amounts above a base amount so long as the base amount is fixed at the time the lease is entered into, the provisions are in accordance with normal business practice and the arrangement is not an indirect method for basing rent on income or profits.

If a REIT furnishes or renders certain “impermissible tenant services” to the tenants at the property, and the income derived from the termservices exceeds 1% of the total amount received by that REIT with respect to the property, then no amount received by the REIT with respect to the property will qualify as “rents from real property” solely

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because it is based on a fixed percentage or percentages of receipts or sales;
We, or an actual or constructive owner of 10% or more of our capital stock, do not actually or constructively own 10% or more of the interests in a tenant, or, if the tenant is a corporation, 10% or more of the voting power or value of all classes of stock of the tenant. Rents received from such a tenant that is a taxable REIT subsidiary, however, will not be excluded from the definition of “rents from real property” as a result of this condition if at least 90% of the space at the property to which the rents relate is leased to third parties, and the rents paid by the taxable REIT subsidiary are substantially comparable to rents paid by our other tenants for comparable space. Whether rents paid by a taxable REIT subsidiary are substantially comparable to rents paid by other tenants is determined at the time the lease with the taxable REIT subsidiary is entered into, extended, or modified, if such modification increases the rents due under such lease. Notwithstanding the foregoing, however, if a lease with a “controlled taxable REIT subsidiary” is modified and such modification results in an increase in the rents payable by such taxable REIT subsidiary, any such increase will not qualify as “rents from real property.” For purposes of this rule, a “controlled taxable REIT subsidiary” is a taxable REIT subsidiary in which we own stock possessing more than 50% of the voting power or more than 50% of the total value of the outstanding stock of such taxable REIT subsidiary;
Rent attributable to personal property leased in connection with a lease of real property is not greater than 15% of the total rent received under the lease. Rent is allocated between real property and personal property based on the relative fair market values of the properties. If this condition is not met, then the portion of the rent attributable to personal property will not qualify as “rents from real property”; and
We do not operate or manage the property (subject to certain exceptions) or furnish or renderproperty.” Impermissible services to our tenants, except as provided below. We may, however, performare services that areother than services “usually or customarily rendered” in connection with the rental of space for occupancy onlyreal property and are not otherwise considered “rendered to the occupant” ofoccupant.” For these purposes, the property. Examples of these services includeincome that a REIT is considered to receive from the provision of light, heat, or other utilities, trash removal and general maintenance of common areas. Moreover, we may provide non-customary services to tenants of a particular property without disqualifying all of the rent from that property if the payment for such services does“impermissible tenant services” will not exceed 1% of the total gross income from the property. For purposes of this test, the income received from such non-customary services is deemed to be at leastless than 150% of the direct cost of providing the services. In addition, we may employservice. If the amount so received is 1% or less of the total amount received by us with respect to the property, then only the income from the impermissible services will not qualify as “rents from real property.” However, “impermissible tenant services” generally will not include services that are provided to tenants through an independent contractor from whom we derive no revenue, or through a taxable REIT subsidiary, which may be wholly TRS. With respect to this rule, tenants have received and will receive some services in connection with their leases of the real properties. We believe we have structured, and intend to structure the services we provide as necessary (such as through the use of our TRSs and/or partially ownedindependent contractors and/or by us,limiting the revenues from impermissible tenant services at certain properties to provide both customary and non-customarycomply with the 1% rule) as needed so that providing these services will not cause the rents received with respect to our tenants without causing the rent we receive from those tenantsproperties to fail to qualify as “rentsrents from real property.”
We generally doproperty for purposes of the 75% Gross Income Test (and the 95% Gross Income Test described below) or so that the amount of any non-qualifying rents does not intend, and as a general partner ofjeopardize our operating partnership do notcompliance with the Gross Income Tests.

In addition, we intend to permit our operating partnershipstructure, and, to take actionsthe extent applicable, we believe willwe have structured, our leasing activities so that any non-qualifying rent (i) based in whole or in part on the income or profits of any person (excluding rent based on a percentage of receipts or sales, as described above), (ii) attributable to personal property in an amount greater than 15% of the total rent received under the applicable lease, and (iii) from any lease with a related party tenant does not cause us to fail the Gross Income Tests.

Amounts received as rent from a TRS are not excluded from rents from real property by reason of the related party rules described above, if the activities of the TRS and the nature of the properties it leases meet certain requirements (generally relating to satisfyleases of less than 10% of the rental conditions described above. However, there can be no assurancetotal leased space in a building and leases of hotels and health care facilities). The TRSs must pay regular corporate tax rates on any taxable income they earn. Further, the rules impose a 100% excise tax on transactions between a TRS and its parent REIT or the REIT’s tenants whose terms are not on an arm’s-length basis.

Interest Income. All interest income qualifies under the 95% Gross Income Test, and interest on loans secured by real property or by interests in real property qualifies under the 75% Gross Income Test; provided, that in both cases, the IRS will agree with our determination that we have satisfiedinterest does not depend, in whole or in part, on the rental conditions described above.

In certain circumstances, weincome or our operating partnership receive fees forprofits of any person (excluding amounts based on a fixed percentage of receipts or sales). If a loan is secured by both real property management and brokerage and leasing services provided with respect to some properties not owned entirely by our operating partnership. These fees, toother property, the extent paid with respect to the portion of these properties not owned, directly or indirectly, by us, will notinterest on it may nevertheless qualify under the 75% gross income testGross Income Test if the amount of the loan does not exceed the fair market value of the real property at the time of the loan commitment. For taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2016, if a loan is secured by both real property and personal property and the 95% gross income test. Our operating partnership alsovalue of the personal property collateral represents less than 15% of the value of the total property securing the loan, the interest on it may receivequalify under the 75% Gross Income Test regardless of whether the amount of the loan exceeds the fair market value of the real property at the time of the loan commitment. We believe we have structured, and intend to structure all of our loan investments as needed so that our investments in loans do not prevent us from satisfying the 75% Gross Income Test.

Dividend Income. Distributions from TRSs or other types of income with respectcorporations that are not REITs or qualified REIT subsidiaries are generally classified as dividends to the properties it owns that will not qualify for eitherextent of these tests. We believe, however, that the aggregate amountearnings and profits of these fees and other non-qualifyingthe distributing corporation. Such distributions generally constitute qualifying income in any taxable year will not cause us to exceed the limits on non-qualifying income under either the 75% gross income test or the 95% gross income test.

From time to time, we may enter into hedging transactions with respect to one or more of our assets or liabilities. Our hedging activities may include entering into interest rate swaps, caps, and floors, options to purchase these items, and futures and forward contracts. Income from a hedging transaction, including gain from the sale or disposition of such a transaction, that is treated as clearly identified as a hedging transaction on the date it is entered into or acquired and satisfies certain other identification requirements will not constitute gross income and thus will be ignored for purposes of the 95% gross income test to the extent such a hedging transaction is entered into on or after January 1, 2005, and willGross Income Test, but not constitute gross income and thus will be ignored for purposes of the 75% gross
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income test to the extent such hedging transaction is entered into after July 30, 2008.Gross Income and gainTest. Any dividends received by us from a hedging transaction, including gain from the sale or disposition of such a transaction, entered into on or prior to July 30, 2008 will be treated as nonqualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test. Income and gain from a hedging transaction, including gain from the sale or disposition of such a transaction, entered into prior to January 1, 2005REIT will be qualifying income for purposes of both the 95% gross income test. The term “hedging transaction,” as used herein, generally means any transaction we enter into in the normal course of our business primarily to manage risk of (1) interest rate changes or fluctuations with respect to borrowings made or to be made by us to acquire or carry real estate assets, or (2) for hedging transactions entered into after July 30, 2008, currency fluctuations with respect to an item of qualifying income under theand 75% or 95% gross income test. To the extent that we do not properly identify such transactions as hedges or we hedge with other types of financial instruments, or our hedge is not a hedging transaction, the income from those transactions is not likely to be treated as qualifying income for purposes of the gross income tests. Gross Income Tests.

We intend to structure any hedging transactions in a manner that does not jeopardize our status as a REIT.

To the extent our taxable REIT subsidiaries pay dividends, we generally will derive our allocable share of such dividend income through our interest in our operating partnership. Such dividend income will qualify under the 95%, but not the 75%, gross income test. Wehave monitored and will monitor the amount of the dividend and other income from our taxable REIT subsidiariesTRSs and will take actions intended to keep this income, and any other nonqualifyingnon-qualifying income, within the limitations of the REIT income tests. WhileGross Income Tests. Although we expectintend to take these actions willto prevent a violation of the REIT income tests,Gross Income Tests, we cannot guarantee that such actions will in all cases prevent such a violation.

Foreclosure Property. Foreclosure property is real property and any personal property incident to such real property (1) that is acquired by a REIT as a result of the REIT having bid on the property at foreclosure or having otherwise reduced the property to ownership or possession by agreement or process of law after there was a default (or default was imminent) on a lease of the property or a mortgage loan held by the REIT and secured by the property, (2) for which the related loan or lease was acquired by the REIT at a time when the REIT did not know or have reason to know that default would occur, and (3) for which such REIT makes a proper election to treat the property as foreclosure property. REITs generally are subject to tax at the maximum U.S. federal corporate tax rate (currently 21%) on any net income from foreclosure property, including any gain from the disposition of the foreclosure property, other than income that would otherwise be qualifying income for purposes of the 75% Gross Income Test. Any gain from the sale of property for which a foreclosure property election has been made will not be subject to the 100% tax on gains from prohibited transactions described above, even if the property would otherwise constitute inventory or dealer property in the hands of the selling REIT. If we believe we will receive any income from foreclosure property that is not qualifying income for purposes of the 75% Gross Income Test, we intend to elect to treat the related property as foreclosure property.

Satisfaction of the Gross Income Tests. Our share of income from the Operating Partnership’s properties primarily gives rise to rental income and gains on sales of the properties, substantially all of which generally has qualified and will qualify under the 75% Gross Income and 95% Gross Income Tests. However, we have TRSs through which we may provide certain services, engage in activities that would give rise to non-qualifying income for either Gross Income Test, make sales that we believe could be subject to the 100% tax on prohibited transactions if made outside a TRS, and/or otherwise conduct certain activities or hold certain properties. The gross income generated by our TRSs would not be included in our gross income. However, any dividends from our TRSs to us would be included in our gross income and qualify for the 95% Gross Income Test, but not the 75% Gross Income Test. Because the activities of our TRSs are/could be substantial, the amount of such dividends also could be substantial.

If we fail to satisfy one or both ofeither the 75% Gross Income or 95% gross income testsGross Income Tests for any taxable year, we may nevertheless qualifyretain our qualification as a REIT for thesuch year if we are entitled to relief under certain provisions of the Code. Commencing with our taxable year beginning January 1, 2005, we generally may make use of the relief provisions if:

following our identification of the failure to meet the 75% or 95% gross income tests for any taxable year, we file a schedule withsatisfy the IRS setting forth each item of our gross income for purposes ofthat (1) the 75% or 95% gross income tests for such taxable year in accordance with Treasury Regulations to be issued; and
our failure to meet these tests was due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect.
neglect, and (2) we attach to our return a schedule describing the nature and amount of each item of our gross income. If this relief provision is available, we would remain subject to tax equal to the greater of the amount by which we failed the 75% Gross Income Test or the 95% Gross Income Test, as applicable, multiplied by a fraction meant to reflect our profitability. It is not possible, however, to state whether in all circumstances we would be entitled to the benefit of these relief provisions. For example, if we fail to satisfy the gross income tests because nonqualifying income that we intentionally incur unexpectedly exceeds the limits on nonqualifying income, the IRS could conclude that the failure to satisfy the tests was not due to reasonable cause. If these relief provisions do not applyare inapplicable to a particular set of circumstances involving us, we will not qualify as a REIT. As discussed above in “Taxation of Our Company,” even if these relief provisions apply, and we retain our status as a REIT, a tax would be imposed with respect to our nonqualifying income.
Prohibited Transaction Income. Any gain that we realize (including any net foreign currency gain recognized after July 30, 2008) on the sale of property held as inventory or otherwise held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business, including our share of any such gain realized by our operating partnership, either directly or through its subsidiary partnerships and limited liability companies, will be treated as income from a prohibited transaction that is subject to a 100% penalty tax, unless certain safe harbor exceptions apply. This prohibited transaction income may also adversely affect our ability to satisfy the income tests for qualification as a REIT. Under existing law, whether property is held as inventory or primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of a trade or business is a question of fact that depends on all the facts and circumstances surrounding the particular transaction. However, the Code provides a safe harbor pursuant to which limited sales of properties held at least four years and meeting certain additional requirements will not be treated as prohibited transactions. In the case of sales made after July 30, 2008, the required holding period has been reduced to two years, and one of the other requirements has been modified in a manner that may permit us to qualify more sales under the safe harbor provisions. Our operating partnership generally intends to hold its properties for investment with a view to long-term appreciation, and to engage in the business of acquiring, developing and owning its properties. However, in keeping with our stated goal of reducing overall leverage by selling non-core and limited growth potential assets, our operating partnership has sold and intends to continue to sell a significant number of those properties. Some sales of property by our operating partnership or its subsidiary partnerships or limited liability companies may not qualify for the safe harbor, and in those cases, the IRS may successfully contend that some or all of such sales are prohibited transactions. We would be required to pay the 100% penalty tax on our allocable share of the gains resulting from any such sales.
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Penalty Tax. Any redetermined rents, redetermined deductions or excess interest we generate will be subject to a 100% penalty tax. In general, redetermined rents are rents from real property that are overstated as a result of any services furnished to any of our tenants by one of our taxable REIT subsidiaries, and redetermined deductions and excess interest represent any amounts that are deducted by a taxable REIT subsidiary for amounts paid to us that are in excess of the amounts that would have been deducted based on arm’s-length negotiations. Rents we receive will not constitute redetermined rents if they qualify for certain safe harbor provisions contained in the Code.
Our taxable REIT subsidiaries may provide services to our tenants. The fees paid to our taxable REIT subsidiaries may not satisfy the safe harbor provisions described above. These determinations are inherently factual, and the IRS has broad discretion to assert that amounts paid between related parties should be reallocated to clearly reflect their respective incomes. If the IRS successfully made such an assertion, we would be required to pay a 100% penalty tax on the excess of an arm’s-length fee for tenant services over the amount actually paid.
Asset Tests. At the close of each quarter of our taxable year, we must also satisfy four tests relating to the nature and diversification of our assets. First, at least 75% of the value of our total assets must be represented by real estate assets, cash, cash items and government securities. For purposes of this test, the term “real estate assets” generally means real property (including interests in real property, interests in mortgages on real property and certain qualified mezzanine financings secured by interests in entities owning real property) and shares (or transferable certificates of beneficial interest) in other REITs, as well as any stock or debt instrument attributable to the investment of the proceeds of a stock offering or a public offering of debt with a term of at least five years, but only for the one-year period beginning on the date the REIT receives such proceeds.
Second, not more than 25% of the value of our total assets may be represented by securities, other than those securities includable in the 75% asset test.
Third, of the investments included in the 25% asset class, and except for investments in other REITs, our qualified REIT subsidiaries and taxable REIT subsidiaries, the value of any one issuer’s securities may not exceed 5% of the value of our total assets, and we may not own more than 10% of the total vote or value of the outstanding securities of any one issuer except, in the case of the 10% value test, securities satisfying the “straight debt” safe harbor or securities issued by a partnership that itself would satisfy the 75% income test if it were a REIT. Certain types of securities we may own are disregarded as securities solely for purposes of the 10% value test, including, but not limited to, any loan to an individual or an estate, any obligation to pay rents from real property and any security issued by a REIT. In addition, commencing with our taxable year beginning January 1, 2005, solely for purposes of the 10% value test, the determination of our interest in the assets of a partnership or limited liability company in which we own an interest will be based on our proportionate interest in any securities issued by the partnership or limited liability company, excluding for this purpose certain securities described in the Code.
Fourth, not more than 25% (20% for taxable years ending on or before December 31, 2008) of the value of our total assets may be represented by the securities of one or more taxable REIT subsidiaries.
Our operating partnership owns 100% of the stock of certain corporations that have elected, together with us, to be treated as our taxable REIT subsidiaries and our operating partnership owned a 20% interest in the Affiliated REIT, which elected to be taxed as a REIT. So long as each of those wholly-owned companies qualified as a taxable REIT subsidiary and the Affiliated REIT qualified as a REIT through 2012, we will not be subject to the 5% asset test or the 10% vote or value tests with respect to our ownership of their stock. We may acquire securities in other taxable REIT subsidiaries or REITs in the future. We believe that the aggregate value of our taxable REIT subsidiaries has not exceeded 20% of the aggregate value of our gross assets in any taxable year ending on or before December 31, 2008, or 25% of the aggregate value of our gross assets for taxable years ending after December 31, 2008. No independent appraisals have been obtained to support these conclusions and there can be no assurance that the IRS will agree with our determinations of value.
The asset tests must be satisfied at the close of each calendar quarter of our taxable year in which we (directly or through our operating partnership) acquire securities in the applicable issuer, and also at the close of each calendar quarter in which we increase our ownership of securities of such issuer. After initially meeting the asset tests at the close of any quarter, we will not lose our status as a REIT for failure to satisfy the asset tests at the end of a later quarter solely by reason of changes in asset values. If we fail to satisfy an asset test because we acquire securities or other property during a quarter, we may cure this failure by disposing of sufficient nonqualifying assets
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within 30 days after the close of that quarter. We believe that we have maintained and intend to maintain adequate records of the value of our assets to ensure compliance with the asset tests. If we fail to cure any noncompliance with the asset tests within the 30-day cure period, we would cease to qualify as a REIT unless we are eligible for certain relief provisions discussed below.
Certain relief provisions may be available to us if we discover a failure to satisfy the asset tests described above after the 30-day cure period. Under these provisions, we will be deemed to have met the 5% asset test and 10% vote or value tests if the value of our nonqualifying assets (i) does not exceed the lesser of (a) 1% of the total value of our assets at the end of the applicable quarter or (b) $10,000,000, and (ii) we dispose of the nonqualifying assets or otherwise satisfy such tests within (x) six months after the last day of the quarter in which the failure to satisfy the asset tests is discovered or (y) the period of time prescribed by Treasury Regulations to be issued. For violations of any of the asset tests due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect and that are, in the case of the 5% asset test and 10% vote or value tests, in excess of the de minimis exception described above, we may avoid disqualification as a REIT after the 30-day cure period by taking steps including (i) the disposition of sufficient nonqualifying assets, or the taking of other actions, which allow us to meet the asset test within (a) six months after the last day of the quarter in which the failure to satisfy the asset tests is discovered or (b) the period of time prescribed by Treasury Regulations to be issued, (ii) paying a tax equal to the greater of (x) $50,000 or (y) the highest corporate tax rate multiplied by the net income generated by the nonqualifying assets, and (iii) disclosing certain information to the IRS.
Although we believe we have satisfied the asset tests described above and plan to take steps to ensure that we satisfy such tests for any quarter with respect to which retesting is to occur, there can be no assurance we will always be successful, or will not require a reduction in our operating partnership’s overall interest in an issuer (including in a taxable REIT subsidiary). If we fail to cure any noncompliance with the asset tests in a timely manner, and the relief provisions described above are not available, we would cease to qualify as a REIT.

Annual Distribution Requirements. To maintain our qualification as a REIT,

In addition to the other tests described above, we are required to distribute dividends other(other than capital gain dividends,dividends) to our Stockholdersstockholders each year in an amount at least equal to the excess of: (1) the sum of:

(a) 90% of our “REITREIT taxable income”; and
90% of our after tax net income if any, from foreclosure property; minus
the excess of the sum of certain items of non-cash income over 5% of our “REIT taxable income.”
For these purposes, our “REIT taxable income” is computed(determined without regard to the deduction for dividends paid deduction and ourby excluding any net capital gain. In addition, for purposes of this requirement, non-cash income means income attributable to leveled stepped rents, original issue discount on purchase money debt, cancellation of indebtedness, or a like-kind exchange that is later determined to be taxable.
In addition, if we dispose of any asset we acquired in a “conversion transaction” within the ten-year period following our acquisition of such asset, we would be required to distribute at leastgain); and (b) 90% of the after-tax gain, if any, we recognizednet income (after tax) from foreclosure property; less (2) the sum of some types of items of non-cash income. Whether sufficient amounts have been distributed is based on the disposition of the asset, to the extent that gain does not exceed the excess of (a) the fair market value of the asset over (b) our adjusted basis in the asset, in each case, on the date we acquired the asset.

We generally must pay, or be treated as paying, the distributions described aboveamounts paid in the taxable year to which they relate. At our election, a distribution will be treated as paidrelate, or in athe following taxable year if it iswe: (1) declared a dividend before we timely filethe due date of our tax return for such(including extensions); (2) distribute the dividend within the 12-month period following the close of the taxable year and paid on or before(and not later than the date of the first regular dividend payment made after such declaration, provideddeclaration); and (3) file an election with our tax return. Additionally, dividends that we declare in October, November or December in a given year payable to stockholders of record in any such payment is mademonth will be treated as having been paid on December 31st of that year so long as the dividends are actually paid during January of the 12-month period following year. If we fail to meet the closeannual distribution requirements as a result of such year. These distributions are taxablean adjustment to our Stockholders,U.S. federal income tax return by the IRS, or under certain other than tax-exempt entities, incircumstances, we may cure the year in which paid. This is so even though these distributions relatefailure by paying a “deficiency dividend” (plus penalties and interest to the prior yearIRS) within a specified period.

For taxable years beginning before January 1, 2015, in order for purposes ofour distributions to be counted as satisfying the 90%annual distribution requirement. The amount distributedrequirements for REITs, and to provide us with a REIT-level tax deduction, the distributions must not be “preferential dividends.” A dividend is not a preferential — i.e., every Stockholderdividend if the distribution is (1) pro rata among all outstanding shares of stock within a particular class, and (2) in accordance with the preferences among different classes of stock as set forth in our organizational documents. Any non-publicly offered REIT in which we invest would be subject to the preferential dividend rule regardless of the classdate of Stock to which a distribution is made must be treated the same as every other Stockholder of that class, and no class of Stock may be treated otherwise than according to its dividend rights as a class. To the extent thatdistribution.

If we do not distribute all100% of our net capital gain, or distribute at least 90%, but less than 100%, of our “REITREIT taxable income,” as adjusted, we will be requiredsubject to payU.S. federal income tax on the undistributed portion. We also will be subject to an excise tax if we fail to currently distribute sufficient income. In order to make the “required distribution” with respect to a calendar year and avoid the excise tax, we must distribute the sum of (1) 85% of our REIT ordinary income for the calendar year, (2) 95% of our REIT capital gain net income for the calendar year, and (3) the excess, if any, of the grossed up required distribution (as defined in the Code) for the preceding calendar year over the distributed amount at regular corporatefor that preceding calendar year. Any excise tax rates. liability would be equal to 4% of the difference between the amount required to be distributed and the amount actually distributed and would not be deductible by us.

We believe we have made,paid and intend to continue to make, timely distributionspay sufficient dividends each year to satisfy thesethe annual distribution requirements and avoid U.S. federal income and excise taxes on our earnings; however, it may not always be possible to minimize our corporate tax obligations.

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We expect todo so. It is possible that we may not have sufficient cash or other liquid assets to enable us to satisfymeet the annual distribution requirements described above. However, if we do not have sufficientdue to tax accounting rules and other timing differences. Other potential sources of non-cash taxable income include:

“residual interests” in REMICs or taxable mortgage pools;

loans or mortgage-backed securities held as assets that are issued at a discount and require the accrual of taxable economic interest in advance of receipt in cash; and

loans on which the borrower is permitted to defer cash payments of interest, distressed loans on which we may be required to accrue taxable interest income even though the borrower is unable to make current servicing payments in cash, and debt securities purchased at a discount.

We will closely monitor the relationship between our REIT taxable income and cash flow, and if necessary to comply with the annual distribution requirements, will attempt to borrow funds to pay dividendsfully provide the necessary cash flow or to pay dividends in the form of taxable Stock dividends or taxable in-kind distributions of property, including taxable stock dividends. The insufficiency of our cash flow to cover our distribution requirements could require us to (1) sell assets in adverse market conditions, (2) borrow on unfavorable terms, (3) distribute amounts that would otherwise be invested in future acquisitions or capital expenditures or used for the repayment of debt, (4) pay dividends in the form of taxable stock dividends or (5) use cash reserves, in order to meetcomply with the REIT distribution requirements.

We may seek to satisfy our distribution requirements by making taxable stock dividends. Moreover, we may determine to utilize certain stock dividends the 90% distribution test with taxable distributionsproper treatment of our Stock or debt securities. The IRS has issuedwhich is not entirely clear without obtaining a private letter rulings to other REITs treating certain distributions that are paid partly in cash and partly in stock as dividends that would satisfy the REIT annual distribution requirement and qualify for the dividends paid deduction for federal income tax purposes. Those rulings may be relied upon only by the taxpayers to whom they were issued, although we could request a similar ruling from the IRS. Accordingly,IRS confirming the treatment of the stock dividend as a taxable stock dividend. In that case, it is unclear whether and to what extent we will be able to make taxable dividends payable in cash and Stock. We have no current intention to makepossible that the IRS could challenge our treatment of the stock dividend as a taxable stock dividend, payable inand if such challenge were successful the stock dividend would not count towards satisfying our Stock.

Under some circumstances,distribution requirements.

Non-REIT Accumulated Earnings and Profits. As a REIT, at the end of a taxable year (including our first REIT taxable year ending December 31, 1986), we may be able to rectify an inadvertent failure to meet the 90% distribution requirement for a year by paying “deficiency dividends” to our Stockholdersnot have any earnings and profits accumulated in a laternon-REIT year which may be included(sometimes referred to as “non-REIT earnings and profits”). Such non-REIT earnings and profits include any accumulated earnings and profits of non-REIT corporations whose assets we acquire (or are deemed to have acquired) through tax-free mergers and other tax-free reorganizations and through tax-free liquidations.

We believe that we have operated, and we intend to continue to operate, so that we have not had and will not have any earnings and profits accumulated in our deduction for dividends paid fora non-REIT year at the earlier year. Thus, we may be able to avoid being taxed on amounts distributed as deficiency dividends, subject to the 4% excise tax described below. However, we will be required to pay interest to the IRS based upon the amountclose of any deduction claimed for deficiency dividends.

Furthermore,taxable year. However, if it is subsequently determined that we will be required to pay a 4% excise tax to the extent we fail to distribute during each calendar year at least the sum of 85% of our REIT ordinary income for such year, 95% of our REIT capital gain income for the yearhad any accumulated non-REIT earnings and any undistributed taxable income from prior periods.
For purposesprofits as of the distribution requirements and excise tax described above, dividends declared during the last three monthsend of theany taxable year, payable to Stockholders of record on a specified date during such period and paid during January of the following year, will be treated as paid by us and received by our Stockholders on December 31 of the year in which they are declared.
Like-Kind Exchanges. We may dispose of properties in transactions intended to qualify as like-kind exchanges under the Code. Such like-kind exchanges are intended to result in the deferral of gain for federal income tax purposes. The failure of any such transactionwe could fail to qualify as a like-kind exchange could subject usREIT beginning with the applicable taxable year. Pursuant to federal income tax, possibly including the 100% prohibited transaction tax, depending on the facts and circumstances surrounding the particular transaction.
Failure To Qualify. Commencing with our taxable year beginning January 1, 2005, specified cure provisions are available to us in the event that we discover a violation of a provision of the Code that would result inTreasury Regulations, however, so long as our failure to qualify as a REIT. Exceptcomply with respect to violations of the REIT income testsprohibition on non-REIT earnings and asset tests (for which the cure provisions are described above), and provided the violation is due to reasonable cause andprofits was not due to willful neglect, thesefraud with intent to evade tax, we could cure such failure by paying an interest charge on 50% of the amount of accumulated non-REIT earnings and profits and by making a special distribution of accumulated non-REIT earnings and profits. We intend to utilize such cure provisions generally impose a $50,000 penalty for each violation in lieuif ever required to do so. The amount of a loss of REIT status. any such interest charge could be substantial.

Failure to Qualify

If we fail to continue to qualify, for taxationU.S. federal income tax purposes, as a REIT in any taxable year, and thewe may be eligible for relief provisions doif the failures are due to reasonable cause and not apply,willful neglect and if a penalty tax is paid with respect to each failure to satisfy the applicable requirements. If the applicable relief provisions are not available or cannot be met, we will not be requiredable to pay tax, including any applicable alternative minimumdeduct our dividends and will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates. Distributions to Stockholders in any year in which we fail to qualify as a REIT will not be deductible by us, and we will not be required to distribute any amounts to our Stockholders. As a result, we anticipate that our failure to qualify as a REIT would reduce therates, thereby reducing cash available for distribution by us to our Stockholders.distributions. In addition, if we fail to qualify as a REIT,such event, all distributions to Stockholders will be taxable as regular corporate dividends tostockholders (to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits. In this event, corporate distributees mayprofits) will be eligible for the dividends-received deduction. In addition, individuals may be eligible for the preferential rates ontaxable as qualified dividend income. This “double taxation” results from our failure to continue to qualify as a REIT. Unless entitled to relief under specific statutory provisions, we will alsonot be ineligibleeligible to elect to be treated as a REIT qualification for the four taxable years following the year during which qualification was lost.

Recordkeeping Requirements

We are required to maintain records and request on an annual basis information from specified stockholders. These requirements are designed to assist us in determining the actual ownership of our outstanding stock and maintaining our qualification as a REIT.

Prohibited Transactions

As discussed above, we lostwill be subject to a 100% U.S. federal income tax on any net income derived from “prohibited transactions.” Net income derived from prohibited transactions arises from the sale or exchange of property held for sale to customers in the ordinary course of our qualification. Itbusiness which is not possibleforeclosure property. There is an exception to state whetherthis rule for a sale of property that meets the following requirements:

the property is a real estate asset under the 75% Asset Test;

we have held the property for not less than 2 years;

the aggregate expenditures made by us or any of our partners during the 2-year period preceding the date of the sale which are includable in the basis of the property do not exceed 30% of the net selling price of the property;

in the case of property consisting of land or improvements not acquired through foreclosure (or deed in lieu of foreclosure) or lease termination, we held the property for not less than 2 years for production of rental income;

if we do not satisfy the not more than 7 sale requirement in the next bullet, substantially all circumstancesof the marketing and development expenditures with respect to the property were made through an independent contractor from whom we do not derive income or a TRS; and

we satisfy one of the following with respect to the taxable year of the sale: (i) we do not make more than 7 sales of property during the taxable year (excluding sales of foreclosure property or in connection with an involuntary conversion); (ii) the sale occurs in a year when we dispose of less than 10% of our assets (measured by U.S. federal income tax basis or fair market value, and ignoring involuntary dispositions and sales of foreclosure property); or (iii) for tax years beginning after December 18, 2015, the sale occurs in a year when we dispose of less than 20% of our assets and less than 10% of the three-year average of our assets (measured by U.S. federal income tax basis or fair market value, and ignoring involuntary dispositions and sales of foreclosure property).

Although we may eventually sell any property, our primary intention in acquiring and operating the properties is the production of rental income and we do not expect to hold any property for sale to customers in the ordinary course of our business unless held through a TRS or we structure the sale of such property to comply with the above safe harbor. The 100% tax will not apply to gains from the sale of property that is held through a TRS or other taxable corporation, although such income will be subject to tax in the hands of the corporation at regular corporate income tax rates.

Hedging Transactions. We have entered into hedging transactions with respect to one or more of our assets or liabilities and may enter into additional hedging transactions in the future. Hedging transactions could take a variety of forms, including interest rate swaps or cap agreements, options, futures contracts, forward rate agreements or similar financial instruments. Except to the extent provided by Treasury Regulations, any income from a hedging transaction (1) made in the normal course of our business primarily to manage risk of interest rate or price changes or currency fluctuations with respect to borrowings made or to be made, or ordinary obligations incurred or to be incurred by us to acquire or own real estate assets, (2) entered into primarily to manage the risk of currency fluctuations with respect to any item of income or gain that would be entitled to this statutory relief.

Tax Aspectsqualifying income under the 75% or 95% income tests (or any property that generates such income or gain), or, (3) for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2015, that hedges against transactions described in clause (i) or (ii) and is entered into in connection with the extinguishment of Our Operating Partnership,debt or sale of property that is being hedged against by the Subsidiary Partnershipstransaction described in clause (i) or (ii), and which complies with certain identification requirements, including gain from the disposition or termination of such a transaction, will not constitute gross income for purposes of the 95% gross income test and the Limited Liability Companies
General. All75% gross income test. To the extent we enter into other types of our investments are held indirectly through our operating partnership. In addition, our operating partnership holds certain of its investments indirectly through subsidiary partnerships and limited liability companies which we expect willhedging transactions, the income from those transactions is likely to be treated as partnerships or disregarded entitiesnon-qualifying income for purposes of both the 75% and 95% gross income tests. We believe we have structured and intend to structure any hedging transactions in a manner that does not jeopardize our ability to qualify as a REIT.

Characterization of Net Leases. We have acquired and intend to acquire and own commercial properties subject to net leases. We believe we have structured and currently intend to structure our leases so that they qualify as true leases for U.S. federal income tax purposes. If, however, the IRS were to recharacterize our leases as service contracts, loans, partnership agreements or otherwise, rather than true leases, or disregard the leases altogether for tax purposes, all or part of the payments that we receive from the lessees would not be considered rent and might not otherwise satisfy the various requirements for qualification as “rents from real property.” In general, entities that are classifiedcase, we would not be able to satisfy either the 75% or 95% Gross Income Tests and, as a result, could lose our REIT qualification.

Tax on Built-in Gains of Former C Corporation Assets. If a REIT acquires an asset from a C corporation in a transaction in which the REIT’s tax basis in the asset is determined by reference to the basis of the asset in the hands of the C corporation (e.g., a tax-free reorganization under Section 368(a) of the Code), the REIT may be subject to an entity-level tax upon a taxable disposition during a 5-year period following the acquisition date. The amount of the tax is determined by applying the highest regular corporate tax rate, which is currently 21%, to the lesser of (i) the excess, if any, of the asset’s fair market value over the REIT’s tax basis in the asset on the acquisition date, or (ii) the gain recognized by the REIT in the disposition. The amount described in clause (i) is referred to as “built-in gain.”

Tax Aspects of Investments in Partnerships

General. We currently hold and anticipate holding direct or indirect interests in one or more partnerships, including the Operating Partnership. We operate as an Umbrella Partnership REIT, or UPREIT, which is a structure whereby we own a direct interest in the Operating Partnership, and the Operating Partnership, in turn, directly or indirectly owns our properties (generally through lower-tier partnerships and disregarded entities, forbut the Operating Partnership also may hold properties through lower-tier REITs or TRSs or other taxable corporations).

The following is a summary of the U.S. federal income tax purposes are “pass-through” entities which are not required to payconsequences of our investment in the Operating Partnership if the Operating Partnership is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax.tax purposes. This discussion should also generally apply to any investment by the Operating Partnership in a lower-tier property partnership.

A partnership (other than a publicly traded partnership taxed as a corporation) is generally not subject to tax as an entity for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Rather, partners or members of such

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entities are allocated their sharesallocable share of the items of income, gain, loss, deduction and credit of the partnership, or limited liability company, and are potentially requiredsubject to pay tax on this income,thereon, without regard to whether theythe partners receive a distributionany distributions from the partnership or limited liability company.partnership. We will include inare required to take into account our income ourallocable share of these partnership and limited liability companythe foregoing items for purposes of the various REIT gross income and asset tests, and in the computation of our REIT taxable income. Moreover,income and U.S. federal income tax liability. Further, there can be no assurance that distributions from the Operating Partnership will be sufficient to pay the tax liabilities resulting from an investment in the Operating Partnership.

Generally, a domestic entity with two or more members formed as a partnership or other non-corporate entity under state law will be taxed as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes ofunless it specifically elects otherwise or is treated as a corporation under special rules for “publicly traded partnerships.” Because the REIT asset tests, weOperating Partnership was formed as a partnership under state law, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the Operating Partnership will include our pro rata share of assets heldbe treated as a partnership if it has two or more partners and is not treated as a corporation under the publicly traded partnership rules, or as a disregarded entity if it is treated as having one partner. As a result, if the Operating Partnership becomes wholly owned by our operatingus, it will cease to be a partnership including its share of the assets of its subsidiary partnershipsfor U.S. federal income tax purposes and limited liability companies, based on our capital interests. See “Taxation of Our Company.”become a disregarded entity.

Entity Classification. Our interests in our operating partnership and the subsidiary partnerships and limited liability companies involve special tax considerations, including the possibility that the IRS might challenge the status of these

Domestic unincorporated entities as partnerships (or disregarded entities), as opposed to associations taxablewith more than one owner may be treated as corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes. If our operatingpurposes in certain circumstances, including if the entity is a “publicly traded partnership” that does not qualify for an exemption based on the character of its income. A partnership is a “publicly traded partnership” under Section 7704 of the Code if:

interests in the partnership are traded on an established securities market; or

interests in the partnership are readily tradable on a “secondary market” or the “substantial equivalent” of a subsidiarysecondary market.

A partnership or limited liability company werewill not be treated as an association,a publicly traded partnership if it qualifies for certain safe harbors. We intend that the Operating Partnership (and any partnership invested in by the Operating Partnership) has complied and will comply with a “safe harbor” for partnerships with fewer than 100 partners to avoid being classified as a publicly traded partnership. However, no assurance can be given that any such partnership will at all times satisfy such safe harbor. We reserve the right to not satisfy any safe harbor.

There is a risk that the right of a holder of Operating Partnership common units to redeem the units for cash (or common stock at our option) could cause Operating Partnership common units to be considered readily tradable on the substantial equivalent of a secondary market, and we may not be eligible for a safe harbor at all times. If the Operating Partnership is a publicly traded partnership, it will be taxed as a corporation unless at least 90% of its gross income has consisted and will consist of “qualifying income” under Section 7704 of the Code. Qualifying income generally includes real property rents and certain other types of passive income. We believe that the Operating Partnership has had and will continue to have sufficient qualifying income so that it would be taxed as a partnership, even if it were classified as a publicly traded partnership. The income requirements applicable to REITs under the Code and the definition of qualifying income under the publicly traded partnership rules are very similar. Although differences exist between these two income tests, we do not believe that these differences will cause the Operating Partnership to fail the 90% gross income test applicable to publicly traded partnerships. However, there is sparse guidance as to the proper interpretation of this 90% gross income test, and thus it is possible that differences will arise that prevent us from satisfying the 90% gross income test.

If for any reason the Operating Partnership (or any partnership invested in by the Operating Partnership) is taxable as a corporation and would be required to pay an entity-levelfor U.S. federal income tax on its income. In this situation,purposes, the character of our assets and items of gross income would change, and could prevent us from satisfying the REIT asset tests and possibly the REIT income tests. See “Taxation of Our Company — Asset Tests” and “— Income Tests.” This, in turn, could prevent us from qualifying as a REIT. See “Taxation of Our Company — Failureresult, we would most likely be unable to Qualify” for a discussion ofsatisfy the effect of our failure to meet these tests.applicable REIT requirements under U.S. federal income tax laws discussed above. In addition, aany change in the tax status of our operatingany partnership a subsidiary partnership or limited liability company mightmay be treated as a taxable event. If so,event, in which case we mightcould incur a tax liability without anya related cash distributions. We believe our operatingdistribution. Further, if any partnership was treated as a corporation, items of income, gain, loss, deduction and eachcredit of our other partnerships and limited liability companies willsuch partnership would be classified as partnerships or disregarded entities for federalsubject to corporate income tax, purposes.

Allocationsand the partners of any such partnership would be treated as stockholders, with distributions to such partners being treated as dividends.

Income Gain, LossTaxation of Partnerships and Deductiontheir Partners. An entity taxed asAlthough a partnership is not a taxable entity for federal income tax purposes. Rather, a partner is required to take into account its allocable shareagreement generally will determine the allocation of a partnership’s income gains, losses, deductions and credits for any taxable year of the partnership ending within or with the taxable year of the partner, without regard to whether the partner has received or will receive any distributions from the partnership. Although a partnership agreement will generally determine the allocation of income and losses among the partners, such allocations willmay be disregarded for U.S. federal income tax purposes if they do not comply with the provisions ofunder Code Section 704(b) of the Code and the Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder as to substantialif the allocations do not have “substantial economic effect.

effect” and are not otherwise consistent with the partners’ interests in the partnership. If anany allocation is not recognized for U.S. federal income tax purposes, because it does not have substantial economic effect, the item subject to the allocation will be reallocated in accordance with the partners’ economic interests in the partnership. This reallocation will be determined by taking into account all ofWe believe that the facts and circumstances relating to the economic arrangement of the partners with respect to such item. The allocations of taxable income and loss of our operating partnership andin the subsidiary partnerships are intended toOperating Partnership agreement comply with the requirements of Code Section 704(b) of the Code and the Treasury Regulations thereunder.
Tax Allocations With RespectRegulations.

In some cases, special allocations of net profits or net losses will be required to comply with the Properties. UnderU.S. federal income tax principles governing partnership tax allocations. Additionally, pursuant to Code Section 704(c) of the Code,, income, gain, loss and deduction attributable to appreciated or depreciated property that is contributed to a partnershipthe Operating Partnership in exchange for an interest in the partnership,units must be allocated in a manner so that the contributing partner is charged with, the unrealized gain or benefits from, the unrealized gain or loss associated withattributable to the property at the time of the contribution. The amount of thesuch unrealized gain or unrealized loss is generally is equal to the difference between the fair market value or book value and the adjusted tax basis of the contributed property at the time of contribution, and such difference (as adjusted for amortization) may be referred to as adjusted from time to time.a “book-tax difference.” These allocations are solely for federal income tax purposes and do not affect the book capital accounts or other economic or legal arrangements among the partners.designed to eliminate book-tax

To the extent our operating partnership or any subsidiary partnership acquires appreciated (or depreciated) properties differences by way of capital contributions from itsallocating to contributing partners allocations would need to be made in a manner consistent with these requirements. Where a partner contributes cash to a partnership at a time when the partnership holds appreciated (or depreciated) property, the Treasury Regulations provide for a similar allocation of these items to the other (i.e., non-contributing) partners. As a result, partners, including us, in our operating partnership or any subsidiary partnership could be allocated greater or lesserlower amounts of depreciation deductions and increased taxable income in respect ofand gain attributable to the applicable partnership’s propertiescontributed property than would ordinarily be the case if all offor economic or book purposes. With respect to any property purchased by the partnership’s assets (including any contributed assets) had a tax basis equal to their fair market values at the time of any contributions to that partnership. This could cause us to recognize, over a period of time, taxable income in excess of cash flow from the partnership, which might adversely affect our ability to comply with the REIT distribution requirements discussed above in “Taxation of Our Company — Annual Distribution Requirements.”
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AnyOperating Partnership, such property acquired by our operating partnership in a taxable transactiongenerally will initially have aan initial tax basis equal to its fair market value, and accordingly, Code Section 704(c) will not apply, except as described further below in this paragraph. The application of the principles of Code Section 704(c) in tiered partnership arrangements is not entirely clear. Accordingly, the IRS may assert a different allocation method than the one selected by the Operating Partnership to cure any book-tax differences. In certain circumstances, we create book-tax differences by adjusting the values of properties for economic or book purposes, and generally the rules of Code Section 704(c) would apply to such differences as well.

Some expenses incurred in the conduct of the Operating Partnership’s activities may not be deducted in the year they were paid. To the extent this occurs, the taxable income of the Operating Partnership may exceed its cash receipts for the year in which the expense is paid. As discussed above, the costs of acquiring properties must generally be recovered through depreciation deductions over a number of years. Prepaid interest and loan fees, and prepaid management fees are other examples of expenses that may not be deducted in the year they were paid.

If a partnership (including the Operating Partnership) is audited by the IRS with respect to tax returns for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, unless such partnership qualifies for and affirmatively elects an alternative procedure, the partnership will be liable for the hypothetical increase in partner-level taxes (including interest and penalties) resulting from an adjustment of partnership (or partnership-related) tax items on audit. Such hypothetical tax liability, or “imputed underpayment,” will be determined based on the highest rate of tax applicable to corporations or individuals, subject to certain potential adjustments that may reduce the amount. Under the default rule, this imputed underpayment generally must be paid in the year of the adjustment, resulting in a potential shift of the cost of an assessment to those persons that are partners in such partnership in the year of the assessment, and away from those who were partners in the year of the underpayment. The partnership audit rules create procedures to modify (or reduce) a proposed imputed underpayment if certain conditions are satisfied, but no assurances can be provided that such procedures can, or will, be used to reduce or eliminate imputed underpayments.

Under an alternative “push out” procedure, if elected, the partnership would issue statements to persons who were partners in the audited year setting forth each partner’s share of any adjustments. Each partner is then required to take into account any increases or decreases in taxes that would result from such adjustments, including any adjustments to subsequent years before the year in which the statement is received resulting from the adjustment to the reviewed year, for the taxable year in which the partner receives the statement, rather than filing amended returns for the years adjusted. If any of our subsidiary partnerships or limited liability companies (including the Operating Partnership) is able to and in fact elects the alternative push out procedure for a given adjustment, the amount of taxes for which the persons who were partners in the year audited will be liable will be increased by any applicable penalties and a special interest charge. There can be no assurance that any such entities will be eligible to make such an election or that it will, in fact, make such an election for any given adjustment.

Taxation of U.S. Stockholders

Taxation of Taxable U.S. Stockholders. As long as we qualify as a REIT, distributions paid to our U.S. stockholders out of current or accumulated earnings and profits (and not apply.

Treatmentdesignated as capital gain dividends or qualified dividend income) will be ordinary income. For tax years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026, non-corporate taxpayers are permitted to take a deduction for a portion of Depositary Shares
            Holders of depositary sharescertain pass-through business income, including dividends received from REITs that are not designated as capital gain dividends or qualified dividend income (subject to certain limitations). Dividends on our preferred stock will be treated as made out of any available earnings and profits in priority to distributions on our common stock.

Generally, for purposes of this discussion, a “U.S. Stockholder” is a person (other than a partnership or entity treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes as if they are holders of our preferred stock represented by such depositary shares. Accordingly, such holders will be entitledor a person subject to take into account,special treatment under the Code) that is, for U.S. federal income tax purposes,purposes:

an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States;

a corporation created or organized under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia;

an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source; or

a trust if (1) a court within the United States is able to exercise primary supervision over its administration and deductionsone or more U.S. persons have the authority to which they wouldcontrol all substantial decisions of the trust or (2) the trust has a valid election in effect under current Treasury Regulations to be entitled if they were holders of such preferredtreated as a U. S. person.

If a partnership holds our stock, in accordance with the rules discussed below.  In addition, upon a surrender of depositary shares for only preferred stock as described in this prospectus under “Description of Depositary Shares — Withdrawal of Stock,” (i) no gain or loss will be recognized for U.S. federal income tax purposestreatment of a partner generally will depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. A partner of a partnership holding our stock should consult its own tax advisor regarding the U.S. federal income tax consequences to the surrendering holder, (ii) the tax basispartner of the preferredacquisition, ownership and disposition of our stock acquired will beby the same as the aggregate tax basis of the depositary shares surrendered therefor, and (iii) the holding period for the preferred stock in the hands of the surrendering holder will include the period during which such holder owned such depositary shares.partnership.

As noted above, for purposes of this discussion above and below, the term “Stock” includes our depositary shares (as well as our common stock and our preferred stock). Furthermore, for purposes of this discussion, depositary shares will be treated as within the same class of Stock as the preferred stock that such depositary shares represent.
Taxation of U.S. Stockholders and U.S. Holders of Warrants

Distributions in Respectexcess of Our Stock. Distributions on our Stock generally will be includable in your income as dividends to the extent the distributions do not exceed our allocable current and accumulated earnings and profits withare treated first as a portion of these dividends possibly treated as capital gain dividends as explained below, but with no portion of these dividends eligible for either the dividends received deduction for corporate Stockholders or, except in limited circumstances, the 20% maximum rate applicable to dividends received by taxpayers taxed at individual rates. As a result, except as discussed below regarding capital gain dividends, our ordinary dividends will be taxed at the higher tax rate applicable to ordinary income, which currently is a maximum rate of 39.6%.tax-deferred

Distributions in excess of our allocable current or accumulated earnings and profits generally will be treated for federal income tax purposes as a return of capital to the extentU.S. Stockholder, reducing the U.S. Stockholder’s tax basis in his, her or its stock by the amount of yoursuch distribution, and then as capital gain. Because our earnings and profits are reduced for depreciation and other non-cash items, it is possible that a portion of each distribution will constitute a tax-deferred return of capital. Additionally, because distributions in excess of earnings and profits reduce the U.S. Stockholder’s basis in our Stock in respect of whichstock, this will increase the distributions were made, and thereafter, asU.S. Stockholder’s gain, fromor reduce the sale or exchange of our Stock in respect of which the distributions were made.  In determining the extent to which a distributionU.S. Stockholder’s loss, on our Stock constitutes a dividend for federal income tax purposes, our current or accumulated earnings and profits will generally be allocated first to distributions with respect to any class of preferred stock we have outstanding, and thereafter to distributions with respect to our common stock.

If for any taxable year we elect to designate as “capital gain dividends,” as defined in Section 857subsequent sale of the Code, any portion of the dividends paid for the year to holders of all classes of our Stock, then the portion of dividendsstock.

Distributions that are designated as capital gain dividends that will be allocable to a particular class of Stock will be equal to the totaltaxed as long-term capital gain dividends multiplied by a fraction, the numerator of which will be the total dividends paid on that particular class of Stock for that taxable year, and the denominator of which shall be the total dividends paid on all classes of our Stock for that taxable year. We can designate a dividend as a capital gain dividend if and to the extent we have athey do not exceed our actual net capital gain (i.e., our net long-term capital gain for the year exceeds our net short-term capital loss for such year) for such taxable year. A U.S. Stockholder generally will take into account distributions that we designate as capital gain dividends as long-term capital gainyear, without regard to the period for which the U.S. Stockholder that receives such distribution has held our Stock. Aits stock. However, corporate U.S. Stockholderstockholders may however, be required to treat up to 20% of certainsome types of capital gain dividends as ordinary income.

Redemption We also may decide to retain, rather than distribute, our net capital gain and pay any tax thereon. In such instances, U.S. Stockholders would include their proportionate shares of Our Preferred Stock. such gain in income as long-term capital gain, receive a refund or credit on their returns for their proportionate share of our tax payments, and increase the tax basis of their shares of stock by the after-tax amount of such gain.

With respect to U.S. Stockholders who are taxed at the rates applicable to individuals, we may elect to designate a portion of our distributions paid to such U.S. Stockholders as “qualified dividend income.” A redemptionportion of a distribution that is properly designated as qualified dividend income is taxable to non-corporate U.S. Stockholders at the preferential rates applicable to long-term capital gain; provided, that the U.S. Stockholder has held the stock with respect to which the distribution is made for more than 60 days during the 121 day period beginning on the date that is 60 days before the date on which such stock became ex-dividend with respect to the relevant distribution. The maximum amount of our distributions eligible to be designated as qualified dividend income for a taxable year is equal to the sum of:

(1)

the qualified dividend income received by us during such taxable year from C corporations (including TRSs);

(2)

the excess of any “undistributed” REIT taxable income recognized during the immediately preceding year over the U.S. federal income tax paid by us with respect to such undistributed REIT taxable income; and

(3)

the excess of any income recognized during the immediately preceding year attributable to the sale of a built-in-gain asset that was acquired in a carry-over basis transaction from a non-REIT corporation over the U.S. federal income tax paid by us with respect to such income.

Generally, dividends that we receive will be treated as qualified dividend income for purposes of (1) above if the dividends are received from a regular, domestic C corporation (such as any TRS) or certain foreign corporations, and specified holding period and other requirements are met.

Dividend income is characterized as “portfolio” income under the passive loss rules and cannot be offset by a stockholder’s current or suspended passive losses. Corporate stockholders cannot claim the dividends-received deduction for such dividends unless we lose our REIT qualification. In addition, taxable distributions from us generally will be treated as investment income for purposes of the investment interest limitations. A U.S. stockholder that elects to treat capital gain dividends, capital gains from the disposition of stock or qualified dividend income as investment income for purposes of the investment interest limitation will be taxed at ordinary income rates on such amounts.

Although U.S. Stockholders generally will recognize taxable income in the year that a distribution is received, any dividend we declare in October, November or December of any year and is payable to a U.S. Stockholder of record on a specific date in any such month will be treated as both paid by us and received by the U.S. Stockholder on December 31st of the year it was declared if we pay it during January of the following calendar year. Because we are not a pass-through entity for U.S. federal income tax purposes, U.S. Stockholders may not use any of our operating or capital losses to reduce their tax liabilities.

We may have the ability to declare a large portion of a dividend in shares of our stock. As long as a portion of such dividend is payable in cash or other property and certain requirements are met, the entire distribution may be treated as a dividend for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a result, U.S. Stockholders could be taxed on 100% of the dividend in the same manner as a cash dividend, even though most of the dividend was paid in shares of our stock. In general, any dividend on shares of our preferred stock will be treated under Section 302 of the Code as a distribution and hence taxable as a dividend, toregardless of whether any portion is paid in stock.

In general, the extentsale of our currentstock held for more than 12 months will produce long-term capital gain or accumulated earnings and profits, unless the redemption satisfies one of the tests set forth in Section 302(b) of the Code and is therefore treated as a saleloss. All other sales will produce short-term gain or exchange of the redeemed preferred shock. The redemption will be treated as a sale or exchange if it (1) is “substantially disproportionate” with respect to your ownership in us, (2) results in a “complete termination” of your Stock interest in us, or (3) is “not essentially equivalent to a dividend” with respect to you, all

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within the meaning of Section 302(b) of the Code.loss. In determining whether any of these tests has been met, you must generally take into account all of our Stock considered to be owned by you by reason of constructive ownership rules set forth in the Code, as well as our Stock actually owned by you. If you actually or constructively own none or a small percentage of our common stock, a redemption of your preferred stock is likely to qualify for sale or exchange treatment because the redemption would not be “essentially equivalent to a dividend” as defined by the Code. However, because the determination as to whether you will satisfy any of the tests of Section 302(b) of the Code depends upon the facts and circumstances at the time that your preferred stock is redeemed, you are advised to consult your own tax advisor to determine your particular tax treatment.
Under Section 305 of the Code, preferred stock that may be redeemed at a price higher than its issue price may have this “redemption premium” treated as a constructive distribution. Under applicable Treasury Regulations, constructive dividend treatment is required in the case of callable preferred stock only if, based on all of the facts and circumstances as of the issue date, redemption pursuant to this call right is more likely than not to occur. Even if this redemption is more likely than not to occur, constructive dividend treatment is not required if the redemption premium is solely in the nature of a penalty for premature redemption, i.e., it is a premium paid as a result of changes in economic conditions over which neither we nor you have control. The Treasury Regulations also provide a safe harbor pursuant to which an issuer’s right to redeem will not be treated as more likely than not to occur if: (i) the issuer and holder of the stock are not related within the meaning of Section 267(b) or Section 707(b) of the Code (substituting “20%” for the phrase “50%”); (ii) there are no plans, arrangements or agreements that effectively require or are intended to compel the issuer to redeem the stock; and (iii) exercise of the right to redeem would not reduce the yield on the stock determined using principles applicable to the determination of original issue discount under Section 1272 of the Code and the Treasury Regulations under Sections 1271 through 1275 of the Code. The fact that a redemption right is not described in the preceding sentence, and thus does not qualify for the safe harbor, does not mean that an issuer’s right to redeem is more likely than not to occur. Rather, in thateach case, the issuer’s right to redeem must be tested under all the facts and circumstances to determine if it is more likely than not to occur.  While in general we intend to issue preferred stock in a manner such that our right to call for the redemption of our preferred stock should not be treated as more likely than not to occur, there can be no assurance in this regard.
Conversion of Our Preferred Stock. The terms of our preferred stock may provide that our preferred stock is convertible into our common stock or other consideration (see in this prospectus under “Description of Preferred Stock — Conversion Rights”).  Except as provided below, a U.S. Stockholder generally will not recognize gain or loss upon the conversion of our preferred stock into shares of our common stock. A U.S. Stockholder’s basis and holding period in the shares of common stock received upon conversion generally will be the same as those of the converted preferred stock (but the basis will be reduced by the portion of adjusted tax basis allocated to any fractional share of common stock exchanged for cash). If a U.S. Stockholder converting preferred stock receives consideration other than our common stock in connection with the conversion, the tax treatment of the receipt of any such other consideration will depend on the nature of the consideration, and it may be a taxable exchange. For example, cash received upon conversion in lieu of a fractional share of common stock generally will be treated as a payment in a taxable exchange for such fractional share of common stock, and gain or loss will be recognized on the receipt of cash in an amountis equal to the difference between the amount of cash and fair market value of any property received from the sale and the adjusted taxU.S. Stockholder’s basis allocable toin the fractional common stock deemed exchanged. This gainsold. However, any loss from a sale or loss will be long-term capital gain or loss if theexchange of stock by a U.S. Stockholder who has held our preferredsuch stock for more than one year. Any common stock received in exchange for accrued and unpaid dividendssix months or less generally will be treated as a distributionlong-term capital loss, to the extent that the U.S. Stockholder treated our distributions as long-term capital gain. The use of capital losses is subject to limitations. A redemption by us and subject to tax treatment as described in “Taxation of U.S. Stockholders and U.S. Holders of Warrants — Distributions in Respect of Our Stock,” above.
U.S. Stockholders converting ourany redeemable preferred stock we may issue could be treated either as a taxable disposition of shares or as a dividend, depending on the applicable facts and circumstances. In the event we issue any redeemable preferred stock, the prospectus supplement will discuss the tax considerations of owning such securities in greater detail.

Information reporting (transfer statements) on other transactions may also be required under these rules. Generally, these reports are made for certain transactions. Transfer statements are issued between “brokers” and are not issued to the IRS or to you.

Stockholders should consult their tax advisors regarding the U.S. federalconsequences of these rules.

Capital Gains and Losses. The tax rate differential between capital gain and ordinary income tax treatment of the consideration received upon such conversion.for non-corporate

Disposition of Our Stock. If you sell our Stock, you will recognize taxpayers may be significant. As noted above, a taxpayer generally must hold a capital asset for more than one year for gain or loss in an amount equalderived from its sale or exchange to the difference between the amount you receive in exchange for the Stock and your basis in the Stock sold. Any such gain or loss generally will be treated as long-term capital gain or loss if you have held the Stock for more than one year.
Taxation of U.S. Holders of Our Warrants. A U.S. Holder of our warrants generally will not recognize gain or loss upon the exercise of a warrant. A U.S. Holder’s basis in a warrant will equal the purchase price paid by
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such holder to acquire the warrant. A U.S. Holder’s basis in the preferred stock or common stock, as the case may be, received upon the exercise of the warrant will be equal to the sum of the holder’s basis in the warrant and the exercise price paid. A U.S. Holder’s holding period in the preferred stock or common stock, as the case may be, received upon the exercise of the warrant will not include the period during which the warrant was held by the holder. If the warrant expires without exercise, a U.S. Holder will recognize a capital loss in an amount equal to its basis in the warrant. Upon the sale or exchange of a warrant to a person other than us, a U.S. Holder will recognize gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized on the sale or exchange and the holder’s basis in the warrant. Any such gain or loss from the sale, exchange or expiration of a warrant will be capital gain or loss and will be long-term capital gain or loss if the warrant was held for more than one year. The ability of a U.S. Holder to deduct capital losses may be subject to limitations, as described below under  “— Capital Gains and Losses.” Upon the sale of a warrant to us, the IRS may argue that a holder should recognize ordinary income on the sale. Prospective investors should consult their tax advisors as to the consequences of a sale of a warrant to us.
Capital Gains and Losses.loss. The highest marginal individual income tax rate is currently is 39.6%37%. The maximum tax rate on long-term capital gaingains applicable to U.S. Stockholders or U.S. Holders taxed at individual ratesnon-corporate taxpayers is 20% for sales and exchanges of capital assets held for more than one year. Theyear, except that the maximum tax rate on long-term capital gain from the sale or exchange of “section 1250 property,” or depreciable real property, is 25% to the extent that such gain would have been treated as ordinary income if the property were “section 1245 property.gains are “unrecaptured section 1250 gains.” With respect to distributions that we designate as capital gain dividends and any retained capital gain that we willare deemed to distribute, we generally may designate whether such a distribution is taxable to U.S. Stockholders taxed at individual rates atour non-corporate stockholders as long-term capital gains or unrecaptured section 1250 gains. The IRS has the authority to prescribe, but has not yet prescribed, regulations that would apply a 20% or 25% rate. Thus, thecapital gain tax rate differential betweenof 25% (which is generally higher than the long-term capital gain and ordinary incometax rates for those taxpayers may be significant.non-corporate taxpayers) to a portion of capital gain realized by a non-corporate stockholder on the sale of REIT stock that would correspond to the REIT’s “unrecaptured Section 1250 gain.” In addition, the characterization of income as capital gain or ordinary income may affect the deductibility of capital losses. A non-corporate taxpayer may deduct capital losses not offset by capital gains against its ordinary income only up to a maximum annual amount of $3,000. A non-corporate taxpayer may carry forward unused capital losses indefinitely. A corporate taxpayer must pay tax on its net capital gain at ordinary corporate rates.rates (currently up to 21%). A corporate taxpayer maycan deduct capital losses only to the extent of capital gains, with unused losses being carried back three years and forward five years.
The Medicare Tax. For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2012, certain

If a U.S. Stockholders and certain U.S. Holders who are individuals, estates or trusts and whose income exceeds certain thresholds are required to paystockholder recognizes a 3.8% Medicare tax. The Medicare tax will apply to, among other things, dividends and other income derived from certain trades or business and net gains from the sale or other disposition of property, subject to certain exceptions. Dividends on our Stock and any gain from theloss upon a subsequent disposition of our Stockcommon stock or preferred stock in an amount that exceeds a prescribed threshold, it is possible that the provisions of certain Treasury Regulations involving “reportable transactions” could apply, with a resulting requirement to separately disclose the loss generating transactions to the IRS. While these regulations are directed towards “tax shelters,” they are written quite broadly and apply to transactions that would not typically be considered tax shelters. Significant penalties apply for failure to comply with these requirements. You should consult your tax advisors concerning any possible disclosure obligation with respect to the receipt or disposition of our warrants generally willcommon stock or preferred stock, or transactions that might be the type of gainundertaken directly or indirectly by us. Moreover, you should be aware that iswe and other participants in transactions involving us (including our advisors) might be subject to the Medicare tax.

disclosure or other requirements pursuant to these regulations.

Taxation of Tax-ExemptTax-Exempt Stockholders

Tax-exempt. U.S. tax-exempt entities, including qualified employee pension and profit sharing trusts and individual retirement accounts, generally are exempt from U.S. federal income taxation. However, they are subject to taxation on their unrelated business taxable income, (“UBTI”). While many investments inor UBTI. U.S. tax-exempt entities must separately compute their taxable income and loss for each unrelated trade or business activity for purposes of determining their UBTI. UBTI generally includes (i) any income or gain not sufficiently related to a tax-exempt organization’s exempt purpose, other than certain passive investment income such as dividends, interest, rents from real estate may generate UBTI, dividendproperty and capital gains, and (ii) debt-financed income derived from property not sufficiently related to such exempt purpose that is subject to “acquisition indebtedness.” Thus, our distributions into a U.S. Stockholder that is a domestic tax-exempt entity and capital gain recognized by such an entity with respect ofto our Stock and gain from a sale of our Stock generally willstock should not constitute UBTI provided the tax-exempt entity has not held our Stock as “debt-financed property”unless such U.S. Stockholder borrows funds (or otherwise incurs acquisition indebtedness within the meaning of the Code (i.e., whereCode) to acquire or carry its shares of stock, subject to the acquisitionpension held REIT rules discussed below. Notwithstanding the foregoing, special rules may cause part or holding of our Stock is financed through a borrowingall of the tax-exempt Stockholder) and has not otherwise usedincome or gain recognized with respect to our Stock in an unrelated trade or business. However, different UBTI rules apply to tax-exempt Stockholders that arestock held by social clubs, voluntary employee benefit associations, and supplemental unemployment benefit trusts or qualified group legal services plans(which are exempt from U.S. federal income taxation under Code Sections 501(c)(7), (c)(9), (c)(17) and (c)(20) of the Code, respectively, or single parent title-holding corporations exempt under Section 501(c)(2) of the Code the income of which is payable to any of the aforementioned tax-exempt organizations. Under those rules, dividend distributions in respect of our Stock will constitute UBTI unless the organization properly sets aside or reserves such amounts for purposes specified in the Code. These tax-exempt Stockholders should consult their own tax advisors concerning these “set aside” and reserve requirements.
A “qualified trust” (defined(17)), to be any trust described in Section 401(a)treated as UBTI.

Special “pension held REIT” rules apply to the ownership of the Code and exempt from tax under Section 501(a) of the Code) that holds more than 10% of the value of theREIT shares of a REIT may be required, under certain circumstances, to treat a portion of distributions from the REIT as UBTI. This requirement will apply for a taxable year only if (i) the REIT satisfies the requirement that not more than 50% of the value of its shares beby some tax-exempt pension trusts. If, treating stock held by five or fewer individuals (the “five or fewer requirement”) only by relying on a special “look-through” rule under

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which sharestax-exempt pension trust as being held by qualified trust stockholders are treated as helda single individual rather than by the trust’s beneficiaries, of suchwe would be “closely-held” (discussed above with respect to the share ownership tests), then tax-exempt pension trusts in proportion to their actuarial interests therein, and (ii) the REIT is “predominantly held” by qualified trusts. A REIT is “predominantly held” by qualified trusts if either (i) a single qualified trust holds more than 25% of the value of the REIT shares, or (ii) one or more qualified trusts, each owning more than 10% of theby value of the REITour stock may be required to treat a percentage of our dividends as UBTI. This rule applies if: (1) at least one tax-exempt pension trust owns more than 25% by value of our shares, or (2) one or more tax-exempt pension trusts (each owning more than 10% by value of our shares) hold in the aggregate more than 50% of theby value of the REITour shares. If the foregoing requirements are met, theThe percentage of any REIT dividend treated as UBTI to a qualified trust that owns more than 10% of the value of the REIT shares is equal to the ratio of (i) the UBTI earned by the REIT (computed as if the REIT were a qualified trust and therefore subject to tax on its UBTI) to (ii) the totalour gross income (less certain associateddirect expenses) of the REIT for the year in which the dividends are paid. A de minimis exception applies where the ratio set forth in the preceding sentencederived from an unrelated trade or business (determined as if we were a tax-exempt pension trust) divided by our gross income from all sources (less direct expenses). If this percentage is less than 5% for, however, none of the dividends will be treated as UBTI.

Backup Withholding and Information Reporting. The amount of dividends treated as paid during each calendar year and the proceeds of any year.

The provisions requiring qualifiedsale or other disposition of our stock will be reported to our U.S. Stockholders and the IRS. Under the backup withholding rules, a U.S. Stockholder may be subject to backup withholding at the current rate of 24% with respect to such dividends and proceeds paid, unless the U.S. Stockholder (1) is a corporation or comes within other exempt categories and, when required, demonstrates this fact or (2) provides a taxpayer identification number or social security number, certifies under penalties of perjury that such number is correct and that such U.S. Stockholder is not subject to backup withholding and otherwise complies with applicable requirements of the backup withholding rules. A U.S. Stockholder that does not provide his, her or its correct taxpayer identification number or social security number may also be subject to penalties imposed by the IRS.

Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules may be allowed as a refund or a credit against such U.S. Stockholder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, provided the required information is timely furnished to the IRS.

Medicare Tax. Certain net investment income earned by U.S. citizens and resident aliens and certain estates and trusts is subject to treat a portion3.8% Medicare tax. Net investment income includes, among other things, dividends on and capital gains from the sale or other disposition of REIT distributions as UBTI will not applyshares of stock. Holders of shares of our stock should consult their tax advisors regarding the effect, if the REIT is able to satisfy the “five or fewer” requirement without relyingany, of this tax on the “look-through” rule. The restrictions ontheir ownership and transfer of shares in our charter should prevent application of the foregoing provisions to qualified trusts purchasing our Stock, absent a waiver of the restrictions by the board of directors.

As discussed above in relation to taxable U.S. Stockholders, we may elect to retain and pay income tax on our long-term capital gains. If we so elect, each Stockholder, including tax-exempt Stockholders, will take into income (and, if applicable, UBTI) the Stockholder’s share of the retained capital gain as long-term capital gain (except that corporate Stockholders may be required to treat up to 20% of certain capital gains dividends as ordinary income) and will receive a credit or refund for that Stockholder’s share of the tax paid by us. The Stockholder will increase the basisdisposition of such Stockholder’s shares by an amount equal to the excess of the retained capital gain included in the Stockholder’s income over the tax deemed paid by such Stockholder.
shares.

Taxation of Non-U.S. Stockholders and Non-U.S. Holders of Warrants

General. The rules governing the U.S. federal income taxation of nonresident alien individuals, foreign corporations, foreign partnerships and other foreignNon-U.S. Stockholders or warrant holders (which we refer to collectively as Non-U.S. Stockholders or Non-U.S. Holders, respectively) are complex, and no attempt will be made herein to provide more thanas such, only a limited summary of such rules. The discussionrules is provided in this prospectus. A “Non-U.S. Stockholder” means a nonresident alien individual or foreign corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes that is not otherwise subject to special treatment under the Code. This disclosure does not consider any specific factsaddress stockholders that are non-U.S. trusts or circumstances thatestates, and additional considerations may apply to a particular Non-U.S. Stockholderstockholders that are non-U.S. trusts or Non-U.S. Holder. Prospective Non-U.S. Stockholdersestates and to the beneficiaries of any such non-U.S. trusts or estates. Non-U.S. Holders investors should consult with their own tax advisors and financial planners to determine the impact ofthat U.S. federal, state and local income tax or similar laws with regard towill have on such investors as a result of an investment in our Stock or warrants, including any reporting requirements.

If distributionsstock. The discussion below assumes we have qualified as a REIT and will continue to qualify as a Non-U.S. Stockholder on account of our StockREIT.

Distributions - In General. Distributions paid by us that are not attributable to gain from our sales or exchanges by us of United States real property interests, or USRPIs (discussed further below), and not designated by us as capital gain dividends or retained capital gains, such distributions will be treated as dividends of ordinary income to the extent that they are made out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits. Such distributionsdividends to Non-U.S. Stockholders ordinarily will be subject to a withholding tax equal to 30% of the gross amount of the distributiondividend unless an applicable tax treaty reduces such rate or eliminates thethat tax. However, ifUnder some treaties, however, lower rates generally applicable to dividends do not apply to dividends from REITs. If income from the investment in our Stockstock is treated as effectively connected with the Non-U.S. Stockholder’s conduct of a United StatesU.S. trade or business, the Non-U.S. Stockholder generally will be subject to aU.S. federal income tax at the graduated rates applicable to ordinary income, in the same manner as U.S. Stockholders are taxed with respect to such dividends, unless an applicable income tax treaty provides otherwise (and also may also be subject to a 30% branch profits tax on its effectively connected earnings and profits in the case of up to 30% if the Non-U.S. Stockholdera stockholder that is a foreign corporation)corporation that is not entitled to the benefits of a treaty that exempts it from such tax). We expectIn general, Non-U.S. Stockholders will not be considered to withhold United States federal income tax at the rate of 30% on the gross amount of any dividends paid tobe engaged in a Non-U.S. Stockholder that are not designated as capital gain dividends, unless (i) a lower treaty rate applies and the Non-U.S. Stockholder files with us an IRS Form W-8BEN or IRS Form W-8BEN-E evidencing eligibility for that reduced rate or (ii) the Non-U.S. Stockholder files an IRS Form W-8ECI with us claiming that the distribution is income treated as effectively connected to a United StatesU.S. trade or business.

business solely as a result of their ownership of our stock. Distributions in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits and not attributable to gain from our sales or exchanges of USRPIs will not be taxable to a Non-U.S. Stockholderstockholder to the extent that they do not exceed the adjusted basis of the Non-U.S. Stockholder’s Stock in respect of which the distributions were made, but ratherstockholder’s shares (determined separately for each share). Instead, they will reduce the adjusted basis of such Stock.shares. To the extent that such distributionsdividends exceed the adjusted basis of a Non-U.S. Stockholder’s Stock in respect of which the distributions were made,shares, they will give rise to tax liability if the Non-U.S. Stockholder would otherwise be subject to tax on anytreated as gain from the sale or disposition of such Stock as described below. Wethe Non-U.S. Stockholder’s shares, and may be required to withhold United States federal income tax at the rate of at least 10% on distributions to Non-U.S. Stockholders that are not paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits unless the Non-U.S. Stockholders provide us with withholding certificates
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evidencing their exemption from withholding tax. If it cannot be determined at the time that such a distribution is made whether or not such distribution will be in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, the distribution will be subject to withholding attax as described in the rate applicable“Sales of Shares” portion of this Section below. However, as discussed below, we may nevertheless withhold on such distributions.

Distributions to dividends. However, the a Non-U.S. Stockholder may seek a refund of such amountsthat do not arise from the IRS if it is subsequently determineddisposition of a USRPI and that such distribution was, in fact, in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits.

Although the law is not clear on the matter, if we elect to retain and pay income tax on our long-term capital gains, it appears that amounts weproperly designate as retained capital gains in respect of our Stock held by Non-U.S. Stockholdersgain dividends generally should not be treatedsubject to U.S. federal income taxation except as described below under “- Sales of Shares,” although we may nonetheless withhold with respect to Non-U.S. Stockholders in the same mannersuch distributions as our actual distributionsdiscussed below.

Distributions Attributable to Sale or Exchange of capital gain dividends. Under this approach, a Non-U.S. Stockholder would be ableReal Property. Except as discussed below with respect to offset as a credit against its United States federal income tax liability its proportionate share10% or less holders of the tax treated as paid by it on such retained capital gains,regularly traded classes of stock, “qualified shareholders” and to receive from the IRS a refund to the extent its proportionate share of such tax treated as paid by it exceeds its actual United States federal income tax liability.

For“qualified foreign pension funds,” for any year in which we qualify as a REIT, a Non-U.S. Stockholder will incur tax on distributions by us that are attributable to gain from salesour sale or exchanges by usexchange of United States real property interests will be taxed to a Non-U.S. StockholderUSRPIs under thespecial provisions of the U.S. federal income tax laws known as the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act, or FIRPTA. The term USRPIs includes interests in real property and shares in corporations at least 50% of 1980 (“FIRPTA”).whose real estate and business assets consist of interests in U.S. real property. Under FIRPTA, these distributions generally are taxed tothose rules, a Non-U.S. Stockholder as if such gain were effectively connected with a United States business. Thus, Non-U.S. Stockholders will beis taxed on such distributions at the normal capital gain rates applicable to U.S. Stockholders (subject to applicable alternative minimum tax and a special alternative minimum tax in the case of nonresident alien individuals). Also, distributions subject to FIRPTA may be subject to a 30% branch profits tax in the hands of a corporate Non-U.S. Stockholder not entitled to treaty relief or exemption. We are required by applicable Treasury Regulations to withhold 35% of any distribution that could be designated by us as a capital gain dividend or, in certain circumstances, distributions following a designation of a prior distribution as a capital gain dividend. This amount is creditable against the Non-U.S. Stockholder’s FIRPTA tax liability. REIT distributions attributable to gain from sales or exchanges of United States real property interests will be treatedUSRPIs as ordinary income dividends rather thanif the gain were effectively connected income underwith a U.S. trade or business of the Non-U.S. Stockholder. A Non-U.S. Stockholder thus would be taxed on such a distribution at regular tax rates applicable to U.S. Stockholders, subject to any applicable alternative minimum tax. A corporate Non-U.S. Stockholder not entitled to treaty relief or exemption also may be subject to the 30% branch profits tax on such a distribution. We must withhold 21% of any distribution that is a distribution attributable to USRPI gain. A Non-U.S. Stockholder may receive a credit against its tax liability for the amount we withhold. However, FIRPTA rules if (1) theand this 21% withholding tax will not apply to any distribution is received with respect to aany class of Stockour stock that is regularly traded on an established securities market located in the United States and (2)if the foreign investor doesrecipient Non-U.S. Stockholder did not own more than 5%10% of thesuch class of Stockstock at any time during the one yearone-year period ending on the date of distribution. In the case of a capital gain dividend attributable to USRPI gain, a recipient exempt from tax under FIRPTA by reason of not owning more than 10% of such class of stock must treat the capital gain dividend as an ordinary dividend subject to the rules discussed above.

U.S. Federal Income Tax Withholding on Distributions not Subject to FIRPTA. For U.S. federal income tax withholding purposes, we generally will withhold tax at the rate of 30% on the amount of any distribution (other than distributions of USRPI gain subject to FIRPTA as discussed above) made to a Non-U.S. Stockholder, unless the Non-U.S. Stockholder provides us with appropriate documentation (1) evidencing that such Non-U.S. Stockholder is eligible for an exemption or reduced rate under an applicable income tax treaty, generally an IRS Form W-8BEN or W-8BEN-E (in which case we will withhold at the lower treaty rate) or (2) claiming that the dividend is effectively connected with the Non-U.S. Stockholder’s conduct of a trade or business within the U.S., generally an IRS Form W-8ECI (in which case we will not withhold tax). We also may be required to withhold tax at the rate of 21% on the portion of any dividend to a Non-U.S. Stockholder that is or could be designated by us as a capital gain dividend, even if not attributable to USRPI gain. Such withheld amounts of tax do not represent actual tax liabilities, but rather, represent payments in respect of those tax liabilities described in the preceding two paragraphs. Therefore, such withheld amounts are creditable by the Non-U.S. Stockholder against its actual U.S. federal income tax liabilities, including those described in the preceding two paragraphs. The Non-U.S. Stockholder would be entitled to a refund of any amounts withheld in excess of such Non-U.S. Stockholder’s actual U.S. federal income tax liabilities, provided the required information is timely furnished to the IRS.

Additional withholding regulations may require us to withhold 15% of any distribution that exceeds our current and accumulated earnings and profits.

In light of potential difficulties in properly characterizing a distribution for purposes of the above withholding rules, we may determine to withhold at the highest rate that we determine could apply.

Sales of Shares. A Non-U.S. Stockholder generally will not incur tax under FIRPTA with respect to gain on a disposition of our common stock or preferred stock as long as at all times during the five-year period ending on the date of disposition non-U.S. persons hold, directly or indirectly, less than 50% in value of our stock. For these purposes, in the case of any class of our stock that is regularly traded on an established securities market a person holding less than 5% of such class of stock for five years will be treated as a U.S. person unless we have actual knowledge that such person is not a U.S. person. Because our common stock is publicly traded, we cannot assure you that our non-U.S. ownership will be less than 50% at any time. Even if our non-U.S. ownership remains under 50% for five years and we otherwise meet the requirements of this rule, pursuant to “certain wash sale” rules under FIRPTA, a Non-U.S. Stockholder may incur tax under FIRPTA to the extent such stockholder disposes of our stock within a certain period prior to a distribution attributable to USRPI gain and directly or indirectly (including through certain affiliates) reacquires our stock within certain prescribed periods, provided that this rule will not apply to a disposition and reacquisition of our common stock by a Non-U.S. Stockholder owning, actually or constructively, 5% or less of our common stock at any time during the one-year period ending on the date of such distribution. Capital gain dividends received by a Non-U.S. Stockholder from a REIT that aredistribution attributable to dispositionsUSRPI gain.

Regardless of the extent of our non-U.S. ownership, a Non-U.S. Stockholder will not incur tax under FIRPTA on a disposition of shares of a class of our publicly traded stock if such Non-U.S. Stockholder owned, actually or constructively, at all times during a specified testing period, 10% or less of the total fair market value of such class of stock. The testing period is the shorter of (1) the period during which the Non-U.S. Stockholder held the shares and (2) the five-year period ending on the disposition date. For as long as our common stock is regularly traded on an established securities market, a Non-U.S. Stockholder should not incur tax under FIRPTA with respect to gain on a sale of our common stock unless it owns, actually or constructively, more than 10% of our common stock during such testing period. If we issue a class of preferred stock that is regularly traded on an established securities market, the rules described in the previous sentence will also apply to sales of such preferred stock. Provided that our common stock continues to be regularly traded on an established securities market, a Non-U.S. Stockholder will not incur tax under FIRPTA on a disposition of the shares of our non-publicly traded preferred stock if the fair market value of all of the shares of such class of preferred stock acquired by such Non-U.S. Stockholder did not exceed 5% of the fair market value of our regularly traded class of stock with the lowest fair market value, determined as of the most recent acquisition date.

If the gain on the sale of our stock were taxed under FIRPTA, a Non-U.S. Stockholder would be taxed on that REIT of assets other than United States real property interests aregain in the same manner as U.S. Stockholders, subject to any applicable alternative minimum tax. Furthermore, a Non-U.S. Stockholder generally will incur U.S. federal income tax on gain not subject to U.S. income or withholding tax.


Gain recognized byFIRPTA (including a Non-U.S. Stockholder upon properly designated capital gain dividend not attributable to USRPI gain) if:

the sale or exchange of our Stock generally would not be subject to United States federal income taxation unless:

the investment in our Stockgain is effectively connected with the Non-U.S. Stockholder’s United StatesU.S. trade or business, in which case, unless an applicable income tax treaty provides otherwise, the Non-U.S. Stockholder generally will be subject to the same treatment as U.S. Stockholders with respect to any gain;
such gain and may be subject to the 30% branch profits tax on its effectively connected earnings and profits, subject to adjustments, in the case of a foreign corporation; or

the Non-U.S. Stockholder is a non-residentnonresident alien individual who iswas present in the United States for 183 days or more during the taxable year and has a tax home in the United States,meets certain other criteria, in which case the non-resident alien individualNon-U.S. Stockholder will be subject toincur a 30% tax on the individual’s nethis or her capital gains forderived from sources within the taxable year; or

our Stock constitutes a United States real property interest(net of certain losses derived from sources within the meaning of FIRPTA, as described below.
Our Stock will not constitute a United States real property interest if we are a domestically-controlled REIT. We will be a domestically-controlled REIT if, at all times during a specified testing period, less than 50% in value ofStates), unless an applicable income tax treaty provides otherwise.

Qualified Shareholders. To the extent our sharesstock is held directly (or indirectly through one or indirectlymore partnerships) by Non-U.S. Stockholders. We believe that, currently, we are a domestically-controlled REIT and, therefore, that the sale of our Stock would“qualified shareholder,” it will not be subject to taxation under FIRPTA. Because our Stock is publicly traded, however, we cannot guarantee that we are or will continue to be a domestically-controlled REIT.

Even if we do not qualifytreated as a domestically-controlled REIT at the time a Non-U.S. Stockholder sells our Stock,USRPI for such qualified shareholder. Thus, gain arising from the sale of a particular class or series of our Stock still would not be subject to FIRPTA tax if:
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such class or series of our Stock is considered regularly traded under applicable Treasury Regulations on an established securities market, such as the NYSE; and
the selling Non-U.S. Stockholder owned, actually or constructively, 5% or less in value of the applicable class or series of our Stock throughout the five-year period ending on the date of the sale or exchange.
If gain on the sale or exchange of our Stock were subject to taxation under FIRPTA,stock (including distributions treated as gain from the Non-U.S. Stockholder wouldsale or exchange of our stock) will not be subject to regular United StatesU.S. federal income tax unless such gain is treated as effectively connected with respectthe qualified shareholder’s conduct of a U.S. trade or business. Further, to the extent such treatment applies, any distribution to such shareholder will not be treated as gain recognized from the sale or exchange of a USRPI (and capital gains dividends attributable to USRPI gain and non-dividend distributions to such shareholder may be treated as ordinary dividends). For these purposes, a qualified shareholder is generally a Non-U.S. Stockholder that (i)(A) is eligible for treaty benefits under an income tax treaty with the United States that includes an exchange of information program, and the principal class of interests of which is listed and regularly traded on one or more stock exchanges as defined by the treaty, or (B) is a foreign limited partnership organized in a jurisdiction with an exchange of information agreement with the same manner asUnited States and that has a taxable U.S. Stockholder (subject to any applicable alternative minimum taxclass of regularly traded limited partnership units (having a value greater than 50% of the value of all partnership units) on the New York Stock Exchange or Nasdaq, (ii) is a “qualified collective investment vehicle” (within the meaning of Section 897(k)(3)(B) of the Code) and special alternative minimum tax(iii) maintains records of persons holding 5% or more of the class of interests described in clauses (i)(A) or (i)(B) above. However, in the case of non-resident alien individuals) anda qualified shareholder having one or more “applicable investors,” the purchaserexception described in the first sentence of this paragraph will not apply to the “applicable percentage” of the qualified shareholder’s stock (with “applicable percentage” generally meaning the percentage of the value of the interests in the qualified shareholder held by applicable investors after applying certain constructive ownership rules). The applicable percentage of the amount realized by a qualified shareholder on the disposition of our Stock couldstock or with respect to a distribution from us attributable to gain from the sale or exchange of a USRPI will be requiredtreated as amounts realized from the disposition of USRPIs. Such treatment shall also apply to withhold 10%applicable investors in respect of the purchase price and remit such amount to the IRS.
Non-U.S. Holders of warrants should consider the rules discussed above regarding the taxation of Non-U.S. Stockholders upondistributions treated as a sale or exchange of our Stock and should consult their own tax advisersstock with respect to a qualified shareholder. For these purposes, an “applicable investor” is a person (other than a qualified shareholder) who generally holds an interest in the United States federal tax (including withholding tax)qualified shareholder and state, local andholds more than 10% of our stock (applying certain constructive ownership rules).

Qualified Foreign Pension Funds. For FIRPTA purposes neither a “qualified foreign tax consequences of an investment in our warrants.

Backup Withholding, FATCA Tax, and Information Reporting
U.S. Stockholders. In general, information reporting requirements will apply to certain U.S. Stockholders with regard to payments of dividends on our Stock and paymentspension fund” nor any entity all of the proceedsinterests of which are held by a qualified foreign pension fund is treated as a foreign person, thereby exemption such entities from tax under FIRPTA. A “qualified foreign pension fund” is an organization or arrangement (i) created or organized in a foreign country, (ii) established by a foreign country (or one or more political subdivisions thereof) or one or more employers to provide retirement or pension benefits to current or former employees (including self-employed individuals) or their designees as a result of, or in consideration for, services rendered, (iii) which does not have a single participant or beneficiary that has a right to more than 5% of its assets or income, (iv) which is subject to government regulation and with respect to which annual information about its beneficiaries is provided, or is otherwise available, to relevant local tax authorities and (v) with respect to which, under its local laws, (A) contributions that would otherwise be subject to tax are deductible or excluded from its gross income or taxed at a reduced rate, or (B) taxation of its investment income is deferred, or such income is excluded from its gross income or taxed at a reduced rate. Under proposed Treasury Regulations on which taxpayers generally may rely, but which are subject to change, a “qualified controlled entity” also is not treated as a foreign person for purposes of FIRPTA. Under such regulations, a qualified controlled entity generally includes a trust or corporation organized under the laws of a foreign country all of the interests of which are held by one or more qualified foreign pension funds either directly or indirectly through one or more qualified controlled entities or partnerships. Distributions received by qualified foreign pension funds and their non-U.S. wholly owned subsidiaries and qualified controlled entities will be taxed as described above at “-Distributions - In General” regardless of whether the distribution is attributable to the sale of a USRPI. Gain of a qualified foreign pension fund or its non-U.S. wholly owned subsidiary or qualified controlled entity from the sale or exchange of our Stock,stock as well as our capital gain dividends and distributions treated as gain from the sale or exchange of our stock under the rules described above at “- Distributions - In General,” will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax unless such gain is treated as effectively connected with the qualified foreign pension fund’s (or the subsidiary’s or qualified controlled entity’s, as applicable) conduct of a U.S. trade or business, in which case the qualified foreign pension fund (or subsidiary or qualified controlled entity) generally will be subject to a tax at the same graduated rates applicable to U.S. Stockholders, unless an exception applies.
It is expected that the payor will be required to backup withholdapplicable income tax on such payments at the rate of 28% if (i) the payee fails to furnish a taxpayer identification number, or TIN, to the payor or to establish an exemption from backup withholding, or (ii) the IRS notifies the payor that the TIN furnished by the payee is incorrect. A U.S. Stockholder who does not provide us with its correct taxpayer identification number alsotreaty provides otherwise, and may be subject to penalties imposed by the IRS.
In addition, it is expected that30% branch profits tax on its effectively connected earnings and profits, subject to adjustments, in the case of a payorforeign corporation.

Information Reporting and Backup Withholding. The applicable withholding agent will report to our Non-U.S. Stockholders and the IRS the amount of dividends on our Stock will be required to backup withholdtreated as paid during each calendar year and the amount of any tax at a rate of 28% if (i) there has been a notified payee under-reportingwithheld with respect to interest, dividends or original issue discount described in Section 3406(c)such payments. Copies of the Code,information returns reporting such payments and withholding may also be made available to the tax authorities in the country in which the Non-U.S. Stockholder resides or (ii) there has been a failure of the payee to certifyis established under the penaltyprovisions of perjury that the payee is notan applicable income tax treaty or agreement. In addition, a Non-U.S. Stockholder may be subject to backup withholding underwith respect to dividends paid on shares of our stock, unless the Code.

Any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules from a payment toNon-U.S. Stockholder certifies that it is not a U.S. Stockholder will be allowed as a credit againstperson or otherwise establishes an exemption. If the U.S. Stockholder’s United States federal income tax and may entitle the U.S. Stockholder to a refund, provided that the required information is furnished to the IRS. U.S. Stockholders that hold their stock through foreign accounts or intermediaries will be subject to U.S. withholding tax (the so-called FATCA tax) at a rate of 30% on dividends (or redemption proceeds treated as dividends) paid after June 30, 2014 and proceeds of sale (which, for this purpose, includes a redemption treated as a sale, as well as a distribution treated as a return of capital or giving rise to capital gain) of our Stock paid after December 31, 2016 if certain disclosure requirements related to U.S. accounts are not satisfied. In addition, we may be required to withhold a portion of capital gain distributions to any U.S. Stockholders who fail to certify their non-foreign status to us.
Non-U.S. Stockholders. With respect to Stock held by a Non-U.S. Stockholder, the payment of the proceeds from the disposition of Stock tostock are paid by or through the United Statesa U.S. office of a United States or foreign broker will bebroker-dealer, the payment is generally subject to information reporting and to backup withholding as described above for U.S. Stockholders unless the disposing Non-U.S. Stockholder satisfies the requirements necessarycertifies as to be an exempt Non-U.S. Stockholderits name, address and non-U.S. status or otherwise qualifies forestablishes an exemption. TheGenerally, U.S. information reporting and backup withholding will not apply to a payment of disposition proceeds if the payment is made outside the U.S. through a foreign office of a foreign broker-dealer, provided, however, that if the proceeds from a disposition by a Non-U.S. Stockholderof stock are paid to or through a foreign office of a broker generally will not be subject to information reportingU.S. broker-dealer or backup withholding. However, if the brokera non-U.S. office of a foreign broker-dealer that is (1) a United States person, a controlled“controlled foreign corporationcorporation” for United StatesU.S. federal income tax purposes, (2) a foreign person 50% or more of whose gross income from all sources for specified periods is from activities that area three-year period was effectively connected with a United StatesU.S. trade or business, (3) a foreign partnership ifwith one or more partners who are U.S. persons and who, in the aggregate, hold more than 50% of the interestsincome or capital interest in the partnership, are United States persons, or (4) a foreign partnership that is engaged in the conduct of a trade or business in the United States,U.S., then information reporting generally(A) backup withholding will apply as thoughonly if the payment was made through a United States office of a United States or foreign broker.broker-dealer
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Generally, information reporting, backup withholding and has actual knowledge that the FATCA tax will apply to payments of dividends and other distributions on, and proceeds from the sale of, our Stock as described above for a U.S. Stockholder, unless the payee certifies that itowner is not a Non-U.S. Stockholder, and (B) information reporting will apply unless the Non-U.S. Stockholder certifies its non-U.S. status. Prospective foreign purchasers should consult their tax advisors and financial planners concerning these rules.

Foreign Accounts and “FATCA”

FATCA Withholding on Certain Foreign Accounts and Entities. The Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act, or FATCA, provisions of the Code, together with administrative guidance and certain intergovernmental agreements entered into thereunder, impose a 30% withholding tax on “withholdable payments” (as defined below) made to “foreign financial institutions” (as defined below) and certain other non-U.S. entities (whether or not such foreign financial institutions or non-U.S. entities receive the payment as a beneficial owner or intermediary) unless (1) the foreign financial institution undertakes certain diligence and reporting, and withholding obligations or (2) the foreign non-financial entity either certifies it does not have any substantial U.S. owners or furnishes identifying information regarding each substantial U.S. owner. “Withholdable payment” generally includes any payment of interest, dividends, and certain other types of generally passive income if such payment is from sources within the United States person or otherwise establishes an exemption and,States. “Foreign financial institution generally means any non-U.S. entity that (i) accepts deposits in the caseordinary course of a banking or similar business, (ii) as a substantial portion of its business holds financial assets for the FATCA tax, satisfies other requirements pursuantaccount of others, or (iii) is engaged or holds itself out as being engaged primarily in the business of investing, reinvesting, or trading in securities, partnership interests, commodities, or any interest in such assets. If the payee is a foreign financial institution that is not exempt under the administrative guidance or an intergovernmental agreement or not subject to recently finalized regulations (which requirements may include enteringspecial treatment under certain intergovernmental agreements, it must enter into an agreement with the IRS).

ApplicableU.S. Treasury Regulations provide presumptions regarding the status of Stockholders whenrequiring, among other things, that it undertakes to identify accounts (and certain debt and equity interests in such foreign financial institutions) held by certain U.S. persons or U.S.-owned foreign entities, annually report certain information about such accounts and withhold 30% on payments to the Stockholders cannot be reliably associatedaccount holders whose actions prevent them from complying with appropriate documentation provided to the payor. Because the application of these Treasury Regulations varies depending on the Stockholder’s particular circumstances, you are advised to consult your tax advisor regarding the information reporting requirements applicable to you.
U.S. and Non-U.S. Holders of Warrants. The rules described above with respect to backup withholding, information reporting and the FATCA taxother requirements. Investors in jurisdictions that have entered into intergovernmental agreements may, applyin lieu of foregoing requirements, be required to a sale or exchange of warrants by a U.S. or Non-U.S. Holder.  Each U.S. and Non-U.S. Holder of warrants is urgedreport such information to consult its own tax advisor regarding the application of such rules to its particular circumstance.their home jurisdiction.

Other Tax Considerations

State, Local and Foreign Taxes

. We our Stockholders and/or our warrant holdersand you may be subject to taxation by various states, localitiesstate, local or foreign taxation in various jurisdictions, including those in which we a Stockholder,transact business or a warrant holder transacts business, owns property or resides. We own properties located in numerous jurisdictionsreside. Our and are required to file tax returns in some or all of those jurisdictions. Theyour state, local and foreign tax treatment may differ fromnot conform to the U.S. federal income tax treatment describedconsequences discussed above. Consequently, Stockholders and warrant holdersAny foreign taxes incurred by us would not pass through to stockholders as a credit against their U.S. federal income tax liability. You should consult theiryour own tax advisors and financial planners regarding the effect of state, local and foreign income and other tax laws uponon an investment in the shares of our Stockstock.

Legislative Proposals. You should recognize that our and warrants.your present U.S. federal income tax treatment may be modified by legislative, judicial or administrative actions at any time, which may be retroactive in effect. The rules dealing with U.S. federal income taxation are constantly under review by Congress, the IRS and the Treasury Department, and statutory changes as well as promulgation of new regulations, revisions to existing statutes, and revised interpretations of established concepts occur frequently.

PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION

We may sell the securities in any one or more of the following ways:

directly to investors;

to investors through agents;

to dealers;

through a special offering, an exchange distribution or a secondary distribution in accordance with applicable NYSE or other stock exchange rules;

through underwriting syndicates led by one or more managing underwriters; and

through one or more underwriters for public offering and sale by them or mayacting alone.

If we sell the securities to investors directly or through agents.  We will name,a dealer acting as principal, the dealer may resell such securities at varying prices to be determined by such dealer in its discretion at the time of resale without consulting with us and such resale prices may not be disclosed in the applicable prospectus supplement,supplement.

Any underwritten offering may be on a best efforts or a firm commitment basis. We may also make direct sales through subscription rights distributed to our shareholders on a pro rata basis, which may or may not be transferable. In any such underwriter or agent involved in the offer and saledistribution of subscription rights to shareholders, if all of the securities.

Underwritersunderlying securities are not subscribed for, we may offer andthen sell the unsubscribed securities directly to third parties or engage the services of one or more underwriters, dealers or agents, including standby underwriters, to sell the unsubscribed securities to third parties.

The distribution of the securities may be effected from time to time in one or more transactions, including negotiated transactions:

at a fixed price or prices, which may be changed, changed;

at market prices prevailing at the time of sale;

at prices related to such prevailing market prices; or

at negotiated prices.

Any of the prices may represent a discount from the prevailing market prices at the time of sale or at negotiated prices.  We may, from time to time, authorize underwriters acting as our agents to offer and sell the securities upon the terms and conditions as are set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement.  

In connection with the sale of the securities, underwriters or agents may be deemed to have receivedreceive compensation from us in the form of underwriting discounts or commissions and may also receive commissions from purchasers of the securities, for whom they may act as agent.agents, in the form of discounts, concessions or commissions. Underwriters may sell the securities to or through dealers, and such dealers may receive compensation in the form of discounts, concessions or commissions from the underwriters and/or commissions from the purchasers for whom they may act as agent.

We will set forth in the applicable prospectus supplement any underwriting compensation we pay to underwriters or agents in connection with the offering of securities, and any discounts, concessions or commissions allowed by underwriters to participating dealers.agents. Underwriters, dealers and agents participatingthat participate in the distribution of the securities may be deemed to be underwriters under the Securities Act, and any discounts andor commissions received by themthey receive from us and any profit realized by them on the resale of the securities they realize may be deemed to be underwriting discounts and commissions under the Securities Act. Underwriters,The applicable prospectus supplement will, where applicable:

identify any such underwriter or agent;

describe any compensation in the form of discounts, concessions, commissions or otherwise received from us by each such underwriter or agent and in the aggregate to all underwriters and agents;

identify the amounts underwritten; and

identify the nature of the underwriter’s obligation to take the securities.

Unless otherwise specified in the related prospectus supplement, each series of securities will be a new issue with no established trading market, other than the Common stock, which is listed on the NYSE. Common stock sold pursuant to a prospectus supplement will be listed on the NYSE, subject to the NYSE’s approval of the listing of the other than Common stock on an exchange, but we are not obligated to do so. It is possible that one or more underwriters may make a market in a series of securities, but such underwriters will not be obligated to do so and may discontinue any market making at any time without notice. Therefore, no assurance can be given as to the liquidity of, or the trading market for, any series of securities.

Until the distribution of the securities is completed, rules of the SEC may limit the ability of any underwriters and selling group members to bid for and purchase the securities. As an exception to these rules, underwriters are permitted to engage in some transactions that stabilize the price of the securities. Such transactions consist of bids or purchases for the purpose of pegging, fixing or maintaining the price of the securities.

If any underwriters create a short position in the securities in an offering in which they sell more securities than are set forth on the cover page of the applicable prospectus supplement, the underwriters may reduce that short position by purchasing the securities in the open market.

The lead underwriters may also impose a penalty bid on other underwriters and selling group members participating in an offering. This means that if the lead underwriters purchase securities in the open market to reduce the underwriters’ short position or stabilize the price of the securities, they may reclaim the amount of any selling concession from the underwriters and selling group members who sold those securities as part of the offering.

In general, purchases of a security for the purpose of stabilization or to reduce a short position could cause the price of the security to be higher than it might be in the absence of such purchases. The imposition of a penalty bid might also have an effect on the price of a security to the extent that it discourages resales of the security before the distribution is completed.

We do not make any representation or prediction as to the direction or magnitude of any effect that the transactions described above might have on the price of the securities. In addition, we do not make any representation that underwriters will engage in such transactions or that such transactions, once commenced, will not be discontinued without notice.

Under agreements into which we may enter, underwriters, dealers and agents who participate in the distribution of the securities may be entitled under agreements entered into with us, to indemnification by us against and contribution toward certain civilsome liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act.

To the extent that we make sales to or through one or more of the named underwriters or

Underwriters, dealers and agents in at-the-market offerings, we will do so pursuant to the terms of a distribution agreement between us and the underwriters or agents.  If we engage in at-the-market sales pursuant to a distribution agreement, we will issue and sell our securities to or through one or more of the named underwriters or agents, which may act on an agency basis or on a principal basis.  During the term of any such agreement, we may sell securities on a daily basis in exchange transactions or otherwise as we agree with the underwriters or agents.  The distribution agreement will provide that any securities sold will be sold at prices related to the then prevailing market prices for our securities.  Therefore,

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exact figures regarding proceeds that will be raised or commissions to be paid are impossible to determine and will be described in a prospectus supplement.  Pursuant to the terms of the distribution agreement, we also may agree to sell, and the relevant underwriters or dealers may agree to solicit offers to purchase, blocks of our securities.  The terms of each such distribution agreement will be set forth in more detail in a prospectus supplement to this prospectus.  To the extent that any named underwriter or agent acts as principal pursuant to the terms of a distribution agreement, or if we offer to sell securities through another broker dealer acting as underwriter, then such named underwriter may engage in certain transactions that stabilize, maintainwith us, perform services for us or otherwise affect the price ofbe our securities.  We will describe any such activitiescustomers in the prospectus supplement relating to the transaction.  To the extent that any named broker dealer or agent acts as agent on a best efforts basis pursuant to the termsordinary course of a distribution agreement, such broker dealer or agent will not engagebusiness.

If indicated in any such stabilization transactions.

If the applicable prospectus supplement, so indicates, we will authorize dealersunderwriters or other persons acting as our agents to solicit offers by certainparticular institutions to purchase securities from themus at the public offering price set forth in such prospectus supplement pursuant to Delayed Delivery Contracts (“Contracts”)delayed delivery contracts providing for payment and delivery on the date or dates stated in such prospectus supplement. Each Contractdelayed delivery contract will be for an amount notno less than, and the aggregate principal amountamounts of securities sold pursuant to Contractsunder delayed delivery contracts shall be equal to,not less nor more than, the respective amounts stated in the applicable prospectus supplement. Institutions with whom Contracts,which such contracts, when authorized, may be made include commercial and savings banks, insurance companies, pension funds, investment companies, educational and charitable institutions and other institutionsothers, but will in all cases be subject to our approval. ContractsThe obligations of any purchaser under any such contract will not be subject to anythe conditions exceptthat (a) the purchase by an institution of the securities covered by its Contracts shall not at the time of delivery be prohibited under the laws of any jurisdiction in the United States to which such institutionthe purchaser is subject, and (b) if the securities are being sold to underwriters, we shall have sold to suchthe underwriters the total principal amount of the securities less the principal amount thereof covered by Contracts.
In the ordinary course of business, certaincontracts. The underwriters and such other agents will not have any responsibility in respect of the underwriters and their affiliates may be customersvalidity or performance of engage in transactionssuch contracts.

To comply with and perform services for us.

LEGAL MATTERS
Stroock & Stroock & Lavan LLP of New York, New York will pass upon the validity of the issuance ofapplicable state securities laws, the securities offered herebyby this prospectus will be sold, if necessary, in such jurisdictions only through registered or licensed brokers or dealers. In addition, securities may not be sold in some states unless they have been registered or qualified for ussale in the applicable state or an exemption from the registration or qualification requirement is available and certain federal income tax matters.is complied with.

EXPERTS

The consolidated financial statements of Cedar Realty Trust, Inc. appearing in Cedar Realty Trust, Inc.’s Annual Report (Form 10 K)10-K) for the year ended December 31, 20142020 (including the schedule appearing therein), and the effectiveness of Cedar Realty Trust, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014,2020 have been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, independent registered public accounting firm, as set forth in theirits reports thereon, included therein, and incorporated herein by reference. Such consolidated financial statements are and audited financial statements to be included in subsequently filed documents will be, incorporated herein by reference in reliance upon thesuch reports of Ernst & Young LLP pertaining to such financial statements and the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of the respective dates (to the extent covered by consents filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission) given on the authority of such firm as experts in accounting and auditing.

WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
We file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information

LEGAL MATTERS

Certain legal matters in connection with the SEC. You may read and copy any document we file at the SEC’s public reference facility at 100 F Street, N.E.this offering will be passed upon for us by Goodwin Procter LLP, New York, New York.

LOGO

CEDAR REALTY TRUST, INC.

Common Stock

Preferred Stock

Depositary Shares

Debt Securities

Warrants

Stock Purchase Contracts

Units

PROSPECTUS

, Washington, D.C. 20549. You may also obtain copies of the documents at prescribed rates by writing to the Public Reference Section of the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the public reference facility. Our SEC filings are also available to the public from the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov, and at our website at http://www.cedarrealtytrust.com.  Information on or accessible through our website is not incorporated by reference into this prospectus and does not constitute a part of this prospectus unless we specifically so designate and file with the SEC.2021


36

We have filed with the SEC a Registration Statement on Form S-3 under the Securities Act of 1933.  This prospectus does not contain all of the information set forth in the registration statement.

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PART II

INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS

Item 14.                      Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution.
Item 14.

Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution

The following sets forth the estimated expenses in connection with the issuance and distribution of the securities being registered hereby, other than underwriting discounts and commissions, all of which will be borne byare set forth in the Registrant:

following table:

SEC Registration Fee

  $81,825.00 

Accounting fees and expenses

   

Blue Sky fees and expenses

   

Legal fees and expenses (other than Blue Sky)

   

Printing fees and expenses

   

Transfer Agent, Depositary and Trustee fees and expenses

   

Miscellaneous (including listing and rating agency fees)

   

Total

  $81,825.00

Securities and Exchange Commission registration fee ................................................$  116,200
Printing and engraving expenses                                                                                    *
Legal fees and

Estimated expenses

*
Accounting fees andnot presently known. Each prospectus supplement will reflect estimated expenses *
Blue Sky fees and expenses                                                                                    *
Miscellaneous expenses                                                                                           *
Total                                                                          
$*based on the amount of the related offering.

* The amounts of such fees and expenses are based on the securities offered and the number of issuances, and accordingly are presently unknown.  An estimate of the aggregate amount of these expenses will be reflected in the applicable prospectus supplement.

Item 15.                      Indemnification of Directors and Officers.
We are
Item 15.

Indemnification of Directors and Officers

Maryland law permits a Maryland corporation.  Our Articles of Incorporation containcorporation to include in its charter a provision limiting the liability of theits directors and officers to the corporation and its shareholders for money damages, except to the extent that (i) it is proved that the person actually received an improper benefit or profit in money, property or services for the amount of the benefit or profit in money, property or services actually received; or (ii) a judgment or other final adjudication adverse to the person is entered in a proceeding based on a finding in the proceeding that the person’s action, or failure to act, was the result of active and deliberate dishonesty and was material to the cause of action adjudicated in the proceeding. Our charter contains a provision that eliminates such liability to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law.

Our charter authorizes us, to the maximum extent that Maryland law in effect from time to time permits, to obligate us to indemnify any present or former director or officer or any individual who, while a director or officer of our company and at our request, serves or has served another corporation, real estate investment trust, partnership, limited liability company, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise as a director, officer, partner, member, manager or trustee, from and against any claim or liability to which that individual may become subject or which that individual may incur by reason of his or her service in any such capacity and to pay or reimburse his or her reasonable expenses in advance of final disposition of a proceeding. Our bylaws obligate us, to the fullest extent permitted by Section 5-349Maryland law in effect from time to time, to indemnify and, without requiring a preliminary determination of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Codeultimate entitlement to indemnification, pay or reimburse reasonable expenses in advance of Maryland (orfinal disposition of a proceeding to:

any present or former director who is made or threatened to be made a party to the proceeding by reason of his or her service in that capacity; or

��

any individual who, while a director of our company and at our request, serves or has served another corporation, real estate investment trust, partnership, limited liability company, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or any other enterprise as a director, officer, partner, member, manager or trustee of such corporation, real estate investment trust, partnership, limited liability company, joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or other enterprise and who is made a party to the proceeding by reason of his or her service in that capacity.

The MGCL requires a corporation (unless its successor), as amended.  Our Articles of Incorporation also containcharter provides otherwise, which our charter does not) to indemnify a provision permitted under Maryland General Corporation Law eliminating (with limited exceptions) each director’s personal liability for monetary damages for breachdirector or officer who has been successful, on the merits or otherwise, in the defense of any duty asproceeding to which he or she is made or threatened to be made a director.  In addition, our Articlesparty by reason of Incorporation and Bylaws allow ushis or her service in that capacity, or in the defense of any claim, issue or matter in the proceeding, against reasonable expenses incurred by the director or officer in connection with the proceeding, claim, issue or matter. The MGCL permits a corporation to indemnify ourits present and former directors and officers, from certain liabilitiesamong others, against judgments, penalties, fines, settlements and reasonable expenses as well as advancementactually incurred by them in connection with any proceeding to which they may be made or are threatened to be made a party by reason of costs, expenses and attorneys’ fees,their service in those or other capacities unless it is established that:

the act or omission of the director or officer was material to the fullest extent permittedmatter giving rise to the proceeding and (1) was committed in bad faith or (2) was the result of active and deliberate dishonesty;

the director or officer actually received an improper personal benefit in money, property or services; or

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in the case of any criminal proceeding, the director or officer had reasonable cause to believe that the act or omission was unlawful.

However, under the MGCL, a Maryland General Corporation Law.  Such rightscorporation may not indemnify for an adverse judgment in a suit by or in the right of the corporation or for a judgment of liability on the basis that personal benefit was improperly received. A court may order indemnification if it determines that the director or officer is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnification, even though the director or officer did not meet the prescribed standard of conduct, was adjudged liable to the corporation or was adjudged liable on the basis that personal benefit was improperly received. However, indemnification for an adverse judgment in a suit by or in the right of the corporation, or for a judgment of liability on the basis that personal benefit was improperly received, is limited to expenses.

In addition, the MGCL permits a corporation to advance reasonable expenses to a director or officer upon the corporation’s receipt of:

a written affirmation by the director or officer of his or her good faith belief that he or she has met the standard of conduct necessary for indemnification by the corporation; and

a written undertaking by the director or officer or on the director’s or officer’s behalf to repay the amount paid or reimbursed by the corporation if it is ultimately determined that the director or officer did not meet the standard of conduct.

Insofar as the foregoing provisions permit indemnification of directors, officers or persons controlling us for liability arising under the Securities Act, we have been informed that in the opinion of the SEC, this indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.

We also maintain liability insurance for our officers and directors.

Item 16.

Exhibits

The exhibit index in this registration statement identifies the exhibits that are contract rights fully enforceable by each beneficiary thereof,included in this registration statement and are in addition to, and not exclusive of, any other right to indemnification.

incorporated herein by reference.

Item 16.17. Exhibits.
      1.1              —
Form of Underwriting Agreement. (1)
      4.1              —
Form of Designating Amendment for Preferred Stock.(1)
      4.2              —
Form of Preferred Stock Certificate. (1)
      4.3              —
Form of Deposit Agreement. (1)
      4.4              —
Form of Warrant. (1)
      4.5              —
Form of Stock Purchase Contract Agreement. (1)
      4.6              —
Form of Unit Agreement. (1)
*5.1              —
Opinion of Stroock & Stroock & Lavan LLP as to the legality of the Securities.
*8.1              —
Opinion of Stroock & Stroock & Lavan LLP regarding certain tax matters.
*23.1            —
Consent of Stroock & Stroock & Lavan LLP (included in Exhibit 5.1 and Exhibit 8.1).
      23.2            —Consent of Ernst & Young LLP.
*24               —
Power of attorney (included on signature page of this Registration Statement).
_________________________
(1)           To be incorporated by reference in connection with the offering of these securities.
 *    Previously filed.

Undertakings

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(a) The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes:

(1) To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a Item 17.                      Undertakings.post-effective

(a)The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes:
(1)To file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement;
(i)To include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act;
(ii) amendment to this registration statement:

(i) To include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933;

(ii) To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than a 20% change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the “Calculation of Registration Fee” table in the effective registration statement;

(iii)To include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information in the registration statement.
Provided, however, that subparagraphswhich was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the SEC pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than a 20 percent change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the “Calculation of Registration Fee” table in the effective registration statement;

(iii) To include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information in the registration statement;

provided, however, that paragraphs (i), (ii) and (iii) above do not apply if the information required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those paragraphs is contained in the periodic reports filed with or furnished to the CommissionSEC by the Registrantregistrant pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 that are incorporated by reference in this registration statement, or is contained in a form of prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) that is part of the registration statement.

(2) That, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered herein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

(3) To remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.

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(4) That, for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser:

(i) Each prospectus filed by the registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3) shall be deemed to be part of the registration statement as of the date the filed prospectus was deemed part of and included in the registration statement; and

(ii) Each prospectus required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2), (b)(5), or (b)(7) as part of a registration statement in reliance on Rule 430B relating to an offering made pursuant to Rule 415(a)(1)(i), (vii), or (x) for the purpose of providing the information required by Section 10(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the earlier of the date such form of prospectus is first used after effectiveness or the date of the first contract of sale of securities in the offering described in the prospectus. As provided in Rule 430B, for liability purposes of the issuer and any person that is at that date an underwriter, such date shall be deemed to be a new effective date of the registration statement relating to the securities in the registration statement to which that prospectus relates, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof; provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such effective date, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such effective date.

(5) That, for the purpose of determining liability of the registrant under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities:

The undersigned registrant undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned registrant pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser:

(i) Any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424;

(ii) Any free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant or used or referred to by the undersigned registrant;

(iii) The portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about the undersigned registrant or its securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned registrant; and

(iv) Any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned registrant to the purchaser.

(b) The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, each filing of the registrant’s annual report pursuant to Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan’s annual report pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) that is incorporated by reference in this registration statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered herein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.

(c) Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933 may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act of 1933 and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act of 1933 and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.

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(2)That,

Exhibit

Description

*1.1Form of Underwriting Agreement.
4.1Articles of Incorporation of Cedar Realty Trust, Inc., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Form 10-K for the purposeyear ended December 31, 2013.
4.2Articles Supplementary to Articles of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemedIncorporation of Cedar Realty Trust, Inc., incorporated by reference to be a new registration statement relatingExhibit 3.2 of Form 8-A filed on August 18, 2017.
4.3Articles Supplementary to Articles of Incorporation of Cedar Realty Trust, Inc., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Form 8-K filed on August 22, 2017.
4.4Articles Supplementary to Articles of Incorporation of Cedar Realty Trust, Inc., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Form 8-K filed on December 15, 2017.
4.5Articles of Amendment to the securities offered therein, and the offeringArticles of such securities at that time shall be deemedIncorporation of Cedar Realty Trust, Inc., incorporated by reference to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.Exhibit 3.1 of Form 8-K filed on May 7, 2018.
4.6 (3)Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of Cedar Realty Trust, Inc., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Form 8-K filed on November 27, 2020.
To remove from registration
4.7Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of Cedar Realty Trust, Inc., incorporated by meansreference to Exhibit 3.2 of a post-effective amendment anyForm 8-K filed on November 27, 2020.
4.8Amended and Restated By-laws of Cedar Realty Trust, Inc., incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of Form 8-K filed on November 2, 2020.
*4.9Form of Articles Supplementary for Preferred Stock
*4.10Form of Deposit Agreement
*4.11Form of Warrant
*4.12Form of Deposit Agreement
*4.13Form of Stock Purchase Contract
*4.14Form of Unit Agreement
+5.1Opinion of Goodwin Procter LLP as to the legality of the securities being registered which remain unsold at the termination of the offering.registered.
(4)That, for the purpose of determining liability under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser:
(i)Each prospectus filed by the Registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3) shall be deemed to be part of the registration statement as of the date the filed prospectus was deemed part of and included in the registration statement; and
(ii)Each prospectus required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424(b)(2), (b)(5), or (b)(7) as part of a registration statement in reliance on Rule 430B relating to an offering made pursuant to Rule 415(a)(1)(i), (vii), or (x) for the purpose of providing the information required by section 10(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the earlier of the date such form of prospectus is first used after effectiveness or the date of the first contract of sale of securities in the offering described in the prospectus.  As provided in Rule 430B, for liability purposes of the issuer and any person that is at that date an underwriter, such date shall be deemed to be a new effective date of the registration statement relating to the securities in the registration
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+8.1 statementOpinion of Goodwin Procter LLP regarding certain federal income tax considerations
+23.1Consent of Ernst & Young LLP.
+23.2Consent of Goodwin Procter LLP (included in Exhibits 5.1 and 8.1 hereto).
**24.1Powers of Attorney (included on the signature page to which that prospectus relates, andCedar Realty Trust, Inc.’s Registration Statement on Form S-3 (File Nos. 333-252990), filed with the offering of such securities at that time shallSEC on February 11, 2021).

*

To be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof. Provided, however, that no statement madefiled by amendment or in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will,Current Report on Form 8-K, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such effective date, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such effective date.applicable.

**(5)That, for the purpose of determining liability of the Registrant under the Securities Act of 1933 to any purchaser in the initial distribution of the securities, the undersigned Registrant undertakes that in a primary offering of securities of the undersigned Registrant pursuant to this registration statement, regardless of the underwriting method used to sell the securities to the purchaser, if the securities are offered or sold to such purchaser by means of any of the following communications, the undersigned Registrant will be a seller to the purchaser and will be considered to offer or sell such securities to such purchaser:

Previously filed.

+(i)Any preliminary prospectus or prospectus of the undersigned Registrant relating to the offering required to be filed pursuant to Rule 424;

Filed herewith.

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(ii)Any free writing prospectus relating to the offering prepared by or on behalf of the undersigned Registrant or used or referred to by the undersigned Registrant;
(iii)The portion of any other free writing prospectus relating to the offering containing material information about the undersigned Registrant or its securities provided by or on behalf of the undersigned Registrant; and
(iv)Any other communication that is an offer in the offering made by the undersigned Registrant to the purchaser.
(b)The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes that, for purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each filing of the registrant's annual report pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act (and, where applicable, each filing of an employee benefit plan’s annual report pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act) that is incorporated by reference in the registration statement shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.
(c)Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the Registrant pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the Registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is, therefore, unenforceable.  In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the Registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the Registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.
(d)The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes that:
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(1)
For purposes of determining any liability under the Securities Act, the information omitted from the form of prospectus filed as part of this registration statement in reliance upon Rule 430A and contained in a form of prospectus filed by the Registrant pursuant to Rule 424(b)(1) or (4) or 497(h) under the Securities Act shall be deemed to be part of this registration statement as of the time it was declared effective.
(2)For the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act, each post-effective amendment that contains a form of prospectus shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.
(e)The undersigned Registrant hereby undertakes to deliver or cause to be delivered with the prospectus, to each person to whom the prospectus is sent or given, the latest annual report to security holders that is incorporated by reference in the prospectus and furnished pursuant to and meeting the requirements of Rule 14a-3 or Rule 14c-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and, where interim financial information required to be presented by Article 3 of Regulation S-X are not set forth in the prospectus, to deliver, or cause to be delivered to each person to whom the prospectus is sent or given, the latest quarterly report that is specifically incorporated by reference in the prospectus to provide such interim financial information.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the Registrant certifies that it has reasonable grounds to believe that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form S-3 and has duly caused this pre-effective Amendment No. 1 to Registration Statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City of Port Washington, State of New York, on this 6th day of May, 19, 2015.

2021.

CEDAR REALTY TRUST, INC.
By: 

/S/ BRUCE J. SCHANZER

 Bruce J. Schanzer
By: /s/Adina G. Storch
 
Adina G. Storch
General Counsel
President and Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this Registration Statement has been signed below by the following persons in the capacities and on the datesdate indicated.


Signature

/s/ BRUCE J. SCHANZER

  TitleDate
*         
Bruce J. Schanzer
President, Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer),and DirectorMay 19, 2015
 

May 6, 2021

*   
Bruce J. Schanzer
(Principal Executive Officer)

/s/ PHILIP R. MAYS

Senior Executive Vice President,

May 6, 2021

Philip R. Mays

Chief Financial Officer (Principaland Treasurer

(Principal Financial Officer)

May 19, 2015

 
*         

/s/ GASPARE J. SAITTA, II

Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer

May 6, 2021

Gaspare J. Saitta, IIChief Accounting Officer (Principal(Principal Accounting Officer)
May 19, 2015

*

  Director

May 6, 2021

Abraham Eisenstat

*

James J. Burns

Director

May 19, 20156, 2021

Gregg A. Gonsalves  

*

Director

May 6, 2021

Pamela N. Hootkin

*

Director

May 19, 20156, 2021

Sabrina L. Kanner  

*

Paul G. Kirk, Jr.

Director

May 19, 20156, 2021

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Steven G. Rogers

*

Everett B. Miller, III

Director

May 19, 20156, 2021

Roger Widmann  
*         
Roger M. Widmann
Director
May 19, 2015
 
*By:  /s/Adina G. Storch
          Adina G. Storch
Attorney-in-fact for the persons indicatedMay 19, 2015


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EXHIBIT INDEX

Exhibits*Description
      1.1              —Form of Underwriting Agreement. (1)
      4.1              —Form of Designating

Bruce J. Schanzer hereby signs this Amendment for Preferred Stock. (1)

      4.2              —Form of Preferred Stock Certificate. (1)
      4.3              —Form of Deposit Agreement. (1)
      4.4              —Form of Warrant. (1)
      4.5              —Form of Stock Purchase Contract Agreement. (1)
      4.6              —Form of Unit Agreement. (1)
*5.1              —
Opinion of Stroock & Stroock & Lavan LLP asNo. 1 to the legalityRegistration Statement on behalf of each of the Securities.
indicated persons for whom he is *attorney-in-fact8.1              —
Opinion of Stroock & Stroock & Lavan LLP regarding certain tax matters.
*23.1            —
Consent of Stroock & Stroock & Lavan LLP (included in Exhibit 5.1 and Exhibit 8.1).
      23.2            —Consent of Ernst & Young LLP.
*24               —
Power pursuant to a power of attorney (included on signature page of this Registration Statement).


 (1)  To be filed by amendment or as an exhibit to be incorporated by reference herein in connection with the offering of the relevant securities.
this Registration Statement.

*      Previously filed.
By:

/S/ BRUCE J. SCHANZER

Bruce J. Schanzer
President and Chief Executive Officer

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