GUIDELINES FOR CERTIFICATION OF TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION
                         NUMBER ON SUBSTITUTE FORM W-9

GUIDELINES FOR DETERMINING THE PROPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER TO GIVE THE
PAYER--Social Security Numbers have nine digits separated by two hyphens: i.e.,
000-00-0000. Employer Identification Numbers have nine digits separated by only
one hyphen: i.e., 00-0000000. The table below will help determine the number to
give the Payer.



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                                           GIVE THE NAME AND
                                           SOCIAL SECURITY
FOR THIS TYPE OF ACCOUNT:                  NUMBER OF:
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                        
1. An individual's account.                The individual.

2. Two or more individuals                 The actual owner of the account or,
   (joint account).                        if combined funds, any one of the
                                           individuals(1).

3. Husband and wife                        The actual owner of the
   (joint account).                        account or, if joint funds,
                                           either person(1).

4. Custodian account of a minor (Uniform   The minor(2).
   Gift to Minors Act).

5. Adult and minor                         The adult or, if the minor
   (joint account).                        is the only contributor, the
                                           minor(1).

6. Account in the name of guardian or      The ward, minor, or
   committee for a designated ward,        incompetent person(3).
   minor, or incompetent person.

7. (a) The usual revocable savings trust   The grantor-trustee(1).
       account (grantor is also a
       trustee).

   (b) So-called trust account that is     The actual owner(1).
       not a legal or valid trust under
       state law.

8. Sole proprietorship.                    The owner(4).


- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                            GIVE THE NAME AND EMPLOYER
                                            IDENTIFICATION
FOR THIS TYPE OF ACCOUNT:                   NUMBER OF:
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                         
 9. A valid trust, estate, or pension       The legal entity (do not furnish the
    trust.                                  identifying number of the personal
                                            representative or trustee unless the
                                            legal entity itself is not
                                            designated in the account title)(5).

10. Corporate.                              The corporation.

11. Religious, charitable or educational    The organization.
    organization.

12. Partnership account held in the name    The partnership.
    of the business.

13. Association, club or other tax-exempt   The organization.
    organization.

14. A broker or registered nominee.         The broker or nominee.

15. Account with the Department of          The public entity.
    Agriculture in the name of a public
    entity (such as a state or local
    governmental, school district or
    prison) that receives agricultural
    program payments.



- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(1)  List first and circle the name of the person whose number you furnish. If
     only one person on a joint account has a Social Security Number, that
     person's number must be furnished.

(2)  Circle the minor's name and furnish the minor's Social Security Number.

(3)  Circle the ward's, minor's or incompetent person's name and furnish such
     person's Social Security Number.

(4)  Show the name of the owner.

(5)  List first and circle the name of the legal trust, estate, or pension
     trust.

     NOTE: If no name is circled when there is more than one name, the number
will be considered to be that of the first name listed.

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            GUIDELINES FOR CERTIFICATION OF TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION
                         NUMBER ON SUBSTITUTE FORM W-9


OBTAINING A NUMBER

If you don't have a Taxpayer Identification Number or you don't know your
number, obtain Form SS-5, Application for a Social Security Number Card, or
Form SS-4, Application for Employer Identification Number, at the local office
of the Social Security Administration or the Internal Revenue Service and apply
for a number.

PAYEES EXEMPT FROM BACKUP WITHHOLDING

Payees specifically exempted from backup withholding on ALL payments include the
following:

o A corporation.

o A financial institution.

o An organization exempt from tax under section 501(a) or an individual
  retirement plan.

o The United States or any agency or instrumentality thereof.

o A State, the District of Columbia, a possession of the United States, or any
  subdivision or instrumentality thereof.

o A foreign government, a political subdivision of a foreign government, or any
  agency, or instrumentality thereof.

o An international organization or any agency, or instrumentality thereof.

o A registered dealer in securities or commodities required in the U.S. or a
  possession of the U.S.

o A real estate investment trust.

o A common trust fund operated by a bank under section 584(a).

o An exempt charitable remainder trust, or a non-exempt trust described in
  section 4947(a)(1).

o An entity registered at all times under the Investment Company Act of 1940.

o A foreign central bank of issue.

Payments of dividends and patronage dividends not generally subject to backup
withholding include the following:

o Payments to nonresident aliens subject to withholding under section 1441.

o Payments to partnerships not engaged in a trade or business in the U.S. and
  which have at least one nonresident partner.

o Payments of patronage dividends where the amount received is not paid in
  money.

o Payments made by certain foreign organizations.

o Payments made to a nominee.

Payments of interest not generally subject to backup withholding including the
following:

o Payments of interest on obligations issued by individuals.

NOTE: You may be subject to backup withholding if this interest is $600 or more
and is paid in the course of the payer's trade or business and such payee has
not provided your correct Taxpayer Identification Number to the payer.

o Payments of tax-exempt interest (including exempt-interest dividends under
  section 852).

o Payments described in section 6049(b)(5) to nonresident aliens.

o Payments on tax-free covenant bonds under section 1451.

o Payments made by certain foreign organizations.

o Payments made to a nominee.

EXEMPT PAYEE DESCRIBED ABOVE SHOULD FILE FORM W-9 TO AVOID POSSIBLE ERRONEOUS
BACKUP WITHHOLDING. FILE THIS FORM WITH THE PAYER, FURNISH YOUR TAXPAYER
IDENTIFICATION NUMBER, WRITE "EXEMPT" ON THE FACE OF THE FORM, AND RETURN IT TO
THE PAYER. IF THE PAYMENTS ARE INTEREST, DIVIDENDS, OR PATRONAGE DIVIDENDS, ALSO
SIGN AND DATE THE FORM.

Certain payments other than interest, dividends and patronage dividends that are
not subject to information reporting are also not subject to backup withholding.
For details, see the regulations under sections 6041, 6041A(a), 6045 and 6050A.

PRIVACY ACT NOTICE--Section 6109 requires most recipients of dividends,
interest, or other payments to give Taxpayer Identification Numbers to payers
who must report the payments to the IRS. IRS uses the numbers for identification
purposes. Payers must be given the numbers whether or not recipients are
required to file tax returns. Beginning January 1, 1993, payers must generally
withhold 31% of taxable interest, dividend and certain other payments to a payee
who does not furnish a taxpayer identification number to a payer. Certain
penalties may also apply.

PENALTIES

(1) PENALTY FOR FAILURE TO FURNISH TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS--If you fail
to furnish your Taxpayer Identification Number to a payer, you are subject to a
penalty of $50 for each such failure unless your failure is due to reasonable
cause and not to willful neglect.

(2) CIVIL PENALTY FOR FALSE INFORMATION WITH RESPECT TO WITHHOLDING--If you make
a false statement with no reasonable basis which results in no imposition of
backup withholding, you are subject to a penalty of $500.

(3) CRIMINAL PENALTY FOR FALSIFYING INFORMATION--Falsifying certifications or
affirmations may subject you to criminal penalties including fines and/or
imprisonment.

FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION, CONTACT YOUR TAX CONSULTANT OR THE INTERNAL REVENUE
SERVICE.

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