BY-LAWS
                                     OF THE
                         PAN-AMERICAN ASSURANCE COMPANY
                                   ARTICLE I.

Stock

         1.  Certificates  of stock shall be in a form  approved by the Board of
Directors,  shall be numbered  consecutively,  be issued in numerical order from
the stock book, be signed by the President and Secretary, and be sealed with the
corporate  seal. A record of each  certificate  issued shall be kept on the stub
thereof.
         2. Transfers of stock shall be made only upon the books of the Company,
and before a new certificate is issued, the old certificate,  properly endorsed,
shall  be  surrendered.  Surrendered  certificates  shall  be  cancelled  and be
attached to their proper stubs in the stock certificate book.

                                   ARTICLE II.

Meetings

         1. The Annual Meeting of the  stockholders of the Company shall be held
in the principal office of the Company,  or such other place as may be selected,
in the City of New Orleans, at 11:00 a.m., on the 28th of March of each calendar
year,  for the purpose of receiving  the report of the  officers,  acting on all
matters  stated in the call for the meeting,  and the  transaction of such other
business as may be brought  before the  meeting.  In the event the 28th of March
falls upon a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday in the City of New Orleans, then
such meeting shall be held on the next business day thereafter in that City.

         2. Special meetings of the stockholders  shall be held at the principal
office of the Company, and may be called by the Chairman at his discretion,  and
must be call by him when so directed by resolution of the Board of Directors, or
when requested to do so, in writing,  by shareholders  holding one-fourth of the
outstanding stock.

         3. Notice of meetings,  written, for every annual or special meeting of
the  shareholders,  shall be prepared  and mailed to the post office  address of
each  shareholder,  to his last known address,  not later than fifteen (15) days
before such meeting,  and, if for a special meeting, such notice shall state the
object or objects  thereof,  and no other  business  shall be  transacted at any
special meeting save that notified.

         4. A quorum  at any  meeting  of the  shareholders,  such as  otherwise
prescribed  by statute or the  articles  of  incorporation,  shall  consist of a
majority of  shareholders  represented in person or by written proxy. A majority
of such quorum  shall be  necessary  to decide any  question  coming  before the
meeting.

         5. The voting at the election of directors shall be by ballot, and each
shareholder  shall be entitled to one vote for each share of stock owned by him,
or standing in his name on the books of the  Company,  and such vote may be cast
in person or by duly authorized written proxy.

         6. Prior to the election of directors,  two auditors shall be appointed
by the  President  to certify to the  validity of all proxies  presented  to the
meeting. Upon adoption of their report, the Chairman shall call for the election
of directors,  with a majority of the stock present or represented sufficient to
elect.

         7. At all meetings of the shareholders,  the Chairman of the Board, or,
in his absence,  the  President,  or, in his absence,  a Vice President who is a
member of the Board of  Directors,  shall call the meeting  together and preside
over the meeting.  A secretary  for the meeting  shall be selected by a majority
vote of the shareholders.

         8.       The order of business at the annual meeting, and as far as
                  possible, at all other meetings of the shareholders shall be:

          a.   Reading of the notice  sent out to the  shareholders,  containing
               the call for the meeting.

          b.   Report of the Secretary as to the number of shareholders  present
               in person or by proxy, and the receiving and approving thereof.

          c.   Report of officers.

          d.   Reading  and  consideration  of any  unapproved  minutes of prior
               meeting.

          e.   Unfinished business.

          f.   Election of directors.

          g.   New business.

          h.   Adjournment.

                             ARTICLE III.

Directors

          1.   The business  and  property of the Company  shall be managed by a
               board of six directors,  who shall be  shareholders  continuously
               during their respective terms of office.  The first directors and
               their  classification and terms of office shall be those named in
               Article VII of the  Articles of  Incorporation.  The  election of
               directors  to fill the vacancy  caused by the  expiration  of the
               term of any director  shall be held annually in  accordance  with
               Article XI of the  Articles  of  Incorporation.  The term of each
               director elected shall be for a three year period.  The directors
               in office shall continue until their  successors are duly elected
               and  qualified.  Any  vacancies  on the Board  occurring  between






               shareholders'  meetings may be filled by the remaining members of
               the Board for the unexpired term or terms.

          2.   The  regular  meetings  of the Board of  Directors  shall be held
               quarterly in the principal office of the Company, in New Orleans,
               Louisiana,  on the day and  month as fixed by  resolution  of the
               Board of Directors.

          3.   The special  meetings of the Board of Directors  shall be held in
               the principal office of the Company,  in New Orleans,  and may be
               called at any time by the Chairman of the Board,  or by any three
               members of the Board, and may be held at any time, without








          notice, and for the transaction of any business,  provided there is no
               protest  on the part of any  member  of the  Board  against  such
               meeting.

          4.   Notices of both regular and special  meetings  shall be mailed by
               the  Secretary to each member of the Board not less than two days
               before such meeting.  Notices of special meetings shall state the
               purpose thereof, and no other business shall be transacted at any
               special  meeting save as so notified,  unless with the  unanimous
               consent of all  directors.  No notice need be given for adjourned
               meetings.

          5.   A quorum at any meeting shall consist of a majority of the entire
               membership  of the Board.  A  majority  of such  quorum  shall be
               necessary  to decide  any  question  that may come up before  the
               meeting.  If a  quorum  is  not  present  at any  duly  assembled
               meeting, a majority of those present may adjourn the meeting from
               day to day, until a quorum is secured.

          6.   Each member of the Board  present in person at any meeting  shall
               have one vote upon all matters voted upon at such meeting.

          7.   The presiding  officer at all meetings of the Directors  shall be
               the Chairman,  or, in his absence or  disability,  the President,
               or, in his  absence  or  disability,  a Vice  President  who is a
               member of the Board of Directors. In the absence or disability of
               these  officers,  the  directors  present  at any  meeting  shall
               appoint a Chairman,  who shall  preside at such  meeting.  In the
               absence of the Secretary,  the presiding  officer shall appoint a
               Secretary pro tem.







          8.   The general officers of the Company shall be elected by the Board
               of Directors annually,  in accordance with Article IV, Section 1.
               If any  office  becomes  vacant  during  the  year,  the Board of
               Directors  shall fill the same for the unexpired  term. The Board
               of Directors  shall fix the  compensation  of the officers of the
               Company at the level of Vice  President  and above.  Departmental
               officers shall be appointed by the President.

          9.   The order of business  at any  regular or special  meeting of the
               Board of Directors shall be:

          a.   Reading  and  consideration  of any  unapproved  minutes of prior
               meetings.

          b.   Receipt and, if appropriate, approval of the minutes of committee
               meetings.

          c.   Reports of officers.

          d.   Unfinished business.

          e.   New business.

          f.   Adjournment.


          10.  The  corporation  shall indemnify and hold harmless each director
               and officer now or  hereafter  serving the  corporation  from and
               against any and all claims and  liabilities to which he may be or
               become subject by reason of his now or hereafter  being or having
               heretofore being a director or officer of the corporation  and/or
               by reason of his alleged acts or  omissions  as such  director or
               officer,  whether  or not he  continues  to be such  director  or
               officer  at  the  time  such  expenses  are  incurred;  provided,
               however, that no director or officer shall be indemnified against
               any  claim or  liability  arising  out of his own  negligence  or
               willful misconduct or shall be indemnified  against or reimbursed
               for any expenses  incurred in defending any or all such claims or
               liability or in settling the same unless,  in the judgment of the
               directors of the  corporation,  the  director or officer  against
               whom such claim or  liability  is asserted has not been guilty of
               negligence  or  willful   misconduct.   The  foregoing  right  of
               indemnification  shall not be  exclusive of other rights to which
               any director or officer may be entitled as a matter of law.






                                   ARTICLE IV.

Officers

          1.   The general  officers  of the Company  shall be a Chairman of the
               Board, a President,  one or more Vice Presidents, a Secretary and
               a Treasurer.  The Chairman of the Board and the  President of the
               corporation,  both of whom shall be members of the Board, and the
               Secretary shall be elected annually by the Board of Directors, as
               shortly  after  the  annual  meeting  of  the   shareholders   as
               convenient.   The  corporation  shall  have  such  other  general
               officers as may from time to time be  determined  by the Board of
               Directors.  Departmental  officers  shall  be  appointed  by  the
               President.

          2.   The  Chairman of the Board shall  preside at all  meetings of the
               Board of Directors and of the  stockholders.  The Chairman,  with
               the Secretary,  shall sign the minutes of all meetings over which
               he shall  preside.  The  Chairman of the Board  shall  advise and
               consult   with  the   President   with  respect  to  the  general
               administration of the Company's business,  and shall perform such
               other duties as are prescribed  from time to time by the Board of
               Directors.

          3.   The President shall sign all certificates of stock, shall sign or
               countersign,  as may be  necessary,  all policies and such bills,
               notes, checks,  contracts and other instruments as may pertain to
               the ordinary  course of the Company's  business,  and sign,  when
               duly authorized,  all contracts,  orders,  deeds, liens, licenses
               and other instruments of a special nature.

          He   may also, in the absence or disability of the Treasurer,  endorse
               checks,  drafts, and other negotiable  instruments for deposit or
               collections,  and shall with the  Secretary,  sign the minutes of
               all meetings over which he may have presided.

The President shall be responsible  for the operation and general  management of
the Company within the policies  established by the Board of directors.  As soon
as possible after the first of each year, but not later than the regular meeting
of the Board of  Directors in February,  the  President  shall submit a complete
report of the operations of the Company for the preceding year,  together with a
statement of the Company's affairs as existing at the close of such year, to the
Chairman for delivery to the Board of Directors and to the annual meeting of the
shareholders.  He shall also report to the  Chairman  of the Board of  Directors
from time to time on such matters  coming  within his notice and relating to the
interests of the Company as should be brought to the attention of the Board.

The Chairman shall be, ex-officio, a member of all Board committees,  except the
Audit  Committee.  The  President  shall be a member  of all  Company  operating
committees  and those Board  committees to which he is appointed or named in the
By-Laws. The officer named as the Chief Executive Officer by the Board of
Directors,  under the direction of the Board of Directors,  shall have power and
authority to employ and discharge all employees and agents,  except the officers
elected by the Board of Directors,  and to fix their salaries and  remuneration,
and perform such other duties as may properly be required of him by the Board of
Directors,  and he shall  receive  such salary as shall be fixed by the Board of
Directors.  The Chief Executive  Officer,  at his discretion,  may delegate this
authority, in whole or in part, to other appropriate officers.








          4.   The  Secretary  shall keep full  minutes of all  meetings  of the
               shareholders  and the  Board of  Directors.  He shall  read  such
               minutes at the proper  subsequent  meetings.  He shall  issue all
               calls for meetings and notify all officers and directors of their
               election.  He  shall  sign  all  stock  certificates  after  such
               certificates  have been  signed by the  President.  He shall make
               such reports to the Board of  Directors as they may request,  and
               shall also prepare such reports and statements as required by the
               state  laws,  and file them with  respective  States in which the
               Company is doing  business,  at the proper time and in the proper
               form so  required.  He shall also sign,  with the Chairman of the
               Board or the president, all contracts,  deeds, licenses and other
               instruments,  when so  ordered.  He shall have charge of and keep
               the  seal  of  the  corporation,   and  affix  the  same  on  the
               certificates of stock,  after such  certificates have been signed
               by the President, and his signature attested to by the Secretary.
               He shall keep a stock  certificate  book, and shall keep a proper
               record  of  the  transfer,   issue,  sale,  and  cancellation  of
               certificates  of  stock,  as  required  by the  directors  of the
               Company  and its  shareholders.  He shall  make out,  before  any
               election of directors, and before any meeting of the shareholders
               which may be called to vote on any  special  subject,  a complete
               list of the  shareholders  entitled  to  vote  at such  meetings,
               arranged in  alphabetical  order,  giving the number of shares of
               stock that may be voted by each,  and shall keep the same open to
               inspection  at the  office of the  Company  until the time of and
               during the said meeting.

          5.   The Treasurer  shall have custody of and be  responsible  for all
               securities  and moneys of the Company,  and shall sign,  with the
               Chairman or the  President,  all checks  drawn by the Company for
               money on  deposit  in  their  respective  depositories.  He shall
               deposit,  in the  name  of the  Company,  in such  depository  or
               depositories  as are approved by the Chairman or  President,  all
               moneys that may come into his hands for the Company's account. He
               shall also endorse for collection  and deposit all bills,  notes,






               checks and other negotiable instruments of the Company, and shall
               pay out such money as may be necessary for the transaction of the
               Company's business, either by special or general direction of the
               Board of Directors, on checks signed by the Chairman or President
               and himself.  He may delegate the  endorsements for collection or
               deposit of bills, notes, checks and other negotiable  instruments
               to the Cashier of the Company.

          He   shall give bond in the sum to be fixed by the Board of Directors,
               with  a  surety   company  or  companies  or  personal   sureties
               satisfactory  to  the  Board  of  Directors,   for  the  faithful
               performance of his duties and for the restoration to the Company,
               in event of his death,  resignation,  or removal from office,  of
               all books, papers,  vouchers,  money and other property belonging
               to the Company that may have come into his custody.


                                   ARTICLE V.
                                   COMMITTEES

 Executive Committee

          1.   There  shall  be a  committee  to  be  known  as  the  "Executive
               Committee",  to be  composed of the  Chairman  of the Board,  the
               President  and such other members of the Board of Directors to be
               appointed  by him from among the said Board.  The said  Committee
               shall have  supervisory  control of all  business of the Company,
               and act on all  matters of  emergency  during the  interim of the
               meetings of the Board of Directors.  A majority of said committee
               shall constitute a quorum.  Finance Committee

          2.   There  shall  be  a  committee   to  be  known  as  the  "Finance
               Committee",  to be  composed of the  Chairman  of the Board,  the
               President,  and such  other  members  of the  Board of  Directors
               appointed  by the  Chairman  from among the said Board.  The said
               committee  shall have general charge of the funds of the Company,
               and the investment  thereof,  under the direction of the Board of
               Directors.  A  majority  of said  committee  shall  constitute  a
               quorum.


 Audit Committee

          3.   There shall be a committee to be known as the "Audit  Committee",
               to be composed of three  members of the Board of  Directors to be
               appointed by the Chairman from among those  Directors who have no
               employment  affiliation with the Company. The members shall serve
               staggered  terms of three  years and they shall  elect  their own
               Chairman.   The   Committee   shall   have   those   duties   and
               responsibilities  assigned to it by the Board of Directors  which
               shall include but shall not be limited to periodic reviews of the
               Company's system of internal controls,  reviews of the accounting
               policies  of  the  Company,   reviews  and  approvals  of  annual
               statements  and other public  financial  statements  filed by the
               Company.  It shall give access to the internal auditing staff and
               others  for  discussions  with  representatives  of the  Board of
               Directors without going through  management  employee  Directors,
               and it shall make  recommendations  to the Board of Directors for
               appropriate  action where  needed.  A majority of said  committee
               shall constitute a quorum. Meetings of Committees

          4.   The  committees  of the Company  shall meet at such times as they
               shall deem  necessary  and proper,  and shall,  at all times,  be
               subject to the call of the Chairman. The Secretary of the Company
               or any other person  authorized  by the Board of Directors  shall
               act as  Secretary  of all  committee  meetings.  He shall  keep a
               separate minute book to record the proceedings of the meetings of
               each  committee,  and,  at each  regular  meeting of the Board of
               Directors, the minutes of all meetings of the committees shall be
               available  to the  Board,  giving a report  of the  transactions,
               since the last report,  coming  within the authority and scope of
               said  committee.  The minutes of the Finance  Committee are to be
               approved  by the  Board  of  Directors,  and  they  may in  their
               discretion,  by  appropriate  action,  require the minutes of all
               other committees to be submitted and approved.

                               ARTICLE VI.
Sundry Provisions

          1.   Any alteration or amendment of these By-Laws must be submitted in
               writing  at a stated  meeting  of the Board of  Directors,  to be
               considered only at the next succeeding  regular meeting,  and may
               be adopted upon the vote of two-thirds of all the directors.

          2.   No  officer  or  director  of  the  Company  shall,  directly  or
               indirectly,  borrow  the  funds of the  Company,  or use the same
               except for the  payment of losses  and other  obligations  of the
               Company, and for expenses incurred by the Company.

          3.   The insurance  business of this Company shall be conducted on the
               legal reserve plan.

          4.   All  contracts to be binding upon this Company shall be signed by
               the  Chairman  of the Board,  the  President,  a Vice  President,
               Secretary,  Treasurer,  or such officers,  cashiers,  agents,  or
               employees to whom such power may be delegated by the Board of






               Directors, or by any authorized committee of the Company, but the
               signature of the  Chairman of the Board,  the  President,  a Vice
               President,  Secretary,  or Assistant  Secretary may be printed or
               lithographed  in facsimile  upon any policy  contract or check or
               upon any other printed or written form of contract of the Company
               when  countersigned by the signature or initials of any personnel
               authorized by the Board of Directors or any authorized  Committee
               of the Company.

                                   CERTIFICATE

         The  foregoing  is a  true  and  correct  copy  of the  By-Laws  of the
Pan-American  Assurance Company, as adopted May 26, 1981, with all amendments to
date.
         Given under my  Signature  and the Seal of the Company at New  Orleans,
Louisiana, on the 16th day of March, 1998.


                                        ---------------------------------------
                                                                William T. Steen
                                                             Corporate Secretary




       SEAL