GUIDELINES FOR CERTIFICATION OF TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION
                         NUMBER ON SUBSTITUTE FORM W-9

    GUIDELINES FOR DETERMINING THE PROPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER TO GIVE THE
PAYER--Social Security numbers have nine digits separated by two hyphens: i.e.,
000-00-0000. Employer identification numbers have nine digits separated by only
one hyphen: i.e., 000-000000. The table below will help determine the number to
give the payer.



- -------------------------------------------------
                      
                            GIVE THE
FOR THIS TYPE OF ACCOUNT:   SOCIAL SECURITY
                            NUMBER OF


- ---------------------------------------------------
 1.  An individual's account  The individual
                        

 2.  Two or more individuals  The actual owner of
     (joint account)          the account or, if
                              combined funds, the
                              first individual on
                              the account(1)

 3.  Husband and wife (joint  The actual owner of
     account)                 the account or, if
                              joint funds, either
                              person(1)

 4.  Custodian account of a   The minor(2)
     minor (Uniform Gift to
     Minors Act)

 5.  Adult and minor (joint   The adult or, if the
     account)                 minor is the only
                              contributor, the
                              minor(1)

 6.  Account in the name of   The ward, minor, or
     guardian or committee    incompetent person(3)
     for a designated ward,
     minor, or incompetent
     person

 7.  a. The usual revocable   The
        savings trust         grantor-trustee(1)
        account (in which
        grantor is also
        trustee)

     b. So-called "trust"     The actual owner(1)
        account that is not
        a legal or valid
        trust under State
        law

 8.  Sole proprietorship      The owner(4)
     account


- -----------------------------------------------------
                                GIVE THE
                                EMPLOYER
FOR THIS TYPE OF                IDENTIFICATION
ACCOUNT:                        NUMBER OF
- -----------------------------------------------------
 9.  A valid trust, estate, or  Legal entity (do not
                          
     pension                    furnish the
                                identifying number of
                                the personal
                                representative or
                                trustee unless the
                                legal entity itself
                                is not designated in
                                the account title)(5)

10.  Corporate account          The corporation

11.  Religious, charitable, or  The organization
     educational organization
     account

12.  Partnership account held   The partnership
     in the name of the
     business

13.  Association, club or       The organization
     other tax-exempt
     organization

14.  A broker or registered     The broker or nominee
     nominee

15.  Account with the           The public entity
     Department of Agriculture
     in the name of a public
     entity (such as a State
     or local government,
     school district, or
     prison) that receives
     agricultural program
     payments.


- --------------------------------------------------
- --------------------------------------------------

(1) List first and circle the name of the person whose number you furnish.

(2) Circle the minor's name and furnish the minor's social security number.

(3) Circle the ward's, minor's or incompetent person's name and furnish such
    person's social security number.

(4) Show the name of the owner, or the business or "doing business as" name.
    Either the social security number or the employer identification number of
    the owner may be used.

(5) List first and circle the name of the legal trust, estate or pension trust.

NOTE: If no name is circled when there is more than one name, the number will be
      considered to be that of the first name listed.

            GUIDELINES FOR CERTIFICATION OF TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION
                         NUMBER ON SUBSTITUTE FORM W-9

                                     PAGE 2

OBTAINING A NUMBER

If you don't have a taxpayer identification number or you don't know your
number, obtain Form SS-5, Application for a Social Security Number Card, or Form
SS-4, Application for Employer Identification Number, at the local office of the
Social Security Administration or the Internal Revenue Service and apply for a
number.

PAYEES EXEMPT FROM BACKUP WITHHOLDING

Payees specifically exempted from backup withholding on ALL payments include the
following:

    --  A corporation.

    --  A financial institution

    --  An organization exempt from tax under section 501(a), or an individual
        retirement plan.

    --  The United States or any agency or instrumentality thereof.

    --  A State, the District of Columbia, a possession of the United States, or
        any subdivision or instrumentality thereof.

    --  A foreign government, a political subdivision of a foreign government,
        or any agency or instrumentality thereof.

    --  An international organization or any agency or instrumentality thereof.

    --  A registered dealer in securities or commodities registered in the U.S.
        or a possession of the U.S.

    --  A real estate investment trust.

    --  A common trust fund operated by a bank under section 584(a).

    --  An exempt charitable remainder trust, or a non-exempt trust described in
        section 4947(a)(1).

    --  An entity registered at all times under the Investment Company Act of
        1940.

    --  A foreign central bank of issue.

Payments of dividends and patronage dividends not generally subject to backup
withholding include the following:

    --  Payments to nonresident aliens subject to withholding under
        section 1441.

    --  Payments to partnerships not engaged in a trade or business in the U.S.
        and which have at least one nonresident partner.

    --  Payments of patronage dividends where the amount received is not paid in
        money.

    --  Payments made by certain foreign organizations.

    --  Payments made to a nominee.

Payments of interest not generally subject to backup withholding include the
following:

    --  Payments of interest on obligations issued by individuals. NOTE: You may
        be subject to backup withholding if this interest is $600 or more and is
        paid in the course of the payer's trade or business and you have not
        provided your correct taxpayer identification number to the payer.

    --  Payments of tax-exempt interest (including exempt-interest dividends
        under section 852).

    --  Payments described in section 6049(b)(5) to nonresident aliens.

    --  Payments on tax-free covenants bonds under section 1451.

    --  Payments made by certain foreign organizations.

    --  Payments made to a nominee.

EXEMPT PAYEES DESCRIBED ABOVE SHOULD FILE FORM W-9 TO AVOID POSSIBLE ERRONEOUS
BACKUP WITHHOLDING. FILE THIS FORM WITH THE PAYER, FURNISH YOUR TAXPAYER
IDENTIFICATION NUMBER, WRITE "EXEMPT" ON THE FACE OF THE FORM, AND RETURN IT TO
THE PAYER, IF THE PAYMENTS ARE INTEREST, DIVIDENDS, OR PATRONAGE DIVIDENDS, ALSO
SIGN AND DATE THE FORM.

Certain payments other than interest, dividends, and patronage dividends that
are not subject to information reporting are also not subject to backup
withholding. For details, see the regulations under sections 6041, 6041A(a),
6045, and 6050A.

PRIVACY ACT NOTICES. Section 6109 requires most recipients of dividend interest,
or other payments to give taxpayer identification numbers to payers who must
report the payments to IRS. IRS uses the numbers for identification purposes.
Payers must be given the numbers whether or not recipients are required to file
tax returns. Payers must generally withhold 31% of taxable interest, dividend,
and certain other payments to a payee who does not furnish a taxpayer
identification number to a payer. Certain penalties may also apply.

PENALTIES

(1) PENALTY FOR FAILURE TO FURNISH TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBERS.--If you fail
to furnish your taxpayer identification number to a payer, you are subject to a
penalty of $50 for each such failure unless your failure is due to reasonable
cause and not to willful neglect.

(2) CIVIL PENALTY FOR FALSE INFORMATION WITH RESPECT TO WITHHOLDING.--If you
make a false statement with no reasonable basis which results in no imposition
of backup withholding, you are subject to a penalty of $500.

(3) CRIMINAL PENALTY FOR FALSIFYING INFORMATION.--Falsifying certifications or
affirmations may subject you to criminal penalties including fines and/or
imprisonment.

                      FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION, CONTACT
                      YOUR TAX CONSULTANT OR THE INTERNAL
                                REVENUE SERVICE.