EXHIBIT 99.1
GRYPHON GOLD CORPORATION
CANADIAN NI 43-101
TECHNICAL REPORT
ON THE
MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE BOREALIS GOLD PROJECT
LOCATED IN MINERAL COUNTY, NEVADA, USA
LATITUDE 38 DEGREES 23' NORTH
LONGITUDE 118 DEGREES 46' WEST
MAY 23, 2005
PREPARED BY
ALAN C. NOBLE, P.E.
ORE RESERVES ENGINEERING
LAKEWOOD, COLORADO
303-237-8271
IN ASSOCIATION WITH
KNIGHT PIESOLD AND CO.
CONSULTING GEOTECHNICAL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS
DENVER, COLORADO
303-629-8788
SAMUEL ENGINEERING, INC
CONSULTING PROCESS ENGINEERS
ENGLEWOOD, COLORADO
303-714-4841
AND
ROGER C. STEININGER, PHD, CPG
CONSULTING CHIEF GEOLOGIST
GRYPHON GOLD CORPORATION
RENO, NEVADA
775-742-6333
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May 23, 2005
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................. 1
1.1 Principal Contributors to this Technical Report............ 1
1.2 Location................................................... 2
1.3 Ownership.................................................. 2
1.4 Access and Infrastructure.................................. 3
1.5 History.................................................... 3
1.6 Geology and Mineralization................................. 3
1.7 Drill-hole Database........................................ 4
1.8 Mineral Resources.......................................... 5
1.9 Other Important Considerations............................. 8
1.9.1 Permit Acquisition and Fundamental
Environmental Permitting Considerations.......... 8
1.9.2 Historical Mining and Metallurgical Operations... 9
1.10 Conclusions and Recommendations............................ 10
2.0 INTRODUCTION AND TERMS OF REFERENCE............................... 11
3.0 DISCLAIMER........................................................ 13
4.0 PROPERTY DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION................................. 14
4.1 Location................................................... 14
4.2 Study Area Boundaries...................................... 14
4.3 Property Description and Ownership......................... 15
4.3.1 General Property Description..................... 15
4.3.2 Ownership, Purchase Agreement, and Mining Lease.. 15
4.3.3 Royalty.......................................... 16
5.0 ACCESSIBILITY, CLIMATE, LOCAL RESOURCES, INFRASTRUCTURE AND
PHYSIOGRAPHY................................................... 18
5.1 Access..................................................... 18
5.2 Climate and Physiography................................... 18
5.3 Existing Site Conditions, Infrastructure and
Available Services......................................... 18
6.0 HISTORY........................................................... 20
6.1 History of the District.................................... 20
6.2 Past Production............................................ 21
6.3 Previous Mineral Resource Estimates........................ 22
6.3.1 In-Situ Mineral Resources at Jamies Ridge,
Cerro Duro, and Purdy Peak....................... 24
6.3.3 In-Situ Mineral Resources at Boundary Ridge...... 24
7.0 GEOLOGIC SETTING.................................................. 25
7.1 Regional Geology........................................... 25
7.2 Local Geology.............................................. 26
7.2.1 Miocene and Younger Igneous and
Sedimentary Rocks................................ 28
7.2.2 Structure........................................ 29
8.0 DEPOSIT TYPE...................................................... 31
8.1 Hydrothermal Gold Deposits................................. 31
8.2 Gold in Alluvium........................................... 32
9.0 MINERALIZATION.................................................... 33
9.1 Oxide Gold Mineralization.................................. 33
9.2 Sulfide Gold Mineralization................................ 33
10.0 EXPLORATION....................................................... 36
10.1 Geophysics................................................. 36
10.2 Expansion of Known Mineral resource Areas.................. 38
10.2.1 East Ridge / Gold View........................... 38
10.2.2 Northeast Ridge.................................. 38
10.2.3 Freedom Flats.................................... 38
10.2.4 Borealis Near-surface Expansion.................. 39
10.2.5 Other Known Mineral resource Areas............... 39
10.3 Borealis Extension......................................... 40
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10.4 Graben Deposit............................................. 41
10.5 North Graben Target........................................ 42
10.6 Sunset Wash Target......................................... 44
10.7 Lucky Boy Target........................................... 44
11.0 DRILLING.......................................................... 45
11.1 Drilling of Existing Heaps and Dumps--Spring 2004.......... 45
11.2 Drill-hole Database........................................ 45
12.0 SAMPLING METHOD AND APPROACH...................................... 46
12.1 General.................................................... 46
12.2 Freedom Flats Example...................................... 46
12.3 Sampling of Existing Heaps and Dumps--Spring 2004.......... 46
12.4 Drill-hole Database for Resource Model..................... 47
13.0 SAMPLE PREPARATION, ANALYSIS AND SECURITY......................... 48
13.1 Previous Mining Operations and Exploration................. 48
13.1.1 Analyses and Quality Control..................... 48
13.1.2 Security......................................... 48
13.2 Heap and Dump Drilling and Sampling Program--Spring 2004... 48
13.2.1 Sampling, Analysis and Quality Control........... 49
13.2.2 Security......................................... 50
14.0 DATA VERIFICATION................................................. 52
14.1 Historical Drill Hole Data................................. 52
14.2 Semi-Quantitative Check Sampling........................... 52
15.0 ADJACENT PROPERTIES............................................... 53
16.0 MINERAL PROCESSING AND METALLURGICAL TESTING...................... 54
16.1 Historical Operations Since 1980........................... 54
16.2 Summary of Past Metallurgical Testing...................... 54
16.3 Metallurgical Testing of Existing Heaps and Dumps--2004.... 55
16.3.1 Heap 1 Test Results.............................. 55
16.3.2 Heap 3 Test Results.............................. 55
16.3.3 Borealis Dump Test Results....................... 55
16.3.4 Screen Analysis.................................. 56
16.4 Bulk Density and Tonnage Factor............................ 56
16.5 Heap Leach Processing Alternatives......................... 57
16.5.1 Heap Leach + Gravity............................. 57
16.5.2 Heap Leach + Gravity (Screen-out Low grade)...... 57
17.0 MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATE......................................... 59
17.1 General Statement.......................................... 59
17.2 Mineral Resource Model..................................... 59
17.2.1 Resource Block Model Size and Location........... 59
17.2.2 Drill-Hole Data.................................. 62
17.2.3 Compositing...................................... 65
17.2.4 Topographic Data and Models...................... 65
17.2.5 Geologic Model for the Thickness of the QAL
and TCV Formations............................... 65
17.2.6 Model of the Depth of Oxidation and Partial
Oxidation........................................ 67
17.2.7 Grade Zone Models and Basic Statistics........... 67
17.2.8 Variograms....................................... 73
17.2.9 Grade Estimation................................. 75
17.2.10 Comparison of Mineral Resource Estimates to
Previous Production.............................. 79
17.2.11 Mineral Resource Classification.................. 80
17.2.12 Summary of Model Results......................... 82
17.3 Mineral Resources from Existing Heaps and Stockpiles....... 87
17.3.1 Existing Heap and Dump Resource Estimate......... 87
17.3.2 Resource Classification in the Existing Heaps
and Dumps........................................ 89
18.0 OTHER RELEVANT DATA AND INFORMATION............................... 90
18.1 Permit Acquisition and Fundamental Environmental
Permitting Considerations.................................. 90
18.1.1 Permitting Process Overview...................... 90
18.1.1.1 Environmental Inventories............... 91
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18.1.1.2 Permitting Requirements................. 92
18.2 Other Information.......................................... 95
19.0 INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS.................................... 96
19.1 Geology.................................................... 96
19.2 Geophysics................................................. 96
19.3 Gold Deposits.............................................. 96
19.4 Mineral Resources.......................................... 96
19.5 Mining..................................................... 96
19.6 District Exploration....................................... 97
20.0 RECOMMENDATIONS................................................... 98
21.0 REFERENCES........................................................ 100
22.0 DATE.............................................................. 102
23.0 CERTIFICATE OF AUTHOR............................................. 103
24.0 ILLUSTRATIONS..................................................... 110
APPENDIX A: PHASE 1 DRILLING-SAMPLING-TESTING PROGRAM DATA SUMMARY
APPENDIX B: MINERAL RESOURCE MODEL DETAILED STATISTICS AND GEOSTATISTICS
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LIST OF FIGURES AND PLATES
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Figure 1.1 Location map of the Borealis project................................. 2
Figure 2.1 Mineral deposits and prospects of the Borealis property.............. 11
Figure 4.1 Location map of the Borealis project................................. 14
Figure 5.1 Photograph of Borealis district. View to the east, with Freedom
Flats pit in the foreground.......................................... 19
Figure 7.1 Walker Lane gold deposits............................................ 26
Figure 7.2 Geologic map of the Borealis project area............................ 27
Figure 7.3 Stratigraphic section in the Borealis District....................... 29
Figure 9.1 Typical alteration patterns within and around the Borealis district
gold deposits........................................................ 35
Figure 10.1 1989 Echo Bay aeromagnetic survey.................................... 37
Figure 10.2 Selected resistivity anomalies of the Borealis district.............. 38
Figure 10.3 Schematic cross-section of the Borealis Extension deposit area....... 40
Figure 10.4 Schematic cross-section of the Graben deposit area................... 42
Figure 10.5 North Graben target exploration model................................ 43
Figure 15.1 Location of Borealis property and other important nearby gold mining
properties in the Walker Lane and the Aurora-Borealis cross trend.... 53
Figure 17.1 Map showing the northeast and southwest model boundaries with deposit
areas and grade thickness............................................ 61
Figure 17.2 Drill-hole collar locations in the southwest model................... 63
Figure 17.3 Drill-hole collar locations in the northeast model................... 64
Figure 17.4 Examples of the grade zones on four benches of the Graben and Freedom
Flats deposits....................................................... 70
Figure 17.5 Cumulative frequency plots and histograms for the grade zones in the
Graben deposit....................................................... 71
Figure 17.6 Cumulative frequency plots and histograms for the grade zones in the
Freedom Flats deposit................................................ 72
Figure 17.7 Example of the relationship between drill hole spacing and kriging
variance (East Ridge, 7380-bench).................................... 81
Plate 1 Proposed project layout.............................................. 111
Plate 2 Borealis property claim map.......................................... 112
Plate 3 Process flow sheet alternative A..................................... 113
Plate 4 Process flowsheet alternative B...................................... 114
Plate 5 Contour plot on bench midlines original topography southwest model... 115
Plate 6 Contour plot on bench midlines mined topography southwest model...... 116
Plate 7 Contour plot on bench midlines Current topography southwest model.... 117
Plate 8 Contour plot on bench midlines original topography northeast model... 118
Plate 9 Contour plot on bench midlines mined topography northeast model...... 119
Plate 10 Contour plot on bench midlines current topography northeast model.... 120
Plate 11 Contour plot on bench midlines thickness of QAL unit southwest
model................................................................ 121
Plate 12 Contour plot on bench midlines thickness of QAL + TCV southwest
model................................................................ 122
Plate 13 Contour plot on bench midlines thickness of oxidized material
southwest model...................................................... 123
Plate 14 Contour plot on bench midlines thickness of partially oxidized
material southwest model............................................. 124
Plate 15 Contour plot on bench midlines depth of oxidation northeast model.... 125
Plate 16 Contour plot on bench midlines depth of partial oxidation northeast
model................................................................ 126
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LIST OF TABLES
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Table 1.1 Summary of Measured Plus Indicated Mineral Resources................. 6
Table 1.2 Summary of Inferred Mineral Resource................................. 7
Table 1.3 Summary of Measured Plus Indicated Resource in Existing Heaps and
Dumps................................................................ 8
Table 1.4 Summary of Inferred Mineral Resources in Existing Heaps and Dumps.... 8
Table 6.1 Reported past Borealis production, 1981-1990......................... 21
Table 6.2 Comparison of historical post-mining resource estimates.............. 23
Table 6.3 Historical Mineral Resource Estimate of the Jamies Ridge, Cerro Duro,
and Purdy Peak Deposits (Golden Phoenix Minerals Inc., 2000)......... 24
Table 6.4 Historical Mineral Resource Estimate of the Boundary Ridge Zone
(Whitney and Whitney, 1999).......................................... 25
Table 10.1 Significant gold intercepts in the Bullion Ridge resource area....... 40
Table 13.1 Analytical results of bulk sample from road cut mid-way between top
and bottom of Heap 2................................................. 49
Table 13.2 Summary of analytical results from standard used in quality control
program, accepted value 0.019 opt Au................................. 50
Table 13.3 Summary of assay analyses for the same sample by American Assay Lab.
And ALS Chemex....................................................... 50
Table 13.4 Comparison of Heap 1 assay results with previous sampling program.... 51
Table 14.1 Results of selective check sampling.................................. 52
Table 16.1 Alteration and grade for bulk density samples........................ 56
Table 16.2 Bulk densities for Borealis, East Ridge, and Northeast Ridge
deposits............................................................. 57
Table 17.1 Block model dimensions and location parameters....................... 60
Table 17.2 Summary of drill-hole sample statistics for drill-holes intersecting
the mineralized zones................................................ 62
Table 17.3 Geologic formation model............................................. 66
Table 17.4 Geologic oxidation state model....................................... 67
Table 17.5 Summary of Nearest-Neighbor gold grade basic statistics by grade
zone................................................................. 69
Table 17.6 Variogram summary.................................................... 74
Table 17.7 Composite selection parameters and capping parameters by deposit and
grade zone........................................................... 75
Table 17.8 Search and weighting parameters for inverse distance estimation...... 77
Table 17.9 Comparison of inverse distance and nearest neighbor estimates by
deposit and grade zone............................................... 78
Table 17.10 Comparison of mined-out portions of resource model reported to
production........................................................... 79
Table 17.11 Summary of extrapolation limits and minimum grid for each deposit.... 80
Table 17.12 Borealis Project April 2005 mineral resource estimate summary of
measured and indicated mineral resource - combined oxide and
sulfides............................................................. 82
Table 17.13 Borealis Project April 2005 mineral resource estimate summary of
measured and indicated mineral resource - oxidized material.......... 83
Table 17.14 Borealis Project April 2005 mineral resource estimate summary of
measured and indicated mineral resource - partially oxidized
material............................................................. 84
Table 17.15 Borealis Project April 2005 mineral resource estimate summary of
measured and indicated mineral resource - predominantly sulfide
material............................................................. 85
Table 17.16 Borealis Project April 2005 mineral resource estimate summary of
Inferred mineral resource - combined oxide and sulfide material...... 86
Table 17.17 Borealis Project April 2005 mineral resource estimate summary of
Inferred mineral resource - oxidized material........................ 86
Table 17.18 Borealis Project April 2005 mineral resource estimate summary of
Inferred mineral resource - partially oxidized material.............. 86
Table 17.19 Borealis Project April 2005 mineral resource estimate summary of
Inferred mineral resource - predominantly sulfide material........... 87
Table 17.20 Heap name correlation chart.......................................... 87
Table 17.21 Summary of Measured and Indicated Resources in heaps and dumps....... 88
Table 17.22 Summary of inferred mineral resources in heaps and dumps............. 89
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1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Gryphon Gold Corporation is progressing with technical work at its 100%-owned
Borealis Gold property in Mineral County Nevada in anticipation of a mine
start-up in 2006. The Company is focused on engineering, permit acquisition,
expansion of the land position, environmental reviews and infill drilling to
enhance the resource categorization. Current engineering, results from permit
negotiations, and updated mineral resource estimates will serve as the basis for
a final/bankable feasibility study that is scheduled to be completed before the
end of 2005.
The purpose of this report is to update the resource model based on an enhanced
geologic interpretation derived from additional data acquired and analyzed
during 2004 by Company geologists and engineers; and to report on technical
activities to date. The newly developed and updated resource model lies within
the study area, which falls within the core area disturbed by previous mining
activities; and where operating permit acquisition and other development and
field activities are currently taking place. The deposits within the boundaries
of the study area are the principal focus of this report. Other known deposits
are located outside the limits of the study area, where phased development and
permitting activities have not yet started.
As an important part of this on-going work, a new resource model for several
deposits within the limits of the study area was developed and is compliant with
NI 43-101 standards. These gold deposits include the West Alluvial Deposit,
Borealis, Crocodile Ridge, Deep Ore Flats (also known as Polaris), East Ridge,
Freedom Flats, Gold View, Graben, Middle Ridge, and Northeast Ridge. An updated
resource estimate was also completed which includes material containing gold in
the heaps and dumps which are located within the boundaries of the study area.
Known gold deposits outside the boundaries of the study area with historical
resource estimates include Cerro Duro, Jaimes Ridge, Purdy Peak, and Boundary
Ridge Zone. The outlying deposits listed are all located on mining claims now
controlled (100%) by Gryphon Gold. The historical estimates are based on
calculations which were completed prior to the promulgation of the guidelines of
NI 43-101; and have not been reviewed and verified by this study and should not
be relied upon. These estimates are discussed further in Section 6.3 Previous
Mineral Resource Estimates.
The total measured plus indicated resource including insitu and previously mined
material in heaps and dumps, effective as of the date of this report, within the
boundaries of the study area is 44.7 million tons with an average grade of
0.028opt, containing about 1.25 million ounces of gold. There is also an
estimated inferred resource in the study area of 34.4 million tons with an
average grade of 0.021opt, containing about 0.73 million ounces of gold.(1)
Historical mineral resource estimates for known gold deposits outside the study
area, on lands controlled by Gryphon Gold indicate an additional total of 5.2
million tons with an average grade of 0.027opt, containing about 0.14 million
ounces of gold.(2)
1.1 PRINCIPAL CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS TECHNICAL REPORT
Alan C. Noble, P.E., a Qualified Person for the purpose of Canadian NI 43-101,
Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects, Principal Engineer of Ore Reserves
Engineering, of Lakewood, Colorado has been engaged by Gryphon Gold Corporation
to complete the required resource modeling and perform as the principal author
this technical report. Input from additional sources including Knight Piesold
and Company regarding environmental, permitting, and metallurgical issues;
Samuel Engineering Inc, in regard to preliminary process design and flowsheet
development; and Roger Steininger Ph. D., C.P.G., Consulting Chief Geologist in
regard to geology, sampling, exploration and mineral resource estimates; have
all been included in this report.
- ----------
(1) Cutoff assumptions are detailed in the body of the report, and range from
0.005 opt to 0.010 opt depending on the specific physical characteristics
of each deposit. The results shown above are partially diluted mineral
resources with allowance made for surface mining with conventional
equipment on a 20 ft mining bench (dilution for underground mining if
warranted, may be more or less than these estimates); metallurgical
recoveries have not been applied.
(2) Same qualifying note as above.
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1.2 LOCATION
The Borealis gold property is located in western Nevada, approximately 12 miles
southwest of the town of Hawthorne in the Walker Lane mineral belt and 12 miles
northeast of the California border. Hawthorne is 133 highway miles southeast of
Reno and 314 highway miles northwest of Las Vegas.
(MAP-GRAPHIC OMITTED)
(Gryphon Gold 2005)
FIGURE 1.1 LOCATION MAP OF THE BOREALIS PROJECT.
The project area is located in:
T6N, R28E Sections 1-4, 11, and 12
T7N, R28E Sections 25 - 27 and 33 - 36
T6N, R29E Sections 2-24, and 27 - 29
T7N, R29E Sections 30-32
Mount Diablo Meridian, Mineral County Nevada. The approximate center of the
principal study area is at longitude 118 degrees 45' 34" North and latitude 38
degrees 22' 55" West.
1.3 OWNERSHIP
As of the date of this report, the Borealis gold property consists of 748
contiguous unpatented lode mining claims of approximately 20 acres each for a
total of about 14,960 acres plus one millsite claim.
The Borealis property is controlled by Gryphon Gold Corporation, through its
wholly owned subsidiary, Borealis Mining Company. Gryphon Gold has located 624
claims in addition to the 122 claims in the heart of the property which are
owned by the Borealis Partnership (comprised of underlying property owners
Richard Cavell, John Whitney, and Hardrock Mining Company).
On January 31, 2005, through a Purchase Agreement, Borealis Mining Company
acquired a 100% lease hold interest in the core claims previously held by Golden
Phoenix Minerals. Inc., and eliminated all earn-in requirements in a previous
joint venture between Borealis Mining Company and Golden Phoenix Minerals, Inc.
A portion of the claims controlling the Borealis gold mineral resource are
subject to a siding scale NSR royalty paid to the Borealis Partnership. The
royalty is based on the price of gold, with the NSR equal to the price of gold
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May 23, 2005
divided by 100 expressed as a percentage. Monthly payments in 2005 of $8,614.00
are made to the underlying property owners prior to the time when gold is being
produced and the NSR is applicable.
1.4 ACCESS AND INFRASTRUCTURE
Access to the property is gained from the Lucky Boy Pass gravel road located
about 2 miles south of Hawthorne from State Highway 359.
The Borealis project site had been reclaimed to early 1990's standards. No
buildings or power lines remain on the surface although a major electrical trunk
line exists about 2 miles from the property.
The nearest available services for both mine development and mine operations are
in the small town of Hawthorne, located about 16 road miles to the northeast of
the project area via a wide, well-maintained gravel road. Hawthorne has
substantial housing, adequate fuel supplies and a sufficient infrastructure
available to take care of basic needs. For other goods and services, sources in
Reno could supply any material required for the development project or mine
operations.
1.5 HISTORY
The original Ramona district, now known as the Borealis Mining District,
produced less than 1,000 ounces of gold prior to 1981. In 1978 the Borealis gold
resource was discovered by Houston International Minerals Company. Successive
owners, including Tenneco Minerals and Echo Bay Mines Ltd., operated the
property until it closed in late 1990.
Total of past production from the Borealis project by surface mining was
approximately 10.7 million tons of ore averaging 0.059 ounces per ton (opt Au)
gold.
In 1992 Santa Fe Pacific Mining, Inc. entered into a joint venture with Echo Bay
Mines Ltd to explore for high-grade gold sulfide ores. Their work included data
compilation and reverse circulation and core drilling of 32 deep holes. Santa Fe
had success in identifying new sulfide-zone gold mineralization, but terminated
the joint venture because of budget constraints. Echo Bay terminated its lease
agreement with the Borealis Partnership in 1996, two years after completion of
reclamation.
In late 1996, J. D. Welsh & Associates, Inc. leased the property from the
Borealis Partnership. J. D. Welsh had previously performed contract reclamation
work for Echo Bay and was responsible for monitoring the drain down of the leach
heaps. During this time, he had recognized the excellent remaining gold
potential, and upon signing the lease, immediately joint ventured the project
with Cambior Exploration (USA), Inc. Cambior performed a major compilation
program and in 1998 followed up by drilling 10 holes with some success in
extending the Graben deposit (5 holes) and in identifying new sulfide-zone gold
mineralization (5 holes). They terminated the joint venture in late 1998 because
of severe budget constraints within Cambior.
During the Cambior joint venture period, Golden Phoenix Minerals, Inc. agreed to
buy Welsh's lease rights for cash and stock. In 2000, Golden Phoenix completed
the 100 percent purchase of the lease rights and assumed full control of the
property. During the purchase period, Golden Phoenix researched the records,
updated the drill-hole digital database, and calculated a new mineral resource
estimate.
In 2003, Golden Phoenix entered into a joint venture to develop the Borealis
property with Borealis Mining Company, a wholly owned subsidiary of Gryphon Gold
Corporation. In January 2005, Borealis Mining Company acquired Golden Phoenix's
residual interest to control 100% of the property.
1.6 GEOLOGY AND MINERALIZATION
Gold mineralization at Borealis is hosted by Miocene andesite flows, laharic
breccias, and volcaniclastic tuffs, which generally strike northeasterly and dip
shallowly to the northwest. Underlying the Tertiary volcanics, and locally in
fault contact, is Cretaceous granodiorite with inclusions of older metamorphic
rocks. Pediment gravels (Quaternary alluvium or "QAL") and older alluvium (the
Tertiary Coal Valley formation or "TCV") cover the
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May 23, 2005
altered-mineralized volcanic rocks at lower elevations along the mountain front
and overlie some of the best exploration targets.
Structures are dominantly northeast-striking faults with steep northwest dips,
and generally west-northwest striking faults with steep southerly dips. Both of
these fault systems lie on regional trends of known mineralized systems; thus
Borealis appears to be at a major intersection of mineralized trends. An
exception to this is the north-northeast striking structure controlling
mineralization in the Graben zone.
A number of pre-mineral faults in the district may have been conduits for
hydrothermal mineralization, which followed fault planes or formed pods or
pipe-like zones. Emplacement mechanisms of the gold mineralization included
explosive brecciation followed by pervasive silification and sulfide/precious
metal introduction. It is likely that the high-grade deposits may have been
initially localized along the intersections of small second order faults with
the major feeder structures. All of the deposits have exceptional continuity
along strike. The pipe-like Freedom Flats deposit, and other deposit
configurations, probably formed through this mechanism.
At Freedom Flats for example, the low grade portion of the deposit is lenticular
in plan and an elongated and continuous zone of mineralization down-dip. Within
the low-grade shell is a more pipe-like zone of high-grade mineralization that
has an approximate oval shape in plan and a long vertical axis.
The surface "footprint" of the high-grade zones is rather small (as shown at
Freedom Flats) and they can be easily missed with patterns of widely spaced
drill holes. Once a higher-grade deposit is suspected, fences of drill holes
with 50-ft spacing may have to be used, and especially angle-hole drilling.
Most deposits mined in the district, including the Borealis, have a generally
flatter tabular shape, and they may have formed parallel to, and within,
permeable portions of gently dipping volcanic flows or lahars, and along contact
zones between lithologies. Beneath the Borealis pit, additional flat-lying gold
zones of the Borealis Extension and another deeper zone are found. Steeply
dipping high-grade feeder structures have been identified within many of these
deposits and extend below the limit of drilling.
Alteration and mineralization most closely associated with ore-grade material
are vuggy silica and pyrite, often in breccia. Outward from the central vuggy
silica zone is kaolinite-quartz-pyrite, followed by kaolinite-pyrite, and a
broad propylitic halo. Advanced argillic alteration with alunite may have
overprinted kaolinite-bearing zones.
During its emplacement, finely disseminated gold found in the Borealis
mineralizing system was enclosed in pyrite and through natural oxidation, this
gold was released in oxidized portions of the deposit and made available to
extraction by cyanidation. Limited evidence suggests coarse gold exists. Gold
still bound in pyrite or pyrite-silica is not easily recovered by a simple
cyanide heap leach operation.
1.7 DRILL-HOLE DATABASE
The drill-hole database used for the main Borealis project study area contains
1,747 drill holes with a total drilled length of 510,712 ft (Table 17.2),
including 1,626 which intersected gold mineralization. These holes were drilled
by different operators on the property. Drill-hole types include diamond core
holes, reverse circulation (RC) holes and rotary holes. Only a few core holes
have down-hole survey information. Mineralized zones covered by these drill
holes include the Freedom Flats, Graben, Borealis, Polaris, East Ridge and
Northeast Ridge. Except for Graben all have been partially mined by previous
operators of the project; the Borealis and Deep Ore Flats (also known as
Polaris) pits have been back-filled with waste from the Freedom Flats pit.
There are an additional 487 drill holes with a total drilled length of 103,562
ft scattered throughout the property, but with most in the Cerro Duro, Jaimes
Ridge, and Purdy Peak area, approximately three miles distance west-northwest of
the current in-situ mineral resource modeling area, but these three have not
been included in this resource study. The total existing drilling for the entire
Borealis project, therefore, is 2,234 holes with a total drilled length of
614,274 ft.
Drill-hole sampling length is generally 5 ft for the RC holes, but it varies for
the core holes based on geological intervals. Sampling length is up to 25 ft for
some of the early rotary holes. Gold assays in parts per billion (ppb) and
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May 23, 2005
ounces per ton (opt) are provided for most of the sampling intervals. Silver
assays in parts per million (ppm) and opt are also provided for some of the
sampling intervals.
The database of pre-existing drill holes was updated and verified by Golden
Phoenix.
Gryphon Gold has completed drilling of the five Borealis heaps and parts of the
Freedom Flats and Borealis dumps in May 2004. Thirty-two holes totaling 2,478.5
ft were drilled. No drill holes into in-place mineral resource zones were
completed in this program.
1.8 MINERAL RESOURCES
An updated mineral resource estimate for the main Borealis study area was
prepared by Alan C. Noble, P.E. of Ore Reserves Engineering ("O.R.E."). Although
this estimate uses the same drill hole data, there are several improvements to
the previous models that are believed to improve the quality of the estimates,
as follows:
1. Models were prepared from the drill hole geologic logs for the
thickness of the QAL and TCV units, which overly the mineralized
deposits and are generally barren. These important units were not
previously modeled;
2. Models were prepared for the depth of oxidation and the depth of mixed
oxides + sulfides based on drill hole logging data. The depth of
oxidation was assumed to be at the bottom of the mined-out pits in the
previous models;
3. Grade zones have been prepared in much more detail and several smaller
zones that were missed in the previous model were included. In
addition, the grade zones are believed to conform better to the
current geological understanding of the deposits than the previous
estimates; and
4. An additional zone of gold mineralization was recognized near the
bottom of the QAL unit that is alluvial in nature and appears to
consist of placer gold and or rock fragments weathered from the
Northeast Ridge and Borealis Deposits.
Deposits included in this mineral resource estimate located within the study
area (which corresponds with the area in the process of being permitted for
future mining operations) are the Graben Deposit, Freedom Flats Deposit,
Borealis Deposit (including Borealis Extension), Crocodile Ridge Deposit, Deep
Ore Flats Deposit (aka Polaris Deposit), East Ridge Deposit, Gold View Deposit,
Northeast Ridge Deposit, and West Alluvial Deposit. Shown in Tables 1.1, 1.2,
1.3, and 1.4 are summaries of mineral resources. Additional supporting
information can be found in tables located in Section 17.0 Mineral Resource
Estimate.
(ORE LOGO) ORE RESERVES ENGINEERING page 5
May 23, 2005
TABLE 1.1. SUMMARY OF MEASURED PLUS INDICATED MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATES
(NOT INCLUDING EXISTING HEAPS AND DUMPS)
MEASURED INDICATED MEASURED + INDICATED
------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------
CONTAINED CONTAINED CONTAINED
CUTOFF TONS GRADE GOLD TONS GRADE GOLD TONS GRADE GOLD
RESOURCE ZONE (OPT) (X 1000) (OPT) (OZ X 1000) (X 1000) (OPT) (OZ X 1000) (X 1000) (OPT) (OZ X 1000)
- ------------- ------ -------- ----- ----------- -------- ----- ----------- -------- ----- -----------
AREAS MODELED AND ESTIMATED IN THIS STUDY
ALLUVIUM
Oxide 0.005 -- -- -- 806 0.009 6.9 806 0.009 6.9
Partially Oxidized -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Predominantly Sulfide -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- -------
All Material -- -- -- 806 0.009 6.9 806 0.009 6.9
----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- -------
BOREALIS
Oxide 0.010 1,067 0.047 50.1 184 0.031 5.7 1,251 0.045 55.8
Partially Oxidized 0.010 24 0.019 0.5 14 0.025 0.4 38 0.021 0.8
Predominantly Sulfide 0.010 1,490 0.030 45.0 1,174 0.033 38.9 2,664 0.031 83.9
----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- -------
All Material 2,581 0.037 95.6 1,372 0.033 44.9 3,953 0.036 140.5
----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- -------
CROCODILE RIDGE
Oxide 0.010 139 0.013 1.8 269 0.012 3.2 408 0.012 5.0
Partially Oxidized 0.010 16 0.013 0.2 18 0.012 0.2 34 0.012 0.4
Predominantly Sulfide 0.010 20 0.015 0.3 67 0.013 0.9 87 0.013 1.2
----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- -------
All Material 175 0.013 2.4 354 0.012 4.2 529 0.012 6.6
----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- -------
EAST RIDGE
Oxide 0.010 1,211 0.017 20.5 654 0.018 11.6 1,865 0.017 32.1
Partially Oxidized 0.010 2,093 0.017 35.8 1,195 0.018 21.3 3,288 0.017 57.1
Predominantly Sulfide 0.010 4,072 0.016 66.0 877 0.018 16.0 4,949 0.017 81.9
----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- -------
All Material 7,376 0.017 122.2 2,726 0.018 48.9 10,102 0.017 171.1
----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- -------
FREEDOM FLATS
Oxide 0.010 261 0.043 11.3 183 0.024 4.4 444 0.035 15.8
Partially Oxidized 0.010 169 0.059 10.0 9 0.050 0.4 178 0.059 10.5
Predominantly Sulfide 0.010 1,507 0.054 81.7 841 0.031 26.2 2,348 0.046 107.8
----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- -------
All Material 1,937 0.053 103.0 1,033 0.030 31.0 2,970 0.045 134.1
----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- -------
GRABEN
Oxide -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Partially Oxidized -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Predominantly Sulfide 0.010 2,412 0.047 113.3 8,230 0.050 414.2 10,642 0.050 527.5
----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- -------
All Material 2,412 0.047 113.3 8,230 0.050 414.2 10,642 0.050 527.5
----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- -------
MIDDLE RIDGE
Oxide 0.010 812 0.013 10.7 379 0.014 5.3 1,191 0.013 16.0
Partially Oxidized 0.010 428 0.014 5.9 285 0.015 4.1 713 0.014 10.0
Predominantly Sulfide 0.010 165 0.014 2.2 28 0.014 0.4 193 0.014 2.6
----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- -------
All Material 1,405 0.013 18.9 692 0.014 9.8 2,097 0.014 28.7
----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- -------
NORTHEAST RIDGE
Oxide 0.010 501 0.017 8.6 365 0.018 6.4 866 0.017 15.0
Partially Oxidized 0.010 1,468 0.019 27.6 1,303 0.019 24.5 2,771 0.019 52.1
Predominantly Sulfide 0.010 1,041 0.017 17.7 503 0.017 8.6 1,544 0.017 26.2
----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- -------
All Material 3,010 0.018 53.9 2,171 0.018 39.4 5,181 0.018 93.3
----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- -------
DEEP ORE FLATS (POLARIS)
Oxide 0.010 813 0.021 17.1 409 0.021 8.6 1,222 0.021 25.7
Partially Oxidized 0.010 372 0.023 8.4 182 0.022 3.9 554 0.022 12.3
Predominantly Sulfide 0.010 319 0.018 5.7 340 0.018 6.0 659 0.018 11.6
----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- -------
All Material 1,504 0.021 31.1 931 0.020 18.5 2,435 0.020 49.6
----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- -------
OUTSIDE ZONES
Oxide -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Partially Oxidized -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Predominantly Sulfide -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- -------
All Material -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- -------
TOTAL OF AREAS MODELED AND ESTIMATED IN THIS STUDY
Oxide 4,804 0.025 120.2 3,249 0.016 52.1 8,053 0.021 172.3
Partially Oxidized 4,570 0.019 88.4 3,006 0.018 54.9 7,576 0.019 143.2
Predominantly Sulfide 11,026 0.030 331.9 12,060 0.042 510.9 23,086 0.037 842.8
----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- -------
All Material 20,400 0.026 540.4 18,315 0.034 617.9 38,715 0.030 1,158.3
----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- ----- ------ ----- -------
(ORE LOGO) ORE RESERVES ENGINEERING page 6
May 23, 2005
TABLE 1.2. SUMMARY OF INFERRED MINERAL RESOURCES
(NOT INCLUDING EXISTING HEAPS AND DUMPS)
INFERRED
------------------------------
CONTAINED
CUTOFF TONS GRADE GOLD
RESOURCE ZONE (OPT) (X 1000) (OPT) (OZ X 1000)
- ------------- ------ -------- ----- -----------
AREAS MODELED AND ESTIMATED IN THIS STUDY
ALLUVIUM
Oxide 0.005 688 0.007 4.8
Partially Oxidized -- -- --
Predominantly Sulfide -- -- --
----- ------ ----- -----
All Material 688 0.007 4.8
----- ------ ----- -----
BOREALIS
Oxide 0.010 411 0.014 5.6
Partially Oxidized 0.010 2 0.034 0.1
Predominantly Sulfide 0.010 902 0.029 26.2
----- ------ ----- -----
All Material 1,315 0.024 31.9
----- ------ ----- -----
CROCODILE RIDGE
Oxide 0.010 117 0.011 1.3
Partially Oxidized 0.010 1 0.011 0.0
Predominantly Sulfide 0.010 116 0.012 1.4
----- ------ ----- -----
All Material 234 0.012 2.7
----- ------ ----- -----
EAST RIDGE
Oxide 0.010 494 0.016 8.0
Partially Oxidized 0.010 882 0.016 14.1
Predominantly Sulfide 0.010 1,978 0.016 31.6
----- ------ ----- -----
All Material 3,354 0.016 53.7
----- ------ ----- -----
FREEDOM FLATS
Oxide 0.010 2 0.035 0.1
Partially Oxidized 0.010 -- -- --
Predominantly Sulfide 0.010 198 0.024 4.8
----- ------ ----- -----
All Material 200 0.024 4.8
----- ------ ----- -----
GRABEN
Oxide -- -- --
Partially Oxidized -- -- --
Predominantly Sulfide 0.010 9,376 0.038 354.1
----- ------ ----- -----
All Material 9,376 0.038 354.1
----- ------ ----- -----
MIDDLE RIDGE
Oxide 0.010 330 0.013 4.2
Partially Oxidized 0.010 141 0.013 1.8
Predominantly Sulfide 0.010 126 0.014 1.7
----- ------ ----- -----
All Material 597 0.013 7.7
----- ------ ----- -----
NORTHEAST RIDGE
Oxide 0.010 120 0.015 1.8
Partially Oxidized 0.010 164 0.019 3.1
Predominantly Sulfide 0.010 490 0.017 8.5
----- ------ ----- -----
All Material 774 0.017 13.5
----- ------ ----- -----
DEEP ORE FLATS (POLARIS)
Oxide 0.010 21 0.017 0.3
Partially Oxidized 0.010 18 0.026 0.5
Predominantly Sulfide 0.010 14 0.019 0.3
----- ------ ----- -----
All Material 53 0.020 1.1
----- ------ ----- -----
OUTSIDE ZONES
Oxide 421 0.016 6.8
Partially Oxidized 28 0.017 0.5
Predominantly Sulfide 2,766 0.019 51.6
----- ------ ----- -----
All Material 3,215 0.018 58.9
----- ------ ----- -----
TOTAL OF AREAS MODELED AND ESTIMATED IN THIS STUDY
Oxide 2,604 0.013 32.9
Partially Oxidized 1,236 0.016 20.1
Predominantly Sulfide 15,966 0.030 480.2
----- ------ ----- -----
All Material 19,806 0.027 533.2
----- ------ ----- -----
Cutoff assumptions are detailed in the body of the report, and range from 0.005
opt to 0.10 opt depending on the specific physical characteristics of each
deposit. The results shown above are partially diluted mineral resources with
allowance made for surface mining with conventional equipment on a 20 ft mining
bench (dilution for
(ORE LOGO) ORE RESERVES ENGINEERING page 7
May 23, 2005
underground mining if warranted, may be more or less than these estimates);
metallurgical recoveries have not been applied.
During 2004 Gryphon Gold drilled and sampled the five heaps and portions of the
Freedom Flats and Borealis waste dumps. Previously, J.D. Welsh & Associates,
Inc. drilled Heap 1 (Welsh, 1996). Assays from these programs are the basis for
resource estimates of the gold-bearing above ground material in the Borealis
area. Resources estimated in the heaps and stockpiled materials, within the
boundaries of the study area include:
TABLE 1.3. SUMMARY OF MEASURED AND INDICATED MINERAL RESOURCE
ESTIMATES IN EXISTING HEAPS AND DUMPS.
MEASURED INDICATED MEASURED + INDICATED
------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------
CONTAINED CONTAINED CONTAINED
CUTOFF TONS GRADE GOLD TONS GRADE GOLD TONS GRADE GOLD
RESOURCE ZONE (OPT) (X 1000) (OPT) (OZ X 1000) (X 1000) (OPT) (OZ X 1000) (X 1000) (OPT) (OZ X 1000)
------------- ------ -------- ----- ----------- -------- ----- ----------- -------- ----- -----------
HEAPS & DUMPS
Oxide 0.008 4,879 0.015 75.4 1,100 0.014 15.5 5,979 0.015 90.9
Partially Oxidized -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Predominantly Sulfide -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
------ ----- ----- ---- ----- ----- ---- ----- ----- ----
All Material 4,879 0.015 75.4 1,100 0.014 15.5 5,979 0.015 90.9
------ ----- ----- ---- ----- ----- ---- ----- ----- ----
TABLE 1.4. SUMMARY OF INFERRED MINERAL RESOURCES IN EXISTING
HEAPS AND DUMPS
INFERRED
------------------------------
CONTAINED
CUTOFF TONS GRADE GOLD
RESOURCE ZONE (OPT) (X 1000) (OPT) (OZ X 1000)
------------- ------ -------- ----- -----------
HEAPS & DUMPS
Oxide 0.008 14,578 0.013 195.9
Partially Oxidized -- -- --
Predominantly Sulfide -- -- --
------ ------ ----- -----
All Material 14,578 0.013 195.9
------ ------ ----- -----
Other additional known mineral deposits at Jaimes Ridge, Cerro Duro, Boundary
Ridge Zone and Purdy Peak lie outside the study area and have not been
incorporated in the updated mineral resource estimate. These deposits are within
the boundaries of mining claims controlled by Gryphon Gold.
Based on preexisting estimates (Whitney and Whitney, Inc., 1999 and Golden
Phoenix Minerals Inc., 2000), which were not calculated pursuant to the current
guidelines of NI 43-101, there is additional unmined mineralized material
totaling about 5,223,000 tons with an average grade of 0.027 opt, containing
143,000 ounces of gold. The estimates of additional mineralized material in the
outlying deposits have been completed to generally accepted mining industry
standards, and were reported by the groups completing the estimates, but have
not been reviewed and verified in this study and should not be relied upon.
1.9 OTHER IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS
1.9.1 PERMIT ACQUISITION AND FUNDAMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL PERMITTING CONSIDERATIONS
Gryphon Gold Corporation has initiated a program to accelerate the acquisition
of the required principal environmental operating permits. Technical work on the
Borealis Gold Project is progressing including environmental reviews,
preliminary engineering, and permit acquisition efforts in anticipation of a
possible mine start-up in 2006. For reference, the site plan included in Plan of
Operations submitted to the US Forest Service is shown in Plate 4.
(ORE LOGO) ORE RESERVES ENGINEERING page 8
May 23, 2005
1.9.2 HISTORICAL MINING AND METALLURGICAL OPERATIONS
The historical mining operations processed both a run-of-mine (ROM) ore and an
ore that was crushed to a nominal 1 1/2-inch product as the primary feed
material that was placed on the heap for leaching. The fines fraction was
agglomerated with cement, mixed with the coarse fraction, and leached with
sodium cyanide solution. Gold mineralization is finely disseminated and/or
partially bonded with pyrite, and although there are very little ore mineralogy
data available, historical operating reports suggest that some coarse gold may
exist. Gold that is bound in pyrite or pyrite-silica is not easily recovered by
simple heap leach cyanidation, however gold recovery in oxide ores is reported
to average about 80% for the ore treated. There are no reports of carbonaceous
refractory components within the old heap or dump materials. The previous mine
operators employed a Merrill Crowe circuit to enhance ease of silver recovery,
followed by a retort to remove mercury.
Laboratory testing subsequent to mine shut down in 1990 indicates that gold
recoveries of 55 to 80 percent can be expected from remaining oxide material by
heap leaching.
Sulfide material responds to conventional flotation concentration and
cyanidation of oxidized concentrates. In the laboratory testing, chemical
oxidation and bioxidation treatment of the sulfide material yield a high level
of oxidation and correspondingly high gold recoveries after cyanidation of the
oxidized material. It is suggested that air sparging may be a suitable oxidation
method for sulfide material.
1.10 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The Borealis property hosts multiple types of gold deposits which provide
several mine development options, or sequences of options. This situation allows
Gryphon Gold increased business flexibility and reduced risks. Additional
information is required to optimize the cost effective progression of the
Project towards becoming a viable mining operation.
As a result of this updated mineral resource estimation and further analysis of
the multifaceted set of technical attributes of the Borealis district, a number
of issues have been identified. The following recommendations are made with the
objective to answer the most critical questions first and further advance
Borealis towards possible mine production as warranted by the prevailing
business climate. Included recommendations are as follows:
1. DATABASE ENHANCEMENT. Continuation of the compilation and enhancement
of the geologic database in the area of known deposits plus additional
re-logging of remaining old drill cuttings and core samples are
recommended to better establish the geologic and grade zoning
boundaries.
2. FURTHER RESOURCE EXPANSION AND DEFINITION. A drilling program is
recommended to expand the mineral resource base, to advance the
mineral resources into higher categories, and to provide the necessary
detail required for engineering and mine planning. Drilling programs
adjacent to, between, and beneath the existing pits are expected to
expand the known oxide gold deposits and will support final mine
design. Drilling along the known trends aided by geophysical surveys
could result in new oxide deposits being found, especially in shallow
covered areas. An initial focus on oxide deposits should be made
within the permitted exploration area and should benefit the project
in the short-term more than finding additional sulfide mineral
resources.
3. METALLURGICAL TESTING. A systematic metallurgical testing program is
recommended on the gold-bearing samples collected from planned
drilling. Bottle roll tests and column leach tests should be conducted
to determine the leachability of the potentially surface mineable
mineral resources added to the mineral inventory. Comprehensive
sampling and testing should be implemented to properly characterize
the sulfide materials which may be encountered during drilling.
Metallurgical testing of the sulfide and mixed oxide/sulfide materials
should include flotation testing and pre-oxidation test work. The
flotation test work should investigate two options. The first should
be to produce the maximum recovery for feed to an oxidation and
leaching circuit. The second should be to produce a shippable,
saleable concentrate. Additional test work should focus on a)
optimizing metal recovery and concentrate grade, b) minimizing final
concentrate weight, and c) defining a cost effective process to
oxidize sulfide flotation concentrates or whole ore.
(ORE LOGO) ORE RESERVES ENGINEERING page 9
May 23, 2005
4. ACQUISITION OF OPERATING PERMITS. Continuation of the permitting
program is recommended to allow for timely mine development if
warranted. The program should continue to define and alleviate
potential environmental related issues and concerns and ensure that
the oxidized gold mineral resources can be mined efficiently by open
pit and leached in heaps.
5. FEASIBILITY STUDY. Upon completion of the drilling and metallurgical
testwork programs, a new mineral resource model, mineable reserve
estimate, and a full feasibility study are recommended in preparation
for mine development. The feasibility study should integrate all newly
generated information including, but not limited to, such items as
operating permit constraints if any, deposit geometry, waste
characterization, infrastructure requirements and resource (manpower,
equipment, consumable supplies, etc.) availability.
6. GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS. In preparation for an expanded exploration
program within the disturbed area where exploration permits have been
granted, additional geophysical surveys are recommended to confirm
drill targets and to identify and locate new targets. Geophysical
surveys should be conducted over two basin-type areas: the one south
of Freedom Flats-Borealis-Deep Ore Flats (including Opal Hill), and
the one north of Borealis-Crocodile Ridge-East Ridge. Both areas are
in topographic lows and have good potential for oxidized gold systems
under shallow cover. In addition with an indication that the North
Graben target may have bedrock under shallow cover (200-300 ft), a
program of ground magnetics and ground IP should be considered to
better define the target area. If North Graben is under shallow cover
and bedrock is topographically higher than previously anticipated,
then oxidation may be deeper and there is a chance for a potentially
large, open-pitable oxide deposit. Where geologic and geophysical
indications are favorable, drilling of the targets should begin as
soon as possible.
7. DISTRICT SCALE EXPLORATION. An additional expanded exploration program
outside of the permitted area and throughout the district is
recommended following, or concurrent with, the exploration within the
permitted area. Both oxide and sulfide deposits are anticipated to be
found. A program of ground magnetics and ground IP should be
considered to better define the Sunset Wash and Lucky Boy targets and
then drilling should begin as soon as possible. Gradient IP surveys
should be conducted elsewhere in the district where other aeromagnetic
anomalies are found in pediment areas without any supporting IP data.
8. DISTRICT RECONNAISSANCE AND DATA COMPILATION. At this point the
numerous other exploration targets in the district seem to have lesser
priorities than those outlined above. Typically in any large district,
such as Borealis, a large discovery is made in areas that were not
obviously high priority targets. Therefore, an initial program of data
compilation, drill chip re-logging, field examinations, geochemistry,
follow-up geophysics, and drill planning should be undertaken for each
of these lower priority exploration targets. This work should be
brought to the drill plan stage so that initial drilling can be
undertaken as time and money are available.
(ORE LOGO) ORE RESERVES ENGINEERING page 10
May 23, 2005
2.0 INTRODUCTION AND TERMS OF REFERENCE
Gryphon Gold Corporation (referred to as "Gryphon Gold" or the "Company" in this
report) is progressing with technical work at its 100%-owned Borealis Gold
property in Mineral County Nevada in anticipation of a mine start-up in 2006.
The Company is focused on engineering, permit acquisition, expansion of the land
position, environmental reviews and infill drilling to enhance the resource
categorization. Current engineering, results from permit negotiations, and
updated mineral resource estimates will serve as the basis for a final/bankable
feasibility study that is scheduled to be completed before the end of 2005.
The purpose of this report is to update the resource model based on an enhanced
geologic interpretation based on additional data acquired and analyzed during
2004 by Company geologists and engineers; and to report on technical activities
to date. The newly developed and updated resource model lies within a defined
study area, which falls within the core area disturbed by previous mining
activities; and where operating permit acquisition and other development and
field activities are currently taking place. The deposits within the boundaries
of the study area are the principal focus of this report. Other known deposits
are located outside the limits of the study area, where phased development and
permitting activities have not yet started.
As an important part of this work, new resource models were developed for
several in-place gold deposits located within the boundaries of the study area
and include the following deposits: West Alluvial Deposit, Borealis, Crocodile
Ridge, Deep Ore Flats (also known as Polaris), East Ridge, Freedom Flats, Gold
View, Graben, Middle Ridge and Northeast Ridge. Resource estimates for deposits
outside the study area, but on claims controlled by Gryphon Gold, rely on
historical estimates based on calculations which were completed prior to the
promulgation of the guidelines of NI 43-101; and have not been reviewed by this
study. These estimates are discussed further in Section 6.3 Previous Mineral
Resource Estimates. Known gold deposits outside of the study area include Cerro
Duro, Jaimes Ridge, Purdy Peak, and Boundary Ridge Zone
(MAP-GRAPHIC OMITTED)
(based on information from Echo Bay Mines, circa 1989,
modified by Gryphon Gold 2005)
FIGURE 2.1 MINERAL DEPOSITS AND PROSPECTS OF THE BOREALIS PROPERTY.
(ORE LOGO) ORE RESERVES ENGINEERING page 11
May 23, 2005
Names of other deposits and exploration targets are shown in Figure 2.1 which
can be used as a reference to the geographic location and place names used in
this report. Some of the most important exploration targets are reviewed in
section 10.0 Exploration.
Ore Reserves Engineering ("O.R.E."), working closely with Gryphon Gold and its
other consultants, has prepared new resource models and compiled this technical
report on Borealis. Alan C. Noble, P.E. is the Principal Engineer of O.R.E. and
is the Qualified Person for the purpose of Canadian NI 43-101, Standards of
Disclosure for Mineral Projects for this technical report. Mr. Noble performed
the mineral resource estimation and is the primary author of this technical
report. Mr. Noble visited the Borealis property on February 24, 2005 and again
on May 12, 2005 for the duration of one day in each instance; observed the
district geologic setting, existing site conditions, and reviewed selective core
and reverse circulation drill sample intercepts of the mineralization.
Other technical experts, and Qualified Persons, who have contributed to this
study under the general direction of the principal author of this report are:
Ms. Barbara A. Filas, P.E., C.E.M., a Qualified Person for the purpose of
Canadian NI 43-101, Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects, President
and Mining/Environmental Engineer, Knight Piesold and Co.: environmental
evaluations and permit acquisition;
Mr. Jaye T. Pickarts, P.E., a Qualified Person for the purpose of Canadian
NI 43-101, Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects, Senior
Metallurgical Engineer, Knight Piesold and Co.: metallurgical and process
flowsheet development;
Dr. Roger C. Steininger, Ph.D., C.P.G. (AIPG), a Qualified Person for the
purpose of Canadian NI 43-101, Standards of Disclosure for Mineral
Projects, Consulting Chief Geologist for Gryphon Gold: mine geology. Dr.
Steininger is not independent of Gryphon Gold.
Technical support has been provided by additional associates of these listed
firms and individuals. Samuel Engineering has assisted Knight Piesold in the
ongoing permit acquisition activities and has provided additional expertise in
process development and metallurgical flowsheet planning. Gryphon Gold has
provided staff support and assistance by drafting certain figures incorporated
in the report (as credited below each illustration); and aiding in the final
assembly of the report.
This mineral resource study has considered existing information contained in
Gryphon Gold files. This information consists of several thousand pages of
documents and data gathered during more than 20 years of exploration,
development, mining, and post-mining reclamation activities at Borealis, and
includes exploration results, geophysical surveys, mineralogical results,
geologic interpretations, metallurgical testing, design engineering, operating
results, technical correspondence and scientific publications. Gryphon Gold has
converted this information to electronic form to allow for ease of search and
recovery.
This report utilizes this archival information provided by Gryphon Gold. The
database has not been independently verified by O.R.E. at this time. As the
Borealis project advances, certain additional information will be gathered which
will allow for further verification of historical results, confirmation of the
proposed technical concepts, further engineering and planning, and optimization
of the possible mine re-development.
O.R.E. frequently undertakes minerals property studies. O.R.E is familiar with
the mineral resource/reserve definitions and disclosure requirements of NI
43-101, to which the mineral resource classification in this report conform.
Neither O.R.E nor any of its principals involved in this project have any direct
pecuniary or contingent interests of any kind in Gryphon Gold or its mining
properties. O.R.E. is to receive a fee for its work based on time expended,
expenses incurred, and the firm's fee schedule.
The units commonly used in the United States, dry short tons of 2,000 pounds
(tons), troy ounces per short ton (opt), miles, feet, etc. are the major units
used in this report. Where metric units are used, such is noted.
(ORE LOGO) ORE RESERVES ENGINEERING page 12
May 23, 2005
3.0 DISCLAIMER
The opinions expressed in this report are based on the available information and
geologic interpretations as supplied by Gryphon Gold Corporation and other third
party sources, and which were available at the time of this report. Ore Reserves
Engineering has exercised all due care in reviewing the supplied information and
believes that the basic assumptions are factual and correct and the
interpretations are reasonable. Assumptions, conditions, and qualifications are
as set forth in the body of this report.
Although O.R.E. has independently analyzed some of the data, the accuracy of the
results and conclusions from the review rely on the accuracy of the supplied
data. O.R.E. has relied on the supplied information and has no reason to believe
that any material facts have been withheld, or that a more detailed analysis may
reveal additional material information. O.R.E. did not undertake a program of
independent sampling, drilling, or assaying.
The information in section 4.2, Property Description and Ownership, has been
provided by Gryphon Gold. This information has not been independently reviewed
by O.R.E.; however, it is supported by a title report by Gryphon Gold's attorney
Parr Waddoups Brown Gee & Loveless dated May 3, 2005.
Estimates of mineral resources are inherently forward-looking statements subject
to error. Although resource estimates require a high degree of assurance in the
underlying data when the estimates are made, unforeseen events and
uncontrollable factors can have significant adverse or positive impacts on the
estimates. Actual results will inherently differ from estimates. The unforeseen
events and uncontrollable factors include: geologic uncertainties including
inherent sample variability, metal price fluctuations, variations in mining and
processing parameters, and adverse changes in environmental or mining laws and
regulations. The timing and effects of variances from estimated values cannot be
accurately predicted.
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May 23, 2005
4.0 PROPERTY DESCRIPTION AND LOCATION
4.1 LOCATION
The Borealis property gold resource is located in southwest Nevada,
approximately 16 road miles southwest of the town of Hawthorne in the Walker
Lane mineral belt and 12 miles northeast of the California border. Hawthorne is
133 highway miles southeast of Reno and 314 highway miles northwest of Las
Vegas.
The project area is located in:
T6N, R28E Sections 1-4, 11, and 12
T7N, R28E Sections 25 - 27 and 33 - 36
T6N, R29E Sections 2-24, and 27 - 29
T7N, R 29E Sections 30-32
Mount Diablo Meridian, Mineral County Nevada. The approximate center of the
property is at longitude 118 degrees 45' 34" North and latitude 38 degrees 22'
55" West. Figure 4.1 shows the location and access of the Borealis project.
(LOCATION MAP-GRAPHIC OMITTED)
(Gryphon Gold 2005)
FIGURE 4.1 LOCATION MAP OF THE BOREALIS PROJECT.
4.2 STUDY AREA BOUNDARIES
The defined study area falls within the boundary of the approximately 460 acre
area where operating permit acquisition and other development activities and
field activities are currently taking place. The study area is wholly within the
boundaries of mining claims controlled by Gryphon Gold and is coincident with
the core area disturbed by previous mining operations described in Section 18.1
Permit Acquisition and Fundamental Environmental Permitting Considerations
(Plate 1).
Several known gold deposits are located within the boundaries of the study area
including, but not limited to the following: West Alluvial Deposit, Borealis,
Crocodile Ridge, Deep Ore Flats (also known as Polaris), East Ridge, Freedom
Flats, Gold View, Graben, Middle Ridge and Northeast Ridge. Other known deposits
occur outside the study area, still on mining claims controlled by Gryphon Gold.
These additional gold deposits, outside of the study area, which have been
subject to historical resource estimates include Cerro Duro, Jaimes Ridge, Purdy
Peak, and Boundary Ridge Zone
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4.3 PROPERTY DESCRIPTION AND OWNERSHIP
4.3.1 GENERAL PROPERTY DESCRIPTION
As of the date of this report, the Borealis property is comprised of 747
unpatented mining claims (Plate 2) of approximately 20 acres each, totaling
about 14,900 acres and one unpatented millsite claim of about 5 acres. Gryphon
Gold Corporation staked 625 of the total number of claims subsequent to entering
an option and earn-in agreement with Golden Phoenix Minerals, Inc. Gryphon Gold
Corporation is either the direct owner (625 claims) or the 100% leaseholder of
the claims (122 that cover the property ("the claims").
A review of federal and county land records relating to the property was done by
Parr Waddoups Brown Gee and Loveless, attorneys at law, and Roger Gash, who is a
Certified Professional Landman and Nevada Commissioned Abstractor, in 2003, with
subsequent updates in 2004 and January and May 2005. The review began with the
1996 conveyance of the property out of Echo Bay. The review of the claims did
not go all the way back to the original location dates for the various claims
(some of which dated back to 1953); because with Echo Bay's prior operations on
the property without challenge, Gryphon Gold was comfortable with the assumption
that ownership up through Echo Bay was without significant problems.
The lands on which the claims are located were open to mineral location at the
time of claim staking. There are no apparent conflicts with any privately owned
land. There are some overlaps with surface improvements, such as a power line
right-of-way and stock watering facilities, but those improvements do not
prevent the location of mining claims. There are some minor conflicts due to
slight overlap between the claims and some competitor-owned RAM claims,
primarily in Sections 7, 18, and 19, T6N R29E. In some cases the claims are
senior and would control the ground in conflict, and in some cases the opposite
is true. However all conflicts appear to be limited to the edges of adjoining
claims and thus are likely insignificant. All of the claims are shown on the
Bureau of Land Management ("BLM") records as being in good standing.
4.3.2 OWNERSHIP, PURCHASE AGREEMENT, AND MINING LEASE
Of the total of 747 unpatented mining claims, there are 625 contiguous lode
claims in the project area that are held directly by Gryphon Gold Corporation.
The remaining 122 core claims are owned by John W. Whitney, Hardrock Mining
Company, and Richard J. Cavell which have pooled their claim holding interest
into a simple Nevada mining partnership which does business as the Borealis
Partnership. The 122 core claims are leased from the Partnership as described
later in this section. Ownership of the claims is vested as follows:
Rainbow group, BO group, and Fox group: John W. Whitney, Hardrock Mining
Company, a Nevada corporation ("HMC"), and Richard J. Cavell;
LIS group: John W. Whitney and Richard J. Cavell as trustee for the Richard
J. Cavell Trust dated February 23, 1994;
GPM group and GG group: Gryphon Gold Corporation, a Nevada corporation;
BOR group: Gryphon Gold Corporation, a Nevada corporation
BMC group, ABC group, GLEN group, and Foxy group: Gryphon Gold Corporation,
a Nevada corporation
One of the claims is a millsite claim (BORMS #1) owned by Gryphon Gold. To be
valid, millsites must be located on non-mineral ground, and physically occupied
for milling purposes. This is unlike a mining claim which must be located on
ground containing a valuable mineral and can be held without actual mining.
Nevertheless, it is the industry custom to locate a millsite claim in the area
of a processing facility before occupation and use begins, which is the case
with BORMS #1.
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Surface access and rights to disturb the surface for mining purposes is conveyed
to the owner of the claims by the US General Mining Law. Sufficient surface area
exists within the claim block for potential future mine and metallurgical
processing facilities.
The mining claims require maintenance payments and related documents to be filed
annually to keep the claims from terminating by operation of law. The current
annual maintenance payments are made to the Bureau of Land Management in the
amount of $125.00; and to Mineral County in the amount of $12.50 for each claim.
The various claim groups have been staked over a period ranging from 1953 to the
present. Generally, and to the best of the author's knowledge, the claims have
been surveyed in a accordance with requirements of the General Mining Law by the
locator of the claims, who was likely not a registered land surveyor, for
developing a map of each claim, or group of claims which was, in turn utilized
for the purpose of establishing registration of the claims. This is consistent
with commonly accepted practices in the U.S. mining industry for locating and
maintaining unpatented mining claims.
By agreement dated January 10, 2005 between Gryphon Gold's subsidiary Borealis
Mining Company and Golden Phoenix, the Corporation, through Borealis Mining,
consolidated its interest in the Borealis Property by acquiring the remaining
interest held by Golden Phoenix in the Borealis Property for $1,400,000 (the
"Purchase Agreement"). The parties previously entered into an agreement dated
July 21, 2003 whereby Borealis Mining acquired an option to earn up to a seventy
percent (70%) joint venture interest (the "Joint Venture") in the Borealis
Property (the "Option and Joint Venture Agreement").
Pursuant to the terms of the Option and Joint Venture Agreement, Borealis Mining
would have earned a fifty percent (50%) interest in the Borealis Property by
incurring qualified expenditures on the Borealis Property or in lieu of the
qualifying expenditures by making payments to Golden Phoenix in the aggregate of
$5,000,000, or a combination thereof, during the first four years of the Option
and Joint Venture Agreement. The additional 20% interest could have been earned
by producing a qualifying feasibility study for the Borealis Property.
Golden Phoenix assigned its remaining interest in the Borealis Property to
Borealis Mining by agreement dated January 10, 2005. Gryphon Gold paid to Golden
Phoenix $400,000 upon closing of the Purchase Agreement on January 31, 2005 (the
"Closing") with additional payments due to Golden Phoenix as follows: (a)
$250,000 payable 91 days from Closing; (b) $250,000 payable 182 days from
Closing; (c) $250,000 payable 273 days from Closing; and (d) $250,000 payable
354 days from Closing. Gryphon Gold guaranteed Borealis Mining's payment
obligations to Golden Phoenix by depositing as security fifteen percent (15%) of
the issued shares of Borealis Mining's shares into escrow. As each quarterly
payment of $250,000 is made by the Corporation, a pro rata portion of the
escrowed shares shall be released to the Corporation.
The original core group of claims was, and is, subject to a Mining Lease dated
January 24, 1997 (the "Mining Lease") from the claim owners to J. D. Welsh &
Associates, Inc., a Nevada corporation. The Mining Lease contains an area of
interest provision, which still applies, such that any new mining claims
acquired by the owners within the area of interest shall automatically become
subject to the Mining Lease. Any claims that are partially within the area of
interest are deemed to be entirely within the area of interest. In accordance
with the terms of the Purchase Agreement, Gryphon Gold, through Borealis Mining,
acquired a 100% interest in a lease of the Borealis Property with Richard J.
Cavell TTTEE F/T Richard J. Cavell Trust dated 02/23/1994, Hardrock Mining
Company, a Nevada corporation, and John W. Whitney, as Lessors (the "Borealis
Mining Lease").
4.3.3 ROYALTY
Pursuant to the Borealis Mining Lease, a portion of the Borealis Property which
includes the 122 original core claims is subject to a net smelter return ("NSR")
royalty which is computed as being the average monthly price of gold divided by
100 with the result expressed as a percentage. The initial mining operations
will be located on the 122 claims in the core group.
The NSR cash value is determined by applying the resulting percentage to the
price of gold. For example, using an assumed average monthly price of gold of
$350 the NSR royalty would be 3.5% per ounce (net of refinery charges), which
would translate into a cash cost of slightly less then $12.50 per ounce produced
in that month (i.e. $350 divided by 100 = 3.5%), 3.5% of $350 is $12.25 per
ounce less refining charges.
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May 23, 2005
As described in the terms of the Borealis Mining Lease, the Borealis property is
currently subject to advance monthly royalty payments of approximately $8,614.00
per month. These advance royalty payments are subject to adjustments in the
Consumer Price Index. The Borealis Mining Lease expires in 2009 but is
extendible year to year thereafter so long as any mining activity which
continues on the Borealis Property. Any commercial production from adjacent
areas to the Borealis Property will be subject to a 2% net smelter return
royalty.
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May 23, 2005
5.0 ACCESSIBILITY, CLIMATE, LOCAL RESOURCES,
INFRASTRUCTURE AND PHYSIOGRAPHY
5.1 ACCESS
Access to the property is gained from the Lucky Boy Pass gravel road located
about 2 miles south of Hawthorne from State Highway 359 (Figure 4.1). Hawthorne
is about 133 highway miles southeast of Reno. The Borealis Property is about 16
road miles from Hawthorne.
5.2 CLIMATE AND PHYSIOGRAPHY
The elevation on the property ranges from 7,200 ft to 8,200 ft above sea level.
Topography ranges from moderate and hilly terrain with rocky knolls and peaks,
to steep and mountainous terrain in the higher elevations This relatively high
elevation produces moderate summers with high temperatures in the 90 degrees F
range. Winters can be cold and windy with temperatures dropping to 0 degrees F.
Average annual precipitation is approximately 10 inches, part of which occurs as
up to 60 inches of snowfall. Historically in the 1980's, the mine operated
throughout the year with only limited weather related interruptions.
The vegetation throughout the project area is categorized into six main
community types: pinyon / juniper woodland, sagebrush, ephemeral drainages and
areas disturbed by mining and reclaimed. Predominate species include pinyon
pine, Utah juniper, greasewood, a variety of sagebrush species, crested wheat
grass and fourwing saltbush (JBR Environmental Consultants, 2004)
5.3 EXISTING SITE CONDITIONS, INFRASTRUCTURE AND AVAILABLE SERVICES
The Borealis project site (Figure 5.1) has been reclaimed to early 1990's
standards, before new, more modern state regulations were promulgated. The pits
and the project boundary are fenced for public safety. Currently, access to the
pits and leach heap areas is gained through a locked gate. No buildings or power
lines located on the surface remain, although a major electrical transmission
line exists about 2 miles from the property. All currently existing roads in the
project area are two-track roads with most located on the old haul roads that
have been reclaimed. Water for the historical mining operations was supplied
from a well field in a topographically isolated basin located approximately 5
miles south of the planned mine site.
The nearest available services for both mine development work and mine
operations are in the small town of Hawthorne, located about 16 miles to the
east of the project area via a wide, well-maintained gravel road. Hawthorne has
substantial housing available, adequate fuel supplies and sufficient
infrastructure to take care of basic needs. For other services, Reno is located
about 133 highway miles to the northwest. Sources in Reno could supply any
material required for the development or mine operations
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May 23, 2005
(GRAPHIC OMITTED)
(Echo Bay Mines, circa 1991; modified by Gryphon Gold, 2004)
FIGURE 5.1 PHOTOGRAPH OF BOREALIS DISTRICT. VIEW TO THE EAST, WITH
FREEDOM FLATS PIT IN THE FOREGROUND. THE PHOTOGRAPH SHOWS THE SITE AS IT
WAS CIRCA 1991.
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May 23, 2005
6.0 HISTORY
6.1 HISTORY OF THE DISTRICT
The original Ramona mining district, now known as the Borealis mining district,
produced less than 1,000 ounces of gold prior to 1981. In 1978 the Borealis gold
deposit was discovered by S. W. Ivosevic (1979), a geologist working for Houston
International Minerals Company (a subsidiary of Houston Oil and Minerals
Corporation). The property was acquired from the Whitney Partnership, which
later became the Borealis Partnership, following Houston's examination of the
submitted property. Initial discovery of ore-grade gold mineralization in the
Borealis district and subsequent rapid development resulted in production
beginning in October 1981 as an open pit mining and heap leaching operation.
Tenneco Minerals acquired the assets of Houston International Minerals in late
1981, and continued production from the Borealis mine. Subsequently, several
other gold deposits were discovered and mined by open pit methods along the
generally northeast-striking Borealis trend, and also several small deposits
were discovered further to the west in the Cerro Duro area. Tenneco's
exploration in early 1986 discovered the Freedom Flats deposit beneath thin
alluvial cover on the pediment southwest of the Borealis mine. In October 1986
Echo Bay Mines acquired the assets of Tenneco Minerals.
With the completion of mining of the readily available oxide ore in the Freedom
Flats deposit and other deposits in the district, active mining was terminated
in January 1990, and leaching operations ended in late 1990. Echo Bay left
behind a number of oxidized and sulfide-bearing gold mineral resources. All
eight open pit operations are reported to have produced 10.7 million tons of ore
averaging 0.059 ounces of gold per ton (opt Au) (Golden Phoenix Minerals, 2000).
Gold recovered from the material placed on heaps was approximately 500,000
ounces, plus an estimated 1.5 million ounces of silver. Echo Bay chose to close
the mine instead of continuing development of the remaining mineral resources,
because of impending new environmental closure regulations and the desire to
focus on their McCoy/Cove gold-silver deposits south of Battle Mountain.
Reclamation of the closed mine began immediately and continued for several years
in order to meet the deadline for the less-restrictive regulations. Echo Bay
decided not to continue with its own exploration, and the property was farmed
out as a joint venture in 1990-91 to Billiton Minerals, which drilled 28 reverse
circulation (RC) exploration holes on outlying targets for a total of 8,120 ft.
Billiton quickly dropped the property with no retained interest. Their exit was
attributed to change in management direction and restructuring.
Then Santa Fe Pacific Mining, Inc. entered into a joint venture with Echo Bay in
1992-93 (Kortemeier, 1993), compiled data, constructed a digital drill-hole
database and drilled 32 deep RC and deep core holes, including a number of holes
into the Graben deposit. Santa Fe Pacific had success in identifying new
sulfide-zone gold mineralization, but terminated the joint venture because of
reduced exploration budgets. Echo Bay completed all reclamation requirements in
1994, showcased the reclamation, and then terminated its lease agreement with
the Borealis Partnership in 1996.
In 1996 J.D. Welsh & Associates, Inc. negotiated an option-to-lease agreement
for the Borealis property from the Borealis Partnership. J.D. Welsh performed
contract reclamation work for Echo Bay and was responsible for monitoring the
drain down of the leach heaps. During this time Welsh recognized the excellent
remaining gold potential, and upon signing the lease, immediately joint ventured
the project with Cambior Exploration U.S.A., Inc. Cambior performed a major data
compilation program and several gradient IP surveys. In 1998 the company drilled
10 holes which succeeded in extending the Graben deposit and in identifying new
zones of gold mineralization near Sunset Wash. Cambior terminated the joint
venture in late 1998 because of severe budget constraints.
During the Cambior joint venture period, in late 1997, Golden Phoenix Minerals
entered an agreement to purchase a portion of J.D. Welsh's interest in the
property. J.D. Welsh sold his remaining interest in the property to a third
party, which in turn sold it to Golden Phoenix Minerals, so that the company
controlled 100% interest in the lease beginning in 2000 (Golden Phoenix
Minerals, 2000). Golden Phoenix personnel reviewed project data, compiled and
constructed a digital drill-hole database (previously not in a computer based
resource modeling input form), compiled exploration information and developed
concepts, maintained the property during the years of low gold prices, and
developed new mineral resource estimates for the entire property.
In July 2003 the Borealis property was joint-ventured by Golden Phoenix Minerals
with Borealis Mining Company ("BMC") which is a wholly owned subsidiary of
Gryphon Gold Corporation.. BMC, the operator of the joint venture originally
controlled the property through an option agreement with Golden Phoenix
Minerals, Inc.,
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May 23, 2005
whereby BMC could earn a 70% joint venture interest in the property. BMC had the
right to acquire its interest in the Borealis property with a combination of
qualified expenditures on work programs, and/or making payments to Golden
Phoenix, and/or delivering a feasibility study over a period of five and a half
years beginning July 2003. In January 2005 BMC purchased 100 % interest in the
lease agreement and Golden Phoenix surrendered its interest in the property.
BMC and Gryphon Gold have expended a considerable effort consolidating the
available historical data and flat files since acquiring an interest in the
property. Files were located in the offices of Whitney and Whitney, Inc.
(consultants to the Borealis Partnership) and Golden Phoenix Minerals Inc., both
in Reno. General information and data included, but are not limited to, a
variety of historical production records, geologic reports, environmental
reports, geophysical and geochemical surveys, historical land and legal
documents and drill-hole assay data. It is estimated that in excess of 150,000
pages of information has been located. This knowledge base has been scanned, and
converted into a searchable electronic form. The electronic database has formed
the basis of re-interpretation of the district geologic setting, and helped to
form the foundation for a new understanding of the district's potential.
Ownership of the information passed from Golden Phoenix Minerals, Inc. to
Gryphon Gold at the time Gryphon Gold acquired the remaining 30% interest from
its JV partner.
6.2 PAST PRODUCTION
In the Borealis project area, several gold deposits have been defined by
drilling and some have been only partially mined. Reports on past production
vary. The past gold production from pits at Borealis, as reported by recent
operating companies at Borealis, is tabulated in Table 6.1. The total of past
gold production was approximately 10.6 million tons of ore averaging 0.057
ounces per ton (opt) gold, although a report published in 1991 by Echo Bay Mines
(Eng, 1991) indicated that 10.7 million tons of ore averaging 0.059 opt Au
(635,000 oz) was mined through 1989. Mine production resulting from limited
operations in 1990 is not included in either figure. Although no complete
historical silver production records still exist at this time, the average
silver content of ore mined from all eight pits appears in the range of five
ounces of silver for each ounce of gold. It is likely that about 1.5 million
ounces of silver was shipped from the property in the dore bullion.
TABLE 6.1
REPORTED PAST BOREALIS PRODUCTION, 1981-1990
CRUSHED AND GRADE
AGGLOMERATED ORE TONS (OPT AU) CONTAINED GOLD (OZ)
---------------- ---------- -------- -------------------
Borealis 1,488,900 0.103 153,360
Freedom Flats 1,280,000 0.153 195,800
Jaime's/Cerro Duro/Purdy 517,900 0.108 55,900
East Ridge 795,000 0.059 46,900
Gold View 264,000 0.047 12,400
---------- ----- -------
TOTAL 4,345,800 0.107 464,360
========== ===== =======
RUN OF MINE ORE
East Ridge 2,605,000 0.021 54,700
Polaris (Deep Ore Flats) 250,000 0.038 9,500
Gold View 396,000 0.009 3,500
Northeast Ridge 3,000,000 0.025 75,000
---------- ----- -------
TOTAL 6,251,000 0.023 142,700
========== ===== =======
GRAND TOTAL 10,596,800 0.057 607,060
========== ===== =======
Note: Eng (1991) reports that the material mined contained a total of 635,000
ounces of gold.
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May 23, 2005
6.3 PREVIOUS MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATES
Since the termination of mining by Echo Bay Mines in 1990, several companies
have made estimates of the Borealis district mineral resources. Santa Fe Pacific
and Cambior Exploration attempted estimates on selected portions of the
property. Comprehensive estimates of all remaining mineral resources were made
first by John Whitney in 1996, Whitney and Whitney, Inc. in 1999(3), Golden
Phoenix Minerals, Inc. in 2000, and Behre Dolbear and Company, Inc.(4) in 2004.
Whitney and Whitney (1999) estimated a total of 42,778,000 tons averaging 0.036
opt Au for a total of about 1,551,000 oz Au, including 199,000 oz Au in the
heaps and stockpiles/dumps. The comprehensive estimates compiled data from
several previous operators of the mine and estimated other mineral resources
manually. Included in the Whitney and Whitney estimate is a mineral resource
identified outside the model limits of this study near the area of Deep Ore
Flats which contains mineralized material estimated in the range of 8,000,000
tons with an average grade of 0.030 opt (approximately 240,000 ounces). The data
supporting this estimate has not been validated nor is the estimate to a NI
43-101 standard, and therefore not included in the resource inventory tabulated
in this report.
Golden Phoenix Minerals (2000) completed a thorough compilation and review of
the drill-hole database and then estimated the mineral resources, primarily by
manual methods with computer assistance and Inverse Distance Weighting (ID3)
interpolation, but they did not include resources in the heaps and stockpiles.
The Golden Phoenix estimate utilizes mining industry acceptable estimating
techniques and parameters, but was not completed at the time of the estimate to
NI 43-101 standards. As reported by Golden Phoenix (2000) in their US public
disclosure documents, Behre Dolbear and Company reviewed the estimate and found
it to be satisfactory.
Gryphon Gold later commissioned Behre Dolbear to develop a technical report
titled A Preliminary Scoping Study of Project Development, Borealis Gold
Project, Nevada, which was completed in May 2004 An integral part of the study
was mineral resources and potentially mineable resources estimation. Resources
were calculated by the Inverse Distance Weighting method (ID3) for Freedom Flats
and Graben, by the three-pass ID2 method for Polaris (Deep Ore Flats), and by
the three-pass ordinary kriging method for Borealis, East Ridge/Gold View, and
Northeast Ridge. The resource estimate in this study was certified to NI 43-101
criteria by the author (who is a Qualified Person), but was not submitted for
regulatory agency review because Gryphon Gold was a private Nevada company at
the time of report completion. Additionally, this estimate does not reflect the
increased level of geologic understanding that has been incorporated into the
current model described in this technical report.
- ----------
(3) Whitney and Whitney Inc., is a well established, Reno, Nevada based
management consulting firm offering business technical and management
services to the minerals resource industry, assistance in the development
of mining legislation taxation and investment policies and technical
auditing of operations and mining reserves.
(4) Behre Dolbear and Company, Inc. is one of the oldest, continually operating
mineral industry engineering and consulting firms in the world. The company
specializes in performing studies and consulting for a wide range of
businesses with interests in the minerals industry.
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May 23, 2005
TABLE 6.2. COMPARISON OF HISTORICAL POST MINING RESOURCE ESTIMATES.
MEASURED + INDICATED
----------------------
ktons opt k oz
------ ----- -----
IN SITU RESOURCES
Whitney & Whitney Inc. 25,038 0.054 1,351
Golden Phoenix Minerals, Inc. 33,399 0.044 1,455
Behre Dolbear & Company, Inc. 14,822 0.040 594
RESOURCE IN HEAPS AND DUMPS
Whitney & Whitney 17,750 0.011 199
Golden Phoenix Minerals -- -- --
Behre Dolbear -- -- --
INFERRED
----------------------
ktons opt k oz
------ ----- -----
IN SITU RESOURCES
Whitney & Whitney Inc. 2,700 0.022 60
Golden Phoenix Minerals, Inc. -- -- --
Behre Dolbear & Company, Inc. 12,125 0.048 583
RESOURCE IN HEAPS AND DUMPS
Whitney & Whitney -- -- --
Golden Phoenix Minerals -- -- --
Behre Dolbear 16,312 0.019 304
Notes:
1. All estimates include resource estimates from Borealis, Freedom Flats
Polaris, East Ridge, Cerro Duro, Jamies Ridge and Purdy Peak and
immediately 1 adjacent contiguous resource zones.
2. Resource estimates by Whitney and Whitney, Inc. and Golden Phoenix
Minerals, Inc. are not reported to current NI 43-101 standards.
3. Behre Dolbear and Company (2004) has certified that their resource estimate
is compliant with NI 43-101 standards, but the report has has not been 3
submitted for regulatory agency review
4. Cutoff grades are not reported for Whitney and Whitney estimate, Golden
Phoenix estimate cutoff is .008 opt, and Behre Dolbear cutoff is 0.010 opt.
Metallurgical recovery is not applied.
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May 23, 2005
6.3.1 IN-SITU MINERAL RESOURCES AT JAMIES RIDGE, CERRO DURO, AND PURDY PEAK
Several known gold deposits have been identified within the boundaries of the
Borealis property holdings which are not located within the current study area
boundary.
The Jamies Ridge, Cerro Duro and Purdy Peak deposits are located about three
miles northwest of the current study area, and they are also part of the entire
Borealis project mining claim holdings. Mining has taken place at Cerro Duro and
Jamies Ridge in the 1980's by Echo Bay Mines Ltd and its predecessor companies.
The insitu mineral resource estimates are extracted from historical records
(Golden Phoenix, 2000) show the resource remaining in this area after mining has
been completed. The tonnage and grade shown in Table 6.3, and has been estimated
by Golden Phoenix Minerals (2000), but was completed prior to promulgation of NI
43-101 criteria. The calculation is reported to have been completed by the then
current industry standard resource calculation methodology. This estimate has
not been calculated to current NI43-101 standards, nor has it been verified for
this study, and should not be relied upon.
TABLE 6.3. HISTORICAL MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATE OF THE JAMIES RIDGE,
CERRO DURO AND PURDY PEAK DEPOSTIS (GOLDEN PHOENIX MINERALS, INC., 2000)
CONTAINED
RESOURCE TONS GRADE OZ GOLD
CLASS RESOURCEZONE CUTOFF (OPT) (1000'S) (OPT) (1000'S)
-------- ---------------- ------------- -------- ----- ---------
Jamies Ridge and
Indicated Cerro Duro not available 1,499 0.035 52
Indicated Purdy's Peak not available 1,024 0.030 31
----- ----- ---
Total 2,523 0.033 83
Note: This estimate is not to NI43-101 standard and was not reviewed or audited
for this report.
6.3.2 IN-SITU MINERAL RESOURCES AT BOUNDARY RIDGE
The Boundary Ridge zone is located about three miles to the southeast of the
Borealis and East Ridge resource areas. No recent commercially scaled mining has
taken place in this area. New mining claims in this area have been located
within the past six to eight months by Gryphon Gold. Previously the Boundary
Ridge zone was not fully covered by the core group of mining claims controlled
by Gryphon Gold. Geologic mapping and sampling and more than 70 drill holes have
been completed in this general area by previous operators. No new resource
models have been constructed for this area in this study. A Boundary Ridge zone
inferred resource estimate has been completed by Whitney and Whitney (1999) as
shown in Table 6.4,. This estimate has not been calculated to current NI43-101
standards, nor has it been verified for this study, and should not be relied
upon.
TABLE 6.4. HISTORICAL MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATE OF THE BOUNDARY RIDGE ZONE
(WHITNEY AND WHITNEY, 1999)
CONTAINED
RESOURCE CUTOFF TONS GRADE OZ GOLD
CLASS RESOURCE ZONE (OPT) (1000'S) (OPT) (1000'S)
- -------- ------------------- ------------- -------- ----- ---------
Inferred Boundary Ridge Zone not available 2,700 0.022 60
Note: This estimate is not to NI43-101 standard and was not reviewed or audited
for this report.
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May 23, 2005
7.0 GEOLOGIC SETTING
This section has been compiled in association with Gryphon Gold's geologic
staff, which includes a "Qualified Person" for the purpose of NI 43-101,
Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects, Roger C. Steininger, PhD, CPG
(AIPG), and Consulting Chief Geologist.
7.1 REGIONAL GEOLOGY
The Borealis mining district lies within the northwest-trending Walker Lane
mineral belt of the western Basin and Range province, which hosts numerous gold
and silver deposits as shown in Figure 7.1. The Walker Lane structural zone is
characterized by regional-scale strike-slip faults, although none of these are
known specifically in the Borealis district. Mesozoic metamorphic rocks in the
region are intruded by Cretaceous granitic plutons. In the Wassuk range the
Mesozoic basement is principally granodiorite with metamorphic rock inclusions
(Eng, 1991). Overlying these rocks are minor occurrences of Tertiary rhyolitic
tuffs and more extensive andesite flows. Near some fault zones, the granitic
basement rocks exposed in the eastern part of the district are locally weakly
altered and limonite stained.
The oldest exposed Tertiary rocks are rhyolitic tuffs in small isolated outcrops
which may be erosional remnants of a more extensive unit. The rhyolitic tuffs
may be correlative with regionally extensive Oligocene rhyolitic ignimbrites
found in the Yerington area to the north and within the northern Wassuk Range.
On the west side of the Wassuk Range, a thick sequence of older Miocene
andesitic volcanic rocks unconformably overlies and is in fault contact with the
granitic and metamorphic rocks, which generally occur east of the Borealis
district. The age of the andesites is poorly constrained due to limited regional
dating, but an age of 19 to 15 Ma is suggested ("Ma" refers to million years
before present). In the Aurora district, 10 miles southwest of Borealis,
andesitic agglomerates and flows dated at 15.4 to 13.5 Ma overlie Mesozoic
basement rocks and host gold-silver mineralization. Based on these data, the
andesites in the Borealis region can be considered as 19 to 13.5 Ma. Rocks of
the Miocene Wassuk Group locally overlie older andesites and underlie much of
Fletcher Valley, which is a late Tertiary structural basin located west of the
district. The Wassuk Group is up to 8,200 ft thick near its type locality, but
much thinner in the Borealis district where its Coal Valley member is found.
Much of the Wassuk Group sedimentary rocks in the Borealis area appear to have
been removed by erosion. The Wassuk Group consists of a sequence of interbedded
fluviolacustrine, andesitic sedimentary rocks with less abundant andesitic lava
flows near its base, and it ranges in age from 13 to 8 Ma. Pliocene and
Quaternary fanglomerates and pediment gravels overlie the Wassuk Group, or the
older andesites where the Wassuk Group is missing, and thicken in the direction
of Fletcher Basin.
The Borealis district lies within the northeast-trending Bodie-Aurora-Borealis
mineral belt; the Aurora district with 1.9 million ounces of past gold
production lies 10 miles southwest of Borealis and the Bodie district with 1.5
million ounces of gold production lies 19 miles southwest in California
(Silberman and Chesterman, 1991). All three mining districts are hosted by
Miocene volcanics. The intersection of northwesterly and west-northwesterly
trending Walker Lane structures with the northeasterly trending structures of
the Aurora-Borealis zone probably provided the structural preparation conducive
to extensive hydrothermal alteration and mineralization at Borealis. Additional
information on these adjacent districts is provided in Section 15.0 of this
report.
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(GRAPHIC OMITTED)
(source: Gryphon Gold Corp.)
FIGURE 7.1. WALKER LANE GOLD AND SILVER DEPOSITS
7.2 LOCAL GEOLOGY
The Borealis district mineralization is hosted by upper and lower Miocene
andesite flows, laharic breccias, and volcaniclastic tuffs, which exceed 1000 to
1200 ft in thickness, strike northeasterly, and dip shallowly to the northwest
(Figure 7.2). The andesite is internally subdivided into upper and lower
volcanic packages which are laterally extensive and constitute the predominant
bedrock in the district. These packages host most of the gold ore deposits. The
most favorable host horizon is the upper andesite and the contact zone between
the two andesite packages. An overlying upper tuff is limited in aerial extent
due to erosion (Eng, 1991). All of these units are cut by steeply dipping
northeast-trending faults that probably provided conduits for mineralizing
hydrothermal fluids in the principal mineralized trends. Pediment gravels cover
the altered-mineralized volcanic rocks at lower elevations along the range front
and overlie many of the best exploration targets. Wide-spaced drilling indicates
that the majority of the altered-mineralized area is covered by pediment gravels
over a seven-mile long zone in the southern and southwestern parts of the
district. Much of this area has received only minor testing with systematic
multidisciplinary exploration.
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(MAP-GRAPHIC OMITTED)
(source Echo Bay Mines, circa 1989, modified to reflect new
property boundaries by Gryphon Gold 2005)
FIGURE 7.2. GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE BOREALIS PROJECT AREA.
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7.2.1 MIOCENE AND YOUNGER ROCKS
The lower andesite is the oldest volcanostratigraphic unit and is composed
predominantly of andesitic flow breccias, with less abundant lava flows and
minor lahars. The unit is often mottled, ranging from light gray-green to
purple-brown. The rocks typically are weakly porphyritic, containing phenocrysts
of small feldspars and minor hornblende and biotite. Flow breccias consist of
andesite clasts in the weakly altered groundmass of feldspar and clay minerals.
These features cause the unit to be poorly indurated and incompetent. The lower
andesite exceeds 500 ft in thickness and lies unconformably on, or is in fault
contact with, Mesozoic basement rocks. The lower andesite is not a favorable
host rock, and only minor gold production has been derived from it.
The upper andesite unit is composed of green-gray, weakly to moderately
porphyritic andesite lava flows that are more indurated and massive than those
of the underlying lower andesite. These lavas contain 10 to 25 percent
phenocrysts of feldspar with less abundant phenocrysts of biotite, hornblende,
and pyroxene. This unit is as much as 300 ft thick in the Freedom Flats deposit,
and it hosts ore in each of the deposits of the district.
Overlying the andesite units is the upper tuff. This unit consists of a complex
interbedded sequence of volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks, lava flows of
intermediate to mafic composition, and less abundant tuffs. The upper tuff is
host to some of the gold mineralization in the Freedom Flats and Borealis
deposits.
Overlying the upper tuff is the post-mineralization Wassuk Group, including the
clastic sediments of the Coal Valley Formation (TCV), consists of weakly
cemented gravel, sandstone to conglomerate, and ash units, all of which appear
to be locally derived. Lying above the Wassuk Group are Pliocene and Quaternary
pediment gravels (QAL). The older gravel contains abundant clasts of opaline and
chalcedonic silica. The younger gravel contains clasts of unaltered and
propylitized andesitic country rocks with less abundant clasts of silicified
rock.
Intrusive rocks found in the Borealis area are difficult to recognize due to
intense alteration of both the host rocks and intrusive rocks. In the Freedom
Flats pit, fine- to medium-grained intrusive biotite andesite porphyry was
identified and contains up to 40 percent phenocrysts. This intrusive may be
related to the igneous heat engine that drove the gold-bearing hydrothermal
system in the Borealis district.
Figure 7.3 shows the volcanostratigraphic section at Borealis.
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(GRAPHIC OMITTED)
(Source: Gryphon Gold Corp., based on information from
Cambior Exploration, 1998)
Note:
DOF = Deep Ore Flats, NER = Northeast Ridge, GV = Gold View,
ER = East Ridge, JR = Jaimes Ridge, FF = Freedom Flats, G =
Graben, B = Borealis, CD = Cerro Duro
FIGURE 7.3 STRATIGRAPHIC SECTION IN THE BOREALIS DISTRICT
7.2.3 STRUCTURE
Structures in the district are dominantly northeast-striking normal faults with
steep northwest dips, and generally west-northwest-striking range-front faults
with steep southerly dips. A pattern of northeast-trending horsts and grabens
occur in the district, according to Eng (1991). Both of the fault systems lie in
regional trends of known mineralized systems, and Borealis appears to be at a
major intersection of these mineralized trends. A number of the pre-mineral
faults of both orientations in the district may have been conduits for
higher-grade hydrothermal mineralization, which often followed the planes of the
faults and formed high-grade pods. Movement along most of the faults in the
Borealis district appears to be normal, although some faults also display a
strike-slip component of movement. In the mined part of the district, rocks are
mostly down dropped on the northwest side of northeast-trending faults, which is
part of a graben. The Graben deposit appears to be controlled by a
north-northeast trending structure dipping steeply to the east, and no other
structures of this orientation have been identified
All these major faults have acted as conduits for hydrothermal fluids or loci
for development of mineralized hydrothermal breccias and silicification.
Emplacement mechanisms of the ore deposits included hydrothermal brecciation
concurrent with, and followed by, pervasive silicification and sulfide/precious
metal introduction within or adjacent to feeder structures. It is likely that
some deposits, such as the high-grade pod in the Freedom Flats deposit, may have
been initially localized along the intersections of small second order faults
with the major feeder structures. In plan view these high-grade pods are
relatively small and diligent effort is required to locate and define them.
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In addition to high-grade pods, much of the Borealis district gold
mineralization is contained in flat-lying tabular deposits extending outward
from the feeder structures. Control of the flatter deposits is probably
volcano-stratigraphy with more permeable units or contact zones providing the
permeability for mineralizing fluids.
In the western part of the Borealis district where the Cerro Duro and Jaimes
Ridge deposits are found, structures are predominantly west-northwest-trending
normal faults including some that separate Mesozoic granites from the Miocene
volcanic rocks. These faults are responsible for localizing some of the
mineralization in this part of the district along with northeast-trending
faults. Post-mineral movement of a series of the west-northwest-trending,
range-front faults suggest a progressive down dropping of the southern blocks
toward the valley floor.
Speculation on the occurrence of a volcanotectonic depression or a caldera in
the Borealis district is tentatively supported by aeromagnetic anomalies that
form two or more circular patterns beneath the pediment. Surface geology
features are not definitive in identifying these structures however, and
confirmation of the volcanic structures will depend on the results of drill
holes that will explore the pediment area.
Post-mineral faulting is common and needs to be identified accurately,
especially where ore-grade material is terminated or offset by faulting.
Post-mineral faulting may be oriented: 1) west-northwesterly paralleling the
range front, 2) northeasterly paralleling the other dominant regional and
district faulting, and possibly 3) northerly, by reactivating pre-mineral
structures that likely controlled Graben mineralization. Post-mineral faulting
has displaced portions of several of the previously mined deposits.
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8.0 DEPOSIT TYPE
This section has been compiled in association with Gryphon Gold's geologic
staff, which includes a "Qualified Person" for the purpose of NI 43-101,
Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects, Roger C. Steininger, PhD, CPG
(AIPG), and Consulting Chief Geologist.
8.1 HYDROTHERMAL GOLD DEPOSITS
The Borealis hydrothermal system is recognized as a high-sulfidation type system
generally with high-grade gold occurring along steeply dipping structures and
lower grade gold both surrounding the high-grade and commonly controlled by
volcanic stratigraphy in relatively flat-lying zones. Gold deposits with minor
silver are hosted by Miocene andesitic flows, laharic breccias, and
volcaniclastic tuffs, which all strike northeasterly and dip shallowly to the
northwest. Pediment gravels cover the altered-mineralized volcanic rocks at
lower elevations along the mountain front and there is potential for discovery
of more blind deposits, similar to the Graben deposit.
The Borealis hydrothermal system is defined as high-sulfidation (acid sulfate)
based on the following features: presence of advanced argillic alteration with
alunite deep in the system; presence of large bodies of opaline silica; presence
of many zones of acid leaching with feldspar phenocrysts removed leaving "vuggy"
silica rock; presence of minor amounts of enargite; lack of adularia; and high
iron-sulfide content, principally pyrite with minor marcasite.
Structures controlling ore deposits are both northeast-striking faults and
generally west-northwest-striking faults. Steeply dipping faults in the district
may have been feeders for high-grade gold deposits. High-grade zones were likely
formed by more than one episode of hydrothermal, possibly explosive, brecciation
and silification with accompanying metallic minerals deposition. The vertical
high-grade zones in the Freedom Flats deposit probably formed through this
mechanism along a northeast-trending structure.
The Graben system appears to be localized along an elongate
north-northeast-trending structural zone containing two or more high-grade gold
pods or shoots that plunge steeply (45-60 degrees) to the east. Hydrothermal
brecciation and pervasive silicification are also common to the Graben system.
The Graben deposit is somewhat different than other deposits in the district.
Both the low-grade gold zone and hydrothermal brecciation are more extensive.
Within the low-grade gold aureole are at least three apparently separate
high-grade gold zones although resource modeling combines two of the three.
Resource modeling also identifies continuity of the moderate to high-grade zone
for 2,000 ft in length and from 50 to 200 ft wide. There is less well developed
and extensive "vuggy" silica zones. Additionally, the apparent structural
control has a north-northeasterly orientation which is unusual in the district.
Due to extensive gravel cover in the pediment environment, additional blind
deposits such as the Graben deposit are expected to be discovered as exploration
progresses beneath the alluvial cover.
Other gold deposits in the district have similar alteration features, but may
have been developed by less explosive events. In these other systems,
gold-bearing mineralizing fluids migrated upward along fault zones at the
intersection of favorable lithologic horizons where the gold-bearing fluids
moved laterally and deposited lower-grade mineralization. This process created
gold deposits that have a flat-lying orientation and appear to be lenticular in
section. The original Borealis deposit and the lower-grade portions of the
Graben deposit are examples. The Graben deposit has components of both styles.
The surface "footprints" of the high-grade pods or pipes found to date are
rather small and they can be easily missed with patterns of too widely spaced
geophysical surveys and drill holes. Once a higher-grade zone is suspected,
fences of drill holes with a 50-ft spacing may be required, but even this
spacing may not be adequate to accurately define the high grade within the
zones. Tony Eng (1991) describes the underestimation of grades in the Freedom
Flats deposit due to the drill holes missing small very high-grade pods (>0.5
opt Au) of mineralization and to possible loss of fines during drilling. Two
aspects not covered by Eng, but ones that have become extremely important are
the orientation of drill holes with respect to controls of the mineralized zones
and the inferred presence of a coarse gold component. Because much of the
high-grade gold occurs along steeply dipping structures, the mineralized zones
can best be defined by angle drill holes oriented approximately normal to the
dip of the controlling features. Most of the drilling on the property, including
the Graben deposit, is vertical, and therefore did not adequately sample the
steep higher-grade zones. Drill-hole orientation has compounded the
underestimation of grades within the district. The coarse gold component can
best be captured with very careful sampling of drill cuttings and core,
collecting large samples, and special assaying techniques.
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Most deposits mined in the district, including the Borealis, have a generally
flatter tabular shape, and they may have formed parallel to, and within,
permeable portions of gently dipping volcanic flows or lahars, and along contact
zones between lithologies. Beneath and along the northwest margin of the
Borealis pit, additional flat-lying gold zones of the Borealis Extension and
another deeper zone are found. Steeply dipping high-grade feeder structures have
been identified within the original Borealis deposit and extend beneath the pit.
Similarly other steeply dipping high-grade feeder structures have been
identified within other deposits and can be projected below the limit of
drilling. Substantial drilling is required to define the extent of these
mineralized zones.
The core of the area in and proximal to the Graben deposit is characterized by a
complex hydrothermal breccia that hosts most of the gold mineralization, and
extends vertically and laterally beyond the limits of the deposit. The form of
the breccia is imperfectly known, but there are indications that it has steeply
dipping roots and flares near its top into a subhorizontal zone that may be
controlled by lithology or contact zones. Several varieties of breccia are
present, many of which may be variations of the same event. Two units seem to
have consistent cross-cutting relationships in several core holes; therefore at
least two periods of brecciation are present. The younger unit is light gray and
it intrudes the older black breccia. The light-gray breccia contains about 40%
clasts that are matrix supported. Typically, the clasts are from a few
millimeters to a few centimeters across in an extremely fine-grained light-gray
siliceous matrix. The majority of the clasts contain 100% texture destructive
secondary silicification. In a few areas clasts of moderately silicified and
weakly argillized welded tuff(?) and siltstone(?) occur. This breccia commonly
contains 1-5% pyrite, most of which is in the matrix.
The younger black breccia contains a variety of sub-textures that will be
described together as part of this breccia, but it is recognized that some, or
all, of these could be separate brecciation events. Black breccia contains 40 to
60% clasts up to 10 centimeters across in a dense siliceous matrix. Clasts are
matrix supported and consist primarily of dark gray to black highly siliceous
material of unknown origin, with lesser amounts of silicified andesite, welded
tuff, and massive iron sulfide clots. In places the unit is extremely black and
sooty, as if there is an organic component or, alternatively, very fine-grained
sulfides. Several of the drill holes pass from the breccia into altered
andesite. The contact zone is characterized by a gradational decrease in
brecciation into unbrecciated silicified andesite over a few feet. There is also
a corresponding decrease in the amount of silicification into argillized
andesite. Two of the more common textures within the black breccia are zones of
banded matrix with few, if any, clasts and areas of vuggy textures. The banded
zones typically occur with the banding at high-angles to the core axis. The
areas of vuggy texture appear similar to other areas of "acid leaching" on the
property. Generally, the cavities are lined with quartz and pyrite. All of the
breccias are cut by at least two periods of quartz veins, the oldest of which
are white quartz up to 10 mm wide, and the younger are dark quartz-pyrite veins
that are up to 5 mm wide and cut the white quartz veins. Pyrite and minor
marcasite are concentrated in the matrix where clots of >50% iron sulfides are
common. Generally, the matrix contains 5 to 25% iron sulfides while the clasts
contain 1 to 5% iron sulfides. The only feature within the breccia that seems to
correlate with high grades of gold mineralization is the abundance of quartz
veining of either type. While all of the breccias contain iron sulfides, not all
breccias contain gold.
8.2 GOLD IN ALLUVIUM
Several drill holes to the west of Freedom Flats and Borealis encountered gold
within the alluvium. These holes trace a gold-bearing zone that in plan appears
to outline a paleochannel of a stream or gently sloping hillside that may have
had its origin in the eroding Borealis deposit. The zone is at least 2,500 feet
long, up to 500 feet wide, and several tens up to 100 feet thick. An initial
estimate of the average grade of this zone is about 0.005 opt Au. At this point
it is unknown if this is a true placer deposit, an alluvial deposit of broken
ore, or some combination of both. Additional drilling and beneficiation tests
are needed to determine if an economic gold deposit exists.
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May 23, 2005
9.0 MINERALIZATION
This section has been compiled in association with Gryphon Gold's geologic
staff, which includes a "Qualified Person" for the purpose of NI 43-101,
Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects, Roger C. Steininger, PhD, CPG
(AIPG), and Consulting Chief Geologist.
Alteration and mineralization most closely associated with ore-grade material
are vuggy fine-grained silica, iron sulfides, and quartz veining, and
hydrothermal brecciation is also common. Alteration patterns grade outward from
the central vuggy silica zone into kaolinite-quartz-pyrite, which grades outward
into kaolinite-pyrite, and then to outermost propylitic halo with minor pyrite.
Advanced argillic alteration with alunite may have overprinted the
kaolinite-bearing zones. The silver to gold ratio generally averages between 3:1
and 5:1 in each of the deposits, and silver commonly forms a discontinuous halo
around, and overlaps, the central gold mineralization. Even more importantly,
the gold mineralization in the identified deposits is surrounded by a halo of
much lower grade gold mineralization, generally above 0.002 opt. Arsenic and
antimony are strongly anomalous in a broad envelope around the gold deposits.
Recent fieldwork has identified an early stage of chalcedonic silica alteration
with pyrite containing elevated trace elements such as arsenic, antimony, and
mercury, but it is largely devoid of, but probably related to, precious metals
mineralization. Recognition of this early, barren silica alteration is important
so that it can be avoided when locating and optimizing drilling programs,
although blind gold-bearing systems could occur beneath, or near, barren silica.
Post mineral faulting is common, and needs to be identified accurately,
especially where ore-grade mineralization is displaced or terminated by
faulting.
Finely disseminated gold found in the Borealis mineralized system was initially
enclosed within pyrite. In some portions of the deposits, through natural
oxidation, the pyrite was oxidized to limonite and the gold was released; thus
gold was made available to extraction by cyanidation. Limited evidence suggests
coarse gold exists, probably in the high-grade zones. Honea (1988, 1993) has
noted coarse gold up to 29 microns in polished sections of samples from
Northeast Ridge and the Graben, and Strachen (1981) reported visible gold
ranging from 2 microns to 25 microns from samples taken from the Borealis pit
area. Gold still bound in pyrite or pyrite-silica is not easily recovered by a
simple cyanide heap leach operation, and some type of milling operation would be
anticipated.
9.1 OXIDE GOLD MINERALIZATION
Oxide deposits in the district have goethite, hematite, and jarosite as the
supergene oxidation products after iron sulfides, and the limonite type depends
primarily on original sulfide mineralogy and abundance. Iron oxide minerals
occur as thin fracture coatings, fillings, earthy masses, as well as
disseminations throughout the rock, according to Eng (1991).
"Barite occurs as both fine- and coarse-grained crystals, and frequently lines
voids and coats iron oxide minerals. These textures indicate that barite is very
late in the paragenetic sequence. Alunite is very fine grained and has been
identified only by x-ray and petrographic work," according to Eng (1991). At
least part of the alunite is supergene in origin. Grains of free gold are
occasionally found in oxidized high-grade rock samples.
Depth of oxidation is variable throughout the district and is dependent on
alteration type, structure, and rock type. Oxidation ranges from approximately
250 ft in argillic and propylitic altered rocks to over 600 ft in silicified
rocks that are also fractured. A transition zone from oxides to sulfides with
depth is common with a mixing of oxide and sulfide minerals.
Except for the Graben deposit, all of the known gold deposits are at least
partially oxidized. Typically the upper portion of a deposit is totally oxidized
and the lower portions unoxidized. In places, such as the Ridge deposits, there
is an extensive transition zone of partially oxidized sulfide bearing gold
mineralization. Oxidation has been observed to at least 1,000 ft below the
surface. Therefore, there is reason to believe that if additional gold deposits
are found under gravel cover, some portion of them may be oxidized.
9.2 SULFIDE GOLD MINERALIZATION
Sulfide deposits in the district are mostly contained within quartz-pyrite
alteration with the sulfides consisting mostly of pyrite with minor marcasite,
and lesser arsenopyrite and cinnabar. Many trace minerals of copper, antimony,
arsenic, mercury, and silver have also been identified. Pyrite content ranges
from 5 to 20 volume percent with local areas of nearly massive sulfides in the
quartz-pyrite zone and it occurs with grain sizes up to 1mm.
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Euhedral pyrite grains are commonly rimmed and partially replaced with a later
stage of anhedral pyrite overgrowths (Eng, 1991). Study of this phenomenon in
other epithermal districts in Nevada has shown that gold occurs only in the late
overgrowths.
The Graben deposit is the best example found to date of the size and quality of
sulfide deposits within the district. In addition sulfide mineral resources
occur in the bottoms of most of the pits, but the most significant mineral
resource in a pit environment is found beneath the Freedom Flats pit. Potential
targets below most pits would include the feeder structures, many of which would
be expected to have high-grade sulfide gold mineralization.
Within the lower-grade zone of gold mineralization in the Graben deposit there
are at least two or three zones or pods of high-grade gold, based on a 0.100 opt
Au cutoff . The shape and extent of each is imperfectly known, and two may
actually be one pod. These pods plunge 45 degrees to 600 degrees to the
east-southeast, are traceable for at least 400 ft down plunge, and are part of a
zone of intermediate to high-grade that is continuous throughout the length of
known Graben mineralization. Some of the holes intercepting the Graben have
spectacular grades and thickness reminiscent of the long vertical intercepts in
the Freedom Flats deposit. Examples of these intercepts include the following
drill-holes: FF-50 with 60 ft averaging 0.232 opt Au; FF-173 with 55 ft
averaging 0.512 opt Au; FF-223 with 20 ft averaging 0.470 opt Au and 75 ft
averaging 0.241 opt Au; FF 229 with 110 ft averaging 0.856 opt Au.
Drilling of the Graben deposit has defined a total mineral resource of
approximately 20 million tons with an average grade of 0.044 opt Au containing
about 880,000 ounces of gold within the deposit, using a 0.01 opt cutoff grade,
as stated in this report. The high-grade zones within the Graben deposit are
estimated to contain 780,000 tons of measured and indicated resource and 220,000
tons of inferred resource with an average grade of 0.29 opt gold. While the
larger deposit is a target for additional exploration, the higher-grade zones
represent an attractive deposit for development at most gold prices. If the
geophysical anomalies along the northern extension of the zone reflect
additional mineralization, the deposit will be substantially larger, probably
including additional high-grade mineralization.
Hydrothermal alteration displays systematic patterns within and around the
Graben's gold mineralization (Figure 9.1) and other deposits in the district
(for example - Freedom Flats). Based on observations from re-logging drill core
and sample cuttings taken from the Coal Valley Formation above the mineralized
zone in the Graben,, there is abundant opal and hematite that probably
represents the upper portion and the last stage of the hydrothermal system. This
changes downward into an argillic zone that contains some alunite in the inner
portion of the zone. The base of the argillic zone, above mineralization, is
commonly the base of the oxidized zone, suggesting that at least a portion of
the clay minerals may be supergene. Below the limit of oxidization, within areas
of gold mineralization, silicification is the most common alteration type. Drill
holes at the margin of the deposit commonly intersect sulfide-bearing argillic
alteration. The lack of silicification above the oxide boundary and
argillization below the limit of oxidization indicates that at least a portion
of the argillic alteration is hypogene. The upper portions of the silicified
zone are commonly dense chalcedonic quartz with pyrite. Toward the center of the
silicified zone quartz becomes grainy and in places is gray spongy or vuggy
silica typical of "acid leached" alteration.
As noted above, the Graben deposit has a large subhorizontal low-grade zone
surrounding steeply dipping high-grade zones. Whereas gold is mostly restricted
to the breccia, not all of the breccia is gold bearing. Most of the pyrite
occurs as disseminations in silicified rock, which is mostly in the hydrothermal
breccia. Minor amounts of iron sulfide occur in veins and on rims of clasts.
Iron sulfides extend beyond gold mineralization. Ore microscopy has identified
only a few grains of free gold, generally <1 mm across (Bloomstein, 1992). Most
of the gold in the sulfide zone is reported to be contained within pyrite
grains.
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(GRAPHIC OMITTED)
(Source: Echo Bay Mines, circa 1989)
FIGURE 9.1. TYPICAL ALTERATION PATTERNS WITHIN AND AROUND THE BOREALIS
DISTRICT GOLD DEPOSITS.
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May 23, 2005
10.0 EXPLORATION
This section has been compiled in association with Gryphon Gold's geologic
staff, which includes a "Qualified Person" for the purpose of NI 43-101,
Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects, Roger C. Steininger, PhD, CPG
(AIPG), and Consulting Chief Geologist.
Discovery potential in the Borealis district includes oxidized gold
mineralization adjacent to existing pits, new oxide gold deposits at shallow
depth within the large land position, gold associated with sulfide minerals
below and adjacent to the existing pits, in possible feeder zones below surface
mined ore, deeper gold-bearing sulfide mineralization elsewhere on the property,
particularly at the high-grade Graben deposit, and along its apparent projection
to the north and also in other targets such as Sunset Wash and Lucky Boy. Both
oxidized and sulfide-bearing gold deposits exhibit lithologic and structural
controls for the locations and morphologies of the gold deposits.
The most significant mineral resource exploration and expansion targets, in the
opinions of the authors, as now identified by Gryphon Gold, include the
following (in order of relative confidence of discovery potential):
The Ridge Deposits (including East Ridge / Gold View, Northeast Ridge)
Freedom Flats
Borealis Near-Surface Expansion
Borealis Extension
Deep Ore Flats
Graben
North Graben
Sunset Wash
Lucky Boy
All except for Sunset Wash and Lucky Boy are included (or partially included, as
is the case for North Graben) within the boundaries of the area previously
disturbed by mining and the study area. In addition, several other identified
resource areas are open for further discovery on the claims now controlled by
Gryphon Gold. These target areas have known or projected mineralization and
coincident geophysical signatures, and extend under alluvial cover in pediment
areas in the southern and southwestern portion of the property. Alluvial gravel
covers the altered-mineralized volcanic rocks at lower elevations along the
mountain front and overlies some of the best exploration targets.
10.1 GEOPHYSICS
Many geophysical surveys have been conducted in the Borealis district since
1978, including the following: ground magnetics, VLF, induced polarization
(IP)/resistivity, seismic, CSAMT, helicopter magnetics and EM, e-scan, and
gradient IP/resistivity. In addition, regional magnetics and gravity maps and
information are available through governmental sources. Geophysical data most
useful in exploration programs have been IP (chargeability), aeromagnetics, and,
to a lesser degree, resistivity. Resistivity was used successfully in the early
exploration of the district to track favorable trends of silica alteration.
In addition to projections of known alteration and mineralization trends into or
within pediment environments, geophysics is being used to define and prioritize
the pediment targets. In particular, aeromagnetic lows (Figure 10.1) and induced
polarization (chargeability highs) data identify the most favorable covered
targets and help site drill holes, especially where magnetics and IP show
coincident anomalies. Resistivity data is also used with emphasis on resistivity
highs reflecting extensive silicification. Other geophysical methods will be
used where appropriate, possibly including ground magnetics, CSAMT, e-scan, VLF,
electromagnetics, gravity, and seismic. Each of these methods provides
information that may be used in determining the subsurface geologic conditions
and how and where to test exploration targets.
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(GRAPHIC OMITTED)
(Source: Echo Bay Mines 1989)
FIGURE 10.1. 1989 ECHO BAY AEROMAGNETIC SURVEY.
Joseph R. Anzman, consulting geophysicist, is in the process of re-interpreting
the historic geophysical data within the Borealis district with emphasis on the
mine area. His initial focus is on resistivity anomalies from both ground and
airborne surveys. The initial interpretation of resistivity data identifies
several northeast-trending zones of high resistivity that correspond to the
silicification associated with known gold deposits, and outlines several
anomalies that might be related to undiscovered gold deposits. Figure 10.2
displays the general trends of these resistivity highs and their relationship to
the several gold deposits. Between the gold deposits, alteration continues and
commonly contains traces to significant amounts of gold. The easternmost
anomalous resistivity zone is along the northeast-trending Boundary
Ridge-Bullion Ridge gold and alteration trend, including the Boundary Ridge and
Bullion Ridge zone resources. As noted in other sections of this report, this
trend contains several drill holes with significant gold intercepts and
excellent exploration potential. The central anomalous resistivity zone, which
separates into two subparallel anomalies toward the southwest, includes most of
the mined deposits in the Borealis trend. The Graben deposit has a distinctive
resistivity signature that trends northerly rather than following the other
trends.
The anomalous resistivity zone to the northwest of and parallel to the Borealis
trend extends from the North Graben target northeasterly through the process
area into Wiggle Knob and terminates at the Back Side prospect. Several very
widely spaced holes up to 250 feet deep were drilled along this trend on surface
rock exposures and geochemical anomalies. Many of the holes contain at least
traces of gold, argillic alteration, and some low-temperature silicification. In
many holes alteration increases with depth, and oxidization in several holes
extends to at least 250 feet. Using the Borealis and Boundary Ridge-trend
analogies, the alteration and traces of gold detected along this trend may be
indications of areas between gold deposits. More drilling is needed to determine
if mineable oxide and sulfide gold deposits occur along the trend.
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(GRAPHIC OMITTED)
(Source: J. Anzman and Gryphon Gold, 2005)
FIGURE 10.2. SELECTED RESISTIVITY ANOMALIES OF THE BOREALIS DISTRICT.
10.2 EXPANSION OF KNOWN RESOURCE AREAS
Several prospective resource expansion areas have been identified with existing
drill holes and are found adjacent to pits that have been mined since 1981.
These zones may be turned into mineral resources with additional drilling,
sampling and testing.
10.2.1 EAST RIDGE / GOLD VIEW
Initial drilling is planned to better define and extend the horizontal limits of
the known gold mineralization along the south and east flanks of the deposit. In
addition, the feeder zone to the East Ridge deposit has never been drill tested.
This zone lies either underneath the current pit or to the south and originates
from a major fault zone bringing up basement granite.
10.2.2 NORTHEAST RIDGE
Additional drilling is planned to better define and extend the limits of the
gold mineralization around the pit, especially the southeast flank, for mining
purposes. As with East Ridge, the feeder zone to the Northeast Ridge deposit has
never been drill tested. This untested zone lies either underneath the current
pit or to the south originating from a major fault zone.
10.2.3 FREEDOM FLATS
The silicified brecciated pipe-like structure under the current Freedom Flats
mineral resource has been inadequately drill tested. Several deeper holes have
intercepted gold mineralization another 500 ft below the current pit bottom.
Limited drill evidence, structural reconstruction of geology, and an
aeromagnetic anomaly in the pit area suggests that a second brecciated pipe-like
structure may exist a short distance to the south of the pit bottom. Additional
drilling is warranted to define the limits of the southwest edge of the deposit
and the edges of the mineralized pipe-like feature found in the bottom of the
pit. These holes will be from 200 to 300 ft deep, and deeper targets will be
tested in later programs.
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10.2.4 BOREALIS NEAR-SURFACE EXPANSION
Additional drilling is planned to better define the limits of the mineralization
along edges of the old Borealis pit for mining purposes. These planned holes
will be 100 to 200 ft deep. Another target is indicated where the Borealis
deposit is cut on the northwest side by the extension of the Freedom Flats fault
and a portion of the deposit may be in this down-dropped block.
10.2.5 OTHER KNOWN MINERAL RESOURCE AREAS
DEEP ORE FLATS (ALSO KNOWN AS POLARIS)
Additional drilling is needed to better define the limits of the mineralization
along the edges and along trend of the existing pit at Deep Ore Flats.
CROCODILE RIDGE
This silicified zone is a northeast extension of the Borealis deposit. Several
holes have intercepted low-grade gold mineralization. There may be two parallel
silicified zones in this area, one along the ridge crest and one on the
northwest slope of the ridge beneath alluvial cover. Additional drilling is
warranted to determine the size of the gold resource.
GOLD VIEW TO NORTHEAST RIDGE (MIDDLE RIDGE)
This silicified zone is an extension of the Gold View deposit to the northeast
and extending to the Northeast Ridge deposit.
CERRO DURO
The Cerro Duro deposit is localized along the major Cerro Duro fault zone and is
a brecciated pipe-like feature. Additional deeper drilling into the root zone of
this pipe-like feature is required and new drilling should be done to identify
other blind mineralized structures that may also be localized along this fault.
This drilling will likely be part of a later program when exploration is
expanded outside the previously mined and disturbed area.
JAIME'S RIDGE
Several holes drilled to the west of the Jaime's Ridge deposit identified some
low-grade gold mineralization along splays of the major Cerro Duro fault system.
Additional drilling should be conducted to determine if mineable reserves could
be found in the area as part of a later program.
PURDY PEAK
The Purdy Peak gold mineralization needs to be further drilled with deeper holes
and offset holes as part of a later program. The area lies at the juncture of
two faults along trend with the Cerro Duro fault system.
BULLION RIDGE/BOUNDARY RIDGE
The northeast-trending alteration zone extending along Boundary Ridge into
Bullion Ridge (Figure 2.1) contains intense silicification that is surrounded by
argillization, with abundant anomalous gold. Widely spaced shallow holes have
tested several of the alteration/anomalous gold zones defining mineral
resources, but more exploration is needed to determine the total potential of
the area. At Boundary/Bullion an historic mineral resource estimate of 2.7
million tons with an average grade of 0.022 opt Au has been defined and reported
by Whitney and Whitney in 1999. The estimate was not prepared for Gryphon Gold
but a prior owner; no specific critera for qualifying the resource estimates was
referenced in the report, and the estimate is not compliant with NI 43-101
standards. It has not been reviewed or verified by the author. Table 10.1
summarizes some of the more attractive drill-hole gold intercepts in the area.
This oxide mineral resource is not closed by drilling in most directions;
additional geological investigations and drilling are needed to adequately
define and expand the mineral resource.
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The altered and mineralized area known as Boundary Ridge contains several drill
holes with anomalous gold, including BR-2 with 100 feet (starting at the
surface) that averages 0.029 opt Au. Additional drilling is needed to determine
the extent of the gold mineral resource present. The alteration and
mineralization extends under alluvial cover to the southwest in the Boundary
Flats area. Limited drilling has failed to trace the mineralization on the
pediment.
TABLE 10.1 SIGNIFICANT GOLD INTERCEPTS IN THE BULLION RIDGE
MINERAL RESOURCE AREA.
DRILL HOLE INTERCEPT GRADE
- ---------- --------- ------------
BUR 005 20 feet 0.022 opt Au
BUR 008 105 feet 0.020 opt Au
BUR 022 20 feet 0.096 opt Au
BUR 047 130 feet 0.030 opt Au
BUR 049 65 feet 0.058 opt Au
10.3 BOREALIS EXTENSION
The Borealis Extension deposit occurs at shallow to intermediate depth beneath
the northern and western parts of the former Borealis pit. Most of the
mineralization begins at 110 to 375 ft below the surface. Generally the top of
this target occurs at or slightly below the 7,000-ft elevation, according to
Whitney (2004). The primary target is defined by 16 contiguous drill holes that
have potential ore-grade intercepts and that penetrate beneath the 7,000-ft
elevation (Figure 10.3). Thickness of low-grade mineralized intercepts ranges
from 15 to 560 ft with nine holes having from 155 to 560 ft of +0.01 opt Au;
average thickness of the zone is 236 ft. Grades have been divided into sub-zones
of 0.01-0.03 opt, which averages 0.018 opt Au, and of +0.03 opt, which averages
0.084 opt Au.
(GRAPHIC OMITTED)
(Source: R.C. Steininger and Gryphon Gold Corp., 2005)
FIGURE 10.3. SCHEMATIC CROSS-SECTION OF THE BOREALIS EXTENSION DEPOSIT AREA.
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The consistent elevation at the top of the lower mineralized zone has led John
Whitney (2004) to postulate that "gold-bearing waters may have pooled within an
elevation range for an extended period during which gold deposition occurred."
Preliminary explanations, based on limited information, for geologic grade
control of this relatively horizontal mineralized zone may be: 1) a flat-lying
permeable volcanic unit such as laharic breccia as a favorable host or 2) a
boiling zone having a well-defined top, perhaps partly confined by a relatively
impermeable volcanic cap. With each of these three possible models, a feeder
structure having higher-grade mineralization would be expected to occur within
and below the overall mineral body and the feeder would be the likely source of
gold-bearing hydrothermal fluid emanations.
Projection among the contiguous well-mineralized holes of the Borealis Extension
zone suggests an inferred mineral resource elongate to the northeast, and
limited to the northwest and southeast by poorly mineralized holes. This zone of
mineralization is open in several directions, and there is sufficient additional
potential for more mineralization. Three water well holes along projection to
the northeast have similar mineralized intercepts, strongly suggesting the zone
continues in that direction.
The most important question to be answered is whether this lower mineralized
zone is confined to the Borealis deposit area, or might it be much broader in
scope and representative of a much larger tonnage. In addition, grade zoning has
indicated another deeper flat-lying zone of gold mineralization beneath the
Borealis Extension deposit.
Two areas of drilling are recommended to test the Borealis Expansion and
Borealis Extension deposits. Nine 200-ft holes are planned to define and expand
the margin of the Borealis deposit in the area where the new Borealis pit is
planned. Two or more of these holes would be extended to 600 ft and two
additional deeper holes are proposed to test the extent and grade of the
Borealis Extension deposit. The deeper zone of mineralization beneath the
Extension will not be tested in the currently planned drilling program.
10.4 GRABEN DEPOSIT
The Graben deposit is currently defined with approximately 36 RC holes and 19
core holes. Drilling has defined a zone of gold mineralization, using an 0.01
opt Au boundary, that extends at least more than 2,000 ft in a north-south
direction and between 200 and 750 ft east-west, and up to 300 ft thick (Figure
10.4). The top of the deposit is from 500 to 650 ft below the surface. Near its
southern margin the axis of the deposit is within 800 ft of the Freedom Flats
deposit and along one portion of the southeastern margin low-grade
mineralization may connect with the Freedom Flats mineralization through an
east-west trending splay of the N50 degrees E Zone. Drilling data appears to
confirm mineralization at the southern margin of the deposit is closed off.
Along the western margin a suspected post-mineralization fault may have
down-dropped the deposit and apparently serves as an effect western boundary to
mineralization and brings TCV in contact with the Graben zone.. Much of the
eastern margin has not been defined by drilling. To the north mineralization
remains open. An airborne magnetic survey and a gradient IP survey reveal
anomalies along the northern extension of the Graben zone, suggesting that the
deposit continues in that direction.
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(GRAPHIC OMITTED)
(Source: Echo Bay Mines, circa 1989; modified Gryphon Gold, 2005)
FIGURE 10.4. SCHEMATIC CROSS-SECTION OF THE GRABEN DEPOSIT AREA
Within the flat-lying lower-grade zone of gold mineralization there are at two
or three steeper zones of high-grade gold, based on a 0.10 opt Au cutoff, and
the zone is continuous at a slightly lower cutoff grade. The shape and extent of
each shoot is imperfectly known and at least two may more accurately be one
larger zone. These shoots plunge 450 to 600 to the east-southeast and are
traceable for at least 400 ft down plunge. Typically, the horizontal dimensions
are 50-100 ft in an east-west direction and up to 400 ft along strike. Some of
these holes have very high grades and thickness reminiscent of the long vertical
intercepts in the Freedom Flats deposit. There may also be additional high-grade
shoots that have been missed by the current drilling.
The Graben deposit has the potential for discovery of additional mineralized
material to the north, where it is open. Mineralization is completely covered by
post-mineralization alluvium and occurs as a near horizontal "tabular"
lower-grade zone along a north-northeast-trending zone. Further drilling is
needed to fully define the deposit's actual shape, tonnage, and grade, and to
demonstrate the grade continuity within the higher-grade zones. It is probable
that additional higher-grade zones will be discovered as drilling progresses.
The Graben zone projects along trend to the north-northeast into an area with a
broad aeromagnetic/IP anomaly (North Graben Target) which provides the greatest
potential for discovery of large tonnages of high-grade reserves.
10.5 NORTH GRABEN TARGET
The North Graben prospect is defined by the projection of known mineralization,
coincident with a large intense aeromagnetic low and a broad chargeability (IP)
high (Figure 10.4). Only one hole has been drilled, but not completed, into the
southern margin of the North Graben prospect, about 1,400 ft north of the most
northerly significant Graben mineralization. While this hole failed to reach its
target depth, alteration typical of the margin of the Graben deposit was
encountered. This blind untested target lies on trend of the
north-northeast-elongate Graben mineralized zone. Cambior completed a gradient
array IP survey in 1998 covering the area from the Freedom Flats pit to the
North Graben prospect, which has a broad chargeability high. Earlier (1989) Echo
Bay had completed a district-wide helicopter magnetic/electromagnetic survey,
which identified a large intense "bulls-eye" type aeromagnetic low in the North
Graben area. This coincident magnetic low/chargeability high is now interpreted
as being caused by an intensive and extensive hydrothermal
alteration-mineralization system, and, based on the size and intensity of the
magnetic low, it possibly could be the largest system in the district.
The model for this interpretation is the Freedom Flats deposit, which is
expressed geophysically by an intense bulls-eye aeromagnetic low and projection
of a chargeability high. The Freedom Flats deposit has the highest gold grade
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and is the strongest hydrothermal system mined to date in the district. Freedom
Flats has a pronounced irregular elongate shape with the principal axis
vertical. The bulls-eye magnetic low is interpreted to reflect the pervasive
vertical replacement of magnetic minerals, mostly magnetite, by pyrite in and
around the high-grade feeder structure. Andesitic host rocks originally
contained substantial amounts of magnetite, and where andesite is weakly altered
(propylitized) in a halo surrounding the Freedom Flats deposit, some of the
magnetite is preserved, thus providing a relative magnetic high surrounding the
bulls-eye low.
(GRAPHIC OMITTED)
(Source: Gryphon Gold, 2005)
FIGURE 10.5. NORTH GRABEN TARGET EXPLORATION MODEL.
Cambior's (Benedict and Lloyd, 1998) gradient IP survey identifies a deep-source
broad chargeability anomaly that extends northerly from the northern margin of
the Freedom Flats deposit, covers only part of the Graben zone and most of the
North Graben area, and extends to the limit of the surveyed area (Figure 10.4).
This anomaly is interpreted to be caused by high-sulfide mineralization. The
North Graben prospect thus represents the possible extension of known
mineralization of the Graben zone, or alternatively it may be another system
potentially with more intense, deeper alteration and stronger mineralization
localized along the same north-northeast-trending structural zone.
One angle hole (BC 98005) was drilled by Cambior (Benedict and Lloyd) in 1998 to
test the southernmost portion of the North Graben target chargeability anomaly,
and it was well south of a large aeromagnetic low. The upper 725 ft
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of this hole contained post-mineral gravel and sediments and relatively
unaltered andesitic volcanics, before intersecting altered and mineralized
andesite near its terminus. The pre-mineral andesite flows contain alteration
ranging from propylitic to chalcedonic silica down the hole. Hole 98005 was lost
at a depth of 780 ft due to hole caving. Although no significant gold
mineralization was encountered in the hole, alteration was most intense at the
bottom. Hydrothermal alteration noted in samples from the hole fits better with
patterns found at the margin of a Graben-type deposit.
10.6 SUNSET WASH TARGET
The Sunset Wash prospect consists of a gravel-covered pediment underlain by
extensive hydrothermal alteration in the western portion of the Borealis
district. Sixteen holes drilled by Echo Bay Mines indicate that intense
alteration occurs within a loosely defined west-southwest belt that extends
westerly from the Jaime's Ridge/Cerro Duro deposits. At the western limit of the
west-southwest belt, Cambior's IP survey and drilling results can be interpreted
to indicate that the alteration system projects toward the southeast into the
pediment along a mineralized northwest-oriented fault. The principal Sunset Wash
drill target is defined by the structural projection, a bulls-eye aeromagnetic
low, and a coincident chargeability (IP) high beneath an area of alluvium. This
target area provides the best opportunity for discovery of a gold deposit in the
western part of the Borealis district. Cambior conducted a gradient array
induced polarization (IP) survey over the Sunset Wash area effectively outlining
a 1,000 by 5,000 ft chargeability anomaly. The anomaly corresponds exceptionally
well to alteration and sulfide mineralization identified by Echo Bay's
drill-hole results. Two structures appear to be mapped by the chargeability
anomaly; one is a 5,000-ft long west-southwest-trending structure and the other
is a smaller, northwest-trending structure that cuts off the W-SW structure at
its western limit. Alteration types and intensity identified by the drilling,
combined with the strong IP chargeability high and the aeromagnetic low,
strongly suggest that the robust hydrothermal system at Sunset Wash is analogous
to the mineralized systems at Graben and Freedom Flats.
Geologic observations based on mapping and drill hole logging indicate that both
the Freedom Flats and the Graben deposits are localized along a favorable
horizon near the contact between the upper and lower volcanic units. This same
contact zone appears to underlie the Sunset Wash pediment at a shallow depth.
The target concept suggests that mineralization should favor zones where
mineralizing structures crosscut the upper and lower volcanic contact. Cambior
drilled three holes to test portions of the Sunset Wash geophysical anomaly and
to offset other preexisting drill holes with significant alteration. Each of the
three holes was drilled vertically to maximize the depths tested. The three
holes were collared in the upper volcanic unit, but only one crossed the
contact.
The westernmost of Cambior's three holes encountered the most encouraging
alteration and best gold mineralization suggesting that drill-hole BC98003 is
near the most prospective area. This drill-hole intercepted altered rock from
bedrock surface to total depth, including an extremely thick zone of chalcedonic
replacement in the lower two-thirds of the hole. The altered zone contains
intermittent quartz-pyrite alteration that hosts low-level gold mineralization
up to 0.51 ppm Au. Fracture-controlled orpiment and realgar are abundant within
the oxide zone as are pyrite (+10%) and arsenopyrite deeper in the hole. The
dominance of chalcedonic silica and the relative lack of quartz replacement
alteration in hole 3 suggest that the strongest portion of the hydrothermal
system was not tested. Hole 3 was drilled near the intersection between the
west-southwest-trending Sunset Wash IP anomaly, which has been tested by most of
the 16 holes, and a northwest-trending IP anomaly, which has not been tested.
Projection of the northwest-oriented anomaly to the southeast into the pediment
shows a coincident bulls-eye aeromagnetic low and a chargeability high in an
area untested by any drill holes.
10.7 LUCKY BOY TARGET
Another target area similar to North Graben and Sunset Wash is the Lucky Boy
area, which may be in a shallower pediment environment in the central portion of
the district near the range front. Drill holes in the periphery have thick zones
of silification and traces of gold mineralization. Echo Bay's aeromagnetic map
shows another bulls-eye magnetic low and Cambior's IP map shows a coincident
chargeability high in the area of the silicification. Additional compilation
work is in progress.
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11.0 DRILLING
11.1 DRILLING OF EXISTING HEAPS AND DUMPS--SPRING 2004
Drilling of the five Borealis heaps and parts of the Freedom Flats and Borealis
dumps was completed in May 2004. This program consisted of 32 holes totaling
2,478.5 ft. Table A-1 (Appendix A) outlines the holes that were drilled. Dump
holes were drilled deep enough to penetrate the soil horizon below the dump,
while holes on the heaps were drilled to an estimated 10-15 ft above the heap's
liner. None of these latter holes penetrated the heap liners. Not all of the
permitted holes were drilled during this phase of the program. Rather, a few
holes were drilled on each heap and dump to obtain an initial and representative
view of grade distribution.
11.2 HISTORICAL DRILL-HOLE DATABASE
The drill-hole database used for the main Borealis project study area contains
1,747 drill holes with a total drilled length of 510,712 ft (Table 17.2),
including 1,626 which intersected gold mineralization. These holes were drilled
by different operators on the property. Drill-hole types include diamond core
holes, reverse circulation (RC) holes and rotary holes. Only a few core holes
have down-hole survey information. Mineralized zones covered by these drill
holes include the Freedom Flats, Graben, Borealis, Polaris, East Ridge and
Northeast Ridge. Except for Graben all have been partially mined by previous
operators of the project; the Borealis and Deep Ore Flats (also known as
Polaris) pits have been back-filled with waste from the Freedom Flats pit. There
are an additional 487 drill holes with a total drilled length of 103,562 ft
scattered throughout the district, and mostly in the Cerro Duro, Jamie's Ridge,
and Purdy Peak area, at approximately three miles distant northwest of the main
Borealis mine area. The total existing drilling for the entire Borealis project,
therefore, is 2,234 holes with a total drilled length of 614,274 ft.
Drill hole sampling length is generally 5 ft for the RC holes, but varies for
the core holes based on geological intervals. Sampling length is up to 25 ft for
some of the early rotary holes. Gold assays in parts per billion (ppb) and troy
ounces per short ton (opt) are provided for most of the sampling intervals.
Silver assays in parts per million (ppm) and opt are also provided for some of
the sampling intervals. Silver grade was not modeled in this study.
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12.0 SAMPLING METHOD AND APPROACH
12.1 GENERAL
The following includes information from research of historical records conducted
by Gryphon Gold and is included for general reference.
The Borealis Mine operated from 1981 through 1990 producing 10.7 million tons of
ore averaging 0.059 ounces of gold per ton from seven open pits. The mined ore
contained 635,000 ounces of gold (Eng, 1991) of which approximately 500,000
ounces (475,000 oz through 1989) of gold were recovered through a heap leach
operation. This historic production can be considered a bulk sample of the
deposits validating the database that was used for feasibility studies and
construction decisions through the 1980s. With over 2,200 drill holes in the
database that was compiled over a 20-year period by major companies, the amount
of information on the project is extensive. It is primarily these data that have
been used in this study as the foundation of the current mineral resource
estimate. The bulk of the data was collected beginning in 1978, the year of
discovery of the initial ore-grade mineralization, and was continuously
collected through the final year of full production. Subsequent explorers
through the 1990s added to the database.
Specific detailed information on sampling methods and approaches by the various
mine operators has not been found in the historic information; however, a report
by John T. Boyd Co. (1981) noted that the "drilling, sampling and analytical
procedures as well as assay checks were reviewed by Dames and Moore and reported
as acceptable by industry standards." In addition, information in reports,
monthly reports and memos give some clues to the sampling methods and
approaches. The early work describes between 7 and 9 percent of all samples
being re-assayed, with higher grade intervals re-assayed most frequently with
approximately 20 percent of these intervals assayed again (Ivosevic, 1979).
Also, there are many references to "assay checks" in the drill-hole data with
comparisons of assays of the same pulps and also of assays of different splits
from the same sample intervals. Results of these comparisons generally were
reported to be reasonably close. High-grade intervals often showed more
variability in their assays. Santa Fe Pacific (1994) performed check assays on
their drilling and found 23 percent variability in the high-grade assays. Their
geologist reported, "rather than reflecting relative differences in the labs, I
believe the difference is due to the inherent variability in the core. Perhaps
we would have been better served to take the entire remaining core [for the
check assay material] instead of sawing it in half again (resulting in a 1/4
split)."
Echo Bay Mines did some quality checks on their drill cuttings sampling and
assaying methods as part of their evaluation of the property prior to and
following its purchase from Tenneco Minerals, which indicated that the original
assays were reliable and representative. During their exploration and
development programs they also drilled a number of core holes twins of reverse
circulation rotary drill holes to compare assay results in the same areas. Echo
Bay concluded that the vast bulk of drilling, which was RC rotary, probably
undervalued the gold mineralization, especially in higher grade zones. Anecdotal
information from former Echo Bay management indicates that the mine consistently
gave better results in terms of higher grade and better recovery of gold than
planned or expected.
12.2 FREEDOM FLATS EXAMPLE
The principal orebody discovered by Echo Bay Mines was the Freedom Flats
deposit. The exploration, geology, and mineralization of the Freedom Flats gold
deposit are described by Eng (1991). He reports that in Echo Bay's
reconciliation of the Freedom Flats reserves, "actual mine production exceeded
the original model reserve in grade and contained ounces by about 30 percent."
In order to explain this discrepancy, he states, "due to the narrow linear trend
of the mineralization, the deposit was drilled-out on 50 ft centers along fences
100 ft apart.
In-fill drilling was conducted between fences on 50-70 ft centers where thick,
high-grade mineralization was intersected. Holes were drilled around the
perimeter of the deposit on 100 ft centers to close-off all mineralization. A
total of 99 [reverse-circulation] rotary holes were drilled in the main deposit
area totaling 56,000 ft. All holes were drilled vertically. Due to the presence
of abundant clay, most holes were drilled with water and foam injection; samples
were collected using Jones splitters. In addition to rotary drilling, four HQ
core holes totaling 2,687 ft were drilled primarily to obtain material for
column leach metallurgical testing. Although continuous assays were not
available for most of the core holes due to metallurgical sampling, the results
of limited assaying suggested that the rotary holes underestimated the gold
grades. The most likely cause for this discrepancy was the loss of fines during
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wet drilling." Later in his report he states that the discrepancy also may be
due in part to the small size of many of the higher-grade (+0.5 opt Au) ore
pods, which were not intersected in close-spaced (50 ft) drilling. Two other
possible explanations not mentioned by Echo Bay are the probability of coarse
gold particles not being adequately sampled or assayed and the predominantly
vertical drilling patterns in steeply dipping to vertical mineralized zones.
The presence of coarse gold and its effect on assay variability may have been
overlooked by previous operators of the Borealis Mine. Coarse gold has been
reported in the district from small-scale placer operations and also by Houston
Oil and Minerals Company geologists who found visible gold in the surface
outcrops of old prospect pits and other minor workings along highly mineralized
structures in the district. In addition mineralogical reports on the
higher-grade mineralized samples mention free gold ranging from 2 microns to 29
microns from the Northeast Ridge and Borealis deposits (Honea 1988 and Strachen
1981).
12.3 SAMPLING OF EXISTING HEAPS AND DUMPS - SPRING 2004
An exploration program was undertaken in spring 2004 to confirm the amount and
grade of gold-bearing rock that exists on heaps and dumps. The exploration work
provided ore samples for metallurgical testwork, to define the geotechnical
conditions, to obtain sufficient samples to demonstrate the geotechnical
characteristics for design purposes in the waste characterization database, and
to install baseline groundwater monitoring systems.
As part of this program, a sonic drill rig was used to drill exploratory holes
on the five previously leached heaps as well as the Freedom Flats and Borealis
Pits waste dumps. A total of 30 holes were drilled with samples collected and
composited for each hole.
Visual observations of the samples obtained during the sonic drilling program
indicate the previously leached ore on Heap 1 and Heap 2 contained more fines,
with a clay-like texture, than coarse rock. Conversely, and as expected, the
Heap 3 leach material, which was run-of-mine and the Borealis waste dump contain
more coarse rock. If the gold values remaining in the previously leached
material on the various leach heaps are associated with the coarse fraction
and/or are bound by pyrite and/or silica, then additional gold recovery may be
achieved by screening and gravity separation or by leaching a finer material.
A thorough description of the sampling method, sample preparation, analytical
techniques, and security procedures is found below in section 13.2.
12.4 DRILL-HOLE DATABASE FOR MINERAL RESOURCE MODEL
The database used for the computer generated resource model portion of this
study consists of 1,604 drill holes with a total footage of 447,860 ft and
82,756 assayed intervals. Many of the high-grade intervals were assayed more
than once to check and confirm the actual grades, so the total number of assays
exceeds 82,756. The average depth of holes is 275 ft but the bulk of the holes
are less than 200 ft with a limited number of holes in selective locations
extending 1,000-2,000 ft to test deeper mineralization. The average assayed
interval was slightly larger than 5 ft, with the bulk of the samples
representing 5-ft intervals.
The first drilling was completed by Houston Oil and Minerals, which is the
discoverer of the original Borealis deposit and the developer of the mine.
Tenneco Minerals acquired Houston Oil and Minerals and continued operating the
mine and drilling for new deposits. Echo Bay Mines acquired Tenneco Minerals in
1986 and continued all operations and drilling until the mine was shut down in
1990. Throughout the 1990's Billiton Minerals (28 drill holes), Santa Fe Pacific
Mining (32 drill holes), J.D. Welsh & Associates (11 shallow drill holes in a
heap), and Cambior Exploration (10 drill holes) continued exploring and
evaluating the property thus adding to the database.
Many more holes exist across the property than were used in this study. Santa Fe
compiled the initial version of the computer database of drill holes with
subsequent companies contributing to it. Golden Phoenix thoroughly checked the
accuracy and completeness of the database by individually checking each of the
2,234 holes' survey and assay data line by line with the original survey and
assay sheets, and revising the database where necessary. Of the total, 1,604
holes were used for this study in areas of the principal mineral deposits. No
holes were excluded from the database utilized in this study.
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13.0 SAMPLE PREPARATION, ANALYSIS AND SECURITY
13.1 PREVIOUS MINING OPERATIONS AND EXPLORATION
The following includes information from research of historical records conducted
by Gryphon Gold and is included for general reference.
Houston Oil and Minerals, Tenneco, and Echo Bay Mines are reported to have used
standard sample preparation and analytical techniques in their exploration and
evaluation efforts, but detailed descriptions of the procedures have not been
found. The fact that a successful mine was developed producing about 500,000
ounces of gold indicates that their techniques of sampling, sample preparation,
analysis, and security produced results that were representative, reliable, and
are not unreasonable, although some questions remain, particularly with regard
to the assaying of samples with potential coarse gold.
Most of the drill-hole assaying was accomplished by major laboratories that were
in existence at the time of the drilling programs. Various labs including
Monitor Geochemical, Union Assaying, Barringer, Chemex, Bondar-Clegg,
Metallurgical Laboratories, Cone Geochemical, the Borealis Mine lab, and others
were involved in the assaying at different phases of the exploration and mining
activity.
13.1.1 ANALYSES AND QUALITY CONTROL
Early work on the property appeared to rely on assay standards that were
supplied by the laboratories doing the assaying. However, Echo Bay Mines (1986)
reported using seven internal quality control standards for their Borealis Mine
drill-hole assaying program. The seven standards ranged in gold concentrations
from 170 ppb to 0.37 opt. Assay labs involved in the round robin standards
analyses were Cone Geochemical, Chemex, and the Borealis Mine lab, and the
precision of the three labs was excellent (+/- 1 to 8%) for the higher gold
grades (0.154-0.373 opt); acceptable (+/- 3 to 14%) for the lower grades
(0.029-0.037 opt); and fair (+/- 4 to 20%) for the geochemical anomaly grades
(0.009 opt to 170 ppb). These data provide an initial estimation of the
precision and accuracy of gold analyses of Borealis mineralization. The
repeatability of assays suggests that coarse gold was not a problem for these
samples, or that the samples were so small that potential coarse gold was missed
entirely. It has been the author's experience that when coarse gold is present
it may not introduce sampling variability until the sample weight is over 500
grams.
During 1986 Echo Bay instructed Chemex (1986) to analyze duplicate samples for
five selected drill holes. A comparison was made of (a) 1/2 assay-ton fire assay
with a gravimetric finish versus (b) 1/2 assay-ton fire assay with an atomic
absorption finish versus (c) hot cyanide leach of a 10-gram sample. The 1/2
assay-ton fire assay - gravimetric and the 1/2 assay-ton fire assay - AA gave
essentially the same results. However the hot cyanide leach gave results that
were 5-11percent higher in one comparison and significantly lower in another,
prompting Chemex to conclude that cyanide leach assaying was not appropriate for
Borealis samples. The great majority of the assays in the database are based on
fire assays.
13.1.2 SECURITY
Nothing is known of the sample security arrangements made by the previous
operators, but since the mines each produced the amounts of gold predicted or
higher, we can assume the security was adequate and it is unlikely that sample
security was a problem. The same assumption is true for most of the subsequent
explorers of the property--Billiton, Santa Fe Pacific, and Cambior--which were
all substantial companies and probably used sound procedures.
13.2 HEAP AND DUMP DRILLING AND SAMPLING PROGRAM - SPRING 2004
Boart Longyear was contracted to drill holes with a sonic rig since this
equipment would retrieve a core-like sample. All work completed during this
program was under the supervision of Dr. R. Steininger, Chief Consulting
Geologist for Gryphon Gold, and a Qualified Person under the terms of NI43-101.
Not only could a good assay sample be obtained with this approach, but also the
collected material should be representative of size distribution of material in
the heaps and dumps. The initial two holes were drilled with 4in. bits, but it
became obvious that larger rocks were being pushed out of the way. Drilling then
proceeded with a 6in.
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bit which appeared to capture more of the larger rock, producing a more
representative size distribution sample. All drill holes were drilled vertical,
and samples represent "true thickness" of the dump or heap material.
13.2.1 SAMPLING, ANALYSIS AND QUALITY CONTROL
Sampling intervals were originally designed to be every 10 ft, but were
contingent upon drilling conditions. During drilling sample intervals were
subject to when the sample tube was extracted from the hole. Individual runs
varied from 1 to 3 ft, which were then combined to produce a sample with an
interval length as close to 10 ft as practicable (the combination was completed
at American Assay Labs). Combined intervals varied from 9 ft to 11 ft, except at
the bottom of a hole where the interval was as short as 4 ft.
When the sample tube was extracted from the hole, the sample was immediately
slid into a plastic sleeve that was sealed and marked with the drill hole number
and footage interval. These plastic sample sleeves were not reopened until they
reached the analytical lab. All of the drill procedures and handover to the
analytical lab was monitored by an independent geologist hired through Geotemps
Inc. The contract field geologist also maintained lithology logs for each drill
hole. A non-blind standard was added as the last sample of each hole, which was
obvious to the lab since the standard was in a pulp bag, although the lab did
not know the gold value of the standard.
All samples were submitted to American Assays Labs of Sparks, Nevada. At the lab
each of the individual samples were combined into an analytical sample that
approximated 10 ft intervals as outline above, as per instructions from the
geologist. Each analytical sample was split in a rotary splitter with a
one-fifth of the sample removed for assay and the remaining four-fifths retained
for metallurgical testing. Each analytical split was weighed, dried and weighed
again. The difference between the two weights represents the amount of water in
the original sample. Each dried sample was crushed to one-quarter inch passing
and a 300 to 500 gram sample was riffled off for assay. The remaining sample was
retained at the lab. Each assay sample was pulverized and assayed for gold and
silver by one assay ton fire assay, and a two hour 200 gram cyanide shake assay
for dissolvable gold.
Two additional samplings were undertaken on Heap 2. Twelve samples were
collected along the new road cut and one "bulk" sample was collected from a
backhoe cut made during reclamation. The road cut samples were collected as rock
chips over 10 ft intervals. Each sample was about 5 pounds of material that was
collected to represent the size distribution of the material in the cut. Six of
the samples were from the south side mid-point along the heap and six from near
the east base. Each sample was assayed by American Assay Labs using one assay
ton fire assay for gold and silver. The average grade of the 12 samples is 0.009
opt Au, which compares favorably with the average grade of the three holes
drilled into the heap, which is 0.008 opt Au. About 20 pounds of representative
material was collected from the backhoe trench. At American Assay Labs
one-quarter of the sample was split out and assayed by one assay ton fire assay
for gold and silver. This sample contains 0.008 opt Au, which corresponds with
the average value for the heap as determined by drilling. The remaining
three-quarters of the sample was sieved into four size fractions and assayed in
the same manner as noted above. The results are displayed in Table 13.1, which
indicates that the gold grade in the <2" material is significantly higher than
in the larger material.
TABLE 13.1 ANALYTICAL RESULTS OF BULK SAMPLE FROM ROAD CUT
MID-WAY BETWEEN TOP AND BOTTOM OF HEAP 2.
GOLD GRADE SILVER GRADE
TYPE (OPT-AU) (OPT-AG)
---- ---------- ------------
Bulk 0.008 0.102
<1/2" material 0.010 0.095
1/2" to 1" material 0.014 0.131
1"-2" material 0.010 0.066
>2" material 0.007 0.029
As part of the quality control program standards were submitted to American
Assay Labs (AAL) with each drill hole, several assayed pulps and two standards
were submitted to ALS Chemex, and three of the duplicates and two
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standards were submitted to ActLabs-Skyline. Their results of the analyses of
the standards and duplicates are shown in Tables 13.2 and 13.3. All of the data
shows good precision and accuracy except for Chemex's analyses of the standard.
Based on this information, the analyses from American Assay are considered
reliable.
TABLE 13.2. SUMMARY OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS FROM STANDARD USED IN QUALITY
CONTROL PROGRAM, ACCEPTED VALUE 0.019 OPT AU.
NUMBER OF VALUES AND VARIATION FROM ACCEPTED
ANALYTICAL LAB AVERAGE GOLD VALUE VALUE (OPT AU)
-------------- ----------------------- -----------------------
American Assay Labs 31 samples/0.017 opt Au 0.002
American Assay Labs repeats 3 samples/0.017 opt Au 0.002
ALS Chemex 2 samples/0.022 opt Au 0.003
Skyline Labs 2 samples/0.019 opt Au None
TABLE 13.3. SUMMARY OF ASSAY ANALYSES FOR THE SAME SAMPLE BY
AMERICAN ASSAY LAB. AND ALS CHEMEX.
AMERICAN ASSAY LAB. ALS CHEMEX DIFFERENCE
- ------------------- ------------- ----------
0.022 opt Au 0.023 opt Au 0.001
0.003 opt Au 0.002 opt Au 0.001
0.012 opt Au 0.008 opt Au 0.004
0.002 opt Au <0.001 opt Au 0.002
<0.001 opt Au 0.007 opt Au 0.007
0.004 opt Au <0.001 opt Au 0.004
0.013 opt Au 0.011 opt Au 0.002
0.008 opt Au 0.009 opt Au 0.001
0.005 opt Au 0.010 opt Au 0.005
0.025 opt Au 0.024 opt Au 0.001
0.023 opt Au 0.026 opt Au 0.003
0.014 opt Au 0.012 opt Au 0.002
0.008 opt Au 0.013 opt Au 0.005
0.005 opt Au 0.005 opt Au 0.000
0.018 opt Au 0.017 opt Au 0.001
0.008 opt Au 0.010 opt Au 0.002
The average difference in analytical results from assays on the same pulps is
less than 0.001 opt Au, and the standard deviation of the differences is 0.003
opt Au, which is extremely close and within the level of accuracy of the
assaying method.
The last piece of data that supports the reliability of the new results is the
comparison with Welsh's original drilling of Heap 1 (Table 13.4). The bulk of
the information indicates that sampling of the heaps and dumps were
representative and those samples were accurately assayed.
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TABLE 13.4. COMPARISON OF HEAP 1 ASSAY RESULTS WITH PREVIOUS SAMPLING PROGRAM.
GRADE NEARBY WELSH DRILL
BMC HOLE OPT AU HOLE AU OPT
- -------- ------ ------------------ ------
BOR-11 0.028 H-10 0.033
BOR-13 0.023 H-11 0.026
BOR-16 0.020 H-5 0.020
BOR-17 0.017 H-6 0.014
13.2.2 SECURITY
All samples were collected in plastic sample bags, sealed, and securely stored
until picked up by the transport arranged under the authority of American Assay
Laboratories. American Assay maintained control of all samples from the pickup
at Borealis until analytical work was completed. It is the opinion of Dr.
Steininger, a Qualified Person under the terms of NI 43-101, who supervised this
drilling and sampling program, that the security procedures were adequate and
properly implemented during the program.
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14.0 DATA VERIFICATION
14.1 HISTORICAL DRILL HOLE DATA
The following includes information from research of historical records conducted
Gryphon Gold and is included for general reference.
The drill-hole database was verified by Golden Phoenix (2004, personal
communication) during an 8-month intensive effort by reviewing every one of the
2,417 drill holes and over 125,047 assays on original sheets and comparing them
line by line with the database and ensuring that only accurate information was
in the database. Where several valid assays were found for a single interval
they were averaged to determine the grade used in the database. Drill hole
collar location surveys on original sheets were also compared to the database
information and improved where necessary. Down-hole survey information on
original sheets for the deeper holes were also reviewed and compared with the
database to ensure its accuracy.
Information presented above describes the limitations imposed by the lack of
certain historical records on verification of the data. Based on operating
results, and historical descriptions it appears that the sampling, sample
preparation, assaying, and security of samples were conducted in a industry
acceptable manner for the time period in which the samples were collected and
processed, and it is the author's opinion that the assays are suitable for
resource estimation.
14.2 SEMI-QUANTITATIVE CHECK SAMPLING
As part of the evaluation of Borealis, several samples have been collected
(under the general overview of Gryphon Gold geologists) from selected areas on
the property to generally validate original sample assays and identify possible
mineral resource areas. Samples include an eighteen foot interval of core, one
pit wall rock chip sample, and two spoil pile samples from Heap 1 drill holes.
Table 14.1 summarizes the gold assay results from this sampling. The samples
were not collected to be representative of the material, but only to give an
indication of the original assays were "within the ballpark." The core sample
was from the remaining sawed half and was re-sawed to produce a quarter sample
of the original drill core, from within a higher-grade zone of the Graben
deposit. There is no way to verify if all of the original sawed half of the core
remained in the core-box when Gryphon Gold Corporation obtained the newly
sampled material. The pit sample was from the southeast margin of the East Ridge
pit, at the pit floor over a 15 foot horizontal interval at coordinates
374,586E, 4,249,990N, and 7,425 feet elevation. The material was oxidized and
silicified andesite. Samples were collected from the spoil pile from holes BOR
11 and 13 on Heap 1. All sample preparation and assays were preformed by
American Assay Labs.
While none of these new samples represent a statistical valid test of previous
assays, they do indicate that the data used in developing knowledge of the
property is generally reasonable and is within the appropriate gold grade range.
The average value for the core interval is slightly lower that the original
assay, but given that the new sample was about one-quarter of the original
sample, within a higher-grade gold zone, variations are to be expected. The new
assays support the contention that the interval is within the high-grade gold
zone of the Graben deposit. The sample from the East Ridge pit wall supports the
contention that economic gold grades do exist at the pit margin. The results
from the holes in the heaps are comparable to original assays, given that the
new samples are not a systematic sample, totally representative of the material
drilled.
TABLE 14.1. RESULTS OF SELECTIVE CHECK SAMPLING AT BOREALIS.
ORIGINAL/HISTORICAL ASSAY
LOCATION VALUE RECENT ASSAY VALUE
-------- ------------------------- ------------------
CBO023 597-615' 0.201 opt Au 0.162 opt Au
East Ridge pit wall 0.018 opt Au
BOR11 heap 1 0.030 opt Au 0.026 opt Au
BOR 13 heap 1 0.023 opt Au 0.019 opt Au
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15.0 ADJACENT PROPERTIES
The nearest mining property to the Borealis gold mineral resource area is the
Esmeralda project (formerly the Aurora Mine) owned and recently operated by
Metallic Ventures (Figure 15.1). The Esmeralda project lies 10 miles southwest
of Borealis.
The Aurora district has had historical production of approximately 1.9 million
ounces of gold and more than 2.4 million ounces of silver from as many as 30
veins. Remaining mineral resources reported by Metallic Ventures Gold in early
2003 were 1.3 million ounces of gold. The mineralized system is a
low-sulfidation type with gold and minor silver in banded
quartz-adularia-sericite veins hosted by Tertiary volcanics.
The Bodie district is further southwest, 19 miles from Borealis, along the same
trend and has a reported 1.5 million ounces of gold and nearly 7.3 million
ounces of silver of past production from a series of veins in Tertiary andesite
host rocks. The remaining mineral resources were reported at approximately 1.9
million ounces of gold in 1991.
The Bodie, Aurora, Borealis, and other minor districts are aligned along a
northeast-southwest trend of mineralized districts commonly referred to as the
Aurora-Borealis trend.
(GRAPHIC OMITTED)
(Source: Gryphon Gold, 2005)
Notes:
Bodie District:
Past production 1.5 million ounces gold and 7.3 million ounces silver
(Buchanan, 1981).
Remaining mineral resource 1.9 million ounces gold (last reported by
Galactic Resources in 1991).
Aurora District:
Past production 1.9 million ounces gold and 2.4 million ounces silver
(Vanderburg 1937)
Remaining mineral resource 1.3 million ounces gold (last reported by
Metallic Ventures Gold Inc in their 2004 annual report).
Borealis (Ramona) District:
Past production 0.6 million ounces gold
FIGURE 15.1 LOCATION OF BOREALIS PROPERTY AND OTHER IMPORTANT NEARBY GOLD MINING
PROPERTIES IN THE WALKER LANE AND AURORA-BOREALIS CROSS TREND (The author of
this report has been unable to verify the information noted above under figure
15.1. THIS INFORMATION IS NOT NECESSARILY INDICATIVE OF THE MINERALIZATION ON
THE BOREALIS PROPERTY. The references to mineral resources are historical, and
for general reference purposes only and may not be compliant with specific
NI43-101 guidelines)
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May 23, 2005
16.0 MINERAL PROCESSING AND METALLURGICAL TESTING
This section has been compiled in association with Gryphon Gold's consulting
metallurgist, Jaye T. Pickarts, P.E., a Qualified Person for the purpose of
Canadian NI 43-101, Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects, and Senior
Metallurgical Engineer, Knight Piesold and Company. Samuel Engineering, Inc., a
process design and construction management consulting group has contributed
supporting information regarding preliminary metallurgical flowsheet concepts.
16.1 HISTORICAL OPERATIONS SINCE 1980
Houston Oil and Minerals started production at the Borealis Mine in late 1981
and quickly sold their assets to Tenneco Minerals, which was subsequently
acquired by Echo Bay Minerals in late 1986. Echo Bay operated the mine through
1989 and shut down operations in late 1990. The historical mining operations
processed both a run-of-mine (ROM) ore and an ore that was crushed to a nominal
1 1/2-inch product as the primary feed material that was placed on the heap for
leaching. The fines fraction was agglomerated with 10 pounds of cement per ton
of ore, mixed with the coarse fraction, and leached with 0.5 pounds per ton of
sodium cyanide solution. Gold mineralization is finely disseminated and/or
partially bonded with pyrite, and although there are very little ore mineralogy
data available, historical operating reports suggest that some coarse gold may
exist. Gold that is bound in pyrite or pyrite-silica is not easily recovered by
simple heap leach cyanidation, however gold recovery in oxide ore is reported to
be about 80%. There are no reports of carbonaceous refractory components within
the old heap or dump materials. The previous mine operators employed a Merrill
Crowe circuit to enhance ease of silver recovery, followed by a retort to remove
mercury.
16.2 SUMMARY OF PAST METALLURGICAL TESTING
Washington Group International, Inc. was requested to review the past
metallurgical testing of the Borealis Mine as part of the initial evaluation of
the property. The review considered both the historical metallurgical testwork
results and the historical operating records of the mine available located in
the archival files (Washington Group, 2003). General findings are summarized
below.
Silver recovery is very low in all samples tested with the exception of the
single oxide interval of Freedom Flats ore, which yielded 87 percent silver
recovery from a 1.0 opt silver head. Very little data was available with respect
to silver, as it was typically not tracked. Operating reports indicated that
actual recoveries in the process plant were in the range of 10 percent for
silver.
The degree of oxidation of sulfide minerals has a significant impact on the
amenability of the samples to direct cyanidation. Leaching is likely dependent
on the degree of oxidation; the higher the head grade, the more sulfide must be
oxidized for precious metal liberation.
Chemical or bacterial oxidation of sulfide ore minerals greatly improves cyanide
leaching performance and gold recovery. In the laboratory, nitric acid digestion
followed by washing and neutralization prior to cyanidation was very effective
yielding 90+ percent recovery of both gold and silver. Biooxidation testwork was
reported to yield approximately 85 percent sulfide oxidation, and associated
cyanide leach recoveries of gold in excess of 90 percent.
Limited scoping level laboratory testing indicates sulfide ore minerals are
amenable to concentration by conventional flotation methods. Although flotation
testing was not aimed at obtaining high concentrate values, data indicate that
approximately 35 to 40 percent of the feed to the rougher concentrate was
required to achieve more than 80 percent gold recovery. Regrinding of the
rougher concentrate would likely improve the concentrate grade. No work was
found which investigated optimization of reagents for selectivity.
Leaching of sulfide concentrates requires oxidation of the sulfide minerals for
liberation of precious metals. There are various means, which could include: 1)
atmospheric pre-aeration stage prior to leaching - air sparging, 2) oxygen
enriched air sparging at atmospheric pressures, 3) atmospheric chemical
oxidation, 4) bio-oxidation and 5) pressure oxidation. Leaching of flotation
tailings would also be considered and will depend on the grade and composition
of the rougher tailings.
Comprehensive sampling and testing should be implemented to properly
characterize the sulfide materials. Metallurgical testing of the sulfide and
mixed sulfide materials should include flotation testing and pre-oxidation test
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work. The flotation test work should investigate two options. The first option
should be to produce the maximum recovery for feed to an oxidation and leaching
circuit. The second option should be to produce a shippable, saleable
concentrate. Additional test work should focus on 1) optimizing metal recovery
and concentrate grade, 2) minimizing final concentrate weight, and 3) defining a
cost effective process to oxidize sulfide flotation concentrates or whole ore.
16.3 METALLURGICAL TESTING OF EXISTING HEAPS AND DUMPS - 2004
In 2004, a metallurgical test program was developed for the drill samples taken
from existing heap leached material and dumps. No samples were taken or testwork
completed on mineralized material that is still in place adjacent to existing
mine workings. This work focused on determining the gold amenability to
cyanidation and the effect of particle size on gold recovery. The assay and
metallurgical work was conducted in Sparks, Nevada, by American Assay Laboratory
and McClelland Laboratory, respectively.
The sample composites were made by combining a split of each interval from each
hole into a hole composite. Each hole was then fire assayed for gold and silver.
In addition, a cyanide shake test using a pulverized 200-gram sample was
conducted on each hole composite. A summary of these data is shown in Appendix
A.
Assay results indicate good gold content in leach Heap 1 and Heap 3 and in half
of the Borealis Dump. Shake leach results for Heap 1, Heap 3, and the Borealis
Dump were also encouraging with gold recoveries averaging about 84 percent, 82
percent, and 100 percent, respectively. Since leach Heap 1 and Heap 3 and the
Borealis Dump showed the most encouraging results, this material was subjected
to additional metallurgical testing in this program.
Bottle roll leach testing was conducted on samples from these three locations.
Bore hole composite samples were split, and duplicate bottle roll tests were
conducted at material sized to P80, 1 1/2, 1, 3/4, and 1/2 inch. Triplicate head
assays were run on the composite sample, and each test had a 72-hour cyanide
leach, triplicate tail assays, and the cyanide concentration maintained at 1.0
g/l. A summary of these data is shown in Appendix A, and complete laboratory
data sheets have been included in the appendix.
16.3.1 HEAP 1 TEST RESULTS
Nine bottle roll leach tests were conducted on the composite made from the Heap
1 material. The indicated bottle roll gold recovery ranges from 37.5 percent to
44.4 percent with an average of 40.8 percent. However, there is a wide variation
in both the fire assay head and tail analyses, indicating either the potential
presence of a coarse gold fraction or poor assay technique. Recalculating the
Heap 1 recovery using the highest head assay and the lowest tail assay from the
metallurgical samples yields an adjusted average recovery of 56.8 percent.
Conversely, the lowest head assay and highest tail assay yields an adjusted
recovery of only 5 percent, further evidence of a potential coarse gold
fraction.
16.3.2 HEAP 3 TEST RESULTS
Nine bottle roll leach tests were also conducted on the Heap 3 material. The
indicated bottle roll leach recovery ranges from 45.5 percent to 54.9 percent
with an average of 50 percent. The Heap 3 head sample fire assays are
substantially lower than the calculated head, which uses the tail fire assay and
the solution assay. This assay variation may again be related to a coarse gold
fraction or poor assay technique. It is difficult to determine the actual reason
for this assay variation without a complete mineralogical study, but the wide
variation in the head and tail assay, regardless of the feed size, suggests that
there may be a coarse and slowly leachable gold fraction present. However, since
the Heap 1 and Heap 3 material had been previously leached, it seems reasonable
to assume that the finer, more oxidized gold would have been recovered, leaving
a slow leaching, coarse gold fraction.
16.3.3 BOREALIS DUMP TEST RESULTS
Only eight bottle roll leach tests were conducted on the samples from the
northeast half of the Borealis Dump, which had the better head assays. These
bottle results indicate a gold recovery range from 61.9 percent to 81.0 percent
with an average of 72 percent. These data also did not have the assay variation
that was evident in the Heap 1 and Heap 3 material.
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16.3.4 SCREEN ANALYSIS
To help determine if a coarse gold fraction was present, an additional bottle
roll leach testing series was conducted that included a head screen and leached
tail screen analyses. These data are shown in Appendix A. Although the composite
gold recoveries were similar to the previous test results, the same assay
variation was evident. The only samples available to use in this testwork had
already been crushed to a nominal 1/2-inch size. Nonetheless, these data do
provide a good indication of the gold distribution for these samples.
The highest gold assay, a plus 1/2-inch size fraction of 0.031 opt, was reported
in the Heap 1 head. This size fraction also contained about 28 percent of the
total gold content for Heap 1. Looking further into the Heap 1 data, the gold
distribution shows that 51 percent of the gold is contained in the coarse-size
fraction (plus 1/4-inch), which represents about 35 percent of the ore. The
cyanide gold recovery at this size fraction is 55 percent.
In addition, the Heap 1 fines fraction (minus 35 mesh) contains only 15 percent
of the gold that is contained in about 33 percent of the volume. The gold
recovery in this fines fraction is about 40 percent. The remaining gold value is
contained in the middling fraction (minus 1/4-inch plus 35 mesh) and appears to
have a constant tail of about 0.016 opt, indicating the potential presence of
coarse or pyrite-silica-bound gold.
The Heap 3 data are somewhat different. The coarse fraction (plus 1/4-inch)
contains 41 percent of the gold and 61 percent of the total volume, only 20
percent of which is recoverable by cyanidation. The fines fraction (minus 35
mesh) represents about 8 percent of the volume, yet it contains 37 percent of
the gold, 92 percent of which is recoverable by cyanidation. The middling
fraction (minus 1/4-inch plus 35 mesh) contains 22 percent of the gold at a
cyanide recovery of about 38 percent.
Reagent consumption for the test series is also shown in Appendix A, Table A-3.
There appears to be more of a correlation between the consumption and material
type than the particle size or gold content. Heap 3 material had the highest
cyanide and moderate lime consumption while the Borealis Dump material had the
highest lime consumption and low cyanide consumption. This indicates that some
transitional partially oxidized material may have been mined during the previous
operations.
16.4 BULK DENSITY AND TONNAGE FACTOR
Eight core samples from the Graben deposit were collected for bulk density
measurements. Samples were collected to be representative of alteration types
and grades within the deposit. Table 16.1 summarizes the alteration
characteristics and grade ranges for each sample. Bulk density measurements were
performed by McClelland Laboratories, Inc. (Sparks, Nevada) using the standard
water displacement method. Bulk density results are displayed in Table 16.1. A
weighted average Tonnage Factor, considering alteration and grade, is 12.24
ft(3)/ton for the entire Graben deposit. Within in the greater than 0.10 opt Au
zone the density averages 11.69 ft(3)/ton and within the lower grade zone (0.01
to 0.10 opt Au) the density is 12.52 ft(3)/ton.
TABLE 16.1. ALTERATION AND GRADE FOR BULK DENSITY SAMPLES.
SPECIFIC TONNAGE FACTOR
SAMPLE ALTERATION TYPE GRADE GRAVITY (FT(3)/TON)
------ --------------------------------------------------- ---------------- -------- --------------
CBO2@729 Strong silicification and pyrite, with quartz veins >0.25 opt Au 2.72 11.8
CBO6@784 Strong silicification and moderate pyrite 0.0X opt Au 2.63 12.2
CBO23@658 Strong silicification and pyrite, with quartz veins >0.25 opt Au 2.68 11.9
CBO24@585 Strong silicification and pyrite 0.10-0.25 opt Au 3.12 10.3
CBO28@722 Strong silicification and moderate pyrite >0.25 opt Au 2.44 13.1
CBO31@638 Moderate silicification and pyrite >0.25 opt Au 2.69 11.9
CBO32@660 Strong silicification and pyrite, with quartz veins 0.10-0.25 opt Au 2.60 12.3
BC982@1000 Strong silicification and moderate pyrite 0.0X opt Au 2.49 12.9
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Other tonnage factor data are available in the historic database. The tonnage
factor for the mined portion of Freedom Flats is reported to be 16.4 ft(3)/ton
(Eng, 1991). Specific gravity measurement for Borealis, East Ridge, and
Northeast Ridge deposits are summarized in Hoegberg (2000). These are converted
to tonnage factors as outlined in Table 16.2. The tonnage factor used for most
deposits in the previous mineral resource estimate (Behre Dolbear, 2004) was
13.5 ft(3)/ton, except for Freedom Flats and Graben low-grade which was 13
ft(3)/ton, and Graben high-grade (>0.10 opt Au) was 12 ft(3)/ton.
TABLE 16.2. BULK DENSITIES FOR BOREALIS, EAST RIDGE, AND NORTHEAST RIDGE
DEPOSITS.
DEPOSIT AVERAGE TONNAGE FACTOR (FT(3)/TON) TONNAGE FACTOR RANGE (FT(3)/TON)
------- ---------------------------------- --------------------------------
Borealis 12.1 11.6-12.5
East Ridge 12.5 11.7-13.4
Northeast Ridge 12.2 11.8-12.8
As would be expected, materials with the lower tonnage factors are the most
silicified and commonly contain sulfides. The lighter tonnage factors are for
material that is more argillized and oxidized.
16.5 HEAP LEACH PROCESSING ALTERNATIVES
It is often difficult to develop correlations and draw conclusions when
evaluating ore with lower gold tenor as is found in the existing heaps and
dumps. However, these metallurgical data do provide several clear options for
improving or upgrading the gold recovery. This metallurgical discussion is based
solely on the assay and screen analysis results from these metallurgical
samples.
The Borealis Dump has more coarse rock than Heap 1 or Heap 3, and the rock
appears to be more durable. In addition, the Borealis Dump rock has a lower gold
grade and higher recovery which, when combined with the higher rock content,
makes it ideal for use as a drain layer on the Heap. Any recoverable fines
component that will be screened out while separating the coarse rock may be used
as a protective layer on the Heap or agglomerated with the Heap 1 or Heap 3
material.
16.5.1 HEAP LEACH + GRAVITY
Once laboratory testwork demonstrates the technical viability of producing a
gravity concentrate, one option might be to process all of the material from
Heap 1 and Heap 3, which would include separating the minus 1/4-inch fraction
prior to a gravity circuit by wet screening and then slurry agglomerating the
fines onto the gravity circuit tail (remaining coarse fraction after the gravity
separation). The plus 1/4-inch fraction would then be resized to remove the plus
1/2-inch material and processed in a gravity circuit to remove any coarse gold.
A gravity circuit could potentially recover an additional 15 percent to 20
percent of the coarse gold. The weighted average split (52 percent) of the
finer-size fraction represents about 3.1 million tons with a weighted average
gold grade of 0.015 opt and an indicated gold recovery of 56 percent. A
conceptual process flowsheet is shown on Plate 2.
The final combined heap leach feed material for this option (the gravity tail
plus the fines fraction) would contain approximately 5.4 million tons with a
weighted average gold grade of 0.013 opt and an indicated gold recovery of 50.3
percent. Although this option utilizes all of the Heap 1 and Heap 3 material,
the gold grade and recovery from the heap leach may not be optimal. The fines
fraction (minus 1/4-inch) from Heap 1 and the coarse fraction from Heap 3 have
both a lower gold content and recovery, thus reducing the overall leach Heap
grade and recovery.
16.5.2 HEAP LEACH + GRAVITY (SCREEN-OUT THE LOW GRADE)
Another process option would screen out these lower grade-size fractions (minus
1/4-inch from Heap 1 and the plus 1/4-inch from Heap 3) and process only the
material with a higher grade and recovery. This process would wet screen out the
plus 1/4-inch material from Heap 1, which would then be resized and screened to
remove the plus 1/2-inch fraction. The resized minus 1/2-inch fraction would
then be processed in a gravity circuit to remove any coarse gold. A gravity
circuit could potentially recover an additional 15 percent to 20 percent of the
coarse gold. The
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minus 1/2-inch fraction has a gold head grade of 0.031 opt and an indicated
leach recovery of 55.4 percent and thus would be processed in the heap leach
Heap.
Conversely, the minus 1/4-inch material would be screened out from Heap 3 and
processed in the heap leach Heap. This material has a gold head grade of 0.018
opt and an indicated leach recovery of 72.1 percent. The combined heap leach
material for this option (the plus 1/2-inch fraction from Heap 1 and the minus
1/4-inch fraction from Heap 3) would have a gold head grade of 0.22 opt and a
recovery of 67.3 percent. A conceptual process flowsheet is shown on Plate 3.
The lower-grade material that was screened out of Heap 1 and Heap 3 notionally
would be stockpiled and could potentially be used in the construction of the
protective layer and/or drain layer on the leach Heap.
Other flowsheet iterations could be and probably should be explored with
additional and more detailed metallurgical testwork. Blending the Heap 1 and
Heap 3 materials with other mined pit ores is also a viable option. This
secondary leach ore could also be used as "fill in" production during waste
mining periods or equipment maintenance shutdown.
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17.0 MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATES
17.1 GENERAL STATEMENT
An updated mineral resource estimate for the main Borealis study area was
prepared by Alan C. Noble, P.E. of Ore Reserves Engineering. The study area
encompasses the core of the BMC holdings and the principal gold deposits with
known mineral resources. Although this estimate uses the same drill-hole data,
there are several improvements to the previous model (Behre-Dolbear, 2004) that
are believed to improve the quality of the estimates, as follows:
1. Models were prepared from the drill hole geologic logs for the
thickness of the QAL and TCV units, which overly the mineralized
deposits and are generally barren. These important units were not
previously modeled;
2. Models were prepared for the depth of oxidation and the depth of mixed
oxides + sulfides based on drill hole logging data. The depth of
oxidation was assumed to be at the bottom of the mined-out pits in the
previous model by Behre-Dolbear;
3. Grade zones have been prepared in much more detail and several smaller
zones that were missed in the previous model were included. In
addition, the grade zones are believed to conform better to the
current geological understanding of the deposits than the previous
estimates; and
4. An additional zone of gold mineralization was recognized near the
bottom of the QAL unit that is alluvial in nature and appears to
consist of placer gold and or rock fragments weathered from the
Northeast Ridge and Borealis Deposits.
Deposits included in this mineral resource estimate are the Graben Deposit,
Freedom Flats Deposit, Borealis Deposit (including Borealis Extension),
Crocodile Ridge Deposit, Deep Ore Flats Deposit (aka Polaris Deposit), East
Ridge Deposit, Gold View Deposit, Northeast Ridge Deposit, and West Alluvial
Deposit. Other known mineralization at Boundary Ridge Zone, Jaime's Ridge, Cerro
Duro, and Purdy Peak is outside the study area and is not included in the
updated resource model. However, historical resource estimates completed by
Whitney and Whitney Inc. (1999) and Golden Phoenix Mineral Inc. (2000) are
summarized to allow for a complete mineral resource inventory of known deposits.
It should be noted that the resource estimates for these outlying deposits do
not conform to current NI 43-101 standards.
17.2 MINERAL RESOURCE MODEL
17.2.1 RESOURCE BLOCK MODEL SIZE AND LOCATION
Two three-dimensional block models were used to estimate the gold resource. Each
of these models used 20x20x20 foot blocks and was rotated so that model north
was N50 degrees E. The models overlap slightly to more easily maintain
continuity across model boundaries, as shown in Figure 17.1. Model size and
location parameters are summarized in Table 17.1.
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TABLE 17.1. BLOCK MODEL DIMENSIONS AND LOCATION PARAMETERS
Southwest Model Northeast Model
--------------------------------- ---------------------------------
East North Elevation East North Elevation
(Columns) (Rows) (Levels) (Columns) (Rows) (Levels)
--------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
Origin 44200.00 22000.00 5800.00 51208.91 24226.03 7000.00
Block Size 20 feet 20 feet 20 feet 20 feet 20 feet 20 feet
Number Blocks 310 360 88 170 480 72
Total Length 6200 feet 7200 feet 1440 feet 3400 feet 9600 feet 1440 feet
Rotation Model North is rotated 50 degrees clockwise from true north.
Note: Model origin is located at the lower, left corner of the block at the
lower left corner of the model. The coordinates of the origin are specified
before rotation to the local grid system. The coordinates shown above are equal
to the Borealis grid coordinate less (400,000East and 1,300,000North).
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(GRAPHIC OMITTED)
(Source: A. Noble, Ore Reserves Engineering 2005)
FIGURE 17.1. MAP SHOWING THE NORTHEAST AND SOUTHWEST MODEL BOUNDARIES
WITH DEPOSIT AREAS AND GOLD GRADE THICKNESS.
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17.2.2 DRILL-HOLE DATA
Drill-hole data were provided by Gryphon Gold, as previously discussed in
Section 11.2. Three comma delimited ASCI files containing collar, down-hole
survey, and assay data were reformatted and combined into a single data file
that was read into the MicroModel resource estimation system. The data were used
as provided except that assays in ppb Au were converted to opt Au and milliounce
per ton gold.
As shown in Table 17.2, there are 1,626 total drill holes in the model areas,
most of which intersect more than one mineralized zone. Average grades inside
the mineralized zones range from 0.007 opt Au to 0.064 opt Au. Variability of
assays is moderate to high, with coefficients of variation ranging from 1.28 to
4.25 within zones. The location of drill-hole collars is shown in Figures 17.2
and 17.3 for the Southwest and Northeast Models, respectively.
TABLE 17.2. SUMMARY OF DRILL HOLE SAMPLE STATISTICS FOR
DRILL HOLES INTERSECTING THE MINERALIZED ZONES.
Total Intervals Total Average Average Coefficient
Number Sample Not Intervals Assayed Assay Gold Grade of
Holes Intervals Assayed Assayed Footage Length opt Au Variation
------ --------- --------- --------- ------- ------- ---------- -----------
Graben 61 2,620 131 2,489 12,362 4.97 0.054 3.13
Freedom Flats 143 6,223 217 6,006 30,029 5.00 0.064 2.49
Borealis 321 5,611 127 5,484 27,835 5.08 0.042 2.78
Deep Ore Flats (Polaris) 163 6,223 217 6,006 30,029 5.00 0.064 1.90
Crocodile Ridge 37 2,593 25 2,568 12,879 5.02 0.012 1.28
Alluvium 253 1,673 175 1,498 7,490 5.00 0.007 4.25
East Ridge 188 4,466 104 4,362 21,892 5.02 0.020 1.70
Mid Ridge 60 1,307 24 1,283 6,415 5.00 0.008 1.28
Northeast Ridge 210 6,008 115 5,893 29,495 5.01 0.016 1.48
Outside Zones 1,342 56,188 3,564 52,624 267,047 5.07 0.001 3.83
Southwest Model Total 1,080 69,221 4,144 65,077 328,339 5.05 0.012 5.67
Northeast Model Total 546 18,020 341 17,679 89,850 5.08 0.011 2.09
Note - Drill holes may intersect more than one zone, therefore the number of
holes by zone is not additive.
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(GRAPHIC OMITTED)
(Source: A. Noble, Ore Reserves Engineering 2005)
FIGURE 17.2. DRILL-HOLE COLLAR LOCATIONS IN THE SOUTHWEST MODEL.
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(GRAPHIC OMITTED)
(Source: A. Noble, Ore Reserves Engineering 2005)
FIGURE 17.3. DRILL HOLE COLLAR LOCATIONS IN THE NORTHEAST MODEL
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17.2.3 COMPOSITING
Raw assays were composited to 20-foot lengths for resource estimation using
length-weighted averaging. Composite intervals were generally set at the top and
bottom of the 20-foot model benches unless the length of the composite was
greater than 45 feet, at which point 20-foot intervals were composited starting
from the beginning of the first assayed interval in the drill-hole. Thus
vertical holes and holes with angle greater than 63.6 degrees from horizontal
were "bench composited" to the model benches, and holes flatter than 63.6
degrees from horizontal were "down-hole" composited to 20-foot down-hole
intervals.
Missing values were treated as missing for calculation of the composited value,
but the composite average was set to "missing", if less than of 10 feet of
assayed drill samples was available.
17.2.4 TOPOGRAPHIC DATA AND MODELS
AutoCAD files were provided by Gryphon Gold that contained topographic contours
for the "original" topography, the "end mining" topography, and the "current"
topography. The original topography data contains elevation contours at 25-foot
intervals with some detailed contours at 5-foot contour intervals. Outside the
main Borealis-Ridge areas data is on 40-ft contours. There is no evidence of
pits or dumps on the original topography maps. The end mining topography is
similar to the original topography, but shows the mined-out pits, some of the
heaps, and some of the dumps. Current topography is similar to the previous two
but with more detailed contours at 5-foot intervals. The Borealis and Deep Ore
Flats (Polaris) pits have been backfilled in the current topography and all
heaps and dumps are shown in what appears to be the current configuration. The
exception is that the Northeast Ridge pit is shown, but the Northeast Ridge
dumps are not shown. The Northeast Ridge dumps were added to the current
topography based on surveys of the dump areas in June 2004.
There is little known about the dates and accuracy of the topographic data,
although they all appear to have been prepared by Echo Bay during operations.
Considering that the Northeast Ridge pit was not included in the data for the
"current" topography, it is likely that it is based on aerial surveys late
during the final stages of mining that were manually corrected for mining at
Northeast Ridge. Although the topographic data is believed to be sufficiently
accurate for purposes of this resource estimate, a new aerial survey is
recommended before mine production is resumed.
Gridded topographic models were prepared from the topographic data by kriging to
the center points of the 20-by-20-foot model grid (in plan view). Point kriging
with a low-nugget, long-range linear variogram was used for these models.
Because the models were all based on slightly different data, the elevations of
the original and end mining topo models were set equal to the elevation current
topo model if the difference in elevations was less than 5 feet. Several
calculated models were derived from these models as follows:
1. Maximum topo, which is equal to the maximum of current and original
topography.
2. Fill topo, which is equal to the minimum of current and original
topography.
3. Minimum topo, which is equal to the minimum of current, end mining and
original topo.
All remaining resources were summarized using the minimum topography, which is
the top of hard rock. The maximum and fill topo models will be used to define
fill and backfill materials during mine planning. Contour maps are shown in
Plates 5 to 10 in Section 25.
17.2.5 GEOLOGIC MODEL FOR THE THICKNESS OF THE QAL AND TCV FORMATIONS
Models for the thickness of the QAL alluvium and the thickness of the TCV Coal
Valley formation were developed for the Southwest Model. These models were based
on depths of the bottom of each formation from the drill hole logs as follows:
1. Depths to the bottom of each formation were extracted from the drill
hole geologic logs in the Borealis historical data archives. If depths
were available from recent relogging of drill cuttings or core, those
depths were used rather than depths from the old logs.
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2. The XYZ location of each intersection was computed for each formation.
3. Data were compared against the elevation of original (pre-mining)
topography. Drill holes that were drilled more than 10 feet below the
original topography and had a zero (0.0) depth for the intersection
were discarded since the drill hole was likely drilled from the bottom
of a pit and the intersection point would be invalid.
4. The true depth of the intersection point was computed by subtracting
the elevation of the intersection point from the elevation of original
topography above that point if the hole was an angle hole dipping
flatter than 80 degrees form horizontal.
5. The depth of the bottom of QAL and the depth of the bottom of TCV were
kriged to the center points of the topographic grid model using a
zero-nugget, isotropic, linear variogram. The kriged depth to the
bottom of TCV was adjusted so that it was always greater than or equal
to the depth to the bottom of QAL.
6. The depths to the bottom of each formation were subtracted from the
elevation of original topography to create models of the elevation of
the bottom of each formation.
7. The resulting models were reviewed on contour maps and cross-sections.
A few intersections with anomalous depths were removed from the data.
Removal of the anomalous data was justified both by inconsistencies
that have been observed in the historical geologic logs, which were
done over a long period of time by many different geologists with
varied levels of training, and because it is often difficult to
recognize the contacts in drill-hole cuttings.
8. In some areas the model was not contouring properly because of the
complexity of the surfaces and/or the sacristy of the data. Control
points were inserted manually to correct these problems and the depth
models were recalculated.
9. A three dimensional block model of formation type was created using
the models of the elevation of formation bottoms as shown in Table
17.3. A code for heaps and dumps was added to this model so heaps and
dumps could be identified in resource estimation and reconciliations.
TABLE 17.3. GEOLOGIC FORMATION MODEL
MODEL SURFACE AT BOTTOM
CODE FORMATION SURFACE AT TOP OF FORMATION OF FORMATION
- ----- --------------- -------------------------------------------- ---------------------
1000 Heaps and Dumps Maximum of Current and Pre-mining Topography Pre-mining Topography
2000 QAL Pre-mining Topography Bottom of QAL
3000 TCV Bottom of QAL Bottom of TCV
4000 Volcanics Bottom of TCV Bottom of Model
Although there are some difficulties in defining the depths of the QAL and TCV
contacts in drill cuttings and questions regarding the reliability of some of
the historical geologic logs, it is believed that the reliability of the
Geologic Formation Model is adequate for resource estimation in and around the
ore zones. Outside the ore zones the contours are projected and are only
approximate. Continued improvement of the QAL and TCV contact models is
recommended both to improve the accuracy of the resource model and to improve
the geological understanding of the deposit.
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Maps of the thicknesses and elevations of the bottom of the formations are
attached in Section 25 as Plates 11 and 12.
17.2.6 MODEL OF THE DEPTH OF OXIDATION AND PARTIAL OXIDATION
The same procedure was used to create the model of the depth of oxidation and
the depth of partial oxidation (mixed oxides and sulfides) as was defined above
for the QAL and TCV contacts. A three dimensional block model of oxidation state
was created using the models of the Bottom of Oxidation and the Bottom of
Partial Oxidation as shown in Table 17-4.
Because the first trial oxidation models showed a significant amount of sulfide
mineralization projected into the material which previously occupied the
mined-out shells of existing pits, there was concern that the drill-hole logs
may not be reliable in certain areas. Accordingly, the pit walls and bottoms
were checked during a site visit to determine the extent of exposure of material
containing sulfide minerals. During the site visit, no true sulfide exposures
were seen, but a large quantity of rock with partially oxidized sulfide minerals
was observed in the East Ridge and Northeast Ridge pits. No sulfides were
observed in the Freedom Flats pit, but the bottom of the pit, where sulfides are
reported, was not accessible. Accordingly, those data points for the bottom of
partially oxidized material that were above the pit bottoms were not used for
the modeling of the final bottom of partially oxidized material. Continued
improvement of oxidation models is recommended, including mapping in the pits
and relogging of cuttings from critical drill holes.
TABLE 17.4. GEOLOGIC OXIDATION STATE MODEL
MODEL OXIDATION SURFACE AT BOTTOM OF
CODE TYPE SURFACE AT TOP OXIDATION TYPE OXIDATION TYPE
- ----- -------------- ----------------------------- ---------------------------
100 Oxides Pre-mining Topography Bottom of Partial Oxidation
200 Partial Oxides Bottom of Oxidation Bottom of Partial Oxidation
300 Sulfides Bottom of Partial Oxidation Bottom of Model
17.2.7 GRADE ZONE MODELS AND BASIC STATISTICS
Grade zone models were created for mineral resource estimation to control the
shape and continuity of the ore zones and to better define grade-zoning patterns
inside the mineralized envelopes. In general, a low-grade, mid-grade, and
high-grade zone was created for each deposit. The general procedure for creating
the grade zones was as follows:
1. The geologic cross sections and the geologist's grade contours were
evaluated to determine the general trend, size and shape for each
deposit.
2. Nearest-neighbor (NN) gold-grade models were constructed for each
deposit using the strikes and dips provided by the geologic cross
sections. The NN models were viewed on plans and cross-sections to
further refine the strike and dip of each deposit.
3. Plan maps were plotted and the low-grade envelope was drawn around the
mineralization, based on NN block grades, composited gold grades, and
the geologist's shape of the deposit (in cross-section
interpretations). The low-grade outline was generally based on a
cutoff of about 0.001 opt Au except for the Graben deposit, which used
a slightly higher low-grade cutoff of about 0.002 opt Au. Grade zones
were drawn on all benches with drill-hole intersections for the
particular zone, but were confined to the areas where sufficient data
were available to define a continuous zone. Thus outside the grade
zone outlines, it is possible that exploration drilling may expand the
zones and increase the mineral resource.
4. The grade zone outlines were used create a 3-dimensional block model
of grade zones by assigning the
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code of the zone outline to all blocks with block centers inside the
outline. Grade zone codes were assigned to composites using the same
method, but with composite centroids rather than block centers.
5. NN models were then created using the grade zone boundaries as hard
boundaries to constrain the assignment of grades. Histograms and
cumulative frequency plots were compiled from the NN model grade
models for evaluation of the grade distributions. (The grade
distributions and statistics from NN model are used to minimize the
effects of clustering since the drilling tends to be highly
concentrated in high-grade zones.)
6. Starting from the lowest grade-zone envelope, the NN grade
distributions were examined to see if there was evidence of multiple
distributions. If multiple distributions were observed, an envelope
was drawn to segregate the higher-grade distribution. This was
repeated for up to three distributions, or grade zones, per deposit.
Basic statistics for the NN grade distributions are summarized by grade zone in
Table 17-6. Examples of typical grade zones are shown in Figure 17.4, which
shows the grade zones for a several levels of the Graben and Freedom Flats
deposits. Examples of the resulting grade distributions are shown for the Graben
and Freedom Flats deposits in Figures 17.5 and 17.6. Additional cumulative
frequency plots and histograms for all deposits are attached in the appendices
of this report.
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TABLE 17.5. SUMMARY OF NEAREST-NEIGHBOR GOLD GRADE BASIC
STATISTICS BY GRADE ZONE.
MODEL NUMBER MINIMUM MAXIMUM AVERAGE COEFFICIENT OF
MODEL ZONE CODE BLOCKS OPT AU OPT AU OPT AU VARIATION
----- ------------------------ ----- ------ ------- ------- ------- --------------
Southwest Graben Low-Grade 10 35,155 0.0016 0.211 0.021 1.053
Graben Mid-Grade 11 2,549 0.036 0.246 0.089 0.304
Graben High-Grade 12 1,459 0.059 1.882 0.339 0.971
Freedom Flats Low-Grade 20 5,654 0.0005 0.037 0.003 0.814
Freedom Flats Mid-Grade 21 6,793 0.0030 0.130 0.026 0.658
Freedom Flats High-Grade 22 2,010 0.0022 1.698 0.196 0.934
Borealis Low-Grade 30 14,059 0.0010 0.026 0.005 0.503
Borealis Mid-Grade 31 12,989 0.0002 0.165 0.023 0.844
Borealis High-Grade 32 2,058 0.036 2.855 0.193 1.501
Deep Ore Flats Low-Grade 40 9,176 0.0010 0.009 0.003 0.445
Deep Ore Flats Mid-Grade 41 5,943 0.0022 0.173 0.019 1.043
Crocodile Ridge 50 11,166 0.0017 0.036 0.006 0.892
West Alluvium 80 24,628 0.0005 0.262 0.004 1.493
Northeast East Ridge Low-Grade 50 31,815 0.0016 0.211 0.021 1.053
East Ridge Mid-Grade 51 2,630 0.0014 0.071 0.013 0.304
Middle Ridge All 60 13,458 0.028 0.577 0.068 0.971
Northeast Ridge All 70 29,885 0.0010 0.082 0.007 0.814
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(GRAPHIC OMITTED)
(Source: A. Noble, Ore Reserves Engineering 2005)
FIGURE 17.4. EXAMPLES OF GRADE ZONES ON FOUR BENCHES OF THE
GRABEN AND FREEDOM FLATS DEPOSITS.
(Low-grade zones are violet, mid-grade zones are green, and
high-grade zones are red).
(ORE LOGO) ORE RESERVES ENGINEERING page 70
May 23, 2005
(GRAPHIC OMITTED)
(Source: A. Noble, Ore Reserves Engineering 2005)
FIGURE 17.5. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY PLOTS AND HISTOGRAMS FOR
THE GRADE ZONES IN THE GRABEN DEPOSIT.
(ORE LOGO) ORE RESERVES ENGINEERING page 71
May 23, 2005
(GRAPHIC OMITTED)
(Source: A. Noble, Ore Reserves Engineering 2005)
FIGURE 17.6. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY PLOTS AND HISTOGRAMS FOR
THE GRADE ZONES IN THE FREEDOM FLATS DEPOSIT.
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May 23, 2005
17.2.8 VARIOGRAMS
Variograms were computed for each grade zone in using natural-log-transformed
gold grades. These lognormal variograms were transformed for plotting and
interpretation into relative variograms using standard geostatistical
transformations. Variograms were oriented along strike, perpendicular to strike,
vertical, and omnidirectional. The resulting variograms are generally
well-behaved but with significant variation in parameters for individual grade
zones, as summarized in Table 17.6. Detailed variogram plots are attached in
appendicies of this report.
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TABLE 17.6. VARIOGRAM SUMMARY
MAXIMUM VARIOGRAM
VARIOGRAM DIRECTIONS RANGES (feet)
--------------------- ------------------
ZONE NUGGET SILL Pri. Sec. Ter. Pri. Sec. Ter. COMMENT
---- ------ ---- ----- ------ ---- ---- ---- ---- -------
Graben Low Grade 0.65 1.22 11 101 Vert 600 500 150 Best continuity in plane striking N11E,
dipping 45 E
Graben Mid Grade 0.05 0.11 NA 225 Insufficient data for directional variograms
Graben High Grade 0.40 0.67 NA 225 Insufficient data for directional variograms
Freedom Flats Low Grade 0.25 0.40 55 145 Vert 190 80 125 Good vertical continuity
Freedom Flats Mid Grade 0.35 0.55 55 145 Vert 400 175 250 Good vertical continuity
Freedom Flats High Grade 0.60 0.80 55 145 Vert 175 80 50 Generally good continuity for zone, but poor
continuity of grade inside zone
Borealis Low Grade 0.15 0.21 45 135 Vert 250 200 200
Borealis Mid Grade 0.25 0.87 45 135 Vert 600 400 60 Strong zonal anisotropy in vertical
direction
Borealis High Grade 0.31 0.57 45 135 Vert 450 200 90
Deep Ore Flats Low Grade 0.11 0.18 76 166 Vert 350 250 100
Deep Ore Flats Mid Grade 76 166 Vert 50 170 45
Crocodile Ridge 0.20 0.66 46 136/30 Vert 425 1000 160 Average range in plane dipping 30deg at 136
is 550 ft
West Alluvial 0.60 0.94 330 60 Vert 400 400 40 Average range in plane dipping 10deg at 305
is 1000 ft
East Ridge 0.20 0.92 214 124 Vert 375 200 160
Mid Ridge 0.15 0.70 244 154 Vert 900 100 200
Northeast Ridge 0.25 1.35 237/5 147 Vert 650 150 125 Along strike follows slope of hillside
Notes:
1) Nugget and sill are relative variances.
2) Primary and secondary directions are horizontal azimuths unless otherwise
specified.
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17.2.9 GRADE ESTIMATION
Grade estimation was done using inverse-distance-power (IDP) interpolation.
Control of the estimation was maintained using the grade zones, the composite
selection and grade caps, and the IDP parameters, as follows:
1. Composite selection and grade caps were applied individually for each
grade zone in each deposit, as summarized in Table 17.7.
For example, estimation of the Graben low-grade zone was done using
all composites from the Graben low-grade zone, plus samples from the
mid-grade zone up to a maximum value of 75 milliounces/ton gold.
Composites from the high-grade zone were not used to interpolate
blocks in the Graben low-grade zone.
This procedure lets grade estimation use similar data from grade zones
that overlap the current distribution but ignores data that is much
higher or lower grade. Thus, continuity across the grade boundaries is
maintained without smearing of high-grade data into low-grade blocks,
or vice-versa.
TABLE 17.7. COMPOSITE SELECTION PARAMETERS AND CAPPING PARAMETERS
BY DEPOSIT AND GRADE ZONE
BLOCK MODEL COMPOSITES (ALL GRADES ARE MILLIOUNCE/TON GOLD)
- ----------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
DEPOSIT Zone Code Zone Min Max Cap Zone Min Max Cap Zone Min Max Cap
------- ---- ---- ---- --- ---- ---- ---- --- ---- ---- ---- --- ---- ----
Graben Low 10 10 0 None 85 11 0 75 75
Mid 11 10 35 None 150 11 0 None 150 12 0 150 150
High 12 11 120 None 750 12 0 None 750
Flats South Low 20 20 0 None 10 21 0 9 10
Mid 21 20 3 None 100 21 0 None 100 22 0 120 100
High 22 21 65 None 1000 22 0 None 1000
Borealis Low 30 30 0 None 12 31 0 12 12
Mid 31 30 6 None 100 31 0 None 100 32 0 100 100
High 32 31 80 None 600 32 0 None 600
D.O.Flats Low 40 40 0 None 8 41 0 8 8
(Polaris)
Mid 41 40 6.5 None 100 41 0 None 100
Crocodile Ridge All 50 50 0 None 20
Alluvium All 80 80 0 None 20
SW No Zone None 99 99 0 None 50
East Ridge Low 50 50 0 None 40 51 0 None 40 60 0 None None
Mid 50 50 30 None 100 51 0 None 70 60 50 None 100
Mid Ridge All 60 50 0 None 30 60 0 None 30 70 0 None 30
NE Ridge All 70 50 0 None 38 60 0 None 38 70 0 None 38
2. The search and weighting parameters for IDP estimation were adjusted
to provide block estimates that were unbiased relative to the
nearest-neighbor estimate, but with a variance that was 50% to 60% of
the variance of the NN estimate. Where production data were available,
parameters were adjusted to match production as well as possible. This
was done as follows:
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a) The orientation of the search ellipse and the search radii were
set based on the size and shape of the deposit and on the
variogram ranges. IDP anisotropies were set equal to the search
radii.
b) An initial modeling run was done using a power of 3.0, a maximum
of eight composites, and a maximum of 1 composite per drill hole.
c) If the variance smoothing ratio (IDP variance divided by NN
variance) was too high, the power was decreased, and/or the
maximum points or the maximum composites per hole was increased.
If the variance smoothing ratio was too low, the power was
increased and/or the maximum points or the maximum composites per
hole was decreased. This was repeated until the appropriate
variance smoothing ratio was achieved.
The final parameters for IDP estimation are summarized in Table 17.8. The
statistics for the IDP and NN estimations for each deposit and grade zone are
summarized in Table 17.9.
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TABLE 17.8. SEARCH AND WEIGHTING PARAMETERS FOR INVERSE DISTANCE ESTIMATION
DIRECTION
OF PRIMARY SEARCH ELLIPSE MAX IDP
MODELING AXIS RADIUS(FT) MAX COMP ANISOTROPIES
------------- --------------- DATA PER --------------- IDP
DEPOSIT ZONE Azimuth Dip Pri Sec Ter POINTS HOLE Pri Sec Ter POWER
------- ------- ------- --- --- --- --- ------ ---- --- --- --- -----
Graben Low 101 48 400 200 100 8 1 400 200 100 2.3
Mid 101 48 300 300 75 6 1 200 200 75 2.5
High 101 48 200 200 75 5 1 200 200 75 2.0
Flats South Low 340 60 300 200 50 8 1 250 150 50 2.2
Mid 340 60 250 150 50 8 1 250 150 50 2.5
High 340 60 250 150 50 8 1 250 150 50 2.5
Flats North Low 156 83 300 200 50 8 1 250 150 50 2.5
Mid 156 83 250 150 50 8 1 250 150 50 2.8
High 156 83 250 150 50 10 1 250 150 50 2.0
Borealis Low 320 20 300 300 200 12 2 200 200 200 3.0
Mid 320 20 400 200 50 9 1 400 200 50 2.0
High 320 20 300 200 50 9 2 250 150 50 2.0
D.O.Flats West Low 176 43 300 150 50 9 1 300 150 50 2.6
Mid 176 43 250 100 50 8 1 250 100 50 2.5
D.O.Flats East Low 340 41 300 150 50 8 1 300 150 50 2.0
Mid 340 41 250 100 50 8 1 250 100 50 2.5
Crocodile Ridge All 136 30 400 400 100 12 2 300 300 100 2.0
Alluvium South All 305 13 500 500 50 5 1 500 500 50 2.5
Alluvium South All 350 10 500 500 50 8 1 500 500 50 2.5
SW Model Unzoned 0 0 150 150 50 9 3 150 150 50 5.0
East Ridge Low 214 5 300 150 100 8 1 300 150 100 3.0
Mid 214 5 300 150 100 8 1 300 150 100 4.0
Mid Ridge All 244 5 300 150 100 8 1 400 100 150 3.5
NE Ridge All 237 5 300 250 100 8 1 700 500 100 4.5
NE Model Unzoned 235 5 300 200 75 8 2 300 200 75 4.0
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TABLE 17.9. COMPARISON OF INVERSE DISTANCE AND NEAREST
NEIGHBOR ESTIMATES BY DEPOSIT AND GRADE ZONE
AVERAGE AVERAGE RATIO RATIO
IDP RELATIVE NN RELATIVE OF OF
GRADE VARIANCE GRADE VARIANCE AVERAGE RELATIVE
NUMBER (millioz/t OF IDP (millioz/t OF NN GRADES VARIANCES
DEPOSIT ZONE BLOCKS Gold) ESTIMATES Gold) ESTIMATES (IDP/NN) (IDP/NN)
------- ---- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- -------- ---------
Graben Low 35,155 21.1 0.463 21.0 0.860 1.007 0.546
Mid 2,814 78.9 0.081 76.6 0.153 1.031 0.562
High 1,459 291.5 0.283 294.4 0.473 0.990 0.587
Flats South Low 5,887 3.5 0.167 3.4 0.325 1.018 0.534
Mid 6,813 27.2 0.363 27.2 0.683 0.999 0.530
High 2,012 195.3 0.409 193.9 0.762 1.007 0.544
Flats North Low 1,235 3.7 0.168 3.7 0.291 1.006 0.585
Mid 2,620 24.6 0.349 24.5 0.682 1.007 0.518
High 409 125.1 0.160 128.7 0.258 0.972 0.587
Borealis Low 15,521 5.5 0.118 5.5 0.233 1.003 0.508
Mid 13,331 24.0 0.381 24.0 0.737 1.003 0.521
High 2,119 160.6 0.401 161.2 0.650 0.996 0.612
D.O.Flats West Low 6,425 3.7 0.108 3.7 0.205 1.005 0.531
(Polaris)
Mid 3,056 17.6 0.477 17.9 0.859 0.980 0.533
D.O.Flats East Low 3,458 3.3 0.128 3.2 0.242 1.015 0.546
(Polaris)
Mid 2,891 18.3 0.539 18.8 0.964 0.977 0.533
Crocodile Ridge All 12,047 5.4 0.338 5.3 0.617 1.012 0.561
Alluvium South All 17,094 4.4 0.372 4.5 0.644 0.989 0.564
Alluvium North All 7,809 3.4 0.349 3.4 0.638 0.992 0.539
SW No Zone None 1,095,160 0.6 7.737 0.6 10.524 1.001 0.737
East Ridge Low 34,815 13.5 0.260 13.0 0.469 1.039 0.598
Mid 2,633 52.1 0.046 52.6 0.067 0.989 0.666
Mid Ridge All 13,769 7.1 0.302 7.1 0.488 1.001 0.621
NE Ridge All 30,195 11.5 0.606 11.4 0.779 1.006 0.788
NE No Zone None 385,394 1.0 1.336 1.0 1.875 1.000 0.713
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17.2.10 COMPARISON OF MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATES TO PREVIOUS PRODUCTION
The resource models were compared to reported production to verify the accuracy
of the models, as shown in Table 17.10. Although this comparison is somewhat
limited because of uncertainties in both the production records and in the
cutoff grades used for production, the overall comparison for all pits is very
good. The largest difference between production tonnage and grade is for the
Deep Ore Flats (Polaris) model, which underestimates tonnage and grade
significantly. The reasons for the large differences for this deposit are not
understood at this time, but such a small tonnage is difficult to estimate
accurately and has little affect on the overall estimate.
The only other differences of any significance are the grades in the Borealis
and Freedom Flats deposits. The Borealis model overestimates grade by 16%, a
difference that could have been removed by reducing the high-grade cap from 600
milliounces per ton or by decreasing the minimum grade for samples from the
mid-grade zone. Either of these adjustments could have been done, but would have
involved adjusting parameters to more extreme levels than were indicated by the
data statistics. Furthermore, the high-grade zone has been mined out and does
not affect remaining resources. The 16% underestimation of grade at Freedom
Flats could not be eliminated, however, without making unusual adjustments such
as extending the high-grade zones more than 1/2 the distance to the next drill
hole. It is most likely that the underestimation of grade at the Freedom Flats
model is caused by sampling biases in the soft, low-density "Sponge Rock" that
was reported in that deposit.
TABLE 17.10. COMPARISON OF MINED-OUT PORTIONS OF RESOURCE MODEL
TO REPORTED PRODUCTION
RESOURCE MODEL REPORTED PRODUCTION % DIFFERENCE
--------------------- --------------------- --------------------
DEPOSIT CUTOFF Tons Grade Oz Au Tons Grade Oz Au Tons Grade Oz Au
------- ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ---- ----- -----
Borealis 0.040 1,412 0.119 168.0 1,489 0.103 153.4 -5% 16% 10%
Freedom Flats 0.020 1,275 0.128 163.2 1,280 0.153 195.8 0% -16% -17%
Deep Ore Flats (Polaris) 0.020 199 0.033 6.6 250 0.038 9.5 -20% -13% -31%
East Ridge + Gold View 0.040 1,078 0.056 60.4 1,059 0.056 59.3 2% 0% 2%
Northeast Ridge 0.015 3,113 0.025 77.8 3,000 0.025 75.0 4% 0% 4%
------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- --- --- ---
Total 7,077 0.067 476 7,078 0.070 493 0% -3% -3%
====== ===== ===== ===== ===== ===== ===== === === ===
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17.2.11 MINERAL RESOURCE CLASSIFICATION
Resource classifications were based the drill-hole grid spacing that was
believed necessary to establish the continuity of mineralization (for indicated
resource) and to provide reliable estimates for production planning (measured
resource), as summarized in Table 17.11.
It is observed that the drill-hole spacing in the previously mined areas was
generally on an approximate 100-foot grid, that the grade zones were continuous
and regular at that spacing, and that estimated resources are close to mine
production, so it is concluded that a 100 foot drill grid was acceptable for
defining measured resource. A 200-foot minimum grid was used to classify
indicated resources, based on the good overall continuity of the mineralization.
In practice, grade zones were limited also to a small radius around drill holes,
unless mineralization appeared continuous regardless of drill hole spacing.
There were some exceptions to the above rules: A slightly more conservative
minimum grid of 75 feet was used for measured resources in the Graben deposit;
no measured resource was allowed for alluvium; and no measured or indicated
resources were allowed outside the grade zone boundaries. The more conservative
parameters are meant to provide more conservative estimates in areas of the
deposit were the geologic model is less certain.
TABLE 17.11. SUMMARY OF EXTRAPOLATION LIMITS AND MINIMUM GRID FOR EACH DEPOSIT
MEASURED INDICATED INFERRED
----------------------- ----------------------- -----------------------
MAX MINIMUM MAX MINIMUM MAX MINIMUM
GRADE EXTRAPOLATION GRID EXTRAPOLATION GRID EXTRAPOLATION GRID
DEPOSIT ZONE (feet) (feet) (feet) (feet) (feet) (feet)
------- ----- ------------- ------- ------------- ------- ------------- -------
Graben Low 28 100 56 200 >56 >200
Mid 21 75 56 200 >56 >200
High 21 75 56 200 >56 >200
Flats South Low 28 100 56 200 >56 >200
Mid 28 100 56 200 >56 >200
High 28 100 56 200 >56 >200
Borealis Low 28 100 56 200 >56 >200
Mid 28 100 56 200 >56 >200
High 28 100 56 200 >56 >200
D.O.Flats Low 28 100 56 200 >56 >200
(Polaris)
Mid 28 100 56 200 >56 >200
Crocodile Ridge All 28 100 56 200 >56 >200
Alluvium All Not Allowed 56 200 >56 >200
SW No Zone None Not Allowed All
East Ridge Low 28 100 56 200 >56 >200
Mid 28 100 56 200 >56 >200
Mid Ridge All 28 100 56 200 >56 >200
NE Ridge All 28 100 56 200 >56 >200
NE No Zone None Not Allowed All
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The drilling grid was measured using the estimation variance from point kriging
with a zero-nugget, linear variogram that had a slope of 0.5. This particular
linear variogram and point kriging is used because it provides a simple direct
index to the drill hole spacing. Thus, the kriging variance for a block that is
estimated from a single, isolated drill hole is equal to the distance from the
drill hole to the block center. The kriging variance for a block in the center
of a square grid of drill holes is equal to approximately 28% of the size of the
grid. The kriging variance for blocks outside of the drill grade is just
slightly less than the distance from the side of the square formed by the drill
holes.
The example of the relationship between drill-hole spacing and kriging variance
in Figure 17.1 shows some well-drilled areas with drill-hole spacings of 100
feet or less. These areas, in addition to a small extrapolation around these
closely-spaced holes, are shaded red. In addition, a small extrapolation around
isolated holes is also shaded red. As the distance between holes increases,
patches of green coloring start to show in the middle of the drill grid. The
green coloring continues until a 200 foot grid or 56 foot extrapolation distance
is exceeded. The gray area, which is based on a grid spacing of 715 feet and an
extrapolation distance of 200 feet, demonstrates the behavior of the drill-hole
spacing indicator with extreme extrapolation limits.
(GRAPHIC OMITTED)
(Source: A. Noble, Ore Reserves Engineering, 2005)
FIGURE 17.7. EXAMPLE OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
DRILL HOLE SPACING AND KRIGING VARIANCE (EAST RIDGE, 7380 BENCH)
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17.2.12 SUMMARY OF MODEL RESULTS
The mineral resource estimate is summarized in the following tables. In all
cases, the quantities shown are for the remaining resource, below the mined-out
topography.
TABLE 17.12. BOREALIS PROJECT APRIL 2005 MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATE.
SUMMARY OF MEASURED AND INDICATED MINERAL RESOURCE -
COMBINED OXIDES AND SULFIDES
RESOURCE CLASS RESOURCE ZONE CUTOFF (OPT) TONS (1,000'S) GRADE (OPT) CONTAINED OZ GOLD
-------------- -------------------------- ------------ -------------- ----------- -----------------
MEASURED Alluvium 0.005 -- -- --
Borealis 0.010 2,581 0.037 95,603
Crocodile Ridge 0.010 175 0.013 2,352
East Ridge 0.010 7,376 0.017 122,223
Freedom Flats 0.010 1,937 0.053 103,029
Graben 0.010 2,412 0.047 113,329
Middle Ridge 0.010 1,405 0.013 18,869
Northeast Ridge 0.010 3,010 0.018 53,913
Deep Ore Flats (Polaris) 0.010 1,504 0.021 31,121
Outside Zones 0.010 -- -- --
----- ------ ------ ---------
Total Measured 20,400 0.026 540,439
===== ====== ====== =========
INDICATED Alluvium 0.005 806 0.009 6,932
Borealis 0.010 1,372 0.033 44,899
Crocodile Ridge 0.010 354 0.012 4,239
East Ridge 0.010 2,726 0.018 48,874
Freedom Flats 0.010 1,033 0.030 31,029
Graben 0.010 8,230 0.050 414,155
Middle Ridge 0.010 692 0.014 9,836
Northeast Ridge 0.010 2,171 0.018 39,435
Deep Ore Flats (Polaris) 0.010 931 0.020 18,488
Outside Zones 0.010 -- -- --
----- ------ ----- ---------
Total Indicated 18,315 0.034 617,887
===== ====== ===== =========
MEASURED + INDICATED Alluvium 0.005 806 0.009 6,932
Borealis 0.010 3,953 0.036 140,502
Crocodile Ridge 0.010 529 0.012 6,591
East Ridge 0.010 10,102 0.017 171,097
Freedom Flats 0.010 2,970 0.045 134,058
Graben 0.010 10,642 0.050 527,484
Middle Ridge 0.010 2,097 0.014 28,705
Northeast Ridge 0.010 5,181 0.018 93,348
Deep Ore Flats (Polaris) 0.010 2,435 0.020 49,609
Outside Zones 0.010 -- -- --
----- ------ ----- ---------
Total Measured + Indicated 38,715 0.030 1,158,326
===== ====== ===== =========
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TABLE 17.13. BOREALIS PROJECT APRIL 2005 MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATE.
SUMMARY OF MEASURED AND INDICATED MINERAL RESOURCE - OXIDIZED MATERIAL
RESOURCE CLASS RESOURCE ZONE CUTOFF (OPT) TONS (1,000'S) GRADE (OPT) CONTAINED OZ GOLD
-------------- -------------------------- ------------ -------------- ----------- -----------------
MEASURED Alluvium 0.005 -- -- --
Borealis 0.010 1,067 0.047 50,149
Crocodile Ridge 0.010 139 0.013 1,849
East Ridge 0.010 1,211 0.017 20,466
Freedom Flats 0.010 261 0.043 11,327
Graben 0.010 -- -- --
Middle Ridge 0.010 812 0.013 10,718
Northeast Ridge 0.010 501 0.017 8,617
Deep Ore Flats (Polaris) 0.010 813 0.021 17,073
Outside Zones 0.010 -- -- --
----- ----- ----- -------
Total Measured 4,804 0.025 120,199
===== ===== ===== =======
INDICATED Alluvium 0.005 806 0.009 6,932
Borealis 0.010 184 0.031 5,686
Crocodile Ridge 0.010 269 0.012 3,174
East Ridge 0.010 654 0.018 11,641
Freedom Flats 0.010 183 0.024 4,429
Graben 0.010 -- -- --
Middle Ridge 0.010 379 0.014 5,306
Northeast Ridge 0.010 365 0.018 6,388
Deep Ore Flats (Polaris) 0.010 409 0.021 8,589
Outside Zones 0.010 -- -- --
----- ----- ----- -------
Total Indicated 3,249 0.016 52,145
===== ===== ===== =======
MEASURED + INDICATED Alluvium 0.005 806 0.009 6,932
Borealis 0.010 1,251 0.045 55,835
Crocodile Ridge 0.010 408 0.012 5,023
East Ridge 0.010 1,865 0.017 32,107
Freedom Flats 0.010 444 0.035 15,756
Graben 0.010 -- -- --
Middle Ridge 0.010 1,191 0.013 16,024
Northeast Ridge 0.010 866 0.017 15,005
Deep Ore Flats (Polaris) 0.010 1,222 0.021 25,662
Outside Zones 0.010 -- -- --
----- ----- ----- -------
Total Measured + Indicated 8,053 0.021 172,344
===== ===== ===== =======
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TABLE 17.14. BOREALIS PROJECT APRIL 2005 MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATE.
SUMMARY OF MEASURED AND INDICATED MINERAL RESOURCE - PARTIALLY OXIDIZED MATERIAL
RESOURCE CLASS RESOURCE ZONE CUTOFF (OPT) TONS (1,000'S) GRADE (OPT) CONTAINED OZ GOLD
-------------- -------------------------- ------------ -------------- ----------- -----------------
MEASURED Alluvium 0.005 -- -- --
Borealis 0.010 24 0.019 456
Crocodile Ridge 0.010 16 0.013 210
East Ridge 0.010 2,093 0.017 35,790
Freedom Flats 0.010 169 0.059 10,022
Graben 0.010 -- -- --
Middle Ridge 0.010 428 0.014 5,906
Northeast Ridge 0.010 1,468 0.019 27,598
Deep Ore Flats (Polaris) 0.010 372 0.023 8,370
Outside Zones 0.010 -- -- --
----- ----- ----- -------
Total Measured 4,570 0.019 88,352
===== ===== ===== =======
INDICATED Alluvium 0.005 -- -- --
Borealis 0.010 14 0.025 354
Crocodile Ridge 0.010 18 0.012 207
East Ridge 0.010 1,195 0.018 21,271
Freedom Flats 0.010 9 0.050 446
Graben 0.010 -- -- --
Middle Ridge 0.010 285 0.015 4,133
Northeast Ridge 0.010 1,303 0.019 24,496
Deep Ore Flats (Polaris) 0.010 182 0.022 3,949
Outside Zones 0.010 -- -- --
----- ----- ----- -------
Total Indicated 3,006 0.018 54,856
===== ===== ===== =======
MEASURED + INDICATED Alluvium 0.005 -- -- --
Borealis 0.010 38 0.021 810
Crocodile Ridge 0.010 34 0.012 417
East Ridge 0.010 3,288 0.017 57,061
Freedom Flats 0.010 178 0.059 10,468
Graben 0.010 -- -- --
Middle Ridge 0.010 713 0.014 10,039
Northeast Ridge 0.010 2,771 0.019 52,094
Deep Ore Flats (Polaris) 0.010 554 0.022 12,319
Outside Zones 0.010 -- -- --
----- ----- ----- -------
Total Measured + Indicated 7,576 0.019 143,208
===== ===== ===== =======
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TABLE 17.15. BOREALIS PROJECT APRIL 2005 MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATE.
SUMMARY OF MEASURED AND INDICATED MINERAL RESOURCE -
PREDOMINANTLY SULFIDE MATERIAL
RESOURCE CLASS RESOURCE ZONE CUTOFF (OPT) TONS (1,000'S) GRADE (OPT) CONTAINED OZ GOLD
- -------------- ------------------------ ------------ -------------- ----------- -----------------
MEASURED Alluvium 0.005 -- -- --
Borealis 0.010 1,490 0.030 44,998
Crocodile Ridge 0.010 20 0.015 294
East Ridge 0.010 4,072 0.016 65,966
Freedom Flats 0.010 1,507 0.054 81,679
Graben 0.010 2,412 0.047 113,329
Middle Ridge 0.010 165 0.014 2,244
Northeast Ridge 0.010 1,041 0.017 17,697
Deep Ore Flats (Polaris) 0.010 319 0.018 5,678
Outside Zones 0.010 -- -- --
----- ------ ----- -------
Total Measured 11,026 0.030 331,885
===== ====== ===== =======
INDICATED Alluvium 0.005 -- -- --
Borealis 0.010 1,174 0.033 38,859
Crocodile Ridge 0.010 67 0.013 858
East Ridge 0.010 877 0.018 15,961
Freedom Flats 0.010 841 0.031 26,155
Graben 0.010 8,230 0.050 414,155
Middle Ridge 0.010 28 0.014 398
Northeast Ridge 0.010 503 0.017 8,551
Deep Ore Flats (Polaris) 0.010 340 0.018 5,950
Outside Zones 0.010 -- -- --
----- ------ ----- -------
Total Indicated 12,060 0.042 510,887
===== ====== ===== =======
MEASURED + INDICATED Alluvium 0.005 -- -- --
Borealis 0.010 2,664 0.031 83,857
Crocodile Ridge 0.010 87 0.013 1,152
East Ridge 0.010 4,949 0.017 81,927
Freedom Flats 0.010 2,348 0.046 107,834
Graben 0.010 10,642 0.050 527,484
Middle Ridge 0.010 193 0.014 2,642
Northeast Ridge 0.010 1,544 0.017 26,248
Deep Ore Flats (Polaris) 0.010 659 0.018 11,628
Outside Zones 0.010 -- -- --
----- ------ ----- -------
Total Measured + Indicated 23,086 0.037 842,772
===== ====== ===== =======
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TABLE 17.16. BOREALIS PROJECT APRIL 2005 MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATE.
SUMMARY OF INFERRED MINERAL RESOURCE - COMBINED OXIDE AND SULFIDE MATERIAL
RESOURCE CLASS RESOURCE ZONE CUTOFF (OPT) TONS (1,000'S) GRADE (OPT) CONTAINED OZ GOLD
- -------------- ------------------------ ------------ -------------- ----------- -----------------
INFERRED Alluvium 0.005 688 0.007 4,816
Borealis 0.010 1,315 0.024 31,815
Crocodile Ridge 0.010 234 0.012 2,760
East Ridge 0.010 3,354 0.016 53,713
Freedom Flats 0.010 200 0.024 4,842
Graben 0.010 9,376 0.038 354,094
Middle Ridge 0.010 597 0.013 7,716
Northeast Ridge 0.010 774 0.017 13,474
Deep Ore Flats (Polaris) 0.010 53 0.020 1,082
Outside Zones 0.010 3,215 0.018 58,850
----- ------ ----- -------
Total Inferred 19,806 0.027 533,162
===== ====== ===== =======
TABLE 17.17. BOREALIS PROJECT APRIL 2005 MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATE.
SUMMARY OF INFERRED MINERAL RESOURCE - OXIDIZED MATERIAL
RESOURCE CLASS RESOURCE ZONE CUTOFF (OPT) TONS (1,000'S) GRADE (OPT) CONTAINED OZ GOLD
- -------------- ------------------------ ------------ -------------- ----------- -----------------
INFERRED Alluvium 0.005 688 0.007 4,816
Borealis 0.010 411 0.014 5,590
Crocodile Ridge 0.010 117 0.011 1,322
East Ridge 0.010 494 0.016 7,953
Freedom Flats 0.010 2 0.035 70
Graben 0.010 -- -- --
Middle Ridge 0.010 330 0.013 4,224
Northeast Ridge 0.010 120 0.015 1,848
Deep Ore Flats (Polaris) 0.010 21 0.017 347
Outside Zones 0.010 421 0.016 6,752
----- ----- ----- ------
Total Inferred 2,604 0.013 32,922
===== ===== ===== ======
TABLE 17.18. BOREALIS PROJECT APRIL 2005 MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATE.
SUMMARY OF INFERRED MINERAL RESOURCE - PARTIALLY OXIDIZED MATERIAL
RESOURCE CLASS RESOURCE ZONE CUTOFF (OPT) TONS (1,000'S) GRADE (OPT) CONTAINED OZ GOLD
- -------------- ------------------------ ------------ -------------- ----------- -----------------
INFERRED Alluvium 0.005 -- -- --
Borealis 0.010 2 0.034 67
Crocodile Ridge 0.010 1 0.011 11
East Ridge 0.010 882 0.016 14,112
Freedom Flats 0.010 -- -- --
Graben 0.010 -- -- --
Middle Ridge 0.010 141 0.013 1,791
Northeast Ridge 0.010 164 0.019 3,149
Deep Ore Flats (Polaris) 0.010 18 0.026 470
Outside Zones 0.010 28 0.017 484
----- ----- ----- ------
Total Inferred 1,236 0.016 20,084
===== ===== ===== ======
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TABLE 17.19. BOREALIS PROJECT APRIL 2005 MINERAL RESOURCE ESTIMATE.
SUMMARY OF INFERRED MINERAL RESOURCE - PREDOMINANTLY SULFIDE MATERIAL
RESOURCE CLASS RESOURCE ZONE CUTOFF (OPT) TONS (1,000'S) GRADE (OPT) CONTAINED OZ GOLD
- -------------- ------------------------ ------------ -------------- ----------- -----------------
INFERRED Alluvium 0.005 -- -- --
Borealis 0.010 902 0.029 26,158
Crocodile Ridge 0.010 116 0.012 1,427
East Ridge 0.010 1,978 0.016 31,648
Freedom Flats 0.010 198 0.024 4,772
Graben 0.010 9,376 0.038 354,094
Middle Ridge 0.010 126 0.014 1,701
Northeast Ridge 0.010 490 0.017 8,477
Deep Ore Flats (Polaris) 0.010 14 0.019 266
Outside Zones 0.010 2,766 0.019 51,614
----- ------ ----- -------
Total Inferred 15,966 0.030 480,157
===== ====== ===== =======
17.3 MINERAL RESOURCES FROM EXISTING HEAPS AND STOCKPILES
This section has been compiled in association with Gryphon Gold's geologic
staff, which includes a "Qualified Person" for the purpose of NI 43-101,
Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects, Roger C. Steininger, PhD, CPG
(AIPG), and Consulting Chief Geologist. Behre Dolbear (2004) has also
contributed information which has served to support this estimate. The estimate
of resource in the heaps and dumps was completed in April 2005, and remains
effective as of the date of this report. The author has reviewed this estimate
and determined that it is reasonable, and complies with the NI 43-101
definitions and current resource estimating criteria.
17.3.1 EXISTING HEAP AND DUMP RESOURCE ESTIMATE
During 2004 Gryphon Gold drilled and sampled the five heaps and portions of the
Freedom Flats and Borealis waste dumps. Previously, J.D. Welsh & Associates,
Inc. drilled Heap 1 (Welsh, 1996). The data base used for the resource
calculation was 32 holes drilled by Gryphon Gold totaling 2,479.5 feet and 11
holes drilled by J. D. Welsh and Associates totaling 760 feet. Assays from these
programs are the basis for resource estimates of the gold-bearing above ground
material in the Borealis area.
There are two nomenclatures in use for the heaps at Borealis. Table 17.20 shows
the relationship between the two designations.
TABLE 17.20. HEAP NAME CORRELATION CHART
OPERATIONAL NAME MAP NAME
- ---------------- ----------------------
Tailing releach Western portion heap 1
Freedom Flats Eastern portion heap 1
Secondary leach Heap 2
Run-of-mine #1 Heap 5
Run-of-mine #2 Heap 3
N.E. Ridge run-of-mine Heap 4
Without a survey of the heaps and dump determining, volumes of the materials in
them and subsequently tonnages are extremely difficult to estimate. Probably the
best estimate of tonnages in the several heaps is present in Behre
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Dolbear (2004), which is based on reconciliation from production records. These
estimates and planimeter measurements from the best available post-reclamation
maps was used to develop bulk density estimates for the heaps. As might be
expected, the bulk density factor varies from heap to heap, and is a function of
material placed on them and the ability to measure accurately the size and shape
of the heaps. Density estimates by this method varied from 21 ft(3)/ton to 25
ft(3)/ton, with an average of 22.47 ft(3)/ton. These bulk densities seem
reasonable for loosely compacted material found in heaps and dumps.
The mineral resource estimates in Table 17.21 and 17.22 are a product of the
tonnages for the heaps from Behre Dolbear (2004), the Gryphon Gold/Welsh
drilling, and in the cases where only limited portions of the piles appear to
contain recoverable gold based on the actual drilling and sampling, total
mineralized material tonnages have been reduced accordingly. Measurements and
bulk density estimates are outlined above.
TABLE 17.21. SUMMARY OF MEASURED AND INDICATED RESOURCES IN HEAPS AND DUMPS.
RESOURCE CLASS RESOURCE ZONE CUTOFF (OPT) TONS (1000'S) GRADE (OPT) CONTAINED OZ GOLD
- -------------- -------------------------- ------------ ------------- ----------- -----------------
MEASURED Tailing Re-Leach 0.005 1,720 0.019 33
Freedom Flats 0.005 1,249 0.025 31
Secondary 0.005 1,910 0.006 11
ROM 1 0.005 -- -- --
ROM 2 0.005 -- -- --
NE Ridge ROM 0.005 -- -- --
Freedom Flats Dump 0.005 -- -- --
Borealis Dump 0.005 -- -- --
Polaris Dump 0.005 -- -- --
East Ridge Dump 0.005 -- -- --
NE Ridge Dump 0.005 -- -- --
----- ----- ----- ---
Total Measured 4,879 0.015 75
===== ===== ===== ===
INDICATED Tailing Re-Leach 0.005 -- -- --
Freedom Flats 0.005 -- -- --
Secondary 0.005 -- -- --
ROM 1 0.005 -- -- --
ROM 2 0.005 150 0.027 4
NE Ridge ROM 0.005 50 0.013 1
Freedom Flats Dump 0.005 -- -- --
Borealis Dump 0.005 900 0.012 11
Polaris Dump 0.005 -- -- --
East Ridge Dump 0.005 -- -- --
NE Ridge Dump 0.005 -- -- --
----- ----- ----- ---
Total Indicated 1,100 0.014 16
===== ===== ===== ===
MEASURED + INDICATED Tailing Re-Leach 0.005 1,720 0.019 33
Freedom Flats 0.005 1,249 0.025 31
Secondary 0.005 1,910 0.006 11
ROM 1 0.005 -- -- --
ROM 2 0.005 150 0.027 4
NE Ridge ROM 0.005 50 0.013 1
Freedom Flats Dump 0.005 -- -- --
Borealis Dump 0.005 900 0.012 11
Polaris Dump 0.005 -- -- --
East Ridge Dump 0.005 -- -- --
NE Ridge Dump 0.005 -- -- --
----- ----- ----- ---
Total Measured + Indicated 5,979 0.015 91
===== ===== ===== ===
Note: These resource estimates were prepared by Behre Dolbear and Gryphon Gold.
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TABLE 17.22. SUMMARY OF INFERRED MINERAL RESOURCES IN HEAPS AND DUMPS.
RESOURCE CUTOFF TONS GRADE CONTAINED
CLASS RESOURCE ZONE (OPT) (1000'S) (OPT) OZ GOLD
- -------- ------------------ ------ -------- ----- ---------
INFERRED Tailing Re-Leach 0.005 -- -- --
Freedom Flats 0.005 -- -- --
Secondary 0.005 -- -- --
ROM 1 0.005 300 0.004 1
ROM 2 0.005 3,850 0.010 39
NE Ridge ROM 0.005 1,540 0.006 9
Freedom Flats Dump 0.005 -- -- --
Borealis Dump 0.005 6,100 0.012 71
Polaris Dump 0.005 -- -- --
East Ridge Dump 0.005 1,977 0.025 49
NE Ridge Dump 0.005 811 0.033 27
Total Inferred 14,578 0.013 196
Note: These resource estimates were prepared by Behre Dolbear and Gryphon Gold.
Although the Secondary Heap appears to have an average grade that is too low to
be of interest, a bulk sample was collected and screened producing results
suggesting that upgrading might result in economically recoverable gold. The
size fraction that is less than 2 inches averages 0.011 opt Au, and the 1/2"-2"
fraction assayed 0.014 opt Au. More work is needed to determine if the heap can
be upgrade and reprocessed by simple screening.
Three holes in the north-central portion of run-of-mine Heap 2 contain 10 feet
of 0.031, 50 feet of 0.030, and 20 feet of 0.017 opt Au, starting at the top of
holes. More drilling is needed to determine the full extent of this material.
The 150,000 tons listed in Table 17.21 is probably a minimum value.
The mineral resource in the N. E. Ridge dump is based on one hole, and more
drilling is required to determine the extent of the material.
The mineral resource in the Borealis dump is based on three drill holes along
the southern margin of the dump. More drilling is needed to determine the full
extent of this material. The 900,000 tons listed in Table 17.21 may a minimum
value.
17.3.2 RESOURCE CLASSIFICATION IN THE EXISTING HEAPS AND DUMPS
Dump and heap resource estimates are classified as measured and indicated based
on drill hole spacing of approximately 200 feet and projections of less than 200
feet beyond drill holes. Fifteen holes were drilled on the Freedom Flats
Leach/Tailing Releach Pad, which is the most intensely drilled heap or dump.
Comparing adjacent polygons on this pad there is a less than 20% change in grade
between them, indicating reasonable grade continuity between polygons. A similar
relationship exists between polygons on the other heaps and dumps. At the edge
of drill patterns, grade projections are not more than 200 feet and fit the
overall grade continuity as define by the drilling pattern. Therefore, projects
of up to 200 feet seem reasonable and support a classification of measured and
indicated.
Inferred Resource estimates are based on metallurgical balances and tonnage
estimates based on data from previous operations (Behre Dolbear, 2004), and have
not been drill tested.
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18.0 OTHER RELEVANT DATA AND INFORMATION
This section has been compiled in association with Gryphon Gold's consulting
geotechnical and environmental engineering consultants Knight Piesold and
Company. The principal contributor is Barbara Filas, P.E., C.E.M., a Qualified
Person for the purpose of Canadian NI 43-101, Standards of Disclosure for
Mineral Projects, and Mining/Environmental Engineer.
18.1 PERMIT ACQUISITION AND FUNDAMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL PERMITTING CONSIDERATIONS
Gryphon Gold has initiated a tactical plan to accelerate the acquisition of the
required principal environmental operating permits. Technical work on the
Borealis Gold Project is progressing including environmental reviews,
preliminary engineering, and permit acquisition efforts in anticipation of a
possible mine start-up in 2006. For reference, the site plan included in Plan of
Operations submitted to the US Forest Service is shown in Plate 1. Current
engineering, results from permit negotiations, and updated mineral resource
estimates will serve as the basis for a feasibility study that is scheduled for
completion in fall 2005.
Permit acquisition activities have focused on the approximately 460 acre area
previously disturbed by mining operations. Deposits within this boundary,
subject to permit applications generally include the oxidized and partially
oxidized portions of Borealis, Deep Ore Flats (also known as Polaris), East
Ridge, Freedom Flats, and Northeast Ridge which are amenable to a conventional
hydrometallurgical gold recovery process such as heap leaching. Also included in
the Plan of Operations is the option for development of underground access to
the Graben deposit to be used for exploration and future development activities,
although no production plan has been submitted for consideration in this
mineralized zone at this date. As warranted, Crocodile Ridge, Middle Ridge, and
other deposits within the study area boundaries will be added to the permit
applications based on ongoing engineering and in-fill drilling results.
The following discussion outlines the current defined issues and activities
necessary to complete the acquisition of the permits required.
18.1.1 PERMITTING PROCESS OVERVIEW
The development, operation, closure and reclamation of mining projects in the
United Sates require numerous notifications, permits, authorizations and public
agency decisions. This section does not attempt to identify all of the permits
and authorizations that need to be gained, but instead focuses on those that are
considered to be the main efforts that are on the critical path for project
start-up. Permits for telecommunications systems and blasting, for example, are
relatively straightforward from the application content and time to issue
perspective and can typically be obtained concurrent with other project
activities.
Preliminary site development concepts suggest that initial mining operations can
be accomplished within the footprint of the previous Borealis Mine land
disturbance. Mineralization identified in the Graben zone suggests higher-grade
sulfide deposits that may be amenable to underground mining activities. While it
is conceivable that additional exploration in the Graben area may prove a
substantial gold resource amenable to surface mining methods, the information
available at this time suggests that underground development is a more plausible
option.
A staged permit acquisition program is in progress. The first permitting stage,
started in the fall of 2003, has been completed. This authorized exploration
activities needed to prove the mineral resource, condemn the heap sites and
support infrastructure, and obtain environmental baseline data to support the
permitting packages. A second stage of exploration drilling was submitted in
December 2004, and approval is expected in mid-May 2005. A Plan of Operations
for the mine reopening and expansion was submitted in August 2004 to the US
Forest Service and Nevada State agencies. A Water Pollution Control Permit
application for the reopening and expansion of the mine was submitted to the
Nevada Bureau of Mining Regulation and Reclamation in January 2005. Future
exploration activities and mine expansion initiatives will be included in
applications for subsequent approvals on a case-by-case and as-needed basis.
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18.1.1.1 ENVIRONMENTAL INVENTORIES
There are certain environmental evaluations that routinely must be completed in
order to provide the information against which project impacts are measured.
Both the US Forest Service (USFS) and the Nevada Bureau of Mining Regulation and
Reclamation (BMRR) have requirements to profile existing conditions and to
evaluate what effects will result from implementing the project plans on those
mineral resources. Given the historic mining use of the land and consequently
the potential for existing contamination at the site, it is important to make
sure that the baseline data delineate the current site conditions, especially in
the area of the leach heaps, in order to clearly document the background
conditions against which the Company's activities can be measured.
Background information on geology, air quality, soils, biology, water resources,
social and economic conditions, and cultural resources are currently being
assembled. Some of this information is available in historical project records
on file with both BMRR and USFS. However, having reviewed the quality of
information contained in the BMRR files, it is apparent that additional
information must be generated in order to support approvable decision packages
submitted to the agencies. The following investigations and data collection
programs have been determined to be appropriate:
GEOLOGY
Waste characterization work must be initiated to profile the behavior of mining
and processing materials and wastes in the environment. Characterization of
spent heap residue was accomplished by taking splits from other testing programs
for proving ore reserves and or metallurgical processes. These samples were
tested for acid-base accounting and leachability using testing procedures that
are appropriate for the local geo-environmental model. Samples of vadose zone
soils and alluvial materials in the vicinity of the historic leach pads were
collected and analyzed for residual metal content to assess the existence of
remnant contamination in the soils from past mining and processing operations.
Results have been analyzed, interpreted and submitted to State and Federal
Regulatory agencies accompanying the important initial permit applications and
Plan of Operations.
Additional samples from the East Ridge and Northeast Ridge pits will be
collected for characterization purposes as part of the exploration program that
will proceed in May and June 2005. These samples will supplement the
characterization information already on file with the State and Federal
agencies, and will be filed as an addendum to the Water Pollution Control Permit
application.
AIR QUALITY
Existing data will be reviewed and monitoring of the meteorologic conditions
established to complement the programs established by Echo Bay and others. This
will include a map of the current sources of air pollution and/or dust creation
in order to predict emissions from point and non-point sources using Nevada
Division of Environmental Protection methodology.
SOILS
The Borealis site is an historically disturbed area that has been reclaimed
using conventional reclamation techniques. Soil veneers have been placed over
the historic residues to provide a plant growth media. A limited agronomic
characterization profile was completed to assess the nutrient and fertilizer
capability of the local soils. These soils were amended during the reclamation
process to enhance revegetation success. The USFS has fully released the
reclamation surety as a result of the past reclamation program, demonstrating
that the local soils are suitable medium for successful reclamation.
BIOLOGY
The seed mixes used in the Borealis reclamation activities included native and
non-native species.
Suitable habitat exists at the site for several protected plant species and one
species is known to exist in the vicinity of mine. While this species was not
among the species planted as part of past reclamation efforts, a biological
inventory was completed in May and June 2004 to: 1) identify if any of the
protected plants have invaded the reclaimed area; and 2) assess the revegetation
program performance relative to soil amendments, preparation
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techniques and seed mixes relative to the existing ground cover and diversity
success. Results of this biological inventory were submitted to the State and
Federal agencies in October 2004.
Evidence on site suggests that a few terrestrial wildlife and domestic species
use the project area from time to time, but the area does not appear to be
heavily used. As part of the May/June 2004 biological inventory, a cursory
wildlife habitat assessment was also performed to complement the existing
information for the project. The results were submitted to State and Federal
regulatory agencies in October 2004.
WATER RESOURCES
Surface drainages are ephemeral and groundwater in the project vicinity is
complex. It appears that the regional groundwater table may be as much as 1,000
ft below surface. Locally, in the vicinity of the leach pad, the alluvial water
table appears to be between 50 and 250 feet below ground surface and generally
sloping with surface topography. In the mineralized zone, groundwater systems
are localized and structurally confined. Very little background information on
surface water and groundwater characteristics exist in the BMRR files.
Local geologic conditions can profoundly affect the quality and quantity of
surface water and groundwater. Work by HydroSearch suggests that an aquitard (an
impermeable layer) exists between 35 and 50 ft below the surface; well above the
groundwater table. This suggests that an adequate groundwater investigation may
require only a few monitoring bores complemented with the results from
exploration and condemnation drilling in the project area to define a
preferential pathway for site monitoring.
WATER RIGHTS
The Project will involve significant water demand in an arid region where the
water basin has been over-appropriated and for which project water rights have
been withdrawn. Successful mining and processing will require careful control of
project water and efficient reclamation of project solutions back into the
leaching process. The baseline studies must accurately profile the quantity and
flow characteristics of surface waters in order to allow for the effective
design of water management and diversion structures. Water rights have been
granted by the Nevada Division of Water Resources that is sufficient to conduct
planned operations. A wellfield to perfect this water supply has not yet been
tested or developed. Additional water rights from a proven water source are
currently being transferred to Gryphon Gold by the State Division of Water
Resources. This right will allow production of water at a significant flow rate
to provide operations redundancy in the process water system.
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
The social and economic conditions and impacts will be assessed relative to
project demands. Gryphon Gold representatives have met with the Mineral County
Economic Development Authority, which is very supportive of the project for the
economic development the project will bring to the County.
CULTURAL RESOURCES
The mine area was surveyed for cultural and historic resources in the early
1980s, but due to improving technologies associated with contemporary
archaeological surveys, the area will be re-surveyed in June 2005 to finalize
the outstanding archaeological issues. Development of initial mining operations
has a requirement to keep all new project components within the historic project
footprint. As such, there is minimal potential for impact to historic and
prehistoric cultural resources that may be located in the district.
18.1.1.2 PERMITTING REQUIREMENTS
USFS REQUIREMENTS
The Bridgeport Ranger District of the US Forest Service will be the lead agency
regulating mining and reclamation activities at Borealis. The permitting process
with the USFS consists of filing a Plan of Operations (POO) pursuant to the
requirements of 36 CFR Part 228, Subpart A. POO #02-04-08 was filed in August
2004 describing the project plans in a step-by-step process. The plan describes
the development of the deposits listed above in the introduction of Section
18.1, and recognizes and anticipates the effects of market impacts such as
reductions or increases in gold
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price, and describes the measures that will be taken to adjust for these
changing conditions. The emphasis of the POO is on defining the spatial and
temporal aspects, as they will affect the land that is managed by the agency.
The POO describes the plans to reclaim the site, and includes an estimate of the
cost to accomplish that reclamation. This cost estimate is the first step toward
establishing the reclamation surety for the site.
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) requires that any decision made by
a federal agency must consider the environmental effects of that decision. The
USFS will decide whether or not there is a decision to be made, and whether that
decision is significant or not. If there is no decision to be made, as in the
instance of Categorical Exclusions (CE), the project can proceed with
notification only. CE's are allowed when surface disturbances are limited to
less than one mile of new road building. If a decision must be made, an
environmental impact evaluation is completed and from that analysis, a
determination of whether the environmental impact is significant or not. If the
determination is a "finding of no significant impact" (FONSI), then the agency
is authorized to approve the plan based on the Environmental Assessment (EA)
findings. If the decision is that the impacts are in fact significant, then an
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) is required to arrive at the final
decision.
Approvals of Gryphon Gold Corporation's site exploration activities to date were
authorized under a CE.
All of the previous mining at the Borealis site has been authorized by EA by the
Bridgeport Ranger District. The August 2004 POO for mine reopening will limit
mining activities to the same footprint as was authorized by previous EA
actions. The Bridgeport Ranger District has indicated its expectation that POO
#02-04-08 will likely be subject to the EA process by letter dated September 29,
2004. However, if there is a concern that there is a potential for litigation,
the process can be elevated to the EIS process.
While the environmental documentation for an EA and an EIS are much the same,
the administrative process for disclosure and approval is different. The
District Ranger makes the FONSI on the EA based on a determination that all of
the project impacts can be adequately mitigated. The EIS process accepts that
the project is significant, and elevates the decision to national public
notification through publication in the Federal Register. There is a
significantly increased time period for review and public comment for an EIS
versus an EA.
At the completion of the NEPA process and decision, the reclamation surety must
be posted with the USFS prior to any surface disturbance on site. The
reclamation cost estimate provided in the POO will be reviewed and refined by
the agency and an acceptable amount agreed upon among the USFS, BMRR and the
Company. Existing bond posted for exploration activities at the site is
underwritten by AGI. Borealis Mining Company will likely engage AGI for the mine
operation and reclamation surety as well.
NEVADA DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES REQUIREMENTS
The Nevada Division of Water Resources (NDWR) is the responsible agency for
granting water rights permits. There are two basins from which water rights
could be appropriated, Basin 109, the East Water and Basin 111A, the Alkaline
Valley Northern Part. Basin 109, located in Section 17, was the water supply for
the mining reclamation activities at Borealis during the 1980's and early
1990's. It has 5500 acre-ft of water, of which approximately 25,000 acre-ft.
have been appropriated. Although Basin 109 appears to be over allocated, many of
these rights go unused, so it may be possible to transfer existing
appropriations to the project if necessary. Basin 111A, located south of the
property boundary, has approximately 300 acre-ft of water of which none has been
appropriated. Gryphon Gold through its wholly owned subsidiary Borealis Mining
Company holds the only water right in this undeveloped basin.
Based on conversations with NDWR, multiple permits can be filed at the same time
so that if new water rights cannot be granted, transferred water rights could
still be an option. As there are no water rights filings in Basin 111A, the NDWR
has granted water rights to Gryphon Gold Corporation in excess of what is
required for mining operations. A negotiation for a second set of water rights
in Basin 109 is nearing completion. Granting of the second water right will
allow for sufficient capacity to allow for a backup source and capacity for
expansion if required.
NDEP BUREAU OF MINING REGULATION AND RECLAMATION REQUIREMENTS
The Nevada Division of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Mining Regulation and
Reclamation (BMRR) regulates mining activities within the state. Within BMRR,
there are three programs that are administered: water
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pollution control, reclamation and closure. The previous closure of the Borealis
mine was subject to the closure branch of BMRR. Active mining operations will
not involve the closure branch.
The Nevada Administrative Code (NAC) Chapter 445A is devoted to water pollution
control programs and addresses permitting requirements and minimum design
criteria for mining project components that have the potential to impact the
"waters of the state." This chapter describes the permitting process
requirements, as well as gives specific language on the design, operation and
closure of leach Heaps, ponds, tailings impoundments, and other process
components typically used at Nevada mining operations.
The leach heap and process solution ponds are presented in the water pollution
control permit application that was filed in January 2004 under the provisions
of NAC 445A. The permit package includes the engineering design report for the
heap and ponds, certified by a Nevada Registered Professional Engineer. In
addition to the engineering report, operating plans describing the mineral
processing circuit, fluid management plan, monitoring plans, emergency response
plan, temporary closure plan and tentative permanent closure plan were
presented. The Water Pollution Control Permit is expected to be issued before
the end of 2005 and such permits are issued on five year, renewable terms.
BMRR also administers and enforces the requirements of NAC Chapter 519A, which
addresses reclamation of land subject to mining or exploration projects. This
chapter describes the permitting process, reclamation plan content, surety
requirements, fluid management funds, and enforcement provisions. Because of the
similarities between the USFS and BMRR requirements for reclamation and surety,
the agencies have executed a Memorandum of Understanding allowing for the
agencies to cooperate rather than duplicate efforts. BMRR will defer to the USFS
to hold the surety and act as the lead in land management decisions. Borealis
Mining Company currently has a reclamation surety posted with the USFS through
AGI for exploration activities. However, having a federal agency as the lead
does not release an operator of its obligation to obtain a permit and meet the
reclamation requirements of the BMRR.
A Reclamation Plan that contains the identical information as was contained in
the USFS POO was submitted to the BMRR in August 2004. The Reclamation Plan is
currently under review and a decision may be received by the end of 2005.
The reclamation permit will become effective upon notification from the USFS
that adequate surety has been posted.
NEVADA DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION - BUREAU OF AIR QUALITY
REQUIREMENTS
Prior to construction activities, an air quality permit will be necessary. The
Nevada Bureau of Air Quality (BAQ) regulations state that a process flow diagram
must be generated to communicate the technical aspects of the process/activity
and determine which class of permit will be required. The process flow diagram
must include all pieces of equipment, equipment emission release points and
provide a descriptive process narrative. In addition the diagram should identify
each emission unit and specify all throughput rates, heat input rates, fuel
usage rates and specify if emission controls are employed.
The likely regulated pollutants that would fall under the air quality permit
will be total particulate matter and particulates as PM(10) from surface area
disturbance, and carbon monoxide and poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH's) from
trucks and stationary equipment. Typically, carbon regeneration system stacks,
refining furnaces and boilers or furnaces for heat will also constitute point
source discharges under the air quality permit. In addition, if power is
generated both carbon monoxide and PAH's could be major sources of regulated air
pollutants.
The state of Nevada has three classes of air quality permits. A Class 1 permit
is for facilities that emit more than 100 tons per year of any regulated
pollutant or emit less than one-half ton per year of lead. A Class 1 permit is
also required if the operations/facility would emit more than 10 tons per year
of any one hazardous air pollutant (HAP) or is a prevention of significant
deterioration (PSD) source or major maximum achievable control technology (MACT)
source.
A Class 2 permit is required for facilities that emit less than 100 tons per
year for any one regulated pollutant and emit less than 25 tons per year total
HAP, and emit less than 10 tons per year of any one HAP. A Class 3 permit is
necessary for facilities that emit 5 tons per year or less in total of regulated
air pollutants and emit less than one-half
(ORE LOGO) ORE RESERVES ENGINEERING page 94
May 23, 2005
ton of lead per year, and must not have any emission units subject to Federal
Emission Standards (e.g. PSD or MACT, etc).
If on site generators are to be used, it is likely that a Class 1 permit may be
necessary. In order to keep the permitting requirements to Class 2 levels, it
will be more desirable to connect to the nearby power grid used historically by
Borealis to supply the operational power source.
In addition, a surface area disturbance (SAD) permit will be required for all
construction activities over 5 acres. A SAD permit requires that a dust control
plan be included in the permitting documentation. For a Class 2 permit, the SAD
would be inclusive in the permit application. If a Class 1 permit is necessary
and construction activities are desired to commence prior to the issuance of the
overall operational permit, a SAD permit would be necessary for the construction
activity.
The time necessary for a Class 2 and SAD permit is 10 business days for
technical completeness plus 60 calendar days to issue or deny the permit.
However, if all of the documents are acceptable to the authorizing personnel,
the permitting time can be reduced. We have assumed that the local power supply
can be utilized for the project. If on-site power generation is necessary, a
Class 1 permit process will take a minimum of 14 months.
18.2 OTHER INFORMATION
The authors of this report are not aware of any other relevant data and
information for the current technical report on the resources of the Borealis
Gold Project that have not been discussed in this report.
(ORE LOGO) ORE RESERVES ENGINEERING page 95
May 23, 2005
19.0 INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS
19.1 GEOLOGY
The Borealis high-sulfidation system is one of the largest areas of epithermal
alteration and mineralization in the state of Nevada, estimated at more than 20
square miles. Gold deposits occur in hydrothermal breccias and replacements
within thick sequences of Miocene andesite flows, lahars, and breccias. More
than half of the district is covered by variable thickness of alluvial gravel in
a pediment environment. At depth, gold is closely associated with pyrite and
minor marcasite in hydrothermal breccias, but near-surface deposits are oxidized
ranging up to 500 feet deep. Mineralization is commonly characterized by
subhorizontal low-grade gold aureoles within volcanic units surrounding steeply
dipping high-grade zones following structures. These deposits occur primarily in
northeast-trending zones of silicification in the mined portion of the district.
Structures in the district are dominantly northeast-striking normal faults with
locally steep northwest dips, and generally west-northwest-striking range-front
faults with steep southerly dips. Both structural sets control gold
mineralization in different parts of the district.
19.2 GEOPHYSICS
Projections of known alteration and mineralization beneath covered areas are
complemented by geophysics to define and prioritize targets. Resistivity highs
were used successfully in the early exploration of the district to track
favorable trends of extensive silicification and will be used in the current
program in searching for extensions of deposits along known trends. Geophysical
data found to be most useful for defining pediment exploration targets are
induced polarization (IP), aeromagnetics, and, to a lesser degree, resistivity.
In particular, aeromagnetic (lows) and IP (chargeability highs) data identify
the most favorable covered targets and help site drill holes, especially where
magnetics and IP show coincident anomalies.
19.3 GOLD DEPOSITS
Using the geologic model of flat-lying lower-grade surrounding steeply dipping
higher-grade deposits, with variations to either end member, allows a flexible
interpretation to be applied to any of the mineralized areas. Some flat-lying
deposits may have several layers such as the three separate stacked layers at
different elevations clearly identified in the Borealis deposit. An example of a
large flat low-grade zone surrounding a narrow steep high-grade zone is clearly
shown in the Graben deposit. Also, there is evidence in several deposits that
more than one high-grade feeder structure may be present.
The most effective method of identifying and illustrating the configuration of
low-grade and high-grade zones is by grade boundary contouring. Using this
method the project geologist interprets the shape of the gold deposit by
connecting zones of similar grades from hole to hole with contours of two or
more grade levels, and this results in the identification of the possible
controls of mineralization. This information can then be applied to the search
for extensions of mineralized zones, and the model of grade contours can be used
to help guide and control mineral resource estimation
19.4 MINERAL RESOURCES
Models were interpreted for the overburden (alluvium + Coal Valley Formation),
the depth of oxidation, the depth of mixed oxides plus sulfide, and an alluvial
gold deposit previously unrecognized. Grade zones constructed with a better
understanding of the geologic conditions were used to allow better conformation
of the mineral resource models to the geology.
19.5 MINING
The Borealis property hosts multiple types of gold deposits which provide
several mine development options, or sequences of options (Behre Dolbear, 2004).
This situation allows Gryphon Gold increased business flexibility and reduced
risks. A staged sequence of mine development warrants further consideration and
analysis. Conceptually, development of the near surface, heap leachable oxide
resource offers an option for a relatively low initial capital cost, early stage
mining operation; followed by a systematic mine expansion and increase of gold
production by including additional oxide and/or sulfide deposits in the
operation.
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May 23, 2005
Additional information is required to optimize the most cost effective
progression of the Project towards becoming a viable mining operation.
Recommendations of work required are detailed in Section 20.0 Recommendations.
19.6 DISTRICT EXPLORATION
A wealth of exploration data exists in the files of the Borealis Project. All of
this data has been digitized and the 150,000 pages of data, which is largely
exploration information, have been entered into a digital database making it
easily accessible. The district has been mapped geologically on several scales
and an excellent map exists at a scale of 1 inch = 1000 feet. Many thousands of
rock chip and soil samples have been taken of surface materials and analyzed for
multiple trace elements developing multiple geochemical anomalies that are
clearly shown on maps. The district has been flown with a helicopter survey for
magnetics, resistivity, and VLF, and many other local geophysical surveys have
been conducted over selected potions of the property. All of this data is
excellent in quality and provides adequate coverage of the district for
geological, geochemical and geopyhysical information. Using this cumulative
data, over 2300 drill holes have tested many of the anomalies; approximately 500
of these holes have been used for testing targets in the district outside of the
main Borealis area. However most of the 500 holes were concentrated in the
delineation of the Cerro Duro, Jaimes Ridge, and Purdy Peak deposits. Some of
the drill-hole logs have been hastily prepared or logged by inexperienced
geologists, so the logs sometimes have inadequate information. Where drill
samples are available, re-logging is necessary.
Discovery potential in the Borealis district includes oxidized gold
mineralization adjacent to existing pits, new oxide gold deposits at shallow
depth, gold associated with sulfide minerals below and adjacent to the existing
pits, deeper gold-bearing sulfide mineralization elsewhere on the property.
Expansion of gold mineralization adjacent to existing pits provides the best
potential for rapid development of additional mineral resources. Projection of
known mineralized structures and trends into covered areas provides the best
potential for discovery of new deposits, including both near-surface oxide and
deeper sulfide systems.
Because more than half of the district is covered by alluvium and this pediment
area has very few drill holes in it, geophysics along with projection of known
mineralization will be used to identify and locate specific drill targets. Most
of the strongest aeromagnetic lows, where coincident with induced polarization
(IP) highs, identify specific drill targets beneath the pediment, and only one
of these has ever been tested by drilling - Freedom Flats. The aeromagnetic lows
with IP highs along known mineral trends represent excellent exploration targets
within a significant mineralized district. Additional IP and possibly ground
magnetic surveys will be needed to refine specific drill-site locations in
testing these targets.
The geology of the Borealis district has many of the characteristics of
districts where multiple gold deposits have been, and are being, discovered. A
good analogy is the Yanacocha district in Peru, where the combination of
lithology and structure provided the sites for numerous large high-sulfidation
gold deposits. Using that analogy and the similarities in geology, it is likely
that several more high-value gold deposits await to be discovered in the
Borealis district
(ORE LOGO) ORE RESERVES ENGINEERING page 97
May 23, 2005
20.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
The Borealis property hosts multiple types of gold deposits which provide
several mine development options, or sequences of options. This situation allows
Gryphon Gold increased business flexibility and reduced risks. Additional
information is required to optimize the cost effective progression of the
Project towards becoming a viable mining operation.
As a result of this updated mineral resource estimation and further analysis of
the multifaceted set of technical attributes of the Borealis district, a number
of issues have been identified. The following recommendations are made with the
objective to answer the most critical questions first and further advance
Borealis towards possible mine production as warranted by the prevailing
business climate. Included recommendations are as follows:
1. DATABASE ENHANCEMENT. Continuation of the compilation and enhancement
of the geologic database in the area of known deposits plus additional
re-logging of remaining old drill cuttings and core samples are
recommended to better establish the geologic and grade zoning
boundaries.
2. FURTHER RESOURCE EXPANSION AND DEFINITION. A drilling program is
recommended to expand the mineral resource base, to advance the
mineral resources into higher categories, and to provide the necessary
detail required for engineering and mine planning. Drilling programs
adjacent to, between, and beneath the existing pits are expected to
expand the known oxide gold deposits and will support final mine
design. Drilling along the known trends aided by geophysical surveys
could result in new oxide deposits being found, especially in shallow
covered areas. An initial focus on oxide deposits should be made
within the permitted exploration area and should benefit the project
in the short-term more than finding additional sulfide mineral
resources.
3. METALLURGICAL TESTING. A systematic metallurgical testing program is
recommended on the gold-bearing samples collected from planned
drilling. Bottle roll tests and column leach tests should be conducted
to determine the leachability of the potentially surface mineable
mineral resources added to the mineral inventory. Comprehensive
sampling and testing should be implemented to properly characterize
the sulfide materials which may be encountered during drilling.
Metallurgical testing of the sulfide and mixed oxide/sulfide materials
should include flotation testing and pre-oxidation test work. The
flotation test work should investigate two options. The first should
be to produce the maximum recovery for feed to an oxidation and
leaching circuit. The second should be to produce a shippable,
saleable concentrate. Additional test work should focus on a)
optimizing metal recovery and concentrate grade, b) minimizing final
concentrate weight, and c) defining a cost effective process to
oxidize sulfide flotation concentrates or whole ore.
4. ACQUISITION OF OPERATING PERMITS. Continuation of the permitting
program is recommended to allow for timely mine development if
warranted. The program should continue to define and alleviate
potential environmental related issues and concerns and ensure that
the oxidized gold mineral resources can be mined efficiently by open
pit and leached in heaps.
5. FEASIBILITY STUDY. Upon completion of the drilling and metallurgical
testwork programs, a new mineral resource model, mineable reserve
estimate, and a full feasibility study are recommended in preparation
for mine development. The feasibility study should integrate all newly
generated information including, but not limited to, such items as
operating permit constraints if any, deposit geometry, waste
characterization, infrastructure requirements and resource (manpower,
equipment, consumable supplies, etc.) availability.
6. GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS. In preparation for an expanded exploration
program within the disturbed area where exploration permits have been
granted, additional geophysical surveys are recommended to confirm
drill targets and to identify and locate new targets. Geophysical
surveys should be conducted over two basin-type areas: the one south
of Freedom Flats-Borealis-Deep Ore Flats (including Opal Hill), and
the one north of Borealis-Crocodile Ridge-East Ridge. Both areas are
in topographic lows and have good potential for oxidized gold systems
under shallow cover. In addition with an indication that the North
Graben target may have bedrock under shallow cover (200-300 ft), a
program of ground magnetics and ground IP should be considered to
better define the target area. If North Graben is under shallow cover
and
(ORE LOGO) ORE RESERVES ENGINEERING page 98
May 23, 2005
bedrock is topographically higher than previously anticipated, then
oxidation may be deeper and there is a chance for a potentially large,
open-pitable oxide deposit. Where geologic and geophysical indications
are favorable, drilling of the targets should begin as soon as
possible.
7. DISTRICT SCALE EXPLORATION. An additional expanded exploration program
outside of the permitted area and throughout the district is
recommended following, or concurrent with, the exploration within the
permitted area. Both oxide and sulfide deposits are anticipated to be
found. A program of ground magnetics and ground IP should be
considered to better define the Sunset Wash and Lucky Boy targets and
then drilling should begin as soon as possible. Gradient IP surveys
should be conducted elsewhere in the district where other aeromagnetic
anomalies are found in pediment areas without any supporting IP data.
8. DISTRICT RECONNAISSANCE AND DATA COMPILATION. At this point the
numerous other exploration targets in the district seem to have lesser
priorities than those outlined above. Typically in any large district,
such as Borealis, a large discovery is made in areas that were not
obviously high priority targets. Therefore, an initial program of data
compilation, drill chip re-logging, field examinations, geochemistry,
follow-up geophysics, and drill planning should be undertaken for each
of these lower priority exploration targets. This work should be
brought to the drill plan stage so that initial drilling can be
undertaken as time and money are available.
(ORE LOGO) ORE RESERVES ENGINEERING page 99
May 23, 2005
21.0 REFERENCES
Behre, Dolbear & Company, Inc., 2004, The Borealis Gold Project, Nevada: A
Preliminary Scoping Study of Project Development. Unpublished report for Gryphon
Gold Corp., June 7, 2004, 108 pages.
Benedict, Honathan F., and Lloyd, Alan, K., 1998, 1998 Drilling Report and
Recommendations. Cambior Exploration (USA), Inc. Unpublished Report. July 26,
1998, 14 pages.
Bloomstein, E. I., 1992, April 1992 Monthly Report Quartz-Pyrite Alteration
Graben area, Borealis Project. Santa Fe Pacific Mining, Inc. Internal
Correspondence, May 13, 1992, 24 pages.
Buchanan, L. J., 1981, Precious metal deposits associated with volcanic
environments in the Southwest, In Dickinson, W. R., and Payne, W. D., eds.,
Relations of tectonics to ore deposits in the southern Cordillera: Tucson,
Arizona Geological Society Digest XIV, p. 237-262.
Chemex, November 1986, Report on Fire Assay and Cyanide Leach Results Reported
to Tenneco, Hawthorne, During the 1986 Season; 5 pages.
Corbett, Jack D., 2000, Geophysical Data Review, Borealis Project for Golden
Phoenix Minerals Inc. May 2000. 46 pages.
Echo Bay Mines, August 1986, Monthly Report (by Tony Eng); 6 pages.
Eng, T., 1990, Geology and Mineralization of the Freedom Flats Gold Deposit,
Borealis Mine, Mineral County, Nevada; Echo Bay Mines report, 39 pages.
Eng, T., 1991, Geology and Mineralization of the Freedom Flats Gold Deposit,
Borealis Mine, Mineral County, Nevada: in Raines, G.L., et al, editors, Geology
and ore deposits of the Great Basin: symposium proceedings, Geological Society
of Nevada, Reno, vol. 2, p. 995-1019.
Golden Phoenix Minerals, Inc. 2000, Borealis Gold Project Descriptions: Golden
Phoenix Minerals, Inc. public report, 6 pages.
Golden Phoenix Minerals, Inc., 2004, 2003 Annual Report. May 2004.
Hoegberg, Harold, 2000, Tonnage Factor Determinations, Borealis Deposit, Mineral
County, Nevada: May 6, 2000, unpublished report, 9 pages.
Honea, Russell M., 1988. Mineralogy of Metallurgical Test Samples. Non published
report to Echo Bay Mines Ltd. April 1988
Honea, Russell M., 1993. Polished Section Examination. Non published report to
Santa Fe Pacific Mining. August 1993.
Ivosevic, S.W., April 1979, 1978 Progress Report on Borealis Au Project, Ramona
District, Mineral County, Nevada; Houston International Minerals Co. report, 86
pages.
JBR Environmental Consultants, 2004. Vegetation Survey Report Borealis Mine
Site. Complete for Gryphon Gold Corporation. August 26, 2004; 22 pages.
John T. Boyd Co., January 1981, Reserve Study and Mining Plan, Borealis Project,
Mineral County, Nevada; 103 pages.
Kirkham, R. A., 1987, Graben Extension-1987 Exploration Program, Final Report:
Echo Bay Mines unpublished report and appendices, 7 p.
Knight Piesold Consulting, June 2003, Borealis Project Engineering and
Environmental Evaluation and Pre-
(ORE LOGO) ORE RESERVES ENGINEERING page 100
May 23, 2005
Feasibility Cost Estimates, Report of Findings; 43 pages.
Kortemeier, C. P., 1993, Monthly Activity Reports (Borealis): various Santa Fe
Pacific Mining Inc. unpublished monthly reports.
Santa Fe Pacific Mining, July 1994, Monthly Activity Report; 5 pages.
Silberman, M.L. and Chesterman, C. W., 1991. A Description of the Bodie Hills
and Bodie Mining District, Mono County, California with annotated road log from
Bridgeport to Bodie. In:R. H. Buffa and A. R. Coyner (Editors), Geology and Ore
Deposits of the Great Basin, Field Trip Guidebook Compendium. Vol. 2, pp. 601 -
618.
Strachan, D.G., 1981, Ore Mineralogy at Borealis. Non published internal report,
Houston Oil and Minerals. Oct 1981.
Strachan, D.G., 1985, Geologic Discussion of the Borealis Gold Deposit, Mineral
County, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Bull. 1646, p 89-94.
Strachan, D.G., 1992, Some Observations Concerning Economic Geology and Past
Exploration Activity in the Borealis Gold Mining District, Mineral County,
Nevada: private report for Santa Fe Pacific Mining Inc., 21 pages.
Vanderburg, 1937, Reconnaissance of mining districts in Mineral County, Nevada:
U. S. Bur. Mines Info. Circular 6941, 79 p.
Washington Group International, Inc. 2003, Review of the Metallurgy of the
Borealis Mine: unpublished report to Gryphon Gold Corporation, June 2003, 25
pages.
Whitney, J.W., 1996, Recap of Borealis Mining History, Recoveries, and Remaining
Potential Resources: letter to John D. Welsh, J.D. Welsh & Associates, 3 pages.
Whitney & Whitney, Inc., 1999, Borealis Project, Target Zone Definition:
memorandum to Michael Fitzsimonds, Golden Phoenix Minerals, Inc., 7 pages.
Whitney, J.W, 2004, Borealis Project, Large Gold Resource Target: memorandum to
Gryphon Gold Corp., 3 pages.
(ORE LOGO) ORE RESERVES ENGINEERING page 101
May 23, 2005
22.0 DATE
This report titled "Technical Report on the Mineral Resources of the Borealis
Gold Project" and dated May 23, 2005 was prepared by and signed by the author:
The effective date of the mineral resource estimate is May 23, 2005.
Digitally signed by Alan C. Noble
PE
DN: cn=Alan C. Noble PE, c=US,
(SEAL) o=Ore Reserves Engineering
Location: Lakewood, Colorado
Date: 2005.08.04 17:40:23 -06'00'
/s/ Alan C. Noble
---------------------------------------
Dated at Lakewood, Colorado, USA Alan C. Noble, P.E.
May 23, 2005 Ore Reserves Engineering
(ORE LOGO) ORE RESERVES ENGINEERING page 102
May 23, 2005
23.0 CERTIFICATE OF AUTHORS
(ORE LOGO) ORE RESERVES ENGINEERING page 103
May 23, 2005
ALAN C. NOBLE
Ore Reserves Engineering
Lakewood, Colorado 80215
USA
Telephone: 303-237-8271
Fax: 303-237-4533
Email: anoble@OreReservesEngineering.com
CERTIFICATE OF AUTHOR
I, Alan C. Noble, P.E. do hereby certify that:
1. I am a self employed Mining Engineer doing business as:
Ore Reserves Engineering
12254 Applewood Knolls Drive
Lakewood, Colorado 80215
USA
2. I graduated from the Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado with a
Bachelor of Science Mining Engineering in 1970.
3. I am a Registered Professional Engineer in the State of Colorado, USA, PE
26122. In addition, I am a Member of the Society of Mining, Metallurgy, and
Exploration (SME).
4. I have practiced my profession as a mining engineer continuously since
graduation for a total of 35 years.
5. I have read the definition of "qualified person" set out in National
Instrument 43-101 ("NI 43-101") and certify that by reason of my education,
registration of a professional engineer, affiliation with a professional
association (as defined in NI 43-101) and past relevant work experience, I
fulfill the requirements to be a "qualified person" for the purposes of NI
43-101.
6. I am responsible for the overall content of this technical report and have
prepared the mineral resource estimate in Section 17 of the report titled
"Technical Report on the Mineral Resources of the Borealis Gold Project"
and dated 23 May 2005 ("the Technical Report") relating to the Borealis
Gold property. I visited the Borealis Project site on 12 May 2005 and the
Borealis Project sample storage facility on February 24, 2005 for a period
of one day for each visit.
7. I have had prior involvement with the property that is the subject of the
Technical Report. The nature of my prior involvement is preparation of
conceptual mine plans for the plan of operation during June to July 2005.
8. I am not aware of any material fact or material change with respect to the
subject matter of this Technical Report that is not reflected in this
Technical Report, the omission to disclose which makes the Technical Report
misleading.
9. I am independent of the issuer applying all of the tests of section 1.5 of
National Instrument 43-101.
10. I have read National Instrument 43-101 and Form 43-101F1, and the Technical
Report has been prepared in
(ORE LOGO) ORE RESERVES ENGINEERING page 104
May 23, 2005
compliance with that instrument and that form.
11. I consent to the filing of the Technical Report with stock exchange and
other regulatory authority and any publication by them for regulatory
purposes, including electronic publication in the public company files on
their websites accessible by the public, of the Technical Report.
Dated this 23rd Day of May, 2005
Digitally signed by Alan C. Noble PE
DN: cn=Alan C. Noble PE, c=US,
(SEAL) o=Ore Reserves Engineering
Location: Lakewood, Colorado
Date: 2005.08.04 17:41:11 -06'00'
/s/ Alan C. Noble
- -------------------------------------
signed, Alan C. Noble, PE 26122.
(ORE LOGO) ORE RESERVES ENGINEERING page 105
May 23, 2005
BARBARA A. FILAS, P.E.
Knight Piesold and Co.
Denver, Colorado 80265
USA
Telephone: 303-629-8788
Fax: 303-629-8789
Email: bfilas@knightpiesold.com
CERTIFICATE OF AUTHOR
I, Barbara A. Filas, P.E. do hereby certify that:
1. I am a Principal Mining/Environmental Engineer employed by:
Knight Piesold and Co.
1050 Seventeenth Street, Suite 450
Denver, Colorado 80265
USA
2. I graduated from the University of Arizona in Tucson, Arizona with a
Bachelor of Science Degree in Mining Engineering in 1978.
3. I am a Licensed Professional Engineer in the State of Colorado, USA, PE
25261. In addition, I am a Member of the Society of Mining, Metallurgy, and
Exploration (SME) and a member of the Mining and Metallurgical Society of
America (MMSA).
4. I have practiced my profession as a mining engineer and environmental
engineer to mining applications continuously since graduation for a total
of 27 years.
5. I have read the definition of "qualified person" set out in National
Instrument 43-101 ("NI 43-101") and certify that by reason of my education,
registration of a professional engineer, affiliation with a professional
association (as defined in NI 43-101) and past relevant work experience, I
fulfill the requirements to be a "qualified person" for the purposes of NI
43-101.
6. I am responsible for developing the environmental inventories, permitting
strategies and permit documentation for the project. I have prepared the
environmental and permitting synopsis presented in Section 18 of the report
titled Technical Report on the Mineral Resources of the Borealis Gold
Project" and dated 23 May 2005 ("the Technical Report") relating to the
Borealis Gold property. I have visited the Borealis Project site on several
occasions since May 2003.
7. I have had prior involvement with the property that is the part of the
Technical Report. The nature of my prior involvement included the
environmental due diligence on behalf of Gryphon Gold Corporation
accomplished in May and June 2003. I was also involved with the planning,
field investigation, analysis and document preparation of the Plan of
Operations/Reclamation Plan submitted to the U.S. Forest Service,
Bridgeport Ranger District and the Nevada Division of Environmental
Protection, Bureau of Regulation and Reclamation dated August 2004 and the
Water Pollution Control Permit application to the Bureau of Regulation and
Reclamation dated January 2005.
8. I am not aware of any material fact or material change with respect to the
subject matter of this Technical Report that is not reflected in this
Technical Report, the omission to disclose which makes the Technical Report
misleading.
9. I am independent of the issuer applying all of the tests of section 1.5 of
National Instrument 43-101.
(ORE LOGO) ORE RESERVES ENGINEERING page 106
May 23, 2005
10. I have read National Instrument 43-101 and Form 43-101F1, and the Technical
Report has been prepared in compliance with that instrument and that form.
11. I consent to the filing of the Technical Report with stock exchange and
other regulatory authority and any publication by them for regulatory
purposes, including electronic publication in the public company files on
their websites accessible by the public, of the Technical Report.
Dated this 25th Day of May, 2005
/s/ Barbara A. Filas
- -----------------------------------
Signed, Barbara A. Filas, PE 25261.
(ORE LOGO) ORE RESERVES ENGINEERING page 107
May 23, 2005
JAYE T. PICKARTS, P.E.
Knight Piesold and Co.
Denver, Colorado 80265
USA
Telephone: 303-629-8788
Fax: 303-629-8789
Email: jpickarts@knightpiesold.com
CERTIFICATE OF AUTHOR
I, Jaye T. Pickarts, P.E. do hereby certify that:
1. I am a Principal Metallurgical Engineer employed by:
Knight Piesold and Co.
1050 Seventeenth Street, Suite 450
Denver, Colorado 80265
USA
2. I graduated from the Montana College of Mineral Science and Technology,
Butte, Montana with a Bachelor of Science Degree in Mineral Processing
Engineering in 1982.
3. I am a Licensed Professional Engineer in the State of Colorado, USA, PE
37268. In addition, I am a Member of the Society of Mining, Metallurgy, and
Exploration (SME) and a member of the Mining and Metallurgical Society of
America (MMSA).
4. I have practiced my profession as a mineral processing/metallurgical
engineer continuously since graduation for a total of 23 years.
5. I have read the definition of "qualified person" set out in National
Instrument 43-101 ("NI 43-101") and certify that by reason of my education,
registration of a professional engineer, affiliation with a professional
association (as defined in NI 43-101) and past relevant work experience, I
fulfill the requirements to be a "qualified person" for the purposes of NI
43-101.
6. I am responsible for preparing the 2004 metallurgical test plan for the
existing heaps and dumps, reviewing the test data, and reporting and
analyzing these results. I have prepared the metallurgical data in Section
16.1, 16.3, and 16.5 of the report titled Technical Report on the Mineral
Resources of the Borealis Gold Project" and dated 23 May 2005 ("the
Technical Report") relating to the Borealis Gold property. I visited the
Borealis Project on 12 May 2004 for a period of one day.
7. I have had prior involvement with the property that is the part of the
Technical Report. The nature of my prior involvement is preparation of the
metallurgical testwork evaluation and conceptual processing flowsheet for
the plan of operation during June to October 2004.
8. I am not aware of any material fact or material change with respect to the
subject matter of this Technical Report that is not reflected in this
Technical Report, the omission to disclose which makes the Technical Report
misleading.
9. I am independent of the issuer applying all of the tests of section 1.5 of
National Instrument 43-101.
10. I have read National Instrument 43-101 and Form 43-101F1, and the Technical
Report has been prepared in compliance with that instrument and that form.
11. I consent to the filing of the Technical Report with stock exchange and
other regulatory authority and any
(ORE LOGO) ORE RESERVES ENGINEERING page 108
May 23, 2005
publication by them for regulatory purposes, including electronic
publication in the public company files on their websites accessible by the
public, of the Technical Report.
Dated this 25th Day of May, 2005
(SEAL)
/s/ Jaye T. Pickarts
- -----------------------------------
Signed, Jaye T. Pickarts, PE 37268.
(ORE LOGO) ORE RESERVES ENGINEERING page 109
May 23, 2005
Roger C. Steininger
Consulting Geologist
Reno, Nevada 89509
USA
Telephone: 775-323-7775
Fax: 775-323-1134
Email: audoctor@aol.com
CERTIFICATE OF AUTHOR
I, Roger C. Steininger, CPG, do hereby certify that:
1. I am a self employed Consulting Geologist doing business as:
Roger C. Steininger Ph. D.
Consulting Geologist
3401 San Mateo Ave.
Reno, Nevada 89509
USA
2. I graduated from the following universities
Western Michigan University with a Bachelor of Science in Geology in
1964
Brigham Young University with a Masters of Science in Geology in 1966
Colorado State University with a Ph. D. in Earth Resources (Geology
option) in 1986
3. I am a Certified Professional Geologist with the American Institute of
Professional Geologists, Certification Number 7417. In addition, I am
a Member of the Society of Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration (SME)
and a Fellow of the Society of Economic Geologists (SEG).
4. I have practices my profession as a geologist continuously since
graduation from Brigham Young University for 39 years.
5. I have read the definition of "qualified person" set out in National
Instrument 43-101 ("NI 43-101") and certifty that by reason of my
education, registration as a Certified Professional Geologist,
affiliation with professional associations (as defined in NI 43-101)
and past relevant work experience, I fulfill the requirements to be a
"qualified person" for the purposes of NI43-101.
6. I am responsible for and prepared, or contributed to, the sections, or
portions of the sections, of this report dealing with the property and
deposit geology, exploration, drilling and sampling of existing heaps
and dumps, sampling, interpretation and conclusions, and
recommendations. The report is titled "Technical Report on the Mineral
Resources of the Borealis Gold Project" dated 23 May 2005. I have
visited the property on numerous occasions.
7. My involvement with the Borealis property is to serve in a consulting
capacity to Gryphon Gold assisting with understanding the geology,
planning exploration, and directing drilling programs. This
involvement has been from October 2003 through the present.
8. I am not aware of any material fact or material changes with respect
to the subject matter of this Technical Report that is not reflected
in the Technical Report, the omission to disclose which makes the
Technical Report misleading.
9. I am not independent of the issuer applying all of the tests of
section 1.5 of National Instrument 43-101 since I own Gryphon Gold
stock.
10. I have read National Instrument 43-101 and Form 43-101FI, and the
Technical Report has been prepared in compliance with the instrument
and that form.
11. I consent to the filing of the Technical Report with stock exchange
and other regulatory authority and publication by them for regulatory
purposes, including electronic publication in the public company files
on their websites accessible by the public, of the Technical Report.
Dated this 25th Day of May, 2005
/s/ Roger C. Steininger
- ------------------------------------- (SEAL)
Signed Roger C. Steininger, Ph.D.,
CPG 7417
Roger C. Steininger
Printed name of Qualified Person
24.0 ILLUSTRATIONS
(ORE LOGO) ORE RESERVES ENGINEERING page 110
May 23, 2005
(GRAPHIC OMITTED)
PLATE 1. PROPOSED PROJECT LAYOUT
(GRAPHIC OMITTED)
(Source: Land Management Services Inc, 2005 and Gryphon Gold Corporation, 2005)
PLATE 2. BOREALIS PROPERTY CLAIM MAP.
(GRAPHIC OMITTED)
PLATE 3. PROCESS FLOWSHEET ALTERNATIVE A
(GRAPHIC OMITTED)
PLATE 4. PROCESS FLOW SHEET ALTERNATIVE B.
(GRAPHIC OMITTED)
Plate 5
Contour Plot on Bench Midlines
Original Topography
Southwest Model
2000 feet
(GRAPHIC OMITTED)
Plate 6
Contour Plot on Bench Midlines
Mined Topography
Southwest Model
2000 feet
(GRAPHIC OMITTED)
Plate 7
Contour Plot on Bench Midlines
Current Topography
Southwest Model
2000 feet
(GRAPHIC OMITTED)
Plate 8
Contour Plot on Bench Midlines
Original Topography
Northeast Model
2000 feet
(GRAPHIC OMITTED)
Plate 9
Contour Plot on Bench Midlines
Mined Topography
Northeast Model
2000 feet
(GRAPHIC OMITTED)
Plate 10
Contour Plot on Bench Midlines
Current Topography
Northeast Model
2000 feet
(GRAPHIC OMITTED)
Plate 11
Contour Plot on Bench Midlines
Thickness of QAL Unit
Southwest Model
2000 feet
(GRAPHIC OMITTED)
Plate 12
Contour Plot on Bench Midlines
Thickness of QAL+TCV
Southwest Model
2000 feet
(GRAPHIC OMITTED)
Plate 13
Contour Plot on Bench Midlines
Thickness of Oxidized Material
Southwest Model
2000 feet
(GRAPHIC OMITTED)
Plate 14
Contour Plot on Bench Midlines
Thickness of Partially Oxidized Material
Southwest Model
2000 feet
(GRAPHIC OMITTED)
Plate 15
Contour Plot on Bench Midlines
Depth of Oxidation
Northeast Model
2000 feet
(GRAPHIC OMITTED)
Plate 16
Contour Plot on Bench Midlines
Depth of Partial Oxidation
Northeast Model
2000 feet
APPENDIX A: PHASE 1 DRILLING-SAMPLING-TESTING PROGRAM DATA SUMMARY
TABLE A-1. SUMMARY OF BOREALIS HEAP AND DUMP DRILL HOLES
(all holes drilled vertically)
(all hole numbers have BOR prefixes)
LOCATION HOLE DEPTH
- -------- ---- -----
Heap 1 11 60'
13 50'
16 75'
17 75'
Heap 2 25 31.5'
25A 90'
27 90'
30 90'
Heap 3 55 56'
59 50'
63 75'
67 100'
71 100'
75 100'
Heap 4 105 80'
106 80'
107 60'
111 40'
Heap 5 116 80'
117 80'
118 60'
Borealis 82 45'
Dump 83 80'
84 92'
85 111'
86 101'
92 87'
93 89'
Freedom 50 117'
51 73'
Flats 52 49'
Dump 200 112'
Note: each sample number consists of the drill hole and footage interval.
TABLE A-2
SUMMARY OF FIRE ASSAY AND SHAKE TEST RESULTS
LOCATION SAMPLE ID AU, OPT AG, PPM AU, RECOVERY %
- ------------------ --------- ------- ------- --------------
1 BOR-11 0.03 9.2 82.31
1 BOR-13 0.023 7.2 85.37
1 BOR-16 0.020 2.3 88.48
1 BOR-17 0.016 1.0 79.02
2 BOR-25 0.011 5.5 93.84
2 BOR-27 0.008 4.1 75.85
2 BOR-30 0.008 3.6 90.01
Freedom Flats Dump BOR-50 0.005 0.6 78.61
Freedom Flats Dump BOR-51 0.002 0.00 79.56
Freedom Flats Dump BOR-52 0.001 0.1 96.39
3 BOR-55 0.012 4.5 70.58
3 BOR-59 0.029 8.6 27.56
3 BOR-63 0.010 2.1 94.50
3 BOR-67 0.005 3.7 106.22
3 BOR-71 0.009 6.2 89.57
3 BOR-75 0.010 3.8 101.17
Borealis Dump BOR-83 0.003 4.3 106.69
Borealis Dump BOR-84 0.003 6.9 100.65
Borealis Dump BOR-85 0.003 15.8 101.27
Borealis Dump BOR-86 0.004 7.9 116.02
Borealis Dump BOR-82 0.011 1.6 106.38
Borealis Dump BOR-92 0.010 6.0 88.88
Borealis Dump BOR-93 0.015 5.2 92.42
4 BOR-105 0.006 2.7 73.44
4 BOR-106 0.006 3.9 76.93
4 BOR-107 0.005 1.1 120.2
4 BOR-111 0.019 2.1 102.2
5 BOR-116 0.004 6.5 63.55
5 BOR-117 0.004 2.5 80.87
5 BOR-118 0.004 3.2 62.45
TABLE A-3
SUMMARY OF METALLURGICAL RESULTS, SCOPING BOTTLE ROLL TESTS,
BOREALIS COMPOSITES
AU G/T ORE AU G/T REAGENT REQUIREMENTS,
FEED AU ----------------------------- ORE KG/MT ORE
TEST SIZE, RECOVERY, CALCULATED HEAD -----------------------
COMPOSITE NUMBER MM % EXTRACTED TAIL HEAD ASSAY NACN CONS. LIME ADDED
--------- ------ ----- --------- --------- ---- ---------- ------ ---------- ----------
Heap #1 Comp A CY-1 38.1 41.9 0.26 0.36 0.62 0.68 0.23 2.6
Heap #1 Comp A CY-2 38.1 42.6 0.26 0.35 0.61 0.68 0.15 2.7
Heap #1 Comp A CY-3 25 38.5 0.25 0.40 0.65 0.68 0.08 3.2
Heap #1 Comp A CY-4 25 36.0 0.27 0.48 0.75 0.68 0.15 3.1
Heap #1 Comp A CY-5 19 42.2 0.27 0.37 0.64 0.68 0.16 5.9
Heap #1 Comp A CY-6 19 44.3 0.27 0.34 0.61 0.68 0.07 5.9
Heap #1 Comp A CY-7 12.5 44.4 0.28 0.35 0.63 0.68 0.23 2.6
Heap #1 Comp A CY-8 12.5 37.5 0.27 0.45 0.72 0.68 0.15 5.6
Heap #1 Comp A CY-25 12.5 39.7 0.27 0.41 0.68 0.57 0.15 2.9
Average 40.8 0.66 0.67
Oz/t 0.020 0.021
BOR Heap #3 CY-9 38 54.9 0.28 0.23 0.51 0.33 0.75 4.6
BOR Heap #3 CY-10 38 48.3 0.29 0.31 0.60 0.33 0.45 5.5
BOR Heap #3 CY-11 25 53.3 0.24 0.21 0.45 0.33 0.38 5.4
BOR Heap #3 CY-12 25 51.2 0.22 0.21 0.43 0.33 0.30 6.3
BOR Heap #3 CY-13 19 53.2 0.25 0.22 0.47 0.33 0.38 6.8
BOR Heap #3 CY-14 19 51.3 0.20 0.19 0.39 0.33 0.38 6.0
BOR Heap #3 CY-15 12.5 50 0.17 0.17 0.34 0.33 0.45 4.8
BOR Heap #3 CY-16 12.5 45.5 0.15 0.18 0.33 0.33 0.31 5.1
BOR Heap #3 CY-26 12.5 50.0 0.18 0.18 0.36 0.37 0.37 5
Average 50.9 0.43 0.33
Oz/t 0.013 0.010
Borealis Dump CY-17 38 61.9 0.26 0.16 0.42 0.39 0.10 7.9
Borealis Dump CY-18 38 63.4 0.26 0.15 0.41 0.39 0.29 8.1
Borealis Dump CY-19 25 63.6 0.28 0.16 0.44 0.39 0.28 8.5
Borealis Dump CY-20 25 77.3 0.58 0.17 0.75 0.39 0.28 8.6
Borealis Dump CY-21 19 71.4 0.25 0.10 0.35 0.39 0.25 8.1
Borealis Dump CY-22 19 73.2 0.30 0.11 0.41 0.39 0.17 8.1
TABLE A-3
SUMMARY OF METALLURGICAL RESULTS, SCOPING BOTTLE ROLL TESTS,
BOREALIS COMPOSITES
AU G/T ORE AU G/T REAGENT REQUIREMENTS,
FEED AU ----------------------------- ORE KG/MT ORE
TEST SIZE, RECOVERY, CALCULATED HEAD -----------------------
COMPOSITE NUMBER MM % EXTRACTED TAIL HEAD ASSAY NACN CONS. LIME ADDED
--------- ------ ----- --------- --------- ---- ---------- ------ ---------- ----------
Borealis Dump CY-23 12.5 81.0 0.34 0.08 0.42 0.39 0.08 7.7
Borealis Dump CY-24 12.5 78.4 0.29 0.08 0.37 0.39 0.25 8.1
Average 71.3 0.45 0.39
Oz/t 0.014 0.012
TABLE A-4
SCREEN ANALYSIS, HEAP #1 COMPOSITE A
Head Screen Analysis, 1/2-inch Feed Size
WEIGHT ASSAY AU DISTRIBUTION AG DISTRIBUTION
SIZE -------------- --------------------------- --------------- ---------------
FRACTION % CUM. % AU OZ/T AU G/T REASSAYS % CUM. % % CUM. %
-------- ----- ------ ------- ------ -------- ----- ------ --- ------
+12.5mm 15.9 15.9 0.031 1.01 28.3 28.3 NA NA
- -12.5+6.3mm 18.7 34.6 0.021 0.68 0.75 22.4 50.7 NA NA
- -6.3+4.8mm 5.3 39.9 0.022 0.71 6.6 57.3 NA NA
- -4.8+3.4mm 5.9 45.8 0.019 0.60 6.3 63.6 NA NA
- -3.4+1.7mm 7.6 53.4 0.019 0.60 8.1 71.7 NA NA
- -1.7+420mm 13.1 66.5 0.017 0.55 12.7 84.4 NA NA
- -420+212mm 4.9 71.4 0.011 0.35 0.46 3.0 87.4 NA NA
-212mm 28.6 100.0 0.008 0.25 12.6 100.0 NA NA
Composite 100.0 0.018 0.57 100.0 NA
Average of two reassays
Tail Screen Analysis, Bottle Roll Residue, 1/2-inch Feed Size
WEIGHT ASSAY AU DISTRIBUTION AG DISTRIBUTION
SIZE -------------- --------------------------- --------------- ---------------
FRACTION % CUM. % AU OZ/T AU G/T REASSAYS % CUM. % % CUM. %
-------- ----- ------ ------- ------ -------- ----- ------ --- ------
+12.5mm 20.3 20.3 0.014 0.45 22.4 22.4 NA NA
- -12.5+6.3mm 18.2 38.5 0.025 0.79 0.89 35.3 57.7 NA NA
- -6.3+4.8mm 3.8 42.3 0.016 0.53 5.0 62.7 NA NA
- -4.8+3.4mm 4.7 47.0 0.016 0.53 6.1 68.8 NA NA
- -3.4+1.7mm 6.1 53.1 0.016 0.52 7.8 76.6 NA NA
- -1.7+420mm 6.2 59.3 0.016 0.50 7.6 84.2 NA NA
- -420+212mm 1.1 60.4 0.014 0.44 0.48 1.2 85.4 NA NA
-212mm 39.6 100.0 0.005 0.15 14.6 100.0 NA NA
Composite 100.0 0.013 0.41 100.0 NA NA
Average of two reassays
RECOVERY BY SIZE FRACTION DATA, BOTTLE ROLL TEST,
HEAP #1 COMP A 1/2-INCH FEED SIZE
- ------------------------------- ------------------
WEIGHT, % ASSAY, AU G/T HEAP #1 COMP A
SIZE ------------- ------------- --------------
FRACTION HEAD TAIL HEAD TAIL AU RECOVERY %
--------- ----- ----- ---- ---- --------------
+12.5mm 15.9 20.3 1.01 0.45 55.4
-12.5+6.3mm 18.7 18.2 0.68 0.79 <0.1
-6.3+4.8mm 5.3 3.8 0.71 0.53 25.4
-4.8+3.4mm 5.9 4.7 0.60 0.53 11.7
-3.4+1.7mm 7.6 6.1 0.60 0.52 13.3
-1.7+420mm 13.1 6.2 0.55 0.50 9.1
-420+212mm 4.9 1.1 0.35 0.44 <0.1
-212mm 28.6 39.6 0.25 0.15 40.0
Composite 100.0 100.0 0.57 0.41 28.1
TABLE A-5
SCREEN ANALYSIS, BOR HEAP #3
HEAD SCREEN ANALYSIS, 1/2-INCH FEED SIZE
WEIGHT ASSAY AU DISTRIBUTION AG DISTRIBUTION
SIZE --------------- ------------------------- --------------- ---------------
FRACTION % CUM. % AU OZ/T AU G/T AG G/T % CUM. % % CUM. %
-------- ------ ------ ------- ------ ------ ----- ------ --- ------
+12.5mm 20.1 20.1 0.007 0.24 12.9 12.9 NA NA
- -12.5+6.3mm 41.1 61.2 0.008 0.25 27.6 40.5 NA NA
- -6.3+4.8mm 7.9 69.1 0.008 0.27 5.7 46.2 NA NA
- -4.8+3.4mm 7.0 76.1 0.008 0.25 4.7 50.9 NA NA
- -3.4+1.7mm 8.3 84.4 0.010 0.31 6.9 57.8 NA NA
- -1.7+420mm 7.8 92.2 0.008 0.26 5.4 63.2 NA NA
- -420+212mm 2.5 94.7 0.010 0.32 2.2 65.4 NA NA
-212mm 5.3 100.0 0.076 2.43 34.6 100.0 NA NA
Composite 100.0 0.012 0.37 100.0 NA NA
TAIL SCREEN ANALYSIS, BOTTLE ROLL RESIDUE, 1/2-INCH FEED SIZE
WEIGHT ASSAY AU DISTRIBUTION AG DISTRIBUTION
SIZE --------------- ------------------------- --------------- ---------------
FRACTION % CUM. % AU OZ/T AU G/T AG G/T % CUM. % % CUM. %
-------- ------ ------ ------- ------ ------ ----- ------ --- ------
+12.5mm 18.5 18.5 0.006 0.19 19.6 19.6 NA NA
- -12.5+6.3mm 35.0 53.5 0.006 0.20 39.0 58.6 NA NA
- -6.3+4.8mm 6.7 60.2 0.007 0.21 7.9 66.5 NA NA
- -4.8+3.4mm 7.7 67.9 0.005 0.17 7.3 73.8 NA NA
- -3.4+1.7mm 8.9 76.8 0.006 0.18 8.9 82.7 NA NA
- -1.7+420mm 8.3 85.1 0.004 0.13 6.0 88.7 NA NA
- -420+212mm 2.1 87.2 0.003 0.11 1.3 90.0 NA NA
-212mm 12.8 100.0 0.004 0.14 10.0 100.0 NA NA
Composite 100.0 0.006 0.18 100.0 NA NA
RECOVERY BY SIZE FRACTION DATA, BOTTLE ROLL TEST,
BOR HEAP #3 1/2-INCH FEED SIZE
- ------------------------------- ------------------
WEIGHT, % ASSAY, AU G/T BOR HEAP #3
SIZE ------------- ------------- -------------
FRACTION HEAD TAIL HEAD TAIL AU RECOVERY %
-------- ----- ----- ---- ---- -------------
+12.5mm 20.1 18.5 0.24 0.19 20.8
-12.5+6.3mm 41.1 35.0 0.25 0.20 20.0
-6.3+4.8mm 7.9 6.7 0.27 0.21 22.2
-4.8+3.4mm 7.0 7.7 0.25 0.17 32.0
-3.4+1.7mm 8.3 8.9 0.31 0.18 41.9
-1.7+420mm 7.8 8.3 0.26 0.13 50.0
-420+212mm 2.5 2.1 0.32 0.11 65.6
-212mm 5.3 2.1 2.43 0.14 94.2
Composite 100.0 100.0 0.37 0.18 51.4
APPENDIX B: MINERAL RESOURCE MODEL
DETAILED STATISTICS AND GEOSTATISTICS
RUNTIME TITLE : SOUTHWEST MODEL - ALL ZONES
PROJECT TITLE : Borealis - Feb 2005 - South Model
CURRENT LABEL : Au
THIRD PARAMETER FOR LOG TRANSFORM = 0.000000
MINIMUM CUT-OFF ENTERED = 0.100000
MAXIMUM CUT-OFF ENTERED = 3000.000000
BLOCK COUNT UNTRANSFORMED STATISTICS
---------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------
ROCK BELOW ABOVE INSIDE STD. COEF.
TYPE MISSING LIMITS LIMITS LIMITS MINIMUM MAXIMUM MEAN VARIANCE DEV. OF VAR.
- ---- ------- ------ ------ ------ ------- ------- ------ -------- ------ -------
10 654 0 0 35155 1.6462 210.59 20.575 469.36 21.665 1.0530
11 265 0 0 2549 36.206 245.58 89.418 740.75 27.217 0.3044
12 11 0 0 1459 58.817 1882.4 339.14 108398. 329.24 0.9708
20 424 20 0 5654 0.50313 37.450 3.3962 7.6341 2.7630 0.8135
21 35 0 0 6793 3.0115 130.40 26.466 303.01 17.407 0.6577
22 0 2 0 2010 2.1693 1698.1 196.05 33561. 183.20 0.9344
30 1637 0 0 14059 1.0172 25.591 5.2901 7.0919 2.6631 0.5034
31 1829 0 0 12989 0.24792 164.89 23.282 385.73 19.640 0.8436
32 131 0 0 2058 35.997 2854.6 192.93 83820. 289.52 1.5006
40 1069 0 0 9176 0.99167 8.8656 3.1706 1.9915 1.4112 0.4451
41 350 0 0 5943 2.2458 173.15 18.711 380.71 19.512 1.0428
50 816 82 0 11166 1.7004 35.999 5.6290 25.227 5.0226 0.8923
80 56 275 0 24628 0.49583 262.18 4.4691 44.497 6.6706 1.4926
- ---- ------- ------ ------ ------ ------- ------- ------ -------- ------ ------
ALL 7277 379 0 133639 0.24792 2854.6 23.392 5434.2 73.717 3.1513
- ---- ------- ------ ------ ------ ------- ------- ------ -------- ------ ------
LOG-TRANSFORMED STATS LOG-DERIVED
------------------------- ------------------
ROCK LOG LOG LOG COEF.
TYPE MEAN VAR. STD.DEV MEAN OF VAR.
- ---- ------ ------ ------- -------- -------
10 2.5958 0.8894 0.9431 20.9147 1.1973
11 4.4516 0.0819 0.2862 89.3495 0.2921
12 5.5167 0.5506 0.7420 327.6724 0.8569
20 1.0516 0.3048 0.5521 3.3334 0.5969
21 3.0787 0.4006 0.6329 26.5499 0.7019
22 5.0026 0.4981 0.7057 190.8709 0.8035
30 1.5552 0.2140 0.4626 5.2707 0.4885
31 2.8501 0.5991 0.7740 23.3288 0.9058
32 4.8863 0.5481 0.7404 174.2267 0.8544
40 1.0629 0.1812 0.4257 3.1692 0.4458
41 2.6174 0.5477 0.7400 18.0161 0.8539
50 1.4799 0.4241 0.6512 5.4302 0.7268
80 1.2250 0.4121 0.6420 4.1833 0.7142
- ---- ------ ------ ------- -------- -------
ALL 2.1588 1.5001 1.2248 18.3363 1.8661
- ---- ------ ------ ------- -------- -------
SOUTHWEST MODEL AREA - NEAREST-NEIGHBOR STATISTICS BY ZONE
(UNITS=MILLIOUNCE/TON GOLD)
RUNTIME TITLE : SOUTHWEST MODEL - ALL ZONES
PROJECT TITLE : Borealis - Feb 2005 - South Model
CURRENT LABEL : Au
LOWER CUM CUM CUM CUM
BOUND FREQ PERCENT MEAN FREQ PERCENT MEAN
GREATER UPPER ------ ------- ------- ------ ------- ---------
THAN OR BOUND (ALL VALUES LESS (ALL VALUES GREATER ) THAN
EQUAL TO LESS THAN FREQ PERCENT MEAN THAN UPPER BOUND) OR EQUAL TO LOWER BOUND
- --------- --------- ----- -------- --------- -------------------------- ----------------------------
0.1000 0.1229 0 0.00 0.0000 0 0.00 0.0000 133639 100.00 23.3924
0.1229 0.1510 0 0.00 0.0000 0 0.00 0.0000 133639 100.00 23.3924
0.1510 0.1856 0 0.00 0.0000 0 0.00 0.0000 133639 100.00 23.3924
0.1856 0.2281 0 0.00 0.0000 0 0.00 0.0000 133639 100.00 23.3924
0.2281 0.2804 4 0.00 0.2479 4 0.00 0.2479 133639 100.00 23.3924
0.2804 0.3446 0 0.00 0.0000 4 0.00 0.2479 133635 100.00 23.3931
0.3446 0.4234 0 0.00 0.0000 4 0.00 0.2479 133635 100.00 23.3931
0.4234 0.5204 197 0.15 0.5146 201 0.15 0.5093 133635 100.00 23.3931
0.5204 0.6396 24 0.02 0.5815 225 0.17 0.5170 133438 99.85 23.4269
0.6396 0.7860 39 0.03 0.7107 264 0.20 0.5456 133414 99.83 23.4310
0.7860 0.9660 19 0.01 0.8818 283 0.21 0.5682 133375 99.80 23.4377
0.9660 1.1872 750 0.56 1.0597 1033 0.77 0.9251 133356 99.79 23.4409
1.1872 1.4590 1187 0.89 1.3316 2220 1.66 1.1424 132606 99.23 23.5675
1.4590 1.7931 3258 2.44 1.6590 5478 4.10 1.4496 131419 98.34 23.7683
1.7931 2.2036 6851 5.13 2.0532 12329 9.23 1.7851 128161 95.90 24.3303
2.2036 2.7082 10935 8.18 2.4387 23264 17.41 2.0923 121310 90.77 25.5884
2.7082 3.3283 11725 8.77 3.0142 34989 26.18 2.4012 110375 82.59 27.8819
3.3283 4.0904 9223 6.90 3.6853 44212 33.08 2.6691 98650 73.82 30.8376
4.0904 5.0270 10662 7.98 4.6147 54874 41.06 3.0471 89427 66.92 33.6379
5.0270 6.1780 8312 6.22 5.5566 63186 47.28 3.3773 78765 58.94 37.5666
6.1780 7.5926 8483 6.35 6.8608 71669 53.63 3.7896 70453 52.72 41.3431
7.5926 9.3311 7606 5.69 8.4740 79275 59.32 4.2390 61970 46.37 46.0634
9.3311 11.4677 5674 4.25 10.3424 84949 63.57 4.6467 54364 40.68 51.3224
11.4677 14.0935 6076 4.55 12.7892 91025 68.11 5.1902 48690 36.43 56.0980
14.0935 17.3205 6441 4.82 15.8249 97466 72.93 5.8930 42614 31.89 62.2730
17.3205 21.2864 5598 4.19 19.1669 103064 77.12 6.6140 36173 27.07 70.5436
21.2864 26.1605 4795 3.59 23.4058 107859 80.71 7.3605 30575 22.88 79.9502
26.1605 32.1505 5571 4.17 29.3243 113430 84.88 8.4392 25780 19.29 90.4673
32.1505 39.5121 3503 2.62 36.1418 116933 87.50 9.2691 20209 15.12 107.3225
39.5121 48.5593 3823 2.86 44.2272 120756 90.36 10.3758 16706 12.50 122.2481
48.5593 59.6781 2315 1.73 54.1688 123071 92.09 11.1996 12883 9.64 145.4006
59.6781 73.3428 2356 1.76 65.5843 125427 93.86 12.2212 10568 7.91 165.3857
73.3428 90.1364 1787 1.34 80.3762 127214 95.19 13.1785 8212 6.14 194.0184
90.1364 110.7752 1939 1.45 99.3507 129153 96.64 14.4723 6425 4.81 225.6260
110.7752 136.1397 1038 0.78 121.9589 130191 97.42 15.3292 4486 3.36 280.2064
136.1397 167.3121 960 0.72 149.6184 131151 98.14 16.3122 3448 2.58 327.8459
167.3121 205.6221 581 0.43 185.5312 131732 98.57 17.0585 2488 1.86 396.6153
205.6221 252.7040 545 0.41 227.6925 132277 98.98 17.9264 1907 1.43 460.9256
252.7040 310.5665 354 0.26 282.8541 132631 99.25 18.6335 1362 1.02 554.2531
310.5665 381.6779 236 0.18 340.7005 132867 99.42 19.2056 1008 0.75 649.5659
381.6779 469.0718 218 0.16 425.0461 133085 99.59 19.8703 772 0.58 743.9858
469.0718 576.4767 167 0.12 509.0821 133252 99.71 20.4835 554 0.41 869.4892
576.4767 708.4745 106 0.08 617.5674 133358 99.79 20.9580 387 0.29 1025.0137
708.4745 870.6964 67 0.05 817.0356 133425 99.84 21.3578 281 0.21 1178.7123
870.6964 1070.0626 142 0.11 982.6743 133567 99.95 22.3798 214 0.16 1291.9475
1070.0626 1315.0778 7 0.01 1218.2538 133574 99.95 22.4425 72 0.05 1901.9030
1315.0778 1616.1956 17 0.01 1550.2052 133591 99.96 22.6369 65 0.05 1975.5267
1616.1956 1986.2612 35 0.03 1855.6123 133626 99.99 23.1170 48 0.04 2126.1614
1986.2612 2441.0623 0 0.00 0.0000 133626 99.99 23.1170 13 0.01 2854.5627
2441.0623 3000.0000 13 0.01 2854.5952 133639 100.00 23.3924 13 0.01 2854.5627
SOUTHWEST MODEL AREA - NEAREST-NEIGHBOR STATISTICS BY ZONE
(UNITS=MILLIOUNCE/TON GOLD)
RUNTIME TITLE : SOUTHWEST MODEL - ALL ZONES
PROJECT TITLE : Borealis - Feb 2005 - South Model
CURRENT LABEL : Au
LOWER BOUND UPPER BOUND 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000
>= < +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0.1000 0.1229 |
0.1229 0.1510 |
0.1510 0.1856 |
0.1856 0.2281 |
0.2281 0.2804 |
0.2804 0.3446 |
0.3446 0.4234 |
0.4234 0.5204 |*
0.5204 0.6396 |
0.6396 0.7860 |
0.7860 0.9660 |
0.9660 1.1872 |****
1.1872 1.4590 |******
1.4590 1.7931 |****************
1.7931 2.2036 |**********************************
2.2036 2.7082 |*******************************************************
2.7082 3.3283 |***********************************************************
3.3283 4.0904 |**********************************************
4.0904 5.0270 |*****************************************************
5.0270 6.1780 |******************************************
6.1780 7.5926 |******************************************
7.5926 9.3311 |**************************************
9.3311 11.4677 |****************************
11.4677 14.0935 |******************************
14.0935 17.3205 |********************************
17.3205 21.2864 |****************************
21.2864 26.1605 |************************
26.1605 32.1505 |****************************
32.1505 39.5121 |******************
39.5121 48.5593 |*******************
48.5593 59.6781 |************
59.6781 73.3428 |************
73.3428 90.1364 |*********
90.1364 110.7752 |**********
110.7752 136.1397 |*****
136.1397 167.3121 |*****
167.3121 205.6221 |***
205.6221 252.7040 |***
252.7040 310.5665 |**
310.5665 381.6779 |*
381.6779 469.0718 |*
469.0718 576.4767 |*
576.4767 708.4745 |*
708.4745 870.6964 |
870.6964 1070.0626 |*
1070.0626 1315.0778 |
1315.0778 1616.1956 |
1616.1956 1986.2612 |
1986.2612 2441.0623 |
2441.0623 3000.0000 |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000
SOUTHWEST MODEL AREA - NEAREST-NEIGHBOR STATISTICS BY ZONE
(UNITS=MILLIOUNCE/TON GOLD)
RUNTIME TITLE : GRABEN - ALL ZONES
PROJECT TITLE : Borealis - Feb 2005 - South Model
CURRENT LABEL : Au
LOWER BOUND UPPER BOUND 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000
>= < +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0.1000 0.1229 |
0.1229 0.1510 |
0.1510 0.1856 |
0.1856 0.2281 |
0.2281 0.2804 |
0.2804 0.3446 |
0.3446 0.4234 |
0.4234 0.5204 |
0.5204 0.6396 |
0.6396 0.7860 |
0.7860 0.9660 |
0.9660 1.1872 |
1.1872 1.4590 |
1.4590 1.7931 |********
1.7931 2.2036 |*******
2.2036 2.7082 |*****************
2.7082 3.3283 |*************************************
3.3283 4.0904 |***************************************
4.0904 5.0270 |*******************************************************
5.0270 6.1780 |*********************************************
6.1780 7.5926 |*********************************************************************
7.5926 9.3311 |****************************************************
9.3311 11.4677 |*****************************************
11.4677 14.0935 |****************************************************************************
14.0935 17.3205 |***********************************************************************
17.3205 21.2864 |*************************************************************
21.2864 26.1605 |***********************************************
26.1605 32.1505 |*******************************************************************************************
32.1505 39.5121 |*************************************************
39.5121 48.5593 |*****************************************************
48.5593 59.6781 |***************************
59.6781 73.3428 |******************************
73.3428 90.1364 |************************
90.1364 110.7752 |******************************
110.7752 136.1397 |************
136.1397 167.3121 |***********
167.3121 205.6221 |****
205.6221 252.7040 |*******
252.7040 310.5665 |***
310.5665 381.6779 |**
381.6779 469.0718 |**
469.0718 576.4767 |***
576.4767 708.4745 |*
708.4745 870.6964 |
870.6964 1070.0626 |***
1070.0626 1315.0778 |
1315.0778 1616.1956 |
1616.1956 1986.2612 |*
1986.2612 2441.0623 |
2441.0623 3000.0000 |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000
SOUTHWEST MODEL AREA - NEAREST-NEIGHBOR STATISTICS BY ZONE
(UNITS=MILLIOUNCE/TON GOLD)
RUNTIME TITLE : GRABEN - LOW GRADE ZONE
PROJECT TITLE : Borealis - Feb 2005 - South Model
CURRENT LABEL : Au
LOWER BOUND UPPER BOUND 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000
>= < +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0.1000 0.1229 |
0.1229 0.1510 |
0.1510 0.1856 |
0.1856 0.2281 |
0.2281 0.2804 |
0.2804 0.3446 |
0.3446 0.4234 |
0.4234 0.5204 |
0.5204 0.6396 |
0.6396 0.7860 |
0.7860 0.9660 |
0.9660 1.1872 |
1.1872 1.4590 |
1.4590 1.7931 |********
1.7931 2.2036 |*******
2.2036 2.7082 |*****************
2.7082 3.3283 |*************************************
3.3283 4.0904 |***************************************
4.0904 5.0270 |*******************************************************
5.0270 6.1780 |*********************************************
6.1780 7.5926 |*********************************************************************
7.5926 9.3311 |****************************************************
9.3311 11.4677 |*****************************************
11.4677 14.0935 |****************************************************************************
14.0935 17.3205 |***********************************************************************
17.3205 21.2864 |*************************************************************
21.2864 26.1605 |***********************************************
26.1605 32.1505 |*******************************************************************************************
32.1505 39.5121 |*************************************************
39.5121 48.5593 |*****************************************************
48.5593 59.6781 |******************
59.6781 73.3428 |*********************
73.3428 90.1364 |*****
90.1364 110.7752 |**********
110.7752 136.1397 |*
136.1397 167.3121 |**
167.3121 205.6221 |
205.6221 252.7040 |**
252.7040 310.5665 |
310.5665 381.6779 |
381.6779 469.0718 |
469.0718 576.4767 |
576.4767 708.4745 |
708.4745 870.6964 |
870.6964 1070.0626 |
1070.0626 1315.0778 |
1315.0778 1616.1956 |
1616.1956 1986.2612 |
1986.2612 2441.0623 |
2441.0623 3000.0000 |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000
SOUTHWEST MODEL AREA - NEAREST-NEIGHBOR STATISTICS BY ZONE
(UNITS=MILLIOUNCE/TON GOLD)
RUNTIME TITLE : GRABEN - MID GRADE ZONE
PROJECT TITLE : Borealis - Feb 2005 - South Model
CURRENT LABEL : Au
LOWER BOUND UPPER BOUND 80 160 240 320 400 480 560 640 720 800
>= < +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0.1000 0.1229 |
0.1229 0.1510 |
0.1510 0.1856 |
0.1856 0.2281 |
0.2281 0.2804 |
0.2804 0.3446 |
0.3446 0.4234 |
0.4234 0.5204 |
0.5204 0.6396 |
0.6396 0.7860 |
0.7860 0.9660 |
0.9660 1.1872 |
1.1872 1.4590 |
1.4590 1.7931 |
1.7931 2.2036 |
2.2036 2.7082 |
2.7082 3.3283 |
3.3283 4.0904 |
4.0904 5.0270 |
5.0270 6.1780 |
6.1780 7.5926 |
7.5926 9.3311 |
9.3311 11.4677 |
11.4677 14.0935 |
14.0935 17.3205 |
17.3205 21.2864 |
21.2864 26.1605 |
26.1605 32.1505 |
32.1505 39.5121 |**
39.5121 48.5593 |
48.5593 59.6781 |*************************************
59.6781 73.3428 |**********************************************
73.3428 90.1364 |************************************************************************************************
90.1364 110.7752 |*********************************************************************************
110.7752 136.1397 |**********************************
136.1397 167.3121 |********************
167.3121 205.6221 |
205.6221 252.7040 |**
252.7040 310.5665 |
310.5665 381.6779 |
381.6779 469.0718 |
469.0718 576.4767 |
576.4767 708.4745 |
708.4745 870.6964 |
870.6964 1070.0626 |
1070.0626 1315.0778 |
1315.0778 1616.1956 |
1616.1956 1986.2612 |
1986.2612 2441.0623 |
2441.0623 3000.0000 |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0 80 160 240 320 400 480 560 640 720 800
SOUTHWEST MODEL AREA - NEAREST-NEIGHBOR STATISTICS BY ZONE
(UNITS=MILLIOUNCE/TON GOLD)
RUNTIME TITLE : GRABEN - HIGH GRADE ZONE
PROJECT TITLE : Borealis - Feb 2005 - South Model
CURRENT LABEL : Au
LOWER BOUND UPPER BOUND 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
>= < +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0.1000 0.1229 |
0.1229 0.1510 |
0.1510 0.1856 |
0.1856 0.2281 |
0.2281 0.2804 |
0.2804 0.3446 |
0.3446 0.4234 |
0.4234 0.5204 |
0.5204 0.6396 |
0.6396 0.7860 |
0.7860 0.9660 |
0.9660 1.1872 |
1.1872 1.4590 |
1.4590 1.7931 |
1.7931 2.2036 |
2.2036 2.7082 |
2.7082 3.3283 |
3.3283 4.0904 |
4.0904 5.0270 |
5.0270 6.1780 |
6.1780 7.5926 |
7.5926 9.3311 |
9.3311 11.4677 |
11.4677 14.0935 |
14.0935 17.3205 |
17.3205 21.2864 |
21.2864 26.1605 |
26.1605 32.1505 |
32.1505 39.5121 |
39.5121 48.5593 |
48.5593 59.6781 |********************
59.6781 73.3428 |
73.3428 90.1364 |**
90.1364 110.7752 |********************************************************************
110.7752 136.1397 |**************************************************************************************
136.1397 167.3121 |******************************************************************************************
167.3121 205.6221 |**********************************************************************************
205.6221 252.7040 |******************************************************************************
252.7040 310.5665 |****************************************************************
310.5665 381.6779 |*************************************
381.6779 469.0718 |*************************************************
469.0718 576.4767 |*****************************************************************
576.4767 708.4745 |********************
708.4745 870.6964 |
870.6964 1070.0626 |*********************************************************
1070.0626 1315.0778 |
1315.0778 1616.1956 |
1616.1956 1986.2612 |***************
1986.2612 2441.0623 |
2441.0623 3000.0000 |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
SOUTHWEST MODEL AREA - NEAREST-NEIGHBOR STATISTICS BY ZONE
(UNITS=MILLIOUNCE/TON GOLD)
RUNTIME TITLE : FREEDOM FLATS - ALL ZONES
PROJECT TITLE : Borealis - Feb 2005 - South Model
CURRENT LABEL : Au
LOWER BOUND UPPER BOUND 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
>= < +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0.1000 0.1229 |
0.1229 0.1510 |
0.1510 0.1856 |
0.1856 0.2281 |
0.2281 0.2804 |
0.2804 0.3446 |
0.3446 0.4234 |
0.4234 0.5204 |
0.5204 0.6396 |*
0.6396 0.7860 |*
0.7860 0.9660 |*
0.9660 1.1872 |*********
1.1872 1.4590 |*
1.4590 1.7931 |*************************************
1.7931 2.2036 |***********************************************
2.2036 2.7082 |****************************************************
2.7082 3.3283 |***********************************
3.3283 4.0904 |************************
4.0904 5.0270 |*****************************
5.0270 6.1780 |*************************
6.1780 7.5926 |*****************************
7.5926 9.3311 |********************
9.3311 11.4677 |*****************************
11.4677 14.0935 |******************************
14.0935 17.3205 |***********************************
17.3205 21.2864 |***********************************************
21.2864 26.1605 |****************************************
26.1605 32.1505 |******************************
32.1505 39.5121 |************************************
39.5121 48.5593 |********************************
48.5593 59.6781 |*********************
59.6781 73.3428 |********************
73.3428 90.1364 |*****************
90.1364 110.7752 |***********
110.7752 136.1397 |***************
136.1397 167.3121 |**********
167.3121 205.6221 |***********
205.6221 252.7040 |********
252.7040 310.5665 |******
310.5665 381.6779 |*****
381.6779 469.0718 |***
469.0718 576.4767 |*
576.4767 708.4745 |***
708.4745 870.6964 |*
870.6964 1070.0626 |*
1070.0626 1315.0778 |
1315.0778 1616.1956 |
1616.1956 1986.2612 |
1986.2612 2441.0623 |
2441.0623 3000.0000 |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
SOUTHWEST MODEL AREA - NEAREST-NEIGHBOR STATISTICS BY ZONE
(UNITS=MILLIOUNCE/TON GOLD)
RUNTIME TITLE : FREEDOM FLATS - LOW GRADE ZONE
PROJECT TITLE : Borealis - Feb 2005 - South Model
CURRENT LABEL : Au
LOWER BOUND UPPER BOUND 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
>= < +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0.1000 0.1229 |
0.1229 0.1510 |
0.1510 0.1856 |
0.1856 0.2281 |
0.2281 0.2804 |
0.2804 0.3446 |
0.3446 0.4234 |
0.4234 0.5204 |
0.5204 0.6396 |*
0.6396 0.7860 |*
0.7860 0.9660 |*
0.9660 1.1872 |*********
1.1872 1.4590 |*
1.4590 1.7931 |*************************************
1.7931 2.2036 |**********************************************
2.2036 2.7082 |****************************************************
2.7082 3.3283 |***********************************
3.3283 4.0904 |***********************
4.0904 5.0270 |****************************
5.0270 6.1780 |*********************
6.1780 7.5926 |********************
7.5926 9.3311 |****
9.3311 11.4677 |
11.4677 14.0935 |
14.0935 17.3205 |*
17.3205 21.2864 |
21.2864 26.1605 |*
26.1605 32.1505 |
32.1505 39.5121 |*
39.5121 48.5593 |
48.5593 59.6781 |
59.6781 73.3428 |
73.3428 90.1364 |
90.1364 110.7752 |
110.7752 136.1397 |
136.1397 167.3121 |
167.3121 205.6221 |
205.6221 252.7040 |
252.7040 310.5665 |
310.5665 381.6779 |
381.6779 469.0718 |
469.0718 576.4767 |
576.4767 708.4745 |
708.4745 870.6964 |
870.6964 1070.0626 |
1070.0626 1315.0778 |
1315.0778 1616.1956 |
1616.1956 1986.2612 |
1986.2612 2441.0623 |
2441.0623 3000.0000 |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
SOUTHWEST MODEL AREA - NEAREST-NEIGHBOR STATISTICS BY ZONE
(UNITS=MILLIOUNCE/TON GOLD)
RUNTIME TITLE : FREEDOM FLATS - MID GRADE ZONE
PROJECT TITLE : Borealis - Feb 2005 - South Model
CURRENT LABEL : Au
LOWER BOUND UPPER BOUND 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
>= < +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0.1000 0.1229 |
0.1229 0.1510 |
0.1510 0.1856 |
0.1856 0.2281 |
0.2281 0.2804 |
0.2804 0.3446 |
0.3446 0.4234 |
0.4234 0.5204 |
0.5204 0.6396 |
0.6396 0.7860 |
0.7860 0.9660 |
0.9660 1.1872 |
1.1872 1.4590 |
1.4590 1.7931 |
1.7931 2.2036 |
2.2036 2.7082 |
2.7082 3.3283 |
3.3283 4.0904 |**
4.0904 5.0270 |**
5.0270 6.1780 |********
6.1780 7.5926 |*******************
7.5926 9.3311 |*********************************
9.3311 11.4677 |**********************************************************
11.4677 14.0935 |***********************************************************
14.0935 17.3205 |*******************************************************************
17.3205 21.2864 |**********************************************************************************************
21.2864 26.1605 |******************************************************************************
26.1605 32.1505 |************************************************************
32.1505 39.5121 |*********************************************************************
39.5121 48.5593 |***************************************************************
48.5593 59.6781 |********************************
59.6781 73.3428 |**********************
73.3428 90.1364 |************
90.1364 110.7752 |**
110.7752 136.1397 |*
136.1397 167.3121 |
167.3121 205.6221 |
205.6221 252.7040 |
252.7040 310.5665 |
310.5665 381.6779 |
381.6779 469.0718 |
469.0718 576.4767 |
576.4767 708.4745 |
708.4745 870.6964 |
870.6964 1070.0626 |
1070.0626 1315.0778 |
1315.0778 1616.1956 |
1616.1956 1986.2612 |
1986.2612 2441.0623 |
2441.0623 3000.0000 |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
SOUTHWEST MODEL AREA - NEAREST-NEIGHBOR STATISTICS BY ZONE
(UNITS=MILLIOUNCE/TON GOLD)
RUNTIME TITLE : FREEDOM FLATS - HIGH GRADE ZONE
PROJECT TITLE : Borealis - Feb 2005 - South Model
CURRENT LABEL : Au
LOWER BOUND UPPER BOUND 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400
>= < +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0.1000 0.1229 |
0.1229 0.1510 |
0.1510 0.1856 |
0.1856 0.2281 |
0.2281 0.2804 |
0.2804 0.3446 |
0.3446 0.4234 |
0.4234 0.5204 |
0.5204 0.6396 |
0.6396 0.7860 |
0.7860 0.9660 |
0.9660 1.1872 |
1.1872 1.4590 |
1.4590 1.7931 |
1.7931 2.2036 |*
2.2036 2.7082 |
2.7082 3.3283 |
3.3283 4.0904 |
4.0904 5.0270 |
5.0270 6.1780 |
6.1780 7.5926 |
7.5926 9.3311 |
9.3311 11.4677 |
11.4677 14.0935 |
14.0935 17.3205 |
17.3205 21.2864 |
21.2864 26.1605 |
26.1605 32.1505 |
32.1505 39.5121 |**
39.5121 48.5593 |***
48.5593 59.6781 |**************************
59.6781 73.3428 |***********************************************
73.3428 90.1364 |*********************************************************
90.1364 110.7752 |***********************************************
110.7752 136.1397 |***********************************************************************
136.1397 167.3121 |*************************************************
167.3121 205.6221 |******************************************************
205.6221 252.7040 |*****************************************
252.7040 310.5665 |*******************************
310.5665 381.6779 |*************************
381.6779 469.0718 |****************
469.0718 576.4767 |*******
576.4767 708.4745 |**************
708.4745 870.6964 |*******
870.6964 1070.0626 |****
1070.0626 1315.0778 |*
1315.0778 1616.1956 |
1616.1956 1986.2612 |*
1986.2612 2441.0623 |
2441.0623 3000.0000 |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400
SOUTHWEST MODEL AREA - NEAREST-NEIGHBOR STATISTICS BY ZONE
(UNITS=MILLIOUNCE/TON GOLD)
RUNTIME TITLE : BOREALIS - ALL ZONES
PROJECT TITLE : Borealis - Feb 2005 - South Model
CURRENT LABEL : Au
LOWER BOUND UPPER BOUND 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000
>= < +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0.1000 0.1229 |
0.1229 0.1510 |
0.1510 0.1856 |
0.1856 0.2281 |
0.2281 0.2804 |
0.2804 0.3446 |
0.3446 0.4234 |
0.4234 0.5204 |
0.5204 0.6396 |
0.6396 0.7860 |
0.7860 0.9660 |
0.9660 1.1872 |*
1.1872 1.4590 |
1.4590 1.7931 |*
1.7931 2.2036 |***************
2.2036 2.7082 |***************
2.7082 3.3283 |*********************************************************
3.3283 4.0904 |**************************************************************
4.0904 5.0270 |***************************************************************************
5.0270 6.1780 |**********************************************************
6.1780 7.5926 |*******************************************************
7.5926 9.3311 |**********************************************************
9.3311 11.4677 |***********************************************
11.4677 14.0935 |*************************
14.0935 17.3205 |**************************************************
17.3205 21.2864 |********************************
21.2864 26.1605 |******************************
26.1605 32.1505 |*************************
32.1505 39.5121 |**************
39.5121 48.5593 |**********************
48.5593 59.6781 |*****************
59.6781 73.3428 |****************
73.3428 90.1364 |************
90.1364 110.7752 |***********
110.7752 136.1397 |******
136.1397 167.3121 |********
167.3121 205.6221 |*****
205.6221 252.7040 |***
252.7040 310.5665 |***
310.5665 381.6779 |**
381.6779 469.0718 |*
469.0718 576.4767 |
576.4767 708.4745 |
708.4745 870.6964 |*
870.6964 1070.0626 |
1070.0626 1315.0778 |
1315.0778 1616.1956 |
1616.1956 1986.2612 |
1986.2612 2441.0623 |
2441.0623 3000.0000 |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000
SOUTHWEST MODEL AREA - NEAREST-NEIGHBOR STATISTICS BY ZONE
(UNITS=MILLIOUNCE/TON GOLD)
RUNTIME TITLE : BOREALIS - LOW GRADE ZONE
PROJECT TITLE : Borealis - Feb 2005 - South Model
CURRENT LABEL : Au
LOWER BOUND UPPER BOUND 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000
>= < +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0.1000 0.1229 |
0.1229 0.1510 |
0.1510 0.1856 |
0.1856 0.2281 |
0.2281 0.2804 |
0.2804 0.3446 |
0.3446 0.4234 |
0.4234 0.5204 |
0.5204 0.6396 |
0.6396 0.7860 |
0.7860 0.9660 |
0.9660 1.1872 |*
1.1872 1.4590 |
1.4590 1.7931 |*
1.7931 2.2036 |***************
2.2036 2.7082 |***************
2.7082 3.3283 |*****************************************************
3.3283 4.0904 |***********************************************************
4.0904 5.0270 |********************************************************************
5.0270 6.1780 |****************************************
6.1780 7.5926 |*******************************************
7.5926 9.3311 |**************************
9.3311 11.4677 |***********************
11.4677 14.0935 |***
14.0935 17.3205 |*****
17.3205 21.2864 |
21.2864 26.1605 |
26.1605 32.1505 |
32.1505 39.5121 |
39.5121 48.5593 |
48.5593 59.6781 |
59.6781 73.3428 |
73.3428 90.1364 |
90.1364 110.7752 |
110.7752 136.1397 |
136.1397 167.3121 |
167.3121 205.6221 |
205.6221 252.7040 |
252.7040 310.5665 |
310.5665 381.6779 |
381.6779 469.0718 |
469.0718 576.4767 |
576.4767 708.4745 |
708.4745 870.6964 |
870.6964 1070.0626 |
1070.0626 1315.0778 |
1315.0778 1616.1956 |
1616.1956 1986.2612 |
1986.2612 2441.0623 |
2441.0623 3000.0000 |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000
SOUTHWEST MODEL AREA - NEAREST-NEIGHBOR STATISTICS BY ZONE
(UNITS=MILLIOUNCE/TON GOLD)
RUNTIME TITLE : BOREALIS - MID GRADE ZONE
PROJECT TITLE : Borealis - Feb 2005 - South Model
CURRENT LABEL : Au
LOWER BOUND UPPER BOUND 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
>= < +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0.1000 0.1229 |
0.1229 0.1510 |
0.1510 0.1856 |
0.1856 0.2281 |
0.2281 0.2804 |
0.2804 0.3446 |
0.3446 0.4234 |
0.4234 0.5204 |
0.5204 0.6396 |
0.6396 0.7860 |
0.7860 0.9660 |
0.9660 1.1872 |
1.1872 1.4590 |
1.4590 1.7931 |
1.7931 2.2036 |*
2.2036 2.7082 |*
2.7082 3.3283 |********
3.3283 4.0904 |******
4.0904 5.0270 |*************
5.0270 6.1780 |************************************
6.1780 7.5926 |************************
7.5926 9.3311 |*****************************************************************
9.3311 11.4677 |************************************************
11.4677 14.0935 |*********************************************
14.0935 17.3205 |******************************************************************************************
17.3205 21.2864 |*****************************************************************
21.2864 26.1605 |************************************************************
26.1605 32.1505 |**************************************************
32.1505 39.5121 |***************************
39.5121 48.5593 |****************************************
48.5593 59.6781 |**************************
59.6781 73.3428 |*************************
73.3428 90.1364 |*********
90.1364 110.7752 |**********
110.7752 136.1397 |*
136.1397 167.3121 |*
167.3121 205.6221 |
205.6221 252.7040 |
252.7040 310.5665 |
310.5665 381.6779 |
381.6779 469.0718 |
469.0718 576.4767 |
576.4767 708.4745 |
708.4745 870.6964 |
870.6964 1070.0626 |
1070.0626 1315.0778 |
1315.0778 1616.1956 |
1616.1956 1986.2612 |
1986.2612 2441.0623 |
2441.0623 3000.0000 |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
SOUTHWEST MODEL AREA - NEAREST-NEIGHBOR STATISTICS BY ZONE
(UNITS=MILLIOUNCE/TON GOLD)
RUNTIME TITLE : BOREALIS - HIGH GRADE ZONE
PROJECT TITLE : Borealis - Feb 2005 - South Model
CURRENT LABEL : Au
LOWER BOUND UPPER BOUND 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400
>= < +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0.1000 0.1229 |
0.1229 0.1510 |
0.1510 0.1856 |
0.1856 0.2281 |
0.2281 0.2804 |
0.2804 0.3446 |
0.3446 0.4234 |
0.4234 0.5204 |
0.5204 0.6396 |
0.6396 0.7860 |
0.7860 0.9660 |
0.9660 1.1872 |
1.1872 1.4590 |
1.4590 1.7931 |
1.7931 2.2036 |
2.2036 2.7082 |
2.7082 3.3283 |
3.3283 4.0904 |
4.0904 5.0270 |
5.0270 6.1780 |
6.1780 7.5926 |
7.5926 9.3311 |
9.3311 11.4677 |
11.4677 14.0935 |
14.0935 17.3205 |
17.3205 21.2864 |
21.2864 26.1605 |
26.1605 32.1505 |
32.1505 39.5121 |**
39.5121 48.5593 |*******************
48.5593 59.6781 |****************************************
59.6781 73.3428 |*********************************
73.3428 90.1364 |**************************************************************************
90.1364 110.7752 |**********************************************************
110.7752 136.1397 |******************************************************
136.1397 167.3121 |*******************************************************************************
167.3121 205.6221 |***********************************************
205.6221 252.7040 |******************************
252.7040 310.5665 |*************************
310.5665 381.6779 |***************
381.6779 469.0718 |**************
469.0718 576.4767 |**
576.4767 708.4745 |***
708.4745 870.6964 |**********
870.6964 1070.0626 |***
1070.0626 1315.0778 |*
1315.0778 1616.1956 |****
1616.1956 1986.2612 |
1986.2612 2441.0623 |
2441.0623 3000.0000 |***
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400
SOUTHWEST MODEL AREA - NEAREST-NEIGHBOR STATISTICS BY ZONE
(UNITS=MILLIOUNCE/TON GOLD)
RUNTIME TITLE : POLARIS - ALL ZONES
PROJECT TITLE : Borealis - Feb 2005 - South Model
CURRENT LABEL : Au
LOWER BOUND UPPER BOUND 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
>= < +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0.1000 0.1229 |
0.1229 0.1510 |
0.1510 0.1856 |
0.1856 0.2281 |
0.2281 0.2804 |
0.2804 0.3446 |
0.3446 0.4234 |
0.4234 0.5204 |
0.5204 0.6396 |
0.6396 0.7860 |
0.7860 0.9660 |
0.9660 1.1872 |*********
1.1872 1.4590 |***********
1.4590 1.7931 |*********************************************
1.7931 2.2036 |**************************************************
2.2036 2.7082 |***************************************************************************************************
2.7082 3.3283 |****************************************************************************
3.3283 4.0904 |*********************************************************************************
4.0904 5.0270 |*********************************************************
5.0270 6.1780 |*********************************************************
6.1780 7.5926 |*************************************
7.5926 9.3311 |*****************************
9.3311 11.4677 |**********************************
11.4677 14.0935 |**************************************
14.0935 17.3205 |*********************************
17.3205 21.2864 |********************************
21.2864 26.1605 |*****************
26.1605 32.1505 |***************
32.1505 39.5121 |**********
39.5121 48.5593 |*********
48.5593 59.6781 |*******
59.6781 73.3428 |****
73.3428 90.1364 |
90.1364 110.7752 |*****
110.7752 136.1397 |
136.1397 167.3121 |
167.3121 205.6221 |*
205.6221 252.7040 |
252.7040 310.5665 |
310.5665 381.6779 |
381.6779 469.0718 |
469.0718 576.4767 |
576.4767 708.4745 |
708.4745 870.6964 |
870.6964 1070.0626 |
1070.0626 1315.0778 |
1315.0778 1616.1956 |
1616.1956 1986.2612 |
1986.2612 2441.0623 |
2441.0623 3000.0000 |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
SOUTHWEST MODEL AREA - NEAREST-NEIGHBOR STATISTICS BY ZONE
(UNITS=MILLIOUNCE/TON GOLD)
RUNTIME TITLE : POLARIS - LOW GRADE ZONE
PROJECT TITLE : Borealis - Feb 2005 - South Model
CURRENT LABEL : Au
LOWER BOUND UPPER BOUND 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
>= < +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0.1000 0.1229 |
0.1229 0.1510 |
0.1510 0.1856 |
0.1856 0.2281 |
0.2281 0.2804 |
0.2804 0.3446 |
0.3446 0.4234 |
0.4234 0.5204 |
0.5204 0.6396 |
0.6396 0.7860 |
0.7860 0.9660 |
0.9660 1.1872 |*********
1.1872 1.4590 |***********
1.4590 1.7931 |*********************************************
1.7931 2.2036 |**************************************************
2.2036 2.7082 |**********************************************************************************************
2.7082 3.3283 |****************************************************************************
3.3283 4.0904 |*********************************************************************************
4.0904 5.0270 |********************************************
5.0270 6.1780 |********************************
6.1780 7.5926 |*************
7.5926 9.3311 |****
9.3311 11.4677 |
11.4677 14.0935 |
14.0935 17.3205 |
17.3205 21.2864 |
21.2864 26.1605 |
26.1605 32.1505 |
32.1505 39.5121 |
39.5121 48.5593 |
48.5593 59.6781 |
59.6781 73.3428 |
73.3428 90.1364 |
90.1364 110.7752 |
110.7752 136.1397 |
136.1397 167.3121 |
167.3121 205.6221 |
205.6221 252.7040 |
252.7040 310.5665 |
310.5665 381.6779 |
381.6779 469.0718 |
469.0718 576.4767 |
576.4767 708.4745 |
708.4745 870.6964 |
870.6964 1070.0626 |
1070.0626 1315.0778 |
1315.0778 1616.1956 |
1616.1956 1986.2612 |
1986.2612 2441.0623 |
2441.0623 3000.0000 |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
SOUTHWEST MODEL AREA - NEAREST-NEIGHBOR STATISTICS BY ZONE
(UNITS=MILLIOUNCE/TON GOLD)
RUNTIME TITLE : POLARIS - MID GRADE ZONE
PROJECT TITLE : Borealis - Feb 2005 - South Model
CURRENT LABEL : Au
LOWER BOUND UPPER BOUND 80 160 240 320 400 480 560 640 720 800
>= < +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0.1000 0.1229 |
0.1229 0.1510 |
0.1510 0.1856 |
0.1856 0.2281 |
0.2281 0.2804 |
0.2804 0.3446 |
0.3446 0.4234 |
0.4234 0.5204 |
0.5204 0.6396 |
0.6396 0.7860 |
0.7860 0.9660 |
0.9660 1.1872 |
1.1872 1.4590 |
1.4590 1.7931 |
1.7931 2.2036 |
2.2036 2.7082 |************
2.7082 3.3283 |
3.3283 4.0904 |*
4.0904 5.0270 |**********************************
5.0270 6.1780 |***************************************************************
6.1780 7.5926 |************************************************************
7.5926 9.3311 |***************************************************************
9.3311 11.4677 |************************************************************************************
11.4677 14.0935 |***********************************************************************************************
14.0935 17.3205 |**********************************************************************************
17.3205 21.2864 |*******************************************************************************
21.2864 26.1605 |*******************************************
26.1605 32.1505 |*************************************
32.1505 39.5121 |**************************
39.5121 48.5593 |**********************
48.5593 59.6781 |*****************
59.6781 73.3428 |*********
73.3428 90.1364 |*
90.1364 110.7752 |*************
110.7752 136.1397 |*
136.1397 167.3121 |*
167.3121 205.6221 |**
205.6221 252.7040 |
252.7040 310.5665 |
310.5665 381.6779 |
381.6779 469.0718 |
469.0718 576.4767 |
576.4767 708.4745 |
708.4745 870.6964 |
870.6964 1070.0626 |
1070.0626 1315.0778 |
1315.0778 1616.1956 |
1616.1956 1986.2612 |
1986.2612 2441.0623 |
2441.0623 3000.0000 |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0 80 160 240 320 400 480 560 640 720 800
SOUTHWEST MODEL AREA - NEAREST-NEIGHBOR STATISTICS BY ZONE
(UNITS=MILLIOUNCE/TON GOLD)
RUNTIME TITLE : CROCODILE RIDGE EAST BOREALIS ZONE
PROJECT TITLE : Borealis - Feb 2005 - South Model
CURRENT LABEL : Au
LOWER BOUND UPPER BOUND 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000
>= < +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0.1000 0.1229 |
0.1229 0.1510 |
0.1510 0.1856 |
0.1856 0.2281 |
0.2281 0.2804 |
0.2804 0.3446 |
0.3446 0.4234 |
0.4234 0.5204 |
0.5204 0.6396 |
0.6396 0.7860 |
0.7860 0.9660 |
0.9660 1.1872 |
1.1872 1.4590 |
1.4590 1.7931 |**
1.7931 2.2036 |*********************************
2.2036 2.7082 |********************************************************
2.7082 3.3283 |********************************
3.3283 4.0904 |****************
4.0904 5.0270 |*******************************
5.0270 6.1780 |********************
6.1780 7.5926 |************************************
7.5926 9.3311 |*********************
9.3311 11.4677 |*********
11.4677 14.0935 |******
14.0935 17.3205 |**
17.3205 21.2864 |*****
21.2864 26.1605 |*******
26.1605 32.1505 |
32.1505 39.5121 |*
39.5121 48.5593 |
48.5593 59.6781 |
59.6781 73.3428 |
73.3428 90.1364 |
90.1364 110.7752 |
110.7752 136.1397 |
136.1397 167.3121 |
167.3121 205.6221 |
205.6221 252.7040 |
252.7040 310.5665 |
310.5665 381.6779 |
381.6779 469.0718 |
469.0718 576.4767 |
576.4767 708.4745 |
708.4745 870.6964 |
870.6964 1070.0626 |
1070.0626 1315.0778 |
1315.0778 1616.1956 |
1616.1956 1986.2612 |
1986.2612 2441.0623 |
2441.0623 3000.0000 |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000
SOUTHWEST MODEL AREA - NEAREST-NEIGHBOR STATISTICS BY ZONE
(UNITS=MILLIOUNCE/TON GOLD)
RUNTIME TITLE : WEST ALLUVIAL ZONE
PROJECT TITLE : Borealis - Feb 2005 - South Model
CURRENT LABEL : Au
LOWER BOUND UPPER BOUND 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000
>= < +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0.1000 0.1229 |
0.1229 0.1510 |
0.1510 0.1856 |
0.1856 0.2281 |
0.2281 0.2804 |
0.2804 0.3446 |
0.3446 0.4234 |
0.4234 0.5204 |
0.5204 0.6396 |
0.6396 0.7860 |
0.7860 0.9660 |
0.9660 1.1872 |
1.1872 1.4590 |
1.4590 1.7931 |**
1.7931 2.2036 |*********************************
2.2036 2.7082 |********************************************************
2.7082 3.3283 |********************************
3.3283 4.0904 |****************
4.0904 5.0270 |*******************************
5.0270 6.1780 |********************
6.1780 7.5926 |************************************
7.5926 9.3311 |*********************
9.3311 11.4677 |*********
11.4677 14.0935 |******
14.0935 17.3205 |**
17.3205 21.2864 |*****
21.2864 26.1605 |*******
26.1605 32.1505 |
32.1505 39.5121 |*
39.5121 48.5593 |
48.5593 59.6781 |
59.6781 73.3428 |
73.3428 90.1364 |
90.1364 110.7752 |
110.7752 136.1397 |
136.1397 167.3121 |
167.3121 205.6221 |
205.6221 252.7040 |
252.7040 310.5665 |
310.5665 381.6779 |
381.6779 469.0718 |
469.0718 576.4767 |
576.4767 708.4745 |
708.4745 870.6964 |
870.6964 1070.0626 |
1070.0626 1315.0778 |
1315.0778 1616.1956 |
1616.1956 1986.2612 |
1986.2612 2441.0623 |
2441.0623 3000.0000 |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000
SOUTHWEST MODEL AREA - NEAREST-NEIGHBOR STATISTICS BY ZONE
(UNITS=MILLIOUNCE/TON GOLD)
RUNTIME TITLE : OUTSIDE ZONE
PROJECT TITLE : Borealis - Feb 2005 - South Model
CURRENT LABEL : Au
LOWER BOUND UPPER BOUND 8000 16000 24000 32000 40000 48000 56000 64000 72000 80000
>= < +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0.1000 0.1229 |*************************************************
0.1229 0.1510 |*******************************************
0.1510 0.1856 |**********************************
0.1856 0.2281 |**************************************
0.2281 0.2804 |******************************************************************
0.2804 0.3446 |*********************************
0.3446 0.4234 |***********************************
0.4234 0.5204 |*****************************************************************************************
0.5204 0.6396 |********************************
0.6396 0.7860 |************************************************************
0.7860 0.9660 |**********************************
0.9660 1.1872 |***************************************************************************
1.1872 1.4590 |*****************************************
1.4590 1.7931 |*********************************
1.7931 2.2036 |******************
2.2036 2.7082 |**********
2.7082 3.3283 |******
3.3283 4.0904 |***
4.0904 5.0270 |**
5.0270 6.1780 |***
6.1780 7.5926 |*
7.5926 9.3311 |*
9.3311 11.4677 |**
11.4677 14.0935 |*
14.0935 17.3205 |*
17.3205 21.2864 |
21.2864 26.1605 |*
26.1605 32.1505 |
32.1505 39.5121 |*
39.5121 48.5593 |
48.5593 59.6781 |
59.6781 73.3428 |
73.3428 90.1364 |
90.1364 110.7752 |
110.7752 136.1397 |
136.1397 167.3121 |
167.3121 205.6221 |
205.6221 252.7040 |
252.7040 310.5665 |
310.5665 381.6779 |
381.6779 469.0718 |
469.0718 576.4767 |
576.4767 708.4745 |
708.4745 870.6964 |
870.6964 1070.0626 |
1070.0626 1315.0778 |
1315.0778 1616.1956 |
1616.1956 1986.2612 |
1986.2612 2441.0623 |
2441.0623 3000.0000 |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0 8000 16000 24000 32000 40000 48000 56000 64000 72000 80000
SOUTHWEST MODEL AREA - NEAREST-NEIGHBOR STATISTICS BY ZONE
(UNITS=MILLIOUNCE/TON GOLD)
RUNTIME TITLE : Northeast Model - All Zones
PROJECT TITLE : Borealis - Feb 2005 - Northeast Model
CURRENT LABEL : Au
THIRD PARAMETER FOR LOG TRANSFORM = 0.000000
MINIMUM CUT-OFF ENTERED = 0.100000
MAXIMUM CUT-OFF ENTERED = 3000.000000
BLOCK COUNT UNTRANSFORMED STATISTICS
---------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------
ROCK BELOW ABOVE INSIDE STD. COEF.
TYPE MISSING LIMITS LIMITS LIMITS MINIMUM MAXIMUM MEAN VARIANCE DEV. OF VAR
- ---- ------- ------ ------ ------ ------- ------- ------ -------- ------ ------
50 4107 0 0 31815 1.4219 70.836 13.039 81.764 9.0424 0.6935
51 3 0 0 2630 28.000 577.26 67.889 4197.5 64.788 0.9543
60 311 0 0 13458 1.0354 82.436 7.2031 30.486 5.5214 0.7665
70 310 0 0 29885 0.34203 202.25 13.104 309.24 17.585 1.3420
- --- ---- --- --- ----- ------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
ALL 4731 0 0 77788 0.34203 577.26 13.909 406.24 20.155 1.4491
- --- ---- --- --- ----- ------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
LOG-TRANSFORMED STATS LOG-DERIVED
------------------------- -----------------
ROCK LOG LOG LOG COEF.
TYPE MEAN VAR. STD.DEV MEAN OF VAR.
- ---- ------ ------ ------- ------- -------
50 2.3547 0.4308 0.6564 13.0675 0.7339
51 4.0523 0.2311 0.4807 64.5753 0.5099
60 1.7548 0.4332 0.6582 7.1806 0.7363
70 2.1035 0.8316 0.9119 12.4202 1.1388
- --- ------ ------ ------ ------- ------
ALL 2.2118 0.7419 0.8613 13.2330 1.0487
- --- ------ ------ ------ ------- ------
SOUTHWEST MODEL AREA - NEAREST-NEIGHBOR STATISTICS BY ZONE
(UNITS=MILLIOUNCE/TON GOLD)
RUNTIME TITLE : Northeast Model - All Zones
PROJECT TITLE : Borealis - Feb 2005 - Northeast Model
CURRENT LABEL : Au
LOWER CUM CUM CUM CUM
BOUND FREQ PERCENT MEAN FREQ PERCENT MEAN
GREATER UPPER ------------------------- --------------------------
THAN OR BOUND (ALL VALUES LESS (ALL VALUES GREATER THAN
EQUAL TO LESS THAN FREQ PERCENT MEAN THAN UPPER BOUND) EQUAL TO LOWER BOUND)
- ---------- --------- ---- ------- -------- ----- ------- ------- ----- ------- --------
0.1000 0.1229 0 0.00 0.0000 0 0.00 0.0000 77788 100.00 13.9086
0.1229 0.1510 0 0.00 0.0000 0 0.00 0.0000 77788 100.00 13.9086
0.1510 0.1856 0 0.00 0.0000 0 0.00 0.0000 77788 100.00 13.9086
0.1856 0.2281 0 0.00 0.0000 0 0.00 0.0000 77788 100.00 13.9086
0.2281 0.2804 0 0.00 0.0000 0 0.00 0.0000 77788 100.00 13.9086
0.2804 0.3446 5 0.01 0.3420 5 0.01 0.3420 77788 100.00 13.9086
0.3446 0.4234 0 0.00 0.0000 5 0.01 0.3420 77783 99.99 13.9095
0.4234 0.5204 0 0.00 0.0000 5 0.01 0.3420 77783 99.99 13.9095
0.5204 0.6396 0 0.00 0.0000 5 0.01 0.3420 77783 99.99 13.9095
0.6396 0.7860 0 0.00 0.0000 5 0.01 0.3420 77783 99.99 13.9095
0.7860 0.9660 0 0.00 0.0000 5 0.01 0.3420 77783 99.99 13.9095
0.9660 1.1872 63 0.08 1.0110 68 0.09 0.9618 77783 99.99 13.9095
1.1872 1.4590 18 0.02 1.4219 86 0.11 1.0581 77720 99.91 13.9200
1.4590 1.7931 1120 1.44 1.6387 1206 1.55 1.5973 77702 99.89 13.9229
1.7931 2.2036 1338 1.72 1.9903 2544 3.27 1.8040 76582 98.45 14.1025
2.2036 2.7082 2479 3.19 2.4460 5023 6.46 2.1208 75244 96.73 14.3179
2.7082 3.3283 4724 6.07 3.0254 9747 12.53 2.5593 72765 93.54 14.7223
3.3283 4.0904 4401 5.66 3.7321 14148 18.19 2.9241 68041 87.47 15.5344
4.0904 5.0270 5945 7.64 4.5849 20093 25.83 3.4155 63640 81.81 16.3506
5.0270 6.1780 7038 9.05 5.5742 27131 34.88 3.9755 57695 74.17 17.5630
6.1780 7.5926 6750 8.68 6.8967 33881 43.56 4.5575 50657 65.12 19.2287
7.5926 9.3311 8038 10.33 8.4666 41919 53.89 5.3070 43907 56.44 21.1245
9.3311 11.4677 6877 8.84 10.3570 48796 62.73 6.0187 35869 46.11 23.9610
11.4677 14.0935 5985 7.69 12.6603 54781 70.42 6.7444 28992 37.27 27.1880
14.0935 17.3205 5744 7.38 15.5498 60525 77.81 7.5800 23007 29.58 30.9672
17.3205 21.2864 4870 6.26 19.2003 65395 84.07 8.4454 17263 22.19 36.0970
21.2864 26.1605 3241 4.17 23.6721 68636 88.23 9.1644 12393 15.93 42.7369
26.1605 32.1505 3157 4.06 29.1596 71793 92.29 10.0437 9152 11.77 49.4882
32.1505 39.5121 1758 2.26 35.9405 73551 94.55 10.6626 5995 7.71 60.1934
39.5121 48.5593 1403 1.80 43.4196 74954 96.36 11.2758 4237 5.45 70.2564
48.5593 59.6781 1011 1.30 53.6006 75965 97.66 11.8391 2834 3.64 83.5422
59.6781 73.3428 756 0.97 64.9911 76721 98.63 12.3628 1823 2.34 100.1473
73.3428 90.1364 462 0.59 81.4589 77183 99.22 12.7764 1067 1.37 125.0564
90.1364 110.7752 226 0.29 98.9686 77409 99.51 13.0281 605 0.78 158.3490
110.7752 136.1397 108 0.14 121.4916 77517 99.65 13.1792 379 0.49 193.7579
136.1397 167.3121 147 0.19 158.0065 77664 99.84 13.4533 271 0.35 222.5578
167.3121 205.6221 64 0.08 185.5739 77728 99.92 13.5950 124 0.16 299.0823
205.6221 252.7040 21 0.03 219.2749 77749 99.95 13.6506 60 0.08 420.1581
252.7040 310.5665 0 0.00 0.0000 77749 99.95 13.6506 39 0.05 528.3259
310.5665 381.6779 0 0.00 0.0000 77749 99.95 13.6506 39 0.05 528.3259
381.6779 469.0718 16 0.02 457.9968 77765 99.97 13.7420 39 0.05 528.3259
469.0718 576.4767 0 0.00 0.0000 77765 99.97 13.7420 23 0.03 577.2505
576.4767 708.4745 23 0.03 577.2593 77788 100.00 13.9086 23 0.03 577.2505
708.4745 870.6964 0 0.00 0.0000 77788 100.00 13.9086 0 0.00 0.0000
870.6964 1070.0626 0 0.00 0.0000 77788 100.00 13.9086 0 0.00 0.0000
1070.0626 1315.0778 0 0.00 0.0000 77788 100.00 13.9086 0 0.00 0.0000
1315.0778 1616.1956 0 0.00 0.0000 77788 100.00 13.9086 0 0.00 0.0000
1616.1956 1986.2612 0 0.00 0.0000 77788 100.00 13.9086 0 0.00 0.0000
1986.2612 2441.0623 0 0.00 0.0000 77788 100.00 13.9086 0 0.00 0.0000
2441.0623 3000.0000 0 0.00 0.0000 77788 100.00 13.9086 0 0.00 0.0000
SOUTHWEST MODEL AREA - NEAREST-NEIGHBOR STATISTICS BY ZONE
(UNITS=MILLIOUNCE/TON GOLD)
RUNTIME TITLE : Northeast Model - All Zones
PROJECT TITLE : Borealis - Feb 2005 - Northeast Model
CURRENT LABEL : Au
LOWER BOUND UPPER BOUND 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
>= < +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0.1000 0.1229 |
0.1229 0.1510 |
0.1510 0.1856 |
0.1856 0.2281 |
0.2281 0.2804 |
0.2804 0.3446 |
0.3446 0.4234 |
0.4234 0.5204 |
0.5204 0.6396 |
0.6396 0.7860 |
0.7860 0.9660 |
0.9660 1.1872 |*
1.1872 1.4590 |
1.4590 1.7931 |***********
1.7931 2.2036 |*************
2.2036 2.7082 |*************************
2.7082 3.3283 |***********************************************
3.3283 4.0904 |********************************************
4.0904 5.0270 |***********************************************************
5.0270 6.1780 |**********************************************************************
6.1780 7.5926 |*******************************************************************
7.5926 9.3311 |********************************************************************************
9.3311 11.4677 |*********************************************************************
11.4677 14.0935 |************************************************************
14.0935 17.3205 |*********************************************************
17.3205 21.2864 |*************************************************
21.2864 26.1605 |********************************
26.1605 32.1505 |********************************
32.1505 39.5121 |******************
39.5121 48.5593 |**************
48.5593 59.6781 |**********
59.6781 73.3428 |********
73.3428 90.1364 |*****
90.1364 110.7752 |**
110.7752 136.1397 |*
136.1397 167.3121 |*
167.3121 205.6221 |*
205.6221 252.7040 |
252.7040 310.5665 |
310.5665 381.6779 |
381.6779 469.0718 |
469.0718 576.4767 |
576.4767 708.4745 |
708.4745 870.6964 |
870.6964 1070.0626 |
1070.0626 1315.0778 |
1315.0778 1616.1956 |
1616.1956 1986.2612 |
1986.2612 2441.0623 |
2441.0623 3000.0000 |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000
SOUTHWEST MODEL AREA - NEAREST-NEIGHBOR STATISTICS BY ZONE
(UNITS=MILLIOUNCE/TON GOLD)
RUNTIME TITLE : East Ridge Low Grade Zone
PROJECT TITLE : Borealis - Feb 2005 - Northeast Model
CURRENT LABEL : Au
LOWER BOUND UPPER BOUND 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000
>= < +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0.1000 0.1229 |
0.1229 0.1510 |
0.1510 0.1856 |
0.1856 0.2281 |
0.2281 0.2804 |
0.2804 0.3446 |
0.3446 0.4234 |
0.4234 0.5204 |
0.5204 0.6396 |
0.6396 0.7860 |
0.7860 0.9660 |
0.9660 1.1872 |
1.1872 1.4590 |
1.4590 1.7931 |
1.7931 2.2036 |
2.2036 2.7082 |******
2.7082 3.3283 |**************************
3.3283 4.0904 |*********************
4.0904 5.0270 |*************************************************************
5.0270 6.1780 |*****************************************************************************
6.1780 7.5926 |****************************************************************
7.5926 9.3311 |********************************************************************************************
9.3311 11.4677 |**************************************************************************************
11.4677 14.0935 |***************************************************************************************
14.0935 17.3205 |*******************************************************************************
17.3205 21.2864 |****************************************************************************
21.2864 26.1605 |*********************************************
26.1605 32.1505 |**********************************************
32.1505 39.5121 |*****************
39.5121 48.5593 |********
48.5593 59.6781 |**
59.6781 73.3428 |***
73.3428 90.1364 |
90.1364 110.7752 |
110.7752 136.1397 |
136.1397 167.3121 |
167.3121 205.6221 |
205.6221 252.7040 |
252.7040 310.5665 |
310.5665 381.6779 |
381.6779 469.0718 |
469.0718 576.4767 |
576.4767 708.4745 |
708.4745 870.6964 |
870.6964 1070.0626 |
1070.0626 1315.0778 |
1315.0778 1616.1956 |
1616.1956 1986.2612 |
1986.2612 2441.0623 |
2441.0623 3000.0000 |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000
SOUTHWEST MODEL AREA - NEAREST-NEIGHBOR STATISTICS BY ZONE
(UNITS=MILLIOUNCE/TON GOLD)
RUNTIME TITLE : East Ridge Mid Grade Zone
PROJECT TITLE : Borealis - Feb 2005 - Northeast Model
CURRENT LABEL : Au
LOWER BOUND UPPER BOUND 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600
>= < +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0.1000 0.1229 |
0.1229 0.1510 |
0.1510 0.1856 |
0.1856 0.2281 |
0.2281 0.2804 |
0.2804 0.3446 |
0.3446 0.4234 |
0.4234 0.5204 |
0.5204 0.6396 |
0.6396 0.7860 |
0.7860 0.9660 |
0.9660 1.1872 |
1.1872 1.4590 |
1.4590 1.7931 |
1.7931 2.2036 |
2.2036 2.7082 |
2.7082 3.3283 |
3.3283 4.0904 |
4.0904 5.0270 |
5.0270 6.1780 |
6.1780 7.5926 |
7.5926 9.3311 |
9.3311 11.4677 |
11.4677 14.0935 |
14.0935 17.3205 |
17.3205 21.2864 |
21.2864 26.1605 |
26.1605 32.1505 |*********
32.1505 39.5121 |***********************************************************************************************
39.5121 48.5593 |******************************************************************************
48.5593 59.6781 |************************************************************************************
59.6781 73.3428 |**************************************************************************
73.3428 90.1364 |*******************************************
90.1364 110.7752 |***********************
110.7752 136.1397 |************
136.1397 167.3121 |***
167.3121 205.6221 |*********
205.6221 252.7040 |****
252.7040 310.5665 |
310.5665 381.6779 |
381.6779 469.0718 |***
469.0718 576.4767 |
576.4767 708.4745 |****
708.4745 870.6964 |
870.6964 1070.0626 |
1070.0626 1315.0778 |
1315.0778 1616.1956 |
1616.1956 1986.2612 |
1986.2612 2441.0623 |
2441.0623 3000.0000 |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600
SOUTHWEST MODEL AREA - NEAREST-NEIGHBOR STATISTICS BY ZONE
(UNITS=MILLIOUNCE/TON GOLD)
RUNTIME TITLE : Gold View Zone
PROJECT TITLE : Borealis - Feb 2005 - Northeast Model
CURRENT LABEL : Au
LOWER BOUND UPPER BOUND 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
>= < +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0.1000 0.1229 |
0.1229 0.1510 |
0.1510 0.1856 |
0.1856 0.2281 |
0.2281 0.2804 |
0.2804 0.3446 |
0.3446 0.4234 |
0.4234 0.5204 |
0.5204 0.6396 |
0.6396 0.7860 |
0.7860 0.9660 |
0.9660 1.1872 |*
1.1872 1.4590 |
1.4590 1.7931 |*******************
1.7931 2.2036 |*********************************
2.2036 2.7082 |*************************************************
2.7082 3.3283 |***********************************************
3.3283 4.0904 |************************************************************************
4.0904 5.0270 |***************************************************
5.0270 6.1780 |***********************************************************************************
6.1780 7.5926 |*************************************************************************************
7.5926 9.3311 |**************************************************************************
9.3311 11.4677 |********************************************************************
11.4677 14.0935 |*************************
14.0935 17.3205 |********************************************
17.3205 21.2864 |**********
21.2864 26.1605 |*****
26.1605 32.1505 |********
32.1505 39.5121 |*
39.5121 48.5593 |
48.5593 59.6781 |
59.6781 73.3428 |
73.3428 90.1364 |*
90.1364 110.7752 |
110.7752 136.1397 |
136.1397 167.3121 |
167.3121 205.6221 |
205.6221 252.7040 |
252.7040 310.5665 |
310.5665 381.6779 |
381.6779 469.0718 |
469.0718 576.4767 |
576.4767 708.4745 |
708.4745 870.6964 |
870.6964 1070.0626 |
1070.0626 1315.0778 |
1315.0778 1616.1956 |
1616.1956 1986.2612 |
1986.2612 2441.0623 |
2441.0623 3000.0000 |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
SOUTHWEST MODEL AREA - NEAREST-NEIGHBOR STATISTICS BY ZONE
(UNITS=MILLIOUNCE/TON GOLD)
RUNTIME TITLE : Northeast Ridge Zone
PROJECT TITLE : Borealis - Feb 2005 - Northeast Model
CURRENT LABEL : Au
LOWER BOUND UPPER BOUND 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000
>= < +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0.1000 0.1229 |
0.1229 0.1510 |
0.1510 0.1856 |
0.1856 0.2281 |
0.2281 0.2804 |
0.2804 0.3446 |
0.3446 0.4234 |
0.4234 0.5204 |
0.5204 0.6396 |
0.6396 0.7860 |
0.7860 0.9660 |
0.9660 1.1872 |*
1.1872 1.4590 |
1.4590 1.7931 |*******************
1.7931 2.2036 |****************
2.2036 2.7082 |********************************
2.7082 3.3283 |*********************************************************************
3.3283 4.0904 |*****************************************************
4.0904 5.0270 |**************************************************************
5.0270 6.1780 |**********************************************************
6.1780 7.5926 |**************************************************************
7.5926 9.3311 |************************************************************************
9.3311 11.4677 |****************************************************
11.4677 14.0935 |**************************************************
14.0935 17.3205 |*******************************************
17.3205 21.2864 |*****************************************
21.2864 26.1605 |*********************************
26.1605 32.1505 |****************************
32.1505 39.5121 |*************
39.5121 48.5593 |****************
48.5593 59.6781 |***********
59.6781 73.3428 |*****
73.3428 90.1364 |*****
90.1364 110.7752 |**
110.7752 136.1397 |*
136.1397 167.3121 |***
167.3121 205.6221 |
205.6221 252.7040 |
252.7040 310.5665 |
310.5665 381.6779 |
381.6779 469.0718 |
469.0718 576.4767 |
576.4767 708.4745 |
708.4745 870.6964 |
870.6964 1070.0626 |
1070.0626 1315.0778 |
1315.0778 1616.1956 |
1616.1956 1986.2612 |
1986.2612 2441.0623 |
2441.0623 3000.0000 |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000
SOUTHWEST MODEL AREA - NEAREST-NEIGHBOR STATISTICS BY ZONE
(UNITS=MILLIOUNCE/TON GOLD)
RUNTIME TITLE : Outside Zone
PROJECT TITLE : Borealis - Feb 2005 - Northeast Model
CURRENT LABEL : Au
LOWER BOUND UPPER BOUND 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000
>= < +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0.1000 0.1229 |*****
0.1229 0.1510 |******
0.1510 0.1856 |***
0.1856 0.2281 |******
0.2281 0.2804 |*********************************************
0.2804 0.3446 |**********
0.3446 0.4234 |*******
0.4234 0.5204 |*************************************************
0.5204 0.6396 |***************
0.6396 0.7860 |*************************************
0.7860 0.9660 |********************
0.9660 1.1872 |*********************************************************************************
1.1872 1.4590 |*****************************************
1.4590 1.7931 |****************************
1.7931 2.2036 |*****************
2.2036 2.7082 |******************************
2.7082 3.3283 |***************
3.3283 4.0904 |*****
4.0904 5.0270 |*****
5.0270 6.1780 |*****
6.1780 7.5926 |**
7.5926 9.3311 |*
9.3311 11.4677 |
11.4677 14.0935 |*
14.0935 17.3205 |
17.3205 21.2864 |*
21.2864 26.1605 |
26.1605 32.1505 |
32.1505 39.5121 |
39.5121 48.5593 |
48.5593 59.6781 |
59.6781 73.3428 |
73.3428 90.1364 |
90.1364 110.7752 |
110.7752 136.1397 |
136.1397 167.3121 |
167.3121 205.6221 |
205.6221 252.7040 |
252.7040 310.5665 |
310.5665 381.6779 |
381.6779 469.0718 |
469.0718 576.4767 |
576.4767 708.4745 |
708.4745 870.6964 |
870.6964 1070.0626 |
1070.0626 1315.0778 |
1315.0778 1616.1956 |
1616.1956 1986.2612 |
1986.2612 2441.0623 |
2441.0623 3000.0000 |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 50000
NORTHWEST MODEL AREA - NEAREST-NEIGHBOR STATISTICS BY ZONE
(MILLIOUNCE GOLD)
Gold m0z/t NN Model Stats 04-May-05
(GRAPH OMITTED)
Southwest Model - All Zones
Gold m0z/t NN Model Stats 04-May-05
(GRAPH OMITTED)
Borealis - All Zones
Gold m0z/t NN Model Stats 04-May-05
(GRAPH OMITTED)
Borealis - Low Grade Zone
Gold m0z/t NN Model Stats 04-May-05
(GRAPH OMITTED)
Borealis - Mid Grade Zone
Gold m0z/t NN Model Stats 04-May-05
(GRAPH OMITTED)
Borealis - High Grade Zone
Gold m0z/t NN Model Stats 04-May-05
(GRAPH OMITTED)
Crocodile Ridge East Barealis Zone
Gold m0z/t NN Model Stats 04-May-05
(GRAPH OMITTED)
Freedom Flats - All Zones
Gold m0z/t NN Model Stats 04-May-05
(GRAPH OMITTED)
Freedom Flats - Low Grade Zone
Gold m0z/t NN Model Stats 04-May-05
(GRAPH OMITTED)
Freedom Flats - Mid Grade Zone
Gold m0z/t NN Model Stats 04-May-05
(GRAPH OMITTED)
Freedom Flats - High Grade Zone
Gold m0z/t NN Model Stats 04-May-05
(GRAPH OMITTED)
Graben - All Zones
Gold m0z/t NN Model Stats 04-May-05
(GRAPH OMITTED)
Graben - Low Grade Zone
Gold m0z/t NN Model Stats 04-May-05
(GRAPH OMITTED)
Graben - Mid Grade Zone
Gold mOz/t NN Model Stats 04-May-05
(GRAPH OMITTED)
Graben - High Grade Zone
Gold mOz/t NN Model Stats 04-May-05
(GRAPH OMITTED)
Polaris - All Zones
Gold mOz/t NN Model Stats 04-May-05
(GRAPH OMITTED)
Polaris - Low Grade Zone
Gold mOz/t NN Model Stats 04-May-05
(GRAPH OMITTED)
Polaris - Mid Grade Zone
Gold mOz/t NN Model Stats 04-May-05
(GRAPH OMITTED)
West Alluvial Zone
Gold mOz/t NN Model Stats 04-May-05
(GRAPH OMITTED)
Outside Zone
Gold mOz/t NN Model Stats 04-May-05
(GRAPH OMITTED)
Northeast Model - All Zones
Gold mOz/t NN Model Stats 04-May-05
(GRAPH OMITTED)
East Ridge Low Grade Zone
Gold mOz/t NN Model Stats 04-May-05
(GRAPH OMITTED)
East Ridge Mid Grade Zone
Gold mOz/t NN Model Stats 04-May-05
(GRAPH OMITTED)
Gold View Zone
Gold mOz/t NN Model Stats 04-May-05
(GRAPH OMITTED)
Northeast Ridge Zone
(GRAPH OMITTED)
(GRAPH OMITTED)
(GRAPH OMITTED)
(GRAPH OMITTED)
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