1
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
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FORM 20-F
[ ] REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES
EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
[X] ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1934
for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1997
[ ] TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES
EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from _____________ to _____________
Commission File Number: 0-29144
ILOG S.A.
(exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
The Republic of France
(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
9, rue de Verdun, 94253 Gentilly, France
(Address of principal executive offices)
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
None
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None
Title of each class: Name of each exchange on which registered:
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American Depositary Shares, each
representing one Ordinary Share Nasdaq National Market
Ordinary Shares Nasdaq National Market*
*Not for trading, but only in connection with the American Depositary Shares.
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Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d)
of the Act: None
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The number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer's classes of capital
or common stock as of June 30, 1997 was 10,959,622 Ordinary Shares of FF 4.00
nominal value, including 2,503,250 American Depositary Shares (as evidenced by
American Depositary Receipts), each corresponding to one Ordinary Share.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports
required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of
1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the
registrant required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such
filing requirements for the past 90 days.
[X] Yes [ ] No
No Indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has
elected to follow.
[ ] Item 17 [X] Item 18
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Unless the context otherwise requires, references herein to "the
Company" or to "ILOG" are to ILOG S.A. and its consolidated subsidiaries.
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The Company's name together with its logo is registered as a trademark
in France, the United States and a number of other countries. This Annual Report
on Form 20-F may also contain tradenames or trademarks of companies other than
ILOG.
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EXCHANGE RATES
ILOG publishes its financial statements in dollars. In this Annual
Report on Form 20-F, references to "dollars" or "$"are to U.S. dollars and
references to "francs" of "FF" are to French francs. Except as otherwise stated
herein, all monetary amounts in this Annual Report on Form 20-F have been
presented in dollars.
The table below sets forth, for information purposes only, for the
periods indicated, the high, low, average and end of period noon buying rates in
New York City for cable transfers in French francs as certified for customs
purposes by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York ("Noon Buying Rate") for the
franc against the dollar. Such rates are not used by the Company in the
preparation of its consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this
Annual Report on Form 20-F. See Note 1 of Notes to Consolidated Financial
Statements.
AVERAGE END OF
YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, HIGH LOW RATE(1) PERIOD
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(FRANCS PER DOLLAR)
1993 5.75 4.74 5.31 5.74
1994 6.06 5.41 5.80 5.44
1995 5.46 4.79 5.18 4.85
1996 5.19 4.78 5.02 5.15
1997 5.87 5.00 5.42 5.87
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(1) The average of the Noon Buying Rates on the last business day of each month
during the year.
For information regarding the effects of currency fluctuations on the
Company's results, see Item 9, "Management's Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
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AMERICAN DEPOSITARY SHARES
Pursuant to a program sponsored by the Company, ordinary shares of the
Company (the "Shares") are traded in the United States in the form of American
Depositary Shares ("ADSs"), each ADS representing one Share placed on deposit
with Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New York, as depositary (the "Depositary")
and issued and delivered by the Depositary through its principal office in New
York City at 60 Wall Street, (36th Floor), New York, New York, 10260. Under the
terms of the Deposit Agreement, dated as of February 13, 1997 and amended on
August 20, 1997, among the Company, the Depositary and the holders from time to
time of ADSs (the "Deposit Agreement"), Shares may be deposited with the Paris
office of Banque Paribas, as custodian (the "Custodian"), or any successor or
successors to such Custodian. The Depositary provides a variety of services to
investors, as more fully set forth in the form of Deposit Agreement filed as an
exhibit to the Company's Registration Statement on Form F-6 filed with the
Securities and Exchange Commission on February 13, 1997.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
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PART I
Item 1. Description of Business 4
Item 2. Description of Property 18
Item 3. Legal Proceedings 18
Item 4. Control of Registrant 19
Item 5. Nature of Trading Market 19
Item 6. Exchange Controls and Other Limitations Affecting Security Holders 20
Item 7. Taxation 20
Item 8. Selected Financial Data 25
Item 9. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 26
Item 10. Directors and Officers of Registrant 40
Item 11. Compensation of Directors and Officers 44
Item 12. Options to Purchase Securities from Registrant or Subsidiaries 44
Item 13. Interest of Management in Certain Transactions 46
PART II
Item 14. Description of Securities to be Registered F-1
PART III
Item 15. Defaults Upon Senior Securities F-1
Item 16. Changes in Securities and Changes in Security for Registered Securities F-1
PART IV
Item 17. Financial Statements F-1
Item 18. Financial Statements F-1
Item 19. Financial Statements and Exhibits F-1
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FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS
In addition to historical information, this Annual Report contains
forward looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities
Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act, as
amended. The forward-looking statements contained herein are subject to certain
risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially
form those reflected in the forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause
such a difference include, but are not limited to, those discussed in the
section entitled "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition
and Results of Operations--Risk Factors." Readers are cautioned not to place
undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which reflect management's
analysis only as of the date hereof. ILOG undertakes no obligation to publicly
revise these forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances that
arise after the date hereof. Readers should carefully review the risk factors
described in other documents the Company files from time to time with the
Securities and Exchange Commission, including reports on Form 6-K filed by the
Company in 1997.
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PART I
ITEM 1. DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS
BUSINESS
ILOG develops, markets and supports advanced software class libraries
for user interface, resource optimization and data services functions that are
fundamental to the development of strategic business applications. By creating
pre- built and pre-tested features to address these common software functions,
the Company's object oriented libraries reduce the time, cost and risk in the
development process, and allow users to focus their own efforts on value-added,
business specific programming tasks. The Company's libraries provide high
performance and scalability, run on the most popular Windows and Unix platforms,
and can be used to facilitate client-side, server-side or Web development
efforts. The Company also offers a range of consulting, customer training and
maintenance services to supplement its libraries.
ILOG's C, C++ and Java software class libraries address common strategic
business software development needs. These needs include user interface,
resource optimization and data services such as information coordination among
applications and databases. The Company's libraries can be purchased for
integration into new or existing applications individually or in combination
with other libraries. The Company is enhancing the performance and scalability
of its current libraries, porting them to different platforms and additional
programming languages and expanding the number of libraries to address common
software development needs. For example, the Company is being funded by Nortel
to develop a telecom graphics class library for network management solutions,
which is expected to be available in 1998. The Company has also commenced
licensing third party add-ons to its libraries where appropriate to improve
functionality coverage.
BACKGROUND
Increasing global competition and rapid changes in technology are
accelerating the demand by organizations for strategic business applications to
achieve competitive advantage. However, organizations face significant
challenges in developing strategic business applications that can keep pace with
this changing environment. These challenges include meeting the demand for new
applications, adapting these applications as business needs evolve and taking
advantage of new technologies such as distributed client server computing and
the Internet/intranet. The result is a large and increasing backlog of strategic
business applications that need to be developed, maintained and enhanced.
Organizations address their needs for strategic business software either
by purchasing packaged applications or writing their own applications. Packaged
applications are used for certain systems, such as back-office accounting, human
resources and order management, where the tasks are well defined. Where
organizations have specific needs and seek a proprietary advantage, but are
unable to customize fully packaged applications that meet their needs, they will
seek to build their own applications.
Software development is a lengthy and difficult process. Developers must
build user interfaces, provide resource optimization and data services functions
into their applications as well as other structural layers of development. The
Company believes that these common programming functions typically represent
between 15% and 40% of the number of lines of code for strategic business
applications. The challenge of undertaking all these programming tasks increases
the risk of failure and time to market, and requires significant additional
expertise and maintenance. A recent study by the Standish Group found that only
16% of large software development projects are completed on time and budget,
while three-quarters of these projects are more than 100% over budget,
significantly behind schedule or canceled before completion.
The shortage and high cost of software developers for strategic business
applications has created a need for a hybrid approach to software development
that combines the advantages of custom developed software with pre-built and
pre-tested software components or libraries. The emergence of object oriented
technology allows for the creation of pre-built software class libraries that
address common programming tasks, thus allowing programmers to shorten
development time by combining these libraries with their own programming. In
order for these class libraries to meet
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the evolving business and technology requirements of the specific organization,
they must provide high performance and scalability and yet be open and
adaptable.
THE ILOG SOLUTION
ILOG develops, markets and supports advanced software class libraries
for user interface, resource optimization and data services functions that are
fundamental to the development of strategic business applications. The Company's
object oriented libraries, which are written in the C, C++ and Java languages,
can be readily adapted to application development requirements. Since ILOG has
effectively pre-written many of the complex portions of each application,
enterprises can concentrate on the development of other portions of the
application that are specific to their respective businesses. The Company
believes that its libraries provide users with the following benefits:
Time to Market and Cost Reduction. ILOG libraries allow enterprises and
Independent Software Vendors ("ISVs") to accelerate development time
significantly. The cost of a development license for an ILOG library is
substantially less than the cost for an organization to develop those same
features internally. Moreover, ILOG's continuing maintenance and improvement of
its libraries ensures periodic performance and functionality enhancements for
its customers.
High Performance and Scalability. The proprietary algorithms embedded in
ILOG libraries are highly efficient and scale well to complex application needs.
Applications using ILOG libraries can run efficiently on small PCs as well as on
the most powerful workstations and servers because ILOG libraries are both CPU
and memory efficient. Intensive users can display or manage tens of thousands of
objects. ILOG libraries are currently being used in demanding applications such
as real-time air traffic control, securities trading, network management,
industrial control and military command and control.
Ease of Use. The Company's libraries consist of layers of components
that can be used without modification if the customer so elects. With a few
lines of code, developers can implement their enterprise specific components on
top of the Company's high level components.
Flexibility. Unlike many components that are inflexible black boxes, the
Company's components are built as documented layered classes. The lower layers
can be exposed to allow programming changes at all levels of the component's
behavior to meet individual business specific requirements.
Development Risk Reduction. The common development task components
provided by the ILOG libraries enable software developers to rapidly prototype
and test the performance of an application. Developers are able to quickly
confirm that the envisioned system successfully addresses the problems and will
withstand its final design load before they enter into the detailed
specification and design of the actual application. This approach greatly
decreases the technical risks associated with the creation of a new application
by providing a sound, pre-built infrastructure.
Hardware and Operating System Independence. The programming interfaces
for ILOG libraries are identical for all platforms that the Company addresses,
which makes deploying applications across PCs and workstations easier.
Development Strategy Independence. ILOG libraries are open (i.e.,
compatible with most development environments, compilers or methodologies and
software testing tools). The Company's customers can choose libraries from other
vendors and combine them with ILOG libraries in a true open environment.
STRATEGY
ILOG's objective is to be the leading worldwide provider of object
oriented software class libraries and optimization algorithms. Key elements of
the Company's strategy to achieve this objective include the following:
Extend Technological Leadership. The Company intends to maintain and
extend its current technological leadership as a provider of object oriented
software class libraries. The Company intends to focus its development efforts
on enhancing the performance and scalability of its current libraries, porting
them to different platforms and additional
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programming languages and expanding the number of libraries to address common
software development needs. For example, the Company has recently introduced a
Java version of its C++ graphical library ILOG Views. As part of the strategy of
extending its technological leadership position, the Company, in August 1997,
acquired the business of CPLEX Optimization, Inc., an established leader in math
programming optimization libraries.
Expand Sales Geographically. The Company's sales have historically been
concentrated in Europe, particularly in France. The Company believes that the
North American and Asian markets represent large growth opportunities for its
libraries. Since the beginning of 1995, the Company has significantly expanded
its sales effort by adding substantially to its U.S. and Asian direct sales
forces, which has resulted in rapid growth in these regions. The Company intends
to continue to add to its direct sales and consulting forces in all of its three
principal geographic regions.
Penetrate Vertical Market Base. The Company to date has sold its
libraries primarily to customers in the telecommunications, defense,
transportation, manufacturing and finance markets. The Company seeks to
penetrate vertical markets through partnerships with OEMs, VARs, and system
integrators. Where such partners do not exist, the Company believes that
developing expertise and references in these vertical markets is important to
marketing and selling its libraries successfully into these industries. In
particular, the Company is actively marketing within the Telecom industry sector
from which approximately 40% of its revenues are currently derived.
License Complementary Libraries from Third Parties. The Company's
customers are currently building add-on libraries using the Company's software
class libraries and the Company intends to license and resell worldwide some of
these add-on products. In this way, the Company hopes to promote the use of
software class libraries by developers worldwide.
Increase Penetration of Existing Customer Base. The Company intends to
expand sales of its libraries to its existing customers. Since the Company's
libraries are initially licensed to a few developers for benchmarking projects
inside an enterprise, the successful completion of these projects and the
launching of additional software design projects within a customer's
organization create additional sales opportunities for the Company. The Company
uses the success of projects with existing customers as an internal reference
for horizontal expansion within that organization through on-site seminars and
other marketing events.
Expand ISV Agreements. The Company has agreements with approximately 80
ISVs and intends to sell its libraries to additional ISVs for inclusion in
packaged software products. Due to the recurring revenue nature of the royalty
payments made by ISVs that ultimately include one or more ILOG libraries in
their products, the Company is currently increasing its marketing efforts to
ISVs. A significant part of the revenues received from the Company's CPLEX
products, which were acquired in August 1997, are from ISVs and Indirect Sales
Channels.
Expand Indirect Sales Channels. The Company intends to expand its global
sales capabilities by increasing the number of system integrators, VARs and OEMs
that market its libraries worldwide and the number of distributors where it does
not have a local presence. The Company believes that these sales channels will
allow the Company to access additional vertical and geographic markets where it
does not currently possess marketing or sales capabilities.
COMPONENT AND LIBRARY TECHNOLOGY
The Company believes that the software component technology development
path is analogous to the integrated circuit revolution of the 1970s. At that
time, the components used to build circuit boards were elementary fine-grain
components such as capacitors, resistors and transistors. The advent of packaged
larger-grain integrated circuits precipitated a shift in the computer
manufacturing industry, from a model where every computer manufacturer built its
own boards from self-defined designs that assembled fine-grain components to a
model where much larger components were integrated onto much smaller boards.
This shift considerably reduced the time and risk of designing new boards, as
well as the cost of mass-producing them. The result was less expensive
computers.
The Company believes that software component technology offers to the
software industry a similar potential to that which integrated circuits offered
the computer hardware industry. Software components are predefined pieces of
readily reusable software. These components provide ready-made, high level
functions without requiring software
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developers to understand the internals of the components. This allows developers
to focus on the use of these higher- level functions to achieve the
business-specific results that the application requires. For example, a Gantt
diagram (a standard scheduling graphic) component will display the use of
resources by activities over time in a predefined fashion. The application
developer using such a component will not have to program the details of the
diagrams, but rather can concentrate on the definition of the activities, the
resources and their relationships. The developer will therefore be able to
develop a scheduling application that includes a Gantt diagram more rapidly.
Components have been used in user interfaces for more than ten years.
Menu bars, push buttons and selection boxes are reusable components that are
available on operating systems such as Windows, Unix and Macintosh. The
inflexible black-box nature of many of these components, however, can prevent
software developers from obtaining the desired effect. For example, a developer
may wish to create a read-only Gantt diagram that only displays information. If
the component has been built without this feature, the development speed gained
by the use of the predefined component is lost by the difficulty encountered in
designing around some of its predefined behaviors.
Components created using object oriented technology add significant
flexibility. Using a component for a specific application often requires adding
new behaviors. Object oriented programming involves a cloning process that
allows developers to add new behaviors to existing classes of objects. This
"extensibility" is the principal reason that well-implemented object oriented
code has a longer life than traditional code. Object attributes (data) and
methods (behaviors) can be added to or changed without altering the original
"base classes," so that changes as the object environment evolves are
transparent to applications dependent on the base class. As a result of the
ability to further specify the behavior of code after it has been designed,
written and tested, object oriented technology allows the large-scale reuse of
components without sacrificing the flexibility needed for application-specific
behavior and optimization.
Object oriented techniques greatly simplify the development of complex
strategic business applications. Each coherent part of the task is represented
as a set of interdependent classes assembled together using a protocol. Some of
these classes will be reused as large grain components, others as fine-detail
implementation classes useful only for extension purposes.
In the example of the Gantt diagram, the elementary bars that appear in
the drawing can be thought of as instances of classes that are more fine-grained
than the Gantt diagram top level class. With this design, flexibility is pushed
one step further. It is now possible not only to extend the global Gantt object,
but also to extend some of its internals as well. For example, the developer may
wish to draw activities in a Gantt diagram in a different way, where a new
element of information is added to each of the bars. In that case, the developer
will extend the bar class of the Gantt-diagram library, instead of the
Gantt-diagram class. This is the flexibility that object oriented libraries are
intended to achieve.
Object oriented libraries, or class libraries, are coherent sets of
predefined components written in an object oriented language in such a way that
black-box components become clear-box components that can be redefined locally
when some behaviors do not match the exact needs of the application. Therefore,
object oriented libraries that cover a particular infrastructure task, such as
user interface programming, are more than a set of independent components.
Object oriented libraries consist of layers of components, where each layer
relies on documented extensible lower components.
PRODUCTS
The Company's products are high-performance C, C++ and Java software
class libraries sold in binary form on CD-ROMs. The Company's class libraries
are sold to C, C++ and Java developers within information technology (IT or MIS)
departments of end-user enterprises or to system integrators, ISVs, VARs and
OEMs. The libraries facilitate rapid development and deployment of complex
applications by providing pre-written portions of the software in order to
reduce the time, cost and risk of the development cycle. The Company's libraries
are independent and can be purchased for integration into new or existing
applications individually or in combination with other libraries. The libraries
run on the most popular Windows and Unix platforms and can be used to facilitate
client-side, server-side or Web development efforts.
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The Company typically commences a customer relationship with one or more
licenses to use one or two of the Company's products for a given customer
development project. A development license for one of the Company's products
normally ranges from $2,500 to $20,000, with an average development sale of
approximately $20,000. Once the customer completes its development projects, it
must enter into run time licenses with the Company in order to use any of the
Company's resource optimization or data services libraries needed to deploy the
developed application within or outside its organization. A customer typically
does not purchase any run time licenses until the successful completion of the
application development process, which typically takes at least six months from
the initial order. Such run time licenses range from $5,000 to $500,000
depending upon the future number of simultaneous users of the application, the
number of different sites on which this application will be deployed and the
number and type of ILOG libraries used in the application.
The following table sets forth certain information regarding the
libraries licensed by the Company:
YEAR OF FIRST
COMMERCIAL
PRODUCT CATEGORY AND NAME SHIPMENT PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
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USER INTERFACE
ILOG Views 1993 Data visualization and graphical user interface environment in C++
ILOG InForm 1996 Data visualization for database applications
ILOG Vision 1996 3-D structured graphics environment
ILOG JViews 1997 Data visualization in Java
RESOURCE OPTIMIZATION
ILOG Rules 1993 Real-time agents for monitoring and controlling data flows
ILOG Solver 1993 Constraint-based reasoning for resource allocation
ILOG Scheduler 1994 Add-on product for Solver primarily for short-term scheduling
ILOG Planner 1996 Add-on product for Solver primarily for long-term planning
ILOG CPLEX 1997 High performance C libraries for linear programming
DATA SERVICES
ILOG DB-Link 1994 Portable database access from C++
ILOG Server 1995 Real-time event notification and object modeling
ILOG Broker 1995 Distribution of application objects among computers
Historically, the Company has made minor revisions to its products
approximately every six months and has released new versions of its products
every 12 to 18 months.
The following describes the Company's software class libraries by
product category.
User Interface Libraries
The Company currently markets four user interface libraries: ILOG Views,
ILOG JViews, ILOG InForm and ILOG Vision. Approximately 55% of the Company's
revenues from license fees for 1997 were derived from ILOG Views. See "Risk
Factors--Product Concentration Risk."
ILOG Views and JViews are each a comprehensive data visualization and
graphical user interface environment providing components for structured
two-dimensional graphics. ILOG Views is used to solve a wide range of graphics
problems in industrial and commercial environments. ILOG Views is composed of a
core technological layer and a number of pre-defined, high-level graphical
components.
The core layer provides performance and portability (i.e., the ability
to implement platform independent interfaces) and the object oriented
representations of all the basic graphical entities. This layer provides
developers with hundreds of classes of graphical objects and methods to
construct highly interactive graphical environments, allowing real-time display
of up to 15,000 graphical objects in a single display space. Applications can
rapidly pan and zoom within this virtual display area, allowing selection and
manipulation of objects anywhere in the display. The Company
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believes its emphasis on performance represents an important advantage of ILOG
Views for implementing the graphical user interface of complex applications such
as real- time network supervision.
ILOG Views also includes a number of pre-defined, high-level display
components, including a grapher, maps, graphs, a spreadsheet, a Gantt diagram, a
hypertext viewer and a graphical user interface ("GUI") editor. The ILOG Views
Grapher allows an application developer to represent entities as nodes and arcs
linking these nodes. Due to the object oriented nature of ILOG Views Grapher,
the developer can easily define application specific aspects and behaviors for
both the nodes and the arcs, as well as superimpose the graph on top of a map
representing the geography of the application. These features are implemented
with a small number of lines of C++ or Java code, because they reuse all the
common classes of both the underlying graphic engine and the Grapher.
The Gantt diagram is another predefined ILOG Views component that is
very useful for ILOG Scheduler customers. Other graphic components, such as ILOG
Views Gadgets, allow for the implementation of the structural part of the GUI in
a portable link between platforms like Unix Motif and Microsoft Windows.
Available as a component or within an interactive Interface Builder, ILOG Views
Gadgets provides a simple way to rapidly construct the parts of an application's
GUI. Furthermore, ILOG Views presents an extensible class for building
specialized high-performance graphics editors that customers can use to
manipulate complex objects. Each of these customer-defined components can be
used to accelerate further the construction of highly customized display
environments.
ILOG InForm is an extension of ILOG Views that facilitates the
development of graphic-intensive database applications. Client server
applications involving multiple databases can be built almost entirely in a
drag-and-drop environment, without requiring Structured Query Language ("SQL")
or significant C++ coding. The Company believes that ILOG InForm has an
advantage over competing products because it works with native C++ objects,
which facilitates higher performance and more efficient development. ILOG InForm
also exploits all of a customer's prior ILOG Views development and automatically
generates C++ objects that can be used in other development projects. ILOG
InForm allows routine applications to be constructed by users or developers with
limited C++ knowledge or related tools.
ILOG InForm provides three advancements to the underlying ILOG Views
feature set: Studio, Data Sources and Data-Aware gadgets. ILOG InForm Studio
provides an intuitive environment for rapid application development and testing,
and adds new visual items that are useful for common database applications such
as data entry and review. Because ILOG InForm Studio is a superset of ILOG
Views, the Company's customers can rapidly take advantage of it even if their
application does not involve a database. ILOG Data Sources' innovation allows
easy definition of the tables and views needed in a client server application.
Instead of requiring SQL code manipulation, ILOG InForm Data Sources' GUI allows
more rapid selection of the rows and columns to be accessed. Once Data Sources
are set up, ILOG InForm's Data-Aware gadgets (e.g., spreadsheets, selection
buttons, data-entry fields) automatically connect to the relevant database
records for read or write access. This combination of features allows ILOG
Views' users to accelerate application development and customization whether the
user needs to work with relational or non-relational data.
ILOG Vision is a new library for high-performance 3D structured graphics
that can be used as a companion library to ILOG Views for very advanced graphics
applications. ILOG Vision provides a comprehensive set of high-level graphic
services (e.g., lighting, shading, object behaviors, animation) that facilitate
the development of 3D applications. Developers can save significant effort by
using ILOG Vision's high-level application programming interface ("API") instead
of the basic OpenGL or Direct3D libraries that are part of the platform
operating system.
Resource Optimization Libraries
The Company currently markets five resource optimization libraries.
The ILOG Rules reactive-optimization library facilitates the
construction of intelligent agents for monitoring and controlling data flows in
real time. With ILOG Rules dynamic rules engine, these agents will monitor and
evaluate highly complex conditions. For example, used as filtering elements in
complex network monitoring applications, ILOG Rules can identify the important
data contained in a series of alerts. When very high-performance correlation and
evaluation of data trends are critical for quick reactions, ILOG Rules can
provide decision agents that respond more rapidly than humans. ILOG Rules agents
can also be used as intelligent advisors embedded within editors and graphics
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systems or provide real-time simulation of events and processes. ILOG has
recently upgraded ILOG Rules to accept new rules without recompilation. The
Company licensed ILOG Rules from a third party and pays a small per-unit royalty
to such third party when it licenses ILOG Rules.
The ILOG Solver constraint-programming library provides the basic
programming layer embedding the core constraint processing technology, and the
ILOG Scheduler and ILOG Planner libraries are vertical add-ons. ILOG Solver
provides developers with an off-the-shelf engine for finding solutions in
extremely large search spaces. Some types of industrial and operational
problems, such as short-term scheduling (e.g., MRP) or distributed resource
planning, have numerous possible answers that represent poor-quality solutions.
Finding a high-quality solution was impractical until the advent of
constraint-based reasoning. ILOG Solver provides a problem-definition and
nonlinear modeling system that allows for accurate characterization of
real-world problems. ILOG Solver's solution algorithms (constraint propagation,
branch-and-bound, and numerical and logical processing) can then be used by
programmers to solve these difficult problems in telecommunications, defense,
transportation, manufacturing, finance and other industries.
The ILOG Scheduler time-constraint library utilizes the ILOG Solver
engine to solve complex scheduling problems quickly. ILOG Scheduler integrates
algorithms specific to scheduling and predefines a set of classes that model
scheduling activities. Constraints specific to scheduling define the different
ways to link activities and resources; an activity may either produce or consume
a resource. Furthermore, a typology of resources is defined that allows a direct
representation of domain specific data, freeing the developer from the difficult
task of analyzing the scheduling activity. ILOG Scheduler gives the developer a
pre-defined object oriented model that may be easily extended to suit
application specific needs. ILOG Scheduler also adds an "edge finder" algorithm
that improves the speed of finding solutions. By extending ILOG Solver
algorithms and supplying templates for common scheduling problems (e.g.,
bottlenecks, conflicts and sequencing preferences), ILOG Scheduler further
reduces the application development effort for programmers in a number of
application domains. ILOG Scheduler has been used for resource allocation,
personnel rostering, maintenance scheduling, labor-cost optimization and other
finite-capacity problems in utilities, transportation, medical and manufacturing
companies.
The ILOG Planner linear-programming library also complements ILOG
Solver. ILOG Planner provides a number of new mathematical algorithms for
solving ranges of problems that ILOG Solver is not designed to address,
including the Simplex algorithm for optimizing continuous-process manufacturing
plants. ILOG Planner allows for optimal long-term mixes of resources for
factories, refineries, warehouses and other logistical systems. However, when
there are temporal constraints that interfere with the ideal resource mix, ILOG
Planner and ILOG Scheduler together can identify the best short-term answer
considering the long-term objectives. The Company believes that this contingent
or reactive scheduling offers operational benefits that are unavailable from any
other C++ library vendor.
The ILOG CPLEX Callable Library provides a comprehensive set of linear
programming C routines for integration with Solver and other application
development components. These algorithms solve large and difficult linear
programs, mixed integer programs, quadratic programs and network problems at a
very high level of speed performance.
Data Services Libraries
The Company currently markets three data services libraries.
The ILOG DB-Link database access library provides portable
high-performance access to popular relational database management systems
("RDBSs") from vendors such as Oracle, Informix and Microsoft. Working entirely
in C++, developers can read, write, update and delete data via SQL actions.
Unlike competing products, ILOG DB-Link allows the invocation of stored
procedures, providing remote procedure-call capabilities with popular database
server engines. ILOG DB-Link has been enhanced to support ODBC connectivity to
most standard database systems.
The ILOG Server integration library facilitates object computing by
providing a real-time event-notification system and a coordinated facility for
modeling multiple business views of underlying objects. ILOG Server provides the
cornerstone for coordinating advanced object applications, with in-memory
referential integrity for data and business objects. ILOG Server has recently
been upgraded with full multithreading support, which provides high performance
while minimizing latency in complex software systems.
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The ILOG Broker distributed computing library provides an easy-to-use
technique to distribute application objects among multiple computers. Working
entirely in C++, developers using ILOG Broker benefit from multi-system
processing without the overhead and extra language burden of Interface
Definition Language (IDL) statements. ILOG Broker is currently being upgraded to
provide CORBA compatibility via a gateway to Iona's ORBIX system of cross-
platform object request brokers ("ORBs").
SERVICES
ILOG provides a number of services to assist customers in the design,
development and deployment of their object oriented software implementations.
Consulting services are available for designing, analyzing, implementing and
optimizing applications. In addition, the Company provides custom development
services to customers that request unique or proprietary product extensions.
Depending on the nature, complexity and duration of the project, these services
may be performed by third-party integrators, consultants or the Company.
Training is offered on a regular basis for customers needing to accelerate their
mastery of ILOG technologies and interfaces. Maintenance and technical support
are available for all ILOG libraries at an annual fee of 15% of the standard
software list price.
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CUSTOMERS AND APPLICATIONS
As of August 31, 1997, ILOG libraries had been licensed by over 1500
customers for development and/or deployment in a wide range of applications.
Many of these customers have licensed multiple copies for use in different
applications. The Company believes that the following customers are
representative of its customer base, in terms of their industries and types of
applications. Each has licensed at least $30,000 of libraries from the Company
and has a current maintenance agreement with the Company.
TELECOMMUNICATIONS AEROSPACE AND DEFENSE TRANSPORTATION
Alcatel British Aerospace Aviaco
Ascom Ericsson Ceselsa Airports of Paris
AT&T Dassault Aviation Air France
BBC World Service Data Sciences British Airways
Cisco Systems Defense Ministry, Singapore Civil Aviation Authority of
Ericsson DGA Singapore
Evolving Systems Defense Research Agency Federal Aviation Administration
France Telecom EDS Defence Federal Express
Fujitsu Telecommunications European Space Agency French Aviation Authorities
Hewlett-Packard French Navy Hactal (Hong Kong)
Matra Communication Gist Industries Hong Kong Kai Tak Airport
Motorola Lockheed Martin GEC Alsthom
MCI Logica MTRC
Next Level Communications Royal Air Force Port Klang (Malaysia)
Nortel Technologies Sagem Port of Singapore Authority
Nynex Sandia National Labs RATP/Paris Transportation
NTT Sextant Avionique System
Siemens Nixdorf Syseca Sabre Decision Technologies
SITA Thomson-CFS TNO SNCF/French State Railway
Teledanmark Research TRW United Parcel Service
Telefonica Techno-Sciences
UB Networks Vega Group ENERGY AND PUBLIC UTILITIES
Vodafone Group
FINANCE Aguas de Reus
MANUFACTURING CEA
Bear, Stearns Cogema
British Steel Central Bank of Russia Electra de Viesgo
Cheasapeake Commerz Financial Products Electricite de France
CSIRO Manufacturing Tech. Cursitor Management Framatome
Mannesman Societe Generale Gaz de France
Michelin Joint Research Center Ispra
Odense Steel Shipyard Long Island Lighting Company
Optichrome Petrosystems
Peugeot Technicatome
Tencor Instruments Union Fenosa
Uncle Ben's Westinghouse
Whirlpool
In any given quarter, a relatively small number of customers may
constitute a significant percentage of the Company's total revenue. See
"Management's Discussion and Analysis of Consolidated Financial Condition and
Results of Operations."
The customers listed above, and others, have licensed ILOG libraries for
development of a wide range of applications, including but not limited to the
following:
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TELECOMMUNICATIONS AEROSPACE AND DEFENSE TRANSPORTATION
Network and Systems Management Command, Control, Communications Resource Optimization
- Accounting management and Intelligence (C3I) systems - Airport counter, gate and belt
- Configuration management - Data fusion allocation
- Fault management - Geographic information systems - Command and control
- Performance management - Image processing - Crew allocation
- Security management - Logistics mapping - Distribution planning
- Equipment scheduling
Service Management Process Monitoring - Fleet management
- Dynamic tariff policy management - Data flow monitoring - Geographic information systems
- On-demand service provisioning - Radar visualization - Maintenance planning and
- Test bench monitoring scheduling
Network Planning - Timetabling
- Ground and space equipment Simulation - Traffic monitoring
scheduling - Capability analysis - Traffic planning
- Network modeling - Flight simulators - Vehicle tracking systems
- Scenario analysis - Warehouse management
Enterprise Resource Planning
- Maintenance scheduling Resource Allocation and Optimization
- Manpower planning - Frequency and bandwidth
allocation
- Mission planning
- On-board resource scheduling
- Payload optimization
- Supply chain logistics
MANUFACTURING FINANCE ENERGY AND PUBLIC UTILITIES
Supervision and Data Visualization Trading Systems Supervision, Command and Control
- Equipment performance analysis - Financial data visualization - Electrical network monitoring
- Geographic information systems - Portfolio management - Electrical powerplant monitoring
- Process monitoring and control - Portfolio optimization - Procedures monitoring
- Quality analysis - Risk analysis - Water and gas network
- Transaction management monitoring
Resource Optimization
- Equipment configuration and Commercial Banking Analysis and Tests
diagnostics - Balance sheet analysis - Measuring systems
- Logistics and distribution - Credit allocation management - Seismic data analysis
planning - Home banking applications - Simulation tools
- Maintenance planning and - Project management
scheduling - Staff scheduling Enterprise Resource Planning
- Manpower planning and crew - Workflow management - Equipment configuration
scheduling - Maintenance planning and
- Production line scheduling scheduling
- Production planning - Network planning
- Supply chain logistics - Nuclear plant decommissioning
- Warehouse management - Staff planning
Customer Services
- Claim resolution
- Price negotiation
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The following examples illustrate how selected organizations are
currently using ILOG's technology:
Telecommunications. France Telecom uses an application based on ILOG
Views to provide real-time intelligent monitoring of its telecommunications
network. This application was developed by an independent software integrator
and implemented as an add-on to France Telecom's existing centralized management
system, demonstrating the modularity and flexibility of ILOG C++ libraries. The
France Telecom network comprises over 650,000 circuit miles of fiber-optic cable
linking digital switches. The complexity of such a telecommunications network
and its switching equipment requires a sophisticated centralized management
center through which operators are able to react immediately to any alarms. It
is essential that superfluous data be filtered out so that only critical
information is analyzed for problems and faults. The graphical user interface
developed with ILOG Views is of paramount importance to this network management
application. It ensures instant communication of faults and alarms to the
operators and fast, intuitive network supervision. The application also provides
new on-line control and decision-support facilities for the centralized
management center. Thus equipped operators have the tools necessary to minimize
the impact of any network problem and either reroute traffic through existing
lines or open new connections. The independent software integrator achieved
these benefits by extending the ILOG Views graphing facility to create a
specialized editor to define and visualize new types of network fault patterns.
The use of ILOG View's reduced by a third the original estimated development
cost.
Transportation. The Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore uses an
application developed with ILOG Views and ILOG Solver to optimize the efficiency
of its airport operations, thus enabling higher traffic volume and better
customer service within the limitations of the existing facility. For an airport
to function well, planes must be moved to and from their gates efficiently, and
passengers must have easy access to departure and arrival terminals, luggage
belts and connecting flights. The location of aircraft on the ground must also
be carefully allocated because airport operators may want to spread passenger
loads while airlines would rather keep their fleet together to simplify
connections. The application based on ILOG Solver operates in real time,
reallocating gates and luggage belts as it receives updated flight information
and taking physical constraints, user preferences and pre-configurable criteria
into account to determine the best possible solution. When a solution that
satisfies every constraint cannot be found, the application finds one that meets
the most important constraints for as many flights as possible. Using ILOG
Solver, the allocation of an average day's 400 flights takes only six minutes.
ILOG Views' graphical layout of the airport with zoom capability gives users
total visibility over gates and luggage belts in real time, or at future times.
Color codes and symbols clearly mark allocation conflicts that might not have
been easy to visualize on a less graphically sophisticated display. The
application tries to minimize disruptions to airport operations caused by
last-minute changes that inconvenience passengers and airport staff.
Reallocating gates to handle contingencies takes less than 30 seconds including
recalculating the solution, updating the database and displaying the results in
an ILOG Views Gantt diagram. Using ILOG library technology, the Civil Aviation
Authority of Singapore saved months of development time and yielded better
results than internal solutions.
Manufacturing. Whirlpool Corporation has built an application based on
ILOG Solver to achieve a fundamental transition from "push" to "pull"
manufacturing. Under the previous "push" system, Whirlpool operated its plants
at full capacity and pushed the resulting inventory into the distribution
channel, with periodic oversupply resulting in discounting pressures. The push
system had the additional drawback of imposing weeks-long delays on any
nonstandard customer order. Whirlpool found the push model inappropriate for
supplying U.S. mass-marketers such as Circuit City and Sears. The new "pull"
system predicates manufacturing on actual customer demand, therefore requiring
both timely relay of orders to the plant and a highly optimized production
scheduling process to fill those orders. To achieve this transition, Whirlpool
had to reduce its order response time from four weeks to five days. Using ILOG
Solver, the application optimizes production planning based on pull
manufacturing constraints. Inventory at dealer showrooms is automatically
replenished when depleted by customer orders. Production costs, work-in-progress
and finished goods inventories are all significantly reduced, while
responsiveness to customer demand is much improved. The system is currently
supporting eight of Whirlpool's manufacturing plants, where it more accurately
prioritizes production, creates achievable production schedules, keeps factory
utilization high and monitors unsatisfied requirements resulting from production
constraints.
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SALES AND MARKETING
ILOG markets and sells its products worldwide principally through its
direct sales force and, to a lesser extent, through independent software vendors
("ISVs") and original equipment manufacturers ("OEMs") that embed ILOG
technologies into their own products for resale, as well as through systems
integrators, value added resellers ("VARs") and distributors.
Direct Sales. The Company has direct sales offices in France, California
and Singapore and additional field sales offices in the U.S., the U.K., Germany
and Spain. The sales organization includes field sales representatives, who bear
primary responsibility for customer relationships; field sales engineers, who
answer technical questions, perform demonstrations and develop prototypes or
proof-of-concept projects for customers; and inside sales representatives, who
support the field sales organization and handle smaller orders directly.
Due in part to the strategic nature of ILOG products and their
associated application development efforts, potential customers typically
conduct extensive evaluations of the available technologies before making
product acquisition decisions. Common objectives of such evaluations are to
determine whether a packaged application (as opposed to a component-based
development effort) exists that sufficiently meets the customer's requirements,
and to assess the degree of leverage provided by purchasing ILOG products versus
rewriting their salient features. Consequently, ILOG's sales cycle is generally
three to six months or more and varies substantially from customer to customer.
A prospective customer typically has a specific strategic need for one
or more specialized software applications to help it gain a competitive
advantage in its market, as well as adequate technical expertise and resources
in-house to support a software development effort to meet that need. During the
evaluation period, meetings involving ILOG's field sales and technical staff are
typically conducted at the customer's site and at ILOG's offices. Upon
completion of the evaluation, the customer may purchase one or more development
licenses for ILOG products, as well as associated training courses, consulting
services and product maintenance. A customer typically does not purchase any run
time licenses until the successful completion of the application development
process, which typically takes at least six months from the initial order. There
is no advance guarantee that any particular customer's application development
process will be successful and will ever yield deployment license revenues to
ILOG.
Indirect Sales. An important part of ILOG's sales strategy is the
cultivation of indirect sales channels. Of the approximately 1500 total ILOG
customers, more than 80 are ISVs or OEMs that develop and resell software based
on ILOG technologies. The Company also sells through systems integrators and
VARs, and distributors in Europe, Asia and South America. Substantially all of
the Company's indirect sales channels add significant value to the product in
the form of application development, integration with other software and/or
hardware products, consulting and/or training.
Marketing. ILOG conducts worldwide marketing communications programs
intended to position and promote its products and services. Specific promotional
tactics vary according to regional opportunities and best practice, but in
general include direct mail, advertising in technical journals, exhibition and
speaker placement at industry trade shows, press and industry analyst relations,
and horizontal (by technology) and vertical (by industry) educational seminars.
The Company also maintains Web sites that contain extensive product and Company
promotional materials as well as localized content by region.
ILOG's software is typically shipped to customers promptly upon receipt
of an order and the execution of a license agreement. Consequently, ILOG seldom
experiences a material backlog of unfulfilled orders, and does not consider
backlog to be a meaningful indicator of future performance. See "Management's
Discussion and Analysis of Consolidated Financial Condition and Results of
Operations."
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RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
The Company has committed, and expects to continue to commit in the
future, substantial resources to research and development. Research and
development efforts are focused on enhancing the performance, features and
scalability of its current libraries, porting them to different platforms and
additional programming languages and expanding the number of libraries to
address common software development needs. Current libraries under development
include a new version of ILOG Rules for Java and ILOG Dispatcher, a vertical
add-on to ILOG Solver for the transportation industry. There can be no assurance
however, that any of these products under development will ever be successfully
completed. During 1995, 1996 and 1997, net research and development expenses
were $2.9 million, $4.4 million and $4.6 million, respectively. Gross research
and development expenses before offsets to funding provided by the European
Union and agencies of the French government were $5.2 million, $7.0 million and
$5.0 million in 1995, 1996 and 1997, respectively. See "Risk Factors -- Risk of
Loss of Government Research and Development Funding" and "Management's
Discussion and Analysis of Consolidated Financial Condition and Results of
Operations."
Since its inception, the Company has maintained a research and
development focus on the solution of complex problems using object oriented
technology. This focus requires the fusion of different programming cultures,
including object oriented developers, who tend to be attracted by high-level
modeling, and developers working on complex algorithms, who tend to focus on
tight low-level code. This ILOG culture has arisen from nine years of day-to-day
development, algorithmic optimization and object oriented design. The Company's
engineers work with customers to ensure that the customer's problem is solved
efficiently. The Company's engineers also interact closely with the scientific
and academic communities, which the Company believes is the best way to obtain
and maintain high performance algorithms.
The Company's future success will depend in large part on its ability to
improve its current technologies and to acquire, develop and market new products
and product enhancements that address these changing market requirements on a
timely basis. There can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in
acquiring, developing and marketing new products or product enhancements, that
the Company will not experience difficulties that delay or prevent the
successful acquisition, development, introduction or marketing of such products
or enhancements or that any new products or product enhancements will adequately
address market requirements and achieve market acceptance. As is customary in
the software industry, the Company has in the past experienced delays in the
introduction of new products and features, and may experience such delays in the
future. If the Company is unable, for technological or other reasons, to
integrate acquired products, develop new products or enhancements of existing
products in a timely manner in response to changing market conditions or
customer requirements, the Company's business, operating results and financial
condition would be materially adversely affected. See "Risk Factors -- Rapid
Technological Change and Introduction of New Products and Product Enhancements."
COMPETITION
The Company believes that the primary competitive factors in its markets
are product performance and features, sales and distribution capabilities and
total cost. The Company's present direct competitors include a number of private
and public companies such as Dynatech Corporation, IBM, Neuron Data, Inc., Rogue
Wave Software, Inc., SL Corporation, Template Software, Inc. and Visix Software
Inc. The Company also competes with companies that provide packaged software
with respect to specific applications. In addition, virtually all of the
Company's customers have significant investments in their existing solutions and
have the resources necessary to enhance existing products and to develop future
products. These customers have or may develop and incorporate competing
technologies into their systems, thereby replacing the Company's current or
proposed libraries. This would eliminate their need for the Company's services
and libraries and limit future opportunities for the Company. The Company
therefore is required to persuade development personnel within these customers'
organizations to outsource the development of their software and to provide
products and solutions to these customers that cost-effectively compete with
their internally developed products. The Company expects to face additional
competition from other established and emerging companies if the market for its
libraries continues to develop and expand. In addition, current and potential
competitors have established or may establish cooperative relationships among
themselves or with third parties to increase the ability of their products to
address the needs of the Company's current and prospective customers.
Accordingly, it is possible that new competitors or alliances among competitors
may emerge and rapidly gain significant market share. New or enhanced
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products introduced by existing or future competitors could increase the
competition faced by the Company's products. Increased competition could result
in fewer customer orders, price reductions, reduced transaction size, reduced
gross margins and loss of market share, any of which could have a material
adverse effect on the Company's business, operating results and financial
condition. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to maintain
prices for its products at levels that will enable the Company to market its
products profitably. Any decrease in prices, as a result of competition or
otherwise, could have a material adverse effect on the Company's business,
operating results and financial condition.
Some of the Company's current, and many of the Company's potential,
competitors have longer operating histories, significantly greater financial,
technical, marketing, service and other resources, significantly greater name
recognition, broader product offerings and a larger installed base of customers
than the Company. In addition, the Company's current and potential competitors
may have well-established relationships with current and potential customers of
the Company. As a result, such competitors may be able to devote greater
resources to the development, promotion and sale of their products, may have
more direct access to corporate decision-makers based on previous relationships
and may be able to respond more quickly to new or emerging technologies and
changes in customer requirements. There can be no assurance that the Company
will be able to compete successfully against current or future competitors or
that competitive pressures will not have a material adverse effect on its
business, operating results and financial condition.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND OTHER PROPRIETARY RIGHTS
The Company relies primarily on a combination of copyright and trademark
laws, trade secrets, confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions to
protect its proprietary technology. For example, the Company licenses its
software pursuant to signed license agreements and, to a lesser extent,
"shrink-wrap" licenses displayed in product packaging, which impose certain
restrictions on the licensee's ability to use the software. In addition, the
Company seeks to avoid disclosure of its trade secrets, including requiring
those persons with access to the Company's proprietary information to execute
confidentiality agreements with the Company and restricting access to the
Company's source codes. The Company seeks to protect its software, documentation
and other written materials under the laws relating to trade secrets and
copyright, which afford only limited protection. The Company has no patents or
pending patent applications.
Despite the Company's efforts to protect its proprietary rights,
unauthorized parties may attempt to copy aspects of the Company's products,
obtain or use information that the Company regards as proprietary or use or make
copies of the Company's products. Policing unauthorized use of the Company's
products is difficult. In addition, the laws of many jurisdictions do not
protect the Company's proprietary rights to as great an extent as do the laws of
France and the U.S. In particular, "shrink-wrap" licenses may be wholly or
partially unenforceable under the laws of certain jurisdictions, and copyright
and trade secret protection for software may be unavailable in certain
countries. Under French intellectual property laws, rights over software are not
patentable but are protected under copyright law and infringements by third
parties can be enjoined. There can be no assurance that the Company's means of
protecting its proprietary rights will be adequate or that the Company's
competitors will not independently develop similar technology.
There can be no assurance that the Company will not receive
communications in the future from third parties asserting that the Company's
products infringe, or may infringe, on their proprietary rights. There can be no
assurance that licenses to disputed third-party technology would be available on
reasonable commercial terms, if at all. In addition, the Company may initiate
claims or litigation against third parties for infringement of the Company's
proprietary rights or to establish the validity of the Company's proprietary
rights. Litigation to determine the validity of any claims could result in
significant expense to the Company and divert the efforts of the Company's
technical and management personnel from productive tasks, whether or not such
litigation were determined in favor of the Company. In the event of an adverse
ruling in any such litigation, the Company might be required to pay substantial
damages, discontinue the use and sale of infringing products, expend significant
resources to develop non-infringing technology or obtain licenses to infringing
technology. In the event of a successful claim against the Company and the
failure of the Company to develop or license a substitute technology, the
Company's business, operating results and financial condition would be
materially adversely affected. As the number of software products in the
industry increases and the functionality of these products further overlaps, the
Company believes that software developers may become increasingly subject to
infringement claims.
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Any such claims against the Company, with or without merit, as well as claims
initiated by the Company against third parties, could be time consuming and
expensive to defend or prosecute and to resolve.
EMPLOYEES
As of August 31, 1997, the Company had 299 full-time employees,
including 58 in research and development, 203 in sales and marketing, consulting
and customer support and 38 in finance and administration. As of August 31,
1997, 187 of the Company's employees were located in Europe, 80 were located in
North America and 32 were located in Asia.
The Company has never experienced a work stoppage and believes that its
relationships with its employees are good. The future success of the Company
depends in large part on its ability to attract and retain highly skilled
technical, sales and managerial personnel. Competition for such personnel in the
software industry is intense, particularly with respect to technical personnel
with expertise in object oriented technology, and there can be no assurance that
the Company will be successful in attracting and retaining such personnel.
Management is required under the French Labor Code to hold monthly
meetings with a delegation of elected employee representatives to discuss, in
particular, employment matters and the economic condition of the Company and to
provide appropriate information and documents relating thereto. As required
under the French Labor Code, two representatives of the employees are entitled
to attend meetings of the Board of Directors of the Company, but do not have any
voting rights.
ITEM 2. DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTY
The Company's corporate headquarters are located in Gentilly, France, a
suburb of Paris, in premises consisting of approximately 36,000 square feet
under a lease expiring in 2004. The Company maintains a research and development
facility in Sophia-Antipolis, in the south of France, in premises consisting of
approximately 2,300 square feet under a lease expiring in 2005. The Company has
its U.S. headquarters in Mountain View, California in premises consisting of
approximately 14,000 square feet under a lease expiring in 1999. The Company
maintains a research and development facility in Incline Village, Nevada, in
premises consisting of approximately 3,100 square feet under a lease expiring in
September 1997, the renewal of which is currently being negotiated and a sales
office in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The Company has its Asian headquarters in
Singapore in premises consisting of approximately 6,500 square feet under a
number of leases expiring through 1999. In addition, the Company maintains sales
and customer support offices in Bracknell, outside of London, England; in
Eschborn, outside of Frankfurt, Germany; in Madrid, Spain; and Tokyo, Japan.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
The Company is a party to legal proceedings from time to time. There is
no such proceeding currently pending which the Company believes is likely to
have a material adverse effect upon the Company's business. Any litigation,
however, involves potential risk and potentially significant litigation costs,
and therefore there can be no assurance that any litigation which may arise in
the future will not have a material adverse effect on the Company's business.
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ITEM 4. CONTROL OF REGISTRANT
To the Company's knowledge, it is not owned or controlled by another
corporation or by any foreign government.
The table below sets forth certain information with respect to the
beneficial ownership of shares of the Company as of August 31, 1997 by any
person known to the Company to be the owner of more than ten percent of the
Shares:
SHARES
BENEFICIALLY PERCENTAGE
NAME AND ADDRESS OF BENEFICIAL OWNER OWNED(1) OWNED
------------------------------------ --------- -----
INRIA.............................................. 2,212,250 17.30%
BP 105, 78153 Le Chesnay Cedex,
France
Oak Investment Partners (2)........................ 1,379,107 10.79%
525 University Avenue, Suite 1300
Palo Alto, CA 94301
All directors and executive officers
as a group ((13) persons) (3)................... 6,073,633 47.01%
- -----------------------------
(1) Number of Shares and percent ownership is based on: (i) 12,786,730 Shares
outstanding as of August 31, 1997. Beneficial ownership is determined in
accordance with the rules of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and
includes voting and investment power with respect to such shares. Shares
subject to options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60
days of August 31, 1997 are deemed to be outstanding and to be beneficially
owned by the person holding such options for the purpose of computing the
percentage ownership of such person, but are not deemed to be outstanding
and to be beneficially owned for the purpose of computing the percentage
ownership of any other person.
(2) Represents 24,261 Shares and 1,354,846 Shares held of record by Oak VI
Affiliates Fund, L.P. and Oak Investment Partners VI, L.P. respectively. Oak
VI Affiliates Fund is an affiliate of Oak Investment Partners, a venture
capital firm. Fredric Harman, a director of the Company, is a general
partner of Oak Investment Partners. No general partner of Oak Investment
Partners is deemed to have voting and investment power with respect to such
Shares.
(3) Includes 133,577 shares issuable upon exercise of options to purchase shares
granted to executive officers and directors of the Company which are
exercisable within 60 days of August 31, 1997.
ITEM 5. NATURE OF TRADING MARKET
The ADSs are quoted on the Nasdaq National Market under the symbol
"ILOGY". Neither the ADSs nor the Shares are listed or quoted on any other
quotation system or securities exchange. The following table sets forth the
range of quarterly high and low closing sale prices of the ADSs (each ADS
representing one Share) on the Nasdaq National Market for each full quarterly
period within the last fiscal year.
HIGH LOW
------- ------
1997:
Third Quarter $12 1/4 $7 1/4
Fourth Quarter $ 6 1/4 $2 1/2
On August 31, 1997, the last sale price for the ADSs as reported on the
Nasdaq National Market was $8 1/2per ADS.
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The Depositary in respect of the ADSs is Morgan Guaranty Trust Company
of New York. Each ADS registered on the books of the Depositary corresponds to
one Share. As of August 31, 1997 there were 10 record holders of American
Depositary Receipts evidencing 4,733,074 ADSs. As of August 31, 1997 there were
141 holders of record of the Company's 12,786,730 Shares.
ITEM 6. EXCHANGE CONTROLS AND OTHER LIMITATIONS AFFECTING SECURITY HOLDERS
EXCHANGE CONTROLS
The payment of any dividends to foreign shareholders must be effected
through an authorized intermediary bank. All registered banks and credit
establishments in The Republic of France are authorized intermediaries.
Under current French exchange control regulations, there are no
limitations on the amount of cash payments that may be remitted by ILOG to
residents of the United States. Laws and regulations concerning foreign exchange
controls do require, however, that all payments or transfers of funds made by a
French resident to a non-resident be handled by an authorized intermediary bank.
OWNERSHIP OF SHARES BY NON-EUROPEAN UNION PERSONS
Pursuant to a Decree dated February 14, 1996, the acquisition of a
controlling interest in ILOG by any Non- European Union ("EU") resident is
generally no longer subject to an autorisation prealable or prior authorization
of the French Ministry of the Economy, Finance and the Budget. Under the new
regulations, the acquisition of a controlling interest in ILOG by either an EU
or non-EU person or group of persons is subject to a simple declaration
containing the details of the acquisition. The declaration must be filed at the
time the investment is made. Direct and indirect ownership of 20% or more of a
quoted company is generally regarded as a controlling interest, but a lower
interest may be held to be a controlling interest in certain circumstances (such
as an option to purchase additional shares).
Under French law, there is no limitation on the right of non-resident or
foreign shareholders to vote securities of a French company.
ITEM 7. TAXATION
The following is a general summary of certain material French tax and
United States federal income tax consequences to certain holders of ADSs that
are U.S. citizens and residents, U.S. corporations, and certain other entities
and organizations potentially affected by U.S. Federal income taxation
(collectively, "US. Holders"). This summary does not purport to address all of
the material consequences to these U.S. Holders or to any other holders. This
summary also does not take into account the specific circumstances of any
particular U.S. Holder although such circumstances might materially affect the
general tax treatment of such U.S. Holder. Therefore, all prospective purchasers
of ADSs are advised to consult their own tax advisor with respect to the United
States federal, state and local tax consequences, French tax consequences, or
foreign tax consequences of the ownership of ADSs and the Shares corresponding
thereto.
The statements of French and United States tax laws set out below assume
that each obligation in the Deposit Agreement and any related agreement will be
performed in accordance with its terms. In addition, such statements are based
on the laws in force as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 20-F, and as a
consequence are subject to any changes in United States or French law, or in the
double taxation conventions between the United States and France, occurring
after such date.
The Convention between the Government of the United States of America
and the Government of the French Republic for the Avoidance of Double Taxation
and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Income and Capital
of August 31, 1994 (the "Treaty") was ratified on December 30, 1995. Its
provisions concerning withholding taxes on dividends are applicable to amounts
paid on or after February 1, 1996. Its provisions for the partial refund of the
avoir fiscal (a 50% tax credit attached to French-source dividends) to
tax-exempt entities are retroactive and are
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effective for dividends paid on or after January 1, 1991. With respect to any
other taxes on income or with respect to the French wealth tax, the provisions
of the Treaty are effective January 1, 1996. Investors having questions
regarding the treatment of any item under the double taxation convention in
force between the United States of America and the French Republic prior to the
Treaty should consult with their tax advisors.
In order to be entitled to benefits conferred by the Treaty, a U.S.
holder must be a "resident" of the United States (hereafter referred to as a
"U.S. Resident Holder") within the meaning of the Treaty. Included in the
category of "U.S. Resident Holders" would generally be: (i) citizens or
residents of the United States; (ii) corporations organized under the laws of
the United States, or of any State thereof; (iii) certain pension trusts and
other retirement or employee benefits organizations established in the United
States by a "resident" thereof but generally exempt from U.S. tax; (iv) certain
not-for-profit organizations established in the U.S. but generally exempt from
U.S. tax; (v) U.S. regulated investment companies, U.S. real estate investment
trusts, and U.S. real estate mortgage conduits; and (vi) partnerships or similar
pass-through entities, estates, and trusts to the extent the income of such
partnerships, similar entities, estates, or trusts is subject to tax in the
United States as income of a resident in its hands or the hands of its partners,
beneficiaries, or grantors. In addition, in order to be entitled to benefits
conferred by the Treaty, a U.S. Resident Holder must also qualify for such
benefits under the limitation on benefits provisions of Article 30 of the
Treaty. The discussion below is based on the assumption that a U.S. Resident
Holder would so qualify but each U.S. Holder should consult with their own
advisor to ensure that this is the case.
For most purposes of the Treaty and the United States Internal Revenue
Code of 1986, as amended (the "IRC") as in effect as of the date of this Annual
Report on Form 20-F, U.S. Holders of ADSs will be treated as the owners of the
Shares corresponding to such ADSs. Accordingly, the French and United States
federal tax consequences discussed below will generally be applicable to U.S.
Holders of Shares.
TAXATION OF DIVIDENDS
Under French law, dividends paid to non-residents of France are subject
to French withholding tax at a rate of 25%. A resident of France is entitled to
an avoir fiscal, or a tax credit, in respect of a dividend received from a
French corporation, such as ILOG, equal to 50% of the amount of the dividend.
The avoir fiscal is allowed to shareholders who are not residents of France only
pursuant to a treaty or similar agreement between France and such non-resident's
country of residence.
Assuming dividends paid to a U.S. Resident Holder are not attributable
to a permanent establishment or fixed base maintained by such holder in France,
under the Treaty, the rate of French withholding tax on such dividends is
generally reduced to 15%. The rate of French withholding tax may be further
reduced to 5% if the U.S. Resident Holder is a company that owns directly or
indirectly at least 10% of the capital of ILOG.
The French tax authorities established an instruction on June 7, 1994
(the "Instruction") providing that dividends paid to a U.S. Resident Holder
which is entitled to either a fall or partial refund of avoir fiscal as
described below will no longer be subject to the French withholding tax of 25%
(with this tax reduced at a later date to 15% subject to filing formalities),
but will be immediately subject to the reduced rate of 15% provided that such
U.S. Resident Holder establishes before the date of payment that he is a
"resident" of the United States under the Treaty.
In addition, assuming again that dividends are not attributable to a
permanent establishment or fixed base maintained in France, certain U.S.
Resident Holders described below are also entitled to a payment equal to the
avoir fiscal, less a 15% withholding tax, with respect to such dividends. These
U.S. Resident Holders are: (i) individuals or other non-corporate persons; (ii)
United States corporations, other than regulated investment companies, that do
not directly or indirectly own 10% or more of the capital of ILOG; and (iii)
regulated investment companies that do not directly or indirectly own 10% or
more of the capital of ILOG but only if less than 20% of their shares are
beneficially owned by persons who are not citizens or residents of the United
States. It is important to note that a U.S. Resident Holder described
immediately above may receive a payment of the avoir fiscal only if such holder
is subject to United States federal income tax on the payment of the avoir
fiscal and the related dividend. Nevertheless, a partnership or trust may also
qualify but only to the extent that the partners, beneficiaries, or grantors
would qualify under (i) or (ii) immediately above (and are subject to United
States federal income tax on the payment of the avoir fiscal and the
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related dividend). In addition, in order to receive payment of the avoir fiscal,
the U.S. Resident Holder may be required to demonstrate to the French
authorities that he is the beneficial owner of the dividend and that his
shareholding does not have as its principal purpose, or one of its principal
purposes, to allow another person to obtain the refund of avoir fiscal.
Under the Treaty, any payment of the avoir fiscal (whether full or
partial) is subject to a 15% withholding tax. Thus, for example, provided that
the requirements of the Instruction are satisfied, if ILOG pays a dividend of
100 to a U.S. Resident Holder (who is not a tax- exempt entity) entitled to a
refund of avoir fiscal, such holder will initially receive 85 and will be
entitled to an additional payment of 42.5 (resulting in an aggregate payment of
127.5) consisting of the avoir fiscal of 50, less a 15% withholding tax on that
amount equal to 7.50. As noted below, the payment of the avoir fiscal less a 15%
withholding tax on that amount will not be received until, at the earliest,
January 15th following the close of the calendar year in which the dividend was
paid.
The Treaty provides that certain tax-exempt U.S. pension trusts and
other organizations established and maintained to provide retirement or employee
benefits and certain tax-exempt not-for-profit organizations (as well as certain
individuals with respect to dividends beneficially owned by such individuals and
derived from an investment retirement account and the United States, its
political subdivisions or local authorities, and any agencies or
instrumentalities thereof, from the investment of retirement assets) which are
U.S. Resident Holders are entitled to receive a payment equal to 30/85 of the
avoir fiscal, less a 15% withholding tax, provided that these entities own,
directly or indirectly, less than 10% of the capital of ILOG. The net effect of
the partial refund of the avoir fiscal is to offset the economic effect of the
15% French withholding tax imposed on the gross amount of the dividend.
Under the Instruction, in order to benefit from the reduced withholding
tax rate of 15% immediately upon payment of a dividend and to receive, where
applicable, the payment of the avoir fiscal less the 15% withholding tax on that
amount, a U.S. Resident Holder must complete and file a French Treasury form RF
IA EU-No. 5052, entitled "Application for Refund", before the date of payment of
the dividends. The form, together with instructions, will be provided by the
Depositary to all U.S. Holders registered with the Depositary and may also be
available from the United States Internal Revenue Service (the "Service").
However, should a U.S. Resident Holder not be able to complete and file the
French Treasury form RF IA EU-No. 5052 on the date of payment of the dividends
at the latest, such U.S. Resident Holder could benefit from the favorable
treatment provided by the Treaty if he or she completes and files a simplified
application form before the date of payment of the dividends. A model of such
simplified application form is provided by the Instruction. The Depositary will
arrange for the filing with the French fiscal authorities of all forms completed
by U.S. Holders registered with the Depositary and returned to the Depositary in
time to be filed with the French fiscal authorities prior to the payment of the
dividend. The payment of the avoir fiscal (net of withholding tax) is not made
before the close of the calendar year in which the related dividend is paid.
In addition, U.S. pension funds must, inter alia, provide the Centre des
Impots des Non-Residents with a tax certificate from the Service indicating that
such pension funds have been established and are operated in accordance with
Sections 401(a), 403(b) or 457 of the IRC. A mutual fund or other investment
company must provide a certification by the Service of such Company's status as
a regulated investment company under Section 851 of the IRC.
Amounts distributed as dividends by French companies out of profits
which have not been taxed at the ordinary corporate income tax rate or which
have been earned and taxed more than five years before the distribution are
subject to a precompte or prepayment by such companies equal to one-half of the
net amount distributed. If a U.S. Resident Holder is not entitled to the avoir
fiscal payment described above (or is entitled to only a partial payment of the
avoir fiscal), such a holder generally may obtain from the French tax
authorities a refund precompte (or a partial refund of precompte in the case of
a partial payment of the avoir fiscal), if any, paid in respect of the dividends
less French withholding tax on the amount thereof for United States federal
income tax purposes, the gross amount of any distribution as well as the gross
amount of any avoir fiscal (or precompte) paid to a U.S. Resident Holder (before
reduction for French withholding taxes) will generally be treated as a dividend
to the extent paid or deemed paid out of the current or accumulated earnings and
profits of ILOG (as determined for United States tax purposes) and will be
included in gross income of the U.S. Holder as ordinary income in the year
actually or constructively received. A dividends received deduction will
generally not be allowed with respect to dividends paid by the Company. For
purposes of determining the amount included in gross income, any French franc
distribution or avoir fiscal payment (or precompte refund) will
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be converted to U.S. dollars at the spot exchange rate on the date so included.
Generally, gain or loss (if any) resulting from currency exchange fluctuations
during the period from the date the dividend is included in income to the date
such dividend payment is actually converted into U.S. dollars will be treated as
ordinary income or loss from sources within the United States.
French withholding tax imposed on dividends paid by ILOG and imposed on
related payments of avoir fiscal (or precompte) may, subject to certain
generally applicable conditions and limitations, be taken as a deduction or as a
foreign tax credit against such U.S. Holder's United States federal income tax
liability. Dividends and related payments of avoir fiscal (or precompte) will,
in most cases, be considered "passive income" from sources outside of the United
States for purposes of these U.S. foreign tax credit provisions.
The passive foreign investment company ("PFIC") rules discussed below
may affect the U.S. tax treatment of distributions from ILOG.
TAXATION OF CAPITAL GAINS
In general, a U.S. Resident Holder will not be subject to French tax on
any capital gain derived from the sale or exchange of ADSs, except where such
gain is attributable to a permanent establishment or fixed base maintained by
the U.S. Resident Holder in France.
For U.S. tax purposes, U.S. Holders will generally recognize gain or
loss upon the sale or exchange of ADSs equal to the difference between the
amount realized from the sale or exchange of the ADSs and the U.S. Holder's
basis in such ADSs. In general, such gain will be capital gain from sources
within the United States and, furthermore, will be long-term capital gain if the
U.S. Holder has held the ADSs for more than 12 months at the time of
disposition. On August 5, 1997, legislation was enacted which, among other
things, reduces to 20% the maximum rate of tax on long-term capital gains on
most capital assets held by an individual for more than 18 months, and under
which gain on most capital assets held by an individual for more than one year
and up to 18 months is subject to tax at a maximum rate of 28%.
However, application of the PFIC rules discussed below may affect the
U.S. tax treatment of gain derived by a U.S. Holder from the disposition of
ADSs.
FRENCH TRANSFER TAXES
Transfers of Shares will not be subject to French registration or
transfer taxes, unless the transfer is effected by means of a written agreement
that is executed, registered, or enforced within France.
FRENCH ESTATE AND GIFT TAXES
Under the Convention Between the United States of America and the French
Republic for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal
Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Estates, Inheritance and Gifts, a transfer of
ADSs by gift or by reason of the death of a U.S. Holder that is an individual
that would otherwise be subject to French gift or inheritance tax, respectively,
will not be subject to such French tax unless the donor or the transferor is
domiciled in France at the time of making the gift, or of his or her death, or
the ADSs were used in, or held for use in, the conduct of a business through a
permanent establishment in France.
FRENCH WEALTH TAX
Under the Treaty, the French wealth tax applicable to individuals does
not apply to U.S. Holders owning alone or with related persons, directly or
indirectly, ADSs giving the right to less than 25% of ILOG's share capital.
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PASSIVE FOREIGN INVESTMENT COMPANY PROVISIONS
ILOG believes that its ADSs should not be treated as stock of a passive
foreign investment company (a "PFIC") for United States federal income tax
purposes, but this conclusion is a factual determination made annually and thus
is subject to change.
In particular, because all or a portion of the proceeds of an offering
of ADSs or Shares might be considered to generate "passive" income or be
considered to be "passive" assets as determined for PFIC purposes, ILOG might be
a PFIC in the taxable year in which any offering is consummated or in a
subsequent taxable year.
ILOG will be a PFIC with respect to a U.S. Holder if, for any taxable
year in which the U.S. Holder holds ADSs, either (i) at least 75% of the gross
income of ILOG for the taxable year is passive income; or (ii) at least 50% of
the average fair market value (assuming ILOG is not a "controlled foreign
corporation"as defined under U.S. law) of ILOG's assets consists of assets that
produce or are held for the production of passive income. For this purpose,
passive income generally includes dividends, interest, royalties, rents (other
than rents and royalties derived in the active conduct of a trade or business
and not derived from a related person), annuities and gains from assets that
produce passive income. For the purpose of the PFIC tests, ILOG will be treated
as owning directly its percentage share (presently 100%) of the assets of its
subsidiaries and of receiving directly its percentage share of each of those
subsidiaries' income, if any, so long as ILOG owns, directly or indirectly, at
least 25% by value of the particular subsidiary's stock.
If ILOG is treated as a PFIC, unless a U.S. Holder makes a "QEF
election", as described below, any gain realized on the disposition of ADSs as
well as any distributions with respect to such ADSs which constitutes an "excess
distribution" (defined as the excess of the amount received with respect to ADSs
in any taxable year over 125 percent of the average received during the shorter
of the three prior years or the prior years during which the U.S. Holder held
the ADSs) will be taxed in the following manner. First, the gain or excess
distribution will be allocated ratably over the period during which the U.S.
Holder held the ADSs. Second, the gain or excess distribution so allocated to
the current year or to any prior year during which ILOG was a PFIC will be
included in the current year as ordinary income (rather than, for example, as
capital gain). Third, gain or excess distribution allocated to any prior year
during which ILOG was a PFIC will be subject to tax at the highest rate of tax
applicable to the U.S. Holder during such prior year. Fourth, interest will be
charged as if the tax computed with respect to gain or excess distribution
allocated to such prior years had been due in such prior years but had not been
paid.
The special PFIC tax rules described above will not apply to a U.S.
Holder if the U.S. Holder elects to have ILOG treated as a "qualified electing
fund" (a "QEF election") and if ILOG complies with certain reporting
requirements. Once such an election is made by a U.S. Holder, it can be revoked
only with the consent of the Service.
A U.S. Holder that makes a QEF election must include in income each year
its pro rata share of ILOG's ordinary income and net capital gain (at ordinary
income and capital gains rates, respectively) for its taxable year in which the
taxable year of ILOG ends - regardless of whether or not such ordinary earnings
and net capital gain are actually distributed to such U.S. Holder. The U.S.
Holder's basis in ADSs will be increased to reflect taxed but undistributed
income. Distributions of income that had previously been taxed will result in a
corresponding reduction of basis in ADSs and will not be taxed again as a
distribution to the U.S. Holder.
Special rules apply with respect to the calculation of the amount of the
foreign tax credits available with respect to excess distributions by a PFIC or
inclusions under a QEF election.
A U.S. Holder who owns Shares or ADSs during any year that ILOG is a
PFIC must file Internal Revenue Service Form 8621.
FOREIGN CURRENCY ISSUES
If dividends are paid in French francs, the amount of the dividend
distribution to be included in the income of a U.S. Holder will be the U.S.
dollar value of the payments made in French francs, determined at a spot French
franc/U.S. dollar rate applicable to the date such dividend is to be included in
the income of the U.S. Holder, regardless of whether
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the payment is in fact converted into U.S. dollars. Generally, gain or loss (if
any) resulting from currency exchange fluctuations during the period from the
date the dividend is paid to the date such payment is converted into U.S.
dollars will be treated as ordinary income or loss.
ITEM 8. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The following selected financial data should be read in conjunction with
"Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of
Operation," the Consolidated Financial Statements and related Notes thereto and
other financial information appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form
20-F. The selected statement of operations data set forth below for each of the
years ended June 30, 1995, 1996 and 1997 and the balance sheet data at June 30,
1996 and 1997 have been derived from the Consolidated Financial Statements of
the Company, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and audited
by Ernst & Young Audit, independent auditors, and included herein. The selected
statement of operations data for the years ended June 30, 1993 and 1994 and
balance sheet data at June 30, 1993, 1994 and 1995 are derived from audited
financial statements not included herein.
YEAR ENDED JUNE 30,
---------------------------------------------------------------
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
------- -------- -------- -------- --------
(in thousands, except per share data)
STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS DATA:
Revenues:
License fees ................. $ 4,351 $ 8,035 $ 12,233 $ 18,848 $ 22,553
Services ..................... 3,881 4,271 5,523 7,166 10,772
------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Total revenues .................. 8,232 12,306 17,756 26,014 33,325
Cost of revenues:
License fees ................. 281 282 677 1,050 801
Services ..................... 2,037 1,725 3,615 4,458 5,962
------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Total cost of revenues ..... 2,318 2,007 4,292 5,508 6,763
------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Gross profit .................... 5,914 10,299 13,464 20,506 26,562
------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Operating expenses:
Marketing and selling ........ 4,101 4,467 7,726 17,227 21,451
Research and development ..... 3,521 4,073 2,926 4,437 4,566
General and administrative ... 1,692 1,496 2,842 3,554 4,292
------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Total operating expenses ... 9,314 10,036 13,494 25,218 30,309
------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Income (loss) from operations ... (3,400) 263 (30) (4,712) (3,747)
Net interest income (expense)
and other .................... (70) (257) (352) (259) 1,124
------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Net income (loss) ............... $(3,470) $ 6 $ (382) $ (4,971) $ (2,623)
------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Net income (loss) per share ..... $ (0.61) $ 0.00 $ (0.06) $ (0.73) $ (0.31)
------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Shares and share equivalents used
in per share calculations(1).. 5,679 5,919 6,454 6,855 8,376
YEAR ENDED JUNE 30,
-----------------------------------------------------
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
------ ------ ------- ------- -------
BALANCE SHEET DATA:
Cash and cash equivalents ...... $1,551 $1,262 $ 5,146 $ 4,977 $26,037
Working capital ................. 1,473 2,179 7,135 5,059 25,117
Total assets .................... 6,941 9,470 15,623 19,085 41,308
Convertible bonds ............... 1,229 1,279 4,533 4,272 --
Other long term obligations...... 1,031 1,159 2,044 2,364 1,134
Shareholders' equity ............ 343 813 2,466 1,236 27,027
ILOG has never declared or paid any cash dividends on its Shares. ILOG
currently intends to retain all future earnings to finance future growth and
therefore does not anticipate paying any dividends in the foreseeable future.
(1) See Note 1 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for an explanation
of the determination of the number of Shares and Share equivalents used in
per share calculations.
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ITEM 9. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS
OF OPERATIONS
This section contains trend analysis and other forward looking
statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties. These statements are
based on current expectations and actual results may differ materially. The
Company's actual results could differ materially from those projected in the
forward looking statements discussed herein. Factors that could cause or
contribute to such differences include but are not limited to, those set forth
under "Risk Factors" and elsewhere in this Form 20-F.
OVERVIEW
ILOG develops, markets and supports advanced software class libraries
for user interface, resource optimization and data services functions that are
fundamental to the development of strategic business applications. In 1988, the
Company began shipping software libraries developed in the LISP programming
language. In 1992, the Company started to transition its products to the C++
programming language. In 1997, 98% of the Company's total revenues were derived
from C++ based products. In 1993, the Company began shipping ILOG Views and ILOG
Solver, which together represented more than 80% of the Company's total license
fees revenues in 1997. Over the years, the Company has financed itself through a
combination of venture capital investments and interest free loans from French
government agencies and the European Union.
The Company's software development efforts are based in France. In 1997,
the Company's French-based revenues and operating expenses were 36% and 52%,
respectively, of the Company's total revenues and operating expenses.
The Company derives its revenues from the sale of development licenses
to application developers and from run time or deployment licenses once
applications are developed and deployed. Revenues from license fees represented
approximately 68% of the Company's total revenues in 1997. Gross margins from
license fees have exceeded 94% for each of the past three years. Services
consist of consulting to facilitate the adoption of the Company's products,
customer training and maintenance. Maintenance is more profitable than the other
services and is increasing relative to these other services as the Company's
installed base of customers becomes larger. Consulting, training and maintenance
accounted for 15%, 5% and 12%, respectively, of the Company's total revenues in
1997.
The Company's sales have historically been concentrated in Europe,
particularly in France. The Company believes that the North American and Asian
markets represent large growth opportunities for its products and services.
Since the beginning of 1995, the Company has significantly expanded its sales
effort by adding substantially to its U.S. and Asian direct sales forces, which
has resulted in rapid revenue and expense growth in these regions.
In 1996 and 1997, U.S. revenues grew by 131% and 33%, respectively, over
the preceding year and Asian revenues grew by 26% and 35%, respectively, over
the preceding year. The Company made major infrastructure and sales and
marketing investments in the U.S. in 1997 and 1996 resulting in consolidated
marketing and selling expenses increasing in 1996 and 1997 by 123% and 25%,
respectively, over the preceding year.
On August 20, 1997, the Company acquired the business of CPLEX
Optimization, Inc. which develops and markets math programming optimization
libraries and is based in Incline Village, Nevada. Pursuant to the acquisition
agreement, the Company issued 1.7 million shares and made an initial cash
payment of $15.0 million, and will pay an additional $5.0 million over the four
years following the date of the acquisition with interest accruing at a rate of
6.39% per annum.
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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
The following table sets forth certain items from the Company's
consolidated statement of operations as a percentage of total revenues for the
periods indicated:
YEAR ENDED JUNE 30,
--------------------------
1995 1996 1997
---- ---- ----
Revenues:
License fees.................................. 69% 72% 68%
Services...................................... 31 28 32
--- --- ---
Total revenues............................. 100 100 100
--- --- ---
Cost of revenues:
License fees.................................. 4 4 2
Services...................................... 20 17 18
--- --- ---
Total cost of revenues..................... 24 21 20
--- --- ---
Gross margin.................................... 76 79 80
--- --- ---
Operating expenses:
Marketing and selling......................... 44 66 64
Research and development...................... 16 17 14
General and administrative.................... 16 14 13
--- --- ---
Total operating expenses................... 76 97 91
--- --- ---
Income (loss) from operations................... 0 (18) (11)
Net interest income (expense) and other......... (2) (1) 3
--- --- ---
Net income (loss)............................... (2)% (19)% (8)%
=== === ===
Revenues
Total revenues increased from $17.8 million in 1995 to $26.0 million in
1996 and to $33.3 million in 1997, representing increases of 47% and 28%,
respectively.
The Company has significantly increased its geographical market coverage
to include the U.S., Singapore, the U.K., Spain, Germany and Japan through the
establishment of subsidiaries and in a number of other countries through
distributors. During 1995, 1996 and 1997, revenues generated from customers
outside of France totaled $8.2 million, $15.0 million and $21.3 million,
respectively, representing 47%, 58% and 64% of total revenues, respectively. The
growth in revenues generated from customers outside of France resulted primarily
from the Company's presence in North America and Asia. During 1995, 1996 and
1997, revenues generated from customers in North America totaled $3.2 million,
$7.4 million and $9.9 million, respectively. During 1995, 1996 and 1997,
revenues generated from customers in Asia totaled approximately $1.9 million,
$2.4 million and $3.3 million, respectively.
In 1995, 1996 and 1997, no single customer accounted for more than 5% of
total revenues. However, an order from a single customer in a particular quarter
can materially affect the Company's revenues and operating results for such
period. See "Risk Factors -- Fluctuations in Operating Results."
License Fees. Revenues from license fees increased from $12.2 million in
1995 to $18.8 million in 1996, and to $22.6 million in 1997 to representing
increases of 54% and 20%, respectively. These increases in license fees reflect
the growing market acceptance of the Company's products and the expansion of the
Company's product offerings. During this period, the Company was generally able
to maintain the price levels of its products.
Services. Revenues from services consist of consulting, training and
maintenance. Consulting and training services are billed by the person day or on
a fixed price basis. Maintenance services are available at an annual fee of 15%
of the standard software list price. Cash related to maintenance contracts is
generally received in advance while revenues are deferred and recognized ratably
over the term of the maintenance agreement, which is typically 12 months.
Revenues from services increased from $5.5 million in 1995 to $7.2 million in
1996 and to $10.8 million in 1997,
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representing increases of 30% and 50%, respectively. The increases in revenues
from services were due primarily to the growth in the Company's installed
customer base and increased demand for the Company's consulting services.
Gross Margin
The following table sets forth the gross margin for both categories of
revenues for 1995, 1996 and 1997.
YEAR ENDED JUNE 30,
------------------------
1995 1996 1997
---- ---- ----
Gross Margin:
License fees..................................... 94% 94% 96%
Services......................................... 35 38 45
Total revenues................................ 76 79 80
License Fees. The Company's gross margin for license fees is currently
affected by the pricing of its products as it relates to documentation and
packaging costs. Cost of license fees, consisting primarily of documentation,
packaging and freight expenses, increased from $677,000 in 1995 to $1.0 million
in 1996 and decreased to $801,000 in 1997 representing 6%, 6% and 4% of revenues
from license fees in 1995, 1996 and 1997, respectively. The payment of royalties
to third parties is currently not a significant component of the cost of license
fees; however, in the event the Company significantly increases the
incorporation of third-party technology in its products, the payment of such
royalties may have the effect of lowering gross margins.
Services. The Company's gross margin for services is primarily impacted
by the mix of consulting, training and maintenance revenues, where consulting
and training revenues are relatively lower margin activities. The need for
consulting and training services by the Company's customers to facilitate their
adoption of the Company's products and the Company's ability to satisfy the
demand for such services frequently has a direct impact on the Company's ability
to generate license fees. Cost of services, consisting of employee-related
expenses for these services, increased from $3.6 million in 1995 to $4.5 million
in 1996 and to $6.0 million in 1997. The services gross margin increased from
35% to 38% and to 45% in 1995, 1996 and 1997, respectively, as a result of
greater demand for the Company's consulting services.
Operating Expenses
Marketing and Selling. Marketing and selling expenses consist primarily
of salaries and other payroll related expenses such as incentive compensation,
promotional marketing activities, customer pre-sales technical support and
overhead costs relating to occupancy. Marketing and selling expenses increased
from $7.7 million in 1995 to $17.2 million in 1996 and to $21.4 million in 1997,
representing 44%, 66% and 64% of total revenues, respectively. The increase in
marketing and selling expenses as a percentage of total revenues between 1995
and 1997 is attributable to the significant worldwide expansion, particularly in
the U.S., of the Company's marketing and selling organization, which grew from
55 people at June 30, 1994 to 106 people at June 30, 1997. The increase in
headcount resulted from the opening of a sales and marketing headquarters and a
regional office in the U.S. and the opening of offices in Singapore and Germany.
The Company intends to continue the expansion of its sales and marketing
organization in all three of its geographic regions, to promote its products and
provide local customer support capability. Accordingly, the Company anticipates
that marketing and selling expenses will continue to increase in absolute terms.
Research and Development. Research and development expenses consist
principally of personnel costs, overhead costs relating to occupancy, equipment
depreciation and travel, less amounts received from French government agencies
and the European Union to reduce the cost to the Company of certain specific
research and development projects. This financial support is recorded as a
reduction of research and development expenses in the periods the projects are
undertaken and the related expenses are incurred. The following table sets forth
research and development expenses and the amounts of government funding for
1995, 1996 and 1997:
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Year Ended June 30,
----------------------------
1995 1996 1997
------- ------- ------
(in thousands)
Gross research and development expenses.................. 5,24$ 6,98$ 4,95$
Less government funding.................................. (2,321) (2,549) (388)
------- ------- ------
Research and development expense, net of funding......... $ 2,926 $ 4,437 $4,566
======= ======= ======
Research and development expenses increased from $2.9 million in 1995 to
$4.4 million in 1996 and to $4.6 million in 1997, representing 16%, 17% and 14%
of total revenues, respectively. The increase in gross research and development
expenses in 1996 was due to increased outsourcing, staffing and associated
support for software engineers required to expand and enhance the Company's
product line and undertake government funded projects. The reduced level of
funding in 1997 was due to the completion of sponsored projects. The Company has
not capitalized any software development costs and all research and development
costs have been expensed as incurred. See "Risk Factors -- Risk of Loss of
Government Research and Development Funding" and Note 1 of Notes to Consolidated
Financial Statements.
General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses consist
primarily of personnel and related overhead costs for finance and general
management. General and administrative expenses increased from $2.8 million in
1995 to $3.6 million in 1996 and to $4.3 million in 1997, representing 16%, 14%
and 13% of total revenues, respectively. The increase in general and
administrative expenses since 1995 results primarily from increased staffing to
support the Company's growth outside of France. From June 30, 1994 to June 30,
1997, the number of the Company's employees engaged in general and
administrative functions increased from 26 to 39.
Net Interest Income (Expense) and Other
Net interest income (expense) and other totaled $(352,000), $(259,000)
and $1.1 million in 1995, 1996 and 1997, respectively. The increase in net
interest income (expense) and other in 1996 was primarily due to a small foreign
exchange gain that was partially offset by higher interest expense from greater
borrowing levels and the increase in 1997 was due to a $1.1 million grant
received from an agency of the French government with respect to the Company's
establishment of subsidiaries outside of France.
CURRENCY FLUCTUATIONS
The Company operates on a multinational basis and a significant portion
of its business is conducted in currencies other than the U.S. dollar (the
financial reporting currency), namely the French franc and, to a lesser extent,
the Singapore dollar. Historically, a majority of the Company's expenses have
been incurred in French francs, especially research and development expenses. A
significant portion of the Company's revenues is denominated in French francs,
with the remainder in U.S. dollars, and, to a lesser extent, Singapore dollars
and other currencies. Fluctuations in the value of the currencies in which the
Company conducts its business relative to the U.S. dollar have caused and will
continue to cause dollar-translated amounts to vary from one period to another.
Due to the number of currencies involved, the constantly changing currency
exposures and the volatility of currency exchange rates, the Company cannot
predict the effect of exchange rate fluctuations upon future operating results.
Under the Company's accounting policy for foreign currency translation,
the results of the Company and each of its subsidiaries are measured in the
currency in which that entity primarily conducts its business (the functional
currency). The functional currencies of the Company and its subsidiaries are
their respective local currencies in accordance with Statement of Financial
Accounting Standard No. 52, "Foreign Currency Translation." All assets and
liabilities in the balance sheets of entities whose functional currency is not
the U.S. dollar are translated into U.S. dollar equivalents at exchange rates as
follows: (i) asset and liability accounts at year-end rates; and (ii) income
statement accounts at weighted average exchange rates of the year. Translation
gains or losses are recorded in shareholders' equity,
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and transaction gains and losses are reflected in net income (loss). The net
exchange gain (loss) for 1995, 1996 and 1997 was $(179,000), $36,000 and $2,000
respectively. These amounts represent transaction gains (losses) and are
included in net interest income (expense) and other. To date, the Company has
not undertaken hedging transactions to cover its currency transaction exposure
but may undertake such transactions in a limited manner in the future. See
Note 1 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
INCOME TAXES
The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with Statement of
Financial Accounting Standards No. 109 (SFAS 109), "Accounting for Income
Taxes."
At June 30, 1997, the Company had net operating loss carryforwards from
various tax jurisdictions of approximately $11.9 million, of which $2.1 million
and $7.0 million were in France and the U.S., respectively, which will generally
expire between 1999 and 2012 if not utilized. Pursuant to the U.S. Internal
Revenue Code, use of the U.S. net operating loss carryforwards may be limited if
a cumulative change in ownership of more than 50% occurs within any three-year
period.
As of June 30, 1997, a valuation allowance of $4.9 million had been
provided against a total deferred tax asset of $4.9 million (which consists
primarily of the tax benefit of net operating loss carryforwards). The Company's
expectation for realizing the deferred tax asset and the determination of the
amount of the valuation allowance is based upon the existence of both taxable
temporary differences and the likelihood of sufficient taxable income in the
carryforward period of certain jurisdictions.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Over the last three years, the Company has financed its operations and
investments in capital equipment through the sale of equity securities and
convertible bonds for net cash proceeds of approximately $29.6 million and $4.2
million, respectively, and $2.7 million of loans from banks and European
government agencies, of which a portion were interest free.
The Company has lines of credit with a French bank allowing for a
maximum borrowing of $3.4 million available until May 1, 1998. At June 30, 1997,
$1.3 million was outstanding under this facility. The lines of credit bear
interest at the Paris InterBank Offering Rate plus 1.5% which at June 30, 1997
corresponded to an effective rate of 4.9%.
As of June 30, 1996 and 1997, the Company had cash and cash equivalents
of $5.0 million and $26.0 million, respectively, and working capital of $5.1
million and $25.1 million, respectively. The Company used cash in operations of
$1.4 million in 1997. The net cash increase of $21.0 million in 1997 was due to
$24.9 million proceeds from the Company's initial public offering in February
1997 offset by a net loss of $2.6 million and a net increase in other working
capital items.
Accounts receivable increased from $8.5 million at June 30, 1996 to $9.7
million at June 30, 1997. The increases in accounts receivable during this
period resulted from the growth in revenues and the concentration of such
revenues in the final month of each period.
Net cash used for operating activities in 1995, 1996 and 1997 totaled
$100,000, $3.6 million and $1.4 million, respectively, due to the net losses
incurred in the respective periods after adjusting for changes in working
capital.
The Company's investing activities have consisted primarily of expenses
for fixed assets, which totaled $700,000, $1.5 million and $1.1 million in 1995,
1996 and 1997, respectively.
In 1995, 1996 and 1997, the Company's financing activities provided $4.9
million, $4.0 million and $24.5 million respectively, of which $4.2 million in
1995 was from the issuance of convertible bonds and $1.0 million and $3.4
million in 1995 and 1996, respectively, was the result of the issuance of shares
to venture capital firms, certain
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existing shareholders and to employees, and $24.9 million in 1997 were proceeds
from the Company's initial public offering in February 1997.
In August 1997 the Company used $15.0 million cash in connection with
its acquisition of the business of CPLEX Optimization, Inc.
While operating activities may provide cash in certain periods to the
extent the Company may experience growth in the future, the Company anticipates
that its operating and investing activities may use cash and, consequently, such
growth may require the Company to obtain additional sources of financing.
RISK FACTORS
In addition to the other information contained and incorporated by
reference in this Form 20-F, the following factors should be carefully
considered in evaluating the Company and its business:
HISTORY OF LOSSES; ACCUMULATED DEFICIT; FUTURE OPERATING RESULTS UNCERTAIN
The Company has incurred net losses in all but one of the last five
fiscal years. As of June 30, 1997, the Company had an accumulated deficit of
approximately $11.3 million. There can be no assurance that the Company will be
profitable on a quarterly or annual basis in the future. The Company's limited
operating history and the relative immaturity of its market, together with the
factors described under "-- Fluctuations in Operating Results" and "--
Seasonality of Operating Results," make the prediction of future operating
results impossible. The Company's past financial performance should not be
considered indicative of future results. Although the Company has experienced
revenue growth in recent periods, there can be no assurance that the Company's
revenues will continue to increase or will not decrease. Future operating
results will depend on many factors, including the growth of the market for the
Company's object oriented libraries, demand for the Company's products and
services, the level of competition, the Company's success in expanding its
direct sales force and indirect distribution channels and the ability of the
Company to develop and market new products and product enhancements and to
control costs, as well as general economic conditions. See "-- Fluctuations in
Operating Results," "-- Risk of Loss of Government Research and Development
Funding," "-- Seasonality of Operating Results" and "Management's Discussion and
Analysis of Consolidated Financial Condition and Results of Operations."
FLUCTUATIONS IN OPERATING RESULTS
The Company's operating results have varied significantly in the past
and may vary significantly in the future, on a quarterly and an annual basis, as
a result of a number of factors, many of which are outside the Company's
control. These factors include demand for the Company's products and services,
the size, timing and structure of significant licenses by customers, cost
overruns on the Company's fixed price consulting contracts, changes in the mix
of products and services licensed or sold by the Company, product life cycles,
the publication of opinions about the Company, its products and object oriented
technology by industry analysts, changes in pricing policies by the Company or
its competitors, changes in the method of product distribution (including the
mix of direct and indirect channels), customer order deferrals in anticipation
of product enhancements or new product offerings by the Company or its
competitors, customer cancellation of major planned software development
programs, the grant of research and development expense reimbursements by
government agencies and the timing of such research and development
reimbursements. Moreover, declines in general economic conditions could
precipitate significant reductions in corporate spending for information
technology, which could result in delays or cancellations of orders for the
Company's products. The Company's expense levels are relatively fixed and are
based, in significant part, on expectations of future revenues. Consequently, if
revenue levels are below expectations, expense levels could be
disproportionately high as a percentage of total revenues, and operating results
would be immediately and adversely affected. The Company has historically
operated with little backlog because its products are generally shipped as
orders are received. As a result, revenues from license fees in any quarter are
substantially dependent on orders booked and shipped in that quarter and on
sales by the Company's distributors and other resellers. Sales derived through
indirect channels are harder to predict and may have
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lower margins than direct sales. The Company also believes that the purchase of
its products is relatively discretionary and generally involves a significant
commitment of a customer's capital resources. Therefore, any downturn in any
potential customer's business would have a significant impact on the Company's
revenues and quarterly results. In addition, the Company has historically
recognized a substantial portion of its revenues from sales booked and shipped
in the last month of a quarter such that the magnitude of quarterly fluctuations
may not become evident until late in, or at the end of, a particular quarter.
Because a number of the Company's individual orders are for significant revenue,
the Company's operating expenses are based on anticipated revenue levels and a
high percentage of the Company's expenses are relatively fixed, the failure to
ship a significant order in a particular quarter could substantially adversely
affect revenues and operating results for such quarter. To the extent that
significant sales occur earlier than expected, operating results for subsequent
quarters may be adversely affected. Revenues are difficult to forecast because
the market for the Company's products is rapidly evolving. The Company may
choose to reduce prices or increase spending in response to competition or to
pursue new market opportunities. If new competitors, technological advances by
existing competitors or other competitive factors require the Company to invest
significantly greater resources in research and development efforts, the
Company's future operating results may be adversely affected. Due to these and
other factors, the Company's quarterly revenues, expenses and operating results
could vary significantly in the future, and period-to-period comparisons should
not be relied upon as indications of future performance. There can be no
assurance that the Company will be able to grow in future periods or that it
will be able to sustain its level of revenues or its rate of revenue growth on a
quarterly or annual basis. See "-- Risks Associated with Sales Cycle," "-- Risk
of Loss of Government Research and Development Funding" and "Management's
Discussion and Analysis of Consolidated Financial Condition and Results of
Operations."
MARKET ACCEPTANCE OF OBJECT ORIENTED TECHNOLOGY
The Company's products are designed for use in object oriented software
application development. Object oriented applications are characterized by
technology, development style and programming languages that differ from those
used in traditional software applications. Object oriented technology offers
greater flexibility and re-usability of code than traditional technologies.
Object oriented languages offer significant capabilities not available from
traditional programming languages, but require greater discipline and attention
to detail from developers. In addition, object oriented modeling and analysis
techniques are more sophisticated than traditional techniques. To transform a
software application written in a traditional programming language into an
object oriented application would involve significant re-design and
re-architecture. In many cases, every line of code would have to be re-written.
The Company's growth depends upon continued growth of the market for, and
broader acceptance of, object oriented technology. There can be no assurance
that the market for the Company's products or services will grow or be sustained
or that, if it does, the Company will benefit from such growth. The acceptance
of object oriented technology depends upon the widespread adoption of object
oriented programming, and there can be no assurance as to the rate or scale of
such adoption. For example, the number of software developers using object
oriented technology is relatively small compared to the number of developers
using more traditional software development technologies. The adoption of object
oriented technology by software programmers who have traditionally used other
technology requires reorientation to significantly different programming
methods, and there can be no assurance that the acceptance of object oriented
technology will expand beyond sophisticated programmers who were early adopters
of the technology. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that potential
customers will be willing to make the investment required to retrain programmers
to build software using object oriented technology rather than structured
programming techniques or other technologies. If the market for object oriented
technology fails to grow or grows more slowly than anticipated, the Company's
business, operating results and financial condition would be materially
adversely affected.
The market for object oriented technology is characterized by a lack of
standards and numerous competitors in the areas of libraries, methodology and
services. The Company's future financial performance will depend in part upon
the development of standards that the Company's products address. There can be
no assurance that the Company will be able to respond effectively to the
evolving requirements of the market. For example, to date the Company has
focused its efforts on the C++ programming language. Should this language lose
acceptance in the marketplace or be replaced by other advanced languages, such
as Java, the Company's business, operating results and financial condition would
be materially adversely affected. See "Business -- Component and Library
Technology" and "-- Products."
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MARKET ACCEPTANCE OF THE COMPANY'S PRODUCTS
The Company's future growth depends upon market acceptance of its
products. There can be no assurance that a significant number of organizations
will choose to use the Company's products, or that they will do so in a time
frame that will benefit the Company. In particular, many of the Company's
customers have licensed only small quantities of the Company's libraries, and
there can be no assurance that these or new customers will license additional
libraries from the Company or broadly implement object oriented technology.
Industry data indicate that many complex software development projects are
abandoned before completion or fail to satisfy user requirements, often after
the expenditure of substantial amounts of money and time. While the Company
believes that the libraries and professional services that it provides can
increase the likelihood that a software development project will be completed
successfully, the Company participates in an industry with an inherently high
failure rate and there can be no assurance that the Company's customers will
achieve success when using the Company's products and services. Any publicized
performance problems relating to object oriented technology or products offered
by the Company or by any competitor of the Company could also slow customer
adoption of the Company's products. Moreover, to the extent that the Company is
associated with unsuccessful customer projects, even if due to factors beyond
the Company's control, the Company's reputation and competitive position could
be materially and adversely affected. See "Business -- Products."
RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH SALES CYCLE
The Company's sales cycle is generally three to six months or more and
varies substantially from customer to customer. Due in part to the strategic
nature of the Company's products, potential customers are typically cautious in
making product acquisition decisions. The decision to license the Company's
products generally requires the Company to provide a significant level of
education to prospective customers regarding the uses and benefits of the
Company's products, and the Company must frequently commit substantial presales
support and consulting resources. The Company has been constrained in its
ability to provide consulting resources as a result of a lack of trained
personnel, which may cause sales cycles to be lengthened or result in the loss
of sales.
Sales of licenses are subject to a number of risks over which the
Company has little or no control, including customers' budgetary constraints,
customers' internal acceptance reviews, the success and continued internal
support of customers' own development efforts, the efforts of distributors and
the possibility of cancellation of projects by customers. The uncertain outcome
of the Company's sales efforts and the length of its sales cycles could result
in substantial fluctuations in operating results. If sales forecasted from a
specific customer for a particular quarter are not realized in that quarter, the
Company is unlikely to be able to generate revenues from alternate sources in
time to compensate for the shortfall. As a result, and due to the relatively
large size of some orders, a lost or delayed sale could have a material adverse
effect on the Company's quarterly operating results. Moreover, to the extent
that significant sales occur earlier than expected, current operating results
and/or those of subsequent quarters may be adversely affected. See "Management's
Discussion and Analysis of Consolidated Financial Condition and Results of
Operations."
RISK OF LOSS OF GOVERNMENT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FUNDING
The Company has received significant amounts of research and development
funding from the European Union and, to a lesser extent, agencies of the French
government, which approximated $2.5 million and $388,000 for 1996 and 1997,
respectively. Such funding has been netted against, and has therefore reduced,
the Company's reported research and development expenses on a dollar for dollar
basis. Relevant authorities award research and development funding on a
discretionary basis based on applications made by the Company for specific
product related projects. The Company has contracts that provide for additional
research and development funds through February 1999 based upon recent funding
applications. However, there can be no assurance that any future grants will be
made. Failure to receive future funding, a reduction in existing levels of
funding, or delays in receipt of additional funding may cause the Company's
research and development expenses to increase and may adversely affect the
Company's operating results on a dollar for dollar basis. See "-- Fluctuations
in Operating Results" and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Consolidated
Financial Condition and Results of Operations."
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SEASONALITY OF OPERATING RESULTS
A majority of the Company's sales have historically come from Europe.
Similar to many companies in the software industry with significant sales
outside of the U.S., the Company generally realizes lower revenues (i) in the
September quarter than in the immediately preceding quarter due primarily to
reduced economic activity in Europe in the summer months; and (ii) to a lesser
extent, in the March quarter compared to the immediately preceding quarter due
to the concentration by some customers of purchases in the fourth quarter of the
calendar year, and their consequently lower purchasing activity during the
following quarter. See "-- Fluctuations in Operating Results" and "Management's
Discussion and Analysis of Consolidated Financial Condition and Results of
Operations."
RAPID TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND INTRODUCTION OF NEW PRODUCTS AND PRODUCT
ENHANCEMENTS
The market for the Company's products and services is characterized by
rapid technological change, dynamic customer demands and frequent introductions
of new products and product enhancements. Customer requirements for products can
change rapidly as a result of innovations or changes within the computer
hardware and software industries, the introduction of new products and
technologies (including new hardware platforms and programming languages) and
the emergence, evolution or widespread adoption of industry standards. For
example, increasing commercial use of the Internet may give rise to new customer
requirements and new industry standards. There can be no assurance that the
Company will be successful in modifying its products and services to address
these requirements and standards. The actual or anticipated introduction of new
products, technologies and industry standards can render existing products
obsolete or unmarketable or result in delays in the purchase of such products.
As a result, the life cycles of the Company's products are difficult to
estimate. The Company must respond to developments rapidly and make substantial
product development investments. Any failure by the Company to anticipate or
respond adequately to technology developments and customer requirements, or any
significant delays in product development or introduction, could result in loss
of competitiveness and/or revenues.
The Company's future success will depend in large part on its ability to
improve its current technologies and to develop and market new products and
product enhancements that address these changing market requirements on a timely
basis. There can be no assurance that the Company will be successful in
developing and marketing new products or product enhancements, that the Company
will not experience difficulties that delay or prevent the successful
development, introduction or marketing of such products or enhancements or that
any new products or product enhancements will adequately address market
requirements and achieve market acceptance. As is customary in the software
industry, the Company has in the past experienced delays in the introduction of
new products and features, and may experience such delays in the future. If the
Company is unable, for technological or other reasons, to develop new products
or enhancements of existing products in a timely manner in response to changing
market conditions or customer requirements, the Company's business, operating
results and financial condition would be materially adversely affected. See
"Business -- Research and Development."
PRODUCT CONCENTRATION RISK
The Company currently generates more than 80% of its total license fees
from ILOG Views and ILOG Solver. The Company expects that revenues from these
two products will continue to represent a substantial portion of its total
license fees for the foreseeable future. As a result, any factor adversely
affecting licenses of either ILOG Views or ILOG Solver would have a material
adverse effect on the Company's business, operating results and financial
condition. The Company's future financial performance will depend in significant
part on the Company's successful development and introduction, and customer
acceptance, of new and enhanced versions of ILOG Views and ILOG Solver plus
other products. In addition, to the extent that competitive pressures or other
factors result in significant price erosion on these products, the Company's
results of operations would be materially adversely affected. See "Management's
Discussion and Analysis of Consolidated Financial Condition and Results of
Operations," "Business -- Products" and "-- Competition."
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COMPETITION
The Company's present direct competitors include a number of private and
public companies such as Dynatech Corporation, IBM, Neuron Data, Inc., Rogue
Wave Software, Inc., SL Corporation, Template Software, Inc. and Visix Software
Inc. The Company also competes with companies that provide packaged software
with respect to specific applications. In addition, virtually all of the
Company's customers have significant investments in their existing solutions and
have the resources necessary to enhance existing products and to develop future
products. These customers have or may develop and incorporate competing
technologies into their systems, thereby replacing the Company's current or
proposed libraries. This would eliminate their need for the Company's services
and libraries and limit future opportunities for the Company. The Company
therefore is required to persuade development personnel within these customers'
organizations to outsource the development of their software and to provide
products and solutions to these customers that cost-effectively compete with
their internally developed products. The Company expects to face additional
competition from other established and emerging companies if the market for its
libraries continues to develop and expand. In addition, current and potential
competitors have established or may establish cooperative relationships among
themselves or with third parties to increase the ability of their products to
address the needs of the Company's prospective customers. Accordingly, it is
possible that new competitors or alliances among competitors may emerge and
rapidly gain significant market share. New or enhanced products introduced by
existing or future competitors could increase the competition faced by the
Company's products. Increased competition could result in fewer customer orders,
price reductions, reduced transaction size, reduced gross margins and loss of
market share, any of which could have a material adverse effect on the Company's
business, operating results and financial condition. There can be no assurance
that the Company will be able to maintain prices for products at levels that
will enable the Company to market its products profitably. Any decrease in
prices, as a result of competition or otherwise, could have a material adverse
effect on the Company's business, operating results and financial condition.
Some of the Company's current, and many of the Company's potential,
competitors have longer operating histories, significantly greater financial,
technical, marketing, service and other resources, significantly greater name
recognition, broader product offerings and a larger installed base of customers
than the Company. In addition, the Company's current and potential competitors
may have well-established relationships with current and potential customers of
the Company. As a result, such competitors may be able to devote greater
resources to the development, promotion and sale of their products, may have
more direct access to corporate decision-makers based on previous relationships
and may be able to respond more quickly to new or emerging technologies and
changes in customer requirements. There can be no assurance that the Company
will be able to compete successfully against current or future competitors or
that competitive pressures will not have a material adverse effect on the
Company's business, operating results and financial condition.
DEPENDENCE UPON DEVELOPMENT OF SALES AND MARKETING FORCE
The Company has made a significant investment in recent years in the
expansion of its sales and marketing force, primarily in the U.S., and plans to
continue to expand its sales and marketing force. The Company's future success
will depend in part upon the productivity of its sales and marketing force and
the ability of the Company to continue to attract, integrate, train, motivate
and retain new sales and marketing personnel. There can be no assurance that the
Company's recent and planned investment in sales and marketing will ultimately
prove to be successful or that the incremental revenues generated will exceed
the significant incremental costs associated with these efforts. In addition,
there can be no assurance that the Company's sales and marketing organization
will be able to compete successfully against the significantly more extensive
and better funded sales and marketing operations of many of the Company's
current and potential competitors. The Company's inability to develop and manage
its sales and marketing force expansion effectively could have a material
adverse effect on the Company's business, operating results and financial
condition. See "Business -- Sales and Marketing."
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DEPENDENCE ON KEY PERSONNEL
The Company's future success will depend in significant part upon the
continued service of its key technical, sales and senior management personnel,
including the Company's President and Chief Executive Officer, Pierre Haren. The
Company is particularly dependent upon its technical personnel with expertise in
object oriented technology. The loss of the services of one or more of the
Company's key employees could have a material adverse effect on the Company's
business, operating results and financial condition. The Company's future
success will depend on its ability to attract, integrate, train, motivate and
retain highly qualified technical, sales and managerial personnel, and there can
be no assurance that the Company will be able to do so. Competition for such
personnel is intense, especially the competition for technical personnel with
expertise in object oriented technology. The Company expects that such
competition will continue for the foreseeable future, and may intensify. If the
Company is unable to hire qualified personnel on a timely basis in the future,
the Company's business, operating results and financial condition would be
materially adversely affected. Additions of new personnel and departures of
existing personnel, particularly in key positions, can be disruptive, might lead
to additional departures of existing personnel and could have a material adverse
effect upon the Company's business, operating results and financial condition.
See "Business -- Sales and Marketing," "-- Employees" and "Management."
The addition and assimilation of new personnel may be made more
difficult by the fact that the Company's research and development personnel are
located in France, and its sales and marketing activities are located on three
continents, thus requiring the coordination of organizations separated by
geography and time zones, and the interaction of personnel with disparate
business backgrounds, languages and cultures. See "-- Risks Associated with
Worldwide Operations."
RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH WORLDWIDE OPERATIONS
The Company's engineering and research and development operations are
located in France, and its sales and marketing operations are located on three
continents. The geographic distance between these locations has in the past led,
and could in the future lead, to logistical and communications difficulties.
There can be no assurance that the geographic, time zone, language and cultural
differences between the Company's French, North American and Singapore personnel
and operations will not result in problems that materially adversely affect the
Company's business, operating results and financial condition. Further, the
Company's operations may be directly affected by economic and political
conditions in the countries where the Company does business.
The Company expects to commit additional time and resources to expanding
its worldwide sales and marketing activities, localizing its products for
selected markets and developing local sales and support channels. There can be
no assurance that such efforts will be successful. Failure to sustain or
increase worldwide revenue, especially in North America and Asia, could have a
material adverse effect on the Company's business, operating results and
financial condition. Worldwide operations are subject to a number of risks,
including the costs of localizing products for different countries, longer
accounts receivable collection periods in certain geographic regions, especially
Europe, and greater difficulty in accounts receivable collections, unexpected
changes in regulatory requirements, dependence on independent resellers and
technology standards, import and export restrictions and tariffs, difficulties
and costs of staffing and managing international operations, potentially adverse
tax consequences, political instability, the burdens of complying with multiple,
potentially conflicting laws and the impact of business cycles and economic
instability outside core markets. Approximately 36% of the Company's sales in
1997 were denominated in French francs, with the remainder in U.S. dollars and,
to a lesser extent, Singapore dollars and other currencies. An increase in the
value of the French franc relative to foreign currencies could make the
Company's products more expensive and, therefore, less competitive in other
markets. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Consolidated Financial
Condition and Results of Operations" and "Business -- Sales and Marketing."
MANAGEMENT OF POTENTIAL GROWTH
The Company has recently experienced a period of growth in revenues that
has placed a significant strain on its management systems and resources. In
addition, the size of the Company's staff increased from 223 to 299
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employees during 1997. Further increases in the number of employees are
anticipated in 1998. Much of this growth has occurred and will occur in North
America, thus increasing the Company's need for information and communication
systems. The Company's ability to manage any future growth effectively will
require it to continue to improve its operational, financial and management
controls, accounting and reporting systems and procedures and other internal
processes, and there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to make
such improvements in an efficient and timely manner or that such improvement
will be adequate. If the Company's management is unable to manage growth and
change effectively, the Company's business, operating results and financial
condition could be materially adversely affected.
ACQUISITIONS
On August 20, 1997, the Company acquired the business of CPLEX
Optimization, Inc. ("CPLEX") which develops and markets math programming
optimization libraries, with operations in Incline Village, Nevada. CPLEX
generated net revenues of $5.7 million in 1997 and at August 20, 1997 had 13
employees all of which joined ILOG. There can be no assurance that CPLEX's
operations will be profitable after the acquisition. Moreover, there can be no
assurance that the anticipated benefits of the CPLEX acquisition will be
realized. The process of integrating CPLEX's business into the Company's
operations may result in unforeseen operating difficulties and could absorb
significant management attention, expenditures that would otherwise be available
for the ongoing development of the Company's business.
The Company may in the future pursue other acquisitions of complementary
product lines, technologies or businesses. Future acquisitions by the Company
could result in potentially dilutive issuances of equity securities, the
incurrence of debt and contingent liabilities and amortization expenses related
to goodwill and other intangible assets, which could materially adversely affect
any Company profitability. In addition, acquisitions, such as CPLEX, involve
numerous risks, including difficulties in the assimilation of the operations,
technologies and products of the acquired companies, the diversion of
management's attention from other business concerns, risks of entering markets
in which the Company may have or limited direct prior experience, operating
companies in different geographical locations with different cultures, and the
potential loss of key employees of the acquired company. There are currently no
agreements with respect to any acquisitions. In the event that such an
acquisition does occur, however, there can be no assurance as to the effect
thereof on the Company's business, financial condition or operating results.
RISK OF SOFTWARE DEFECTS; PRODUCT LIABILITY
As a result of their complexity, software products frequently contain
undetected errors or failures, especially when first introduced or when new
versions or enhancements are released. There can be no assurance that, despite
testing by the Company and testing and use by current and potential customers,
errors will not be found in new products and product enhancements released by
the Company in the future. The occurrence of such errors could result in
significant losses to the Company or a customer, especially if such errors occur
in strategic applications. Such occurrence could also result in reduced market
acceptance of the Company's products, which would have a material adverse effect
on the Company's business, operating results and financial condition. The
Company's license agreements with its customers typically contain provisions
designed to limit the Company's exposure to potential product liability and
other claims. It is possible, however, that the limitation of liability
provisions contained in the Company's license agreements, especially unsigned
"shrink-wrap" licenses, may not be effective under the laws of certain
jurisdictions. Consequently, the sale and support of the Company's software by
the Company entail the risk of such claims in the future. The Company currently
does not have insurance against product liability risks or errors or omissions
coverage, and there can be no assurance that such insurance will be available to
the Company on commercially reasonable terms or at all. A product liability
claim or claim for economic loss brought against the Company could have a
material adverse effect upon the Company's business, operating results and
financial condition.
CURRENCY FLUCTUATIONS
The Company publishes its financial statements in U.S. dollars. The
Company has historically recorded a majority of its expenses in French francs,
especially research and development expenses. A significant portion of the
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Company's revenues is denominated in French francs, with the remainder in U.S.
dollars and, to a lesser extent, Singapore dollars and other currencies.
Fluctuations in the value of the currencies in which the Company conducts its
business relative to the U.S. dollar have caused and will continue to cause
dollar-translated amounts to vary from one period to another. Due to the number
of currencies involved, the constantly changing currency exposures and the
volatility of currency exchange rates, the Company cannot predict the effect of
exchange rate fluctuations upon future operating results. To date, the Company
has not undertaken hedging transactions to cover its currency transaction
exposure but may undertake such transactions in a limited manner in the future.
See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Consolidated Financial Condition
and Results of Operations."
PROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
The Company's success is heavily dependent upon its proprietary
technology. The Company relies primarily on a combination of copyright and
trademark laws, trade secrets, confidentiality procedures and contractual
provisions to protect its proprietary technology. For example, the Company
licenses its software pursuant to signed license agreements and, to a lesser
extent, "shrink-wrap" licenses displayed on product packaging, which impose
certain restrictions on the licensee's ability to use the software. In addition,
the Company seeks to avoid disclosure of its trade secrets, including requiring
those persons with access to the Company's proprietary information to execute
confidentiality agreements with the Company and restricting access to the
Company's source codes. The Company seeks to protect its software, documentation
and other written materials under the laws relating to trade secret and
copyright, which afford only limited protection. The Company has no patents or
pending patent applications.
Despite the Company's efforts to protect its proprietary rights,
unauthorized parties may attempt to copy aspects of the Company's products,
obtain or use information that the Company regards as proprietary or use or make
copies of the Company's products. Policing unauthorized use of the Company's
products is difficult. In addition, the laws of many jurisdictions do not
protect the Company's proprietary rights to as great an extent as do the laws of
France and the U.S. In particular, "shrink-wrap" licenses may be wholly or
partially unenforceable under the laws of certain jurisdictions, and copyright
and trade secret protection for software may be unavailable in certain
countries. Under French intellectual property laws, rights over software are not
patentable but are protected under copyright law and infringements by third
parties can be enjoined. There can be no assurance that the Company's means of
protecting its proprietary rights will be adequate or that the Company's
competitors will not independently develop similar technology.
There can be no assurance that the Company will not receive
communications in the future from third parties asserting that the Company's
products infringe, or may infringe, on their proprietary rights. There can be no
assurance that licenses to disputed third-party technology would be available on
reasonable commercial terms, if at all. In addition, the Company may initiate
claims or litigation against third parties for infringement of the Company's
proprietary rights or to establish the validity of the Company's proprietary
rights. Litigation to determine the validity of any claims could result in
significant expense to the Company and divert the efforts of the Company's
technical and management personnel from productive tasks, whether or not such
litigation were determined in favor of the Company. In the event of an adverse
ruling in any such litigation, the Company might be required to pay substantial
damages, discontinue the use and sale of infringing products, expend significant
resources to develop non-infringing technology or obtain licenses to infringing
technology. In the event of a successful claim against the Company and the
failure of the Company to develop or license a substitute technology, the
Company's business, operating results and financial condition would be
materially adversely affected. As the number of software products in the
industry increases and the functionality of these products further overlaps, the
Company believes that software developers may become increasingly subject to
infringement claims. Any such claims against the Company, with or without merit,
as well as claims initiated by the Company against third parties, could be time
consuming and expensive to defend or prosecute and to resolve.
VOLATILITY OF SHARE PRICE
The market price of the Company's ADSs has experienced significant
fluctuation and may continue to fluctuate significantly. In particular, the
trading price of the ADSs could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to
quarterly
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variations in operating results, announcements of technological innovations or
new products by the Company or its competitors, changes in financial estimates
by securities analysts and other events or factors, many of which are beyond the
Company's control. The Company's failure to meet analysts expectations for the
quarter ended March 31, 1997 caused the Company's stock price to significantly
decline. In some future quarters the Company's operating results may be below
expectations of public market analysts and investors. In such event, or in the
event that adverse conditions prevail or are perceived to prevail generally or
with respect to the Company's business, the price of the Company's ADSs would
likely be immediately materially adversely affected. In addition, the stock
market has experienced volatility that has particularly affected the market
prices of equity securities of many technology companies and that often has been
unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of such companies.
These broad market fluctuations, as well as general economic, political and
market conditions such as recessions or international currency fluctuations, may
adversely affect the market price of the ADSs.
CONTROL BY PRINCIPAL SHAREHOLDERS, OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS; FACTORS INHIBITING
TAKEOVER
As of August 31, 1997, the Company's principal shareholders, executive
officers and directors and their affiliates beneficially owned approximately
47.01% of the Company's Shares. As a result, such persons and entities, acting
together, will have the effective ability to control the Company and direct its
affairs and business. The concentration of ownership of the Company's Shares may
have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of the
Company.
Pursuant to the Company's charter or statuts, the members of the
Company's Board of Directors each serve for a three-year term. One-third of the
directors are elected every year, which may make it more difficult for the
Company's shareholders to replace the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors
has also been authorized by the shareholders of the Company to effect increases
in the Company's share capital in the context of a tender offer or exchange
offer for the securities of the Company, which could have an anti-takeover
effect. See "Management," "Principal and Selling Shareholders," "Description of
Share Capital" and "Limitations Affecting Security Holders."
ENFORCEABILITY OF U.S. JUDGMENTS AGAINST FRENCH CORPORATIONS, DIRECTORS AND
OFFICERS
Judgments of U.S. courts, including judgments against the Company or its
directors or officers, predicated on the civil liability provisions of the
federal securities laws of the U.S. may not be enforceable in the Republic of
France. See "Enforcement of Civil Liabilities."
NO DIVIDENDS
The Company has not paid any cash dividends on its share capital to
date. The Company currently anticipates that it will retain any future earnings
for use in its business and, therefore, does not anticipate paying any cash
dividends in the foreseeable future. Any dividend would be declared and paid in
French francs and under the French Company Law (the "French Law") and the
Company's statuts, may only be paid from pre-consolidated net income, as
increased or reduced, as the case may be, by any net income or loss of ILOG
carried forward from prior years.
RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH STOCK OPTIONS GRANTED TO FRENCH TAXPAYERS
In December 1996, the French Parliament adopted measures that require
French companies to pay French social contributions and certain salary-based
taxes, which may represent for the Company approximately 45% of the taxable
salary, on the difference between the exercise price of a stock option and the
fair market value of the underlying shares on the exercise date if the
beneficiary of the stock option exercises such option and disposes of the shares
before a five year period following the grant of the option. The new law applies
to all options exercised after January 1, 1997 by persons whose salary is
subject to French social contributions. At June 30, 1997 approximately 120 such
persons hold in aggregate a total of 314,000 options at an average exercise
price of FF11.24 ($1.91). In the event the Company is required to pay such
French social contribution, the amount would be charged as an expense when
determined and would have a material adverse effect on the Company's operating
results and financial condition.
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CERTAIN MATTERS RELATED TO FRENCH COMPANIES
As a French societe anonyme, the Company will be subject to certain
requirements not generally applicable to corporations organized in U.S.
jurisdictions. Among other things, holders of ADSs will be subject to voting
procedures that are more complicated than for U.S. jurisdictions. The Company's
ability to increase its share capital is subject to shareholder approval at an
extraordinary shareholders' meeting. Shareholder approval must in any event be
obtained for any issuances of share capital in connection with a merger even if
the Company is the surviving entity, or an acquisition of assets in exchange for
shares of the Company. In the case of an extraordinary general meeting, the
presence, in person or by proxy, of shareholders holding one-third of the Shares
upon first notice and one-quarter of the Shares upon second notice is required
for a quorum. The complicated voting procedures under French Law, coupled with
the increasing practice of ADS holders not to exercise their voting rights, may
prevent the Company from obtaining a quorum for future shareholders' meetings
and thereby impair the ability of the Company to take any action that requires
shareholder approval.
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS OF REGISTRANT
In accordance with French law governing a societe anonyme, the Company's
affairs are managed by its Board of Directors and by its Chairman, President and
Chief Executive Officer, who has full executive authority to manage the affairs
of the Company, subject to the prior authorization of the Board of Directors or
of the Company's shareholders for certain decisions specified by law.
DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
Under French law, the Board of Directors prepares and presents the
year-end accounts of the Company to the shareholders and convenes shareholders'
meetings. In addition, the Board of Directors reviews and monitors ILOG'
economic, financial and technical strategies. French law provides that the Board
of Directors be composed of no fewer than three and no more than 24 members. The
actual number of directors must be within such limits and may be provided for in
the statuts or determined by the shareholders at the annual general meeting of
shareholders. The number of members of the Board may be increased only by
decision of the shareholders. The Company's Board of Directors currently
consists of nine members. Each director must be a shareholder of the Company.
Under French law a director may be an individual or a corporation, but the
Chairman must be an individual. Each director is elected for a three year term.
There is no limitation, other than applicable age limits, on the number of terms
that a director may serve. Directors are elected by the shareholders and serve
until the expiration of their respective terms, or until their resignation,
death or removal, with or without cause, by the shareholders. Vacancies which
exist in the Board of Directors may be filled by the Board of Directors, pending
the next shareholders' meeting.
Meetings of the Board of Directors of ILOG are normally convened and
presided over by the Chairman, who is elected by the Board of Directors. A
quorum consists of one-half of the members of the Board of Directors and
decisions are generally taken by a vote of the majority of the members present
or represented by other members of the Board of Directors. The Chairman has the
ability to cast a deciding vote in the event of a tie vote. A director may give
a proxy to another director but a director cannot represent more than one other
director at any particular meeting. Members of the Board of Directors
represented by another member at meetings do not count for purposes of
determining the existence of a quorum. As required under French law, one
representative of the employees is entitled to be present at meetings of the
Board of Directors of the Company, but does not have any voting right.
Directors are required to comply with applicable law and ILOG's statuts.
Under French law, directors are liable for violations of French legal or
regulatory requirements applicable to societe anonymes, violation of the
Company's statuts or mismanagement. Directors may be held liable for such
actions both individually and jointly with the other directors.
The Board currently has two committees: the Audit Committee, currently
composed of Philippe Claude and Marc Fourrier, and a Compensation Committee,
currently composed of Fredric Harmen and Albert Gabizon. The Audit Committee
primarily reviews the internal accounting procedures of the Company and consults
with and reviews the
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services provided by the Company's independent auditors. The Compensation
Committee determines the compensation of Pierre Haren, the Chairman and Chief
Executive Officer of the Company, and the other executive officers of the
Company and makes recommendations as to the implementation of the Company's
stock option and other employee benefits plans. Each of the Committees makes
recommendations to the Board of Directors for final decision by the Board.
Under French law, the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer has the
broadest powers to act on behalf of ILOG and to represent ILOG in dealings with
third parties, subject only to those powers expressly reserved by law to the
Board of Directors or the shareholders. The Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
determines, and is responsible for the implementation of, the goals, strategies
and budgets of ILOG, which are reviewed and monitored by the Board of Directors.
The Board of Directors has the power to appoint and remove, at any time, the
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer.
The following table sets forth the names, ages and positions of the
directors and executive officers of ILOG:
Name Age Position with the Company
- --------------------------------------- --- -----------------------------------------------
Pierre Haren........................... 43 Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Patrick Albert......................... 41 Chief Technology Officer
Dr. Robert Bixby....................... 51 Director and Technology Fellow
Edouard Efira.......................... 49 Director and Executive Vice President, Business
Development
Roger Friedberger...................... 46 Chief Financial Officer
Todd Lowe.............................. 41 Director and Executive Vice President, CPLEX
Business
Jean Pommier........................... 33 Vice President, Consulting
William Scull.......................... 44 Vice President of Worldwide Marketing
Jean-Francois Abramatic................ 47 Director
Philippe Claude........................ 49 Director
Marc Fourrier.......................... 43 Director
Albert Gabizon......................... 65 Director
Fredric Harman......................... 36 Director
The other officers of ILOG are as follows:
Name Age Position with the Company
- --------------------------------------- --- -----------------------------------------------
Bounthara Ing.......................... 34 President, ILOG Pte Ltd. (Singapore)
John Lynch............................. 41 President, ILOG, Inc.
Manuel Montalban....................... 38 Vice President, Europe
Pierre Haren is a founder of the Company and was the Managing Director
from April 1987 to December 1995, when he was appointed Chairman and Chief
Executive Officer of the Company. Prior to founding ILOG, Mr. Haren spent four
years in charge of the SMECI Expert System Shell Project with the Institut
National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique ("INRIA") following a
three-year term directing the investment department of the French Ministry of
the Sea. Mr. Haren received engineering degrees from Ecole Polytechnique in 1976
and Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussees in 1978. He received his M.S. from
Massachusetts Institute of Technology ("MIT") in 1978 and Ph.D. from MIT in
Civil Engineering in 1980. Mr. Haren's term on the Board of Directors expires in
1999.
Patrick Albert is a founder of the Company and has been Chief Technology
Officer of the Company since July 1996, having previously held the position of
Vice President of Research and Development from 1990. Mr. Albert was head of the
Expert System Shell Department of Groupe Bull prior to joining the Company in
April 1987. Mr. Albert received an M.S. in Information Technology from the
University of Paris VII in 1982.
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Dr. Robert Bixby has served as a Director and Technology Fellow of the
Company since August 1997. Dr. Bixby was a founder of, and from 1988 until
August 1997, was Chairman of CPLEX Optimization, Inc. Dr. Bixby is a Noah
Harding Research Professor Emeritus of applied mathematics at Rice University
and is a member of the National Academy of Engineering. Dr. Bixby's term on the
Board of Directors expires in 2000.
Edouard Efira has served as a Director of the Company since August 1997
and has been the Company's Executive Vice President, Business Development since
January 1997. From May 1996 to January 1997, he was Chief Operating Officer of
the Company and, from January 1989 to May 1996, he was Director of International
Sales.
Mr. Efira's term on the Board of Directors expires in 2000.
Roger Friedberger has served as Chief Financial Officer of the Company
since May 1996. From March 1988 through March 1996, he served as Senior Vice
President, Chief Financial Officer and Secretary of Insignia Solutions plc, a
software company. Mr. Friedberger graduated from the University of Leeds,
England in 1972 with a Bachelor of Commerce degree in Accounting and Law. He is
a certified public accountant in California and a member of the Institute of
Chartered Accountants in England and Wales.
Todd Lowe has served as a Director and the Company's Executive Vice
President, CPLEX Business since August 1997. From 1988 until 1997 he was
President of CPLEX Optimization, Inc. He received a Chemical Engineering degree
from the University of California. Mr. Lowe's term on the Board of Directors
expires in 2000.
Jean Pommier has been Vice President, Consulting since January 1997.
From January 1995 to January 1997, he was Director of Consulting and Quality
and, from March 1991 to January 1995, he was Director of Consulting. Mr. Pommier
joined the Company in August 1987 as a software engineer. Mr. Pommier received
an Engineering degree from ENSAM in 1986 and received an M.S. in Computer
Science from the University of Nice in 1987.
William Scull has served as Vice President of Worldwide Marketing since
September 1997. From October 1993 until September 1997, Mr. Scull was president
of Catalyst Consultants, a strategic marketing consulting firm based in Los
Altos, California. From November 1988 until September 1993, Mr. Scull was at
Tandem Computers holding a number of management positions where his most recent
position was as Director of Corporate Development, New Ventures. Mr. Scull
received an M.B.A. from Stanford University in 1981 and a Master of Science
degree in Engineering from MIT in 1979.
Jean-Francois Abramatic has served as a director of the Company since
December 1994. Since 1992, Mr. Abramatic has been Director of Development at
INRIA. In September 1996, Mr. Abramatic was appointed Chairman of the
International World Wide Web Consortium and as an Associate Director of the MIT
Laboratory of Computer Science. Mr. Abramatic received an Engineering degree
from Ecole des Mines, Nancy in 1971 and a Ph.D. from the University of Paris VI
in 1980. Mr. Abramatic's term on the Board of Directors expires in 1997.
Philippe Claude has served as the permanent representative of Atlas
Venture Europe Fund B.V., a director of the Company, since January 1995, and was
appointed a director of the Company in his individual capacity in September
1996. Mr. Claude has been a General Partner of Atlas Venture, a venture capital
firm, since January 1993. Prior to joining Atlas Venture Group, he had been a
general partner of Partech International since 1987. He is also a Director of
Business Objects S.A., a software company. Mr. Claude graduated from the
University of Brussels, Solvay School in 1971 and received an M.B.A. from Oregon
State University in 1973. Mr. Claude's term on the Board of Directors expires in
1999.
Marc Fourrier has served as a director of the Company since April 1987.
Mr. Fourrier is President of Delphis, a holding company that specializes in the
creation and development of high technology companies. From 1988 to June 1997,
Mr. Fourrier was a principal of Cleversys S.A., a consulting firm which
specializes in information technology. Mr. Fourrier received engineering degrees
from Ecole Polytechnique in 1976 and Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussees in
1978, and an M.S. from MIT in 1978. Mr. Fourrier's term on the Board of
Directors expires in 1998.
Albert Gabizon has served as the permanent representative of
Eurocontinental Ventures S.A., a director of the Company, since December 1995,
and was appointed as a director of the Company in his individual capacity in
September
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1996. In 1987, Mr. Gabizon founded Eurocontinental Ventures S.A., a Luxemburg
holding company specializing in European venture capital investments and
Eurocontinental (Managers) Limited. Mr. Gabizon is currently Chief Executive
Officer of Eurocontinental (Managers) Limited and Chairman of Eurocontinental
(Advisors) Limited, both of which are affiliates of Eurocontinental Ventures,
S.A. Mr. Gabizon received an M.B.A. from Ecole des Hautes Etudes Commerciales in
1953, and a law degree and a Ph.D. in economics from Paris University in 1957.
Mr. Gabizon's term on the Board of Directors expires in 1997.
Fredric Harman has served as the permanent representative of Oak
Management Corporation, a director of the Company, since December 1994, and was
appointed a director of the Company in his individual capacity in September
1996. Mr. Harman is a General Partner of Oak Investment Partners, a venture
capital firm. Mr. Harman was formerly with Morgan Stanley where he was a General
Partner of Morgan Stanley Venture Partners, L.P., a venture capital firm. He is
also a Director of SPSS, Inc., a software company. Mr. Harman received his B.S.
and an M.S. in Electrical Engineering from Stanford University in 1983, and an
M.B.A. from the Harvard Graduate School of Business in 1987.
Mr. Harman's term on the Board of Directors expires in 1998.
Bounthara Ing has served as President of ILOG Pte Ltd. Singapore since
January 1994. He joined the Company in April 1988 as Manager of the Graphic
Department. Mr. Ing received an Engineering degree from Ecole Centrale de Paris
in 1986.
John Lynch was appointed President of ILOG, Inc. in January 1997 after
having served as Senior Vice President, The Americas since August 1996 and Vice
President, North America since joining the Company in May 1995. Prior to joining
the Company, Mr. Lynch was Director of Business Marketing Development at Sun
Microsystems from 1989 and was appointed Director, North American Sales, of
Sunsoft Inc., in 1991. Mr. Lynch received a B.B.A. from Loyola University of
Chicago in 1978.
Manuel Montalban was appointed Vice President, Europe in July 1996 after
having served as European Sales Manager of the Company from February 1993 to
July 1996. From April 1991 to February 1993, Mr. Montalban served as General
Manager of ILOG Spain and, from 1987 to April 1991, as Manager of the Consulting
Department. Mr. Montalban received a Ph.D. in Computer Science at the University
of Nice in 1987.
LIABILITY INSURANCE
French law prohibits the Company from entering into indemnification
agreements with its directors and officers providing for limitations on personal
liability for damages and other costs and expenses that may be incurred by
directors and officers arising out of or related to acts or omissions in such
capacity. French law also prohibits the statuts of the Company from providing
for the limitation of liability of a member of the Board of Directors. These
prohibitions may adversely affect the ability of the Company to attract and
retain directors. Generally, under French law, directors and officers will not
be held personally liable for decisions taken diligently and in the corporate
interest of the Company.
The Company has entered into an agreement with each of its directors,
its Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, its Chief Operating Officer, its Chief
Financial Officer and other members of senior management designated by the Board
of Directors pursuant to which the Company agreed to contract for and maintain
liability insurance against liabilities which may be incurred by such persons in
their respective capacities, including liabilities which may be incurred under
the U.S. federal and state securities laws, subject to certain limitations. The
Company believes that entering into such agreements and maintaining appropriate
liability insurance for its directors and officers will assist the Company in
attracting and retaining qualified individuals to serve as directors and
officers.
ITEM 11. COMPENSATION OF DIRECTOR AND OFFICERS
The aggregate amount of compensation of all executive officers of ILOG
as a group (6 persons) paid or accrued for services in all capacities for the
year ended June 30, 1997 was approximately $1.1 million. In accordance with
French law relating to commercial companies, only shareholders may determine
directors fees to the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors then has full
and discretionary authority to decide the allocation of the directors' fees
authorized
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by the shareholders among its members. The shareholders of the Company have not
authorized the payment of any directors fees for 1997.
ITEM 12. OPTIONS TO PURCHASE SECURITIES FROM REGISTRANT OR SUBSIDIARIES
The Company has five employee stock option or purchase plans currently
in effect. The following is a summary description of each of the Company's
plans.
The 1989 Stock Option Plan. In a general meeting held in 1989, the
shareholders of the Company authorized the Board of Directors to grant options
with respect to an aggregate of 672,500 Shares at a fixed price during the first
year of grant and thereafter as determined by the Board of Directors on the date
of grant, at a price based on the net assets of the Company (the "1989 Plan").
The Board of Directors was authorized to grant options under the 1989 Plan until
January 1, 1994. Under the 1989 Plan, options become exercisable during a
four-year period from the date of grant, subject to vesting on the basis of
one-fourth of the Shares upon the date of grant, and one-fourth of the Shares in
each of the three following years. As of August 31, 1997 options with respect to
an aggregate of 19,375 Shares were outstanding under the 1989 Plan at an
exercise price of FF1.16 per share.
The 1992 Stock Option Plan. In general meetings held in 1992 and in
1993, the shareholders of the Company authorized the Board of Directors to grant
options with respect to an aggregate of 614,275 Shares at a price to be
determined by the Board of Directors on the date of grant based on the net
assets of the Company and increased by a reasonable estimate of the future
profitability of the Company (the "1992 Plan"). The Board of Directors may grant
options under the 1992 Plan until June 1998. Under the 1992 Plan, options become
exercisable for a period of five years following the date of grant subject to
vesting on the basis of one-fourth of the Shares upon the date of grant, and
one-fourth in each of the three following years. As of August 31, 1997, options
with respect to an aggregate of 473,310 Shares were outstanding under the 1992
Plan at exercise prices ranging from FF9.00 per share to FF32.00 per share and
options to purchase 6,359 Shares remained available for grant under the 1992
Plan.
The 1996 Stock Option Plan. In 1994, the shareholders of the Company
authorized the Board of Directors to grant up to 500,000 options at a price to
be determined by the Board of Directors on the date of grant based on the net
assets of the Company, a reasonable estimate of its future profitability and its
future development prospects (the "1994 Plan"). The Board of Directors may grant
such options until November 23, 1999. In order to comply with the U.S. Internal
Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code") for the granting of incentive
stock options, the Company decided to adopt a new plan (the "1996 Plan"),
incorporating Shares authorized under the 1994 Plan. The 1996 Plan was approved
by the shareholders on May 30, 1996, and on that date 600,000 Shares, on October
17, 1996, 200,000 Shares and on August 20, 1997 1,600,000 Shares, were added to
the 1996 Plan with respect to which options may also be granted by the Board of
Directors until November 23, 1999. Under the 1996 Plan, optionees are entitled
to exercise options for ten years (or seven years less one day for U.K.
employees). Under the 1996 Plan, generally and unless otherwise specified,
one-fourth of the Shares subject to option vest 12 months after the date of
grant of options and 1/48 of the Shares vest each month thereafter provided the
optionee continues to render services to the Company. As of August 31, 1997,
options with respect to an aggregate of 2,611,487 Shares were outstanding at
exercise prices ranging from FF12.80 to FF50.00, and options to purchase 647,545
Shares remained available for grant under the 1996 Plan.
As of August 31, 1997, options to purchase an aggregate of 666,613
Shares were held by executive directors and/or executive officers of the Company
as a group (8 persons). Under French Law, the Company cannot grant options to
members of the Board of Directors (other than the Chairman, Chief Executive
Officer or Managing Director) who are not employees.
All Options granted under the 1989, 1992 and 1996 Plans have a term of
ten years, other than options granted to employees in the United Kingdom which
have a term of seven years less one day. Generally, and unless otherwise
specified, if an optionee terminates his or her employment with the Company, the
optionee may exercise only those options vested as of the date of termination
and must effect such exercise within three months. In general, if an optionee
dies during his or her employment, or within three months after termination of
employment, such person's options may
-44-
45
be exercised up to six months after his or her death to the extent vested at the
time of his or her death or termination. No option may be transferred by the
optionee other than by will or the laws of intestacy.
In December 1996, the French parliament adopted a law that requires
French companies to pay French social contributions and certain salary-based
taxes, which may represent, for the Company, up to 45% of the taxable salary, on
the difference between the exercise price of a stock option and the fair market
value of the underlying shares on the exercise date, if the beneficiary disposes
of the shares before a five-year period following the grant of the option. The
new law is consistent with French personal income tax law pursuant to which the
difference between the option exercise price and the fair value of the shares at
the grant date is treated as salary income if the shares are sold or otherwise
disposed of within five years of the option grant. The law applies to all
options, whatever the grant date, exercised after January 1, 1997.
The Company has not recorded a liability for social charges which may be
assessed for options granted as of December 31, 1996 as the liability, being
dependent on future values of the Company's shares and the timing of employees'
decisions to exercise options and sell the related shares, cannot be estimated.
The Company also does not consider that the liability is probable due to the
income tax disincentives to employees of exercising options and selling the
shares in less than a five year period.
For options granted after the adoption of the new law, the Company has
decided to subject such options to a minimum holding period of the underlying
shares, whereby French optionees will not be allowed to sell or dispose of the
shares before the expiration of a 5-year period from the grant date.
1996 International Employee Stock Purchase Plan. In October 1996, the
shareholders of the Company approved the Company's International Employee Stock
Purchase Plan (the "Purchase Plan") which reserves a total of 150,000 Shares for
issuance thereunder for a period of two years from the date of approval by the
Company's shareholders. The Purchase Plan permits eligible employees to acquire
Shares in the form of ADSs through payroll deductions. The Purchase Plan is
intended to qualify as an "employee stock purchase plan" under Section 423 of
the Code. The Purchase Plan is implemented by consecutive offering periods.
Except for the initial offering, each offering under the Purchase Plan will be
for a period of six months (the "Offering Period") commencing on February 1 and
August 1 of each year. The first Offering Period began on February 14, 1997
being the date on which price quotations for the ADSs corresponding to the
Shares were first available on the Nasdaq National Market and ended on July 31,
1997. The Board of Directors has the power to set the beginning of any Offering
Period and to change the duration of Offering Periods without shareholder
approval, provided that the change is announced at least 15 days prior to the
scheduled beginning of the first Offering Period to be affected. Eligible
employees may select a rate of payroll deduction up to 10% of their
compensation, up to an aggregate total payroll deduction not to exceed $21,250
in any calendar year. The purchase price for ADSs purchased under the Purchase
Plan is 85% of the lesser of the fair market value of the Company's ADSs on the
first day of each applicable Offering Period and on the last day of such
Offering Period.
1996 French Employee Savings Plan. The Company's 1996 French Employee
Savings Plan (the "Savings Plan"), which was approved by the Company's
shareholders in October 1996, reserves a total of 150,000 Shares for issuance
thereunder for a period of two years from the date of such approval. The Savings
Plan permits eligible employees primarily to make contributions for purposes of
purchasing shares in investment funds managed for the Company on behalf of
employees, or to acquire Shares issued by the Company itself. The Savings Plan
is intended to qualify as an Employee Savings Plan under Article 443-1 et. seq.
of the French Labor Code. The Savings Plan is funded by an annual contribution
made on behalf of employees from a special employee profit-sharing reserve, by
voluntary contributions made by employees, by discretionary supplemental
contributions made by the Company, and by the reinvestment of revenues and
capital gains from investments in the Savings Plan prior to distribution. In
accordance with the French Labor Code, voluntary contributions in any one
calendar year for an eligible employee may not exceed 25% of such employee's
gross annual salary. The price for Shares of the Company purchased under the
Savings Plan is 80% of the mean of the fair market value of the Company's ADSs
as quoted on the Nasdaq National Market in the twenty trading days preceding the
Board of Directors' decision to issue Shares to eligible employees under the
Savings Plan. Investments made on behalf of eligible employees may be
distributed on the first day of the fourth month of the fifth fiscal year
following the year in which investment fund shares or Shares of the Company were
purchased. The Savings Plan is automatically renewed each year unless otherwise
terminated by the Company.
-45-
46
As of August 31, 1997 the Company had issued 10,666 and 8,323 Shares
under the Purchase Plan and Savings Plan, respectively.
ITEM 13. INTEREST OF MANAGEMENT IN CERTAIN TRANSACTIONS
Since July 1, 1994, there has not been, nor is there currently proposed,
any transaction or series of similar transactions to which the Company was or is
to be a party in which the amount involved exceeds $60,000 and in which any
director, executive officer or holder of more than 5% of the share capital of
the Company had or will have a direct or indirect material interest other than
in the transactions described below.
The directors of the Company include (a) a General Partner of an
affiliate of Atlas Venture Europe Fund B.V., (b) the Chief Executive Officer of
Eurocontinental (Managers) Limited, the manager of Eurocontinental Venture S.A.
and (c) a General Partner of Oak Investment Partners, an affiliate of Oak
Management Corporation.
Prior to September 1996, Atlas Venture Europe Fund B.V., Eurocontinental
Ventures S.A., and Oak Management Corporation were directors of the Company. In
transactions between July 1, 1993 and June 30, 1996, Atlas Venture Europe Fund
B.V., Eurocontinental Ventures S.A. and Oak Management Corporation, and
affiliates thereof, purchased an aggregate of 1,834,912 Shares at a weighted
average of FF 18.14 per share, including the conversion of the convertible bonds
held by them and the exercise of rights for the purchase of additional Shares
upon conversion in an aggregate of 1,419,854 Shares.
In March 1995, the Company entered into a co-operation agreement with 02
Technology S.A., and Simulog S.A., with respect to the development of a software
program. Mr. Jean-Francois Abramatic and Mr. Marc Fourrier, currently directors
of the Company, and Mr. Alain Bensoussan, formerly the Chairman and Chief
Executive Officer of the Company, were directors of 02 Technology S.A. at the
time of entering into such agreement, and Mr. Haren, currently the Chairman and
Chief Executive Officer of the Company, was also a director of Simulog at the
time of entering into such agreement.
In June 1995, the Company entered into a research agreement with INRIA
relating to the development of a software program. Mr. Jean-Francois Abramatic,
currently a director of the Company, and Mr. Alain Bensoussan, formerly the
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, were directors of INRIA at
the time of entering into such agreement.
In February 1996, the Company entered into an agreement with INRIA with
respect to the porting of ILOG Views on Macintosh/PC in the context of the
implementation of Internet multimedia tools. Also in February 1996, Mr.
Jean-Francois Abramatic, a director of the Company, who is also a director of
INRIA, entered into a consulting agreement with the Company with respect to the
Company's Internet strategy. Pursuant to the agreement, Mr. Abramatic provides
consulting services to the Company one day per month for a period of one year
with a remuneration of FF 7,000 per day.
In January 1997, the Company's U.S. subsidiary extended a loan in the
amount of $75,000 to Mr. Edouard Efira, the Executive Vice President, Business
Development of the Company. The loan yields interest at a rate of 5.63% and is
payable on January 21, 1998.
On August 20, 1997 the Company acquired the business of CPLEX
Optimization, Inc., ("CPLEX") for which it issued 1,700,000 shares, paid
$15,000,000 in cash and issued three promissory notes in an aggregate amount of
$5,000,000 to CPLEX. Of the 1095 outstanding shares of CPLEX, Robert Bixby, a
director of the Company, holds 558; Todd Lowe, a director of the Company, holds
215; and Janet Lowe, the spouse of Todd Lowe, holds 322.
In the context of the acquisition by the Company of the business of
CPLEX on August 20, 1997, the Company issued three promissory notes to CPLEX in
an aggregate principal amount of $5.0 million repayable over four years and
incurring interest at a rate of 6.39% per annum. Following the acquisition the
promissory notes were assigned among Todd Lowe, a director of the Company, for a
principal amount of $981,735, Robert Bixby, a director of the Company,
-46-
47
for a principal amount of $2,547,945 and Janet Lowe, Marketing Director, CPLEX
Business and spouse of Todd Lowe for a principal amount of $1,470,320.
In the context of the acquisition by the Company of CPLEX, the Company's
subsidiary ILOG, Inc., entered into employment agreements dated August 20, 1997
with each of Todd Lowe, Robert Bixby and Janet Lowe. The Employment Agreement of
each of Todd Lowe, Janet Lowe and Robert Bixby has a three year term. Although
such employment is in each case at will, if the Company terminates any of such
employees' employment other than for cause or if such employee dies or becomes
disabled, then such employee's stock options shall continue to vest and such
employee's salary and bonus will continue to be paid for the employment term.
Mr. Lowe was granted options for the purchase of 200,000 shares and his annual
salary is $150,000 plus a target bonus of $50,000. Janet Lowe was granted
options for the purchase of 200,000 shares and her annual salary is $100,000
plus a target bonus of $30,000. Mr. Bixby was granted options for the purchase
of 400,000 shares and his annual salary is $135,000 plus a bonus to be
determined annually.
In the context of the acquisition by the Company of CPLEX, the Company,
pursuant to a Technology Access Letter granted to Robert Bixby certain continued
access and rights to the CPLEX software and technology including personal access
to the source code for a limited period; the right to request the Company to
grant non-transferable object code licenses to academic institutions for
research promotions; the right to request the Company to grant non-transferable
object code licenses to Rice University with updates; and the right of perpetual
access to the problem test bed (the collection of proprietary problems existing
at the time of termination of Dr. Bixby's employment). Such access and rights
were granted subject to protection of the Company's confidential information and
their being for research and academic purposes only.
The Company believes that the terms of each of the foregoing
transactions were as favorable to the Company as the terms that would have been
available from unaffiliated third parties.
-47-
48
PART II
ITEM 14. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES TO BE REGISTERED
Not applicable.
PART III
ITEM 15. DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES
Not Applicable
ITEM 16. CHANGES IN SECURITIES AND CHANGES IN SECURITY FOR REGISTERED
SECURITIES
Not Applicable
PART IV
ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Not Applicable
ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
See pages F-1 through F-19.
ITEM 19. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND EXHIBITS
(A) Financial Statements
The following financial statements and schedules, together with the
report of Ernst & Young LLP thereon, are filed as part of this annual report:
Independent Auditors' Report
Consolidated Balance Sheets
Consolidated Statements of Operations
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Schedule II to Financial Statements (Financial statement
schedules I, III, IV and V are omitted as the information is not
required, is not applicable or the information is presented in
the financial statements or related notes thereto)
-48-
49
(B) Exhibits
EXHIBIT
NUMBER EXHIBITS
- -------- --------------------------------------------------------------------
1.1 Statuts (charter) of the Company (English translation).*
2.1 Asset Purchase Agreement by and among ILOG S.A., ILOG, Inc., CPLEX
Optimization, Inc., Todd Lowe, Janet Lowe and Robert Bixby dated as
of August 4, 1997.
3.2 Supplemental Deposit Agreement dated as of August 20, 1997.
3.1 Form of Deposit Agreement, dated as of February 13, 1997, among
ILOG, S.A., Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New York, as
Depositary, and holders from time to time of American Depositary
Shares issued thereunder (including as an exhibit, the form of
American Depositary Receipt).*
4.1 Summary Description of ILOG 1989 Stock Option Plan.*
4.2 Summary Description of ILOG 1992 Stock Option Plan.*
4.3 ILOG 1996 Stock Option Plan.*
4.4 ILOG 1996 International Employee Stock Purchase Plan.*
4.5 ILOG 1996 French Employee Savings Plan (English Translation).*
4.6 INRIA "Le-LISP" version 16 License Agreement between the Registrant
and INRIA dated September 2, 1993 (English summary).*
4.7 Agreement with Sunsoft, Inc. dated March 11, 1996.*
4.8 License Agreement between Thomson -- CSF, System-logiciel and the
Registrant dated January 14, 1991 (English summary).*
4.9 Collaborative Information Technology Research Institute (CITRI)
License Agreement between the Registrant and Royal Melbourne
Institute of Technology, and the University of Melbourne as
participants in CITRI, dated June 24, 1996.*
4.10 Consulting Agreement between the Registrant and Jean-Francois
Abramatic (English summary).*
4.11 Associated Agreement between the Registrant and BULL, S.A. dated
February 9, 1995.*
4.12 Co-operation Agreement between the Registrant and 02, Technology
dated December 1995.*
4.13 Co-operation Agreement between the Registrant and SIMULOG, dated
March 13, 1995.*
4.14 Co-operation Agreement between the Registrant and INRIA dated June
14, 1995.*
4.15 Lease of premises, Gentilly, France (English summary).*
4.16 Lease of premises, Mountain View, CA.*
4.17 Lease of premises, Singapore.*
4.18 Lease of premises, Sophia-Antipolis (English summary).*
4.19 Bank Credit Agreement between the Registrant and Banque Nationale de
Paris dated October 30, 1995 (English Summary).*
4.20 Promissory Note between the Company and CPLEX Optimization, Inc.,
dated August 20, 1997.
4.21 Promissory Note between the Company and CPLEX Optimization, Inc.,
dated August 20, 1997.
4.22 Promissory Note between the Company and CPLEX Optimization, Inc.,
dated August 20, 1997.
4.23 Employment Agreement between ILOG, Inc. and Todd Lowe dated August
20, 1997.
4.24 Employment Agreement between the Company and Janet Lowe dated August
20, 1997.
4.25 Employment Agreement between the Company and Robert Bixby dated
August 20, 1997.
-49-
50
EXHIBIT
NUMBER EXHIBITS
- -------- --------------------------------------------------------------------
4.26 Technology Access Letter between the Company and Robert Bixby dated
August 20, 1997.
11.1 Computation of earnings per share.*
12.1 Subsidiaries of the Company.*
13.1 Consent of Ernst & Young Audit, Independent Auditors.
- ------------------
* Incorporated by reference to the Registration Statement (Registration
Statement No. 333-6322) on Form F-1 effective on February 13, 1997.
-50-
51
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 12 of the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934, the registrant certifies that it meets all of the requirements for
filing on Form 20-F and has duly caused this annual report to be signed on its
behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
ILOG S.A.
By: /s/ Roger D. Friedberger
------------------------------------
Roger D. Friedberger
Chief Financial Officer
Dated: September 30, 1997
-51-
52
ILOG S.A.
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Page
----
Independent Auditors' Report.............................................. F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets............................................... F-3
Consolidated Statements of Operations..................................... F-4
Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity........................... F-5
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows..................................... F-6
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements................................ F-7
F-1
53
INDEPENDENT AUDITORS' REPORT
The Directors ILOG S.A.
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of ILOG S.A. and
subsidiaries as of June 30, 1996 and 1997 and the related consolidated
statements of operations, shareholders' equity and cash flows for each of the
three years in the period ended June 30, 1997. These financial statements are
the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express
an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally
accepted in the United States. Those standards require that we plan and perform
the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements
are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis,
evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An
audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant
estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial
statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis
for our opinion.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above
present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company
and its subsidiaries as of June 30, 1996 and 1997, and the results of their
operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended
June 30, 1997, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in
the United States.
ERNST & YOUNG Audit
/s/ Deborah Choate
----------------------------------------
Represented by
Deborah Choate
Paris, France
July 23, 1997, except for Notes 5 and 11
for which the date is August 20, 1997
54
ILOG S.A.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(IN THOUSANDS EXCEPT SHARE DATA)
June 30,
----------------------
1996 1997
-------- --------
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents ........................ $ 4,977 $ 26,037
Accounts receivable (less allowance for doubtful
accounts of $290 and $273 at June 30, 1996 and
1997, respectively) ............................ 8,453 9,740
Value-added tax collectible on accounts receivable 834 1,016
Research and development grants receivable ....... 916 274
Other receiveables ............................... 436 540
Prepaid expenses ................................. 656 657
-------- --------
Total current assets ..................... 16,272 38,264
Property and equipment ............................. 5,956 6,746
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization ... (3,379) (3,978)
-------- --------
Property and equipment-net ....................... 2,577 2,768
Other assets ....................................... 236 276
-------- --------
Total assets ............................. $ 19,085 $ 41,308
======== ========
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Lines of credit .................................. $ 646 $ 1,300
Accounts payable and accrued expenses ............ 3,755 4,001
Accrued compensation ............................. 2,836 3,066
Value-added tax payable .......................... 919 732
Current portion of interest-free loans ........... 248 362
Current portion of bank loan ..................... 218 --
Current portion of capitalized lease obligations . 455 521
Deferred revenue ................................. 2,136 3,165
-------- --------
Total current liabilities ................ 11,213 13,147
Convertible bonds .................................. 4,272 --
Long-term portion of interest-free loan ............ 1,433 841
Long-term portion of capitalized lease obligations . 574 293
Other long-term liabilities ........................ 357 --
-------- --------
Total liabilities ........................ 17,849 14,281
Commitments and contingencies
Shareholders' equity:
Shares, FF 4.00 nominal value; 6,947,649 and
10,959,622 shares issued and outstanding at
June 30, 1996 and 1997 , respectively .......... 5,024 7,838
Additional paid-in capital ....................... 3,941 30,560
Accumulated deficit .............................. (8,726) (11,349)
Cumulative translation adjustment ................ 997 (22)
-------- --------
Total shareholders' equity ............... 1,236 27,027
-------- --------
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity $ 19,085 $ 41,308
======== ========
See notes to consolidated financial statements
F-3
55
ILOG S.A.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(IN THOUSANDS EXCEPT SHARE AND PER SHARE DATA)
Year Ended June 30,
---------------------------------------------
1995 1996 1997
----------- ----------- -----------
Revenues:
License fees .................. $ 12,233 $ 18,848 $ 22,553
Services ...................... 5,523 7,166 10,772
----------- ----------- -----------
17,756 26,014 33,325
Cost of revenues:
License fees .................. 677 1,050 801
Services ...................... 3,615 4,458 5,962
----------- ----------- -----------
4,292 5,508 6,763
----------- ----------- -----------
Gross profit .................... 13,464 20,506 26,562
Operating expenses:
Marketing and selling ......... 7,726 17,227 21,451
Research and development ...... 2,926 4,437 4,566
General and administrative .... 2,842 3,554 4,292
----------- ----------- -----------
Total operating expenses .. 13,494 25,218 30,309
----------- ----------- -----------
Loss from operations ............ (30) (4,712) (3,747)
----------- ----------- -----------
Interest expense ................ (261) (342) (246)
Interest income ................. 110 47 334
Foreign exchange gain (loss) .... (179) 36 2
Other ........................... (22) -- 1,034
----------- ----------- -----------
(352) (259) 1,124
----------- ----------- -----------
Loss before income taxes ........ (382) (4,971) (2,623)
Income taxes .................... -- -- --
----------- ----------- -----------
Net loss ........................ $ (382) $ (4,971) $ (2,623)
=========== =========== ===========
Net loss per share .............. $ (0.06) $ (0.73) $ (0.31)
=========== =========== ===========
Shares and share equivalents used
in per share calculations ....... 6,454,433 6,855,181 8,376,411
=========== =========== ===========
See notes to consolidated financial statements
F-4
56
ILOG S.A.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
(IN THOUSANDS EXCEPT SHARE DATA)
Shares ADDITIONAL CUMULATIVE
--------------------- PAID-IN ACCUMULATED TRANSLATION SHAREHOLDERS'
Shares Amount CAPITAL DEFICIT ADJUSTMENT EQUITY
---------- ------ ------- ----------- ----------- -------------
Balance July 1, 1994............................ 5,428,213 $3,868 $ (251) $ (3,373) $ 605 $ 849
Options exercised............................. 78,125 58 12 70
Conversion of bonds........................... 400,000 299 450 749
Issuance of shares............................ 293,358 220 716 936
Amortization of deferred stock compensation... 56 56
Translation adjustment........................ 188 188
Net loss...................................... (382) (382)
---------- ------ ------- -------- ------- -------
Balance June 30, 1995........................... 6,199,695 4,445 983 (3,755) 793 2,466
Options exercised............................. 116,377 90 7 97
Issuance of shares............................ 631,577 489 2,810 3,299
Amortization of deferred stock compensation... 141 141
Translation adjustment........................ 204 204
Net loss...................................... (4,971) (4,971)
---------- ------ ------- -------- ------- -------
Balance June 30, 1996........................... 6,947,649 5,024 3,941 (8,726) 997 1,236
Options exercised............................. 44,587 31 80 111
Conversion of bonds........................... 1,329,986 933 3,355 4,288
Issuance of shares............................ 2,637,400 1,850 23,089 24,939
Amortization of deferred stock compensation... 95 95
Translation adjustment........................ (1,019) (1,019)
Net loss...................................... (2,623) (2,623)
---------- ------ ------- -------- ------- -------
Balance June 30, 1997........................... 10,959,622 $7,838 $30,560 $(11,$49) $ (22) $27,027
========== ====== ======= ======== ======= =======
See notes to consolidated financial statements
F-5
57
ILOG S.A.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(IN THOUSANDS EXCEPT SHARE DATA)
YEAR ENDED JUNE 30,
----------------------------------
1995 1996 1997
------- ------- --------
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss ................................................... $ (382) $(4,971) $ (2,623)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used for
operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization of property and equipment .. 474 1,053 933
Loss (gain) on sales of fixed assets ..................... 21 120 (5)
Increase (decrease) in cash from:
Accounts receivable ................................... (312) (3,988) (1,990)
Value-added tax collectible on accounts receivable .... (168) (153) (182)
Research and development grants receivable ............ (497) 1 642
Other receivables ..................................... 355 393 382
Prepaid expenses ...................................... 521 (86) (192)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses ................. 588 1,799 396
Accrued compensation .................................. 57 1,124 484
Deferred revenue ...................................... (892) 749 1,010
Value-added tax payable ............................... 74 280 (114)
Other ................................................. 66 89 (117)
------- ------- --------
Net cash used for operating activities ........... (95) (3,590) (1,376)
------- ------- --------
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment ................... (732) (1,500) (1,124)
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment .......... 7 2 --
------- ------- --------
Net cash used for investing activities ........... (725) (1,498) (1,124)
------- ------- --------
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from loans ...................................... 799 1,143 768
Repayment of loans ....................................... (903) (174) (810)
Principal payments on capital lease obligations .......... (252) (391) (516)
Proceeds from convertible bonds .......................... 4,242 -- --
Cash proceeds from sale of shares ........................ 1,006 3,396 25,050
------- ------- --------
Net cash provided by financing activities ........ 4,892 3,974 24,492
------- ------- --------
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents (188) 945 (930)
------- ------- --------
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents ....... 3,884 (169) 21,060
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period ............ 1,262 5,146 4,977
------- ------- --------
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period .................. $ 5,146 $ 4,977 $ 26,037
======= ======= ========
See notes to consolidated financial statements
F-6
58
ILOG S.A.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
1. NATURE OF BUSINESS AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Nature of business
ILOG S.A. (the "Company") is organized as a societe anonyme, or limited
liability company, under the laws of the Republic of France. The Company was
founded in 1987.
The Company develops, markets and supports advanced software class
libraries for user interface, resource optimization and data services functions
that are fundamental to the development of strategic business applications. The
Company's object oriented libraries are used in all development stages, from
conceptual modeling to final delivery, of C, C++ and Java compiled applications.
The Company's products are distributed through its direct sales force as well as
by distributors, ISVs, and VARs.
Basis of presentation and principles of consolidation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements were prepared in
accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States.
The preparation of financial statements requires management to make estimates
and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and
accompanying footnotes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the Company
and its subsidiaries in the United States, Singapore, the United Kingdom, Spain
and Germany after eliminating intercompany accounts and transactions.
Foreign currency translation
The reporting currency of the Company and its subsidiaries is the United
States dollar.
In accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 52,
all assets and liabilities in the balance sheets of entities whose functional
currency, which generally is the local currency, is other than the United States
dollar are translated into dollar equivalents at exchange rates as follows: (1)
asset and liability accounts at year-end rates, (2) income statement accounts at
weighted average exchange rates for the year, and (3) shareholders' equity
accounts at historical exchange rates.
Translation gains or losses are recorded in shareholders' equity and
transaction gains and losses are reflected in net loss. The Company has not
undertaken hedging transactions to cover its currency translation exposure.
Revenue recognition
The Company recognizes revenue in accordance with the American Institute
of Certified Public Accountants' Statement of Position 91-1 on software revenue
recognition.
License fees are earned under software license agreements with end users
and distributors and are recognized upon shipment if no significant vendor
obligations remain and collection of the resulting receivable is deemed
probable.
Service revenues are derived from consulting and training services and
fees earned under annual maintenance agreements for providing updates, on an "if
and when available" basis, for existing software products, user documentation
and technical support. Maintenance revenue is recognized ratably over the term
of such agreements. If such services are included in the initial licensing fee,
the value of the services is unbundled and recognized ratably over the related
service period.
F-7
59
Concentration of risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to
concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents
and trade receivables.
The Company has cash investment policies that limit investments to
short-term low risk instruments. The Company's cash is held principally in
French francs and concentrated primarily in one major French bank.
The Company sells its products to customers in a variety of industries
in Europe, North America and Asia. The Company performs ongoing credit
evaluations of its customers and maintains allowances for potential credit
losses. To date, such losses have been within management's expectations. The
Company generally requires no collateral, but does request letters of credit as
collateral in certain circumstances.
Cash equivalents and investments
The Company considers all highly liquid investments with insignificant
interest risk and purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to
be cash equivalents; cash equivalents include marketable securities which are
principally money market funds certificates of deposits, and commercial paper.
The cost associated with such securities approximates fair market value.
Effective in January 1994, the Company adopted Statement of Financial
Accounting Standards No. 115, "Accounting for Certain Investments in Debt and
Equity Securities" (SFAS 115) which creates certain classification categories
for such investments, based on the nature of the securities and the intent and
investment goals of the Company. The cumulative effect as of January 1, 1994 of
adopting SFAS 115 is considered to be immaterial.
Under SFAS 115, investments are classified as held-to-maturity or
available-for-sale at the time of purchase and periodically such designation is
reevaluated. Held-to-maturity securities are stated at amortized cost with
corresponding premium or discounts amortized over the life of the investment to
interest income. Debt securities not classified as held-to-maturity are
classified as available-for-sale and are reported at fair value. Unrecognized
gain or losses on available-for-sale securities are included, net of tax, in
equity until their disposition. Realized gains and losses and decline in value
judged to be other-than-temporary on available-for-sale securities are included
in interest income.
The cost of securities sold is based on the specific identification method.
Fair value of financial instruments
At June 30, 1996 and 1997, the carrying values of current financial
instruments such as cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, other
receivables, accrued liabilities and the current portion of long-term debt
approximated their market values, based on the short-term maturities of these
instruments. At June 30, 1996 and 1997, the fair value of long-term debt was
$6,859,000 and $777,000 respectively, compared to book values of $5,705,000 and
$841,000 respectively. Fair value is determined based on expected future cash
flows, discounted at market interest rates, and other appropriate valuation
methodologies.
Net loss per share
Primary net loss per share amounts are computed using the weighted
average number of shares and equivalent shares from stock options (using the
treasury stock method). Equivalent shares are excluded from the computation if
their effect is anti-dilutive except that, pursuant to the Securities and
Exchange Commission Staff Accounting Bulletins, shares and equivalent shares
issued by the Company at prices below the initial public offering price during
the twelve-month period prior to the initial public offering date have been
included in the calculation as if they were outstanding for all periods prior to
the offering date (using the treasury stock method and the assumed initial
public offering price).
The computation of fully diluted net loss per share, which takes into
consideration the potential dilutive effect of convertible debt, was
antidilutive in each of the periods presented; therefore, only primary earnings
per share is presented. None of the convertible debt issuances has been
considered as common stock equivalents as the effective
F-8
60
yield of such convertible debt on the date of issuance exceeded 66 2/3% of the
then current average Aa corporate bond yield.
All share and per share amounts have been restated to reflect a 5-for-2
stock split that took place in December 1995.
In February 1997, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued
Statement No. 128, Earnings per Share, which is required to be adopted on
December 31, 1997. At that time, the Company will be required to change the
method currently used to compute earnings per share and to restate all prior
periods. Under the new requirements for calculating primary earnings per share,
the dilutive effect of stock options will be excluded. The impact is not
expected to result in any change in primary earnings per share for the years
ended June 30, 1997 and June 30, 1996 since losses have been reported in both
periods and stock options were excluded from the calculation as described above.
Property and equipment
Property and equipment is stated at cost. Depreciation and amortization
are computed using the straight-line method over the following estimated useful
lives:
Computer equipment and purchased software...... 1-3 years
Furniture and other equipment.................. 4-8 years
Leasehold improvements......................... 10 years, or lease term if less
Amortization of capitalized leased equipment is included in depreciation
expense.
In 1996, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Statement of
Financial Accounting Standards No. 121 ("SFAS 121"), "Accounting for the
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets and for Long-Lived Assets to be Disposed of"
SFAS 121 requires recognition of impairment of long-lived assets in the event
the net book value of such assets exceeds the future undiscounted cash flows
attributable to such assets. SFAS 121 is effective for fiscal years beginning
after December 15, 1996. The impact of the adoption of SFAS 121 was not material
to the Company's financial position or results of operations.
Software development costs
In accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 86,
"Accounting for the Costs of Computer Software to be Sold, Leased or Otherwise
Marketed", the Company capitalizes eligible computer software costs upon
achievement of technological feasibility subject to net realizable value
considerations. The establishment of technological feasibility and the ongoing
assessment of the recoverability of these costs require management's judgment
with respect to certain external factors, including, but not limited to,
anticipated future gross license revenues, estimated economic life and changes
in software and hardware technology. As of June 30, 1996 and 1997, such
capitalizable costs were insignificant. Accordingly, the Company has not
capitalized such costs but has charged all such costs to research and
development expense in the accompanying statements of operations.
Research and development grants
The Company receives financial support for various research projects
from public institutions. Such support is recorded as a reduction of research
and development expenses in the periods when the projects are undertaken, the
related expenses have been incurred and the funding has been definitively
acquired. Financial support of $2,321,000, $2,549,000, $388,000 received in the
years ended June 30, 1995, 1996 and 1997, has been recorded as reductions to the
related research and development expenses in each such year.
Income taxes
In accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 109,
the liability method is used in accounting for income taxes. Under this method,
deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences
F-9
61
between financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are
measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the
differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is established if,
based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some
portion or all of the deferred tax asset will not be realized.
Employee stock option plans
The Company accounts for its stock option plans in accordance with the
provisions of Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 25 ("APB 25"), "Accounting
for Stock Issued to Employees". In 1995, the Financial Accounting Standards
Board issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 123 ("SFAS 123"),
"Accounting for Stock Based Compensation". SFAS 123 provides an alternative to
APB 25 and is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 1995. As
permitted by SFAS 123, the Company has elected to continue to account for its
employee stock option plans in accordance with the provisions of APB 25 and to
adopt only the disclosure provisions of SFAS 123. Accordingly, adoption of SFAS
123 in the year ended June 30, 1997 did not have any material impact on the
results of operations or the financial position of the Company.
2. CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS
Cash and cash equivalents, all of which are classified as
available-for-sale securities, include:
JUNE 30,
------------------
1996 1997
------ -------
(IN THOUSANDS)
Cash held at bank......................................... $4,832 $ 1,617
Cash equivalents.......................................... 145 24,420
------ -------
$4,977 $26,037
====== =======
Gross realized gains and losses on sales of available-for-sale
securities during 1995, 1996 and 1997 were immaterial. There was no unrealized
gain or loss at June 30, 1996 or 1997.
As of June 30, 1996 and 1997 all cash equivalents have contractual
maturities of less than one year.
3. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT
Property and equipment includes:
JUNE 30,
-------------------
1996 1997
------- -------
(IN THOUSANDS)
Computer equipment and purchased software............... $ 4,636 $ 5,035
Furniture and other equipment........................... 1,250 1,658
Leasehold improvements.................................. 70 53
------- -------
5,956 6,746
Accumulated depreciation and amortization............... (3,379) (3,978)
------- -------
$ 2,577 $ 2,768
======= =======
Equipment purchased under capital leases in the years ended June 30,
1996 and 1997 totaled $636,000 and $393,000, respectively. The cost of such
equipment included in property and equipment at June 30, 1996 and 1997 totaled
$2,667,000, and $2,447,000, respectively. Accumulated amortization of this
equipment totaled $1,600,000 and $1,570,000 at June 30, 1996 and 1997,
respectively.
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62
4. DEBT
The following table presents a summary of the Company's debt:
JUNE 30,
-----------------
1996 1997
------ ------
(IN THOUSANDS)
SHORT-TERM DEBT:
Lines of credit ....................................... $ 646 $1,300
Current portion of interest-free loans from French
government agencies, denominated in French francs ... 248 362
Current portion of bank loan, bearing interest at 9.0%,
payable in installments through 1997,
denominated in French francs ....................... 218 --
Current portion of capital lease obligation ........... 455 521
LONG-TERM DEBT:
Convertible bonds, denominated in French francs ....... $4,272 $ --
Long-term portion of interest-free loans from French
government agencies, denominated in French francs ... 1,433 841
Long-term portion of capital lease obligation ......... 574 293
------ ------
Total long-term debt, less current portion ............ $6,279 $1,134
====== ======
The Company has lines of credit with a French bank allowing for a
maximum borrowing of FF 20,000,000 (approximated $3,400,000) at June 30, 1997.
The lines of credit bear interest at the Paris Interbank Offering Rate plus 1.5%
which corresponded to effective rates of 5.3% and 4.9% at June 30, 1996 and
1997, respectively. The amounts outstanding under these lines at June 30, 1997
were denominated in French francs, U.S. dollars, pounds sterling, Singapore
dollars and Spanish pesetas.
In December 1994, the Company issued convertible bonds for FF 22,000,000
which were convertible at the holders' option into 1,290,776 shares at any time
during the five-year term of the debt. The debt earned interest at 5.5% per
year, payable upon repayment of the debt or at the conversion date. The related
accrued interest at June 30, 1995 and 1996 is included in other long-term
liabilities. These bonds and related accrued interest were converted into shares
at the time of the Company's initial public offering in February 1997.
The Company has received interest-free loans from Anvar, an agency of
the French government that provides financing to French companies for research
and development, and the French Ministry of Trade and Industry. Repayment of the
loans, except for a required minimum payment of $291,000 which is due in March
1998, is contingent upon the technical and commercial success of the research
programs to which they relate.
Future payments of long-term debt, excluding capitalized lease
obligations, for the years ending June 30 are as follows (in thousands):
1998 $362
1999 340
2000 367
2001 107
2002 0
Thereafter 27
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63
Future minimum lease payments under capitalized lease obligations due
for the years ending June 30 are as follows (in thousands):
1998............................................. $ 558
1999............................................. 217
2000............................................. 86
------
Total minimum lease payments..................... 861
Less amount representing interest................ (47)
------
Present value of net minimum lease payments...... 814
Less current portion............................. (521)
------
Long-term portion................................ $ 293
======
Interest paid in the years ended June 30, 1995, 1996 and 1997 totaled
$524,000, $529,000 and $548,000 respectively.
5. SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
General
At June 30 1997, the issued and outstanding share capital of the Company
consisted of 10,959,622 shares with a nominal value of FF 4.00.
In February 1997, the Company issued 2,500,000 shares at $11.00 per
share in connection with its initial public offering in the United States.
Simultaneously with this offering, holders of convertible bonds described in
Note 4 elected to convert the bonds and accrued interest thereon into 1,329,986
shares and to exercise their rights to purchase 129,077 additional shares, as
described below.
In June 1996, 631,577 shares were issued in a rights offering for cash
of FF27.00 ($5.22) per share, resulting in total proceeds of $3,299,000. As a
result of the rights offering, holders of convertible bonds obtained the right
to purchase an additional 129,077 shares in the event of conversion of the
bonds.
In November 1994, 293,358 shares were issued for cash of FF17.00 ($3.19)
per share, resulting in total proceeds of $936,000. In December 1994, 400,000
shares were issued upon conversion of $749,000 in convertible bonds.
Preemptive subscription rights
Shareholders have preemptive rights to subscribe on a pro rata basis for
additional shares issued by the Company for cash. Shareholders may waive such
preemptive subscription rights at an extraordinary general meeting of
shareholders under certain circumstances. Preemptive subscription rights, if not
previously waived, are transferable during the subscription period relating to a
particular offer of shares.
Dividend rights
Dividends may be distributed from the statutory retained earnings,
subject to the requirements of French law and the Company's statuts. The Company
has not distributed any dividends since its inception and had no distributable
retained earnings at June 30, 1997. The accumulated deficit for statutory
purposes totaled $2,900,000 at June 30, 1997.
Dividend distributions, if any, will be made in French francs.
Stock options
Stock options have been granted to employees under the Company's 1987,
1989, 1992, 1994 and 1996 stock option plans. Generally, options vest over four
years from, and expire between five to ten years after, the date of hire or
grant. Differences between the exercise price of the options and the estimated
fair value of the underlying shares are recorded as compensation expense and
amortized over the vesting period, and result in an increase in additional
paid-in capital being recorded as the expense is recognized. During the years
ended June 30, 1995, 1996 and 1997, the Company
F-12
64
recorded compensation expense related to options of $56,000, $141,000 and
$95,000, respectively. The Company will record an aggregate compensation expense
of approximately $300,000 over the related vesting period of these options in
future years.
A summary of activity under the option plans is as follows:
SHARES OPTIONS WEIGHTED AVERAGE WEIGHTED AVERAGE
RESERVED FOR GRANTED AND Exercise Price in Exercise Price in
FUTURE GRANTS OUTSTANDING French Francs U.S. Dollars
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Balances at July 1, 1994 364,638 349,925 3.24 0.59
Options authorized .... 500,000 -- -- --
Options granted ....... (584,000) 584,000 9.81 1.89
Options exercised ..... -- (78,125) 4.66 0.90
Options canceled ...... 6,875 (6,875) 9.00 1.74
-------- ---------- ----- ----
Balances at June 30, 1995 287,513 848,925 8.00 1.54
Options authorized .... 600,000 -- -- --
Options granted ....... (417,531) 417,531 18.93 3.77
Options exercised ..... -- (116,377) 4.17 0.83
Options canceled ...... 176,688 (176,688) 9.5 1.89
-------- ---------- ----- ----
Balances at June 30, 1996 646,670 973,391 13.13 2.62
Options authorized .... 200,000 -- -- --
Options granted ....... (397,385) 397,385 31.60 5.80
Options ............... -- (44,587) 13.63 2.50
Options canceled ...... 42,185 (42,185) 22.54 4.14
-------- ---------- ----- ----
Balances at June 30, 1997 491,470 1,284,004 18.88 3.46
======== ========== ===== ====
At June 30, 1995, 1996 and 1997, 150,000, 175,845 and 335,514,
respectively, of the foregoing options were exercisable at weighted average
exercise prices of FF 8.00 ($1.54), FF 7.21 ($1.44) and FF 10.20 ($1.87),
respectively. Exercise prices for options outstanding as of June 30, 1997 ranged
from FF 1.16 to FF 35.00 ($0.20 to $6.47). The weighted average remaining
contractual life of those options is 6.6 years.
On August 20, 1997 the number of shares reserved for option grants was
increased by 1,600,000 shares, of which 1,100,000 were granted on that date at
an exercise price of FF36.84 ($5.94).
The Company has elected to follow APB 25 in accounting for its employee
stock options because, as discussed below, the alternative fair value accounting
provided for under SFAS 123 requires the use of option valuation models that
were not developed for use in valuing employee stock options. Under APB 25, when
the exercise price of the Company's employee stock options is less than the
market price of the underlying shares of the date of grant, compensation expense
is recognized.
Pro forma information regarding net income and earnings per share is
required by SFAS 123, and has been determined as if Company had accounted for
its employee stock options under the fair value method of SFAS 123. The fair
value for these options was estimated at the date of grant using a Black-Scholes
option pricing model with the following average assumptions for 1997 and 1996,
respectively: risk-free interest rates of 4%, dividend yield of 0%; volatility
factors of the expected market price of the Company's ordinary shares of .47;
and a weighted-average expected life of the option of 5 years.
The Black-Scholes option valuation model was developed for use in
estimating the fair value of traded options which have no vesting restrictions
and are fully transferable. In addition, option valuation models require the
input of highly subjective assumptions including the expected stock price
volatility. Because the Company's employee stock options have characteristics
significantly different from those of traded options, and because the changes in
the subjective
F-13
65
input assumptions can materially affect the fair value estimate, in management's
opinion, the existing models do not necessarily provide a reliable single
measure of the fair value of its employee stock options.
For purposes of pro forma disclosures, the estimated fair value of the
options is expensed over the vesting period of the options. The Company's pro
forma information follows (in thousands except for loss per share information):
1996 1997
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pro forma net loss $(4,920) $(3,428)
Pro forma loss per share $ (0.72) $ (0.41)
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The weighted-average fair value of options granted during 1997 and 1996
was as follows:
1996 1997
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Options whose exercise price equaled market price of the
underlying shares on the grant date $3.42 $4.95
Options whose exercise price was less than the market
price of the underlying shares on the grant date $4.92 $3.30
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In December 1996, the French parliament adopted a law that requires
French companies to pay French social contributions and certain salary-based
taxes, which may represent, for the Company, approximately 45% of the taxable
salary, on the difference between the exercise price of a stock option and the
fair market value of the underlying shares on the exercise date if the
beneficiary disposes of the shares before a five-year period following the grant
of the option. The new law is consistent with personal income tax law that
requires individuals to pay income tax on the difference between the option
exercise price and the fair value of the shares at the grant date if the shares
are sold or otherwise disposed of within five years of the option grant. The law
applies to all options exercised after January 1, 1997 by persons whose salary
is subject to French social contribution.
The Company has not recorded a liability for social charges which may be
assessed for options granted as of June 30, 1997 as any liability, being
dependent on future trading values of the Company's shares and the timing of
optionees' decisions to exercise options and sell the related shares, cannot be
estimated.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
In March 1997, the Company implemented the 1996 International Employee
Stock Purchase Plan and the 1996 French Employee Savings Plan, as authorized by
the shareholders in October 1996. Up to 150,000 per Plan have been reserved for
issuance to employees pursuant to the terms of these Plans, of which 8,323 were
issued under the 1996 French Employee Savings Plan during the year ended June
30, 1997.
6. INCOME TAXES
For financial reporting purposes, income (loss) before income taxes
(benefit) includes the following components:
YEAR ENDED JUNE 30,
-----------------------------------
1995 1996 1997
------- ------- -------
(IN THOUSANDS)
France................................... $ 1,522 $(1,756) $ 952
United States............................ (1,594) (1,545) (2,622)
Rest of the world........................ (310) (1,670) (953)
------- ------- -------
Total................................. $ (382) $(4,971) $(2,623)
======= ======= =======
Due to the Company's loss position in all countries, no current income
tax has been recorded.
F-14
66
A reconciliation of income taxes computed at the French statutory rate
(36.7%) to the income tax benefit is as follows:
YEAR ENDED JUNE 30,
-----------------------------
1995 1996 1997
------ ------- -----
(IN THOUSANDS)
Income tax expense (benefit) computed at the French
statutory rate.................................... $ (140) $(1,822) $(956)
Operating losses not utilized....................... 698 1,822 956
Use of operating losses whose benefits were not
previously recognized............................. (558) -- --
------ ------- -----
Total income taxes............................ $ -- $ -- $ --
====== ======= =====
Significant components of the Company's deferred tax assets and
liabilities consist of the following:
JUNE 30,
------------------
1996 1997
------- -------
(IN THOUSANDS)
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carryforwards....................... $ 3,467 $ 4,300
Provisions and accruals not currently deductible....... 493 116
Other.................................................. 223 501
------- -------
4,183 4,917
Valuation allowance...................................... (4,183) (4,917)
------- -------
Net deferred taxes....................................... $ -- $ --
======= =======
Due to its history of losses, the Company does not believe that
sufficient objective, positive evidence exists to conclude that recoverability
of its net deferred tax assets is more likely than not. Consequently, the
Company has provided valuation allowances covering 100% of its net deferred tax
assets.
As of June 30, 1997, the Company had French net operating loss
carryforwards of approximately $2,133,000, of which $1,359,000 have no
expiration date. The remaining $774,000 of net operating loss carryforwards, if
not utilized, will expire in the year 2001. The Company has U.S. net operating
loss carryforwards for federal and state tax purposes of approximately
$7,000,000 and $3,000,000, respectively, that expire in the years 1999 through
2012. The Company has U.K. net operating losses of approximately $1,400,000
which have no expiration date. The Company also has net operating loss
carryforwards totaling approximately $1,400,000 in various other jurisdictions.
The utilization of these net operating loss carryforwards is limited to
the future operations of the Company in the tax jurisdictions in which such
carryforwards arose.
7. EMPLOYEE RETIREMENT PLANS
The Company contributes to pensions for personnel in France in
accordance with French law by contributing based on salaries to the relevant
government agencies. There exists no actuarial liability in connection with
these plans. French law also requires payment of a lump sum retirement indemnity
to employees based upon years of service and compensation at retirement.
Benefits do not vest prior to retirement. The Company's obligation at June 30,
1996 and 1997 was immaterial.
F-15
67
8. OPERATING LEASE COMMITMENTS
The Company leases its facilities and certain equipment under operating
leases that expire through 2004. Future minimum lease payments under operating
leases due for the fiscal years ending June 30 are as follows (in thousands):
1998............................................... $1,423
1999............................................... 1,156
2000............................................... 854
2001............................................... 854
2002 and thereafter................................ 2,589
Rental expense for the years ended June 30, 1995, 1996 and 1997 was
approximately $956,000, $1,479,000 and $1,329,000, respectively.
9. OTHER INCOME (EXPENSE)
During the year ended June 30, 1997, the Company received a $1,096,000
grant from an agency of the French government related to the Company's
establishment of subsidiaries outside of France which has been recorded in Other
income (expense).
F-16
68
10. INDUSTRY AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
The Company and its subsidiaries operate in one industry segment: the
development, marketing and support of advanced software class libraries for
certain user interface, resource optimization and data services functions that
are fundamental to the development of strategic business applications.
Information about the Company's operations by geographic area is as
follows (in thousands):
Europe,
United excluding
France States Asia France Elimination Consolidated
------ ------ ---- ------ ----------- ------------
1995
Net revenues:
Customers ................... $ 10,566 $ 3,210 $ 1,920 $ 2,060 -- $ 17,756
Intercompany ................ 2,597 -- -- -- $ (2,597) --
13,163 3,210 1,920 2,060 (2,597) 17,756
Operating income (loss) ..... 1,760 (1,590) 136 (336) -- (30)
Identifiable assets ......... 19,371 1,329 1,150 1,378 (7,605) 15,623
Capital expenditures ........ 435 150 128 19 -- 732
Depreciation and amortization (444) (11) (9) (11) -- (474)
1996
Net revenues:
Customers ................... 12,780 7,423 2,419 3,392 -- 26,014
Intercompany ................ 3,565 -- -- -- (3,565) --
16,345 7,423 2,419 3,392 (3,565) 26,014
Operating loss .............. (1,567) (1,508) (396) (1,241) -- (4,712)
Identifiable assets ......... 23,190 4,332 1,655 3,306 (13,398) 19,085
Capital expenditures ........ 349 507 7 637 -- 1,500
Depreciation and amortization (778) (130) (49) (96) -- (1,053)
1997
Net revenues:
Customers ................... 11,996 9,882 3,266 8,181 -- 33,325
Intercompany ................ 4,371 (4,371) --
16,367 9,882 3,266 8,181 (4,371) 33,325
Operating loss .............. (374) (2,489) (797) (87) (3,747)
Identifiable assets ......... 46,487 4,528 2,022 3,261 (14,990) 41,308
Capital expenditures ........ 107 442 486 89 -- 1,124
Depreciation and amortization (337) (288) (111) (197) -- (933)
Intercompany sales between geographic regions are accounted for at cost
plus a gross margin.
11. SUBSEQUENT EVENT
On August 20, 1997, the Company acquired the business of CPLEX
Optimization, Inc. in exchange for 1,700,000 shares of the Company, $15,000,000
in cash and four-year promissory notes totaling $5,000,000. This transaction is
being accounted for as a purchase.
F-17
69
SCHEDULE II--VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
ILOG S.A.
COL. A COL.B COL.C COL. D COL. E
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Additional
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Charged to
Balance at Charged to Other
Description Beginning Costs and Accounts-- Deductions-- Balance at End
of Period Expenses Describe Describe of Period
- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1995:
Reserves and allowances deducted
from asset accounts:
Allowance for doubtful accounts $36,000 $3,000 $39,000
YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1996:
Reserves and allowances deducted
from asset accounts:
Allowance for doubtful accounts $39,000 $251,000 $290,000
YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1997:
Reserves and allowances deducted
from asset accounts:
Allowance for doubtful accounts $290,000 $ 27,000 $ 44,000 $273,000
F-18
70
EXHIBIT INDEX
EXHIBIT
NUMBER EXHIBITS
- -------- --------------------------------------------------------------------
1.1 Statuts (charter) of the Company (English translation).*
2.1 Asset Purchase Agreement by and among ILOG S.A., ILOG, Inc., CPLEX
Optimization, Inc., Todd Lowe, Janet Lowe and Robert Bixby dated as
of August 4, 1997.
3.2 Supplemental Deposit Agreement dated as of August 20, 1997.
3.1 Form of Deposit Agreement, dated as of February 13, 1997, among
ILOG, S.A., Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New York, as
Depositary, and holders from time to time of American Depositary
Shares issued thereunder (including as an exhibit, the form of
American Depositary Receipt).*
4.1 Summary Description of ILOG 1989 Stock Option Plan.*
4.2 Summary Description of ILOG 1992 Stock Option Plan.*
4.3 ILOG 1996 Stock Option Plan.*
4.4 ILOG 1996 International Employee Stock Purchase Plan.*
4.5 ILOG 1996 French Employee Savings Plan (English Translation).*
4.6 INRIA "Le-LISP" version 16 License Agreement between the Registrant
and INRIA dated September 2, 1993 (English summary).*
4.7 Agreement with Sunsoft, Inc. dated March 11, 1996.*
4.8 License Agreement between Thomson -- CSF, System-logiciel and the
Registrant dated January 14, 1991 (English summary).*
4.9 Collaborative Information Technology Research Institute (CITRI)
License Agreement between the Registrant and Royal Melbourne
Institute of Technology, and the University of Melbourne as
participants in CITRI, dated June 24, 1996.*
4.10 Consulting Agreement between the Registrant and Jean-Francois
Abramatic (English summary).*
4.11 Associated Agreement between the Registrant and BULL, S.A. dated
February 9, 1995.*
4.12 Co-operation Agreement between the Registrant and 02, Technology
dated December 1995.*
4.13 Co-operation Agreement between the Registrant and SIMULOG, dated
March 13, 1995.*
4.14 Co-operation Agreement between the Registrant and INRIA dated June
14, 1995.*
4.15 Lease of premises, Gentilly, France (English summary).*
4.16 Lease of premises, Mountain View, CA.*
4.17 Lease of premises, Singapore.*
4.18 Lease of premises, Sophia-Antipolis (English summary).*
4.19 Bank Credit Agreement between the Registrant and Banque Nationale de
Paris dated October 30, 1995 (English Summary).*
4.20 Promissory Note between the Company and CPLEX Optimization, Inc.,
dated August 20, 1997.
4.21 Promissory Note between the Company and CPLEX Optimization, Inc.,
dated August 20, 1997.
4.22 Promissory Note between the Company and CPLEX Optimization, Inc.,
dated August 20, 1997.
4.23 Employment Agreement between ILOG, Inc. and Todd Lowe dated August
20, 1997.
4.24 Employment Agreement between the Company and Janet Lowe dated August
20, 1997.
4.25 Employment Agreement between the Company and Robert Bixby dated
August 20, 1997.
71
EXHIBIT
NUMBER EXHIBITS
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4.26 Technology Access Letter between the Company and Robert Bixby dated
August 20, 1997.
11.1 Computation of earnings per share.*
12.1 Subsidiaries of the Company.*
13.1 Consent of Ernst & Young Audit, Independent Auditors.
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* Incorporated by reference to the Registration Statement (Registration
Statement No. 333-6322) on Form F-1 effective on February 13, 1997.