Vaxcyte (PCVX) 10-K 25 Feb 25 2024 FY Annual report Financial data

Cover

Cover - USD ($) $ in Billions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Feb. 21, 2025	Jun. 30, 2024
Cover [Abstract]
Document Type	10-K
Document Annual Report	true
Document Period End Date	Dec. 31, 2024
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-39323
Entity Registrant Name	VAXCYTE, INC.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	DE
Entity Tax Identification Number	46-4233385
Entity Address, Address Line One	825 Industrial Road
Entity Address, Address Line Two	Suite 300
Entity Address, City or Town	San Carlos
Entity Address, State or Province	CA
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	94070
City Area Code	650
Local Phone Number	837-0111
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share
Trading Symbol	PCVX
Security Exchange Name	NASDAQ
Entity Well-known Seasoned Issuer	Yes
Entity Voluntary Filers	No
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Large Accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
ICFR Auditor Attestation Flag	true
Document Financial Statement Error Correction [Flag]	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Public Float			$ 7.2
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		128,761,622
Documents Incorporated by Reference	Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K incorporates information by reference from the registrant’s definitive proxy statement to be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A, not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, in connection with the registrant’s 2025 annual meeting of stockholders.
Amendment Flag	false
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2024
Document Fiscal Period Focus	FY
Entity Central Index Key	0001649094

Audit Information

Audit Information	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Audit Information [Abstract]
Auditor Firm ID	34
Auditor Name	Deloitte & Touche LLP
Auditor Location	San Francisco, California

Consolidated Balance Sheets

Consolidated Balance Sheets - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 387,878	$ 397,451
Short-term investments	1,359,330	682,776
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	40,777	15,727
Total current assets	1,787,985	1,095,954
Property and equipment, net	198,045	79,626
Operating lease right-of-use assets	72,102	30,997
Long-term investments	1,387,510	162,675
Restricted cash	1,317	1,103
Other assets	64,359	37,562
Total noncurrent assets	1,723,333	311,963
Total assets	3,511,318	1,407,917
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	48,452	14,587
Accrued compensation	20,555	11,056
Accrued contract manufacturing expenses	36,159	52,767
Accrued expenses	29,123	59,815
Operating lease liabilities — current	5,891	7,113
Total current liabilities	140,180	145,338
Operating lease liabilities — long-term	65,219	22,111
Other liabilities	100	0
Total liabilities	205,499	167,449
Commitments and contingencies (Note 7)
Stockholders' Equity
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value — 10,000,000 authorized at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023; no shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023	0	0
Common stock, $0.001 par value — 500,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023; 124,893,034 and 95,364,831 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively	128	98
Additional paid-in capital	4,697,883	2,164,583
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(3,873)	179
Accumulated deficit	(1,388,319)	(924,392)
Total stockholders' equity	3,305,819	1,240,468
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$ 3,511,318	$ 1,407,917

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Pa

Consolidated Balance Sheets (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Statement of Financial Position [Abstract]
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)	10,000,000	10,000,000
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares)	0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	0	0
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)	500,000,000	500,000,000
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)	124,893,034	95,364,831
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)	124,893,034	95,364,831

Consolidated Statements of Oper

Consolidated Statements of Operations - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Operating expenses:
Research and development	$ 476,644	$ 332,341	$ 169,451
Acquired manufacturing rights (Note 7)	0	75,000	22,995
General and administrative	92,902	60,700	39,810
Total operating expenses	569,546	468,041	232,256
Loss from operations	(569,546)	(468,041)	(232,256)
Other income (expense), net:
Interest expense	0	0	(2)
Interest income	109,994	62,907	8,356
Other income (expense)	(4,375)	2,868	417
Total other income, net	105,619	65,775	8,771
Net loss	$ (463,927)	$ (402,266)	$ (223,485)
Net loss per share, basic (in dollars per share)	$ (3.80)	$ (4.14)	$ (3.44)
Net loss per share, diluted (in dollars per share)	$ (3.80)	$ (4.14)	$ (3.44)
Weighted-average shares outstanding, basic (in shares)	121,997,348	97,157,690	64,877,988
Weighted-average shares outstanding, diluted (in shares)	121,997,348	97,157,690	64,877,988

Consolidated Statements of Comp

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Statement of Comprehensive Income [Abstract]
Net Loss	$ (463,927)	$ (402,266)	$ (223,485)
Other comprehensive loss:
Unrealized gains (losses) on investments	(4,398)	538	(120)
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net	346	2	0
Comprehensive Loss	$ (467,979)	$ (401,726)	$ (223,605)

Consolidated Statements of Stoc

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	Public Offering	Market Offering	Stock Payment	Common Stock	Common Stock Public Offering	Common Stock Market Offering	Common Stock Stock Payment	Additional Paid-in Capital	Additional Paid-in Capital Public Offering	Additional Paid-in Capital Market Offering	Additional Paid-in Capital Stock Payment	Accumulated Deficit	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Beginning balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2021					53,031,978
Beginning balance at Dec. 31, 2021	$ 284,018				$ 56				$ 582,844				$ (298,641)	$ (241)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Issuance of common stock (in shares)						21,062,500	3,921,528	167,780
Issuance of common stock		$ 759,181	$ 97,299	$ 7,995		$ 21	$ 4			$ 759,160	$ 97,295	$ 7,995
Issuance of common stock in connection with employee incentive plans (in shares)					1,286,884
Issuance of common stock in connection with employee incentive plans	5,936				$ 1				5,935
Taxes paid related to the net share settlement of equity awards	(861)								(861)
Stock-based compensation expense	23,650								23,650
Other comprehensive loss	(120)													(120)
Net loss	(223,485)												(223,485)
Ending balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2022					79,470,670
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2022	953,613				$ 82				1,476,018				(522,126)	(361)
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Issuance of common stock (in shares)						13,030,000	2,095,943
Issuance of common stock		545,302	90,741			$ 13	$ 2			545,289	90,739
Issuance of common stock in connection with employee incentive plans (in shares)					768,218
Issuance of common stock in connection with employee incentive plans	7,654				$ 1				7,653
Taxes paid related to the net share settlement of equity awards	(3,876)								(3,876)
Stock-based compensation expense	48,760								48,760
Other comprehensive loss	540													540
Net loss	(402,266)												(402,266)
Ending balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2023					95,364,831
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2023	1,240,468				$ 98				2,164,583				(924,392)	179
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Issuance of common stock (in shares)						2,122,953	24,782,690
Issuance of common stock		$ 27,144	$ 2,239,713			$ 2	$ 25			$ 27,142	$ 2,239,688
Issuance of common stock in connection with employee incentive plans (in shares)					2,622,560
Issuance of common stock in connection with employee incentive plans	195,943				$ 3				195,940
Taxes paid related to the net share settlement of equity awards	(14,292)								(14,292)
Stock-based compensation expense	84,822								84,822
Other comprehensive loss	(4,052)													(4,052)
Net loss	(463,927)												(463,927)
Ending balance (in shares) at Dec. 31, 2024					124,893,034
Ending balance at Dec. 31, 2024	$ 3,305,819				$ 128				$ 4,697,883				$ (1,388,319)	$ (3,873)

Consolidated Statements of St_2

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Public Offering
Issuance costs	$ 117,785	$ 29,952	$ 45,814
Market Offering
Issuance costs	$ 4,393	$ 2,237	$ 3,107

Consolidated Statements of Cash

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss	$ (463,927)	$ (402,266)	$ (223,485)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	7,003	3,156	2,834
Stock-based compensation expense	84,822	48,760	23,650
Non-cash payments for acquired manufacturing rights	0	0	7,995
Amortization of operating lease right-of-use assets	8,842	7,015	6,619
Net accretion of discounts on investments	(38,704)	(34,775)	(947)
Unrealized foreign exchange loss	4,232	0	0
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	(5,827)	17,870	433
Operating lease right-of-use assets	(49,948)	(16,724)	0
Other assets	(26,511)	(33,007)	(465)
Operating lease liabilities	41,886	11,284	1,151
Accounts payable	34,584	11,225	2,896
Accrued compensation	9,517	9,876	(2,275)
Accrued contract manufacturing expenses	(22,943)	44,501	3,826
Accrued expenses	(35,653)	36,295	7,171
Net cash used in operating activities	(452,627)	(296,790)	(170,597)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment	(22,427)	(16,062)	(5,841)
Purchases of manufacturing facility build-out and equipment construction-in-progress	(96,732)	(51,815)	0
Purchases of investments	(3,086,701)	(1,329,896)	(102,745)
Maturities of investments	1,133,235	611,876	168,691
Sales of investments	66,959	12,586	14,480
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	(2,005,666)	(773,311)	74,585
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock and pre-funded warrants from follow-on offerings, net of issuance costs	2,239,713	545,302	759,181
Proceeds from issuance of common stock under at-the-market offering, net of issuance costs	195,943	90,741	97,299
Proceeds from issuance of shares through employee equity incentive plans	27,144	7,646	5,928
Taxes paid related to the net share settlement of equity awards	(14,292)	(3,876)	(861)
Net cash provided by financing activities	2,448,508	639,813	861,547
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	426	(6,686)	137
Net (decrease) increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(9,359)	(436,974)	765,672
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period	398,554	835,528	69,856
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period	389,195	398,554	835,528
Cash and cash equivalents	387,878	397,451	834,657
Restricted cash	1,317	1,103	871
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	389,195	398,554	835,528
Supplemental disclosures of non-cash investing and financing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment recorded in accounts payable and accrued expenses	13,179	8,510	110
Issuance of common stock for acquired manufacturing rights	$ 0	$ 0	$ 7,995

Company Organization and Nature

Company Organization and Nature of Business	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Company Organization and Nature of Business	Company Organization and Nature of Business Vaxcyte, Inc. (“we,” “our,” “us,” “Vaxcyte” and the “Company”) refers to Vaxcyte, Inc., a Delaware corporation, and our wholly-owned consolidated subsidiary, or ,as the context may require, Vaxcyte, Inc. only. We are headquartered in San Carlos, California, and were incorporated in the state of Delaware on November 27, 2013 as SutroVax, Inc., and changed our name to Vaxcyte, Inc. on May 15, 2020. We are a clinical-stage vaccine innovation company engineering high-fidelity vaccines to protect humankind from the consequences of bacterial diseases. We are developing broad-spectrum conjugate and novel protein vaccines to prevent or treat bacterial infectious diseases. We are re-engineering the way highly complex vaccines are made through modern synthetic techniques, including advanced chemistry and the XpressCF cell-free protein synthesis platform, exclusively licensed from Sutro Biopharma, Inc. (“Sutro Biopharma”). Unlike conventional cell-based approaches, our system for producing difficult-to-make proteins and antigens is intended to accelerate our ability to efficiently create and deliver high-fidelity vaccines with enhanced immunological benefits.

Basis of Presentation and Summa

Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) regarding annual reporting. The consolidated financial statements include the Company and its wholly owned subsidiary. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation. Certain prior period amounts in the consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to current period presentation. Use of Estimates The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and expenses and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and assumptions, including those related to stock-based compensation expense, accruals for certain research and development costs, the valuation of deferred tax assets and income taxes. Management bases our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ materially from those estimates. Concentration of Credit Risk and Other Risks and Uncertainties Financial instruments that potentially subject us to a concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents and investments. We invest in money market funds, U.S. Treasury securities, U.S. government agency securities, corporate debt, commercial paper and asset-backed securities. We maintain bank deposits in federally insured financial institutions and these deposits may exceed federally insured limits. We are exposed to credit risk in the event of a default by the financial institutions holding our cash and issuers of investments to the extent recorded on the consolidated balance sheets. Our investment policy limits investments to money market funds, certain types of debt securities issued by the U.S. Government and its agencies, corporate debt, commercial paper and asset-backed securities, and places restrictions on the credit ratings, maturities and concentration by type and issuer. We have not experienced any significant losses on our deposits of cash, cash equivalents or investments. We are subject to supplier concentration risk from certain vendors. Although we are working to establish secondary sources of supply, we currently source several of our critical raw materials from single-source suppliers. We also use one contract manufacturing organization (“CMO”), Lonza Ltd. (“Lonza”), to handle most of our manufacturing activities for our VAX-31 and VAX-24 programs. If we were to experience disruptions in raw materials supplied by our suppliers, or in manufacturing activities at Lonza, we may experience significant delays in our product development timelines and may incur substantial costs to secure alternative sources of raw materials or manufacturing. The “Risk Factors” section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K describes more details on these risks and other risks and uncertainties that could affect our business and our future. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash We consider all highly liquid investments purchased with original maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents consist primarily of amounts invested in money market funds and commercial paper and are stated at their fair values. Restricted cash consists of three standby letters of credit that serve as collateral for the lease agreements for our current corporate headquarters. Investments Our investments have been classified and accounted for as available-for-sale securities. Fixed income securities consist of U.S. Treasury securities, U.S. government agency securities, corporate debt, commercial paper and asset-backed securities. These securities are recorded on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses on these securities are included as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive gain (loss). The cost of investment securities is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts to maturity. Such amortization and accretion are included in other income (expense), net. Realized gains and losses are also included in other income (expense), net. When the fair value of a debt security declines below its amortized cost basis, any portion of that decline attributable to credit losses, to the extent expected to be nonrecoverable before the sale of the security, is recognized in our consolidated statements of operations. When the fair value of a debt security declines below its amortized cost basis due to changes in interest rates, such amounts are recorded in other comprehensive loss, and are recognized in our consolidated statements of operations only if we sell or intend to sell the security before recovery of its cost basis. Fair Value Measurements Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. The carrying amounts of our financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, prepaid and other current assets, accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities, approximate fair value due to their short-term maturities. Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis in the consolidated balance sheets, as well as assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis or disclosed at fair value, are categorized based upon the level of judgment associated with inputs used to measure their fair values. The accounting guidance for fair value provides a framework for measuring fair value and requires certain disclosures about how fair value is determined. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received upon the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the reporting date. The accounting guidance also establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value based upon whether such inputs are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect market assumptions made by the reporting entity. The three-level hierarchy for the inputs to valuation techniques is briefly summarized as follows: Level 1— Inputs are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date; Level 2— Inputs are observable, unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, unadjusted quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the related assets or liabilities; and Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are significant to the measurement of the fair value of the assets or liabilities that are supported by little or no market data. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires management to make judgments and consider factors specific to the asset or liability. Changes in the ability to observe valuation inputs may result in a reclassification of levels of certain securities within the fair value hierarchy. We recognize transfers into and out of levels within the fair value hierarchy in the period in which the actual event or change in circumstances that caused the transfer occurs. Level 1 securities consist of highly liquid money market funds for which the carrying amounts approximate their fair values due to their short maturities. U.S. Treasury securities are valued using Level 1 inputs based on unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets that are observable at the measurement date for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 securities, consisting of corporate debt, commercial paper, U.S. government agency securities and asset-backed securities, are measured based on other observable inputs, including broker or dealer quotations or alternative pricing sources. When quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities are not available, we rely on non-binding quotes from our investment managers, which are based on proprietary valuation models of independent pricing services. These models generally use inputs such as observable market data, quoted market prices for similar instruments or historical pricing trends of securities relative to our peers. To validate the fair value determinations provided by our investment managers, we review the pricing movement in the context of overall market trends and trading information from our investment managers. In addition, we assess the inputs and methods used in determining the fair value in order to determine the classification of securities in the fair value hierarchy. Property and Equipment, Net Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, generally three Leases We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. In addition, we determine whether a lease meets the classification criteria of a finance or operating lease at the lease commencement date considering whether: (i) the lease transfers ownership of the underlying asset to the lessee at the end of the lease term; (ii) the lease grants the lessee an option to purchase the underlying asset that the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise; (iii) the lease term is for a major part of the remaining economic life of the underlying asset; (iv) the present value of the sum of the lease payments and residual value guaranteed by the lessee equals or exceeds substantially all of the fair value of the underlying asset; and (v) the underlying asset is such a specialized nature that it is expected to have no alternative use to the lessor at the end of the lease term. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, our lease population consisted of real estate operating leases and we did not have any finance leases. Operating leases are included in Operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets, Operating lease liabilities — current and Operating lease liabilities — long term in our consolidated balance sheets. ROU assets represent our right to use the underlying assets for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the leases. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. In determining the present value of lease payments, if the rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date. We determine the incremental borrowing rate based on an analysis of corporate bond yields with a credit rating similar to ours. The determination of our incremental borrowing rate requires management judgment, including development of a synthetic credit rating and cost of debt, as we currently do not carry any debt. We believe that the estimates used in determining the incremental borrowing rate are reasonable based upon current facts and circumstances. Applying different judgment to the same facts and circumstances could yield a different incremental borrowing rate. The operating lease ROU assets also include adjustments for prepayments and accrued lease payments and exclude lease incentives. ROU assets and lease liabilities may include options to extend or terminate leases if it is reasonably certain that we will exercise such options. Lease payments which are fixed and determinable are amortized as rent expense on a straight-line basis over the expected lease term. Variable lease costs, which are dependent on usage, a rate or index, including common area maintenance charges, are expensed as incurred. Lease agreements that include lease and non-lease components are accounted for as a single lease component. Lease agreements with non-cancelable terms of less than 12 months are not recorded on our consolidated balance sheets. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets We review long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability is measured by comparing the carrying amount to the future undiscounted net cash flows which the assets are expected to generate. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the projected discounted future net cash flows generated by the assets. There were $0 million, $0 million and $0.2 million of impairments of long-lived assets during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Research and Development Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development costs include salaries, stock-based compensation and benefits for employees performing research and development activities, an allocation of facility and overhead expenses, expenses incurred under agreements with consultants, CMOs, contract research organizations (“CROs”) and investigative sites that conduct preclinical studies, clinical trials other supplies and costs associated with product development efforts, preclinical activities, clinical trials and regulatory operations. Acquired Manufacturing Rights Acquired manufacturing rights are expensed as incurred on our consolidated statements of operations when it is determined there is no alternative future use. Total research and development costs including acquired manufacturing rights were $476.6 million, $407.3 million and $192.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Accrued Research and Development We have entered into various agreements with CROs and CMOs. Our research and development accruals, which include accrued manufacturing expenses, are estimated based on the level of services performed, progress of the studies, including the phase or completion of events, and contracted costs. The estimated costs of research and development services provided, but not yet invoiced, are included in accrued expenses on the consolidated balance sheets. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from the original estimates, we adjust the accrual accordingly. Payments made to CROs or CMOs under these arrangements in advance of the performance of the related services are recorded as prepaid expenses and other current assets until the services are rendered. To date, there have been no material differences between our estimates of such expenses and the amounts actually incurred. Income Taxes We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the consolidated financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the consolidated financial statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. In evaluating the ability to recover our deferred income tax assets, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including our operating results, ongoing tax planning and forecasts of future taxable income on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis. In the event we determine that we would be able to realize our deferred income tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, we would make an adjustment to the valuation allowance that would reduce the provision for income taxes. Conversely, in the event that all or part of the net deferred tax assets are determined not to be realizable in the future, an adjustment to the valuation allowance would be charged to earnings in the period when such determination is made. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we have recorded a full valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets. Tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions are recognized when it is more likely than not that a tax position will be sustained during an audit. Interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are included within the provision for income tax. Stock-Based Compensation Expense For equity awards granted to employees, non-employees and directors, stock-based compensation is measured at grant date based on the fair value of the award. We determine the grant-date fair value of stock options with only service conditions using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The fair value of restricted stock and restricted stock unit (“RSU”) awards with only service conditions are determined based on the number of units granted and the closing price of the Company’s common stock as of the grant-date. The grant-date fair value of awards with only service conditions is recognized as share-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the employees’ requisite service period or the non-employees’ vesting period as the services are rendered. The estimated fair value of awards that contain market conditions are determined based on the Monte Carlo simulation model. We recognize share-based compensation expense for awards with market conditions on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each separately vesting portion of the award. Forfeitures are accounted for as they occur. Comprehensive Loss Comprehensive loss includes net loss and other comprehensive loss for the period. Other comprehensive loss consists of unrealized loss on investments and foreign currency translation adjustments, net. Foreign Currency Transactions Transactions denominated in foreign currencies are initially measured in U.S. dollars using the exchange rate on the date of the transaction. Foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities are subsequently re-measured at the end of each reporting period using the exchange rate at that date, with the corresponding foreign currency transaction gain or loss recorded in the consolidated statements of operations and consolidated statements of cash flows. For our international operations, the local currency has been determined to be the functional currency. We translate functional currency assets and liabilities to their U.S. dollar equivalents at exchange rates in effect as of the balance sheet date and income and expense amounts at average exchange rates for the period. Gains and losses from foreign currency translation are included in accumulated other comprehensive loss within stockholders’ equity in the consolidated balance sheets. Net Loss Per Share Basic net loss per common share is calculated by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of common stock outstanding, including pre-funded warrants, during the period, without consideration of potentially dilutive securities. Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common stock and potentially dilutive securities outstanding for the period. For purposes of the diluted net loss per share calculation, common stock subject to repurchase, and stock options are considered to be potentially dilutive securities. Shares of common stock into which the pre-funded warrants may be exercised are considered outstanding for the purposes of computing net loss per share because the shares may be issued for little consideration, are fully vested and are exercisable after the original issuance date. Recently Adopted Accounting Standards In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Updates ("ASU") No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (“ASU 2023-07”). The ASU requires entities to report incremental information about significant segment expenses included in a segment’s profit or loss measure as well as the name and title of the chief operating decision maker. The guidance also requires interim disclosures related to reportable segment profit or loss and assets that had previously only been disclosed annually. We adopted this ASU during the year ended December 31, 2024 on a retrospective basis. See Note 13, "Segment Reporting " for further details. Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standard setting bodies and adopted by us as of the specified effective date. We believe that the impact of recently issued standards that are not yet effective will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures. In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40), (“ASU 2024-04”). The amendments in ASU 2024-04 intends to improve the disclosures about a public business entity’s expenses and address requests from investors for more detailed information about the types of expenses (including purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, amortization, and depletion). This new guidance is effective for us for the annual period beginning after December 15, 2026. We are currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU 2023-09”). The final guidance adds clarifications related to the presentation of rate reconciliation for public business entities and definitions of specific categories in rate reconciliation. These amendments are effective for public business entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. We are currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Fair Value Measurements and Fai

Fair Value Measurements and Fair Value of Financial Instruments	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]
Fair Value Measurements and Fair Value of Financial Instruments	. Fair Value Measurements and Fair Value of Financial Instruments The following tables set forth our financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy at December 31, 2024 and 2023: December 31, 2024 Fair Value Amortized Gross Gross Fair Assets (in thousands) Cash and cash equivalents: Cash Level 1 $ 60,531 $ — $ — $ 60,531 Money market funds Level 1 73,566 — — 73,566 U.S. Treasury securities Level 1 8,983 2 — 8,985 Commercial paper Level 2 244,833 1 (38) 244,796 Total cash and cash equivalents 387,913 3 (38) 387,878 Investments: U.S. Treasury securities Level 1 1,463,329 1,533 (5,305) 1,459,557 Commercial paper Level 2 182,308 48 (18) 182,338 Corporate debt Level 2 691,972 888 (1,331) 691,529 Asset backed securities Level 2 195,801 309 (72) 196,038 U.S. government agency securities Level 2 217,617 243 (482) 217,378 Total investments 2,751,027 3,021 (7,208) 2,746,840 Total assets measured at fair value $ 3,138,940 $ 3,024 $ (7,246) $ 3,134,718 December 31, 2023 Fair Value Amortized Gross Gross Fair Assets (in thousands) Cash and cash equivalents: Cash Level 1 $ 50,003 $ — $ — $ 50,003 Money market funds Level 1 47,357 — — 47,357 Commercial paper Level 2 300,256 — (165) 300,091 Total cash and cash equivalents 397,616 — (165) 397,451 Investments: U.S. Treasury securities Level 1 481,704 422 (44) 482,082 Commercial paper Level 2 102,435 7 (35) 102,407 Corporate debt Level 2 133,523 168 (42) 133,649 Asset backed securities Level 2 23,963 18 — 23,981 U.S. government agency securities Level 2 103,484 — (152) 103,332 Total investments 845,109 615 (273) 845,451 Total assets measured at fair value $ 1,242,725 $ 615 $ (438) $ 1,242,902 We had no Level 3 securities either as of December 31, 2024 or 2023. There were no transfers within the hierarchies during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, we had investments with a total fair market value of $1.5 billion and $654.7 million in an unrealized loss position, of which $10.5 million and $19.1 million, respectively, were in a continuous unrealized loss position for more than 12 months. The gross unrealized losses of securities that have been in a continuous unrealized loss position both less than and greater than 12 months was $7.2 million as of December 31, 2024 and were not material as of December 31, 2023. Unrealized losses related to our investments are primarily due to interest rate fluctuations as opposed to credit quality. We do not intend to sell any of the securities in an unrealized loss position and it is not likely that we would be required to sell these securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis, which may be at maturity. We did not recognize any credit losses related to our investments during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. The following table presents the contractual maturities of our investments as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands): December 31, 2024 Fair Value Due in less than one year $ 1,359,330 Due in one to five years 1,387,510 Total $ 2,746,840

Commercial Manufacturing and Su

Commercial Manufacturing and Supply Agreement	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Commercial Manufacturing and Supply Agreement	4. Commercial Manufacturing and Supply Agreement On October 13, 2023, we entered into a pre-commercial services and commercial manufacturing supply agreement with Lonza (the “Commercial Manufacturing and Supply Agreement”). Pursuant to the Commercial Manufacturing and Supply Agreement, Lonza will (i) construct and build out a dedicated suite (the “Suite”) at Lonza’s facilities in Visp, Switzerland to manufacture certain key components (including drug substance) for our proprietary PCV franchise and any other products or intermediates we may choose (collectively, the “Products”) and (ii) maintain and operate the Suite (utilizing Lonza’s employees) to manufacture the Products as a service provided to us, including conducting related quality control and quality assurance operations. Lonza will be a preferred, non-exclusive, supplier of the Products to us, and we retain the right to procure the Products from one or more alternate and/or backup manufacturers of the Products (including at our own facilities). Under the Commercial Manufacturing and Supply Agreement, prior to completion of construction and certification of the Suite for commercial operation, we will contribute to the capital expenditure costs to construct the Suite (and will own certain equipment in the Suite to be purchased or otherwise acquired by us), and will pay Lonza a fixed-rate monthly service fee for Lonza’s pre-commercial services prior to commencement of commercial operations (which monthly service fee amount is subject to increases in subsequent years). Following commencement of commercial operations of the Suite to manufacture the Products, we will pay Lonza (i) Suite fees based on allocations of certain of Lonza’s costs to maintain the facility in which the Suite is located and to provide shared services to us and Lonza’s other customers in such facility, (ii) service fees based upon Lonza’s actual full-time equivalent employee (“FTE”) costs to operate the Suite to manufacture the Products, and (iii) certain other pass-through costs, including for raw materials. In addition, we may be obligated to pay or reimburse Lonza for certain other fees and expenses under the Commercial Manufacturing and Supply Agreement. Lonza will be eligible for certain financial bonuses, and subject to certain financial penalties, as incentives for the timely completion of certain scale-up activities, receipt of certain regulatory approvals for the Suite and manufacture of the Products in accordance with our commercial requirements. Unless earlier terminated, the Commercial Manufacturing and Supply Agreement will remain in effect until December 31, 2038, subject to automatic renewal for up to three commencement of commercial production. In the event of a termination under certain circumstances, Lonza shall be obligated to provide certain wind-down and transition services to us for up to 12 and 24 months, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, we have incurred an accumulated (i) $151.8 million of capital expenditures related to the Vaxcyte owned facility buildout and equipment and (ii) $62.5 million of facility buildout expenditures that are owned and controlled by Lonza, including the Repurposing Fee, which have been accounted for as prepaid lease payments and will be recorded as a ROU asset under Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 842 when control over the Suite is transferred to us, which we expect to occur when the buildout of the Suite is complete and manufacturing activities commence (see Note 5, “Balance Sheet Details”).

Balance Sheet Details

Balance Sheet Details	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Balance Sheet Details	. Balance Sheet Details Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets Prepaid expenses and other current assets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 consisted of the following: December 31, 2024 2023 (in thousands) Interest receivable $ 20,262 $ 3,598 Prepaid expenses 15,732 6,159 Deposits for equipment purchases 327 3,856 Other current assets 4,456 2,114 Total $ 40,777 $ 15,727 Property and Equipment, Net Property and equipment, net as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 consisted of the following: December 31, 2024 2023 (in thousands) Manufacturing facility build-out and equipment construction-in-progress $ 151,785 $ 51,815 Lab and manufacturing equipment 55,541 33,244 Furniture and equipment 1,608 1,608 Computers, computer software and office equipment 1,001 771 Leasehold improvements 4,384 1,460 Total property and equipment 214,319 88,898 Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization (16,274) (9,272) Property and equipment, net $ 198,045 $ 79,626 Depreciation and amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $7.0 million, $3.2 million and $2.6 million, respectively. Other Assets Other assets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 consisted of the following: December 31, 2024 2023 (in thousands) Manufacturing facility construction buildout $ 62,477 $ 34,688 Other long-term assets 1,882 2,874 Total $ 64,359 $ 37,562 Accrued Expenses Accrued expenses as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 consisted of the following: December 31, 2024 2023 (in thousands) Clinical studies $ 2,348 $ 2,156 Other research and development 24,698 30,759 Acquired manufacturing rights (Note 7) — 25,000 Other accrued expenses 2,077 1,900 Total $ 29,123 $ 59,815

Leases

Leases	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Leases [Abstract]
Leases	. Leases Operating Lease Obligations Office facility In January 2021, we entered into a lease agreement (the “Original Lease”) for our current corporate headquarters facility located in San Carlos, California (the “Headquarters Facility”). The lease term began on December 3, 2021, as amended on October 17, 2023, and was set to expire on December 31, 2025. In September 2023, we entered into an assignment and assumption of lease agreement (the “Assignment Agreement”) for an expanded lease space in the same building as our Headquarters Facility (the “Assumed Lease Premises”). The assumed lease had an original contractual term of 10 years, set to expire on November 30, 2031. Pursuant to the Assignment Agreement, the base rent was abated for three full calendar months following the October 1, 2023 effective date of the Assignment Agreement. Thereafter, we were obligated to pay an aggregate of approximately $1.9 million in rent payments for the remaining nine months of the first year, with a 3% rent adjustment (not inclusive of rent abatement) every year thereafter. In November 2024, we amended and restated the Original Lease (the “Amended and Restated Lease”) as a single, unified lease for our Headquarters Facility which includes the existing space under the Original Lease, Assumed Lease Premises (the “Existing Premises”) and expanded space covering additional floors (the “Additional Premises”), which resulted in a lease modification in accordance with ASC 842. The Amended and Restated Lease has an initial contractual term of 10 years, contains rent-free periods, scheduled rent increases, lease incentives and the option of two consecutive rights to extend the term for sixty In November 2024, we entered into a sublease agreement, for which we are sublessor, for a portion of our Existing Premises. This sublease has a contractual term of two years, expiring on December 12, 2026, unless earlier terminated, with two conditional options to extend the term of the sublease for a period of 12 months. The commencement date of this sublease was December 12, 2024. In July 2024, we entered into a sublease agreement, for which we are subleasee for a new operating lease in the same campus as our corporate headquarters. This sublease has rent-free periods, scheduled rent increases, and a contractual term of two years, expiring on June 30, 2026, unless earlier terminated. Manufacturing facility In October 2023, we entered into the Commercial Manufacturing and Supply Agreement. We have concluded that this agreement contains an embedded lease and will be accounted for in accordance with ASC 842 upon the commencement date. As of December 31, 2024, the lease had not commenced and, as such, no lease liability or ROU asset was recorded on the consolidated balance sheets and no operating lease expense was recorded on the consolidated statements of operations. See Note 4, “Commercial Manufacturing and Supply Agreement,” for further details. Information related to our ROU assets and related lease liabilities was as follows (dollar amounts in thousands): December 31, 2024 2023 Cash paid for operating lease liabilities $ 11,511 $ 7,390 Operating lease right-of-use assets $ 72,102 $ 30,997 Operating lease liabilities - current $ 5,891 $ 7,113 Operating lease liabilities - long-term 65,219 22,111 Total lease liabilities $ 71,110 $ 29,224 Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years) 9.60 5.71 Weighted-average discount rate 7.2 % 8.4 % Maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2024 were as follows: Years ending December 31, (in thousands) 2025 $ 10,859 2026 9,635 2027 8,610 2028 9,394 2029 9,676 Thereafter 51,970 Total future undiscounted lease payments 100,144 Less: Imputed interest (29,034) Present value of lease liabilities $ 71,110 Rent expense recognized under the leases was $11.5 million, $8.5 million and $7.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Commitments and Contingencies

Commitments and Contingencies	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Commitments and Contingencies	. Commitments and Contingencies Legal Contingencies From time to time, we may become involved in legal proceedings arising from the ordinary course of business. We record a liability for such matters when it is probable that future losses will be incurred and that such losses can be reasonably estimated. Significant judgment by us is required to determine both probability and the estimated amount. We do not believe that there is any litigation or asserted or unasserted claim pending that could, individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our results of operations or financial condition. Guarantees and Indemnifications In the normal course of business, we enter into agreements that contain a variety of representations and provide for general indemnification. Our exposure under these agreements is unknown because it involves claims that may be made against us in the future. To date, we have not paid any claims or been required to defend any action related to our indemnification obligations. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we did not have any material indemnification claims that were probable or reasonably possible and consequently have not recorded related liabilities. To the extent permitted under Delaware law, we have agreed to indemnify our directors and officers for certain events or occurrences while the director or officer is, or was, serving at our request in such capacity. The indemnification period covers all pertinent events and occurrences during the director’s or officer’s service. The maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under these indemnification agreements is not specified in the agreements; however, we have directors and officers insurance coverage that reduces our exposure and enables us to recover a portion of any future amounts paid. We have not incurred any material costs as a result of such indemnification and are not currently aware of any indemnification claims. Development and Manufacturing Services Agreements with Lonza In April 2022, we entered into a non-exclusive development and manufacturing services agreement with Lonza effective as of March 22, 2022, which was subsequently amended on May 12, 2022, November 21, 2022 and October 31, 2023 (as amended, the “2022 Lonza DMSA”). Pursuant to the 2022 Lonza DMSA, Lonza is obligated to perform services including manufacturing process development and clinical manufacture and supply of our proprietary PCV candidates. In February 2023, we entered into another non-exclusive development and manufacturing services agreement with Lonza effective as of March 1, 2023 (the “2023 Lonza DMSA”). Pursuant to the 2023 Lonza DMSA, Lonza will perform manufacturing process development and the manufacture of components for VAX-31 and VAX-24, including the polysaccharide antigens, our proprietary eCRM protein carrier and conjugated drug substances. Under each of the 2022 Lonza DMSA and 2023 Lonza DMSA (collectively, the “Lonza Agreements”), we pay Lonza agreed-upon fees for their performance of development and manufacturing services and pass-through expenses incurred by Lonza for raw materials, as well as customary procurement and handling fees. Under each Lonza Agreement, we own all rights, title and interest in and to any and all New Customer Intellectual Property (as defined in each Lonza Agreement), and Lonza owns all rights, title and interest in New General Application Intellectual Property (as defined in each Lonza Agreement). For additional information about the Lonza Agreements, see “Manufacturing and Supply— Lonza Agreements — Development and Manufacturing Services Agreements ” included in Part I, Item 1. Business of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Commercial Manufacturing and Supply Agreement with Lonza For details of the Commercial Manufacturing and Supply Agreement with Lonza, see Note 4. Sutro Option Agreement In December 2022, we entered into an option agreement with Sutro Biopharma (the "Option Agreement"). Pursuant to the Option Agreement, we acquired from Sutro Biopharma (i) authorization to enter into an agreement with an independent alternate CMO to directly source Sutro Biopharma’s cell-free extract, allowing us to have direct oversight over financial and operational aspects of the relationship with the CMO; and (ii) a right, but not an obligation, to obtain certain exclusive rights to internally manufacture and/or source extract from certain CMOs and the right to independently develop and make improvements to extract (including the right to make improvements to the extract manufacturing process as well as cell lines) for use in connection with the exploitation of certain vaccine compositions (the “Option”). We and Sutro Biopharma agreed to negotiate the terms and conditions of a form definitive agreement to be entered into in the event we exercised the Option, which would include the terms and conditions set forth in an executed term sheet between us (the “Term Sheet”) and such terms that were necessary to give effect to each of the terms and conditions set forth in the Term Sheet (the “Form Definitive Agreement”). As consideration for the Option and other rights and authorizations granted to us under the Option Agreement, we paid Sutro Biopharma upfront consideration of $22.5 million, consisting of (i) $10.0 million in cash and $7.5 million worth of shares of our common stock (the number of shares calculated based on the arithmetic average of the daily volume weighted average price of our common stock as traded on Nasdaq in the three consecutive trading days immediately prior to the issuance thereof) in December 2022, and (ii) $5.0 million on October 2, 2023 within five business days after we and Sutro Biopharma mutually agreed in writing upon the Form Definitive Agreement on September 28, 2023. The 167,780 shares of common stock issued was recorded at fair value of $8.0 million on the date of settlement, December 22, 2022. On November 21, 2023 (the “Option Exercise Date”), we exercised the Option by submitting written notice thereof to Sutro Biopharma and concurrently paid Sutro Biopharma $50.0 million in cash as the first of two installment payments for the Option exercise price, followed by the second and final installment of $25.0 million in cash on May 13, 2024. We determined there was no current alternative future use of the acquired manufacturing rights from the Option Agreement and, as a result, the amounts paid were expensed as incurred. Upon the occurrence of certain regulatory milestones, we agreed to pay Sutro Biopharma certain additional milestone payments totaling up to $60.0 million in cash. In the event that we undergo a change of control, certain rights and payments may be accelerated. Manufacturing Rights Agreement with Sutro Biopharma Concurrent with the payment of the first installment of the Option exercise price pursuant to the Option Agreement, on November 21, 2023, the manufacturing rights agreement (in the form of the Form Definitive Agreement) between us and Sutro Biopharma (the “Manufacturing Rights Agreement”) became effective. Pursuant to the Manufacturing Rights Agreement, we obtained exclusive rights to independently, or through certain third parties, develop, improve and manufacture cell-free extract for use in connection with our vaccine candidates. For additional information about the Manufacturing Rights Agreement, see “Manufacturing and Supply— Sutro Biopharma Agreements — Manufacturing Rights Agreement with Sutro Biopharma ” included in Part I, Item 1. Business of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Purchase Commitments We enter into agreements in the normal course of business with CMOs and other vendors for manufacturing services and raw materials purchases. We rely on several third-party manufacturers for our manufacturing requirements. As of December 31, 2024, we had the following amounts of non-cancelable purchase commitments related to manufacturing services and raw materials purchased due to our key manufacturing partners. These amounts represent our minimum contractual obligations, including termination fees. If we terminate certain firm orders with key manufacturing partners, we will be required to pay for the manufacturing services scheduled or raw materials purchased under our arrangements. The actual amounts we pay in the future to our vendors under such agreements may differ from the purchase order amounts. Years ending December 31, (in thousands) 2025 $ 291,634 2026 79,388 2027 558 2028 415 Total non-cancelable purchase commitments due to key manufacturing partners $ 371,995

Stockholders' Equity

Stockholders' Equity	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Equity [Abstract]
Stockholders' Equity	. Stockholders' Equity Preferred Stock Our certificate of incorporation authorizes us to issue up to 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock with $0.001 par value per share. There were no shares of preferred stock issued or outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. Our board of directors (“Board”) are authorized to provide for the issue of all or any of the shares of preferred stock in one or more series, and to fix, determine or alter the voting powers, designation, preferences and rights of the preferred shares, and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions of any wholly unissued shares, to establish from time to time the number of shares constituting any such series, and to increase or decrease the number of shares, if any. Holders of outstanding shares of preferred stock shall be entitled to receive dividends, when, and as declared by the Board in preference and priority to any declaration or payment of any distribution on common stock. The right to receive dividends on preferred shares of preferred stock shall not be cumulative and no right to dividends shall accrue to holders of preferred stock. No dividends have been paid or declared as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. Common Stock Our certificate of incorporation authorizes us to issue up to 500,000,000 shares of common stock with $0.001 par value per share, of which 124,893,034 and 95,364,831 shares were issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The holders of our common stock are also entitled to receive dividends whenever funds are legally available, when and if declared by our Board. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, no dividends have been declared. ATM Program In July 2021, we entered into an Open Market Sales Agreement℠ (the “Original ATM Sales Agreement”) with Jefferies LLC (“Jefferies”) to issue and sell, from time to time at our discretion, shares of our common stock at an aggregate offering price up to $150.0 million through Jefferies acting as our sales agent or principal, however, we are not obligated to make any sales of common stock. As of February 27, 2023, we had sold 4,995,709 shares of our common stock under the Original ATM Sales Agreement at a weighted average price of $27.57 per share for aggregate gross proceeds of $137.8 million. On February 27, 2023, we and Jefferies entered into an amendment to the Original ATM Sales Agreement (as amended, the “Amended ATM Sales Agreement”) to offer and sell additional shares of our common stock with an aggregate offering price up to another $400.0 million, which is in addition to the $150.0 million aggregate offering price under the Original ATM Sales Agreement. As of December 31, 2024, we have sold 4,211,367 shares of our common stock under the Amended ATM Sales Agreement at a weighted average price of $64.19 per share for aggregate gross proceeds of $270.3 million, or $264.2 million net of commissions and offering expenses, with $129.7 million remaining for future sales under the Amended ATM Sales Agreement. The gross proceeds of the shares sold net of commission and related offering expenses are reflected as an addition to common stock and additional paid-in capital on our consolidated balance sheets. The following table summarizes the share activity under the Original and Amended ATM Sales Agreements: Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Number of shares sold under the ATM program 2,622,560 2,095,943 3,921,528 Weighted average sales price per share $ 76.39 $ 44.38 $ 25.60 Aggregate gross proceeds, in thousands (1) $ 200,333 $ 92,976 $ 100,402 ______________________________________________________________ (1) Includes $4.4 million, $2.2 million and $3.1 million of commissions and offering expenses during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Underwritten Follow-on Public Offerings On January 13, 2022, we completed an underwritten public offering in which we issued 2,500,000 shares of our common stock at a price of $20.00 per share and pre-funded warrants to purchase 2,500,000 shares of our common stock at a price of $19.999 per underlying share. Each pre-funded warrant has an exercise price of $0.001 per share. In February 2022, the underwriters exercised their option to purchase an additional 750,000 shares of common stock. In aggregate, we received $107.6 million in net proceeds after deducting issuance costs, and excluding the exercise of any pre-funded warrants. On October 28, 2022, we completed an underwritten public offering of 17,812,500 shares of our common stock, which included the full exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase an additional 2,812,500 shares, at a price of $32.00 per share and pre-funded warrants to purchase 3,750,000 shares of our common stock at a price of $31.999 per underlying share. Each pre-funded warrant has an exercise price of $0.001 per share. In aggregate, we received $651.6 million in net proceeds after deducting issuance costs, and excluding the exercise of any pre-funded warrants. On April 21, 2023, we completed an underwritten public offering of 13,030,000 shares of our common stock, which included the full exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase an additional 1,830,000 shares, at a price of $41.00 per share and pre-funded warrants to purchase 1,000,000 shares of our common stock at a price of $40.999 per underlying share. Each pre-funded warrant has an exercise price of $0.001 per share. In aggregate, we received $545.3 million in net proceeds after deducting issuance costs, and excluding the exercise of any pre-funded warrants. On February 2, 2024, we completed an underwritten public offering of 12,695,312 shares of our common stock, which included the full exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase an additional 1,757,812 shares, at a price of $64.00 per share and pre-funded warrants to purchase 781,250 shares of our common stock at a price of $63.999 per underlying share. Each pre-funded warrant has an exercise price of $0.001 per share. In aggregate, we received $816.5 million in net proceeds after deducting issuance costs, and excluding the exercise of any pre-funded warrants. On September 6, 2024, we completed an underwritten public offering of 12,087,378 shares of our common stock, which included the full exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase an additional 1,893,203 shares, at a price of $103.00 per share and pre-funded warrants to purchase 2,427,184 shares of our common stock at a price of $102.999 per underlying share. Each pre-funded warrant has an exercise price of $0.001 per share. In aggregate, we received $1.4 billion in net proceeds after deducting issuance costs, and excluding the exercise of any pre-funded warrants. The pre-funded warrants are exercisable, at the option of each holder, in whole or in part by delivering to us a duly executed exercise notice and payment of the exercise price. No fractional shares of common stock will be issued in connection with the exercise of a pre-funded warrant. The holders of the pre-funded warrants may also satisfy their obligation to pay the exercise price through a “cashless exercise,” in which the holder receives the net value of the pre-funded warrant in shares of common stock determined according to the formula set forth in the pre-funded warrant. The pre-funded warrants will not expire until they are fully exercised. However, we may not effect the exercise of any pre-funded warrants, and a holder will not be entitled to exercise any portion of any pre-funded warrants that, upon giving effect to such exercise, would cause: (i) the aggregate number of shares of our common stock beneficially owned by such holder (together with affiliates) to exceed 4.99% or 9.99% of the number of shares of our common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise, as applicable; or (ii) the combined voting power of our securities beneficially owned by such holder (together with its affiliates) to exceed 4.99% or 9.99% of the combined voting power of all of our securities outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise, as applicable, as such percentage ownership is determined in accordance with the terms of the pre-funded warrants. However, any holder of a pre-funded warrant may increase or decrease such percentage to any other percentage not in excess of 19.99% upon at least 61 days' prior notice for the holder to us. As of December 31, 2024, no shares underlying the pre-funded warrants had been exercised.

Equity Incentive Plans

Equity Incentive Plans	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]
Equity Incentive Plans	Equity Incentive Plans Equity Incentive Plans Our 2020 Equity Incentive Plan (“2020 Plan”) became effective in June 2020 and replaced our 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (“2014 Plan”). Under the 2020 Plan, we may grant stock options, appreciation rights, restricted stock, RSUs, or any other award to employees, consultants and directors. Stock options granted under the 2020 Plan may be either incentive stock options or nonqualified stock options. Incentive stock options may be granted only to our employees, including officers and directors who are also employees. Nonqualified stock options may be granted to our employees, officers, directors, consultants and advisors. Awards granted under our 2020 Plan vest over the periods determined by our Board, generally three We net-share settle equity awards held by certain employees by withholding shares upon vesting to satisfy tax withholding obligations. The shares withheld to satisfy employee tax withholding obligations are returned to our 2020 Plan and will be available for future issuance. Payments for employees’ tax obligations to the tax authorities are recognized as a reduction to additional paid-in capital and reflected as financing activities in our consolidated statements of cash flows. A total of 10,150,000 shares of common stock were approved to be initially reserved for issuance under the 2020 Plan. The number of shares that remained available for issuance under the 2014 Plan as of the effective date of the 2020 Plan, and shares subject to outstanding awards under the 2014 Plan as of the effective date of the 2020 Plan that are subsequently canceled, forfeited or repurchased by us, will be added to the shares reserved under the 2020 Plan. In addition, the number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2020 Plan is automatically increased on the first day of each calendar year during the 10-year term of the 2020 Plan, beginning with January 1, 2021 and ending with January 1, 2030, by an amount equal to 5% of the outstanding number of shares of our common stock on December 31 of the preceding calendar year or such lesser amount as determined by our Board. As of December 31, 2024, an aggregate of 8,796,806 shares of common stock were available for issuance under the 2020 Plan. Effective January 1, 2025, the number of shares of common stock available under the 2020 Plan increased by 6,244,651 shares pursuant to the evergreen provision of the 2020 Plan. As of December 31, 2024, 1,209,840 shares and 10,213,591 shares of common stock were subject to outstanding options and RSUs under the 2014 Plan and 2020 Plan, respectively. Stock Option Activity In November 2024, we granted 639,710 performance contingent stock options ("PCSOs") with both service and market conditions to certain employees. The market condition relates to the achievement of a share price threshold that requires the average price of our common stock to be equal to or greater than $154.05 for a period of one calendar year. To the extent that the market conditions are met, one-third of the PCSOs vest on the third, fourth and fifth anniversary date of the grant date, subject to continued service. The maximum contractual term of our outstanding PCSOs is 10 years from the date of grant. As of December 31, 2024, the market condition for the PCSOs has not been met. No PCSOs were granted in the year ended December 31, 2023. Stock option activity under our 2020 Plan and 2014 Plan, which excludes options to purchase 29,638 shares granted outside of the 2020 Plan and 2014 Plan, for the year ended December 31, 2024 was as follows: Options Outstanding PCSOs Outstanding (in thousands, except share and per share data) Number of Options Weighted- Average Exercise Price Per Share Weighted- Aggregate Intrinsic Value Number of Options Weighted- Average Exercise Price Per Share Weighted- Aggregate Intrinsic Value Balances — December 31, 2023 9,314,836 $ 25.35 7.75 $ 348,868 — $ — $ — PCSOs Granted 639,710 $ 102.70 9.85 $ — Options granted 2,210,148 $ 78.40 Options exercised (1,813,828) $ 13.97 Options forfeited (344,220) $ 43.47 Balances — December 31, 2024 9,366,936 $ 39.40 7.48 $ 406,730 639,710 $ 102.70 9.85 $ — Vested and expected to vest — December 31, 2024 9,366,936 $ 39.40 7.48 $ 406,730 639,710 $ 102.70 9.85 $ — Exercisable at December 31, 2024 5,010,869 $ 25.99 6.60 $ 280,031 — $ — $ — _____________________________________________________ During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, options to purchase 1,813,828, 538,888 and 1,153,285 shares of common stock, respectively, were exercised for cash at a weighted-average price per share of $13.97, $10.50 and $4.25, respectively. The weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $49.36, $28.74 and $18.88, respectively. The intrinsic value of the stock options exercised was $130.7 million, $21.2 million and $34.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The total fair value of stock options vested was $51.3 million, $41.8 million and $26.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. RSU Activity In March 2022, our Board authorized the issuance of RSUs under our 2020 Plan and adopted a form of Restricted Stock Unit Grant Notice and Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (the “RSU Agreement”), which is intended to serve as a standard form agreement for RSU grants issued to employees. In November 2024, we granted 175,513 shares of performance-based stock units ("PSUs"), which contain service and market conditions to certain employees. Subject to continuous service requirements, the market condition is measured based on our total shareholder return (“TSR”) relative to the TSR of our peer group comprised in the Nasdaq Biotechnology Index over a period of four years. RSU and PSU activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 were as follows: Unvested RSUs Unvested PSUs (in thousands, except share and per share data) Number of Shares Weighted- Average Grant-Date Fair Value Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term Aggregate Intrinsic Value Number of Shares Weighted- Average Grant-Date Fair Value Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands, except share and per share data) Unvested at December 31, 2023 753,462 $ 38.93 1.45 $ 47,317 — $ — Granted 958,127 $ 81.10 175,513 $ 151.48 Vested and released (383,267) $ 47.89 — — Cancelled (87,050) $ 58.74 — — Unvested at December 31, 2024 1,241,272 $ 67.32 1.46 $ 101,611 175,513 $ 151.48 3.85 $ 14,367 Shares available for grant under our 2020 Plan for the year ended December 31, 2024 were as follows: Number of Shares Balances — December 31, 2023 6,065,150 Shares authorized 4,768,241 Shares expired (1,176,960) Options, PCSOs, RSUs and PSUs granted (3,983,498) Shares forfeited ¹ 452,651 Shares withheld for taxes 150,350 Balances — December 31, 2024 6,275,934 ______________________________________________________________ ¹ As of December 31, 2024, a total of 21,381 shares were forfeited under the 2020 Plan due to net exercises of stock options. 2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan In June 2020, our Board adopted, and our stockholders approved, the 2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2020 ESPP”), which became effective on June 11, 2020. The 2020 ESPP permits participants to purchase common stock through payroll deductions of up to 15% of their eligible compensation. Employees enrolled in the 2020 ESPP purchase shares of common stock at a price per share equal to 85% of the lower of the fair market value at the start or end of the six-month purchase periods within the two-year offering period. A total of 650,000 shares of common stock were approved to be initially reserved for issuance under the 2020 ESPP. In addition, the number of shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2020 ESPP is automatically increased on the first day of each calendar year during the 10-year term of the 2020 Plan, beginning with January 1, 2021 and ending with January 1, 2030, by an amount of 1% of the outstanding number of shares of our common stock on December 31 of the preceding calendar year or such lesser amount as determined by our Board. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, employees purchased 90,517, 76,275, and 61,709 shares of common stock through our 2020 ESPP, at an average price of $38.60, $26.71, and $16.75 per share, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, a total of 2,167,228 shares of our common stock remain available for future issuance under our 2020 ESPP. Stock-based Compensation The following assumptions were used in the Black-Scholes options pricing model for stock options and ESPP; and the Monte Carlo simulation model for PCSOs and PSUs to estimate our stock-based compensation expense, respectively. Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Expected volatility Stock Options 69.2% - 71.1% 71.3% - 74.0% 78.1% - 85.1% ESPP 38.1% - 62.7% 38.1% - 99.7% 78.8% - 99.7% PCSOs 61.6% * * PSUs 59.9% * * Expected term (in years) Stock Options 5.3 - 5.4 5.3 - 5.4 5.3 - 5.5 ESPP 0.5 - 2.0 0.5 - 2.0 0.5 - 2.0 PCSOs 5.9 * * PSUs 5.9 * * Risk-free interest rate Stock Options 3.5% - 4.5% 3.5% - 4.6% 1.6% - 4.4% ESPP 4.3% - 5.4% 4.2% - 5.4% 0.1% - 4.7% PCSOs 4.2% * * PSUs 4.1% * * ______________________________________________________________ *No PCSOs or PSUs were granted in 2023 and 2022. Our expected dividend yield is zero as we have not declared and do not anticipate declaring any dividends. We recorded total stock-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 related to the 2014 Plan, the 2020 Plan and the 2020 ESPP in the consolidated statements of operations and allocated the amounts as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 (In thousands) Research and development $ 42,819 $ 23,275 $ 9,899 General and administrative 42,003 25,485 13,751 Total $ 84,822 $ 48,760 $ 23,650 As of December 31, 2024, there was $285.4 million of unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to unvested employee and non-employee awards, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.9 years.

Funding Arrangement

Funding Arrangement	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Funding Arrangement [Abstract]
Funding Arrangement	Funding Arrangement Our vaccine development program for VAX-A1, a novel conjugate vaccine candidate designed to prevent disease caused by Group A Streptococcus, has been funded in part by a grant obtained from Combating Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria Biopharmaceutical Accelerator (“CARB-X”), a global non-profit partnership dedicated to accelerating antibacterial innovation to tackle the rising global threat of drug-resistant bacteria. The CARB-X grant provided funding of $11.7 million upon the achievement of VAX-A1 development milestones through June 2024. As of the second quarter of 2024, all of these milestones had been successfully achieved, and no further amounts will be funded under this CARB-X grant. Our vaccine development program for VAX-GI, a novel preclinical vaccine candidate being developed as a preventative treatment for dysentery and shigellosis, which is caused by Shigella bacteria, is currently funded in part by two grants obtained from the National Institutes of Health (“NIH”) administered by the University of Maryland, Baltimore. Our first grant from the NIH was awarded in April 2021 and provides for potential funding up to five years totaling approximately $0.5 million. In June 2023, we received another grant from the NIH that provides for potential funding up to five years totaling approximately $4.6 million. We have received and expect to continue to receive funding under each of these grants. We are currently working on a discovery program with the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the University of Chicago to develop a vaccine candidate for the prevention of Chlamydia, which is funded in part by a grant from the NIAID that provides potential funding up to five years totaling approximately $9.5 million . As of December 31, 2024, we have not yet received funding under this award. Income from grants is recognized in the period during which the related specified expenses are incurred, provided that the conditions under which the grants were provided have been met. We recognized $1.0 million, $4.8 million and $1.9 million of grant income and recorded the amounts in Other income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of operations during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. A grant receivable of $0.4 million representing unreimbursed, eligible costs incurred under the agreements was recorded and included in Prepaid expenses and other current assets in the consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024. There was no such grant receivable balance as of December 31, 2023.

Net Loss Per Share

Net Loss Per Share	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Net Loss Per Share	Net Loss Per Share The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share and excludes shares which are legally outstanding, but subject to repurchase by us: Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Net loss (in thousands) $ (463,927) $ (402,266) $ (223,485) Weighted-average shares outstanding used in computing net loss per share, basic and diluted 121,997,348 97,157,690 64,877,988 Net loss per share, basic and diluted $ (3.80) $ (4.14) $ (3.44) The following potentially dilutive securities were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share for the period presented because including them would have been antidilutive: Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Stock options 10,036,284 9,351,546 7,752,204 Restricted stock units 1,416,785 753,462 456,766 Employee stock purchase plan 112,260 103,628 113,240 Total 11,565,329 10,208,636 8,322,210

Income Taxes

Income Taxes	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Income Taxes	Income Taxes Our pre-tax book loss was primarily derived from our business operations within the United States. The Company has not recognized a current or deferred tax expense/(benefit) for federal, state or foreign jurisdictions in the years ending December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, due to tax losses in the various jurisdictions. A reconciliation of our effective tax rate to the statutory U.S. federal rate is as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Statutory rate 21.0 % 21.0 % 21.0 % Stock-based compensation 4.1 % 0.5 % 1.5 % Credits 2.2 % 1.4 % 0.8 % Change in valuation allowance (23.3) % (21.8) % (21.3) % Section 162(m) limitation (3.5) % (1.1) % (1.8) % Other (0.5) % — % (0.2) % Total 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 % Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of the assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. The following table presents significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023: As of December 31, 2024 2023 (in thousands) Deferred tax assets: Net operating losses $ 195,869 $ 135,298 Fixed assets — 660 Accrued and others 18,102 11,279 R&D Credits 26,709 12,870 Capitalized R&D expenditures 155,356 79,485 Accrued manufacturing expenses 6,909 10,819 Lease liability 21,228 8,739 Intangible assets 29,253 29,302 Stock compensation 14,652 8,981 Total deferred tax assets 468,078 297,433 Deferred tax liabilities: ROU asset (21,524) (9,269) Fixed Assets (456) — Total deferred tax liabilities (21,980) (9,269) Net deferred tax asset 446,098 288,165 Valuation allowance (446,098) (288,165) Net deferred taxes $ — $ — At December 31, 2024, we have net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards of approximately $430.2 million and $1,188.1 million available to reduce future taxable income, if any, for federal and state income tax purposes, respectively. The federal and state NOL carryforwards, except the federal loss carryforward arising in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017, begin to expire in 2034 unless previously utilized. Federal NOLs arising in tax years beginning after December 31, 2017 have an indefinite carryover period and do not expire. The Company’s state NOL carryforward generally have a twenty-year carryover period. At December 31, 2024, we have research credit carryforwards of $28.3 million and $8.1 million available to offset future income tax liabilities, if any, for federal and California income tax purposes, respectively. The federal research and development tax credit carryforwards expire beginning in 2039 unless previously utilized. The California tax credits can be carried forward indefinitely. Utilization of the NOL and research credit carryforward may be subject to an annual limitation due to the ownership percentage change limitations under Section 382 and Section 383, respectively, provided by the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and similar state provisions. The annual limitation may result in the expiration of the NOL before utilization. We have experienced ownership changes in the past. There were no ownership changes identified in 2024, as such we determined that no federal research credits will expire unutilized or are excluded from our research credit carryforwards. Subsequent ownership changes may affect the limitation in future years. We have evaluated the positive and negative evidence bearing upon the realizability of our deferred tax assets. Based on our history of operating losses, we have concluded that it is more likely than not that the benefit of our deferred tax assets will not be realized. Accordingly, we have provided a full valuation allowance for deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. We have uncertain tax benefits (“UTBs”) totaling $9.5 million and $4.4 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which were netted against deferred tax assets subject to valuation allowance. The UTBs had no effect on the effective tax rate. We recognize interest and penalties related to UTBs, when they occur, as a component of income tax expense. To the extent accrued interest and penalties do not ultimately become payable, amounts accrued will be reduced and reflected as a reduction of the provision for income taxes in the period such determination is made. There were no interest or penalties recognized for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. We do not expect our UTBs to change significantly over the next 12 months. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending unrecognized tax benefit amount is as follows: December 31, 2024 2023 2022 (in thousands) Balance at the beginning of the year $ 4,447 $ 1,754 $ 924 Additions based on tax positions related to current year 5,166 2,208 876 Additions/(deductions) based on tax positions related to prior years (88) 485 (46) Balance at end of year $ 9,525 $ 4,447 $ 1,754 We file U.S. federal, state and foreign tax returns in certain jurisdictions in which we operate as required. In general, we are no longer subject to tax examination by the Internal Revenue Service or state taxing authorities for years before 2019. Although the federal and state statutes are closed for purposes of assessing additional income tax in those prior years, the taxing authorities may still make adjustments to the NOL and credit carryforwards used in open years. Therefore, the tax statutes should be considered open as it relates to the NOL and credit carryforwards used in open years. Our Swiss corporate income and capital tax returns are subject to examination by the Swiss tax authorities for five years after the end of the corresponding tax period. We do not have any tax audits or other issues pending. It is our intention to reinvest the earnings of our non-U.S. subsidiary in those operations and not to repatriate the earnings to the United States. Accordingly, we do not provide for deferred taxes on differences between financial reporting and tax basis in our investments in foreign subsidiaries as they are considered permanent in duration or are not expected to reverse in the foreseeable future. As of December 31, 2024, there are no unremitted earnings of our foreign subsidiary.

Segment Reporting

Segment Reporting	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Segment Reporting [Abstract]
Segment Reporting	Segment Reporting We operate and manage our business as one reportable and operating segment. Our chief executive officer, who is the chief operating decision maker, reviews financial information on an aggregate basis for purposes of allocating resources and evaluating financial performance based on consolidated net loss, as is reported in our consolidated statements of operations. Our long-lived assets are based in the United States and Switzerland. Long-lived assets are comprised of property and equipment. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, property and equipment based in the United States was $40.8 million and $79.6 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, property and equipment based in Switzerland was $157.2 million and nil, respectively. This following table presents segment operation results for the year ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022: Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Operating expenses: Research and development - external costs (1) $ 349,510 $ 261,984 $ 132,418 Research and development - internal costs (2) 127,134 70,357 37,033 Acquired manufacturing rights (Note 7) — 75,000 22,995 General and administrative 92,902 60,700 39,810 Total operating expenses $ 569,546 $ 468,041 $ 232,256 Total other income, net $ 105,619 $ 65,775 $ 8,771 Net loss $ 463,927 $ 402,266 $ 223,485 ____________________________________________________________ (1) Research and development - external costs consist primarily of product and clinical development expenses, research and development consumables, lab supplies and equipment, facility, depreciation, professional and consulting services attributed to the research and development departments. (2) Research and development - internal costs consist of internal employee costs including stock-based compensation expenses.

Pay vs Performance Disclosure

Pay vs Performance Disclosure - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Pay vs Performance Disclosure
Net Loss	$ (463,927)	$ (402,266)	$ (223,485)

Insider Trading Arrangements

Insider Trading Arrangements	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024 shares	Dec. 31, 2024 shares
Trading Arrangements, by Individual
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	false
Non-Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	false
Peter Hirth [Member]
Trading Arrangements, by Individual
Material Terms of Trading Arrangement		Peter Hirth, a member of our Board, adopted a 10b5-1 Plan on December 6, 2024, with an effective date of March 7, 2025. Dr. Hirth’s 10b5-1 Plan provides for the potential exercise and sale of up to 13,200 shares of our common stock, and expires on March 31, 2026, or upon the earlier completion of all authorized transactions thereunder.
Name	Peter Hirth
Title	member of our Board
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Adopted	true
Adoption Date	December 6, 2024
Expiration Date	March 31, 2026
Arrangement Duration	480 days
Aggregate Available	13,200	13,200
Grant Pickering [Member]
Trading Arrangements, by Individual
Material Terms of Trading Arrangement		Grant Pickering, our Chief Executive Officer and a member of our Board, terminated his 10b5-1 Plan on December 31, 2024. Mr. Pickering’s 10b5-1 Plan was originally adopted on April 12, 2024 for the potential sale of (i) up to 45,000 shares of our common stock held by Mr. Pickering and the potential exercise and sale of up to 195,000 shares of our common stock held by Mr. Pickering, and (ii) up to 35,490 shares of our common stock held by trusts in which the beneficiaries are children of Mr. Pickering, until October 1, 2025, or upon the earlier completion of all authorized transactions thereunder.
Name	Grant Pickering
Title	Chief Executive Officer
Rule 10b5-1 Arrangement Terminated	true
Termination Date	December 31, 2024
Potential Sale of Common Stock Held by Mr. Pickering [Member] | Grant Pickering [Member]
Trading Arrangements, by Individual
Aggregate Available	45,000	45,000
Potential Exercise and Sale of Common Stock Held by Mr. Pickering [Member] | Grant Pickering [Member]
Trading Arrangements, by Individual
Aggregate Available	195,000	195,000
Common Stock Held by Trusts [Member] | Grant Pickering [Member]
Trading Arrangements, by Individual
Aggregate Available	35,490	35,490

Insider Trading Policies and Pr

Insider Trading Policies and Procedures	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Insider Trading Policies and Procedures [Line Items]
Insider Trading Policies and Procedures Adopted	true

Cybersecurity Risk Management a

Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy Disclosure	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Cybersecurity Risk Management, Strategy, and Governance [Line Items]
Cybersecurity Risk Management Processes for Assessing, Identifying, and Managing Threats [Text Block]	Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy We have implemented and maintain various information security processes designed to identify, assess and manage material risks from cybersecurity threats to our critical computer networks, third party hosted services, communications systems, hardware and software, and our critical data, including intellectual property, confidential information that is proprietary, strategic or competitive in nature, and data related to our clinical trials (“Information Systems and Data”). Our information security function, overseen by our Senior Vice President of IT and Facilities (“SVP of IT and Facilities”) and supported by members of our IT, Legal and Finance departments, and our third-party IT service providers, helps identify, assess and manage our cybersecurity threats and risks. This group identifies and assesses risks from cybersecurity threats by monitoring and evaluating our threat environment using various methods, including, for example: using manual and automated monitoring tools; subscribing to reports and services that identify cybersecurity threats; conducting scans of our threat environment; evaluating threats reported to us; conducting internal and external audits for certain data and systems; conducting threat assessments for internal and external threats; conducting vulnerability assessments to identify vulnerabilities; penetration testing; and having third parties conduct threat assessments. Depending on the environment, we implement and maintain various technical, physical, and organizational measures, processes, standards and policies designed to manage and mitigate material risks from cybersecurity threats to our Information Systems and Data, including, for example: maintaining an incident response process; conducting risk assessments; encrypting certain of our data; segregating certain of our data; implementing network security controls; maintaining access and physical security controls; asset management processes for managing, tracking, and disposing of assets; monitoring our corporate systems; and providing security awareness training to employees. Our assessment and management of material risks from cybersecurity threats are integrated into our overall risk management processes. For example, our senior management evaluates material risks from cybersecurity threats against our overall business objectives and reports to the audit committee of the board of directors, which evaluates our cybersecurity risks. We use third-party service providers to assist us from time to time to identify, assess, and manage material risks from cybersecurity threats, including, for example, cybersecurity consultants, cybersecurity software and hardware providers, outside legal counsel, penetration testing firms, dark web monitoring services, and forensic investigators. We use third-party service providers to perform a variety of functions throughout our business, such as application providers, hosting companies, contract research organizations, and contract manufacturing organizations. We use certain vendor management processes to help manage cybersecurity risks associated with our use of certain of these providers. Depending on the nature of the services provided, the sensitivity of the Information Systems and Data at issue, and the identity of the provider, our vendor management process may involve different levels of assessment designed to help identify cybersecurity risks associated with a provider and impose contractual obligations related to cybersecurity on the provider, including, for example, requiring our vendors to complete security questionnaires and conducting vulnerability scans related to our vendors’ services. To date, cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any previous cybersecurity incidents, have not materially affected and we believe are not reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition. For a description of the risks from cybersecurity threats that may materially affect us and how they may do so, see our risk factors under Part 1. Item 1A. Risk Factors in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including “If our information technology systems or those of the third parties upon which we rely, are or were compromised, we could experience adverse consequences resulting from such compromise, including, but not limited to, significant fines or other liability; regulatory investigations or actions; disruptions of our development programs or business operations; harms to our reputation, and other adverse consequences.”
Cybersecurity Risk Management Processes Integrated [Flag]	true
Cybersecurity Risk Management Processes Integrated [Text Block]	We have implemented and maintain various information security processes designed to identify, assess and manage material risks from cybersecurity threats to our critical computer networks, third party hosted services, communications systems, hardware and software, and our critical data, including intellectual property, confidential information that is proprietary, strategic or competitive in nature, and data related to our clinical trials (“Information Systems and Data”). Our information security function, overseen by our Senior Vice President of IT and Facilities (“SVP of IT and Facilities”) and supported by members of our IT, Legal and Finance departments, and our third-party IT service providers, helps identify, assess and manage our cybersecurity threats and risks. This group identifies and assesses risks from cybersecurity threats by monitoring and evaluating our threat environment using various methods, including, for example: using manual and automated monitoring tools; subscribing to reports and services that identify cybersecurity threats; conducting scans of our threat environment; evaluating threats reported to us; conducting internal and external audits for certain data and systems; conducting threat assessments for internal and external threats; conducting vulnerability assessments to identify vulnerabilities; penetration testing; and having third parties conduct threat assessments. Depending on the environment, we implement and maintain various technical, physical, and organizational measures, processes, standards and policies designed to manage and mitigate material risks from cybersecurity threats to our Information Systems and Data, including, for example: maintaining an incident response process; conducting risk assessments; encrypting certain of our data; segregating certain of our data; implementing network security controls; maintaining access and physical security controls; asset management processes for managing, tracking, and disposing of assets; monitoring our corporate systems; and providing security awareness training to employees.
Cybersecurity Risk Management Third Party Engaged [Flag]	true
Cybersecurity Risk Third Party Oversight and Identification Processes [Flag]	true
Cybersecurity Risk Materially Affected or Reasonably Likely to Materially Affect Registrant [Flag]	false
Cybersecurity Risk Board of Directors Oversight [Text Block]	Our board of directors addresses our cybersecurity risk management as part of its general oversight function. The board of directors’ audit committee is responsible for overseeing our cybersecurity risk management processes, including oversight and mitigation of risks from cybersecurity threats.
Cybersecurity Risk Board Committee or Subcommittee Responsible for Oversight [Text Block]	Our board of directors addresses our cybersecurity risk management as part of its general oversight function. The board of directors’ audit committee is responsible for overseeing our cybersecurity risk management processes, including oversight and mitigation of risks from cybersecurity threats.
Cybersecurity Risk Process for Informing Board Committee or Subcommittee Responsible for Oversight [Text Block]	Our cybersecurity risk assessment and management processes are implemented and maintained by certain individuals in our management, including our SVP of IT and Facilities, who has over 30 years of IT experience, including 10 years of information security experience, in various IT leadership roles in life sciences companies. Our SVP of IT and Facilities is responsible for hiring appropriate personnel, helping to integrate cybersecurity risk considerations into our overall risk management strategy, and communicating key priorities to relevant personnel.
Cybersecurity Risk Role of Management [Text Block]	Our board of directors addresses our cybersecurity risk management as part of its general oversight function. The board of directors’ audit committee is responsible for overseeing our cybersecurity risk management processes, including oversight and mitigation of risks from cybersecurity threats. Our cybersecurity risk assessment and management processes are implemented and maintained by certain individuals in our management, including our SVP of IT and Facilities, who has over 30 years of IT experience, including 10 years of information security experience, in various IT leadership roles in life sciences companies. Our SVP of IT and Facilities is responsible for hiring appropriate personnel, helping to integrate cybersecurity risk considerations into our overall risk management strategy, and communicating key priorities to relevant personnel. Our SVP of IT and Facilities is responsible for preparing budgets, helping prepare for cybersecurity incidents, approving cybersecurity processes, and reviewing security assessments and other security-related reports. Our cybersecurity incident response processes are designed to escalate certain cybersecurity incidents and vulnerabilities to members of management depending on the circumstances, including our President and CFO. Our President and CFO works with our incident response team to help us mitigate and remediate cybersecurity incidents of which they are notified. In addition, our incident response processes include reporting to the audit committee of the board of directors for certain cybersecurity incidents. The audit committee receives quarterly or as needed reports from our SVP of IT and Facilities concerning our significant cybersecurity threats and risk and the processes we have implemented to address them. The audit committee also has access to various reports, summaries or presentations related to cybersecurity threats, risk and mitigation.
Cybersecurity Risk Management Positions or Committees Responsible [Flag]	true
Cybersecurity Risk Management Positions or Committees Responsible [Text Block]	Our cybersecurity risk assessment and management processes are implemented and maintained by certain individuals in our management, including our SVP of IT and Facilities, who has over 30 years of IT experience, including 10 years of information security experience, in various IT leadership roles in life sciences companies.
Cybersecurity Risk Management Expertise of Management Responsible [Text Block]	Our cybersecurity risk assessment and management processes are implemented and maintained by certain individuals in our management, including our SVP of IT and Facilities, who has over 30 years of IT experience, including 10 years of information security experience, in various IT leadership roles in life sciences companies.
Cybersecurity Risk Process for Informing Management or Committees Responsible [Text Block]	Our cybersecurity incident response processes are designed to escalate certain cybersecurity incidents and vulnerabilities to members of management depending on the circumstances, including our President and CFO. Our President and CFO works with our incident response team to help us mitigate and remediate cybersecurity incidents of which they are notified. In addition, our incident response processes include reporting to the audit committee of the board of directors for certain cybersecurity incidents. The audit committee receives quarterly or as needed reports from our SVP of IT and Facilities concerning our significant cybersecurity threats and risk and the processes we have implemented to address them. The audit committee also has access to various reports, summaries or presentations related to cybersecurity threats, risk and mitigation.
Cybersecurity Risk Management Positions or Committees Responsible Report to Board [Flag]	true

Basis of Presentation and Sum_2

Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation	Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) regarding annual reporting. The consolidated financial statements include the Company and its wholly owned subsidiary. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated upon consolidation.
Reclassification of Prior Period Presentation	Certain prior period amounts in the consolidated financial statements have been reclassified to conform to current period presentation.
Use of Estimates	Use of Estimates
Concentration of Credit Risk and Other Risks and Uncertainties	Concentration of Credit Risk and Other Risks and Uncertainties Financial instruments that potentially subject us to a concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents and investments. We invest in money market funds, U.S. Treasury securities, U.S. government agency securities, corporate debt, commercial paper and asset-backed securities. We maintain bank deposits in federally insured financial institutions and these deposits may exceed federally insured limits. We are exposed to credit risk in the event of a default by the financial institutions holding our cash and issuers of investments to the extent recorded on the consolidated balance sheets. Our investment policy limits investments to money market funds, certain types of debt securities issued by the U.S. Government and its agencies, corporate debt, commercial paper and asset-backed securities, and places restrictions on the credit ratings, maturities and concentration by type and issuer. We have not experienced any significant losses on our deposits of cash, cash equivalents or investments. We are subject to supplier concentration risk from certain vendors. Although we are working to establish secondary sources of supply, we currently source several of our critical raw materials from single-source suppliers. We also use one contract manufacturing organization (“CMO”), Lonza Ltd. (“Lonza”), to handle most of our manufacturing activities for our VAX-31 and VAX-24 programs. If we were to experience disruptions in raw materials supplied by our suppliers, or in manufacturing activities at Lonza, we may experience significant delays in our product development timelines and may incur substantial costs to secure alternative sources of raw materials or manufacturing. The “Risk Factors” section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K describes more details on these risks and other risks and uncertainties that could affect our business and our future.
Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash	Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
Investments	Investments Our investments have been classified and accounted for as available-for-sale securities. Fixed income securities consist of U.S. Treasury securities, U.S. government agency securities, corporate debt, commercial paper and asset-backed securities. These securities are recorded on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses on these securities are included as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive gain (loss). The cost of investment securities is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts to maturity. Such amortization and accretion are included in other income (expense), net. Realized gains and losses are also included in other income (expense), net. When the fair value of a debt security declines below its amortized cost basis, any portion of that decline attributable to credit losses, to the extent expected to be nonrecoverable before the sale of the security, is recognized in our consolidated statements of operations. When the fair value of a debt security declines below its amortized cost basis due to changes in interest rates, such amounts are recorded in other comprehensive loss, and are recognized in our consolidated statements of operations only if we sell or intend to sell the security before recovery of its cost basis.
Fair Value Measurements	Fair Value Measurements Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. The carrying amounts of our financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, prepaid and other current assets, accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities, approximate fair value due to their short-term maturities. Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis in the consolidated balance sheets, as well as assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis or disclosed at fair value, are categorized based upon the level of judgment associated with inputs used to measure their fair values. The accounting guidance for fair value provides a framework for measuring fair value and requires certain disclosures about how fair value is determined. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received upon the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the reporting date. The accounting guidance also establishes a three-level valuation hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value based upon whether such inputs are observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect market assumptions made by the reporting entity. The three-level hierarchy for the inputs to valuation techniques is briefly summarized as follows: Level 1— Inputs are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date; Level 2— Inputs are observable, unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for similar assets or liabilities, unadjusted quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the related assets or liabilities; and Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are significant to the measurement of the fair value of the assets or liabilities that are supported by little or no market data. Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires management to make judgments and consider factors specific to the asset or liability. Changes in the ability to observe valuation inputs may result in a reclassification of levels of certain securities within the fair value hierarchy. We recognize transfers into and out of levels within the fair value hierarchy in the period in which the actual event or change in circumstances that caused the transfer occurs.
Property and Equipment, Net	Property and Equipment, Net three
Leases	Leases We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. In addition, we determine whether a lease meets the classification criteria of a finance or operating lease at the lease commencement date considering whether: (i) the lease transfers ownership of the underlying asset to the lessee at the end of the lease term; (ii) the lease grants the lessee an option to purchase the underlying asset that the lessee is reasonably certain to exercise; (iii) the lease term is for a major part of the remaining economic life of the underlying asset; (iv) the present value of the sum of the lease payments and residual value guaranteed by the lessee equals or exceeds substantially all of the fair value of the underlying asset; and (v) the underlying asset is such a specialized nature that it is expected to have no alternative use to the lessor at the end of the lease term. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, our lease population consisted of real estate operating leases and we did not have any finance leases. Operating leases are included in Operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets, Operating lease liabilities — current and Operating lease liabilities — long term in our consolidated balance sheets. ROU assets represent our right to use the underlying assets for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the leases. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. In determining the present value of lease payments, if the rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the lease commencement date. We determine the incremental borrowing rate based on an analysis of corporate bond yields with a credit rating similar to ours. The determination of our incremental borrowing rate requires management judgment, including development of a synthetic credit rating and cost of debt, as we currently do not carry any debt. We believe that the estimates used in determining the incremental borrowing rate are reasonable based upon current facts and circumstances. Applying different judgment to the same facts and circumstances could yield a different incremental borrowing rate. The operating lease ROU assets also include adjustments for prepayments and accrued lease payments and exclude lease incentives. ROU assets and lease liabilities may include options to extend or terminate leases if it is reasonably certain that we will exercise such options. Lease payments which are fixed and determinable are amortized as rent expense on a straight-line basis over the expected lease term. Variable lease costs, which are dependent on usage, a rate or index, including common area maintenance charges, are expensed as incurred. Lease agreements that include lease and non-lease components are accounted for as a single lease component. Lease agreements with non-cancelable terms of less than 12 months are not recorded on our consolidated balance sheets.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets	Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
Research and Development	Research and Development
Acquired Manufacturing Rights	Acquired Manufacturing Rights
Accrued Research and Development	Accrued Research and Development We have entered into various agreements with CROs and CMOs. Our research and development accruals, which include accrued manufacturing expenses, are estimated based on the level of services performed, progress of the studies, including the phase or completion of events, and contracted costs. The estimated costs of research and development services provided, but not yet invoiced, are included in accrued expenses on the consolidated balance sheets. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from the original estimates, we adjust the accrual accordingly. Payments made to CROs or CMOs under these arrangements in advance of the performance of the related services are recorded as prepaid expenses and other current assets until the services are rendered. To date, there have been no material differences between our estimates of such expenses and the amounts actually incurred.
Income Taxes	Income Taxes We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the consolidated financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the consolidated financial statements and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. In evaluating the ability to recover our deferred income tax assets, we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including our operating results, ongoing tax planning and forecasts of future taxable income on a jurisdiction-by-jurisdiction basis. In the event we determine that we would be able to realize our deferred income tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, we would make an adjustment to the valuation allowance that would reduce the provision for income taxes. Conversely, in the event that all or part of the net deferred tax assets are determined not to be realizable in the future, an adjustment to the valuation allowance would be charged to earnings in the period when such determination is made. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we have recorded a full valuation allowance on our deferred tax assets.
Stock-Based Compensation Expense	Stock-Based Compensation Expense For equity awards granted to employees, non-employees and directors, stock-based compensation is measured at grant date based on the fair value of the award. We determine the grant-date fair value of stock options with only service conditions using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The fair value of restricted stock and restricted stock unit (“RSU”) awards with only service conditions are determined based on the number of units granted and the closing price of the Company’s common stock as of the grant-date. The grant-date fair value of awards with only service conditions is recognized as share-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the employees’ requisite service period or the non-employees’ vesting period as the services are rendered.
Comprehensive Loss	Comprehensive Loss
Foreign Currency Transactions	Foreign Currency Transactions Transactions denominated in foreign currencies are initially measured in U.S. dollars using the exchange rate on the date of the transaction. Foreign currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities are subsequently re-measured at the end of each reporting period using the exchange rate at that date, with the corresponding foreign currency transaction gain or loss recorded in the consolidated statements of operations and consolidated statements of cash flows. For our international operations, the local currency has been determined to be the functional currency. We translate functional currency assets and liabilities to their U.S. dollar equivalents at exchange rates in effect as of the balance sheet date and income and expense amounts at average exchange rates for the period. Gains and losses from foreign currency translation are included in accumulated other comprehensive loss within stockholders’ equity in the consolidated balance sheets.
Net Loss Per Share	Net Loss Per Share Basic net loss per common share is calculated by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of common stock outstanding, including pre-funded warrants, during the period, without consideration of potentially dilutive securities. Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common stock and potentially dilutive securities outstanding for the period. For purposes of the diluted net loss per share calculation, common stock subject to repurchase, and stock options are considered to be potentially dilutive securities. Shares of common stock into which the pre-funded warrants may be exercised are considered outstanding for the purposes of computing net loss per share because the shares may be issued for little consideration, are fully vested and are exercisable after the original issuance date.
Recently Adopted Accounting Standards / Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted	Recently Adopted Accounting Standards In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Updates ("ASU") No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (“ASU 2023-07”). The ASU requires entities to report incremental information about significant segment expenses included in a segment’s profit or loss measure as well as the name and title of the chief operating decision maker. The guidance also requires interim disclosures related to reportable segment profit or loss and assets that had previously only been disclosed annually. We adopted this ASU during the year ended December 31, 2024 on a retrospective basis. See Note 13, "Segment Reporting " for further details. Recently Issued Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the FASB or other standard setting bodies and adopted by us as of the specified effective date. We believe that the impact of recently issued standards that are not yet effective will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and disclosures. In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40), (“ASU 2024-04”). The amendments in ASU 2024-04 intends to improve the disclosures about a public business entity’s expenses and address requests from investors for more detailed information about the types of expenses (including purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, amortization, and depletion). This new guidance is effective for us for the annual period beginning after December 15, 2026. We are currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU 2023-09”). The final guidance adds clarifications related to the presentation of rate reconciliation for public business entities and definitions of specific categories in rate reconciliation. These amendments are effective for public business entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. We are currently evaluating the impact of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

Fair Value Measurements and F_2

Fair Value Measurements and Fair Value of Financial Instruments (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]
Schedule of Financial Instruments Measured at Fair Value on Recurring Basis	The following tables set forth our financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy at December 31, 2024 and 2023: December 31, 2024 Fair Value Amortized Gross Gross Fair Assets (in thousands) Cash and cash equivalents: Cash Level 1 $ 60,531 $ — $ — $ 60,531 Money market funds Level 1 73,566 — — 73,566 U.S. Treasury securities Level 1 8,983 2 — 8,985 Commercial paper Level 2 244,833 1 (38) 244,796 Total cash and cash equivalents 387,913 3 (38) 387,878 Investments: U.S. Treasury securities Level 1 1,463,329 1,533 (5,305) 1,459,557 Commercial paper Level 2 182,308 48 (18) 182,338 Corporate debt Level 2 691,972 888 (1,331) 691,529 Asset backed securities Level 2 195,801 309 (72) 196,038 U.S. government agency securities Level 2 217,617 243 (482) 217,378 Total investments 2,751,027 3,021 (7,208) 2,746,840 Total assets measured at fair value $ 3,138,940 $ 3,024 $ (7,246) $ 3,134,718 December 31, 2023 Fair Value Amortized Gross Gross Fair Assets (in thousands) Cash and cash equivalents: Cash Level 1 $ 50,003 $ — $ — $ 50,003 Money market funds Level 1 47,357 — — 47,357 Commercial paper Level 2 300,256 — (165) 300,091 Total cash and cash equivalents 397,616 — (165) 397,451 Investments: U.S. Treasury securities Level 1 481,704 422 (44) 482,082 Commercial paper Level 2 102,435 7 (35) 102,407 Corporate debt Level 2 133,523 168 (42) 133,649 Asset backed securities Level 2 23,963 18 — 23,981 U.S. government agency securities Level 2 103,484 — (152) 103,332 Total investments 845,109 615 (273) 845,451 Total assets measured at fair value $ 1,242,725 $ 615 $ (438) $ 1,242,902
Schedule of Contractual Maturities of Investments	The following table presents the contractual maturities of our investments as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands): December 31, 2024 Fair Value Due in less than one year $ 1,359,330 Due in one to five years 1,387,510 Total $ 2,746,840

Balance Sheet Details (Tables)

Balance Sheet Details (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Schedule of Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets	Prepaid expenses and other current assets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 consisted of the following: December 31, 2024 2023 (in thousands) Interest receivable $ 20,262 $ 3,598 Prepaid expenses 15,732 6,159 Deposits for equipment purchases 327 3,856 Other current assets 4,456 2,114 Total $ 40,777 $ 15,727
Schedule of Property and Equipment, Net	Property and equipment, net as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 consisted of the following: December 31, 2024 2023 (in thousands) Manufacturing facility build-out and equipment construction-in-progress $ 151,785 $ 51,815 Lab and manufacturing equipment 55,541 33,244 Furniture and equipment 1,608 1,608 Computers, computer software and office equipment 1,001 771 Leasehold improvements 4,384 1,460 Total property and equipment 214,319 88,898 Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization (16,274) (9,272) Property and equipment, net $ 198,045 $ 79,626
Summary of Other Assets	Other assets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 consisted of the following: December 31, 2024 2023 (in thousands) Manufacturing facility construction buildout $ 62,477 $ 34,688 Other long-term assets 1,882 2,874 Total $ 64,359 $ 37,562
Schedule of Accrued Expenses	Accrued expenses as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 consisted of the following: December 31, 2024 2023 (in thousands) Clinical studies $ 2,348 $ 2,156 Other research and development 24,698 30,759 Acquired manufacturing rights (Note 7) — 25,000 Other accrued expenses 2,077 1,900 Total $ 29,123 $ 59,815

Leases (Tables)

Leases (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Leases [Abstract]
Schedule of Information Related to ROU Assets and Lease Liabilities	Information related to our ROU assets and related lease liabilities was as follows (dollar amounts in thousands): December 31, 2024 2023 Cash paid for operating lease liabilities $ 11,511 $ 7,390 Operating lease right-of-use assets $ 72,102 $ 30,997 Operating lease liabilities - current $ 5,891 $ 7,113 Operating lease liabilities - long-term 65,219 22,111 Total lease liabilities $ 71,110 $ 29,224 Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years) 9.60 5.71 Weighted-average discount rate 7.2 % 8.4 %
Schedule of Maturities of Lease Liabilities	Maturities of lease liabilities as of December 31, 2024 were as follows: Years ending December 31, (in thousands) 2025 $ 10,859 2026 9,635 2027 8,610 2028 9,394 2029 9,676 Thereafter 51,970 Total future undiscounted lease payments 100,144 Less: Imputed interest (29,034) Present value of lease liabilities $ 71,110

Commitments and Contingencies (

Commitments and Contingencies (Table)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Schedule of Purchase Commitment	Years ending December 31, (in thousands) 2025 $ 291,634 2026 79,388 2027 558 2028 415 Total non-cancelable purchase commitments due to key manufacturing partners $ 371,995

Stockholders' Equity (Tables)

Stockholders' Equity (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Equity [Abstract]
Schedule of Sale of Stock by Subsidiary or Equity Method Investee Disclosure	The following table summarizes the share activity under the Original and Amended ATM Sales Agreements: Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Number of shares sold under the ATM program 2,622,560 2,095,943 3,921,528 Weighted average sales price per share $ 76.39 $ 44.38 $ 25.60 Aggregate gross proceeds, in thousands (1) $ 200,333 $ 92,976 $ 100,402 ______________________________________________________________ (1) Includes $4.4 million, $2.2 million and $3.1 million of commissions and offering expenses during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Equity Incentive Plans (Tables)

Equity Incentive Plans (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]
Schedule of Activity Under Stock Option Plans	Stock option activity under our 2020 Plan and 2014 Plan, which excludes options to purchase 29,638 shares granted outside of the 2020 Plan and 2014 Plan, for the year ended December 31, 2024 was as follows: Options Outstanding PCSOs Outstanding (in thousands, except share and per share data) Number of Options Weighted- Average Exercise Price Per Share Weighted- Aggregate Intrinsic Value Number of Options Weighted- Average Exercise Price Per Share Weighted- Aggregate Intrinsic Value Balances — December 31, 2023 9,314,836 $ 25.35 7.75 $ 348,868 — $ — $ — PCSOs Granted 639,710 $ 102.70 9.85 $ — Options granted 2,210,148 $ 78.40 Options exercised (1,813,828) $ 13.97 Options forfeited (344,220) $ 43.47 Balances — December 31, 2024 9,366,936 $ 39.40 7.48 $ 406,730 639,710 $ 102.70 9.85 $ — Vested and expected to vest — December 31, 2024 9,366,936 $ 39.40 7.48 $ 406,730 639,710 $ 102.70 9.85 $ — Exercisable at December 31, 2024 5,010,869 $ 25.99 6.60 $ 280,031 — $ — $ — _____________________________________________________
Schedule of RSU and PSU Activities	RSU and PSU activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 were as follows: Unvested RSUs Unvested PSUs (in thousands, except share and per share data) Number of Shares Weighted- Average Grant-Date Fair Value Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term Aggregate Intrinsic Value Number of Shares Weighted- Average Grant-Date Fair Value Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term Aggregate Intrinsic Value (in thousands, except share and per share data) Unvested at December 31, 2023 753,462 $ 38.93 1.45 $ 47,317 — $ — Granted 958,127 $ 81.10 175,513 $ 151.48 Vested and released (383,267) $ 47.89 — — Cancelled (87,050) $ 58.74 — — Unvested at December 31, 2024 1,241,272 $ 67.32 1.46 $ 101,611 175,513 $ 151.48 3.85 $ 14,367
Share-Based Payment Arrangement, Activity	Shares available for grant under our 2020 Plan for the year ended December 31, 2024 were as follows: Number of Shares Balances — December 31, 2023 6,065,150 Shares authorized 4,768,241 Shares expired (1,176,960) Options, PCSOs, RSUs and PSUs granted (3,983,498) Shares forfeited ¹ 452,651 Shares withheld for taxes 150,350 Balances — December 31, 2024 6,275,934 ______________________________________________________________ ¹ As of December 31, 2024, a total of 21,381 shares were forfeited under the 2020 Plan due to net exercises of stock options.
Schedule of Estimated Fair Value of Shares Under Stock-based Compensation Expense	The following assumptions were used in the Black-Scholes options pricing model for stock options and ESPP; and the Monte Carlo simulation model for PCSOs and PSUs to estimate our stock-based compensation expense, respectively. Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Expected volatility Stock Options 69.2% - 71.1% 71.3% - 74.0% 78.1% - 85.1% ESPP 38.1% - 62.7% 38.1% - 99.7% 78.8% - 99.7% PCSOs 61.6% * * PSUs 59.9% * * Expected term (in years) Stock Options 5.3 - 5.4 5.3 - 5.4 5.3 - 5.5 ESPP 0.5 - 2.0 0.5 - 2.0 0.5 - 2.0 PCSOs 5.9 * * PSUs 5.9 * * Risk-free interest rate Stock Options 3.5% - 4.5% 3.5% - 4.6% 1.6% - 4.4% ESPP 4.3% - 5.4% 4.2% - 5.4% 0.1% - 4.7% PCSOs 4.2% * * PSUs 4.1% * * ______________________________________________________________ *No PCSOs or PSUs were granted in 2023 and 2022.
Schedule of Stock-based Compensation Expense	We recorded total stock-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 related to the 2014 Plan, the 2020 Plan and the 2020 ESPP in the consolidated statements of operations and allocated the amounts as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 (In thousands) Research and development $ 42,819 $ 23,275 $ 9,899 General and administrative 42,003 25,485 13,751 Total $ 84,822 $ 48,760 $ 23,650

Net Loss Per Share (Tables)

Net Loss Per Share (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Schedule of Computation of Basic and Diluted Net Loss Per Share	The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share and excludes shares which are legally outstanding, but subject to repurchase by us: Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Net loss (in thousands) $ (463,927) $ (402,266) $ (223,485) Weighted-average shares outstanding used in computing net loss per share, basic and diluted 121,997,348 97,157,690 64,877,988 Net loss per share, basic and diluted $ (3.80) $ (4.14) $ (3.44)
Schedule of Potentially Dilutive Securities Excluded From Computation of Diluted Net Loss Per Share	The following potentially dilutive securities were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share for the period presented because including them would have been antidilutive: Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Stock options 10,036,284 9,351,546 7,752,204 Restricted stock units 1,416,785 753,462 456,766 Employee stock purchase plan 112,260 103,628 113,240 Total 11,565,329 10,208,636 8,322,210

Income Taxes (Tables)

Income Taxes (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Schedule of Reconciliation of Effective Tax Rate	A reconciliation of our effective tax rate to the statutory U.S. federal rate is as follows: Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Statutory rate 21.0 % 21.0 % 21.0 % Stock-based compensation 4.1 % 0.5 % 1.5 % Credits 2.2 % 1.4 % 0.8 % Change in valuation allowance (23.3) % (21.8) % (21.3) % Section 162(m) limitation (3.5) % (1.1) % (1.8) % Other (0.5) % — % (0.2) % Total 0.0 % 0.0 % 0.0 %
Schedule of Components of Deferred Tax Assets	The following table presents significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2023: As of December 31, 2024 2023 (in thousands) Deferred tax assets: Net operating losses $ 195,869 $ 135,298 Fixed assets — 660 Accrued and others 18,102 11,279 R&D Credits 26,709 12,870 Capitalized R&D expenditures 155,356 79,485 Accrued manufacturing expenses 6,909 10,819 Lease liability 21,228 8,739 Intangible assets 29,253 29,302 Stock compensation 14,652 8,981 Total deferred tax assets 468,078 297,433 Deferred tax liabilities: ROU asset (21,524) (9,269) Fixed Assets (456) — Total deferred tax liabilities (21,980) (9,269) Net deferred tax asset 446,098 288,165 Valuation allowance (446,098) (288,165) Net deferred taxes $ — $ —
Schedule of Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefit	A reconciliation of the beginning and ending unrecognized tax benefit amount is as follows: December 31, 2024 2023 2022 (in thousands) Balance at the beginning of the year $ 4,447 $ 1,754 $ 924 Additions based on tax positions related to current year 5,166 2,208 876 Additions/(deductions) based on tax positions related to prior years (88) 485 (46) Balance at end of year $ 9,525 $ 4,447 $ 1,754

Segment Reporting (Tables)

Segment Reporting (Tables)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024
Segment Reporting [Abstract]
Schedule of Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses	This following table presents segment operation results for the year ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022: Year Ended December 31, 2024 2023 2022 Operating expenses: Research and development - external costs (1) $ 349,510 $ 261,984 $ 132,418 Research and development - internal costs (2) 127,134 70,357 37,033 Acquired manufacturing rights (Note 7) — 75,000 22,995 General and administrative 92,902 60,700 39,810 Total operating expenses $ 569,546 $ 468,041 $ 232,256 Total other income, net $ 105,619 $ 65,775 $ 8,771 Net loss $ 463,927 $ 402,266 $ 223,485 ____________________________________________________________ (1) Research and development - external costs consist primarily of product and clinical development expenses, research and development consumables, lab supplies and equipment, facility, depreciation, professional and consulting services attributed to the research and development departments. (2) Research and development - internal costs consist of internal employee costs including stock-based compensation expenses.

Basis of Presentation and Sum_3

Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Details) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($) Lease	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) Lease	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
New Accounting Pronouncements Or Change In Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Number of finance lease | Lease	0	0
Asset impairment charges	$ 0	$ 0	$ 0.2
Research And Development and Acquired Manufacturing Rights Expense	$ 476.6	$ 407.3	$ 192.4
Minimum
New Accounting Pronouncements Or Change In Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Estimated useful lives of assets	3 years
Maximum
New Accounting Pronouncements Or Change In Accounting Principle [Line Items]
Estimated useful lives of assets	5 years

Fair Value Measurements and F_3

Fair Value Measurements and Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Schedule of Financial Instruments Measured at Fair Value on Recurring Basis (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Investments:
Fair Value	$ 2,746,840
Fair Value, Recurring
Assets
Amortized Cost	387,913	$ 397,616
Gross Unrealized Gains	3	0
Gross Unrealized Losses	(38)	(165)
Fair Value	387,878	397,451
Investments:
Amortized Cost	2,751,027	845,109
Gross Unrealized Gains	3,021	615
Gross Unrealized Losses	(7,208)	(273)
Fair Value	2,746,840	845,451
Total assets measured at fair value, amortized cost	3,138,940	1,242,725
Total assets measured at fair value, gross unrealized gains	3,024	615
Total assets measured at fair value, gross unrealized losses	(7,246)	(438)
Total assets measured at fair value, fair value	3,134,718	1,242,902
Fair Value, Recurring | Cash | Level 1
Assets
Amortized Cost	60,531	50,003
Gross Unrealized Gains	0	0
Gross Unrealized Losses	0	0
Fair Value	60,531	50,003
Fair Value, Recurring | Money market funds | Level 1
Assets
Amortized Cost	73,566	47,357
Gross Unrealized Gains	0	0
Gross Unrealized Losses	0	0
Fair Value	73,566	47,357
Fair Value, Recurring | U.S. Treasury securities | Level 1
Assets
Amortized Cost	8,983
Gross Unrealized Gains	2
Gross Unrealized Losses	0
Fair Value	8,985
Investments:
Amortized Cost	1,463,329	481,704
Gross Unrealized Gains	1,533	422
Gross Unrealized Losses	(5,305)	(44)
Fair Value	1,459,557	482,082
Fair Value, Recurring | Commercial paper | Level 2
Assets
Amortized Cost	244,833	300,256
Gross Unrealized Gains	1	0
Gross Unrealized Losses	(38)	(165)
Fair Value	244,796	300,091
Fair Value, Recurring | Commercial paper | Level 2
Investments:
Amortized Cost	182,308	102,435
Gross Unrealized Gains	48	7
Gross Unrealized Losses	(18)	(35)
Fair Value	182,338	102,407
Fair Value, Recurring | Corporate debt | Level 2
Investments:
Amortized Cost	691,972	133,523
Gross Unrealized Gains	888	168
Gross Unrealized Losses	(1,331)	(42)
Fair Value	691,529	133,649
Fair Value, Recurring | Asset backed securities | Level 2
Investments:
Amortized Cost	195,801	23,963
Gross Unrealized Gains	309	18
Gross Unrealized Losses	(72)	0
Fair Value	196,038	23,981
Fair Value, Recurring | U.S. government agency securities | Level 2
Investments:
Amortized Cost	217,617	103,484
Gross Unrealized Gains	243	0
Gross Unrealized Losses	(482)	(152)
Fair Value	$ 217,378	$ 103,332

Fair Value Measurements and F_4

Fair Value Measurements and Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Additional Information (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($) Security	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($) Security
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Fair value assets transferred into level 3	$ 0	$ 0
Investments in fair market value, unrealized loss position	1,500,000,000	654,700,000
Investments in fair market value, continuous unrealized loss position for more than 12 months	10,500,000	19,100,000
Investments in fair market value, continuous unrealized loss position, less than 12 months and 12 months or longer	$ 7,200,000	$ 0
Level 3
Fair Value Assets And Liabilities Measured On Recurring And Nonrecurring Basis Valuation Techniques [Line Items]
Number of securities | Security	0	0

Fair Value Measurements and F_5

Fair Value Measurements and Fair Value of Financial Instruments - Schedule of Contractual Maturities of Investments (Details) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]
Due in less than one year	$ 1,359,330
Due in one to five years	1,387,510
Total	$ 2,746,840

Commercial Manufacturing and _2

Commercial Manufacturing and Supply Agreement (Details) - USD ($)		12 Months Ended
	Oct. 13, 2023	Dec. 31, 2024
Supply Commitment [Line Items]
Automatic renewal period	3 years
Automatic renewal period, advanced notice period		24 months
Minimum
Supply Commitment [Line Items]
Termination of agreement, wind-down and transition services period		12 months
Maximum
Supply Commitment [Line Items]
Termination of agreement, wind-down and transition services period		24 months
Lonza Commercial Manufacturing and Supply Agreement
Supply Commitment [Line Items]
Additional renewal period	5 years
Agreement termination penalty	$ 70,000,000
Repurposing fee	$ 27,000,000
Repurposing fee, credit duration	10 years
Capital expenditure related to the facility build out and equipment		$ 151,800,000
Facility build out expenditures		$ 62,500,000

Balance Sheet Details - Schedul

Balance Sheet Details - Schedule of Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Interest receivable	$ 20,262	$ 3,598
Prepaid expenses	15,732	6,159
Deposits for equipment purchases	327	3,856
Other current assets	4,456	2,114
Total	$ 40,777	$ 15,727

Balance Sheet Details - Sched_2

Balance Sheet Details - Schedule of Property and Equipment, Net (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Total property and equipment	$ 214,319	$ 88,898
Less: accumulated depreciation and amortization	(16,274)	(9,272)
Property and equipment, net	198,045	79,626
Manufacturing facility and equipment construction-in-progress
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Total property and equipment	151,785	51,815
Lab and manufacturing equipment
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Total property and equipment	55,541	33,244
Furniture and equipment
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Total property and equipment	1,608	1,608
Computers, computer software and office equipment
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Total property and equipment	1,001	771
Leasehold improvements
Property Plant And Equipment [Line Items]
Total property and equipment	$ 4,384	$ 1,460

Balance Sheet Details - Additio

Balance Sheet Details - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ in Millions	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Depreciation and amortization expense	$ 7	$ 3.2	$ 2.6

Balance Sheet Details - Sched_3

Balance Sheet Details - Schedule of Other Assets, Noncurrent (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Manufacturing facility construction buildout	$ 62,477	$ 34,688
Other long-term assets	1,882	2,874
Total	$ 64,359	$ 37,562

Balance Sheet Details - Sched_4

Balance Sheet Details - Schedule of Accrued Expenses (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]
Clinical studies	$ 2,348	$ 2,156
Other research and development	24,698	30,759
Acquired manufacturing rights	0	25,000
Other accrued expenses	2,077	1,900
Total	$ 29,123	$ 59,815

Leases - Additional Information

Leases - Additional Information (Details)	1 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Nov. 30, 2024 option renewalOption	Sep. 30, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Lessee Lease Description [Line Items]
Present value of lease liabilities			$ 71,110,000	$ 29,224,000
Operating lease right-of-use assets			72,102,000	30,997,000
Operating leases rent expense recognized			$ 11,500,000	8,500,000	$ 7,900,000
Assignment Agreement
Lessee Lease Description [Line Items]
Operating lease, agreement term	10 years	10 years
Assumed lease rental payment		$ 1,900,000
Operating lease, rent adjustment percentage		3%
Lonza Commercial Manufacturing and Supply Agreement
Lessee Lease Description [Line Items]
Present value of lease liabilities				0
Operating lease right-of-use assets				0
Operating leases rent expense recognized				$ 0
Sublease
Lessee Lease Description [Line Items]
Operating lease, agreement term	2 years
Number of conditional options | option	2
Sublease, extended agreement term	12 months
New Corporate Headquarters Facility
Lessee Lease Description [Line Items]
Number of renewal options | renewalOption	2
Operating lease, renewal term	60 months

Leases - Schedule of Informatio

Leases - Schedule of Information Related to ROU Assets and Lease Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Leases [Abstract]
Cash paid for operating lease liabilities	$ 11,511	$ 7,390
Operating lease right-of-use assets	72,102	30,997
Operating lease liabilities - current	5,891	7,113
Operating lease liabilities - long-term	65,219	22,111
Total lease liabilities	$ 71,110	$ 29,224
Weighted-average remaining lease term (in years)	9 years 7 months 6 days	5 years 8 months 15 days
Weighted-average discount rate	7.20%	8.40%

Leases - Schedule of Maturities

Leases - Schedule of Maturities of Lease Liabilities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Leases [Abstract]
2025	$ 10,859
2026	9,635
2027	8,610
2028	9,394
2029	9,676
Thereafter	51,970
Total future undiscounted lease payments	100,144
Less: Imputed interest	(29,034)
Present value of lease liabilities	$ 71,110	$ 29,224

Commitment and Contingencies -

Commitment and Contingencies - Additional Information (Details) - Sutro Biopharma - USD ($) $ in Millions			1 Months Ended
	Nov. 21, 2023	Sep. 28, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Upfront consideration			$ 22.5
Upfront consideration in cash			10
Upfront consideration in cash after agreement date			$ 5
Number of common stock issued (in shares)			167,780
Fair value on date of settlement			$ 8
Accrued payment	$ 50
Option exercise price in cash		$ 25
Additional milestone payments in cash	$ 60
Common Stock
Loss Contingencies [Line Items]
Upfront consideration			$ 7.5

Commitments and Contingencies -

Commitments and Contingencies - Schedule of Purchase Commitment (Details) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($)
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
2025	$ 291,634
2026	79,388
2027	558
2028	415
Total non-cancelable purchase commitments due to key manufacturing partners	$ 371,995

Stockholders' Equity - Addition

Stockholders' Equity - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands						1 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Sep. 06, 2024	Feb. 02, 2024	Apr. 21, 2023	Oct. 28, 2022	Jan. 13, 2022	Feb. 27, 2023	Feb. 28, 2022	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Jul. 31, 2021
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Preferred stock, shares authorized (in shares)								10,000,000	10,000,000
Preferred stock, par value (in dollars per share)								$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Preferred stock, shares issued (in shares)								0	0
Preferred stock, shares outstanding (in shares)								0	0
Preferred stock ,dividends paid								$ 0	$ 0
Preferred stock ,dividends declared								$ 0	$ 0
Common stock, shares authorized (in shares)								500,000,000	500,000,000
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)								$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Common stock, shares outstanding (in shares)								124,893,034	95,364,831
Common stock, shares issued (in shares)								124,893,034	95,364,831
Common stock, dividends, per share, declared								$ 0	$ 0
Common stock issued or sold at an aggregate offering price								$ 128	$ 98
Proceeds from issuance of stock, net of commission and offering expenses								$ 195,943	$ 90,741	$ 97,299
Increase (decrease) of pre-funded warrant percentage								19.99%
Warrant exercised (in shares)								0
Minimum
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Pre-funded warrants of common stock shares outstanding Immediately after effect to the exercise								4.99%
Combined voting power of securities outstanding immediately after effect to the exercise								4.99%
Maximum
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Pre-funded warrants of common stock shares outstanding Immediately after effect to the exercise								9.99%
Combined voting power of securities outstanding immediately after effect to the exercise								9.99%
Pre Funded Warrants
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Class of warrant or right, number of securities called by warrants or rights (in shares)	2,427,184	781,250	1,000,000	3,750,000	2,500,000
ATM Sales Agreement
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Aggregate offering price						$ 150,000
ATM Program
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Average price (in dollars per share)								$ 76.39	$ 44.38	$ 25.60
Number of shares sold under the ATM program								2,622,560	2,095,943	3,921,528
Net proceeds after deducting issuance costs								$ 200,333	$ 92,976	$ 100,402
Underwritten Public Offering
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Average price (in dollars per share)	$ 103	$ 64	$ 41	$ 32	$ 20
Number of shares sold under the ATM program	12,087,378	12,695,312	13,030,000	17,812,500	2,500,000
Prefunded warrants price per share (in dollars per share)	$ 102.999	$ 63.999	$ 40.999	$ 31.999	$ 19.999
Warrants exercised (in dollars per share)	$ 0.001	$ 0.001	$ 0.001	$ 0.001	$ 0.001
Net proceeds after deducting issuance costs	$ 1,400,000	$ 816,500	$ 545,300	$ 651,600			$ 107,600
Over Allotment Option
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Number of shares sold under the ATM program	1,893,203	1,757,812	1,830,000	2,812,500			750,000
Jefferies LLC | ATM Sales Agreement
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Issuance of common stock (in shares)						4,995,709		4,211,367
Average price (in dollars per share)						$ 27.57		$ 64.19
Aggregate offering price						$ 137,800		$ 270,300
Proceeds from issuance of stock, net of commission and offering expenses								264,200
Common stock, remaining, available for future sales								$ 129,700
Jefferies LLC | ATM Program
Class Of Stock [Line Items]
Common stock issued or sold at an aggregate offering price						$ 400,000					$ 150,000

Stockholders' Equity - Schedule

Stockholders' Equity - Schedule of Share Activity Under the Amended ATM Sales Agreements (Details) - ATM Program - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Subsidiary, Sale of Stock [Line Items]
Number of shares sold under the ATM program	2,622,560	2,095,943	3,921,528
Weighted average sales price per share	$ 76.39	$ 44.38	$ 25.60
Aggregate gross proceeds, in thousands	$ 200,333	$ 92,976	$ 100,402
Commissions and offering expenses	$ 4,400	$ 2,200	$ 3,100

Equity Incentive Plans - Additi

Equity Incentive Plans - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Millions		1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Jun. 11, 2020	Nov. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2020
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Options granted (in shares)			29,638	0
Options exercised (in shares)			1,813,828	538,888	1,153,285
Weighted-average grant date fair value of options exercised (in dollars per share)			$ 13.97	$ 10.50	$ 4.25
Weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted (in dollars per share)			$ 49.36	$ 28.74	$ 18.88
Intrinsic value of the stock options exercised			$ 130.7	$ 21.2	$ 34
Intrinsic value of the stock options vested			51.3	$ 41.8	$ 26.3
Unrecognized stock-based compensation expense			$ 285.4
Unrecognized share-based compensation expense, expected to be recognized			2 years 10 months 24 days
2020 Equity Incentive Plan
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Term of plan						10 years
Common stock reserved for future issuances (in shares)						10,150,000
Percentage of outstanding number of shares						5%
Aggregate number of shares available for issuance			8,796,806
Available for issuance of shares increased			6,244,651
2020 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Term of plan	10 years
Common stock reserved for future issuances (in shares)	650,000
Percentage of outstanding number of shares	1%
Percentage of payroll deductions of eligible compensation	15%
Employees purchase shares of common stock of lower of fair market value	85%
Purchase period	6 months
Offering period	2 years
Purchase of common stock (in shares)			90,517	76,275	61,709
Average purchase price of common stock (in dollars per share)			$ 38.60	$ 26.71	$ 16.75
Share-based compensation arrangement by share-based payment award, equity instruments other than options, non vested, number (in shares)			2,167,228
2020 Plan
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting period for stock options granted						10 years
Aggregate number of shares available for issuance			6,275,934	6,065,150
2020 Plan | Minimum
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting period for stock options granted						3 years
2020 Plan | Maximum
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting period for stock options granted						4 years
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) [Member]
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Share-based compensation arrangement by share-based payment award, equity instruments other than options, non vested, number (in shares)			1,241,272	753,462
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) [Member] | 2020 Equity Incentive Plan
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of shares outstanding			10,213,591
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs) [Member] | 2014 Equity Incentive Plan
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of shares outstanding			1,209,840
PCSOs Outstanding
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Options granted (in shares)		639,710
Weighted-average exercise price per share, options granted (in dollars per share)		$ 154.05
PCSOs Outstanding | 2020 Equity Incentive Plan
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of shares outstanding			10,213,591
PCSOs Outstanding | 2014 Equity Incentive Plan
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of shares outstanding			1,209,840
Unvested PSUs
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Options granted (in shares)		175,513
Weighted-average remaining contractual term (years), options granted		4 years
Share-based compensation arrangement by share-based payment award, equity instruments other than options, non vested, number (in shares)			175,513	0
Unvested PSUs | 2020 Equity Incentive Plan
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of shares outstanding			10,213,591
Unvested PSUs | 2014 Equity Incentive Plan
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Number of shares outstanding			1,209,840
Other Restricted Stock Units
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Vesting period for stock options granted	3 years 6 months

Equity Incentive Plans - Schedu

Equity Incentive Plans - Schedule of Activity Under Stock Option Plans (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	1 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Nov. 30, 2024	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Number of Options
Options granted (in shares)		29,638	0
Weighted- Average Exercise Price Per Share
Weighted- Average Exercise Price Per Share, Options exercised (in dollars per share)		$ 13.97	$ 10.50	$ 4.25
PCSOs Outstanding
Number of Options
Options granted (in shares)	639,710
Weighted- Average Exercise Price Per Share
Weighted-Average Exercise Price Per Share, Options granted (in dollars per share)	$ 154.05
2020 Plan and 2014 Plan | Options Outstanding
Number of Options
Beginning balance (in shares)		9,314,836
Options granted (in shares)		2,210,148
Options exercised (in shares)		(1,813,828)
Options forfeited (in shares)		(344,220)
Ending balance (in shares)		9,366,936	9,314,836
Vested and expected options (in shares)		9,366,936
Options exercisable (in shares)		5,010,869
Weighted- Average Exercise Price Per Share
Weighted-Average Exercise Price Per Share, Beginning balance (in dollars per share)		$ 25.35
Weighted-Average Exercise Price Per Share, Options granted (in dollars per share)		78.40
Weighted- Average Exercise Price Per Share, Options exercised (in dollars per share)		13.97
Weighted-Average Exercise Price Per Share, Options forfeited (in dollars per share)		43.47
Weighted-Average Exercise Price Per Share, Ending balance (in dollars per share)		39.40	$ 25.35
Weighted-Average Exercise Price Per Share, Vested and expected to vest (in dollars per share)		39.40
Weighted-Average Exercise Price Per Share, Exercisable (in dollars per share)		$ 25.99
Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) and Aggregate Instrinsic Value
Weighted-average remaining contractual term (years)		7 years 5 months 23 days	7 years 9 months
Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years), Vested and expected to vest		7 years 5 months 23 days
Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years), Exercisable		6 years 7 months 6 days
Aggregate Intrinsic Value, beginning balance		$ 348,868
Aggregate Intrinsic Value, ending balance		406,730	$ 348,868
Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Vested and expected to vest		406,730
Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Exercisable		$ 280,031
2020 Plan and 2014 Plan | PCSOs Outstanding
Number of Options
Beginning balance (in shares)		0
Options granted (in shares)		639,710
Ending balance (in shares)		639,710	0
Vested and expected options (in shares)		639,710
Options exercisable (in shares)		0
Weighted- Average Exercise Price Per Share
Weighted-Average Exercise Price Per Share, Beginning balance (in dollars per share)		$ 0
Weighted-Average Exercise Price Per Share, Options granted (in dollars per share)		102.70
Weighted-Average Exercise Price Per Share, Ending balance (in dollars per share)		102.70	$ 0
Weighted-Average Exercise Price Per Share, Vested and expected to vest (in dollars per share)		102.70
Weighted-Average Exercise Price Per Share, Exercisable (in dollars per share)		$ 0
Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years) and Aggregate Instrinsic Value
Weighted-average remaining contractual term (years)		9 years 10 months 6 days
Weighted-average remaining contractual term (years), options granted		9 years 10 months 6 days
Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years), Vested and expected to vest		9 years 10 months 6 days
Aggregate Intrinsic Value, beginning balance		$ 0
Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Options granted		0
Aggregate Intrinsic Value, ending balance		0	$ 0
Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Vested and expected to vest		0
Aggregate Intrinsic Value, Exercisable		$ 0

Equity Incentive Plans - Sche_2

Equity Incentive Plans - Schedule of RSU and PSU Activities (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Unvested RSUs
Number of Shares
Beginning balance (in shares)	753,462
Granted (in shares)	958,127
Vested and released (in shares)	(383,267)
Cancelled (in shares)	(87,050)
Ending balance (in shares)	1,241,272	753,462
Weighted- Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Beginning balance (in dollars per share)	$ 38,930
Granted (in dollars per share)	81.10
Vested and released (in dollars per share)	47.89
Cancelled (in dollars per share)	58.74
Ending balance (in dollars per share)	$ 67.32	$ 38,930
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Additional Disclosures [Abstract]
Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term	1 year 5 months 15 days	1 year 5 months 12 days
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Aggregate Intrinsic Value [Abstract]
Beginning balance	$ 47,317
Ending balance	$ 101,611	$ 47,317
Unvested PSUs
Number of Shares
Beginning balance (in shares)	0
Granted (in shares)	175,513
Vested and released (in shares)	0
Cancelled (in shares)	0
Ending balance (in shares)	175,513	0
Weighted- Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Beginning balance (in dollars per share)	$ 0
Granted (in dollars per share)	151.48
Vested and released (in dollars per share)	0
Cancelled (in dollars per share)	0
Ending balance (in dollars per share)	$ 151.48	$ 0
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Additional Disclosures [Abstract]
Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Term	3 years 10 months 6 days
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Equity Instruments Other than Options, Aggregate Intrinsic Value [Abstract]
Ending balance	$ 14,367

Equity Incentive Plans - Sche_3

Equity Incentive Plans - Schedule of Shares Available for Grant (Details) - 2020 Plan	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024 shares
Share-Based Compensation Arrangement by Share-Based Payment Award, Options, Outstanding [Roll Forward]
Balances — December 31, 2023	6,065,150
Shares authorized	4,768,241
Shares expired	(1,176,960)
Options, PCSOs, RSUs and PSUs granted	(3,983,498)
Shares forfeited	452,651
Shares withheld for taxes	150,350
Balances — December 31, 2024	6,275,934
Shares forfeited, net exercises of stock options (in shares)	21,381

Equity Incentive Plans - Sche_4

Equity Incentive Plans - Schedule of Estimated Fair Value of Shares Under Stock-based Compensation Expense (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Stock Options
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expected volatility, minimum	69.20%	71.30%	78.10%
Expected volatility, maximum	71.10%	74%	85.10%
Risk-free interest rate, minimum	3.50%	3.50%	1.60%
Risk-free interest rate, maximum	4.50%	4.60%	4.40%
Stock Options | Minimum
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expected term (in years)	5 years 3 months 18 days	5 years 3 months 18 days	5 years 3 months 18 days
Stock Options | Maximum
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expected term (in years)	5 years 4 months 24 days	5 years 4 months 24 days	5 years 6 months
ESPP
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expected volatility, minimum	38.10%	38.10%	78.80%
Expected volatility, maximum	62.70%	99.70%	99.70%
Risk-free interest rate, minimum	4.30%	4.20%	0.10%
Risk-free interest rate, maximum	5.40%	5.40%	4.70%
ESPP | Minimum
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expected term (in years)	6 months	6 months	6 months
ESPP | Maximum
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expected term (in years)	2 years	2 years	2 years
PCSOs
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expected volatility	61.60%
Expected term (in years)	5 years 10 months 24 days
Risk-free interest rate	4.20%
Unvested PSUs
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Expected volatility	59.90%
Expected term (in years)	5 years 10 months 24 days
Risk-free interest rate	4.10%

Equity Incentive Plans - Sche_5

Equity Incentive Plans - Schedule of Stock-based Compensation Expense (Details) - 2014 Plan, 2020 Plan and 2020 ESPP - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 84,822	$ 48,760	$ 23,650
Research and development
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	42,819	23,275	9,899
General and administrative
Share Based Compensation Arrangement By Share Based Payment Award [Line Items]
Total stock-based compensation expense	$ 42,003	$ 25,485	$ 13,751

Funding Arrangements - Addition

Funding Arrangements - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($)		1 Months Ended		12 Months Ended
	Jul. 31, 2024	Jun. 30, 2023	Apr. 30, 2021	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
CARB-X Agreement
Funding Arrangement [Line Items]
Grant receivable on unreimbursed, eligible costs incurred				$ 400,000	$ 0
CARB-X Agreement | Minimum
Funding Arrangement [Line Items]
Potential funding committed by award				11,700,000
National Institutes of Health
Funding Arrangement [Line Items]
Potential funding amount of award to develop vaccine to prevent shingella infections	$ 9,500,000	$ 4,600,000	$ 500,000
National Institutes of Health | Maximum
Funding Arrangement [Line Items]
Potential funding period of award to develop vaccine to prevent shingella infections	5 years	5 years	5 years
Cost Reimbursement Sub-Award Agreement
Funding Arrangement [Line Items]
Other income (expense)				$ 1,000,000	$ 4,800,000	$ 1,900,000

Net Loss Per Share - Schedule o

Net Loss Per Share - Schedule of Computation of Basic and Diluted Net Loss Per Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Net loss (in thousands)	$ (463,927)	$ (402,266)	$ (223,485)
Weighted-average shares outstanding used in computing net loss per share, basic (in shares)	121,997,348	97,157,690	64,877,988
Weighted-average shares outstanding used in computing net loss per share, diluted (in shares)	121,997,348	97,157,690	64,877,988
Net loss per share, basic (in dollars per share)	$ (3.80)	$ (4.14)	$ (3.44)
Net loss per share, diluted (in dollars per share)	$ (3.80)	$ (4.14)	$ (3.44)

Net Loss Per Share - Schedule_2

Net Loss Per Share - Schedule of Potentially Dilutive Securities Excluded From Computation of Diluted Net Loss Per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders (Details) - shares	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Antidilutive Securities Excluded From Computation Of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of diluted net loss per share (in shares)	11,565,329	10,208,636	8,322,210
Stock options
Antidilutive Securities Excluded From Computation Of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of diluted net loss per share (in shares)	10,036,284	9,351,546	7,752,204
Restricted Stock Units
Antidilutive Securities Excluded From Computation Of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of diluted net loss per share (in shares)	1,416,785	753,462	456,766
Employee stock purchase plan
Antidilutive Securities Excluded From Computation Of Earnings Per Share [Line Items]
Antidilutive securities excluded from computation of diluted net loss per share (in shares)	112,260	103,628	113,240

Income Taxes - Schedule of Reco

Income Taxes - Schedule of Reconciliation of Effective Tax Rate (Details)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Statutory rate	21%	21%	21%
Stock-based compensation	4.10%	0.50%	1.50%
Credits	2.20%	1.40%	0.80%
Change in valuation allowance	(23.30%)	(21.80%)	(21.30%)
Section 162(m) limitation	(3.50%)	(1.10%)	(1.80%)
Other	(0.50%)	0%	(0.20%)
Total	0%	0%	0%

Income Taxes - Schedule of Comp

Income Taxes - Schedule of Components of Deferred Tax Assets (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating losses	$ 195,869	$ 135,298
Fixed assets	0	660
Accrued and others	18,102	11,279
R&D Credits	26,709	12,870
Capitalized R&D expenditures	155,356	79,485
Accrued manufacturing expenses	6,909	10,819
Lease liability	21,228	8,739
Intangible assets	29,253	29,302
Stock compensation	14,652	8,981
Total deferred tax assets	468,078	297,433
Deferred tax liabilities:
ROU asset	(21,524)	(9,269)
Fixed Assets	456	0
Total deferred tax liabilities	(21,980)	(9,269)
Net deferred tax asset	446,098	288,165
Valuation allowance	(446,098)	(288,165)
Net deferred taxes	$ 0	$ 0

Income Taxes - Additional Infor

Income Taxes - Additional Information (Details) - USD ($)	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Income Tax Disclosure [Line Items]
Uncertain tax benefits	$ 9,525,000	$ 4,447,000	$ 1,754,000	$ 924,000
Interest or penalties recognized for the period	0	$ 0
Federal
Income Tax Disclosure [Line Items]
Net operating loss carryforwards	430,200,000
Research credit carryforwards	28,300,000
State
Income Tax Disclosure [Line Items]
Net operating loss carryforwards	$ 1,188,100,000
Net operating loss carryforward period	20 years
California
Income Tax Disclosure [Line Items]
Research credit carryforwards	$ 8,100,000

Income Taxes - Schedule of Re_2

Income Taxes - Schedule of Reconciliation of Unrecognized Tax Benefit (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Unrecognized Tax Benefits [Roll Forward]
Balance at the beginning of the year	$ 4,447	$ 1,754	$ 924
Additions based on tax positions related to current year	5,166	2,208	876
Additions/(deductions) based on tax positions related to prior years	(88)		(46)
Additions/(deductions) based on tax positions related to prior years		485
Balance at end of year	$ 9,525	$ 4,447	$ 1,754

Segment Reporting - Additional

Segment Reporting - Additional Information (Details) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024 USD ($) segment	Dec. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Number of operating segments | segment	1
Number of reportable segments | segment	1
Property and equipment, net	$ 198,045	$ 79,626
SWITZERLAND
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Property and equipment, net	157,200	0
UNITED STATES
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Property and equipment, net	$ 40,800	$ 79,600

Segment Reporting - Schedule of

Segment Reporting - Schedule of Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	12 Months Ended
	Dec. 31, 2024	Dec. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Research and development	$ 476,644	$ 332,341	$ 169,451
Acquired manufacturing rights (Note 7)	0	75,000	22,995
General and administrative	92,902	60,700	39,810
Total operating expenses	569,546	468,041	232,256
Total other income, net	105,619	65,775	8,771
Net loss	463,927	402,266	223,485
Reportable Segment
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Acquired manufacturing rights (Note 7)	0	75,000	22,995
General and administrative	92,902	60,700	39,810
Total operating expenses	569,546	468,041	232,256
Total other income, net	105,619	65,775	8,771
Net loss	463,927	402,266	223,485
Research and development - external costs | Reportable Segment
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Research and development	349,510	261,984	132,418
Research and development - internal costs | Reportable Segment
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Research and development	$ 127,134	$ 70,357	$ 37,033