EX-99.CODE ETH
CODE OF ETHICS
FOR PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE AND SENIOR FINANCIAL OFFICERS
OF THE OPPENHEIMER FUNDS
AND OF OPPENHEIMERFUNDS, INC.
This Code of Ethics for Principal Executive and Senior Financial Officers
(referred to in this document as the "Code") has been adopted by each of the
investment companies for which OppenheimerFunds, Inc. or one of its subsidiaries
or affiliates (referred to collectively in this document as "OFI") acts as
investment adviser (individually, a "Fund" and collectively, the "Funds"), and
by OFI to effectuate compliance with Section 406 under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of
2002 and the rules adopted to implement Section 406.
This Code applies to OFI's and each Fund's principal executive officer,
principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or
persons performing similar functions ("Covered Officers"). A listing of
positions currently within the ambit of Covered Officers is attached as EXHIBIT
A.(1)
1. PURPOSE OF THE CODE
This Code sets forth standards and procedures that are reasonably
designed to deter wrongdoing and promote:
o honest and ethical conduct, including the ethical handling of
actual or apparent conflicts of interest between personal and
professional relationships;
o full, fair, accurate, timely, and understandable disclosure in
reports and documents that a Fund files with, or submits to, the
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") and in other
public communications made by the Fund;
o compliance with applicable governmental laws, rules and
regulations;
o the prompt internal reporting of violations of this Code to the
Code Administrator identified below; and
o accountability for adherence to this Code.
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(1) The obligations imposed by this Code on Covered Officers are separate from
and in addition to any obligations that may be imposed on such persons as
Covered Persons under the Code of Ethics adopted by OFI and the Funds under Rule
17j-1 of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended and any other code of
conduct applicable to Covered Officers in whatever capacity they serve. This
Code does not incorporate by reference any provisions of the Rule 17j-1 Code of
Ethics and accordingly, any violations or waivers granted under the Rule 17j-1
Code of Ethics will not be considered a violation or waiver under this Code.
In general, the principles that govern honest and ethical conduct,
including the avoidance of conflicts of interest between personal and
professional relationships, reflect, at the minimum, the following: (1) the duty
at all times in performing any responsibilities as a Fund financial officer,
controller, accountant or principal executive officer to place the interests of
the Funds ahead of personal interests; (2) the fundamental standard that Covered
Officers should not take inappropriate advantage of their positions; (3) the
duty to assure that a Fund's financial statements and reports to its
shareholders are prepared honestly and accurately in accordance with applicable
rules, regulations and accounting standards; and (4) the duty to conduct the
Funds' business and affairs in an honest and ethical manner. Each Covered
Officer should be sensitive to situations that may give rise to actual as well
as apparent conflicts of interest.
It is acknowledged that, as a result of the contractual relationship
between each Fund and OFI, of which the Covered Officers are also officers or
employees, and subject to OFI's fiduciary duties to each Fund, the Covered
Officers will, in the normal course of their duties, be involved in establishing
policies and implementing decisions that will have different effects on OFI and
the Funds. It is further acknowledged that the participation of the Covered
Officers in such activities is inherent in the contractual relationship between
each Fund and OFI and is consistent with the expectations of the Board of
Trustees/Directors of the performance by the Covered Officers of their duties as
officers of the Funds.
2. PROHIBITIONS
The specific provisions and reporting requirements of this Code are
concerned primarily with promoting honest and ethical conduct and avoiding
conflicts of interest in personal and professional relationships. No Covered
Officer may use information concerning the business and affairs of a Fund,
including the investment intentions of a Fund, or use his or her ability to
influence such investment intentions, for personal gain to himself or herself,
his or her family or friends or any other person or in a manner detrimental to
the interests of a Fund or its shareholders.
No Covered Officer may use his or her personal influence or personal
relationships to influence the preparation and issuance of financial reports of
a Fund whereby the Covered Officer would benefit personally to the detriment of
the Fund and its shareholders.
No Covered Officer shall intentionally for any reason take any action or
fail to take any action in connection with his or her official acts on behalf of
a Fund that causes the Fund to violate applicable laws, rules and regulations.
No Covered Officer shall, in connection with carrying out his or her
official duties and responsibilities on behalf of a Fund:
(i) employ any device, scheme or artifice to defraud a Fund or
its shareholders;
(ii) intentionally cause a Fund to make any untrue statement of a
material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary in
order to
make the statements made, in light of the circumstances
under which they are made, not misleading in its official
documents, regulatory filings, financial statements or
communications to the public;
(iii) engage in any act, practice, or course of business which
operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon any Fund
or its shareholders;
(iv) engage in any manipulative practice with respect to any
Fund;
(v) use his or her personal influence or personal relationships
to influence any business decision, investment decisions, or
financial reporting by a Fund whereby the Covered Officer
would benefit personally to the detriment of the Fund or its
shareholders;
(vi) intentionally cause a Fund to fail to comply with applicable
laws, rules and regulations, including failure to comply
with the requirement of full, fair, accurate, understandable
and timely disclosure in reports and documents that a Fund
files with, or submits to, the SEC and in other public
communications made by the Fund;
(vii) intentionally mislead or omit to provide material
information to the Fund's independent auditors or to the
Board of Trustees/Directors or the officers of the Fund or
its investment adviser in connection with financial
reporting matters;
(viii) fail to notify the Code Administrator or the Chief
Executive Officer of the Fund or its investment adviser
promptly if he or she becomes aware of any existing or
potential violations of this Code or applicable laws;
(ix) retaliate against others for, or otherwise discourage the
reporting of, actual or apparent violations of this Code; or
(x) fails to acknowledge or certify compliance with this Code if
requested to do so.
3. REPORTS OF CONFLICTS OF INTERESTS
If a Covered Officer becomes aware of a conflict of interest under
this Code or, to the Covered Officer's reasonable belief, the appearance of one,
he or she must immediately report the matter to the Code's Administrator. If the
Code Administrator is involved or believed to be involved in the conflict of
interest or appearance of conflict of interest, the Covered Officer shall report
the matter directly to the OFI's Chief Executive Officer.
Upon receipt of a report of a conflict, the Code Administrator
will take prompt steps to determine whether a conflict of interest exists. If
the Code Administrator determines that an actual conflict of interest exists,
the Code Administrator will take steps to resolve the conflict. If the Code
Administrator determines that the appearance of a conflict exists, the Code
Administrator will take appropriate steps to remedy such appearance. If the Code
Administrator
determines that no conflict or appearance of a conflict exists, the Code
Administrator shall meet with the Covered Officer to advise him or her of such
finding and of his or her reason for taking no action. In lieu of determining
whether a conflict or appearance of conflict exists, the Code Administrator may
in his or her discretion refer the matter to the Fund's Board of
Trustees/Directors.
4. WAIVERS
Any Covered Officer requesting a waiver of any of the provisions
of this Code must submit a written request for such waiver to the Code
Administrator, setting forth the basis of such request and all necessary facts
upon which such request can be evaluated. The Code Administrator shall review
such request and make a written determination thereon, which shall be binding.
The Code Administrator may in reviewing such request, consult at his discretion
with legal counsel to OFI or to the Fund.
In determining whether to waive any of the provisions of this
Code, the Code Administrator shall consider whether the proposed
waiver:
(i) is prohibited by this Code;
(ii) is consistent with honest and ethical conduct; and
(iii) will result in a conflict of interest between the Covered
Officer's personal and professional obligations to a Fund.
In lieu of determining whether to grant a waiver, the Code
Administrator in his or her discretion may refer the matter to the appropriate
Fund's Board of Trustees/Directors.
5. REPORTING REQUIREMENTS
(a) Each Covered Officer shall, upon becoming subject to this Code, be
provided with a copy of this Code and shall affirm in writing that he or she has
received, read, understands and shall adhere to this Code.
(b) At least annually, all Covered Officers shall be provided with a copy
of this Code and shall certify that they have read and understand this Code and
recognize that they are subject thereto.
(c) At least annually, all Covered Officers shall certify that they have
complied with the requirements of this Code and that they have disclosed or
reported any violations of this Code to the Code Administrator or the Chief
Executive Officer of the Fund or its investment adviser.
(d) The Code Administrator shall submit a quarterly report to the Board
of Trustees/Directors of each Fund containing (i) a description of any report of
a conflict of interest or apparent conflict and the disposition thereof; (ii) a
description of any request for a waiver from this Code and the disposition
thereof; (iii) any violation of the Code that has been reported or found and the
sanction imposed; (iv) interpretations issued under the Code by the Code
Administrator; and (v) any other significant information arising under the Code
including any
proposed amendments.
(e) Each Covered Officer shall notify the Code Administrator promptly
if he or she knows of or has a reasonable belief that any violation of this Code
has occurred or is likely to occur. Failure to do so is itself a violation of
this Code.
(f) Any changes to or waivers of this Code, including "implicit" waivers
as defined in applicable SEC rules, will, to the extent required, be disclosed
by the Code Administrator or his or her designee as provided by applicable SEC
rules.(2)
6. ANNUAL RENEWAL
At least annually, the Board of Trustees/Directors of each Fund
shall review the Code and determine whether any amendments (including any
amendments that may be recommended by OFI or the Fund's legal counsel) are
necessary or desirable, and shall consider whether to renew and/or amend the
Code.
7. SANCTIONS
Any violation of this Code of Ethics shall be subject to the
imposition of such sanctions by OFI as may be deemed appropriate under the
circumstances to achieve the purposes of this Code and may include, without
limitation, a letter of censure, suspension from employment or termination of
employment, in the sole discretion of OFI.
8. ADMINISTRATION AND CONSTRUCTION
(a) The administration of this Code of Ethics shall be the
responsibility of OFI's General Counsel or his designee as
the "Code Administrator" of this Code, acting under the
terms of this Code and the oversight of the
Trustees/Directors of the Funds.
(b) The duties of such Code Administrator will include:
(i) Continuous maintenance of a current list of the names
of all Covered Officers;
(ii) Furnishing all Covered Officers a copy of this Code
and initially and periodically informing them of their
duties and obligations thereunder;
(iii) Maintaining or supervising the maintenance of all
records required by this Code, including records of
waivers granted hereunder;
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(2) An "implicit waiver" is the failure to take action within a reasonable
period of time regarding a material departure from a provision of this Code that
has been made known to the General Counsel, the Code Administrator, and an
executive officer of the Fund or OFI.
(iv) Issuing interpretations of this Code which appear to
the Code Administrator to be consistent with the
objectives of this Code and any applicable laws or
regulations;
(v) Conducting such inspections or investigations as shall
reasonably be required to detect and report any
violations of this Code, with his or her
recommendations, to the Chief Executive Officer of OFI
and to the Trustees/Directors of the affected Fund(s)
or any committee appointed by them to deal with such
information; and
(vi) Periodically conducting educational training programs
as needed to explain and reinforce the terms of this
Code.
(c) In carrying out the duties and responsibilities described
under this Code, the Code Administrator may consult with legal counsel, who may
include legal counsel to the applicable Funds, and such other persons as the
Administrator shall deem necessary or desirable. The Code Administrator shall be
protected from any liability hereunder or under any applicable law, rule or
regulation, for decisions made in good faith based upon his or her reasonable
judgment.
9. REQUIRED RECORDS
The Administrator shall maintain and cause to be maintained in an
easily accessible place, the following records for the period required by
applicable SEC rules (currently six years following the end of the fiscal year
of OFI in which the applicable event or report occurred):
(a) A copy of any Code which has been in effect during the period;
(b) A record of any violation of any such Code and of any action
taken as a result of such violation, during the period;
(c) A copy of each annual report pursuant to the Code made by a
Covered Officer during the period;
(d) A copy of each report made by the Code Administrator pursuant to
this Code during the period;
(e) A list of all Covered Officers who are or have been required to
make reports pursuant to this Code during the period, plus those
person(s) who are or were responsible for reviewing these
reports;
(f) A record of any request to waive any requirement of this Code,
the decision thereon and the reasons supporting the decision; and
(g) A record of any report of any conflict of interest or appearance
of a conflict of interest received by the Code Administrator or
discovered by the Code Administrator during the period, the
decision thereon and the reasons supporting the decision.
10. AMENDMENTS AND MODIFICATIONS
Other than non-substantive or administrative changes, this Code may not
be amended or modified unless approved or ratified by the Board of
Trustees/Directors of each Fund.
11. CONFIDENTIALITY.
This Code is identified for the internal use of the Funds and OFI.
Reports and records prepared or maintained under this Code are considered
confidential and shall be maintained and protected accordingly to the extent
permitted by applicable laws, rules and regulations. Except as otherwise
required by law or this Code, such matters shall not be disclosed to anyone
other than the Trustees/Directors of the affected Fund(s) and their counsel, the
independent auditors of the affected Funds and/or OFI, and to OFI, except as
such disclosure may be required pursuant to applicable judicial or regulatory
process.
Dated as of: June 25, 2003, as revised August 30, 2006.
Exhibit A
POSITIONS COVERED BY THIS CODE OF ETHICS FOR SENIOR OFFICERS
EACH OPPENHEIMER OR CENTENNIAL FUND
Principal Executive Officer
Principal Financial Officer
Treasurer
Assistant Treasurer
PERSONNEL OF OFI, WHO BY VIRTUE OF THEIR JOBS PERFORM CRITICAL FINANCIAL AND
ACCOUNTING FUNCTIONS FOR OFI ON BEHALF OF A FUND, INCLUDING:
Chief Financial Officer
Treasurer
Senior Vice President/Fund Accounting
Vice President/Fund Accounting