GUIDELINES FOR CERTIFICATION OF TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION
                         NUMBER ON SUBSTITUTE FORM W-9

GUIDELINES FOR DETERMINING THE PROPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER TO GIVE THE
PAYER.--Social Security numbers have nine digits separated by two hyphens: I.E.,
000-00-0000. Employer identification numbers have nine digits separated by only
one hyphen: I.E., 00-0000000. The table below will help determine the number to
give the Payer.


- -----------------------------------------------------------
                                   GIVE THE
                                   SOCIAL SECURITY
FOR THIS TYPE OF ACCOUNT:          NUMBER OF--
- -----------------------------------------------------------
                                
 1. An individual's account        The individual
 2. Two or more individuals        The actual owner of the
    (joint account)                account or, if combined
                                   funds, the first
                                   individual on the
                                   account(1)
 3. Husband and wife (joint        The actual owner of the
    account)                       account or, if joint
                                   funds, the first
                                   individual on the
                                   account(1)
 4. Custodian account of a minor   The minor(2)
    (Uniform Gift to Minors Act)
 5. Adult and minor (joint         The adult, or, if the
    account)                       minor is the only
                                   contributor, the
                                   minor(1)
 6. Account in the name of         The ward, minor, or
    guardian or committee for a    incompetent person(3)
    designated ward, minor or
    incompetent person
 7. a. The usual revocable         The grantor-trustee(1)
       savings trust account
       (grantor is also trustee)
   b. So-called trust account      The actual owner(1)
      that is not a legal or
      valid trust under State
      law
8. Sole proprietorship account     The owner(4)
- -----------------------------------------------------------
                                   GIVE THE EMPLOYER
                                   IDENTIFICATION
FOR THIS TYPE OF ACCOUNT:          NUMBER OF--
                                
- -----------------------------------------------------------

 9. A valid trust, estate, or      The legal entity (Do not
    pension trust                  furnish the identifying
                                   number of the personal
                                   representative or
                                   trustee unless the legal
                                   entity itself is not
                                   designated in the
                                   account title.)(5)

10. Corporate account              The corporation

11. Religious, charitable, or      The organization
    educational organization
    account

12. Partnership account held in    The partnership
    the name of the business

13. Association, club or other     The organization
    tax-exempt organization

14. A broker or registered         The broker or nominee
    nominee

15. Account with the Department    The public entity
    of Agriculture in the name
    of a public entity (such as
    a State or local government,
    school district, or prison)
    that receives agricultural
    program payments


(1) List first and circle the name of the person whose number you furnish.

(2) Circle the minor's name and furnish the minor's social security number.

(3) Circle the ward's, minor's or incompetent person's name and furnish such
    person's social security number.

(4) Show the name of the owner.

(5) List first and circle the name of the legal trust, estate, or pension trust.

NOTE: If no name is circled when there is more than one name, the number will be
      considered to be that of the first name listed.

            GUIDELINES FOR CERTIFICATION OF TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION
                         NUMBER ON SUBSTITUTE FORM W-9
                                     PAGE 2

OBTAINING A NUMBER

If you don't have a taxpayer identification number or you don't know your
number, obtain Form SS-5, Application for a Social Security Number Card (for
individuals), or Form SS-4, Application for Employer Identification Number (for
businesses and all other entities), at the local office of the Social Security
Administration or the Internal Revenue Service and apply for a number.

PAYEES AND PAYMENTS EXEMPT FROM BACKUP WITHHOLDING

Payees specifically exempted from backup withholding on ALL payments include the
following (Section references are to the Internal Revenue Code):
    - A corporation.
    - A financial institution.
    - An organization exempt from tax under section 501(a), or an individual
      retirement plan, or a custodial account under section 403(b)(7).
    - The United States or any agency or instrumentality thereof.
    - A State, the District of Columbia, a possession of the United States, or
      any subdivision or instrumentality thereof.
    - A foreign government, a political subdivision of a foreign government, or
      any agency or instrumentality thereof.
    - An international organization or any agency, or instrumentality thereof.
    - A registered dealer in securities or commodities registered in the U.S. or
      possession of the U.S.
    - A real estate investment trust.
    - A common trust fund operated by a bank under section 584(a).
    - An exempt charitable remainder trust, or a non-exempt trust described in
      section 4947(a)(1).
    - An entity registered at all times under the Investment Company Act of
      1940.
    - A foreign central bank of issue.

Payments of dividends and patronage dividends not generally subject to backup
withholding include the following:
    - Payments to nonresident aliens subject to withholding under section 1441.
    - Payments to partnerships not engaged in a trade or business in the U.S.
      and which have at least one nonresident partner.
    - Payments of patronage dividends where the amount received is not paid in
      money.
    - Payments made by certain foreign organizations.
    - Payments made to a nominee.

Payments of interest not generally subject to backup withholding include the
following:
    - Payments of interest on obligations issued by individuals.

NOTE: You may be subject to backup withholding if this interest is $600 or more
and is paid in the course of the payer's trade or business and you have not
provided your correct taxpayer identification number to the payer.
    - Payments of tax-exempt interest (including exempt-interest dividends under
      section 852).
    - Payments described in section 6049(b)(5) to nonresident aliens.
    - Payments on tax-free government bonds under section 1451.
    - Payments made by certain foreign organizations.
    - Payments made to a nominee.

Exempt payees described above should file the Substitute Form W-9 to avoid
possible erroneous backup withholding. FILE THIS FORM WITH THE PAYER, FURNISH
YOUR TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER, WRITE "EXEMPT" ON THE FACE OF THE FORM,
SIGN AND DATE THE FORM AND RETURN IT TO THE PAYER.

Certain payments other than interest, dividends, and patronage dividends that
are not subject to information reporting are also not subject to backup
withholding. For details, see sections 6041, 6041A(a), 6042, 6044, 6045, 6049,
6050A and 6050N, and the regulations under those sections.

PRIVACY ACT NOTICE.--Section 6109 requires most recipients of dividend,
interest, or other payments to give taxpayer identification numbers to payers
who must report the payments to the IRS. The IRS uses the numbers for
identification purposes and to help verify the accuracy of tax returns. Payers
must be given the numbers whether or not recipients are required to file a tax
return. Payers must generally withhold 31% of taxable interest, dividend, and
certain other payments to a payee who does not furnish a taxpayer identification
number to a payer. Certain penalties may also apply.

PENALTIES

(1) PENALTY FOR FAILURE TO FURNISH TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER.--If you fail
    to furnish your taxpayer identification number to a payer, you are subject
    to a penalty of $50 for each such failure unless your failure is due to
    reasonable cause and not to willful neglect.

(2) FAILURE TO REPORT CERTAIN DIVIDEND AND INTEREST PAYMENTS.--If you fail to
    include any portion of an includible payment for interest, dividends or
    patronage dividends in gross income, such failure is strong evidence of
    negligence. If negligence is shown, you will be subject to a penalty of 20%
    on any portion of an underpayment attributable to that failure.

(3) CIVIL PENALTY FOR FALSE INFORMATION WITH RESPECT TO WITHHOLDING.--If you
    make a false statement with no reasonable basis which results in no
    imposition of backup withholding, you are subject to a penalty of $500.

(4) CRIMINAL PENALTY FOR FALSIFYING INFORMATION.--Willfully falsifying
    certifications or affirmations may subject you to criminal penalties
    including fines and/or imprisonment.

                       FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CONTACT
                      YOUR TAX CONSULTANT OR THE INTERNAL
                                REVENUE SERVICE.