SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES | SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of GGP, our subsidiaries and joint ventures in which we have a controlling interest. For consolidated joint ventures, the noncontrolling partner's share of the assets, liabilities and operations of the joint ventures (generally computed as the joint venture partner's ownership percentage) is included in noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate affiliates as permanent equity of the Company. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. Noncontrolling interests are included on our Consolidated Balance Sheets related to the Common, Preferred, and LTIP Units of GGPOP and are presented either as redeemable noncontrolling interests or as noncontrolling interests in our permanent equity. E ach of the Operating Partnerships and our consolidated joint ventures are variable interest entities as the limited partners do not have substantive kick-out rights or substantive participating rights. However, as the Company holds a majority voting interest in the Operating Partnerships and our consolidated joint ventures, it qualifies for the exemption from providing certain of the disclosure requirements associated with variable interest entities. We operate in a single reportable segment, which includes the operation, development and management of retail and other rental properties. Our portfolio is targeted to a range of market sizes and consumer tastes. Each of our operating properties is considered a separate operating segment, as each property earns revenues and incurs expenses, individual operating results are reviewed and discrete financial information is available. The Company's chief operating decision maker is comprised of a team of several members of executive management who use Company NOI in assessing segment operating performance. We do not distinguish or group our consolidated operations based on geography, size or type for purposes of making property operating decisions. Our operating properties have similar economic characteristics and provide similar products and services to our tenants. There are no individual operating segments that are greater than 10% of combined revenue, Company NOI or combined assets. Company NOI excludes certain non-cash and non-comparable items such as straight-line rent, depreciation expense and intangible asset and liability amortization, which are a result of our emergence from bankruptcy, acquisition accounting and other capital contribution or restructuring events. Further, all material operations are within the United States and no customer or tenant comprises more than 10% of consolidated revenues. As a result, the Company's operating properties are aggregated into a single reportable segment. Properties Real estate assets are stated at cost less any provisions for impairments. Expenditures for significant betterments and improvements are capitalized. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense when incurred. Construction and improvement costs incurred in connection with the development of new properties or the redevelopment of existing properties are capitalized. Real estate taxes, interest costs, and internal costs associated with leasing and development overhead incurred during construction periods are capitalized. Capitalization is based on qualified expenditures and interest rates. Capitalized real estate taxes, interest costs, and internal costs associated with leasing and development overhead are amortized over lives which are consistent with the related assets. Pre-development costs, which generally include legal and professional fees and other third-party costs directly related to the construction assets, are capitalized as part of the property being developed. In the event a development is no longer deemed to be probable of occurring, the capitalized costs are expensed (see also our impairment policies in this note below). We periodically review the estimated useful lives of our properties, and may adjust them as necessary. The estimated useful lives of our properties range from 10 - 45 years. Depreciation or amortization expense is computed using the straight-line method based upon the following estimated useful lives: Years Buildings and improvements 10 - 45 Equipment and fixtures 3 - 20 Tenant improvements Shorter of useful life or applicable lease term Reclassifications In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18 which requires that a statement of cash flows explain the change during the reporting period in the total of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. The Company adopted this guidance on December 31, 2017, which changes our statements of cash flows and related disclosures for all periods presented. The following is a summary of our cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash total as presented in our statements of cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands): Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 2017 Cash and cash equivalents $ 178,210 $ 252,718 Restricted cash 67,221 46,760 Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash shown in the statement of cash flows $ 245,431 $ 299,478 For the three months ended March 31, 2017 the changes in restricted cash related to cash flows provided by operating activities of $6.8 million , restricted cash related to cash flows used in investing activities of $0.7 million and restricted cash related to cash flows used in financing activities of $2.7 million were reclassified. Acquisitions of Operating Properties ( Note 3 ) Acquisitions of properties are typically accounted for as acquisitions of assets rather than acquisitions of a business. Accordingly, the results of operations of acquired properties have been included in the results of operations from the respective dates of acquisition and acquisition costs are capitalized. Estimates of future cash flows and other valuation techniques are used to allocate the purchase price of acquired property between land, buildings and improvements, equipment, assumed debt liabilities and identifiable intangible assets and liabilities such as amounts related to in-place tenant leases, acquired above and below-market tenant and ground leases, and tenant relationships. Identifiable intangible assets and liabilities are calculated for above-market and below-market tenant and ground leases where we are either the lessor or the lessee. The difference between the contractual rental rates and our estimate of market rental rates is measured over a period equal to the remaining non-cancelable term of the leases, including significantly below-market renewal options for which exercise of the renewal option appears to be reasonably assured. The remaining term of leases with renewal options at terms significantly below market reflect the assumed exercise of such below-market renewal options and assume the amortization period would coincide with the extended lease term. The gross asset balances of the in-place value of tenant leases are included in buildings and equipment in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Gross Asset Accumulated Amortization Net Carrying Amount As of March 31, 2018 Tenant leases: In-place value $ 298,307 $ (148,443 ) $ 149,864 As of December 31, 2017 Tenant leases: In-place value $ 347,232 $ (181,088 ) $ 166,144 The above-market tenant leases and below-market ground leases are included in prepaid expenses and other assets ( Note 13 ); the below-market tenant leases, above-market ground leases and above-market headquarters office lease are included in accounts payable and accrued expenses ( Note 14 ) in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Amortization/accretion of all intangibles, including the intangibles in Note 13 and Note 14 , had the following effects on our income from continuing operations: Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 2017 Amortization/accretion effect on continuing operations $ (16,039 ) $ (24,919 ) Future amortization/accretion of all intangibles, including the intangibles in Note 13 and Note 14 , is estimated to decrease results from continuing operations as follows: Year Amount 2018 Remaining $ 32,756 2019 29,897 2020 20,247 2021 14,391 2022 13,043 Investments in Unconsolidated Real Estate Affiliates ( Note 5 ) We account for investments in joint ventures where we own a non-controlling joint interest using either the equity method or the cost method. If we have significant influence but not control over the investment, we utilize the equity method. If we have neither control nor significant influence, we utilize the cost method. Under the equity method, the cost of our investment is adjusted for our share of the earnings of such Unconsolidated Real Estate Affiliates from the date of acquisition, increased by our contributions and reduced by distributions received. Under the cost method, the cost of our investment is not adjusted for our share of the earnings of such Unconsolidated Real Estate Affiliates from the date of acquisition and distributions are treated as earnings when received. To determine the method of accounting for partially owned joint ventures, we evaluate the characteristics of associated entities and determine whether an entity is a variable interest entity ("VIE"). A limited partnership or other similar entity is considered a VIE unless a simple majority of limited partners (excluding limited partners that are under common control with the general partner) have substantive kick-out rights or participating rights. Accounting guidance amended the following: (i) modified the evaluation of whether limited partnerships and similar legal entities are VIEs or voting interest entities, (ii) eliminated the presumption that a general partner should consolidate a limited partnership, (iii) affected the consolidation analysis of reporting entities that are involved with VIEs, and (iv) provided a scope exception for certain entities. If an entity is determined to be a VIE, we determine which party is the primary beneficiary by analyzing whether we have both the power to direct the entity's significant economic activities and the obligation to absorb potentially significant losses or receive potentially significant benefits. Significant judgments and assumptions inherent in this analysis include the nature of the entity's operations, future cash flow projections, the entity's financing and capital structure, and contractual relationship and terms. Primary risks associated with our VIEs include the potential of funding the entities' debt obligations or making additional contributions to fund the entities' operations. Generally, the operating agreements with respect to our Unconsolidated Real Estate Affiliates provide that assets, liabilities and funding obligations are shared in accordance with our ownership percentages. Therefore, we generally also share in the profit and losses, cash flows and other matters relating to our Unconsolidated Real Estate Affiliates in accordance with our respective ownership percentages. Except for Retained Debt (as described in Note 5 ), differences between the carrying amount of our investment in the Unconsolidated Real Estate Affiliates and our share of the underlying equity of our Unconsolidated Real Estate Affiliates are typically amortized over lives ranging from 5 to 45 years. When cumulative distributions exceed our investment in the joint venture, the investment is reported as a liability in our consolidated financial statements. The liability is limited to our maximum potential obligation to fund contractual obligations, including recourse related to certain debt obligations. Partially owned, joint ventures over which we have controlling financial interest are consolidated in our consolidated financial statements. In determining if we have a controlling financial interest, we consider factors such as ownership interest, authority to make decisions, kick-out rights and substantive participating rights. Partially owned joint ventures where we do not have a controlling financial interest, but have the ability to exercise significant influence, are accounted for using the equity method. To the extent that we contribute assets to a joint venture accounted for using the equity method, our investment in the joint venture is recorded at the fair value of the consideration of the assets that were contributed to the joint venture. We will recognize gains and losses on the contribution of our real estate to joint ventures, relating to our entire investment in the property, to the extent the buyer is independent of the Company, the collection of the sales price is reasonably assured, and we will not be required to support the operations of the property or its related obligations to an extent greater than our proportionate interest. The combined summarized financial information of unconsolidated joint ventures is disclosed in Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. We continually analyze and assess reconsideration events, including changes in the factors mentioned above, to determine if the consolidation treatment remains appropriate. Decisions regarding consolidation of partially owned entities frequently require significant judgment by our management. Revenue Recognition and Related Matters Minimum rents are recognized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the related operating leases, including the effect of any free rent periods. Minimum rents also include lease termination income collected from tenants to allow for the tenant to vacate their space prior to their scheduled termination dates, as well as accretion related to above-market and below-market tenant leases on acquired properties and properties that were recorded at fair value at the emergence from bankruptcy. Overage rent is paid by a tenant when the tenant's sales exceed an agreed upon minimum amount and is recognized on an accrual basis once tenant sales exceed contractual tenant lease thresholds and is calculated by multiplying the sales in excess of the minimum amount by a percentage defined in the lease. Tenant recoveries are established in the leases or computed based upon a formula related to real estate taxes, insurance and other property operating expenses and are generally recognized as revenues in the period the related costs are incurred. Accounting for real estate sales distinguishes between sales to a customer or non-customer for purposes of revenue recognition. Once we, as the seller, determine that we have a contract, we will identify each distinct non-financial asset promised to the counter-party and whether the counter-party obtains control and transfers risks and rewards of ownership of each non-financial asset to determine if we should derecognize the asset. We provide an allowance for doubtful accounts against the portion of accounts receivable including straight-line rents, which is estimated to be uncollectible. Such allowances are reviewed each period based upon our recovery experience and the specific facts of each outstanding amount. Management Fees and Other Corporate Revenues Management fees and other corporate revenues primarily represent management and leasing fees, development fees, financing fees and fees for other ancillary services performed for the benefit of certain of the Unconsolidated Real Estate Affiliates. Management fees are reported at 100% of the revenue earned from the joint venture in management fees and other corporate revenues on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. Our share of the management fee expense incurred by the Unconsolidated Real Estate Affiliates is reported within equity in income of Unconsolidated Real Estate Affiliates on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income and in property management and other costs in the Condensed Combined Statements of Income in Note 5 . The following table summarizes the management fees from affiliates and our share of the management fee expense: Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 2017 Management fees from affiliates $ 25,766 $ 28,143 Management fee expense (10,491 ) (8,803 ) Net management fees from affiliates $ 15,275 $ 19,340 Based upon the new revenue recognition guidance, we determined that typical management fees including property and asset management, construction and development management services, leasing services, property acquisition and disposition services and financing services, needed to be evaluated for each separate performance obligation included in the contract in order to determine timing of revenue recognition. Revenues from contracts within the scope of the new revenue recognition guidance were $25.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 . Management determined that property and asset management and construction and development management services each represent a series of stand-ready performance obligations satisfied over time with each day of service being a distinct performance obligation. We are compensated for our services through a monthly management fee earned based on a specified percentage of the monthly rental income or rental receipts generated from the property under management. For construction and development services, we are compensated for planning, administering and monitoring the design and construction of projects at our joint venture properties typically based on a percentage of project costs, hourly rate of development staff or a fixed fee. Revenues from such contracts were $21.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and are recognized over the life of the applicable contract. Conversely, leasing services, property acquisition and disposition services and financing services are each considered to be a single performance obligation, satisfied as of a point in time. Our fee is paid upon the occurrence of certain contractual event(s) that may be contingent and pattern of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of payment. For these services, the obligation is the execution of the lease, closing of the sale or acquisition, or closing of the financing or refinancing. As such, revenues are recognized at the point in time when the respective obligation has been satisfied. Revenues from such contracts were $3.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 . Impairment Operating properties We regularly review our consolidated properties for potential impairment indicators whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Impairment indicators are assessed separately for each property and include, but are not limited to, significant decreases in real estate property net operating income, significant decreases in occupancy percentage, debt maturities, changes in management's intent with respect to the properties and prevailing market conditions. If an indicator of potential impairment exists, the property is tested for recoverability by comparing its carrying amount to the estimated future undiscounted cash flows. Although the carrying amount may exceed the estimated fair value of certain properties, a real estate asset is only considered to be impaired when its carrying amount cannot be recovered through estimated future undiscounted cash flows. To the extent an impairment provision is determined to be necessary, the excess of the carrying amount of the property over its estimated fair value is expensed to operations. In addition, the impairment provision is allocated proportionately to adjust the carrying amount of the asset group. The adjusted carrying amount, which represents the new cost basis of the property, is depreciated over the remaining useful life of the property. Although we may market a property for sale, there can be no assurance that the transaction will be complete until the sale is finalized. However, GAAP requires us to utilize the Company's expected holding period of our properties when assessing recoverability. If we cannot recover the carrying value of these properties within the planned holding period, we will estimate the fair values of the assets and record impairment charges for properties when the estimated fair value is less than their carrying value. Impairment indicators for pre-development costs, which are typically costs incurred during the beginning stages of a potential development and construction in progress, are assessed by project and include, but are not limited to, significant changes in the Company's plans with respect to the project, significant changes in projected completion dates, tenant demand, anticipated revenues or cash flows, development costs, market factors and sustainability of development projects. Impairment charges are recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income when the carrying value of a property is not recoverable and it exceeds the estimated fair value of the property, which can occur in accounting periods preceding disposition and/or in the period of disposition. During the three months ended March 31, 2018 , we recorded a $38.4 million impairment charge on our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income related to one operating property that has non-recourse debt maturing during 2019 that exceeds the fair value of the operating property. No provisions for impairment were recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2017 . Changes in economic and operating conditions that occur subsequent to our review of recoverability of our properties could impact the assumptions used in that assessment and could result in future impairment if assumptions regarding those properties differ from actual results. Investment in Unconsolidated Real Estate Affiliates A series of operating losses of an investee or other factors may indicate that an other-than-temporary decline in value of our investment in an Unconsolidated Real Estate Affiliate has occurred. The investment in each of the Unconsolidated Real Estate Affiliates is evaluated for valuation declines below the carrying amount. Accordingly, in addition to the property-specific impairment analysis that we performed for such joint ventures (as part of our operating property impairment process described above), we also considered whether there were other-than-temporary declines with respect to the carrying values of our Unconsolidated Real Estate Affiliates. No impairments related to our investments in Unconsolidated Real Estate Affiliates were recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 . Changes in economic and operating conditions that occur subsequent to our review of recoverability of our investments in Unconsolidated Real Estate Affiliates could impact the assumptions used in that assessment and could result in future impairment if assumptions regarding those investments differ from actual results. Notes Receivable Notes receivable are evaluated for impairment at least quarterly. Impairment occurs when it is deemed probable that we will not be able to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan. If a loan is considered to be impaired, we record an allowance through the provision for loan losses to reduce the carrying value of the loan to the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s contractual effective rate or the fair value of the collateral, if repayment is expected solely from the collateral. No impairments related to our notes receivable were recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 . Fair Value Measurements ( Note 4 ) The accounting principles for fair value measurements establish a three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value. These tiers include: • Level 1 - defined as observable inputs such as quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets; • Level 2 - defined as inputs other than quoted prices in active markets that are either directly or indirectly observable; and • Level 3 - defined as unobservable inputs in which little or no market data exists, therefore requiring an entity to develop its own assumptions. Note 4 includes a discussion of properties measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis using Level 2 and Level 3 inputs and the fair value of debt, which is estimated on a recurring basis using Level 2 and Level 3 inputs. Note 8 includes a discussion of certain redeemable noncontrolling interests that are measured at fair value using Level 1 inputs. Concentrations of Credit Risk Financial instruments that potentially subject us to significant concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents. We are exposed to credit risk with respect to cash held at various financial institutions and access to our credit facility. Our credit risk exposure with regard to our cash and the $1.5 billion , including the uncommitted accordion feature, available under our credit facility is spread among a diversified group of investment grade financial institutions. We had $135.0 million outstanding and no amount outstanding under our credit facility as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 , respectively. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Based upon the new revenue recognition guidance, revenue recognized for the quarter ended March 31, 2018 is not significantly different as compared to what would have been recognized in the same period under guidance that was in effect before the change. Effective January 1, 2018, companies are required to apply a five-step model in accounting for revenue. The core principle of the revenue model is that a company recognizes revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Lease contracts are excluded from this revenue recognition criteria; however, the sale of real estate is required to follow the new model. Expanded quantitative and qualitative disclosures regarding revenue recognition are required for contracts that are subject to this pronouncement. The new standard can be adopted either retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented or on a modified retrospective approach as a cumulative effect adjustment as of the date of adoption. The Company adopted the model effective January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective approach for implementation. We elected to use the practical expedient to apply the model only to contracts not yet completed as of the date of adoption. The adoption resulted in a cumulative-effect adjustment to increase equity as of January 1, 2018 of approximately $1.90 million related to changes in the revenue recognition pattern of lease commissions earned by the Company from our joint ventures and the sale of condos in our Unconsolidated Real Estate Affiliates ( Note 5 ). In February 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-02 which will require organizations that lease assets to recognize on the balance sheet the assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by those leases. Under ASU 2016-02, a lessee will be required to recognize assets and liabilities for leases with lease terms of more than 12 months. Lessor accounting remains substantially similar to current GAAP. However, leasing costs that are currently eligible to be capitalized as initial direct costs are limited by ASU 2016-02. In addition, disclosures of leasing activities are to be expanded to include qualitative along with specific quantitative information. For public entities, ASU 2016-02 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. ASU 2016-02 mandates a modified retrospective transition method. The Company expects to adopt this guidance on January 1, 2019 and will continue to evaluate the potential impact of this pronouncement on its consolidated financial statements until the guidance becomes effective. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13 which changes the model for the measurement of credit losses on financial instruments. Specifically, the amendments in the ASU replace the incurred loss impairment methodology in current GAAP with a methodology that reflects expected credit losses and requires consideration of a broader range of reasonable and supportable information to inform credit loss estimates. The amendments in this ASU will be effective for the Company January 1, 2020 with early adoption permitted on January 1, 2019. The Company is evaluating the potential impact of this pronouncement on its consolidated financial statements. In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16 which changed the current income tax accounting for intra-entity asset sales to be only for inventory. The Company adopted this standard effective January 1, 2018. For those companies that did not recognize the income tax impact of a sale other than inventory before the adoption date, the new ASU was applied on a modified retrospective basis, with a cumulative-effect adjustment directly to retained earnings as of January 1, 2018. This resulted in a cumulative-effect adjustment to decrease retained earnings by the unamortized balance of the $18.8 million prepaid asset established in December 2016. In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18 which requires that a statement of cash flows explain the change during the reporting period in the total of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash or restricted cash equivalents. This standard is effective for public entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. If an entity early adopts the amendments in an interim period, any adjustments should be reflected as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. The Company adopted this guidance on December 31, 2017, which changes our statements of cash flows and related disclosures for all periods presented. In February 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-05 which clarifies the accounting for the derecognition of nonfinancial assets by eliminating the exception in current GAAP for transfers of investments in real estate entities (including equity method investments). The amendments in this update provide guidance on the accounting of partial sales of nonfinancial assets and contributions of nonfinancial assets to a joint venture or other noncontrolling investee. Once this guidance is adopted, an entity would use the guidance in the new revenue recognition standard (discussed above) to determine whether it is transferring multiple, distinct assets and would recognize a gain or loss for each distinct asset transferred. When an entity transfers nonfinancial assets included in a subsidiary and retains or receives an equity interest, it first determines whether it has retained a controlling financial interest in the subsidiary. If so, the entity does not derecognize the assets and accounts for the sale of noncontrolling interest in the subsidiary under the consolidation guidance covering decreases in ownership which would result in recognizing a gain or loss. If an entity retains or receives a noncontrolling interest in the entity that owns the asset post-sale, that noncontrolling interest is considered noncash consideration and is included in the transaction price at its fair value. The retained noncontrolling interest is included at its fair value and results in an entity recognizing 100% of the gain on sale of the asset. The Company adopted this standard as of January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective approach for implementation. We elected to use the practical expedient to apply the standard only to contracts not yet completed as of the date of adoption. The adoption will result in higher gains on future sales of partial real estate interests due to recognizing 100% of the gain on the sale of the partial interest and recording the retained noncontrolling interest at fair value. As of the adoption date, January 1, 2018, there was no cumulative-effect adjustment recorded to retained earnings. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. For example, estimates and assumptions have been made with respec |