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            GUIDELINES FOR CERTIFICATION OF TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION
                         NUMBER ON SUBSTITUTE FORM W-9

GUIDELINES FOR DETERMINING THE PROPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER TO GIVE THE
PAYER -- Social Security numbers have nine digits separated by two hyphens: i.e.
000-00-0000. Employer identification numbers have nine digits separated by only
one hyphen: i.e. 00-0000000. The table below will help determine the number to
give the payer.


                                 
- -------------------------------------------------------------------
                                       GIVE THE NAME AND
                                       SOCIAL SECURITY
FOR THIS TYPE OF ACCOUNT:              NUMBER OF --
- -------------------------------------------------------------------
 1.  An individual's account           The individual
 2.  Two or more individuals (joint    The actual owner of the ac-
     account)                          count or, if combined funds,
                                       any one of the
                                       individuals(2)
 3.  Husband and wife (joint           The actual owner of the ac-
     account)                          count or, if joint funds,
                                       either person(2)
 4.  Custodian account of a minor      The minor(3) (Uniform Gift
                                       to Minors Act)
 5.  Adult and minor (joint            The adult or, if the minor
     account)                          is only contributor, the
                                       minor(1)
 6.  Account in the name of            The ward, minor, or incompe-
     guardian or committee for a       tent person(4)
     designated ward, minor, or
     incompetent person
 7.  a. The usual revocable savings    The grantor-trustee(1)
        trust account (grantor is
        also trustee)
     b. So-called trust account        The actual owner(1)
     that is not a legal or valid
        trust under State law
 8.  Sole proprietorship account       The owner(5)
- -------------------------------------------------------------------
- -------------------------------------------------------------------
                                       GIVE THE NAME AND
                                       EMPLOYER
                                       IDENTIFICATION
FOR THIS TYPE OF ACCOUNT:              NUMBER OF --
- -------------------------------------------------------------------
 9.  A valid trust, estate, or         Legal entity (Do not furnish
     pension trust                     the identifying number of
                                       the personal representative
                                       or trustee unless the legal
                                       entity itself is not
                                       designated in the account
                                       title.)(1)
10.  Corporate account                 The organization
11.  Religious, charitable, or         The organization
     educational organization
     account
12.  Partnership account held in       The partnership
     the name of the business
13.  Association, club, or other       The organization
     tax-exempt organization
14.  A broker or registered nominee    The broker or nominee
15.  Account with the Department of    The public entity
     Agriculture in the name of a
     public entity (such as a State
     or local government, school
     district, or prison) that
     receives agricultural program
     payments
- -------------------------------------------------------------------


(1)  List first and circle the name of the legal trust, estate, or pension
     trust. If only one person on a joint account has a social security number,
     that person's number must be furnished.
(2)  List first and circle the name of the person whose number you furnish.
(3)  Circle the minor's name and furnish the minor's social security number.
(4)  Circle the ward's, minor's or incompetent person's name and furnish such
     person's social security number.
(5)  Show the name of the owner.

NOTE: If no name is circled when there is more than one name, the number will be
      considered to be that of the first name listed.
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            GUIDELINES FOR CERTIFICATION OF TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION
                         NUMBER ON SUBSTITUTE FORM W-9
                                     PAGE 2

OBTAINING A NUMBER
If you don't have a taxpayer identification number or you don't know your
number, obtain Internal Revenue Service Form SS-5, Application for a Social
Security Number Card, or Form SS-4, Application for Employer Identification
Number, at your local office of the Social Security Administration or the
Internal Revenue Service and apply for a number.

PAYEES EXEMPT FROM BACKUP WITHHOLDING
Payees specifically exempted from backup withholding on ALL payments include the
following:

     --  A corporation.
     --  A financial institution.
     --  An organization exempt from tax under section 501(a), or an individual
         retirement plan.
     --  The United States or any agency or instrumentality thereof.
     --  A State, the District of Columbia, a possession of the United States,
         or any subdivision or instrumentality thereof.
     --  A foreign government, a political subdivision of a foreign government,
         or any agency or instrumentality thereof.
     --  An international organization, or any agency or instrumentality
         thereof.
     --  A registered dealer in securities or commodities registered in the U.S.
         or a possession of the U.S.
     --  A real estate investment trust.
     --  A common trust fund operated by a bank under section 584(a).
     --  An exempt charitable remainder trust, or a non-exempt trust described
         in section 4947(a)(1).
     --  An entity registered at all times under the Investment Company Act of
         1940.
     --  A foreign central bank of issue.
     --  A middleman known in the investment community as a nominee or who is
         listed in the most recent publication of the American Society of
         Corporate Secretaries, Inc., Nominee List.

Payments of dividends and patronage dividends not generally subject to backup
withholding include the following:

     --  Payments to nonresident aliens subject to withholding under section
         1441.
     --  Payments to partnerships not engaged in a trade or business in the U.S.
         and which have at least one nonresident partner.
     --  Payments of patronage dividends where the amount received is not paid
         in money.
     --  Payments made by certain foreign organizations.
     --  Payments made to a nominee.

Payments of interest not generally subject to backup withholding include the
following:

     --  Payments of interest on obligations issued by individuals.
         Note: You may be subject to backup withholding if this interest is $600
         or more and is paid in the course of the payer's trade or business and
         you have not provided your correct taxpayer identification number to
         the payer.
     --  Payments of tax-exempt interest (including exempt-interest dividends
         under section 852).
     --  Payments described in section 6049(b)(5) to nonresident aliens.
     --  Payments on tax-free covenant bonds under section 1451.
     --  Payments made by certain foreign organizations.
     --  Payments made to a nominee.

Exempt payees described above should file Form W-9 to avoid possible erroneous
backup withholding. FILE THIS FORM WITH THE PAYER, FURNISH YOUR TAXPAYER
IDENTIFICATION NUMBER, WRITE "EXEMPT" ON THE FACE OF THE FORM, AND RETURN IT TO
THE PAYER. IF THE PAYMENTS ARE INTEREST, DIVIDENDS, OR PATRONAGE DIVIDENDS, ALSO
SIGN AND DATE THE FORM. IF YOU ARE A NONRESIDENT ALIEN OR A FOREIGN ENTITY NOT
SUBJECT TO BACKUP WITHHOLDING, FILE WITH PAYER A COMPLETED INTERNAL REVENUE FORM
W-8 (CERTIFICATE OF FOREIGN STATUS).

Certain payments other than interest dividends, and patronage dividends, that
are not subject to information reporting are also not subject to backup
withholding. For details, see the regulations under sections 6041, 6041A(a),
6045, and 6050A.

PRIVACY ACT NOTICE. -- Section 6109 requires most recipients of dividend,
interest, or other payments to give taxpayer identification numbers to payers
who must report the payments to IRS. IRS uses the numbers for identification
purposes. Payers must be given the numbers whether or not recipients are
required to file tax returns. Beginning January 1, 1993, payers must generally
withhold 31% of taxable interest, dividend, and certain other payments to a
payee who does not furnish a taxpayer identification number to a payer. Certain
penalties may also apply.

PENALTIES
(1) PENALTY FOR FAILURE TO FURNISH TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER. -- If you
fail to furnish your taxpayer identification number to a payer, you are subject
to a penalty of $50 for each such failure unless your failure is due to
reasonable cause and not to willful neglect.

(2) FAILURE TO REPORT CERTAIN DIVIDEND AND INTEREST PAYMENTS. -- If you fail to
include any portion of an includible payment for interest, dividends, or
patronage dividends in gross income, such failure will be treated as being due
to negligence and will be subject to a penalty of 20% on any portion of an
under-payment attributable to that failure unless there is clear and convincing
evidence to the contrary.

(3) CIVIL PENALTY FOR FALSE INFORMATION WITH RESPECT TO WITHHOLDING. -- If you
make a false statement with no reasonable basis which results in no imposition
of backup withholding, you are subject to a penalty of $500.

(4) CRIMINAL PENALTY FOR FALSIFYING INFORMATION. -- Falsifying certifications or
affirmations may subject you to criminal penalties including fines and/or
imprisonment.

FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CONTACT YOUR TAX CONSULTANT OR THE INTERNAL REVENUE
SERVICE.