Significant Accounting Policies | 3. Significant Accounting Policies Principles of Consolidation Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The Company’s significant estimates and assumptions include the collectability of receivables, the recoverability and useful lives of long-lived assets, stock-based compensation, accrued liabilities and the valuation allowance related to the Company’s deferred tax assets. Certain of the Company’s estimates, including the carrying amount of the intangible assets, could be affected by external conditions, including those unique to the Company and general economic conditions. It is reasonably possible that these external factors could have an effect on the Company’s estimates and could cause actual results to differ from those estimates. Cash and Cash Equivalents The Company considers all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2019, and 2018, the Company’s cash equivalent consists of Treasury bills. Cash Concentrations Cash and cash equivalents are maintained at financial institutions and, at times, balances may exceed federally insured limits of $250,000, although the Company seeks to minimize this through treasury management. The Company has never experienced any losses related to these balances although no assurance can be provided that it will not experience any losses in the future. Equipment and Furnishings, net Equipment and furnishings are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation of equipment is provided for using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Computers, leasehold improvements and office equipment are being depreciated over five years; furniture and fixtures are being depreciated over ten years. Maintenance and repairs are charged to operations as incurred. The Company capitalizes cost attributable to the betterment of property and equipment when such betterment extends the useful life of the assets. Long-Lived Assets The Company reviews the carrying values of its long-lived assets for possible impairment whenever an event or change in circumstances indicates that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. Any long-lived assets held for disposal are reported at the lower of their carrying amounts or fair value less cost to sell. Management has determined there to be no impairment during the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018. Patent Costs, net Internal patent costs are expensed in the period incurred. Patents purchased are capitalized and amortized over the remaining estimated useful life of the patent. The patents are being amortized over the remaining estimated useful lives of the patents, which is approximately one year. Annual amortization of the patents is expected to approximate $228,000 in 2020. Related Party Receivables Management estimates the reserve for uncollectibility based on existing economic conditions, the financial conditions of the current and former employees, and the amount and age of past due receivables. Receivables are considered past due if full payment is not received by the contractual due date. Past due amounts are generally written off against the reserve for uncollectibility only after all collection attempts have been exhausted. See Note 6 - Receivables. Research and Development Research and development costs are charged to expense when incurred. An allocation of payroll expenses to research and development is made based on a percentage estimate of time spent. The research and development costs include the following: payroll, consulting and contract labor, lab supplies and pharmaceutical preparations, insurance, rent and utilities, and depreciation and amortization. Leases In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued a new standard related to leases to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by requiring the recognition of operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet (“ASC 842”) with amendments issued in 2018. Most prominent among the changes in the standard is the recognition of ROU assets and lease liabilities by lessees for those leases classified as operating leases. Under the standard, disclosures are required to meet the objective of enabling users of financial statements to assess the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. The Company is also required to recognize and measure new leases at the adoption date and recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment in the period of adoption using a modified retrospective approach, with certain practical expedients available. The Company adopted ASC 842 effective January 1, 2019 and elected to apply the available practical expedients. The standard had an impact on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets but did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations or cash flows upon adoption. The most significant impact was the recognition of ROU assets and lease liabilities for operating leases. The adoption of ASC 842 had a material impact on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet but did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated statement of operations. The impact of the adoption of ASC Topic 842 on the balance sheet as of January 1, 2019 is as follows: As Reported December 31, 2018 Adoption of ASC 842 Balance January 1, 2019 Operating lease right-of-use asset $ - $ 265,550 $ 265,550 Total assets $ 1,988,224 $ 265,550 $ 2,253,774 Current liabilities $ 4,102,407 $ 58,469 $ 4,160,876 Non-current portion of operating lease liability $ - $ 207,081 $ 207,081 Total liabilities $ 19,405,713 $ 265,550 $ 19,671,263 Income Taxes The Company accounts for income taxes under the liability method in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 740 “Income Taxes”. Under this method, deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is established if it is more likely than not that all, or some portion, of deferred income tax assets will not be realized. The Company has recorded a full valuation allowance to reduce its net deferred income tax assets to zero. In the event the Company were to determine that it would be able to realize some or all its deferred income tax assets in the future, an adjustment to the deferred income tax asset would increase income in the period such determination was made. The Company recognizes the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained upon an examination. Any recognized income tax positions would be measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement would be reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs. The Company would recognize any corresponding interest and penalties associated with its income tax positions in income tax expense. There were no income taxes, interest or penalties incurred in 2019 or 2018. Basic and Diluted Loss Per Common Share Basic loss per common share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of vested common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other instruments to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock. The following securities are excluded from the calculation of weighted average dilutive common shares because their inclusion would have been anti-dilutive: December 31, 2019 2018 Warrants 126,109,532 136,824,138 Options 3,000,000 3,200,000 Convertible preferred stock 65,663 65,663 Total potentially dilutive shares 129,175,195 140,089,801 The potential dilutive effect of the conversion of the Company’s convertible notes payable has been excluded from this table since the Company’s Series D Preferred Stock has yet to be designated by the Board. Fair Value of Financial Instruments The Company measures the fair value of financial assets and liabilities based on the guidance of ASC 820 “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures” (“ASC 820”) which defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value, and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. The Company determines the estimated fair value of amounts presented in these consolidated financial statements using available market information and appropriate methodologies. However, considerable judgment is required in interpreting market data to develop the estimates of fair value. The estimates presented in the financial statements are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that could be realized in a current exchange between buyer and seller. The use of different market assumptions and/or estimation methodologies may have a material effect on the estimated fair value amounts. These fair value estimates were based upon pertinent information available as of December 31, 2019 and 2018. The carrying amounts of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities, such as cash and cash equivalents, receivables, other current assets, accounts payable, and accrued expenses approximate fair values due to the short-term nature of these instruments. The carrying amounts of our credit obligations approximate fair value because the effective yields on these obligations, which include contractual interest rates are comparable to rates of returns for instruments of similar credit risk. ASC 820 defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. ASC 820 also establishes a fair value hierarchy, which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. ASC 820 describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value: Level 1 Inputs use quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access. Level 2 Inputs use directly or indirectly observable inputs. These inputs include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets as well as other inputs such as interest rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals. Level 3 Inputs are unobservable inputs, including inputs that are available in situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the related asset or liability. In instances where inputs used to measure fair value fall into different levels in the above fair value hierarchy, fair value measurements in their entirety are categorized based on the lowest level input that is significant to the valuation. The Company’s assessment of the significance of particular inputs to these fair value measurements requires judgment and considers factors specific to each asset or liability. Both observable and unobservable inputs may be used to determine the fair value of positions that are classified within the Level 3 category. As a result, the unrealized gains and losses for assets within the Level 3 category may include changes in fair value that were attributable to both observable (e.g., changes in market interest rates) and unobservable (e.g., changes in historical company data) inputs. Financial assets are considered Level 3 when their fair values are determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies or similar techniques and at least one significant model assumption or input is unobservable. Foreign Currency Translation The Company’s reporting currency is the United States Dollar. The functional currencies of the Company’s operating subsidiaries are their local currencies (United States Dollar and Australian Dollar). Australian Dollar denominated assets and liabilities are translated into the United States Dollar at the balance sheet date ($61,380 and $308,915 at December 31, 2019 and $15,049 and $336,031 at December 31, 2018, respectively), and expense accounts are translated at a weighted average exchange rate for the years then ended ($53,210 and $247,947 for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively). Equity is translated at historical rates and the resulting foreign currency translation adjustments are included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”), which is a separate component of shareholders’ equity. Therefore, the U.S. dollar value of the non-equity translated items in the Company’s consolidated financial statements will fluctuate from period to period, depending on the changing value of the U.S. dollar versus these currencies. The Company engages in foreign currency denomination transactions with its Australian subsidiary. At the date that the transaction is recognized, each asset, liability, revenue, expense, gain or loss arising from the transaction is measured and recorded in the functional currency of the recording entity using the exchange rate in effect at that date. At each balance sheet date, recorded monetary balances denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are adjusted using the exchange rate at the balance sheet date, with gains or losses recorded in other income or other expense. Stock-Based Compensation The Company measures the cost of services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments based on the fair value of the award. The fair value of the award is measured on the grant date and then is recognized over the period during which services are required to be provided in exchange for the award, usually the vesting period. The Company computes the fair value of equity-classified warrants and options granted using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Option valuation models require the input of highly subjective assumptions including the expected volatility factor of the market price of the Company’s common stock which is determined by reviewing its historical public market closing prices. Recent Accounting Pronouncements In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”). ASU 2016-13 significantly changes the impairment model for most financial assets and certain other instruments. ASU 2016-13 will require immediate recognition of estimated credit losses expected to occur over the remaining life of many financial assets, which will generally result in earlier recognition of allowances for credit losses on loans and other financial instruments. ASU 2016-13 is effective for the Company’s fiscal year beginning December 1, 2019 and subsequent interim periods. The Company is currently evaluating the impact the adoption of ASU 2016-13 will have on its consolidated financial statements. Subsequent to the issuance of ASU 2016-13, the FASB issued ASU 2018-19, Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments —Credit Losses, ASU 2019-05, Financial Instruments —Credit Losses (Topic 326) Targeted Transition Relief, ASU 2016-13, the FASB issued ASU 2019-10 Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326), Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815), and Leases (Topic 842) and ASU 2019-11 Codification Improvements to Topic 326, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses. These ASUs do not change the core principle of the guidance in ASU 2016-13. Instead these amendments are intended to clarify and improve operability of certain topics included within the credit losses standard. These ASUs will have the same effective date and transition requirements as ASU 2016-13. The Company adopted ASU 2016-13 on January 1, 2020 and it did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement” (“ASU 2018-13”). The amendments in ASU 2018-13 modify the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements based on the concepts in the Concepts Statement, including the consideration of costs and benefits. The amendments on changes in unrealized gains and losses, the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements, and the narrative description of measurement uncertainty should be applied prospectively for only the most recent interim or annual period presented in the initial fiscal year of adoption. All other amendments should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented upon their effective date. The amendments are effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. The Company adopted ASU effective January 1, 2020 and it did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements. In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes. Income Taxes In January 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-01, “Investments-Equity Securities (Topic 321), Investments-Equity Method and Joint Ventures (Topic 323), and Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815).” ASU 2020-01 states any equity security transitioning from the alternative method of accounting under Topic 321 to the equity method, or vice versa, due to an observable transaction will be remeasured immediately before the transition. In addition, the ASU clarifies the accounting for certain non-derivative forward contracts or purchased call options to acquire equity securities stating such instruments will be measured using the fair value principles of Topic 321 before settlement or exercise. The ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, and will be applied on a prospective basis. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is still evaluating the impact this standard will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. |