GUIDELINES FOR CERTIFICATION OF TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION
                         NUMBER ON SUBSTITUTE FORM W-9

    GUIDELINES FOR DETERMINING THE PROPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER FOR THE PAYEE
(YOU) TO GIVE THE PAYER.--Social Security numbers have nine digits separated by
two hyphens: i.e., 000-00-0000. Employer identification numbers have nine digits
separated by only one hyphen: i.e., 00-0000000. The table below will help
determine the number to give the payer. All "Section" references are to the
Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. "IRS" is the Internal Revenue
Service.


- -----------------------------------------------
                           GIVE THE
                           SOCIAL SECURITY
FOR THIS TYPE OF ACCOUNT:  NUMBER OF--
- -----------------------------------------------
                     
1.   Individual            The individual

2.   Two or more           The actual owner of
     individuals (joint    the account or, if
     account)              combined funds, the
                           first individual on
                           the account(1)

3.   Custodian account of  The minor(2)
     a minor (Uniform
     Gift to Minors Act)

4.   a. The usual          The
       revocable           grantor-trustee(1)

     b. So-called trust    The actual owner(1)
       account that is
       not a legal or
       valid trust under
       state law

5.   Sole proprietorship   The owner(3)
- -----------------------------------------------
                           GIVE THE EMPLOYER
                           IDENTIFICATION
FOR THIS TYPE OF ACCOUNT:  NUMBER OF--
                     
- -----------------------------------------------

6.   Sole proprietorship   The owner(3)

7.   A valid trust,        The legal entity(4)
     estate, or pension
     trust

8.   Corporate             The corporation

9.   Association, club,    The organization
     religious,
     charitable,
     educational, or
     other tax-exempt
     organization

10.  Partnership           The partnership

11.  A broker or           The broker or
     registered nominee    nominee

12.  Account with the      The public entity
     Department of
     Agriculture in the
     name of a public
     entity (such as a
     state or local
     government, school
     district, or prison)
     that receives
     agricultural program
     payments


- ---------------------------------------------
- ---------------------------------------------

(1) List first and circle the name of the person whose number you furnish. If
    only one person on a joint account has a social security number, that
    person's number must be furnished.

(2) Circle the minor's name and furnish the minor's social security number.

(3) You must show your individual name, but you may also enter your business or
    "doing business as" name. You may use either your social security number of
    your employer identification number (if you have one).

(4) List first and circle the name of the legal trust, estate, or pension trust.
    (Do not furnish the taxpayer identification number of the personal
    representative or trustee unless the legal entity itself is not designated
    in the account title).

NOTE:  IF NO NAME IS CIRCLED WHEN THERE IS MORE THAN ONE NAME LISTED, THE NUMBER
WILL BE CONSIDERED TO BE THAT OF THE FIRST NAME LISTED.

            GUIDELINES FOR CERTIFICATION OF TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION
                         NUMBER ON SUBSTITUTE FORM W-9
                                     PAGE 2

OBTAINING A NUMBER

If you don't have a taxpayer identification number, obtain Form SS-5,
Application for a Social Security Administration office, or Form SS-4,
Application for Employer Identification Number, by calling 1 (800) TAX-FORM, and
apply for a number.

PAYEES EXEMPT FROM BACKUP WITHHOLDING

PAYEES SPECIFICALLY EXEMPTED FROM THE WITHHOLDING INCLUDE

    - An organization exempt from tax under Section 501(a), a individual
      retirement account (IRA), or a custodial account under Section 403
      (b) (7), if the account satisfies the requirements of Section 401
      (f) (2).

    - The United States or a state thereof, the District of Columbia, a
      possession of the United States, or a political subdivision or
      wholly-owned agency or instrumentality of any of the foregoing.

    - An international organization or any agency or instrumentality thereof.

    - A foreign government an any political subdivision, agency or
      instrumentality thereof.

PAYEES THAT MAY BE EXEMPT FROM BACKUP WITHHOLDING INCLUDE:

    - A corporation.

    - A financial institution.

    - A dealer of securities or commodities required to register in the United
      States, the District of Columbia, a possession of the United States

    - A real estate investment trust.

    - A common trust fund operated by a bank under Section 584(a).

    - An entity registered at all times during the tax year under the Investment
      Company Act of 1940.

    - A middleman know in the investment community as a nominee or who is listed
      in the most recent publication of the American Society of Corporate
      Secretaries, Inc. Nominee List.

    - A futures commission merchant registered with the Commodity Futures
      Trading Commission.

    - A foreign central bank

PAYEES OF DIVIDENDS AND PATRONAGE DIVIDENDS GENERALLY EXEMPT FROM BACKUP
WITHHOLDING INCLUDE:

    - Payments to nonresident aliens subject to withholding under Section 1441

    - Payments to partnerships not engaged in a trade or business in the United
      States and that have at least one nonresident alien partner.

    - Payments of patronage dividends not paid in money.

    - Payments made by certain foreign organizations.

    - Section 404(k) payments made by an ESOP

PAYEES OF INTEREST GENERALLY EXEMPT FROM BACKUP WITHHOLDING INCLUDE:

    - Payments of tax-exempt interest (including exempt-interest dividends under
      Section 852).

    - Payments described in Section 6049(b)(5) to nonresident aliens.

    - Payments on tax-free covenant bonds under Section 1451.

    - Payments made by certain foreign organizations.

CERTAIN PAYMENTS, OTHER THAN PAYMENTS OF INTEREST, DIVIDENDS, AND PATRONAGE
DIVIDENDS, THAT ARE EXEMPT FROM INFORMATION REPORTING ARE ALSO EXEMPT FROM
BACKUP WITHHOLDING. FOR DETAILS, SEE SECTIONS 6041, 6041A, 6042, 6044, 6045,
6049, 6050A AND 6050N AND THE REGULATIONS THEREUNDER.

EXEMPT PAYEES SHOULD COMPLETE A SUBSTITUTE FORM W-9 TO AVOID POSSIBLE ERRONEOUS
BACKUP WITHHOLDING. FURNISH YOUR TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER, WRITE "EXEMPT"
ON THE FORM, SIGN AND DATE THE FORM AND RETURN IT TO THE PAYER.

PRIVACY ACT NOTICE.--Section 6019 requires you to provide your correct taxpayer
identification number to payers who must report the payments to the IRS. The IRS
uses the numbers for identification purposes and to help verify the accuracy of
your return and may also provide this information to various government agencies
for tax enforcement or litigation purposes. Payers must be given the numbers
whether or not recipients are required to file tax returns. Payers must
generally withhold 31% of taxable interest, dividend, and certain other payments
to a payee who does nor furnish a taxpayer identification number to a payer.
Certain penalties may also apply.

PENALTIES

(1) FAILURE TO FURNISH TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER.--If you fail to furnish
your taxpayer identification number to a payer, you are subject to a penalty of
$50 for each such failure unless your failure is due to reasonable cause and not
willful neglect.

(2) CIVIL PENALTY FOR FALSE INFORMATION WITH RESPECT TO WITHHOLDING.--If you
make a false statement with no reasonable basis that results in no backup
withholding, you are subject to a $500 penalty.

(3) CRIMINAL PENALTY FOR FALSIFYING INFORMATION.--Willfully falsifying
certifications or affirmations may subject you to criminal penalties including
fines and/or imprisonment.

                       FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CONTACT
                      YOUR TAX CONSULTANT OR THE INTERNAL
                                REVENUE SERVICE.