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                                                                     EXHIBIT 3.2


                       BYLAWS OF IXC COMMUNICATIONS, INC.

                                    ARTICLE I

                     Meetings of Stockholders; Stockholders'
                           Consent in Lieu of Meeting

     SECTION 1.01. Annual Meeting. The annual meeting of the stockholders for
the election of directors, and for the transaction of such other business as may
properly come before the meeting, shall be held at such place, date and hour as
shall be fixed by the Board of Directors and designated in the notice or waiver
of notice thereof; except that no annual meeting need be held if all actions,
including the election of directors, required by the General Corporation Law of
the State of Delaware to be taken at a stockholders' annual meeting are taken by
written consent in lieu of meeting pursuant to Section 1.03 of this Article.

     SECTION 1.02. Special Meetings. A special meeting of the stockholders for
any purpose or purposes may be called by the Board of Directors, the Chairman of
the Board of Directors, the President or the Secretary of the corporation or a
stockholder or stockholders holding of record at least a majority of the shares
of common stock of the corporation issued and outstanding, such meeting to be
held at such place, date and hour as shall be designated in the notice or waiver
of notice thereof.

     SECTION 1.03. Stockholders' Consent in Lieu of Meeting. Any action required
by the laws of the State of

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Delaware to be taken at any annual or special meeting of the stockholders of the
corporation, or any action which may be taken at any annual or special meeting
of such stockholders, may be taken without a meeting, without prior notice and
without a vote, if a consent in writing, setting forth the action so taken,
shall be signed by all the stockholders.

     SECTION 1.04. Quorum and Adjournment. Except as otherwise provided by law,
by the Certificate of Incorporation of the corporation or by these Bylaws, the
presence, in person or by proxy, of the holders of a majority of the aggregate
voting power of the stock issued and outstanding, entitled to vote thereat,
shall be requisite and shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business
at all meetings of stockholders. If, however, such a quorum shall not be present
or represented at any meeting of stockholders, the stockholders present,
although less than a quorum, shall have the power to adjourn the meeting.

     SECTION 1.05. Majority Vote Required. When a quorum is present at any
meeting of stockholders, the affirmative vote of the majority of the aggregate
voting power of the shares present in person or represented by proxy at the
meeting and entitled to vote on the subject matter shall constitute the act of
the stockholders, unless

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by express provision of law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws a
different vote is required, in which case such express provision shall govern
and control.

     SECTION 1.06. Manner of Voting. At each meeting of stockholders, each
stockholder having the right to vote shall be entitled to vote in person or by
proxy. Proxies need not be filed with the Secretary of the corporation until the
meeting is called to order, but shall be filed before being voted. Each
stockholder shall be entitled to vote each share of stock having voting power
registered in his or her name on the books of the corporation on the record date
fixed, as provided in Section 6.07 of these Bylaws, for the determination of
stockholders entitled to vote at such meeting. No election of directors need be
by written ballot.


                                   ARTICLE II

                               Board of Directors

     SECTION 2.01. General Powers. The management of the affairs of the
corporation shall be vested in the Board of Directors, which may exercise all
such powers of the corporation and do all such lawful acts and things as are

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not by law or by the Certificate of Incorporation directed or required to be
exercised or done by the stockholders.

     SECTION 2.02. Number and Term of Office. The number of directors which
shall constitute the whole Board of Directors shall be fixed from time to time
by a vote of a majority of the whole Board of Directors but shall not consist of
less than one director. The term "whole Board of Directors" is used herein to
refer to the total number of directors which the corporation would have if there
were no vacancies. Directors need not be stockholders. Each director shall hold
office until his successor is elected and qualified, or until his earlier death
or resignation or removal in the manner hereinafter provided.

     SECTION 2.03. Resignation, Removal and Vacancies. Any director may resign
at any time by giving written notice of his resignation to the Board of
Directors, the Chairman of the Board of Directors, the President or the
Secretary of the corporation. Such resignation shall take effect at the time
specified therein or, if the time be not specified, upon receipt thereof; and,
unless otherwise specified therein, the acceptance of such resignation shall not
be necessary to make it effective.

     Any director or the entire Board of Directors may be removed, with or
without cause, at any time by the

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holders of a majority of the shares then entitled to vote at an election of
directors or by written consent of the stockholders pursuant to Section 1.03 of
Article I hereof.

     Vacancies in the Board of Directors and newly created directorships
resulting from any increase in the authorized number of directors may be filled
by a majority of the directors then in office, although less than a quorum, or
by a sole remaining director.

     SECTION 2.04. Meetings. (a) Annual Meeting. As soon as practicable after
each annual election of directors, the Board of Directors shall meet for the
purpose of organization and the transaction of other business, unless it shall
have transacted all such business by written consent pursuant to Section 2.05 of
this Article.

     (b) Other Meetings. Other meetings of the Board of Directors shall be held
at such times and places as the Board of Directors, the Chairman of the Board of
Directors or the President shall from time to time determine.

     (c) Notice of Meetings. The Secretary of the corporation shall give notice
to each director of each meeting, including the time, place and purpose of such
meeting. Notice of each such meeting shall be mailed to each director, addressed
to him at his residence or usual place of business, at least two days before the
day on which

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such meeting is to be held, or shall be sent to him at such place by telegraph,
cable, wireless or other form of recorded communication, or be delivered
personally or by telephone not later than the day before the day on which such
meeting is to be held, but notice need not be given to any director who shall
attend such meeting. A written waiver of notice, signed by the person entitled
thereto, whether before or after the time of the meeting stated therein, shall
be deemed equivalent to notice.

     (d) Place of Meetings. The Board of Directors may hold its meetings at such
place or places within or without the State of Delaware as the Board of
Directors may from time to time determine, or as shall be designated in the
respective notices or waivers of notice thereof.

     (e) Quorum and Manner of Acting. One-third of the total number of directors
then in office shall be present in person at any meeting of the Board of
Directors in order to constitute a quorum for the transaction of business at
such meeting, and the vote of a majority of those directors present at any such
meeting at which a quorum is present shall be necessary for the passage of any
resolution or act of the Board of Directors, except as otherwise expressly
required by law or these Bylaws. In the absence of a quorum for any such
meeting, a majority of the

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directors present thereat may adjourn such meeting from time to time until a
quorum shall be present.

     (f) Organization. At each meeting of the Board of Directors, one of the
following shall act as chairman of the meeting and preside, in the following
order of precedence:

     (i) the Chairman of the Board of Directors;

     (ii) the President;

     (iii) any director chosen by a majority of the directors present.

The Secretary of the corporation or, in the case of his absence, any person (who
shall be an Assistant Secretary of the corporation, if an Assistant Secretary of
the corporation is present) whom the Chairman of the Board of Directors shall
appoint shall act as secretary of such meeting and keep the minutes thereof.

     SECTION 2.05. Directors' Consent in Lieu of Meeting. Action required or
permitted to be taken at any meeting of the Board of Directors, or of any
committee thereof, may be taken without a meeting if all members of the Board of
Directors or committee, as the case may be, consent thereto in writing and the
writing or writings are filed with the minutes or the proceedings of the Board
of Directors or committee.

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     SECTION 2.06. Action by Means of Conference Telephone or Similar
Communications Equipment. Any one or more members of the Board of Directors, or
any committee designated by the Board of Directors, may participate in a meeting
of the Board of Directors or any such committee by means of conference telephone
or similar communications equipment by means of which all persons participating
in the meeting can hear each other, and participation in a meeting by such means
shall constitute presence in person at such meeting.


                                   ARTICLE III

                             Committees of the Board

     SECTION 3.01. Appointment of Executive Committee. The Board of Directors
may from time to time by resolution passed by a majority of the whole Board of
Directors designate from its members an Executive Committee to serve at the
pleasure of the Board of Directors. The Chairman of the Executive Committee
shall be designated by the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors may
designate one or more directors as alternate members of the Executive Committee,
who may replace any absent or disqualified member or members at any meeting of
the Executive Committee. The Board of Directors shall have power at any time to
change the

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membership of the Executive Committee, to fill all vacancies in it and to
discharge it, either with or without cause.

     SECTION 3.02. Procedures of Executive Committee. The Executive Committee,
by a vote of a majority of its members, shall fix by whom its meetings may be
called and the manner of calling and holding its meetings, shall determine the
number of its members requisite to constitute a quorum for the transaction of
business and shall prescribe its own rules of procedure, no change in which
shall be made except by a majority vote of its members or by the Board of
Directors.

     SECTION 3.03. Powers of Executive Committee. During the intervals between
the meetings of the Board of Directors, unless otherwise determined from time to
time by resolution passed by the whole Board of Directors, the Executive
Committee shall possess and may exercise all the powers and authority of the
Board of Directors in the management and direction of the business and affairs
of the corporation to the extent permitted by the General Corporation Law of
Delaware, and may authorize the seal of the corporation to be affixed to all
papers which may

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require it, except that the Executive Committee shall not have power or
authority in reference to:

          (a) amending the Certificate of Incorporation;

          (b) adopting an agreement of merger or consolidation;

          (c) recommending to the stockholders the sale, lease or exchange of
     all or substantially all of the corporation's property and assets;

          (d) recommending to the stockholders a dissolution of the corporation
     or a revocation of a dissolution;

          (e) submitting to shareholders of any action which pursuant to the
     General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware requires shareholders'
     approval;

          (f) filling vacancies in the Board of Directors or in any committee or
     fixing compensation of members of the Board of Directors for serving on the
     Board of Directors or on any committee;

          (g) amending or repealing the Bylaws;

          (h) declaring a dividend or authorizing the issuance of stock; or

          (i) amending or repealing any resolution of the Board of Directors
     which by its terms is not so amendable or repealable.

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     SECTION 3.04. Reports of Executive Committee. The Executive Committee shall
keep regular minutes of its proceedings, and all action by the Executive
Committee shall be reported promptly to the Board of Directors. Such action
shall be subject to review by the Board of Directors, provided that no rights of
third parties shall be affected by such review.

     SECTION 3.05. Other Committees. The Board of Directors, by resolution
adopted by a majority of the whole Board of Directors, may designate from among
its members one or more other committees, each of which shall have such
authority of the Board of Directors as may be specified in the resolution of the
Board of Directors designating such committee; provided, however, that any such
committee so designated shall not have any powers not allowed to the Executive
Committee under Section 3.03 of this Article III. The Board of Directors shall
have power at any time to change the members of any such committee, designate
alternate members of any such committee and fill vacancies therein; and any such
committee shall serve at the pleasure of the Board of Directors.

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                                   ARTICLE IV

                                    Officers

     SECTION 4.01. Executive Officers. The executive officers of the corporation
shall be a President, a Secretary and a Treasurer and may include a Chairman of
the Board of Directors, one or more Vice Presidents and one or more Assistant
Secretaries or Assistant Treasurers. Any two or more offices may be held by the
same person.

     SECTION 4.02. Authority and Duties. All officers, as between themselves
and the corporation, shall have such authority and perform such duties in the
management of the corporation as may be provided in these Bylaws or, to the
extent not so provided, by the Board of Directors.

     SECTION 4.03. Term of Office, Resignation and Removal. All officers shall
be elected or appointed by the Board of Directors and shall hold office for such
term as may be prescribed by the Board of Directors. The Chairman of the Board
of Directors, if any, and the President shall be elected or appointed from among
the members of the Board of Directors. Each officer shall hold office until his
successor has been elected or appointed and qualified or his earlier death or
resignation or removal in the manner hereinafter provided. The Board of
Directors may require

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any officer to give security for the faithful performance of his duties.

     Any officer may resign at any time by giving written notice to the
President or the Secretary of the corporation, and such resignation shall take
effect at the time specified therein or, if the time when it shall become
effective is not specified therein, at the time it is accepted by action of the
Board of Directors. Except as aforesaid, the acceptance of such resignation
shall not be necessary to make it effective.

     All officers and agents elected or appointed by the Board of Directors
shall be subject to removal at any time by the Board of Directors with or
without cause.

     SECTION 4.04. Vacancies. If an office becomes vacant for any reason, the
Board of Directors shall fill such vacancy. Any officer so appointed or elected
by the Board of Directors shall serve only until such time as the unexpired term
of his predecessor shall have expired unless reelected or reappointed by the
Board of Directors.

     SECTION 4.05. Chairman of the Board of Directors. If there shall be a
Chairman of the Board of Directors, he shall preside at meetings of the Board of
Directors and of the stockholders at which he is present, and shall give counsel
and advice to the Board of Directors and the

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officers of the corporation on all subjects touching the welfare of the
corporation and the conduct of its business. He shall perform such other duties
as the Board of Directors may from time to time determine. Except as otherwise
provided by resolution of the Board of Directors he shall be ex officio a member
of all committees of the Board of Directors.

     SECTION 4.06. The President. The President shall be the Chief Executive
Officer of the corporation and, unless the Chairman of the Board of Directors be
present or the Board of Directors has provided otherwise by resolution, he shall
preside at all meetings of the Board of Directors and the stockholders at which
he is present. The President shall have general and active management and
control of the business and affairs of the corporation subject to the control of
the Board of Directors and the Executive Committee, if any, and shall see that
all orders and resolutions of the Board of Directors and the Executive
Committee, if any, are carried into effect.

     SECTION 4.07. Vice Presidents. The Vice President or, if there be more
than one, the Vice Presidents in the order of their seniority or in any other
order determined by the Board of Directors, shall, in the absence or disability
of the President, perform the duties and exercise

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the powers of the President, and shall generally assist the President and
perform such other duties as the Board of Directors or the President shall
prescribe.

     SECTION 4.08. The Secretary. The Secretary of the corporation shall, to the
extent practicable, attend all meetings of the Board of Directors and all
meetings of the stockholders and shall record all votes and the minutes of all
proceedings in a book to be kept for that purpose, and shall perform like duties
for the standing committees when required. The Secretary shall give, or cause to
be given, notice of all meetings of the stockholders and of the Board of
Directors, and shall perform such other duties as may be prescribed by the Board
of Directors or the President, under whose supervision the Secretary shall
perform such duties. The Secretary shall keep in safe custody the seal of the
corporation and affix the same to any duly authorized instrument requiring it
and, when so affixed, it shall be attested by his signature or by the signature
of the Treasurer or an Assistant Secretary or Assistant Treasurer. The Secretary
shall keep in safe custody the certificate books and stockholder records and
such other books and records as the Board of Directors may direct and shall
perform all other duties as from time to time may be

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assigned to him by the Chairman of the Board of Directors, the President or the
Board of Directors.

     SECTION 4.09. Assistant Secretaries. The Assistant Secretaries of the
corporation, if any, in order of their seniority or in any other order
determined by the Board of Directors shall, in the absence or disability of the
Secretary of the corporation, perform the duties and exercise the powers of the
Secretary of the corporation and shall perform such other duties as the Board of
Directors or the Secretary of the corporation shall prescribe.

     SECTION 4.10. The Treasurer. The Treasurer shall have the care and custody
of the corporate funds and other valuable effects, including securities, and
shall keep full and accurate accounts of receipts and disbursements in books
belonging to the corporation, and shall deposit all moneys and other valuable
effects to the name and to the credit of the corporation in such depositories as
may be designated by the Board of Directors. The Treasurer shall disburse the
funds of the corporation as may be ordered by the Board of Directors, taking
proper vouchers for such disbursements, and shall render to the President and
directors, at the regular meetings of the Board of Directors, or whenever they
may require it, an account of all his transactions as Treasurer and of the
financial condition of the corporation;

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and, in general, perform all the duties incident to the office of Treasurer and
such other duties as from time to time may be assigned to him by the President
or the Board of Directors.

     SECTION 4.11. Assistant Treasurers. The Assistant Treasurers, if any, in
the order of their seniority or in any other order determined by the Board of
Directors, shall in the absence or disability of the Treasurer perform the
duties and exercise the powers of the Treasurer and shall perform such other
duties as the Board of Directors or the Treasurer shall prescribe.


                                    ARTICLE V

                 Contracts, Checks, Drafts, Bank Accounts, etc.

     SECTION 5.01. Execution of Documents. The Board of Directors shall
designate the officers, employees and agents of the corporation who shall have
power to execute and deliver deeds, contracts, mortgages, bonds, debentures,
checks, drafts and other orders for the payment of money and other documents for
and in the name of the corporation, and may authorize such officers, employees
and agents to delegate such power (including authority to redelegate) by written
instrument to other officers, employees or agents of the corporation; and,
unless so designated or expressly

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authorized by these Bylaws, no officer or agent or employee shall have any power
or authority to bind the corporation by any contract or engagement or to pledge
its credit or to render it liable pecuniarily for any purpose or to any amount.

     SECTION 5.02. Deposits. All funds of the corporation not otherwise employed
shall be deposited from time to time to the credit of the corporation or
otherwise as the Board of Directors or Treasurer or any other officer of the
corporation to whom power in this respect shall have been given by the Board of
Directors shall select.

     SECTION 5.03. Proxies in Respect of Stock or Other Securities of Other
Corporations. The Board of Directors shall designate the officers of the
corporation who shall have authority from time to time to appoint an agent or
agents of the corporation to exercise in the name and on behalf of the
corporation the powers and rights which the corporation may have as the holder
of stock or other securities in any other corporation, and to vote or consent in
respect of such stock or securities; such designated officers may instruct the
person or persons so appointed as to the manner of exercising such powers and
rights; and such designated officers may execute or cause to be executed in the
name and on behalf of the corporation and under its

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corporate seal, or otherwise, such written proxies, powers of attorney or other
instruments as they may deem necessary or proper in order that the corporation
may exercise its said powers and rights.


                                   ARTICLE VI

                  Shares and Their Transfer; Fixing Record Date

     SECTION 6.01. Certificates for Shares. Every owner of stock of the
corporation shall be entitled to have a certificate certifying the number and
class of shares owned by him in the corporation, which shall otherwise be in
such form as shall be prescribed by the Board of Directors. Certificates of each
class shall be issued in consecutive order and shall be numbered in the order of
their issue, and shall be signed by, or in the name of the corporation by the
Chairman of the Board of Directors, the President or a Vice President and by the
Treasurer or an Assistant Treasurer or the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary
of the corporation.

     SECTION 6.02. Record. A record (herein called the stock record) in one or
more counterparts shall be kept of the name of the person, firm or corporation
owning the shares represented by each certificate for stock of the corporation
issued, the number of shares represented by each such certificate, the date
thereof and, in the case of

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cancelation, the date of cancelation. Except as otherwise expressly required by
law, the person in whose name shares of stock stand on the stock record of the
corporation shall be deemed the owner thereof for all purposes as regards the
corporation.

     SECTION 6.03. Registration of Stock. Registration of transfers of shares
of the corporation shall be made only on the books of the corporation upon
request of the registered holder thereof, or of his attorney thereunto
authorized by power of attorney duly executed and filed with the Secretary of
the corporation, and upon the surrender of the certificate or certificates for
such shares properly endorsed or accompanied by a stock power duly executed.

     SECTION 6.04. Addresses of Stockholders. Each stockholder shall designate
to the Secretary of the corporation an address at which notices of meetings and
all other corporate notices may be served or mailed to him, and, if any
stockholder shall fail to designate such address, corporate notices may be
served upon him by mail directed to him at his post office address, if any, as
the same appears on the share record books of the corporation or at his last
known post office address.

     SECTION 6.05. Lost, Destroyed and Mutilated Certificates. The Board of
Directors or a committee

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designated thereby with power so to act may, in its discretion, cause to be
issued a new certificate or certificates for stock of the corporation in place
of any certificate issued by it and reported to have been lost, destroyed or
mutilated, upon the surrender of the mutilated certificates or, in the case of
loss or destruction of the certificate, upon satisfactory proof of such loss or
destruction, and the Board of Directors or such committee may, in its
discretion, require the owner of the lost or destroyed certificate or his legal
representative to give the corporation a bond in such sum and with such surety
or sureties as it may direct to indemnify the corporation against any claim that
may be made against it on account of the alleged loss or destruction of any such
certificate.

     SECTION 6.06. Regulations. The Board of Directors may make such rules and
regulations as it may deem expedient, not inconsistent with these Bylaws,
concerning the issue, transfer and registration of certificates for stock of the
corporation.

     SECTION 6.07. Fixing Date for Determination of Stockholders of Record. In
order that the corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to notice of
or to vote at any meeting of stockholders or any adjournment thereof, or to
express consent to corporate action in writing without

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a meeting, or entitled to receive payment of any dividend or other distribution
or allotment of any rights, or entitled to exercise any rights in respect of any
change, conversion or exchange of stock or for the purpose of any other lawful
action, the Board of Directors may fix, in advance, a record date, which shall
not be more than 50 nor less than 10 days before the date of such meeting, nor
more than 50 days prior to any other action. A determination of stockholders
entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of the stockholders shall apply to
any adjournment of the meeting; provided, however, that the Board of Directors
may fix a new record date for the adjourned meeting.


                                   ARTICLE VII

                                      Seal

     The Board of Directors shall provide a corporate seal, which shall be in
the form of a circle and shall bear the full name of the corporation and the
words and figures "Corporate Seal Delaware 1999".


                                  ARTICLE VIII

                                   Fiscal Year

     The fiscal year of the corporation shall end on the 31st day of December in
each year unless changed by resolution of the Board of Directors.

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                                   ARTICLE IX

                          Indemnification and Insurance

     SECTION 9.01. Indemnification of Directors and Officers. The corporation
shall, to the maximum extent and in the manner permitted by the DGCL as the same
now exists or may hereafter be amended, indemnify any person against expenses
(including attorneys' fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement
actually and reasonably incurred in connection with any threatened, pending or
completed action, suit or proceeding in which such person was or is a party or
is threatened to be made a party by reason of the fact that such person is or
was a director or officer of the corporation. For purposes of this Section 9.01,
a "director" or "officer" of the corporation shall mean any person (i) who is or
was a director or officer of the corporation, (ii) who is or was serving at the
request of the corporation as a director or officer of another corporation,
partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise or (iii) who was a
director or officer of a corporation which was a predecessor corporation of the
corporation or of another enterprise at the request of such predecessor
corporation.

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     The corporation shall be required to indemnify a director or officer in
connection with an action, suit or proceeding (or part thereof) initiated by
such director or officer only if the initiation of such action, suit or
proceeding (or part thereof) by the director or officer was authorized by the
Board of Directors of the corporation.

     The corporation shall pay the expenses (including attorneys' fees) incurred
by a director or officer of the corporation entitled to indemnification
hereunder in defending any action, suit or proceeding referred to in this
Section 9.01 in advance of its final disposition; provided, however, that
payment of expenses incurred by a director or officer of the corporation in
advance of the final disposition of such action, suit or proceeding shall be
made only upon receipt of an undertaking by the director or officer to repay all
amounts advanced if it should ultimately be determined that the director or
officer is not entitled to be indemnified under this Section 9.01 or otherwise.

     The rights conferred on any person by this Article IX shall not be
exclusive of any other rights which such person may have or hereafter acquire
under any statute, provision of the Certificate of Incorporation, these By-

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laws, agreement, vote of the stockholders or disinterested directors or
otherwise.

     Any repeal or modification of the foregoing provisions of this Section 9.01
shall not adversely affect any right or protection hereunder of any person in
respect of any act or omission occurring prior to the time of such repeal or
modification.

     Section 9.02. Indemnification of Others. The corporation shall have the
power, to the maximum extent and in the manner permitted by the DGCL as the same
now exists or may hereafter be amended, to indemnify any person (other than
directors and officers) against expenses (including attorneys' fees), judgments,
fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred in
connection with any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding,
in which such person was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party by
reason of the fact that such person is or was an employee or agent of the
corporation. For purposes of this Section 9.02, an "employee" or "agent" of the
corporation (other than a director or officer) shall mean any person (i) who is
or was an employee or agent of the corporation, (ii) who is or was serving at
the request of the corporation as an employee or agent of another corporation,
partnership, joint venture,

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trust or other enterprise or (iii) who was an employee or agent of a corporation
which was a predecessor corporation of the corporation or of another enterprise
at the request of such predecessor corporation.

     Section 9.03. Insurance. The corporation may purchase and maintain
insurance on behalf of any person who is or was a director, officer, employee or
agent of the corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the corporation
as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership,
joint venture, trust or other enterprise against any liability asserted against
him or her and incurred by him or her in any such capacity, or arising out of
his or her status as such, whether or not the corporation would have the power
to indemnify him or her against such liability under the provisions of the
General Corporation Law of Delaware.


                                    ARTICLE X

                                Waiver of Notice

     Whenever any notice whatever is required to be given by these Bylaws or the
Certificate of Incorporation of the corporation or the laws of the State of
Delaware, the person entitled thereto may, in person or by attorney thereunto
authorized, in writing or by telegraph, cable or

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other form of recorded communication, waive such notice, whether before or after
the meeting or other matter in respect of which such notice is given, and in
such event such notice need not be given to such person and such waiver shall be
deemed equivalent to such notice.


                                   ARTICLE XI

                                   Amendments

     Any Bylaw (including these Bylaws) may be adopted, amended or repealed by
the Board of Directors in any manner not inconsistent with the laws of the State
of Delaware or the Certificate of Incorporation.