Summary of Significant Accounting Policies | 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, include the accounts of the Company, the Operating Partnership, the TRS Lessee, and their controlled subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. If the Company determines that it has an interest in a variable interest entity, the Company will consolidate the entity when it is determined to be the primary beneficiary of the entity. The Company does not have any comprehensive income other than what is included in net income. If the Company has any comprehensive income in the future such that a statement of comprehensive income would be necessary, the Company will include such statement in one continuous consolidated statement of operations. The Company has evaluated subsequent events through the date of issuance of these financial statements. Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates. Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash and cash equivalents includes cash on hand and in various bank accounts plus credit card receivables and all short-term investments with an original maturity of three months or less. The Company maintains cash and cash equivalents with various financial institutions. These financial institutions are located throughout the country and the Company’s policy is designed to limit exposure to any one institution. The Company performs periodic evaluations of the relative credit standing of those financial institutions that are considered in the Company’s investment strategy. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had amounts in banks that were in excess of federally insured amounts. Restricted Cash Restricted cash primarily includes reserves for operating expenses and capital expenditures required by certain of the Company’s management and franchise agreements. At times, restricted cash also includes hotel acquisition or disposition-related earnest money held in escrow reserves pending completion of the associated transaction. As of both December 31, 2024 and 2023, restricted cash included $0.2 million held as collateral for certain letters of credit (see Note 14). In addition, restricted cash as of December 31, 2023 included $0.2 million held in escrow related to certain current and potential employee-related obligations at one of the Company’s former hotels. In the second quarter of 2024, the escrow agreement was terminated and the remaining $0.1 million of restricted cash held in escrow was returned to the Company (see Note 14). Accounts Receivable Accounts receivable primarily represents receivables from hotel guests who occupy hotel rooms and utilize hotel services. Accounts receivable also includes, among other things, receivables from tenants who lease space in the Company’s hotels. The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts sufficient to cover potential credit losses. Acquisitions of Hotel Properties and Other Entities The acquisition of a hotel property or other entity requires an analysis of the transaction to determine if it qualifies as the purchase of a business or an asset. If the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or group of similar identifiable assets, then the transaction is an asset acquisition. Transaction costs associated with asset acquisitions are capitalized and subsequently depreciated over the life of the related asset, while the same costs associated with a business combination are expensed as incurred and included in corporate overhead on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. Also, given the subjectivity, business combinations are provided a one-year measurement period to adjust the provisional amounts recognized if the necessary information is not available by the end of the reporting period in which the acquisition occurs; whereas asset acquisitions are not subject to a measurement period. Accounting for the acquisition of a hotel property or other entity requires either allocating the purchase price to the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed in the transaction at their respective relative fair values for an asset acquisition or recording the assets and liabilities at their estimated fair values with any excess consideration above net assets going to goodwill for a business combination. The most difficult estimations of individual fair values are those involving long-lived assets, such as property, equipment, and intangible assets, together with any finance or operating lease right-of-use assets and their related obligations. When the Company acquires a hotel property or other entity, it uses all available information to make these fair value determinations, including discounted cash flow analyses, market comparable data, and replacement cost data. In addition, the Company makes significant estimations regarding capitalization rates, discount rates, average daily rates, revenue growth rates, and occupancy. The Company also engages independent valuation specialists to assist in the fair value determinations of the long-lived assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. The determination of fair value is subjective and is based in part on assumptions and estimates that could differ materially from actual results in future periods. Investments in Hotel Properties Investments in hotel properties, including land, buildings, furniture, fixtures and equipment (“FF&E”) and identifiable intangible assets are recorded at their respective relative fair values for an asset acquisition or at their estimated fair values for a business acquisition. Property and equipment purchased after the hotel acquisition date is recorded at cost. Replacements and improvements are capitalized, while repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Interest imputed during construction or during extensive renovation projects where the hotel is taken out of service is capitalized, using the Company’s weighted average interest rate on its unsecured debt, including the effects of interest rate swap derivatives, until construction is substantially complete or the assets are placed in service. Upon the sale or retirement of a fixed asset, the cost and related accumulated depreciation is removed from the Company’s accounts and any resulting gain or loss is included in the consolidated statements of operations. Depreciation expense is based on the estimated life of the Company’s assets. The life of the assets is based on a number of assumptions, including the cost and timing of capital expenditures to maintain and refurbish the Company’s hotels, as well as specific market and economic conditions. Hotel properties are depreciated using the straight-line method over estimated useful lives primarily ranging from five years to forty years for buildings and improvements and three years to twelve years for FF&E. Intangible assets are amortized using the straight-line method over the shorter of their estimated useful life or over the length of the related agreement. The Company’s investment in hotel properties, net also includes initial franchise fees which are recorded at cost and amortized using the straight-line method over the terms of the franchise agreements, which currently range from fifteen years to twenty-one years . All other franchise fees that are based on the Company’s results of operations are expensed as incurred. While the Company believes its estimates are reasonable, a change in the estimated lives could affect depreciation expense and net income or the gain or loss on the sale of any of the Company’s hotels. The Company has not changed the useful lives of any of its assets during the periods discussed. Impairment losses are recorded on investments in hotel properties to be held and used by the Company whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. Factors the Company considers when assessing whether impairment indicators exist include, but are not limited to, hotel disposition strategy and hold period, a significant decline in operating results not related to renovations or repositionings, significant changes in the manner in which the Company uses the asset, physical damage to the property due to unforeseen events such as natural disasters, and other market and economic conditions. Recoverability of assets that will continue to be used is measured by comparing the carrying amount of the asset to the related total future undiscounted net cash flows. If an asset’s carrying value is not recoverable through those cash flows, the asset is considered to be impaired. The impairment is measured by the difference between the asset’s carrying amount and its fair value. The Company performs a fair value assessment using valuation techniques such as discounted cash flows and comparable sale transactions in the market to estimate the fair value of the hotel and, if appropriate and available, current estimated net sales proceeds from pending offers. The Company’s judgment is required in determining the discount rate, terminal capitalization rate, the estimated growth of revenues and expenses, revenue per available room and margins, as well as specific market and economic conditions. Based on the Company’s review, no hotels were impaired in 2024, 2023, or 2022. Fair value represents the amount at which an asset could be bought or sold in a current transaction between willing parties, that is, other than a forced or liquidation sale. The estimation process involved in determining if assets have been impaired and in the determination of fair value is inherently uncertain because it requires estimates of current market yields as well as future events and conditions. Such future events and conditions include economic and market conditions, as well as the availability of suitable financing. The realization of the Company’s investment in hotel properties is dependent upon future uncertain events and conditions and, accordingly, the actual timing and amounts realized by the Company may be materially different from their estimated fair values. Assets Held for Sale The Company considers a hotel and related assets held for sale if it is probable that the sale will be completed within twelve months , among other requirements. A sale is considered to be probable once the buyer completes its due diligence of the asset, there is an executed purchase and sale agreement between the Company and the buyer, the buyer waives any closing contingencies, there are no third-party approvals necessary and the Company has received a substantial non-refundable deposit. Depreciation ceases when a property is held for sale. Should an impairment loss be required for assets held for sale, the related assets are adjusted to their estimated fair values, less costs to sell. If the sale of the hotel represents a strategic shift that will have a major effect on the Company’s operations and financial results, the hotel qualifies as a discontinued operation, and operating results are removed from income from continuing operations and reported as discontinued operations. The operating results for any such assets for any prior periods presented must also be reclassified as discontinued operations. No hotels were considered held for sale as of either December 31, 2024 or 2023. Deferred Financing Costs Deferred financing costs consist of loan fees and other financing costs related to the Company’s outstanding indebtedness and credit facility commitments and are amortized to interest expense over the terms of the related debt or commitment. If a loan is refinanced or paid before its maturity, any unamortized deferred financing costs will generally be expensed unless specific rules are met that would allow for the carryover of such costs to the refinanced debt. Deferred financing costs related to the Company’s undrawn credit facility are included on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as an asset and are amortized ratably over the term of the line of credit arrangement, regardless of whether there are any outstanding borrowings on the line of credit arrangement. Deferred financing costs related to the Company’s outstanding debt are included on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as a contra-liability (see Note 7), and subsequently amortized ratably over the term of the related debt. Interest Rate Derivatives The Company’s objective in holding interest rate derivatives is to manage its exposure to the interest rate risks related to its floating rate debt. To accomplish this objective, the Company uses interest rate caps and swaps, none of which qualifies for effective hedge accounting treatment. The Company records interest rate caps and swaps on the balance sheet at their fair value. Changes in the fair value of derivatives are recorded each period in the consolidated statements of operations. Leases The Company determines if a contract is a lease at inception. Leases with an initial term of twelve months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet. Expense for these short-term leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. For leases with an initial term greater than twelve months , the Company records a right-of-use (“ROU”) asset and a corresponding lease obligation. ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term, and lease obligations represent the Company’s obligation to make fixed lease payments as stipulated by the lease. The Company has elected to not separate lease components from nonlease components, resulting in the Company accounting for lease and nonlease components as one single lease component. Leases are accounted for using a dual approach, classifying leases as either operating or financing based on the principle of whether or not the lease is effectively a financed purchase of the leased asset by the Company. This classification determines whether the lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease for operating leases or based on an effective interest method for finance leases. Lease ROU assets are recognized at the lease commencement date and include the amount of the initial operating lease obligation, any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, excluding any lease incentives received, and any initial direct costs incurred. For leases that have extension options that the Company can exercise at its discretion, management uses judgment to determine if it is reasonably certain that the Company will in fact exercise such option. If the extension option is reasonably certain to occur, the Company includes the extended term’s lease payments in the calculation of the respective lease liability. None of the Company’s leases contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. Lease obligations are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate (“IBR”) based on information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The IBR is the rate of interest that a lessee would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term an amount equal to the lease payments in a similar economic environment. In order to estimate the Company’s IBR, the Company first looks to its own unsecured debt offerings and adjusts the rate for both length of term and secured borrowing using available market data as well as consultations with leading national financial institutions that are active in the issuance of both secured and unsecured notes. The Company reviews its right-of-use assets for indicators of impairment. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the related assets are adjusted to their estimated fair value and an impairment loss is recognized. The impairment loss recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the estimated fair value of the assets. Based on the Company’s review, no operating lease ROU assets were impaired during either 2024 or 2023, and the Company recorded a $2.1 million impairment loss on the ROU asset related to the office lease at its former corporate headquarters (see Note 5) during 2022. Revenue Recognition Revenues are recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to hotel guests, which is generally defined as the date upon which a guest occupies a room and/or utilizes the hotel’s services. Room revenue and other occupancy based fees are recognized over a guest’s stay at the previously agreed upon daily rate. Some of the Company’s hotel rooms are booked through independent internet travel intermediaries. If the guest pays the independent internet travel intermediary directly, revenue for the room is recognized by the Company at the price the Company sold the room to the independent internet travel intermediary, less any discount or commission paid. If the guest pays the Company directly, revenue for the room is recognized by the Company on a gross basis, with the related discount or commission recognized in room expense. A majority of the Company’s hotels participate in frequent guest programs sponsored by the hotel brand owners whereby the hotel allows guests to earn loyalty points during their hotel stay. The Company expenses charges associated with these programs as incurred, and recognizes revenue at the amount it will receive from the brand when a guest redeems their loyalty points by staying at one of the Company’s hotels. In addition, some contracts for rooms or food and beverage services require an advance deposit, which the Company records as deferred revenue (or a contract liability) and recognizes once the performance obligations are satisfied. Cancellation fees and attrition fees, which are charged to groups when they do not fulfill their contracted minimum number of room nights or minimum food and beverage spending requirements, are typically recognized as revenue in the period the Company determines it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of revenue recognized will not occur, which is generally the period in which these fees are collected. Food and beverage revenue and other ancillary services revenue are generated when a customer chooses to purchase goods or services. The revenue is recognized when the goods or services are provided to the customer at the amount the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. For ancillary services provided by third parties, the Company assesses whether it is the principal or the agent. If the Company is the principal, revenue is recognized based upon the gross sales price. If the Company is the agent, revenue is recognized based upon the commission earned from the third party. Additionally, the Company collects sales, use, occupancy, and other similar taxes from customers at its hotels at the time of purchase, which are not included in revenue. The Company records a liability upon collection of such taxes from the customer, and relieves the liability when payments are remitted to the applicable governmental agency. Trade receivables and contract liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands): December 31, 2024 2023 Trade receivables, net (1) $ 18,693 $ 14,431 Contract liabilities (2) $ 48,635 $ 45,432 (1) Trade receivables, net are included in accounts receivable, net on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. (2) Contract liabilities consist of advance deposits and are included in other liabilities on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. During 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized approximately $39.2 million and $43.7 million, respectively, in revenue related to its outstanding contract liabilities. Advertising and Promotion Costs Advertising and promotion costs are expensed when incurred. Advertising and promotion costs represent the expense for advertising and reservation systems under the terms of the hotel franchise and brand management agreements and general and administrative expenses that are directly attributable to advertising and promotions. Stock Based Compensation Restricted shares and units are measured at fair value on the date of grant and amortized as compensation expense over the relevant requisite service period or derived service period. The Company has elected to account for forfeitures as they occur. Income Taxes The Company is subject to certain state and local taxes on its income and property, and to federal income and excise taxes on its undistributed taxable income. In addition, the TRS Lessee, which leases the Company’s hotels from the Operating Partnership, is subject to federal and state income taxes. The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective income tax bases, and for net operating loss, capital loss and tax credit carryforwards. The deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the enacted income tax rates in effect for the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be realized or settled. The effect on the deferred tax assets and liabilities from a change in tax rates is recognized in earnings in the period when the new rate is enacted. However, deferred tax assets are recognized only to the extent that it is more likely than not that they will be realized based on consideration of all available evidence, including the future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, future projected taxable income and tax planning strategies. Valuation allowances are provided if, based upon the weight of the available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company reviews any uncertain tax positions and, if necessary, records the expected future tax consequences of uncertain tax positions in its consolidated financial statements. Tax positions not deemed to meet the “more-likely-than-not” threshold are recorded as a tax benefit or expense in the current year. The Company’s management is required to analyze all open tax years, as defined by the statute of limitations, for all major jurisdictions, which includes federal and certain states. The Company recognizes any penalties and interest related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense in its consolidated statements of operations. Dividends Under current federal income tax laws related to REITs, the Company is required to distribute at least 90% of its REIT taxable income to its stockholders. Currently, the Company pays quarterly cash dividends to both its common and preferred stockholders as declared by the Company’s board of directors. Any future common stock dividends will be determined by the Company’s board of directors after considering the Company’s long-term operating projections, expected capital requirements and risks affecting its business. The Company’s ability to pay dividends is dependent on the receipt of distributions from the Operating Partnership. Earnings Per Share The Company applies the two-class method when computing its earnings per share. Net income per share for each class of stock is calculated assuming all of the Company’s net income is distributed as dividends to each class of stock based on their contractual rights. Unvested share-based payment awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents (whether paid or unpaid), which include the Company’s time-based restricted stock awards, are considered participating securities and are included in the computation of earnings per share. Basic earnings attributable to common stockholders per common share is computed based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period, including shares of the Company’s performance-based restricted stock units for which all necessary conditions have been satisfied except for the passage of time. Diluted earnings attributable to common stockholders per common share is computed based on the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period, plus potential common shares considered outstanding during the period, as long as the inclusion of such awards is not anti-dilutive. Potential common shares consist of time-based unvested restricted stock awards and performance-based restricted stock units, using the more dilutive of either the two-class method or the treasury stock method. The Company’s performance-based restricted stock units are considered for computing diluted net income per common share as of the beginning of the period in which all necessary conditions have been satisfied and the only remaining vesting condition is a service vesting condition. The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per common share (in thousands, except per share data): Year Ended Year Ended Year Ended December 31, 2024 December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022 Numerator: Net income $ 43,262 $ 206,708 $ 90,766 Income from consolidated joint venture attributable to noncontrolling interest — — (3,477) Preferred stock dividends (15,228) (13,988) (14,247) Distributions paid to participating securities (273) (310) (128) Undistributed income allocated to participating securities — (683) (323) Numerator for basic and diluted income attributable to common stockholders $ 27,761 $ 191,727 $ 72,591 Denominator: Weighted average basic common shares outstanding 201,739 205,590 212,613 Unvested restricted stock units 903 275 40 Weighted average diluted common shares outstanding 202,642 205,865 212,653 Basic income attributable to common stockholders per common share $ 0.14 $ 0.93 $ 0.34 Diluted income attributable to common stockholders per common share $ 0.14 $ 0.93 $ 0.34 In its calculation of diluted earnings per share, the Company excluded 688,288, 1,032,266, and 1,289,146 anti-dilutive unvested time-based restricted stock awards for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively (see Note 12). The Company also had 1,382,074 , 1,076,160 , and 612,584 unvested performance-based restricted stock units as of December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively, that are not considered participating securities as the awards contain forfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents. The performance-based restricted stock units were granted based on either target market condition thresholds or pre-determined stock price targets. Based on the Company’s common stock performance, the Company excluded 188,004 anti-dilutive performance-based restricted stock units from its calculations of diluted earnings per share for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 (see Note 12). Segment Reporting The Company considers each of its hotels to be an operating segment and allocates resources and assesses the operating performance for each hotel. Because all of the Company’s hotels have similar economic characteristics, facilities, and services, the hotels have been aggregated into one reportable segment, Hotel Ownership (see Note 13). New Accounting Standards and Accounting Changes In November 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-07, “ Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures Segment Reporting In December 2023, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-09, “ Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures In November 2024, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2024-03, “ Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income-Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses |