SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549 FORM 10 - Q QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15 (D) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the quarter ended September 30, 1996 Commission File Number 0-20364 BANYAN SYSTEMS INCORPORATED (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) MASSACHUSETTS 04-2798394 (State or other jurisdiction of (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) incorporation or organization) 120 FLANDERS ROAD 01581 WESTBORO, MASSACHUSETTS (Zip Code) (Address of principal executive offices) 508-898-1000 (Registrant's telephone number, including area code) Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes X No ------ ------ Number of shares outstanding of the issuer's classes of common stock as of October 31, 1996: Class Number of Shares Outstanding - -------------------------------------- ---------------------------- Common Stock, par value $.01 per share 17,127,377 -1- BANYAN SYSTEMS INCORPORATED INDEX PAGE NUMBER ----------- PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS SEPTEMBER 30, 1996 AND DECEMBER 31, 1995 3 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS THREE AND NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 1996 AND 1995 4 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 1996 AND 1995 5 NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 6 ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS 7 PART II. OTHER INFORMATION ITEM 6. EXHIBITS AND REPORTS ON FORM 8-K 12 SIGNATURE 13 This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements, including information with respect to the Company's plans and strategy for its business. For this purpose, any statements contained herein that are not statements of historical fact may be deemed to be forward-looking statements. Without limiting the foregoing, the words "believes", "anticipates", "plans", "expects" and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. There are a number of important factors that could cause actual events or the Company's actual results to differ materially from those indicated by such forward-looking statements. These factors include, without limitation, those set forth below under the caption "Factors Affecting Future Operating Results" included under "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. -2- PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -------------------- BANYAN SYSTEMS INCORPORATED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (IN THOUSANDS EXCEPT SHARE AMOUNTS) ASSETS September 30, 1996 December 31, 1995 ------------------- ------------------ Current assets: Cash and cash equivalents $ 8,511 $ 12,398 Marketable securities 980 7,729 Accounts receivable, less allowances of $7,624 and $5,636 26,659 24,288 Inventories 3,021 3,664 Income taxes receivable 233 6,042 Deferred taxes, current portion 4,896 6,494 Other current assets 5,502 6,790 -------- ----------- Total current assets 49,802 67,405 Property and equipment: Computers and peripherals 24,352 20,709 Equipment 10,823 9,959 Furniture and fixtures 4,596 4,639 Leasehold improvements 4,918 4,585 -------- ----------- Total 44,689 39,892 Less accumulated depreciation and amortization 30,079 25,296 -------- ----------- Property and equipment, net 14,610 14,596 Marketable securities 10,772 11,136 Deferred taxes, non-current 5,538 5,872 Other assets, net of accumulated amortization of $4,791 and $6,145 11,164 7,300 -------- ----------- Total assets $ 91,886 $ 106,309 ======== =========== LIABILITIES Current liabilities: Long-term debt, current portion $ 27 $ 62 Accounts payable 3,367 4,443 Accrued compensation 6,877 7,077 Accrued expenses 5,760 8,443 Accrued costs for restructuring and other charges 935 9,007 Income taxes payable 1,685 2,531 Software licenses payable, current portion 1,427 3,266 Note payable 1,064 719 Deferred revenue 21,709 22,323 -------- ----------- Total current liabilities 42,851 57,871 Software licenses payable, non-current 2,366 3,266 Minority interest in consolidated subsidiary 702 830 STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY Common stock, $.01 par value; authorized 25,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding 18,974,427 and 18,623,154 shares 190 186 Preferred stock, $.01 par value; authorized 1,000,000 shares; none issued and outstanding - - Additional paid-in capital 64,252 62,347 Retained earnings 11,010 11,238 Treasury stock at cost; 1,848,000 common shares (28,564) (28,564) Foreign currency translation adjustment (819) (868) Unrealized (loss)/gain on (depreciation)/appreciation of investments (102) 3 -------- ----------- Total stockholders' equity 45,967 44,342 -------- ----------- Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $ 91,886 $ 106,309 ======== =========== The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. -3- BANYAN SYSTEMS INCORPORATED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (IN THOUSANDS EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA) Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended September 30, September 30, -------------------- ----------------- 1996 1995 1996 1995 --------- --------- -------- ------- Revenues: Software $23,917 $24,990 $74,593 $ 83,011 Support and training 3,795 5,244 12,159 15,771 Hardware 417 969 1,510 2,924 ------- ------- ------- -------- Total revenues 28,129 31,203 88,262 101,706 Cost of revenues: Software 2,698 3,063 7,969 10,096 Support and training 3,405 3,631 10,045 10,156 Hardware 148 542 478 1,688 ------- ------- ------- -------- Total cost of revenues 6,251 7,236 18,492 21,940 ------- ------- ------- -------- Gross margin 21,878 23,967 69,770 79,766 Operating expenses: Sales and marketing 15,229 21,631 45,833 60,322 Product development 5,370 6,216 16,342 17,772 General and administrative 2,721 3,490 8,553 9,648 ------- ------- ------- -------- Total operating expenses 23,320 31,337 70,728 87,742 ------- ------- ------- -------- Loss from operations (1,442) (7,370) (958) (7,976) Other income/(expense): Interest income 255 380 878 1,396 Interest expense (19) (11) (57) (27) Other, net (16) 44 (219) (60) ------- ------- ------- -------- Total other income/(expense) 220 413 602 1,309 ------- ------- ------- -------- Loss before income taxes (1,222) (6,957) (356) (6,667) Benefit for income taxes (439) (2,640) (128) (2,615) ------- ------- ------- -------- Net loss $ (783) $(4,317) $ (228) ($4,052) ======= ======= ======= ======== Net loss per share $(0.05) $(0.26) $(0.01) $(0.24) ======= ======= ======= ======== Weighted average number of common shares outstanding 17,040 16,576 16,887 16,812 ======= ======= ======= ======== The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. -4- BANYAN SYSTEMS INCORPORATED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (IN THOUSANDS) Nine Months Ended September 30, --------------------------------- 1996 1995 ---- ---- Cash flows from operating activities: Net loss $ (228) $ (4,052) Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash (used in)/ provided by operating activities: Depreciation and amortization 6,222 7,441 Changes in operating assets and liabilities: (Increase)/decrease in accounts receivable (2,389) 7,891 Decrease/(increase) in inventories 641 (1,154) Decrease/(increase) in income taxes receivable 5,809 (3,381) Decrease in deferred taxes 1,932 706 Decrease/(increase) in other current assets 1,503 (5,500) (Decrease) in accounts payable and accrued compensation and expenses (4,198) (3,339) (Decrease) in accrued costs for restructuring and other charges (8,072) - (Decrease)/increase in software licenses payable, net (2,853) 735 (Decrease) in income taxes payable (846) (862) (Decrease)/increase in deferred revenue (609) 2,583 ------- -------- Net cash (used in)/provided by operating activities (3,088) 1,068 Cash flows from investing activities: Capital expenditures (4,857) (8,750) Capitalization of software costs (1,692) (1,680) Acquisition of software licenses (1,125) (500) Proceeds from/(purchases of) marketable securities, net 7,008 5,118 Investment in unconsolidated affiliate (2,001) - ------- -------- Net cash (used in) investing activities (2,667) (5,812) Cash flows from financing activities: Repayment of principal on long-term debt (35) (61) Proceeds from common stock options and related tax benefits 1,909 4,734 Purchase of treasury stock - (12,686) ------- -------- Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities 1,874 (8,013) Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents (6) (336) ------- -------- Net (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents (3,887) (13,093) ------- -------- Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the period 12,398 22,233 ------- -------- Cash and cash equivalents at end of the period $ 8,511 $ 9,140 ======= ======== The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements. -5- BANYAN SYSTEMS INCORPORATED NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS A. BASIS OF PRESENTATION: The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiaries, as of September 30, 1996, and have been prepared by the Company in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments, consisting only of those of a normal recurring nature, necessary for a fair presentation of the Company's financial position, results of operations and cash flows at the dates and for the periods indicated. While the Company believes that the disclosures presented are adequate to make the information not misleading, these consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in the Company's 1995 Annual Report to Stockholders. The results of operations for the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 1996 are not necessarily indicative of the results expected for the full fiscal year. B. INVENTORIES: Inventories consist of the following at: (in thousands) September 30, 1996 December 31, 1995 ------------------ ----------------- Purchased parts $1,313 $1,250 Work in process 313 740 Finished goods 1,395 1,674 ------ ------ $3,021 $3,664 ====== ====== C. CAPITALIZED SOFTWARE COSTS: During the quarters ended September 30, 1996 and 1995, the Company capitalized $785,000 and $433,000, respectively, of software costs. During the nine months ended September 30, 1996 and 1995, the Company capitalized $1,692,000 and $1,680,000, respectively, of software costs. The Company amortized software costs of $522,000 and $340,000 for the quarters ended September 30, 1996 and 1995, respectively, and $1,261,000 and $1,220,000 for the nine months ended September 30, 1996 and 1995, respectively. D. SUBSEQUENT EVENT: On November 7, 1996, the Company announced a reorganization of its operations. As a result of the reorganization, the Company expects to record a pre-tax restructuring charge of approximately $3,000,000 to $5,000,000 in the fourth quarter ending December 31, 1996. The restructuring charge will provide for severance costs related to the reduction of approximately 15% of the Company's workforce and other related costs. In an effort to reduce worldwide channel inventories, the Company also announced its plans to reduce its product shipments to its distribution channel by approximately $7,000,000 to $10,000,000 in the quarter ending December 31, 1996, which is expected to result in declines in software revenues and a net operating loss. The Company also expects to record a non-cash charge for previously recorded deferred tax assets in the fourth quarter ending December 31, 1996. -6- BANYAN SYSTEMS INCORPORATED ITEM 2 MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS RESULTS OF OPERATIONS GENERAL On November 7, 1996, the Company announced a reorganization of its operations. As a result of the reorganization, the Company expects to record a pre-tax restructuring charge of approximately $3,000,000 to $5,000,000 in the fourth quarter ending December 31, 1996. The restructuring charge will provide for severance costs related to the reduction of approximately 15% of the Company's workforce and other related costs. In an effort to reduce worldwide channel inventories, the Company also announced its plans to reduce its product shipments to its distribution channel by approximately $7,000,000 to $10,000,000 in the quarter ending December 31, 1996. The Company also expects to record a non-cash charge for previously recorded deferred tax assets in the fourth quarter ending December 31, 1996. REVENUES Total revenues for the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 1996 were $28.1 million and $88.3 million, respectively, which represents a decrease of $3.1 million and $13.4 million, respectively, when compared to the corresponding periods in 1995. The decrease was due to lower software and support and training revenues as well as continued expected declines in hardware revenue. The Company's software revenues for the three-month period ended September 30, 1996 decreased by $1.1 million, or 4%, when comparing the three- month period ended September 30, 1996 to the corresponding period in 1995. The decrease was primarily due to a decline in messaging revenues, which was partially offset by a one-time payment received from a customer of $1.5 million for a source code fee. The Company's software revenues in the nine-month period ended September 30, 1996, decreased by $8.4 million, or 10%, when comparing the nine-month period ended September 30, 1996 to the corresponding period in 1995. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in revenues from messaging products and from the Company's ENS platform offerings. The Company plans to reduce product shipments to its distribution partners by approximately $7 million to $10 in the quarter ending December 31, 1996, which is expected to result in declines in software revenues through this period. Support and training revenues decreased by $1.5 million, or 28%, and $3.6 million, or 23%, over the corresponding periods in 1995 for the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 1996, respectively, primarily due to lower revenues from educational services and end-user support contracts. Hardware revenues declined $0.6 million, or 57%, and $1.4 million, or 48% when compared to the corresponding periods in 1995 for the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 1996, respectively, primarily due to the continued phase-out of the Company's hardware business. International revenues for the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 1996 were $6.4 million and $19.9 million, respectively, compared with $8.1 million and $22.1 million for the corresponding periods in 1995. The decrease when comparing the three-month period and nine-month period ended September 30, 1996 to the corresponding periods in 1995 was primarily due to lower revenues in Europe. International revenues accounted for 23% of total revenues for both the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 1996, respectively, compared with 26% and 22% for the corresponding periods in 1995. -7- The Company plans to reduce product shipments to its distribution partners by approximately $7 million to $10 million in the quarter ending December 31, 1996, which is expected to result in declines in software revenues in the quarter. GROSS MARGINS Gross margins for software were 89%, or $21.2 million, and 89%, or $66.6 million, for the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 1996, respectively, compared with 88%, or $21.9 million, and 88%, or $72.9 million for the corresponding periods in 1995. The increases in software margin percentages were primarily due to lower manufacturing costs as a result of the Company's restructuring in the quarter ended December 31, 1995, which reduced staffing and related facility costs. The decreases in gross margin dollars were primarily due to lower sales volumes. Gross margins for support were 10%, or $0.4 million, and 17%, or $2.1 million, for the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 1996, respectively, compared with 31%, or $1.6 million, and 36%, or $5.6 million, for the corresponding periods in 1995. The decreases in margin percentages and dollars for the three-month and nine-month periods ending September 30, 1996 were primarily due to lower revenues from education classes and end user support contracts. Gross margins for hardware were 65% or $0.3 million, and 68%, or $1.0 million, for the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 1996, respectively, compared with 44%, or $0.4 million, and 42%, or $1.2 million, for the corresponding periods in 1995 due to lower manufacturing costs as a result of the Company's restructuring in the quarter ended December 31, 1995, which reduced staffing and related facility costs. OPERATING EXPENSES Sales and marketing expenses of $15.2 million and $45.8 million for the three- month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 1996, respectively, represented decreases of 30% and 24% compared to the corresponding periods in 1995. These decreases were primarily due to lower sales staffing and facility costs as a result of the reduction in force as part of the Company's reorganization in the quarter ended December 31, 1995. Sales and marketing expenses as a percentage of revenues were 54% and 52% for the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 1996, respectively, and 69% and 59% for the corresponding periods in 1995. Product development expenses of $5.4 million and $16.3 million for the three- month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 1996, respectively, represented decreases of 14% and 8% over the corresponding periods in 1995. These decreases were primarily due lower headcount in the nine-month period ended September 30, 1996 when compared to the corresponding period in the prior year as a result of the Company's reorganization in the quarter ended December 31, 1995. The Company continues to focus its product development resources on its enterprise network services, particularly the Windows NT based products and its messaging products. Additionally, the Company has maintained its investment in internet- related product initiatives, particularly Switchboard.com technology and services. Product development expenses as a percentage of revenues were approximately 19% for both the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 1996, respectively, as compared to 20% and 17% for the corresponding periods in 1995. Software costs of $785,000 and $1,692,000 were capitalized for the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 1996, respectively, as compared to $433,000 and $1,680,000 for corresponding periods in 1995. Capitalized software costs in the three month period ended September 30, 1996 were primarily related to VINES 7.0, StreetTalk for Windows NT and localization of product offerings. The amounts capitalized represented 13% and 9% of product development expenditures for the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 1996, respectively, as compared to 7% and 9% for the corresponding periods in 1995. -8- General and administrative expenses of $2.7 million and $8.6 million for the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 1996, respectively, represented decreases of 22% and 11% when compared to the corresponding periods in 1995. The decreases were due to lower administrative and personnel costs as a result of the reduction in force as part of the Company's reorganization in the quarter ended December 31, 1995. General and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenues were 10% for both three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 1996, as compared to 11% and 9% for the corresponding periods in 1995. OTHER INCOME Interest income was $255,000 and $878,000 for the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 1996, respectively, and represented decreases of 33% and 37% from the corresponding periods in 1995. These decreases were primarily due to lower levels of available funds invested in marketable securities. INCOME TAXES The Company's effective tax rate was (35.9%) for both the three-month and nine- month periods ended September 30, 1996 and (37.9%) and (39.2%), respectively, for the corresponding periods in 1995. The difference when comparing the rate for the three-month and nine-month periods ended September 30, 1996 to the corresponding periods in 1995 was related to foreign operations. FACTORS AFFECTING FUTURE OPERATING RESULTS Certain of the information contained in this Form 10-Q, including information with respect to the Company's plans and strategy for its business expectations, consists of forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the forward-looking statements include the following: On November 7, 1996, the Company announced a reorganization of its operations, including a reduction of approximately 15% of the Company's workforce. The Company also plans to reduce its product shipments to its distribution partners by approximately $7 million to $10 million in the quarter ending December 31, 1996, which is expected to result in declines in software revenues and a net operating and loss in the quarter. There can be no assurance the planned reorganization and reduction in product shipments will be successfully implemented. The Company's future success will depend on its ability to retain its key employees and attract new employees, and there can be no assurance it will be able to do so. In connection with the reorganization, the Company expects to record a pre-tax restructuring charge of approximately $3 million to $5 million in the quarter ending December 31, 1996. The Company also expects to record a non-cash change for previously recorded deferred tax assets in the fourth quarter ending December 31, 1996. In 1995 and the first nine moths of 1996, a substantial majority of the Company's product sales were to existing customers for upgrade or expansion of their networks. The Company's results will depend on its ability both to continue to sell products for use in networks of existing customers and to attract new customers for the Company's products. In addition, in 1995 and the first nine months of 1996, the Company experienced extended selling cycles due to an increase in multi-year customer agreements and to longer evaluation of operating systems and hardware platforms by potential customers. The Company expects that extended selling cycles will continue to affect the Company's operating results for the foreseeable future. The Company's results are partially dependent on its ability to enhance existing products and introduce new products on a timely basis, and to achieve market acceptance for such enhanced and new products. The Company's results in 1995 and the first nine months of 1996 were adversely affected by delays in the release and localization of certain products, and there can be no assurance that the Company will not -9- experience similar delays in the future. On September 30, 1996, the Company introduced StreetTalk for Windows NT which provides integration of the Windows NT operating system into a VINES network. While the Company does not expect to record significant revenues from this NT-based product in 1996, failure of this product to achieve market acceptance could have material adverse effect on the Company's future results of operations. The Company had established an Internet Products Division (Coordinate.com) to develop products and services to bring the Company's directory and messaging capabilities to Internet users. The Company has limited experience in developing or selling products for the Internet and the success of the division will depend in part on its ability to enter into strategic alliances with other Internet providers. While the Company does not expect to record significant revenues in 1996 from sales of products for the Internet, any delay in developing its products and services for the Internet or failure of such products and services to achieve market acceptance could have a material adverse effect on the Company's future results of operations. The markets for the Company's products are highly competitive and characterized by rapidly changing technology. There can be no assurance that current or potential competitors will not introduce products that offer performance or other features that are more attractive than those of the Company's products. Many of the Company's competitors have greater name recognition, larger installed customer bases and greater financial resources than the Company and therefore may be able to adapt more quickly to new or emerging technologies and changes in customer requirements. Other factors that may affect the Company's future operating results include its ability to expand its international sales, its dependence on indirect reseller channels, declines in purchases by any major reseller, and fluctuations in currency exchange rates. Because of the foregoing factors, past financial results should not be relied upon as an indication of future performance. The Company believes that period- to-period comparisons of its financial results are not necessarily meaningful and it expects that its results of operations may fluctuate from period to period in the future. LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES Working capital decreased from $9.5 million at December 31, 1995 to $7.0 million at September 30, 1996. At September 30, 1996, cash and cash equivalents combined with short-term and long-term marketable securities were $20.3 million, compared with $31.3 million at December 31, 1995. Cash and cash equivalents decreased $3.9 million from December 31, 1995 resulting in a cash balance of $8.5 million at September 30, 1996. The decrease was due to restructuring and other charges of $8.1 million, in connection with the restructuring in the quarter ended December 31, 1995, capital expenditures of $4.9 million, an increase in accounts receivable of $2.4 million and a minority interest equity investment of $2.0 million, offset in part by net proceeds from the sale of marketable securities of $7.0 million, the collection of income taxes receivable of $5.8 million and the net effect of other operating, investing and financing activities. -10- The Company expects working capital to decrease through at least the first quarter of 1997 as a result of its plans to reduce product shipments to its distribution channels and the costs associated with the reorganization announced on November 7, 1996, offset in part by the resulting decreases in operating expenses. In the quarter ended December 31, 1995, the Company recorded a restructuring and other charges of $15.8 million. As of September 30, 1996, a balance of $0.9 million associated with this charge remains on the balance sheet. Management believes that this remaining balance is adequate to cover future expenditures associated with the 1995 restructuring and other charges. The Company has a line of credit of $10 million that expires in May 1997. Borrowings may be made at the bank's prime rate. At September 30, 1996, the Company had no borrowings under this line of credit and was in compliance with all covenants of the agreement. The Company believes that existing cash and marketable securities, combined with cash expected to be generated from operations and the available line of credit, will be sufficient to meet the Company's working capital and capital expenditure requirements through at least June 30, 1997. -11- BANYAN SYSTEMS INCORPORATED PART II - OTHER INFORMATION ITEM 6. Exhibits and Reports on Form 8-K - ------- -------------------------------- a. The exhibits listed in the Exhibit Index filed as part of this report are filed as part of or are included in this report. b. The Company filed no reports on Form 8-K during the quarter for which this report is filed. -12- BANYAN SYSTEMS INCORPORATED SIGNATURE Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized. BANYAN SYSTEMS INCORPORATED Date: November 12, 1996 By: /s/ Richard M. Spaulding ------------------------- Richard M. Spaulding Vice President Finance and Treasurer (Principal Accounting Officer) -13- EXHIBIT INDEX 10.39 Separation Agreement and Release and Waiver of Claims dated November 1, 1996, between the Company and John M. Paul 27 Financial Data Schedule -14-