GUIDELINES FOR CERTIFICATION OF TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION
                         NUMBER ON SUBSTITUTE FORM W-9

GUIDELINES FOR DETERMINING THE PROPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER TO GIVE THE
PAYER.--Social Security numbers have nine digits separated by two hyphens: i.e.,
000-00-0000. Employer identification numbers have nine digits separated by only
one hyphen: i.e., 00-0000000. The table below will help determine the number to
give the payer.



- --------------------------------------------------
FOR THIS TYPE OF ACCOUNT:  GIVE THE
                           SOCIAL SECURITY
                           NUMBER OF--
- --------------------------------------------------
                        

1. An individual's         The individual
account

2. Two or more             The actual owner of the
   individuals (joint      account or, if combined
   account)                funds, the first
                           individual on the
                           account(1)

3. Custodian account of a  The minor(2)
   minor (Uniform Gift to
   Minors Act)

4. a. The usual revocable  The grantor-trustee(1)
      savings trust
      account (grantor is
      also trustee)

  b. So-called trust       The actual owner(1)
     account that is not
     a legal or valid
     trust under state
     law

5. Sole proprietorship     The owner(3)
   account


- --------------------------------------------------
FOR THIS TYPE OF ACCOUNT:  GIVE THE
                           EMPLOYER IDENTIFICATION
                           NUMBER OF--
- --------------------------------------------------
                        

6. A valid trust, estate,  The legal entity (Do
   or pension trust        not furnish the
                           identifying number of
                           the personal
                           representative or
                           trustee unless the
                           legal entity itself is
                           not designated in the
                           account title.)(4)

7. Corporate account       The corporation

8. Association, club,      The organization
   religious, charitable,
   educational or other
   tax-exempt
   organization account

9. Partnership             The partnership

10. A broker or            The broker or nominee
    registered nominee

11. Account with the       The public entity
    Department of
    Agriculture in the
    name of a public
    entity (such as a
    state or local
    government, school
    district, or prison)
    that receives
    agricultural program
    payments


- -------------------------------------------------------
- -------------------------------------------------------

(1) List first and circle the name of the person whose number you furnish.

(2) Circle the minor's name and furnish the minor's social security number.

(3) Show the name of the owner. Either the social security number or the
    employer identification number may be furnished.

(4) List first and circle the name of the legal trust, estate, or pension trust.

NOTE:If no name is circled when there is more than one name, the number will be
     considered to be that of the first name listed.

            GUIDELINES FOR CERTIFICATION OF TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION
                         NUMBER ON SUBSTITUTE FORM W-9
                                     PAGE 2

OBTAINING A NUMBER

If you do not have a taxpayer identification number or you do not know your
number, obtain Form SS-5, Application for a Social Security Card (for resident
individuals), Form SS-4, Application for Employer Identification Number (for
businesses and all other entities), or Form W-7, Application for IRS Individual
Taxpayer Identification Number (for alien individuals required to file U.S. tax
returns), at an office of the Social Security Administration or the Internal
Revenue Service.

To complete the Subsitute Form W-9, if you do not have a taxpayer identification
number, check the appropriate box in Part 1(b), sign and date the Form, and give
it to the requester. Generally, you will then have 60 days to obtain a taxpayer
identification number and furnish it to the requester. If the requester does not
receive your taxpayer identification number within 60 days, backup withholding,
if applicable, will begin and will continue until you furnish your taxpayer
identification number to the requester.

PAYEES AND PAYMENTS EXEMPT FROM BACKUP WITHHOLDING

Set forth below is a list of payees that are exempt from backup withholding with
respect to all or certain types of payments. For interest and dividends, all
listed payees are exempt except the payee in item (9). For broker transactions,
all payees listed in items (1) through (13) and any person registered under the
Investment Advisors Act of 1940 who regularly acts as a broker is exempt. For
payments subject to reporting under Sections 6041 and 6041A, the payees listed
in items (1) through (7) are generally exempt. For better exchange transactions
and patronage dividends, the payees listed in items (1) through (5) are exempt.

(1) A corporation.

(2) An organization exempt from tax under Section 501(a), an IRA or a custodial
    account under Section 403(b)(7) if the account satisfies the requirements of
    Section 401(f)(2).

(3) The United States or any agency or instrumentality thereof.

(4) A state, the District of Columbia, a possession of the United States, or any
    subdivision or instrumentality thereof.

(5) A foreign government, a political subdivision or agency or instrumentality
    thereof.

(6) An international organization or any agency or instrumentality thereof.

(7) A foreign central bank of issue.

(8) A registered dealer in securities or commodities registered in the U.S. or a
    possession of the U.S.

(9) A futures commissions merchant registered with the Commodity Futures Trading
    Commission.

(10) A real estate investment trust.

(11) An entity registered at all times under the Investment Company Act of 1940.

(12) A common trust fund operated by a bank under section 584(a).

(13) A financial institution.

(14) A middleman known in the investment community as a nominee or custodian.

(15) A trust exempt from tax under Section 664 or described in
    Section 4947(a)(1).

Payments of dividends and patronage dividends not generally subject to backup
withholding include the following:

    - Payments to nonresident aliens subject to withholding under Section 1441.

    - Payments to partnerships not engaged in a trade or business in the U.S.
      and which have at least one nonresident partner.

    - Payments of patronage dividends not paid in money.

    - Payments made by certain foreign organizations.

    - Section 404(k) distributions made by an ESOP.

Payments of interest not generally subject to backup withholding include the
following:

    - Payments of interest on obligations issued by individuals. Note: You may
      be subject to backup withholding if this interest is $600 or more and is
      paid in the course of the payer's trade or business and you have not
      provided your correct taxpayer identification number to the payer.

    - Payments of tax-exempt interest (including exempt interst dividends under
      Section 852).

    - Payments described in Section 6049(b)(5) to non-resident aliens.

    - Payments on tax-free covenant bonds under Section 1451.

    - Payments made by certain foreign organizations.

    - Mortgage or student loan interest paid to you.

Exempt payees described above should file a Substitute Form W-9 to avoid
possible erroneous backup withholding. FILE THIS FORM WITH THE PAYER, FURNISH
YOUR TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER, WRITE "EXEMPT" IN PART 2 OF THE FORM, AND
RETURN IT TO THE PAYER.

Certain payments other than interest, dividends, and patronage dividends that
are not subject to information reporting are also not subject to backup
withholding. For details, see Sections 6041, 6041A, 6042, 6044, 6045, 6049,
6050A and 6050N and the regulations promulgated thereunder.

PRIVACY ACT NOTICE.--Section 6109 requires most recipients of dividend, interest
or other payments to give taxpayer identification numbers to payers who must
report the payments to the IRS. The IRS uses the numbers for identification
purposes. Payers must be given the numbers whether or not recipients are
required to file tax returns. Payers must generally withhold 31% of taxable
interest, dividend, and certain other payments to a payee who does not furnish a
taxpayer identification number to a payer. Certain penalties may also apply.

PENALTIES

(1)  PENALTY FOR FAILURE TO FURNISH TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER.--If you fail
to furnish your taxpayer identification number to a requester, you are subject
to a penalty of $50 for each such failure unless your failure is due to
reasonable cause and not to willful neglect.
(2)  CIVIL PENALTY FOR FALSE INFORMATION WITH RESPECT TO WITHHOLDING.--If you
make a false statement with no reasonable basis which results in no imposition
of backup withholding, you are subject to a penalty of $500.
(3)  CRIMINAL PENALTY FOR FALSIFYING INFORMATION.--Falsifying certifications or
affirmations may subject you to criminal penalties including fines and/or
imprisonment.

FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CONSULT YOUR
TAX ADVISOR OR THE INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE