EXHIBIT 3.2
BY-LAWS
of
LHS GROUP HOLDING CORPORATION
(A Delaware Corporation)
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ARTICLE I
DEFINITIONS
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As used in these By-laws, unless the context otherwise requires, the term:
1.1 "Assistant Secretary" means an Assistant Secretary of the Corporation.
1.2 "Assistant Treasurer" means an Assistant Treasurer of the Corporation.
1.3 "Board" means the Board of Directors of the Corporation.
1.4 "By-laws" means the initial by-laws of the Corporation, as amended
from time to time.
1.5 "Certificate of Incorporation" means the initial certificate of
incorporation of the Corporation, as amended, supplemented or restated from time
to time.
1.6 "Chairman" means the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the
Corporation.
1.7 "Common Stock" means the Common Stock, par value $.0l per share, of
the Corporation.
1.8 "Corporation" means LHS Group Holding Corporation.
1.9 "Directors" means directors of the Corporation.
1.10 "Entire Board" means all directors of the Corporation in office,
whether or not present at a meeting of the Board, but disregarding vacancies.
1.11 "GAP Coinvestment" means GAP Coinvestment Partners, L.P., a New York
limited partnership.
1.12 "GAP LP" means General Atlantic Partners 23, L.P., a Delaware limited
partnership.
1.13 "General Atlantic Directors" has the meaning set forth in Section
3.2(b) of these By-Laws.
1.14 "General Atlantic Stockholders" means GAP LP, GAP Coinvestment and any
Permitted Transferee of either of them to whom shares of Preferred Stock and/or
shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion of shares of Preferred Stock are
transferred in accordance with the Stockholders Agreement.
1.15 "Major Stockholders" means Joachim Hertel, Hartmut Lademacher, Manfred
Hellwig, Rainer Zimmerman, Dieter Pfisterer, Eberhard Czempiel, Otto Wipprecht,
Jurgen Spengler, William Bobb and Wolf Gaede and any Permitted Transferee
thereof to whom shares of Common Stock are transferred in accordance with the
Stockholders Agreement.
1.16 "General Corporation Law" means the General Corporation Law of the
State of Delaware, as amended from time to time.
1.17 "Major Stockholder Directors" has the meaning set forth in Section
3.2(b) of these By-laws.
1.18 "Office of the Corporation" means the executive office of the
Corporation, anything in Section 131 of the General Corporation Law to the
contrary notwithstanding.
1.19 "Permitted Transferee" has the meaning set forth in Section 2.2 of the
Stockholders Agreement.
1.20 "Preferred Stock" means the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, par
value $.01 per share, of the Corporation.
1.21 "President" means the President of the Corporation.
1.22 "Secretary" means the Secretary of the Corporation.
1.23 "Stockholders" means stockholders of the Corporation.
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1.24 "Stockholders Agreement" means the Stockholders Agreement, dated
December 22, 1995, among the Corporation, GAP LP, GAP Coinvestment and the
stockholders listed on Schedule 1 thereto.
1.25 "Subsidiary" means, as to the Corporation, a corporation, partnership,
limited liability company or other entity of which shares of stock or other
ownership interests having ordinary voting power (other than stock having such
power only by reason of the happening of a contingency) to elect a majority of
the board of directors (or persons performing similar functions) of such
corporation, partnership, limited liability company or other entity are at the
time owned, or the management of which is otherwise controlled, directly or
indirectly through one or more intermediaries, or both, by the Corporation.
1.26 "Treasurer" means the Treasurer of the Corporation.
1.27 "Vice President" means a Vice President of the Corporation.
ARTICLE 2
STOCKHOLDERS
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2.1 Place of Meetings. Every meeting of stockholders shall be held at the
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office of the Corporation or at such other place within or without the State of
Delaware as shall be specified or fixed in the notice of such meeting or in the
waiver of notice thereof.
2.2 Annual Meeting. A meeting of stockholders shall be held annually for
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the election of Directors and the transaction of such other proper business at
such time, date and place as may be determined by the Board by resolution and
designated in the notice of meeting.
2.3 Other Special Meetings. A special meeting of stockholders, unless
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otherwise prescribed by statute, may be called at any time by the Board or by
the President or by the Secretary.
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2.4 Fixing Record Date. For the purpose of (a) determining the
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stockholders entitled (i) to notice of or to vote at any meeting of stockholders
or any adjournment thereof, (ii) to express consent to corporate action in
writing without a meeting or (iii) to receive payment of any dividend or other
distribution or allotment of any rights, or to exercise any rights in respect of
any change, conversion or exchange of stock; or (b) any other lawful action, the
Board may fix a record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon
which the resolution fixing the record date was adopted by the Board and which
record date shall not be (x) in the case of clause (a) (i) above, more than
sixty (60) nor less than ten (10) days before the date of such meeting, (y) in
the case of clause (a) (ii) above, more than ten (10) days after the date upon
which the resolution fixing the record date was adopted by the Board and (z) in
the case of clause (a) (iii) or (b) above, more than ten (10) days prior to such
action. If no such record date is fixed:
2.4.1 the record date for determining stockholders entitled to notice
of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall be at the close of
business on the day next preceding the day on which notice is given, or, if
notice is waived, at the close of business on the day next preceding the
day on which the meeting is held;
2.4.2 the record date for determining stockholders entitled to
express consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting, when no
prior action by the Board is required under the General Corporation Law,
shall be the first day on which a signed written consent setting forth the
action taken or proposed to be taken is delivered to the Corporation by
delivery to its registered office in the State of Delaware, its principal
place of business, or an officer or agent of the Corporation having custody
of the book in which proceedings of meetings of stockholders are recorded;
and when prior action by the Board is required under the General
Corporation Law, the record date for determining stockholders entitled to
consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting shall be at the
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close of business on the date on which the Board adopts the resolution
taking such prior action; and
2.4.3 the record date for determining stockholders for any purpose
other than those specified in Sections 2.4.1 and 2.4.2 shall be at the
close of business on the day on which the Board adopts the resolution
relating thereto.
When a determination of stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at
any meeting of stockholders has been made as provided in this Section 2.4,
such determination shall apply to any adjournment thereof unless the Board
fixes a new record date for the adjourned meeting. Delivery made to the
Corporation's registered office in accordance with Section 2.4.2 shall be
by hand or by certified or registered mail, return receipt requested.
2.5 Notice of Meetings of Stockholders. Except as otherwise provided in
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Sections 2.4 and 2.6 hereof, whenever under the provisions of any statute, the
Certificate of Incorporation or these By-laws, stockholders are required or
permitted to take any action at a meeting, written notice shall be given to each
stockholder at his or her address as it appears on the records of the
Corporation, stating the place, date and hour of the meeting and, in the case of
a special meeting, the purpose or purposes for which the meeting is called.
Unless otherwise provided by any statute, the Certificate of Incorporation or
these By-laws, a copy of the notice of any meeting shall be given by registered
or certified first class mail, return receipt requested, telecopier, courier
service, overnight mail or personal delivery, not less than ten (10) nor more
than sixty (60) days before the date of the meeting, to each stockholder
entitled to notice of or to vote at such meeting. All such notices shall be
deemed to have been given when delivered by hand, if personally delivered; when
delivered by courier or overnight mail, if delivered by commercial courier
service or overnight mail; five days after deposit in the United States mail,
postage prepaid, if mailed; and when receipt is mechanically acknowledged, if
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telecopied. An affidavit of the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary or of the
transfer agent of the Corporation that the notice required by this Section 2.5
has been given shall, in the absence of fraud, be prima facie evidence of the
facts stated therein.
2.6 Waivers of Notice. Whenever the giving of any notice is required by
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statute, the Certificate of Incorporation or these By-laws, a waiver thereof, in
writing, signed by the stockholder or stockholders entitled to said notice,
whether before or after the event as to which such notice is required, shall be
deemed equivalent to notice. Attendance by a stockholder at a meeting shall
constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting except when the stockholder
attends a meeting for the express purpose of objecting, at the beginning of the
meeting, to the transaction of any business on the ground that the meeting has
not been lawfully called or convened. Neither the business to be transacted at,
nor the purpose of, any regular or special meeting of the stockholders need be
specified in any written waiver of notice unless so required by statute, the
Certificate of Incorporation or these By-laws.
2.7 List of Stockholders. The Secretary shall prepare and make, or cause
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to be prepared and made, at least ten (10) days before every meeting of
stockholders, a complete list of the stockholders entitled to vote at the
meeting, arranged in alphabetical order, and showing the address of each
stockholder and the number of shares registered in the name of each stockholder.
Such list shall be open to the examination of any stockholder, the stockholder's
agent, or attorney, at the stockholder's expense, for any purpose germane to the
meeting, during ordinary business hours, for a period of at least five (5) days
prior to the meeting, either at a place within the city where the meeting is to
be held, which place shall be specified in the notice of the meeting, or, if not
so specified, at the place where the meeting is to be held. The list shall also
be produced and kept at the time and place of the meeting during the whole time
thereof, and may be inspected by any stockholder who is present. The
Corporation shall maintain the stockholder list in written form or in another
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form capable of conversion into written form within a reasonable time. Upon the
willful neglect or refusal of the Directors to produce such a list at any
meeting for the election of Directors, they shall be ineligible for election to
any office at such meeting. The stock ledger shall be the only evidence as to
who are the stockholders entitled to examine the stock ledger, the list of
stockholders or the books of the Corporation, or to vote in person or by proxy
at any meeting of stockholders.
2.8 Quorum of Stockholders; Adjournment.
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2.8.1 Except as otherwise provided by any statute, the Certificate of
Incorporation or these By-laws, the holders of a majority of all outstanding
shares of stock entitled to vote at any meeting of stockholders, present in
person or represented by proxy, shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of
any business at such meeting. When a quorum is once present to organize a
meeting of stockholders, it is not broken by the subsequent withdrawal of any
stockholders. Shares of its own stock belonging to the Corporation or to
another corporation, if a majority of the shares entitled to vote in the
election of directors of such other corporation is held, directly or indirectly,
by the Corporation, shall neither be entitled to vote nor be counted for quorum
purposes; provided, however, that the foregoing shall not limit the right of the
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Corporation to vote stock, including but not limited to its own stock, held by
it in a fiduciary capacity.
2.8.2 The holders of a majority of the shares of stock present in
person or represented by proxy at any meeting of stockholders, including an
adjourned meeting, whether or not a quorum is present, may adjourn such meeting
to another time and place. When a meeting is adjourned to another time or
place, notice need not be given of the adjourned meeting if the time and place
thereof are announced at the meeting at which the adjournment is taken, and at
the adjourned meeting any business may be transacted that might have been
transacted at the meeting as originally called. If, however, the adjournment is
for more than thirty days, or if after the adjournment a new record date is
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fixed for the adjourned meeting, a notice of the adjourned meeting shall be
given to each stockholder of record entitled to vote at the meeting.
2.9 Voting; Proxies. Unless otherwise provided in the Certificate of
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Incorporation, every stockholder of record shall be entitled at every meeting of
stockholders to one vote for each share of capital stock standing in his or her
name on the record of stockholders determined in accordance with Section 2.4
hereof. If the Certificate of Incorporation provides for more or less than one
vote for any share on any matter, each reference in the By-laws or the General
Corporation Law to a majority or other proportion of stock shall refer to such
majority or other proportion of the votes of such stock. The provisions of
Sections 212 and 217 of the General Corporation Law shall apply in determining
whether any shares of capital stock may be voted and the persons, if any,
entitled to vote such shares; but the Corporation shall be protected in assuming
that the persons in whose names shares of capital stock stand on the stock
ledger of the Corporation are entitled to vote such shares. Holders of
redeemable shares of stock are not entitled to vote after the notice of
redemption is mailed to such holders and a sum sufficient to redeem the stocks
has been deposited with a bank, trust company, or other financial institution
under an irrevocable obligation to pay the holders the redemption price on
surrender of the shares of stock. At any meeting of stockholders (at which a
quorum was present to organize the meeting), all matters, except as otherwise
provided by statute or by the Certificate of Incorporation or by these By-laws,
shall be decided by a majority of the votes cast at such meeting by the holders
of shares present in person or represented by proxy and entitled to vote
thereon, whether or not a quorum is present when the vote is taken. All
elections of Directors shall be by written ballot unless otherwise provided in
the Certificate of Incorporation. In voting on any other question on which a
vote by ballot is required by law or is demanded by any stockholder entitled to
vote, the voting shall be by ballot. Each ballot shall be signed by the
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stockholder voting or the stockholder's proxy and shall state the number of
shares voted. On all other questions, the voting may be viva voce. Each
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stockholder entitled to vote at a meeting of stockholders or to express consent
or dissent to corporate action in writing without a meeting may authorize
another person or persons to act for such stockholder by proxy. The validity
and enforceability of any proxy shall be determined in accordance with Section
212 of the General Corporation Law. A stockholder may revoke any proxy that is
not irrevocable by attending the meeting and voting in person or by filing an
instrument in writing revoking the proxy or by delivering a proxy in accordance
with applicable law bearing a later date to the Secretary.
2.10 Voting Procedures and Inspectors of Election at Meetings of
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Stockholders. The Board, in advance of any meeting of stockholders, may appoint
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one or more inspectors to act at the meeting and make a written report thereof.
The Board may designate one or more persons as alternate inspectors to replace
any inspector who fails to act. If no inspector or alternate is able to act at
a meeting, the person presiding at the meeting may appoint, and on the request
of any stockholder entitled to vote thereat shall appoint, one or more
inspectors to act at the meeting. Each inspector, before entering upon the
discharge of his or her duties, shall take and sign an oath faithfully to
execute the duties of inspector with strict impartiality and according to the
best of his or her ability. The inspectors shall (a) ascertain the number of
shares outstanding and the voting power of each, (b) determine the shares
represented at the meeting and the validity of proxies and ballots, (c) count
all votes and ballots, (d) determine and retain for a reasonable period a record
of the disposition of any challenges made to any determination by the
inspectors, and (e) certify their determination of the number of shares
represented at the meeting and their count of all votes and ballots. The
inspectors may appoint or retain other persons or entities to assist the
inspectors in the performance of their duties. Unless otherwise provided by the
Board, the date and time of the opening and the closing of the polls for each
matter upon which the stockholders will vote at a meeting shall be determined by
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the person presiding at the meeting and shall be announced at the meeting. No
ballot, proxies or votes, or any revocation thereof or change thereto, shall be
accepted by the inspectors after the closing of the polls unless the Court of
Chancery of the State of Delaware upon application by a stockholder shall
determine otherwise.
2.11 Organization. At each meeting of stockholders, the Chairman, or in
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the absence of the Chairman the President, or in the absence of the President a
Vice President, and in case more than one Vice President shall be present, that
Vice President designated by the Board (or in the absence of any such
designation, the most senior vice President, based on age, present), shall act
as chairman of the meeting. The Secretary, or in his or her absence one of the
Assistant Secretaries, shall act as secretary of the meeting. In case none of
the officers above designated to act as chairman or secretary of the meeting,
respectively, shall be present, a chairman or a secretary of the meeting, as the
case may be, shall be chosen by a majority of the votes cast at such meeting by
the holders of shares of capital stock present in person or represented by proxy
and entitled to vote at the meeting.
2.12 Order of Business. The order of business at all meetings of
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stockholders shall be as determined by the chairman of the meeting, but the
order of business to be followed at any meeting at which a quorum is present may
be changed by a majority of the votes cast at such meeting by the holders of
shares of capital stock present in person or represented by proxy and entitled
to vote at the meeting.
2.13 Written Consent of Stockholders Without a Meeting. Unless otherwise
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provided in the Certificate of Incorporation, any action required by the General
Corporation Law to be taken at any annual or special meeting of stockholders may
be taken without a meeting, without prior notice and without a vote, if a
consent or consents in writing, setting forth the action so taken, shall be
signed by the holders of outstanding stock having not less than the minimum
number of votes that would be necessary to authorize or take such action at a
meeting at which all shares entitled to vote thereon were present and voted and
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shall be delivered (by registered or certified first class mail, return receipt
requested, telecopier, courier service, overnight mail or personal delivery) to
the Corporation by delivery to its registered office in the State of Delaware,
its principal place of business, or an officer or agent of the Corporation
having custody of the book in which proceedings of meetings of stockholders are
recorded. Every written consent shall bear the date of signature of each
stockholder who signs the consent and no written consent shall be effective to
take the corporate action referred to therein unless, within sixty (60) days of
the earliest dated consent delivered in the manner required by this Section
2.13, written consents signed by a sufficient number of holders to take action
are delivered to the Corporation as aforesaid. Prompt notice of the taking of
the corporate action without a meeting by less than unanimous written consent
shall be given to those stockholders who have not consented in writing.
ARTICLE 3
Directors
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3.1 General Powers. Except as otherwise provided in the Certificate of
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Incorporation, the business and affairs of the Corporation shall be managed by
or under the direction of the Board. The Board may adopt such rules and
regulations, not inconsistent with the Certificate of Incorporation or these By-
laws or applicable laws, as it may deem proper for the conduct of its meetings
and the management of the Corporation. In addition to the powers expressly
conferred by these By-laws, the Board may exercise all powers and perform all
acts that are not required, by these By-laws or the Certificate of Incorporation
or by statute, to be exercised and performed by the stockholders.
3.2 Number; Qualification; Term of Office.
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(a) The number of Directors shall be fixed initially by the
incorporator and may thereafter be changed from time to time by action of the
stockholders or by action of the Board; provided, however, that the Board shall
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initially consist of not less than one (1) nor greater than five (5) members;
and provided further, that after the date upon which the Corporation commences
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its initial offer for sale of Common Stock pursuant to an effective registration
statement filed under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, the Board shall be
increased as soon as possible after such date to not less than seven (7)
members. Directors need not be stockholders. Each Director shall hold office
until a successor is elected and qualified or until the Director's death,
resignation or removal.
(b) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in these By-
laws, (i) the Major Stockholders shall be entitled to designate three (3)
individuals to serve as members of the Board (collectively, the "Major
Stockholder Directors") and (ii) the General Atlantic Stockholders shall be
entitled to designate two (2) individuals to serve as members of the Board
(collectively, the "General Atlantic Directors").
3.3 Election. Directors shall, except as otherwise required by statute or
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by the Certificate of Incorporation, be elected by a plurality of the votes cast
at a meeting of stockholders by the holders of shares of stock entitled to vote
in the election.
3.4 Resignation. Any Director may resign at any time by written notice to
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the Corporation. Such resignation shall take effect at the time therein
specified, or if the time is not specified, it shall take effect immediately
upon its receipt, and, unless otherwise specified in such resignation, the
acceptance of such resignation shall not be necessary to make it effective.
3.5 Removal. Subject to the provisions of Section 141(k) of the General
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Corporation Law, (a) any or all of the Major Stockholder Directors may be
removed with or without cause by vote of the holders of a majority of the shares
of stock then entitled to vote at an election of Directors and (b) any or all of
the General Atlantic Directors may be removed with or without cause by vote of
the holders of a majority of the shares of stock then entitled to vote at an
election of Directors, provided that, in the case of subsection (b), such
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majority must include all of the shares of stock then held by the General
Atlantic Stockholders.
3.6 Compensation. Each Director, in consideration of his or her service
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as such, shall be entitled to receive from the Corporation such amount per annum
or such fees for attendance at Directors' meetings, or both, as the Board may
from time to time determine, together with reimbursement for the reasonable out-
of-pocket expenses, if any, incurred by such Director in connection with the
performance of his or her duties. Each Director who shall serve as a member of
any committee of Directors in consideration of serving as such shall be entitled
to such additional amount per annum or such fees for attendance at committee
meetings, or both, as the Board may from time to time determine, together with
reimbursement for the reasonable out-of-pocket expenses, if any, incurred by
such Director in the performance of his or her duties. Nothing contained in
this Section 3.6 shall preclude any Director from serving the Corporation or its
Subsidiaries in any other capacity and receiving proper compensation therefor.
3.7 Newly Created Directorships and Vacancies. Unless otherwise provided
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in the Certificate of Incorporation, newly created Directorships resulting from
an increase in the number of Directors and vacancies occurring in the Board for
any other reason, including the removal of Directors without cause, may be
filled by (a) the affirmative votes of a majority of the Directors then in
office although less than a quorum or by the sole remaining Director or (b) a
plurality of the votes cast by the holders of shares of capital stock entitled
to vote in the election at a special meeting of stockholders called for that
purpose; provided, however, that (a) if a vacancy occurs on the Board by reason
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of the death, removal or resignation of a Major Stockholder Director, then the
Major Stockholders shall be entitled to designate the individual to fill such
vacancy and (b) subject to Section 3.8 hereof, if a vacancy occurs on the Board
by reason of the death, resignation or removal of a General Atlantic Director,
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then the General Atlantic Stockholders shall be entitled to designate the
individual to fill such vacancy. A Director elected to fill a vacancy shall be
elected to hold office until a successor is elected and qualified, or until such
Director's earlier death, resignation or removal.
3.8 Termination of Certain General Atlantic Rights. Notwithstanding
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anything to the contrary contained in these By-laws, (a) from and after the date
that the General Atlantic Stockholders own shares of Preferred Stock and/or
Common Stock and/or other securities of the Corporation convertible into or
exchangeable for voting capital stock of the Corporation that in the aggregate
represent (after giving effect to any adjustments) greater than 5% but less than
or equal to 10% of the total number of shares of Common Stock outstanding (on an
as converted basis), then (i) at the request of the Chairman, one General
Atlantic Director designated by the General Atlantic Stockholders in accordance
with Section 3.2(b)(ii) hereof shall immediately resign from the Board and the
rights of the General Atlantic Stockholders under Section 3.7 hereof with
respect to the replacement of such General Atlantic Director shall terminate and
(ii) the General Atlantic Stockholders shall be entitled thereafter to designate
one (1) General Atlantic Director for election or removal pursuant to Section
3.2(b)(ii) or Section 3.7 hereof, (b) from and after the date that the General
Atlantic Stockholders own shares of Preferred Stock and/or Common Stock and/or
other securities of the Corporation convertible into or exchangeable for voting
capital stock of the Corporation that in the aggregate represent (after giving
effect to any adjustments) 5% or less of the total number of shares of Common
Stock outstanding (on an as converted basis, then (i) at the request of the
Chairman, any General Atlantic Director designated by the General Atlantic
Stockholders in accordance with Section 3.2(b)(ii) hereof shall immediately
resign from the Board and the rights of the General Atlantic Stockholders under
Section 3.7 with respect to the replacement of such General Atlantic Director
shall terminate and (ii) the General Atlantic Stockholders shall not be entitled
to designate any General Atlantic Directors for election or removal pursuant to
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Section 3.2(b)(ii) or Section 3.7 hereof and (c) from and after the date upon
which the Corporation commences its initial offer for sale of Common Stock
pursuant to an effective registration statement filed under the Securities Act
of 1933, as amended, (i) at the request of the Chairman, any General Atlantic
Director designated by the General Atlantic Stockholders in accordance with
Section 3.2(b)(ii) hereof shall immediately resign from the Board and the rights
of the General Atlantic Stockholders under Section 3.7 with respect to the
replacement of such General Atlantic Director shall terminate and (ii) the
General Atlantic Stockholders shall not be entitled to designate any General
Atlantic Directors for election or removal pursuant to Section 3.2(b)(ii) or
Section 3.7 hereof.
3.9 Times and Places of Meetings. The Board may hold meetings, both
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regular and special, either within or without the State of Delaware. The times
and places for holding meetings of the Board may be fixed from time to time by
resolution of the Board or (unless contrary to a resolution of the Board) in the
notice of the meeting.
3.10 Annual Meetings. On the day when and at the place where the annual
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meeting of stockholders for the election of Directors is held, and as soon as
practicable thereafter, the Board may hold its annual meeting, without notice of
such meeting, for the purposes of organization, the election of officers and the
transaction of other business. The annual meeting of the Board may be held at
any other time and place specified in a notice given as provided in Section 3.12
hereof for special meetings of the Board or in a waiver of notice thereof.
3.11 Regular Meetings. Regular meetings of the Board may be held without
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notice at such times and at such places as shall from time to time be determined
by the Board.
3.12 Special Meetings. Special meetings of the Board may be called by the
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Chairman, the President or the Secretary or by any two or more Directors then
serving on at least one day's notice to each Director given by one of the means
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specified in Section 3.15 hereof other than by mail, or on at least three days'
notice if given by mail. Special meetings shall be called by the Chairman,
President or Secretary in like manner and on like notice on the written request
of any two or more of the Directors then serving.
3.13 Telephone Meetings. Directors or members of any committee designated
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by the Board may participate in a meeting of the Board or of such committee by
means of conference telephone or similar communications equipment by means of
which all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other, and
participation in a meeting pursuant to this Section 3.13 shall constitute
presence in person at such meeting.
3.14 Adjourned Meetings. A majority of the Directors present at any
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meeting of the Board, including an adjourned meeting, whether or not a quorum is
present, may adjourn such meeting to another time and place. At least one day's
notice of any adjourned meeting of the Board shall be given to each Director
whether or not present at the time of the adjournment, if such notice shall be
given by one of the means specified in Section 3.15 hereof other than by mail,
or at least three days' notice if by mail. Any business may be transacted at an
adjourned meeting that might have been transacted at the meeting as originally
called.
3.15 Notice Procedure. Subject to Sections 3.12 and 3.18 hereof, whenever,
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under the provisions of any statute, the Certificate of Incorporation or these
By-laws, notice is required to be given to any Director, such notice shall be
deemed given effectively if given in person or by telephone, by mail addressed
to such Director at such Director's address as it appears on the records of the
Corporation, with postage thereon prepaid, or by telegram, telex, telecopy or
similar means addressed as aforesaid.
3.16 Waiver of Notice. Whenever the giving of any notice is required by
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statute, the Certificate of Incorporation or these By-laws, a waiver thereof, in
writing, signed by the person or persons entitled to said notice, whether before
or after the event as to which such notice is required, shall be deemed
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equivalent to notice. Attendance by a person at a meeting shall constitute a
waiver of notice of such meeting except when the person attends a meeting for
the express purpose of objecting, at the beginning of the meeting, to the
transaction of any business on the ground that the meeting has not been lawfully
called or convened. Neither the business to be transacted at, nor the purpose
of, any regular or special meeting of the Directors or a committee of Directors
need be specified in any written waiver of notice unless so required by statute,
the Certificate of Incorporation or these By-laws.
3.17 Organization. At each meeting of the Board, the Chairman, or in the
------------
absence of the Chairman the President, or in the absence of the President a
chairman chosen by a majority of the Directors present, shall preside. The
Secretary shall act as secretary at each meeting of the Board. In case the
Secretary shall be absent from any meeting of the Board, an Assistant Secretary
shall perform the duties of secretary at such meeting; and in the absence from
any such meeting of the Secretary and all Assistant Secretaries, the person
presiding at the meeting may appoint any person to act as secretary of the
meeting.
3.18 Quorum of Directors. The presence in person of a majority of the
-------------------
entire Board shall be necessary and sufficient to constitute a quorum for the
transaction of business at any meeting of the Board, but a majority of a smaller
number may adjourn any such meeting to a later date.
3.19 Action by Majority Vote. Except as otherwise expressly required by
-----------------------
statute, the Certificate of Incorporation or these By-laws, the act of a
majority of the Directors present at a meeting at which a quorum is present
shall be the act of the Board. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary
contained in these By-laws, the Board shall not take, approve or otherwise
ratify at a meeting or in writing any of the following actions except with the
consent of at least a majority of the entire Board, which majority shall
include, without limitation, at least one General Atlantic Director:
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(a) any transaction of merger, consolidation, amalgamation,
recapitalization or other form of business combination with respect to the
Corporation or any of the Subsidiaries;
(b) any sale, conveyance, lease, transfer or other disposition of all
or substantially all of the consolidated assets of the Corporation or any of the
Subsidiaries (other than the sale of software products by the Company or any of
the Subsidiaries in the ordinary course of business);
(c) institution of any voluntary bankruptcy or other liquidation or
dissolution proceedings by the Corporation or any of the Subsidiaries;
(d) any issuance of or agreement to issue any shares of capital stock
of the Corporation or any of the Subsidiaries or rights of any kind convertible
into or exchangeable for, any shares of capital stock of the Corporation or any
of the Subsidiaries, or any option, warrant or other subscription or purchase
right with respect to shares of capital stock;
(e) any declaration or making of dividend payments or other payment or
distribution on account of shares of capital stock;
(f) any changes in accounting principles of the Corporation or any of
the Subsidiaries, including any change in the criteria for evaluating the
Corporation's or any of the Subsidiaries' financial conditions and results of
operations, and any changes in the Corporation's or any of the Subsidiaries'
auditors; and
(g) any material amendment, modification or restatement of the
Certificate of Incorporation or By-laws or any material amendment or
modification of this Section 3.19.
3.20 Action Without Meeting. Unless otherwise restricted by the
----------------------
Certificate of Incorporation or these By-laws, including, without limitation,
Section 3.19 hereof, any action required or permitted to be taken at any meeting
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of the Board or of any committee thereof may be taken without a meeting if all
Directors or members of such committee, as the case may be, consent thereto in
writing, and the writing or writings are filed with the minutes of proceedings
of the Board or committee.
ARTICLE 4
COMMITTEES OF THE BOARD
-----------------------
The Board may, by resolution passed by a vote of the entire Board,
designate one or more committees, each committee to consist of one or more of
the Directors of the Corporation. The Board may designate one or more Directors
as alternate members of any committee to replace absent or disqualified members
at any meeting of such committee. If a member of a committee shall be absent
from any meeting, or disqualified from voting thereat, the remaining member or
members present and not disqualified from voting, whether or not such member or
members constitute a quorum, may, by a unanimous vote, appoint another member of
the Board to act at the meeting in the place of any such absent or disqualified
member. Any such committee, solely to the extent specifically provided in a
resolution of the Board passed as aforesaid, shall have and may exercise all the
powers and authority of the Board in the management of the business and affairs
of the Corporation, and may authorize the seal of the Corporation to be
impressed on all papers that may require it, but no such committee shall have
the power or authority of the Board in reference to amending the Certificate of
Incorporation, amending these By-laws in accordance with Article 13 hereof,
adopting an agreement of merger or consolidation under Section 251 or 252 of the
General Corporation Law, selling, leasing or exchanging all or substantially all
of the Corporation's property and assets, dissolving or revoking the dissolution
of the Corporation or approving any of the actions set forth in Section
3.19(a)(g). Such committee or committees shall have such name or names as may
be determined from time to time by resolution adopted by the Board. Unless
otherwise specified in the resolution of the Board designating a committee, at
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all meetings of such committee a majority of the total number of members of the
committee shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, and the
vote of a majority of the members of the committee present at any meeting at
which there is a quorum shall be the act of the committee. Each committee shall
keep regular minutes of its meetings. Unless the Board otherwise provides, each
committee designated by the Board may make, alter and repeal rules for the
conduct of its business. In the absence of such rules each committee shall
conduct its business in the same manner as the Board conducts its business
pursuant to Article 3 of these By-laws.
ARTICLE 5
OFFICERS
--------
5.1 Positions. The officers of the Corporation shall be a Chairman, a
---------
President, a Secretary, a Treasurer and such other officers as the Board may
appoint, including one or more Vice Presidents and one or more Assistant
Secretaries and Assistant Treasurers, who shall exercise such powers and perform
such duties as shall be determined from time to time by the Board. The Board
may designate one or more Vice Presidents as Executive Vice Presidents and may
use descriptive words or phrases to designate the standing, seniority or areas
of special competence of the Vice Presidents elected or appointed by it. Any
number of offices may be held by the same person unless the Certificate of
Incorporation or these By-laws otherwise provide.
5.2 Appointment. The officers of the Corporation shall be chosen by the
-----------
Board annually or at such other time or times as the Board shall determine.
5.3 Compensation. The compensation of all officers of the Corporation
------------
shall be fixed by the Board. No officer shall be prevented from receiving a
salary or other compensation by reason of the fact that the officer is also a
Director.
5.4 Term of Office. Each officer of the Corporation shall hold office
--------------
until such officer's successor is chosen and qualifies or until such officer's
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earlier death, resignation or removal. Any officer may resign at any time upon
written notice to the Corporation. Such resignation shall take effect at the
date of receipt of such notice or at such later time as is therein specified,
and, unless otherwise specified, the acceptance of such resignation shall not be
necessary to make it effective. The resignation of an officer shall be without
prejudice to the contract rights of the Corporation, if any. Any officer
elected or appointed by the Board may be removed at any time, with or without
cause, by vote of a majority of the entire Board. Any vacancy occurring in any
office of the Corporation shall be filled by the Board. The removal of an
officer without cause shall be without prejudice to the officer's contract
rights, if any. The election or appointment of an officer shall not of itself
create contract rights.
5.5 Fidelity Bonds. The Corporation may secure the fidelity of any or all
--------------
of its officers or agents by bond or otherwise.
5.6 Chairman. The Chairman shall preside at all meetings of the Board and
--------
shall exercise such powers and perform such other duties as shall be determined
from time to time by the Board.
5.7 President. The President shall be the Chief Executive Officer of the
---------
Corporation and shall have general supervision over the business of the
Corporation, subject, however, to the control of the Board and of any duly
authorized committee of Directors. The President shall preside at all meetings
of the stockholders and at all meetings of the Board at which the Chairman is
not present. The President may sign and execute in the name of the Corporation
deeds, mortgages, bonds, contracts and other instruments except in cases in
which the signing and execution thereof shall be expressly delegated by the
Board or by these By-laws to some other officer or agent of the Corporation or
shall be required by statute otherwise to be signed or executed and, in general,
the President shall perform all duties incident to the office of President of a
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corporation and such other duties as may from time to time be assigned to the
President by the Board.
5.8 Vice Presidents. At the request of the President, or, in the
---------------
President's absence, at the request of the Board, the Vice Presidents shall (in
such order as may be designated by the Board or, in the absence of any such
designation, in order of seniority based on duration of term in office) perform
all of the duties of the President and, in so performing, shall have all the
powers of, and be subject to all restrictions upon, the President. Any Vice
President may sign and execute in the name of the Corporation deeds, mortgages,
bonds, contracts or other instruments, except in cases in which the signing and
execution thereof shall be expressly delegated by the Board or by these By-laws
to some other officer or agent of the Corporation, or shall be required by
statute otherwise to be signed or executed, and each Vice President shall
perform such other duties as from time to time may be assigned to such Vice
President by the Board or by the President.
5.9 Secretary. The Secretary shall attend all meetings of the Board and
---------
of the stockholders and shall record all the proceedings of the meetings of the
Board and of the stockholders in a book to be kept for that purpose, and shall
perform like duties for committees of the Board, when required. The Secretary
shall give, or cause to be given, notice of all special meetings of the Board
and of the stockholders and shall perform such other duties as may be prescribed
by the Board or by the President, under whose supervision the Secretary shall
be. The Secretary shall have custody of the corporate seal of the Corporation,
and the Secretary, or an Assistant Secretary, shall have authority to impress
the same on any instrument requiring it, and when so impressed the seal may be
attested by the signature of the Secretary or by the signature of such Assistant
Secretary. The Board may give general authority to any other officer to impress
the seal of the Corporation and to attest the same by such officer's signature.
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The Secretary or an Assistant Secretary may also attest all instruments signed
by the President or any Vice President. The Secretary shall have charge of all
the books, records and papers of the Corporation relating to its organization
and management, shall see that the reports, statements and other documents
required by statute are properly kept and filed and, in general, shall perform
all duties incident to the office of Secretary of a corporation and such other
duties as may from time to time be assigned to the Secretary by the Board or by
the President.
5.10 Treasurer. The Treasurer shall have charge and custody of, and be
---------
responsible for, all funds, securities and notes of the Corporation; receive and
give receipts for moneys due and payable to the Corporation from any sources
whatsoever; deposit all such moneys and valuable effects in the name and to the
credit of the Corporation in such depositories as may be designated by the
Board; against proper vouchers, cause such funds to be disbursed by checks or
drafts on the authorized depositaries of the Corporation signed in such manner
as shall be determined by the Board and be responsible for the accuracy of the
amounts of all moneys so disbursed; regularly enter or cause to be entered in
books or other records maintained for the purpose full and adequate account of
all moneys received or paid for the account of the Corporation; have the right
to require from time to time reports or statements giving such information as
the Treasurer may desire with respect to any and all financial transactions of
the Corporation from the officers or agents transacting the same; render to the
President or the Board, whenever the President or the Board shall require the
Treasurer so to do, an account of the financial condition of the Corporation and
of all financial transactions of the Corporation; exhibit at all reasonable
times the records and books of account to any of the Directors upon application
at the office of the Corporation where such records and books are kept; disburse
the funds of the Corporation as ordered by the Board; and, in general, perform
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all duties incident to the office of Treasurer of a corporation and such other
duties as may from time to time be assigned to the Treasurer by the Board or the
President.
5.11 Assistant Secretaries and Assistant Treasurers. Assistant Secretaries
----------------------------------------------
and Assistant Treasurers shall perform such duties as shall be assigned to them
by the Secretary or by the Treasurer, respectively, or by the Board or by the
President.
ARTICLE 6
CONTRACTS, CHECKS, DRAFTS, BANK ACCOUNTS, ETC.
---------------------------------------------
6.1 Checks, Drafts, Etc. All checks, drafts and other orders for the
-------------------
payment of money out of the funds of the Corporation and all evidences of
indebtedness of the Corporation shall be signed on behalf of the Corporation in
such manner as shall from time to time be determined by resolution of the Board.
6.2 Deposits. The funds of the Corporation not otherwise employed shall
--------
be deposited from time to time to the order of the Corporation with such banks,
trust companies, investment banking firms, financial institutions or other
depositaries as the Board may select or as may be selected by an officer,
employee or agent of the Corporation to whom such power to select may from time
to time be delegated by the Board.
ARTICLE 7
STOCK
-----
7.1 Certificates Representing Shares. The shares of capital stock of the
--------------------------------
Corporation shall be represented by certificates in such form (consistent with
the provisions of Section 158 of the General Corporation Law) as shall be
approved by the Board. Such certificates shall be signed by the Chairman, the
President or a Vice President and by the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary or
the Treasurer or an Assistant Treasurer, and may be impressed with the seal of
the Corporation or a facsimile thereof. The signatures of the officers upon a
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certificate may be facsimiles, if the certificate is countersigned by a transfer
agent or registrar other than the Corporation itself or its employee. In case
any officer, transfer agent or registrar who has signed or whose facsimile
signature has been placed upon any certificate shall have ceased to be such
officer, transfer agent or registrar before such certificate is issued, such
certificate may, unless otherwise ordered by the Board, be issued by the
Corporation with the same effect as if such person were such officer, transfer
agent or registrar at the date of issue.
7.2 Transfer of Shares. Transfers of shares of capital stock of the
------------------
Corporation shall be made only on the books of the Corporation by the holder
thereof or by the holder's duly authorized attorney appointed by a power of
attorney duly executed and filed with the Secretary or a transfer agent of the
Corporation, and on surrender of the certificate or certificates representing
such shares of capital stock properly endorsed for transfer and upon payment of
all necessary transfer taxes. Every certificate exchanged, returned or
surrendered to the Corporation shall be marked "Cancelled," with the date of
cancellation, by the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary or the transfer agent
of the Corporation. A person in whose name shares of capital stock shall stand
on the books of the Corporation shall be deemed the owner thereof to receive
dividends, to vote as such owner and for all other purposes as respects the
Corporation. No transfer of shares of capital stock shall be valid as against
the Corporation, its stockholders and creditors for any purpose, except to
render the transferee liable for the debts of the Corporation to the extent
provided by law, until such transfer shall have been entered on the books of the
Corporation by an entry showing from and to whom transferred.
7.3 Transfer and Registry Agents. The Corporation may from time to time
----------------------------
maintain one or more transfer offices or agents and registry offices or agents
at such place or places as may be determined from time to time by the Board.
7.4 Lost, Destroyed, Stolen and Mutilated Certificates. The holder of any
--------------------------------------------------
shares of capital stock of the Corporation shall immediately notify the
-25-
Corporation of any loss, destruction, theft or mutilation of the certificate
representing such shares, and the Corporation may issue a new certificate to
replace the certificate alleged to have been lost, destroyed, stolen or
mutilated. The Board may, in its discretion, as a condition to the issue of any
such new certificate, require the owner of the lost, destroyed, stolen or
mutilated certificate, or his or her legal representatives, to make proof
satisfactory to the Board of such loss, destruction, theft or mutilation and to
advertise such fact in such manner as the Board may require, and to give the
Corporation and its transfer agents and registrars, or such of them as the Board
may require, a bond in such form, in such sums and with such surety or sureties
as the Board may direct, to indemnify the Corporation and its transfer agents
and registrars against any claim that may be made against any of them on account
of the continued existence of any such certificate so alleged to have been lost,
destroyed, stolen or mutilated and against any expense in connection with such
claim.
7.5 Rules and Regulations. The Board may make such rules and regulations
---------------------
as it may deem expedient, not inconsistent with these By-laws or with the
Certificate of Incorporation, concerning the issue, transfer and registration of
certificates representing shares of its capital stock.
7.6 Restriction on Transfer of Stock. A written restriction on the
--------------------------------
transfer or registration of transfer of capital stock of the Corporation, if
permitted by Section 202 of the General Corporation Law and noted conspicuously
on the certificate representing such capital stock, may be enforced against the
holder of the restricted capital stock or any successor or transferee of the
holder, including an executor, administrator, trustee, guardian or other
fiduciary entrusted with like responsibility for the person or estate of the
holder. Unless noted conspicuously on the certificate representing such capital
stock, a restriction, even though permitted by Section 202 of the General
Corporation Law, shall be ineffective except against a person with actual
knowledge of the restriction. A restriction on the transfer or registration of
-26-
transfer of capital stock of the Corporation may be imposed either by the
Certificate of Incorporation or by an agreement among any number of stockholders
or among such stockholders and the Corporation. No restriction so imposed shall
be binding with respect to capital stock issued prior to the adoption of the
restriction unless the holders of such capital stock are parties to an agreement
or voted in favor of the restriction.
ARTICLE 8
INDEMNIFICATION
---------------
8.1 Indemnity Undertaking. To the extent not prohibited by law, the
---------------------
Corporation shall indemnify any person who is or was made, or threatened to be
made, a party to any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding
(a "Proceeding"), whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative,
including, without limitation, an action by or in the right of the Corporation
to procure a judgment in its favor, by reason of the fact that such person, or a
person of whom such person is the legal representative, is or was a Director or
officer of the Corporation, or is or was serving in any capacity at the request
of the Corporation for any other corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust,
employee benefit plan or other enterprise (an "Other Entity"), against
judgments, fines, penalties, excise taxes, amounts paid in settlement and costs,
charges and expenses (including attorneys' fees and disbursements). Persons who
are not Directors or officers of the Corporation may be similarly indemnified in
respect of service to the Corporation or to an Other Entity at the request of
the Corporation to the extent the Board at any time specifies that such persons
are entitled to the benefits of this Article 8.
8.2 Advancement of Expenses. The Corporation shall, from time to time,
-----------------------
reimburse or advance to any Director or officer or other person entitled to
indemnification hereunder the funds necessary for payment of expenses, including
attorneys' fees and disbursements, incurred in connection with any Proceeding,
in advance of the final disposition of such Proceeding; provided, however, that,
-------- -------
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if required by the General Corporation Law, such expenses incurred by or on
behalf of any Director or officer or other person may be paid in advance of the
final disposition of a Proceeding only upon receipt by the Corporation of an
undertaking, by or on behalf of such Director or officer (or other person
indemnified hereunder), to repay any such amount so advanced if it shall
ultimately be determined by final judicial decision from which there is no
further right of appeal that such Director, officer or other person is not
entitled to be indemnified for such expenses.
8.3 Rights Not Exclusive. The rights to indemnification and reimbursement
--------------------
or advancement of expenses provided by, or granted pursuant to, this Article 8
shall not be deemed exclusive of any other rights to which a person seeking
indemnification or reimbursement or advancement of expenses may have or
hereafter be entitled under any statute, the Certificate of Incorporation, these
By-laws, any agreement, any vote of stockholders or disinterested Directors or
otherwise, both as to action in his or her official capacity and as to action in
another capacity while holding such office.
8.4 Continuation of Benefits. The rights to indemnification and
------------------------
reimbursement or advancement of expenses provided by, or granted pursuant to,
this Article 8 shall continue as to a person who has ceased to be a Director or
officer (or other person indemnified hereunder) and shall inure to the benefit
of the executors, administrators, legatees and distributees of such person.
8.5 Insurance. The Corporation shall have power to purchase and maintain
---------
insurance on behalf of any person who is or was a director, officer, employee or
agent of the Corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the Corporation
as a director, officer, employee or agent of an Other Entity, against any
liability asserted against such person and incurred by such person in any such
capacity, or arising out of such person's status as such, whether or not the
Corporation would have the power to indemnify such person against such liability
under the provisions of this Article 8, the Certificate of Incorporation or
-28-
under Section 145 of the General Corporation Law or any other provision of law.
8.6 Binding Effect. The provisions of this Article 8 shall be a contract
--------------
between the Corporation, on the one hand, and each Director and officer who
serves in such capacity at any time while this Article 8 is in effect and any
other person indemnified hereunder, on the other hand, pursuant to which the
Corporation and each such Director, officer or other person intend to be legally
bound. No repeal or modification of this Article 8 shall affect any rights or
obligations with respect to any state of facts then or theretofore existing or
thereafter arising or any proceeding theretofore or thereafter brought or
threatened based in whole or in part upon any such state of facts.
8.7 Procedural Rights. The rights to indemnification and reimbursement or
-----------------
advancement of expenses provided by, or granted pursuant to, this Article 8
shall be enforceable by any person entitled to such indemnification or
reimbursement or advancement of expenses in any court of competent jurisdiction.
The burden of proving that such indemnification or reimbursement or advancement
of expenses is not appropriate shall be on the Corporation. Neither the failure
of the Corporation (including its Board of Directors, its independent legal
counsel and its stockholders) to have made a determination prior to the
commencement of such action that such indemnification or reimbursement or
advancement of expenses is proper in the circumstances nor an actual
determination by the Corporation (including its Board of Directors, its
independent legal counsel and its stockholders) that such person is not entitled
to such indemnification or reimbursement or advancement of expenses shall
constitute a defense to the action or create a presumption that such person is
not so entitled. Such a person shall also be indemnified for any expenses
incurred in connection with successfully establishing his or her right to such
indemnification or reimbursement or advancement of expenses, in whole or in
part, in any such proceeding.
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8.8 Service Deemed at Corporation's Request. Any Director or officer of
---------------------------------------
the Corporation serving in any capacity (a) another corporation of which a
majority of the shares entitled to vote in the election of its directors is
held, directly or indirectly, by the Corporation or (b) any employee benefit
plan of the Corporation or any corporation referred to in clause (a) shall be
deemed to be doing so at the request of the Corporation.
8.9 Election of Applicable Law. Any person entitled to be indemnified or
--------------------------
to reimbursement or advancement of expenses as a matter of right pursuant to
this Article 8 may elect to have the right to indemnification or reimbursement
or advancement of expenses interpreted on the basis of the applicable law in
effect at the time of the occurrence of the event or events giving rise to the
applicable Proceeding, to the extent permitted by law, or on the basis of the
applicable law in effect at the time such indemnification or reimbursement or
advancement of expenses is sought. Such election shall be made, by a notice in
writing to the Corporation, at the time indemnification or reimbursement or
advancement of expenses is sought; provided, however, that if no such notice is
-------- -------
given, the right to indemnification or reimbursement or advancement of expenses
shall be determined by the law in effect at the time indemnification or
reimbursement or advancement of expenses is sought.
ARTICLE 9
BOOKS AND RECORDS
-----------------
9.1 Books and Records. There shall be kept at the principal office of the
-----------------
Corporation correct and complete records and books of account recording the
financial transactions of the Corporation and minutes of the proceedings of the
stockholders, the Board and any committee of the Board. The Corporation shall
keep at its principal office, or at the office of the transfer agent or
registrar of the Corporation, a record containing the names and addresses of all
stockholders, the number and class of shares held by each and the dates when
they respectively became the owners of record thereof.
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9.2 Form of Records. Any records maintained by the Corporation in the
---------------
regular course of its business, including its stock ledger, books of account,
and minute books, may be kept on, or be in the form of, punch cards, magnetic
tape, photographs, microphotographs, or any other information storage device,
provided that the records so kept can be converted into clearly legible written
form within a reasonable time. The Corporation shall so convert any records so
kept upon the request of any person entitled to inspect the same.
9.3 Inspection of Books and Records. Except as otherwise provided by law,
-------------------------------
the Board shall determine from time to time whether, and, if allowed, when and
under what conditions and regulations, the accounts, books, minutes and other
records of the Corporation, or any of them, shall be open to the stockholders
for inspection.
ARTICLE 10
SEAL
----
The corporate seal shall have inscribed thereon the name of the
Corporation, the year of its organization and the words "Corporate Seal,
Delaware." The seal may be used by causing it or a facsimile thereof to be
impressed or affixed or otherwise reproduced.
ARTICLE 11
FISCAL YEAR
-----------
The fiscal year of the Corporation shall be fixed, and may be changed, by
resolution of the Board.
ARTICLE 12
PROXIES AND CONSENTS
--------------------
Unless otherwise directed by the Board, the Chairman, the President, any
Vice President, the Secretary or the Treasurer, or any one of them, may execute
and deliver on behalf of the Corporation proxies respecting any and all shares
or other ownership interests of any Other Entity owned by the Corporation
-31-
appointing such person or persons as the officer executing the same shall deem
proper to represent and vote the shares or other ownership interests so owned at
any and all meetings of holders of shares or other ownership interests, whether
general or special, and/or to execute and deliver consents respecting such
shares or other ownership interests; or any of the aforesaid officers may attend
any meeting of the holders of shares or other ownership interests of such Other
Entity and thereat vote or exercise any or all other powers of the Corporation
as the holder of such shares or other ownership interests.
ARTICLE 13
AMENDMENTS
----------
These By-laws may be altered, amended or repealed by a vote of the holders
of shares of stock entitled to vote in the election of Directors or by a vote of
the Board; provided, however, that (a) so long as the General Atlantic
-------- -------
Stockholders are entitled to designate in accordance with Section 3.2(b)(ii)
hereof a General Atlantic Director to serve as a member of the Board, Sections
3.2, 3.5, 3.7, 3.8, 3.19, 3.20 and Article 4 and Article 13 shall not be
materially altered, amended or repealed by (i) the Board without the consent of
one General Atlantic Director or (ii) the stockholders unless such alteration,
amendment or repeal shall have been approved by the General Atlantic
Stockholders and (b) so long as the General Atlantic Stockholders are entitled
to designate in accordance with Section 3.2(b)(ii) hereof a General Atlantic
Director to serve as a member of the Board, subject to subsection (a) above,
these By-laws shall not be materially altered, amended or repealed by the Board
without the consent of one General Atlantic Director. Any By-laws adopted,
altered or amended by the Board in accordance with the Certificate of
Incorporation and this Article 13 may be altered, amended or repealed by the
stockholders entitled to vote thereon only to the extent and in the manner
provided in the Certificate of Incorporation and this Article 13.
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