GUIDELINES FOR CERTIFICATION OF TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION
                         NUMBER ON SUBSTITUTE FORM W-9

GUIDELINES FOR DETERMINING THE PROPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER TO GIVE THE
PAYER--Social Security numbers have nine digits separated by two hyphens: i.e.
000-00-0000. Employer identification numbers have nine digits separated by only
one hyphen: i.e. 00-0000000. The table below will help determine the number to
give the payer.



- ---------------------------------------------------
                       
                             GIVE THE SOCIAL
                             SECURITY
FOR THIS TYPE OF ACCOUNT:    NUMBER OF--
- ---------------------------------------------------
1.   An individual's         The individual
     account

2.   Two or more             The actual owner of
     individuals (joint      the account or, if
     account)                combined funds, any
                             one of the
                             individuals(1)

3.   Husband and wife        The actual owner of
     (joint account)         the account or, if
                             joint funds, either
                             person(1)

4.   Custodian account of a  The minor(2)
     minor (Uniform Gift to
     Minors Act)

5.   Adult and minor (joint  The adult or, if the
     account)                minor is the only
                             contributor, the
                             minor(1)

6.   Account in the name of  The ward, minor or
     guardian or committee   incompetent person(3)
     for a designated ward,
     minor, or incompetent
     person

7.   a) The usual revocable  The grantor-trustee(1)
        savings trust
        account (grantor is
        also trustee);

     b) So-called trust      The actual owner(1)
        account that is not
        a legal or valid
        trust under State
        law

- ---------------------------------------------------

                             GIVE THE EMPLOYER
                             IDENTIFICATION
FOR THIS TYPE OF ACCOUNT:    NUMBER OF--
- ---------------------------------------------------
                       
8.   Sole proprietorship     The owner(4)
     account

9.   A valid trust, estate,  The legal entity (Do
     or pension trust        not furnish the
                             identifying number of
                             the personal
                             representative or
                             trustee unless the
                             legal entity itself is
                             not designated in the
                             account title.)(5)

10.  Corporate account       The corporation

11.  Religious, charitable   The organization
     or educational
     organization account

12.  Partnership account     The partnership
     held in the name of
     the business

13.  Association, club, or   The organization
     other tax-exempt
     organization

14.  A broker or registered  The broker or nominee
     nominee

15.  Account with the        The public entity
     Department of
     Agriculture in the
     name of a public
     entity (such as a
     State or local
     government, school
     district, or prison)
     that receives
     agricultural program
     payments.


- ---------------------------------------------
- ---------------------------------------------

(1) List first and circle the name of the person whose number you furnish.

(2) Circle the minor's name and furnish the minor's social security number.

(3) Circle the ward's, minor's or incompetent person's name and furnish such
    person's social security number.

(4) You must show your individual name, but you may also enter business or
    "doing business as" name. You may use either your SSN or EIN (if you have
    one).

(5) List first and circle the name of the legal trust, estate, or pension trust.

NOTE:  If no name is circled when there is more than one name, the number will
       be considered to be that of the first name listed.

            GUIDELINES FOR CERTIFICATION OF TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION
                         NUMBER ON SUBSTITUTE FORM W-9

OBTAINING A NUMBER

If you don't have a taxpayer identification number or you don't know your
number, obtain Form SS-5. Application for a Social Security Number Card (for
individuals), or Form SS-4, Application for Employer Identification Number (for
businesses and all other entities), at the local office of the Social Security
Administration or the Internal Revenue Service and apply for a number.

PAYEE EXEMPT FROM BACKUP WITHHOLDING

Payees specifically exempted from backup withholding on ALL payments include the
following:

    - A corporation.

    - A financial institution.

    - An organization exempt from tax under section 501(a), or an individual
      retirement plan, or a custodial account under Section 403(b)(7).

    - The United States or any agency or instrumentality thereof.

    - A state, the District of Columbia, a possession of the United States, or
      any subdivision or instrumentality thereof.

    - A foreign government, a political subdivision of a foreign government, or
      any agency or instrumentality thereof.

    - An international organization or any agency, or instrumentality thereof.

    - A registered dealer in securities or commodities registered in the U.S. or
      a possession of the U.S.

    - A real estate investment trust.

    - A common trust fund operated by a bank under section 584(a).

    - An exempt charitable remainder trust, or a nonexempt trust described in
      section 4947(a)(1).

    - An entity registered at all times under the Investment Company Act of
      1940.

    - A foreign central bank of issue.

PAYMENTS EXEMPT FROM BACKUP WITHHOLDINGS

Payments of dividends and patronage dividends not generally subject to backup
withholding include the following:

    - Payments to partnerships not engaged in a trade or business in the U.S.
      and which have at least one nonresident partner.

    - Payments of patronage dividends not paid in money.

    - Payments made by certain foreign corporations.

    - Payments to nonresident aliens subject to withholding under Section 1441.

Section 404(k) payments made by an ESOP.

Payments of interest not generally subject to backup withholding include the
following:

    - Payments of interest on obligations issued by individuals. Note: you may
      be subject to backup withholding if this interest is $600 or more and is
      paid in the course of the payer's trade or business and you have not
      provided your correct taxpayer identification number to the payer.

    - Payments of tax-exempt interest (including exempt-interest dividends under
      section 852).

    - Payments described in section 6049(b)(5) to nonresident aliens.

    - Payments on tax-free covenant bonds under section 1451.

    - Payments made by certain foreign organizations.

    - Payments made to a nominee.

Exempt payees described above should file a Substitute Form W-9 to avoid
possible erroneous backup withholding.

FILE THIS FORM WITH THE PAYER. FURNISH YOUR TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER,
WRITE "EXEMPT" ON THE FACE OF THE FORM. SIGN AND DATE THE FORM AND RETURN IT TO
THE PAYER. IF YOU ARE NOT A NON-RESIDENT OR FOREIGN ENTITY NOT SUBJECT TO BACKUP
WITHHOLDING, FILE WITH PAYER A COMPLETED INTERNAL REVENUE FORM W-8 (CERTIFICATE
OF FOREIGN STATUS).

    Certain payments other than interest, dividends, and patronage dividends,
that are not subject to information reporting are also not subject to backup
withholding. For details, see sections 6041, 6041A(a), 6042, 6044, 6045, 6049,
6050A, and 6050N, and the regulations under those sections.

PRIVACY ACT NOTICE.--Section 6109 requires most recipients of dividend,
interest, or other payments to give taxpayer identification numbers to payers
who must report the payments to IRS. The IRS uses the numbers for identification
purposes and to help verify the accuracy of tax returns. Payers must be given
the numbers whether or not recipients are required to file a tax return. Payers
must generally withhold 31% of taxable interest, dividend, and certain other
payments to a payee who does not furnish a taxpayer identification number to a
payer. Certain penalties may also apply.

PENALTIES

(1) PENALTY FOR FAILURE TO FURNISH TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER.--If you fail
to furnish your taxpayer identification number to a payer, you are subject to a
penalty of $50 for each such failure unless your failure is due to reasonable
cause and not to willful neglect.

(2) CIVIL PENALTY FOR FALSE INFORMATION WITH RESPECT TO WITHHOLDING.--If you
make a false statement with no reasonable basis which results in no imposition
of backup withholding, you are subject to a penalty of $500.

(3) CRIMINAL PENALTY FOR FALSIFYING INFORMATION.--Willfully falsifying
certifications or affirmations may subject you to criminal penalties including
fines and/or imprisonment.

FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CONTACT YOUR TAX CONSULTANT OR THE INTERNAL REVENUE
SERVICE

    Unless otherwise noted herein, all references to section numbers or
regulations are references to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and
the regulations promulgated thereunder.