2020 included $1.7 million of other-than-temporary impairments reported during the third quarter comprised solely of secured obligations of American Airlines, Inc. maturing in 2022 and 2023 that have since recovered to market prices in excess of 90% of par value. The remaining net investment losses in fiscal 2020 were primarily due to sales of long-held equity securities in the first quarter of 2020 during the market decline associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. These sales were a management decision to reallocate capital supporting the investment portfolio to insurance underwriting operations and were not reflective of investment views regarding the future prospects for the securities.
Fixed-income securities were $290.0 million as of December 31, 2021 as compared to $507.3 million as of December 31, 2020, with a tax equivalent book yield of 2.4% compared to 2.7% as of December 31, 2020. As of December 31, 2021, the fixed-income portfolio had an average modified duration of 0.6 years and 74% of the securities had remaining time to maturity of five years or less. As of December 31, 2020, the fixed-income portfolio had an average modified duration of 0.8 years and 91% of the securities had remaining time to maturity of five years or less. As of December 31, 2021, 14% of the total investment portfolio was invested in equity securities as compared to 5% as of December 31, 2020.
Total investments were $338.8 million as of December 31, 2021. Cash and cash equivalents, including restricted cash were $356.7 million. Total investments, cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash were $695.5 million or $38.27 per share.
Pre-Tax Income (Loss)
Pre-tax loss was ($3.1) million for the three months ended December 31, 2021, as compared to pre-tax loss of ($13.3) million reported during the same period in 2020. Pre-tax income was $11.5 million for fiscal 2021, as compared to a pre-tax loss of ($115.8) million for fiscal 2020. The improvement in pre-tax results for fiscal 2021 as compared to the prior year was primarily due to the absence of $46.0 million of impairment charges to goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets taken during the first quarter of 2020, a $131.7 million decrease in losses and LAE and a $11.5 million decrease in operating expenses and a $2.0 million decrease in amortization of intangible assets, partially offset by decreased revenue. The impairment charges during the first quarter of 2020 resulted from our determination that a significant decline in market capitalization below stockholders’ equity indicated the impairment of the goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets included in our balance sheet.
Loss and Loss Adjustment Expenses (“LAE”) and Net Combined Ratios
Losses and LAE for the three months and fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 decreased $33.1 million and $131.7 million, as compared to the same periods during 2020, primarily due to improved prior year net loss reserve development, lower fiscal year net catastrophe losses and lower net premiums earned. There was $4.2 million and $6.0 million of net unfavorable prior year loss reserve development during the three months and fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to net unfavorable prior year loss reserve development of $25.0 million and $58.3 million during the same periods in 2020. Net catastrophe losses were $5.9 million and $18.3 million during the three months and fiscal year ended December 31, 2021 as compared to $0.8 million and $23.1 million, during the same periods of 2020.
The net loss ratio was 75.8% and 72.6% for the three months and fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, as compared to 89.8% and 86.2% reported during the same periods in 2020. Catastrophe losses contributed 6.8 points and 4.8 points to the net loss ratio for the three months and fiscal year ended December 31, 2021, as compared to 0.8 points and 4.9 points for the same periods during 2020. Net unfavorable prior year loss reserve development contributed 4.9 points and 1.6 points to the net loss ratio