COLUMBIA RIVER RESOURCES INC.
BYLAWS
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Adopted as of June 13TH , 1997
COLUMBIA RIVER RESOURCES INC.
BYLAWS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION PAGE
ARTICLE I
OFFICES
1.1 Registered Office.......................................... 1
1.2 Principal Office........................................... 1
ARTICLE II
STOCKHOLDERS
2.1 Annual Meeting ............................................. 1
2.2 Special Meetings............................................ 1
2.3 Place of Meeting............................................ 2
2.4 Notice of Meeting........................................... 2
2.5 Adjournment................................................. 2
2.6 Organization................................................ 2
2.7 Closing of Transfer Books or Fixing of Record Date.......... 3
2.8 Quorum...................................................... 3
2.9 Proxies..................................................... 3
2.10 Voting of Shares............................................ 3
2.11 Action Taken Without a Meeting.............................. 4
2.12 Meetings by Telephone....................................... 4
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SECTION PAGE
ARTICLE III
DIRECTORS
3.1 Board of Directors; Number; Qualifications; Election....... 4
3.2 Powers of the Board of Directors: Generally................ 4
3.3 Committees of the Board of Directors....................... 5
3.4 Resignation................................................ 5
3.5 Removal.................................................... 5
3.6 Vacancies.................................................. 5
3.7 Regular Meetings........................................... 5
3.8 Special Meetings........................................... 6
3.9 Notice..................................................... 6
3.10 Quorum..................................................... 6
3.11 Manner of Acting........................................... 6
3.12 Compensation............................................... 6
3.13 Action Taken Without a Meeting............................. 6
3.14 Meetings by Telephone...................................... 6
ARTICLE IV
OFFICERS AND AGENTS
4.1 Officers of the Corporation................................ 7
4.2 Election and Term of Office................................ 7
4.3 Removal.................................................... 7
4.4 Vacancies.................................................. 7
4.5 President.................................................. 8
4.6 Vice Presidents............................................ 8
4.7 Secretary.................................................. 8
4.8 Treasurer.................................................. 9
4.9 Salaries................................................... 9
4.10 Bonds...................................................... 9
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SECTION PAGE
ARTICLE V
STOCK
5.1 Certificates............................................... 10
5.2 Record..................................................... 11
5.3 Consideration for Shares................................... 11
5.4 Cancellation of Certificates............................... 11
5.5 Lost Certificates.......................................... 11
5.6 Transfer of Shares......................................... 11
5.7 Transfer Agents, Registrars, and Paying Agents............. 12
ARTICLE VI
INDEMNIFICATION OF OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS
6.1 Indemnification; Advancement of Expenses................... 12
6.2 Insurance and Other Financial Arrangements Against
Liability of Directors, Officers, Employees, and
Agents................................................... 12
ARTICLE VII
ACQUISITION OF CONTROLLING INTEREST
7.1 Acquisition of Controlling Interest........................ 13
ARTICLE VIII
EXECUTION OF INSTRUMENTS; LOANS, CHECKS AND ENDORSEMENTS;
DEPOSITS; PROXIES
8.1 Execution of Instruments................................... 13
8.2 Loans...................................................... 13
8.3 Checks and Endorsements.................................... 13
8.4 Deposits................................................... 14
8.5 Proxies.................................................... 14
8.6 Contracts.................................................. 14
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SECTION PAGE
ARTICLE IX
MISCELLANEOUS
9.1 Waivers of Notice.......................................... 14
9.2 Corporate Seal............................................. 14
9.3 Fiscal Year................................................ 15
9.4 Amendment of Bylaws........................................ 15
9.5 Uniformity of Interpretation and Severability.............. 15
9.6 Emergency Bylaws........................................... 15
Secretary's Certification........................................... 16
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BYLAWS
OF
COLUMBIA RIVER RESOURCES INC.
ARTICLE I
OFFICES
1.1 REGISTERED OFFICE. The registered office of the Corporation
required by the General Corporation Law of Nevada, Nevada Revised Statutes, 1957
("NRS"), Chapter 78, to be maintained in Nevada may be, but need not be,
identical with the principal office if in Nevada, and the address of the
registered office may be changed from time to time by the Board of Directors.
1.2 PRINCIPAL OFFICE. The Corporation may have such other office or
offices either within or outside of the State of Nevada as the business of the
Corporation may require from time to time if so designated by the Board of
Directors.
ARTICLE II
STOCKHOLDERS
2.1 ANNUAL MEETING. Unless otherwise designated by the Board of
Directors, the annual meeting shall be held on the date and at the time and
place fixed by the Board of Directors; provided, however, that the first annual
meeting shall be held on a date that is within 18 months after the date on which
the Corporation first has stockholders, and each successive annual meeting shall
be held on a date that is within 18 months after the preceding annual meeting.
2.2 SPECIAL MEETINGS. Special meetings of stockholders of the
Corporation, for any purpose, may be called by the Chairman of the Board, the
president, any vice president, any two members of the Board of Directors, or the
holders of at least 10% of all of the shares entitled to vote at such meeting.
Any holder or holders of not less than 10% of all the outstanding shares of the
Corporation who desire to call a special meeting pursuant to this Section 2 of
Article II shall notify the president that a special meeting of the stockholders
shall be called. Within 30 days after notice to the president, the president
shall set the date, time, and location of a stockholders' meeting. The date set
by the president shall be not less than 30 nor more than 120 days after the date
of notice to the president. If the president fails to set the date, time, and
location of special meeting within
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the 30-day time period described above, the stockholder or stockholders calling
the meeting shall set the date, time, and location of the special meeting. At a
special meeting no business shall be transacted and no corporate action shall be
taken other than that stated in the notice of the meeting.
2.3 PLACE OF MEETING. The Board of Directors may designate any place,
either within or outside the State of Nevada, as the place for any annual
meeting or special meeting called by the Board of Directors. If no designation
is made, or if a meeting shall be called otherwise than by the Board, the place
of meeting shall be the Company's principal offices, whether within or outside
the State of Nevada.
2.4 NOTICE OF MEETING. Written notice signed by an officer designated
by the Board of Directors, stating the place, day, and hour of the meeting and
the purpose for which the meeting is called, shall be delivered personally or
mailed postage prepaid to each stockholder of record entitled to vote at the
meeting not less than 10 nor more than 60 days before the meeting. If mailed,
such notice shall be directed to the stockholder at his address as it appears
upon the records of the Corporation, and notice shall be deemed to have been
given upon the mailing of any such notice, and the time of the notice shall
begin to run from the date upon which the notice is deposited in the mail for
transmission to the stockholder. Personal delivery of any such notice to any
officer of a corporation or association, or to any member of a partnership,
constitutes delivery of the notice to the corporation, association or
partnership. Any stockholder may waive notice of any meeting by a writing signed
by him, or his duly authorized attorney, either before or after the meeting.
2.5 ADJOURNMENT. When a meeting is for any reason adjourned to another
time or place, notice need not be given of the adjourned meeting if the time and
place thereof are announced at the meeting at which the adjournment is taken. At
the adjourned meeting, any business may be transacted which might have been
transacted at the original meeting.
2.6 ORGANIZATION. The president or any vice president shall call
meetings of stockholders to order and act as chairman of such meetings. In the
absence of said officers, any stockholder entitled to vote at that meeting, or
any proxy of any such stockholder, may call the meeting to order and a chairman
shall be elected by a majority of the stockholders entitled to vote at that
meeting. In the absence of the secretary or any assistant secretary of the
Corporation, any person appointed by the chairman shall act as secretary of such
meeting. An appropriate number of inspectors for any meeting of stockholders may
be appointed by the chairman of such meeting. Inspectors so appointed will open
and close the polls, will receive and take charge of proxies and ballots, and
will decide all questions as to the qualifications of voters, validity of
proxies and ballots, and the number of votes properly cast.
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2.7 CLOSING OF TRANSFER BOOKS OR FIXING OF RECORD DATE. The directors
may prescribe a period not exceeding 60 days before any meeting of the
stockholders during which no transfer of stock on the books of the Corporation
may be made, or may fix a day not more than 60 days before the holding of any
such meeting as the day as of which stockholders entitled to notice of and to
vote at such meetings must be determined. Only stockholders of record on that
day are entitled to notice or to vote at such meeting.
2.8 QUORUM. Unless otherwise provided by the Articles of Incorporation,
one-third of the outstanding shares of the Corporation entitled to vote,
represented in person or by proxy, shall constitute a quorum at a meeting of
stockholders. If fewer than one-third of the outstanding shares are represented
at a meeting, a majority of the shares so represented may adjourn the meeting
without further notice for a period not to exceed 60 days at any one
adjournment. At such adjourned meeting at which a quorum shall be present or
represented, any business may be transacted which might have been transacted at
the meeting as originally notified. The stockholders present at a duly organized
meeting may continue to transact business until adjournment, notwithstanding the
withdrawal of stockholders so that less than a quorum remains.
If a quorum is present, the affirmative vote of a majority of the
shares represented at the meeting and entitled to vote on the subject matter
shall be the act of the stockhold ers, unless the vote of a greater number or
voting by classes is required by law or the Articles of Incorporation.
2.9 PROXIES. At all meetings of stockholders, a stockholder may vote by
proxy, as prescribed by law. Such proxy shall be filed with the secretary of the
Corporation before or at the time of the meeting. No proxy shall be valid after
6 months from the date of its creation, unless it is coupled with an interest,
or unless the stockholder specifies in it the length of time for which it is to
continue in force, which may not exceed 7 years from the date of its creation.
2.10 VOTING OF SHARES. Each outstanding share, regardless of class,
shall be entitled to one vote, and each fractional share shall be entitled to a
corresponding fractional vote on each matter submitted to a vote at a meeting of
stockholders, except as may be otherwise provided in the Articles of
Incorporation or in the resolution providing for the issuance of the stock
adopted by the Board of Directors pursuant to authority expressly vested in it
by the provisions of the Articles of Incorporation. If the Articles of
Incorporation or any such resolution provide for more or less than one vote per
share for any class or series of shares on any matter, every reference in the
Articles of Incorporation, these Bylaws and the General Corporation Law of
Nevada to a majority or other proportion or number of shares shall be deemed to
refer to a majority or other proportion of the voting power of all of the shares
or those classes or series of shares, as may be required by the Articles of
Incorporation, or in the resolution providing for the issuance of the stock
adopted by the Board of Directors pursuant to authority expressly vested in it
by the Articles of
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Incorporation, or the General Corporation Law of Nevada. Cumulative voting shall
not be allowed. Unless the General Corporation Law of Nevada, the Articles of
Incorporation, or these Bylaws provide for different proportions, an act of
stockholders who hold at least a majority of the voting power and are present at
a meeting at which a quorum is present is the act of the stockholders.
2.11 ACTION TAKEN WITHOUT A MEETING. Unless otherwise provided in the
Articles of Incorporation or these Bylaws, any action required or permitted to
be taken at a meeting of the stockholders may be taken without a meeting if a
written consent thereto is signed by stockholders holding at least a majority of
the voting power, except that if a different proportion of voting power is
required for such an action at a meeting, then that proportion of written
consents is required. In no instance where action is authorized by written
consent need a meeting of stockholders be called or notice given. The written
consent must be filed with the minutes of the proceedings of the stockholders.
2.12 MEETINGS BY TELEPHONE. Unless other restricted by the Articles of
Incorpora tion or these Bylaws, stockholders may participate in a meeting of
stockholders by means of a telephone conference or similar method of
communication by which all persons participating in the meeting can hear each
other. Participation in a meeting pursuant to this Section constitutes presence
in person at the meeting.
ARTICLE III
DIRECTORS
3.1 BOARD OF DIRECTORS; NUMBER; QUALIFICATIONS; ELECTION. The
Corporation shall be managed by a Board of Directors, all of whom must be
natural persons at least 18 years of age. Directors need not be residents of the
State of Nevada or stockholders of the Corporation. The number of directors of
the Corporation shall be not less than one nor more than twelve. Subject to such
limitations, the number of directors may be increased or decreased by resolution
of the Board of Directors, but no decrease shall have the effect of shortening
the term of any incumbent director. Subject to the provisions of Article III of
the Corporation's Articles of Incorporation, each director shall hold office
until the next annual meeting of shareholders or until his successor has been
elected and qualified.
3.2 POWERS OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS: GENERALLY. Subject only to such
limitations as may be provided by the General Corporation Law of Nevada or the
Articles of Incorporation, the Board of Directors shall have full control over
the affairs of the Corporation.
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3.3 COMMITTEES OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS. The Board of Directors may,
by resolution or resolutions passed by a majority of the whole Board, designate
one or more committees, each committee to consist of one or more directors,
which, to the extent provided in the resolution or resolutions or in these
Bylaws, shall have and may exercise the powers of the Board of Directors in the
management of the business and affairs of the Corporation, and may have power to
authorize the seal of the Corporation to be affixed to all papers on which the
Corporation desires to place on a seal. Such committee or committees shall have
such name or names as may be determined from time to time by resolution adopted
by the Board of Directors. Unless the Articles of Incorporation or these Bylaws
provide otherwise, the Board of Directors may appoint natural persons who are
not directors to serve on committees.
3.4 RESIGNATION. Any director of the Corporation may resign at any time
by giving written notice of his resignation to the Board of Directors, the
president, any vice president, or the secretary of the Corporation. Such
resignation shall take effect at the date of receipt of such notice or at any
later time specified therein and, unless otherwise specified therein, the
acceptance of such resignation shall not be necessary to make it effective. When
one or more directors shall resign from the Board, effective at a future date, a
majority of the directors then in office.
3.5 REMOVAL. Except as otherwise provided in the Articles of
Incorporation, any director may be removed, either with or without cause, at any
time by the vote of the stockholders representing not less than two-thirds of
the voting power of the issued and outstanding stock entitled to voting power.
3.6 VACANCIES. All vacancies, including those caused by an increase in
the number of directors, may be filled by a majority of the remaining directors,
though less than a quorum, unless it is otherwise provided in the Articles of
Incorporation. A director elected to fill a vacancy shall be elected for the
unexpired term of his predecessor in office. A director elected to fill a
vacancy caused by an increase in the number of directors shall hold office until
the next annual meeting of stockholders and until his successor has been elected
and has qualified.
3.7 REGULAR MEETINGS. A regular meeting of the Board of Directors shall
be held without other notice than this Bylaw immediately after and at the same
place as the annual meeting of stockholders. The Board of Directors may provide
by resolution the time and place, either within or outside the State of Nevada,
for the holding of additional regular meetings without other notice than such
resolution.
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3.8 SPECIAL MEETINGS. Special meetings of the Board of Directors may be
called by or at the request of the president or a one-third of the directors
then in office. The person or persons authorized to call special meetings of the
Board of Directors may fix any place, either within or outside Nevada, as the
place for holding any special meeting of the Board of Directors called by them.
3.9 NOTICE. Notice of any special meeting shall be given at least two
days previously thereto by written notice delivered personally or mailed to each
director at his business address. Any director may waive notice of any meeting.
A director's presence at a meeting shall constitute a waiver of notice of such
meeting if the director's oral consent is entered on the minutes or by taking
part in the deliberations at such meeting without objecting. Neither the
business to be transacted at, nor the purpose of, any regular or special meeting
of the Board of Directors need be specified in the notice or waiver of notice of
such meeting.
3.10 QUORUM. A majority of the number of directors elected and
qualified at the time of the meeting shall constitute a quorum for the
transaction of business at any such meeting of the Board of Directors, but if
less than such majority is present at a meeting, a majority of the directors
present may adjourn the meeting from time to time without further notice.
3.11 MANNER OF ACTING. If a quorum is present, the affirmative vote of
a majority of the directors present at the meeting and entitled to vote on that
particular matter shall be the act of the Board, unless the vote of a greater
number is required by law or the Articles of Incorporation.
3.12 COMPENSATION. By resolution of the Board of Directors, any
director may be paid any one or more of the following: his expenses, if any, of
attendance at meetings; a fixed sum for attendance at such meeting; or a stated
salary as director. No such payment shall preclude any director from serving the
Corporation in any other capacity and receiving compensation therefor.
3.13 ACTION TAKEN WITHOUT A MEETING. Unless otherwise provided in the
Articles of Incorporation or these Bylaws, any action required or permitted to
be taken at a meeting of the Board of Directors or a committee thereof may be
taken without a meeting if, before or after the action, a written consent
thereto is signed by all the members of the Board or of the committee. The
written consent must be filed with the minutes of the proceedings of the Board
or committee.
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3.14 MEETINGS BY TELEPHONE. Unless other restricted by the Articles of
Incorpora tion or these Bylaws, members of the Board of Directors or of any
committee designated by the Board, may participate in a meeting of the Board or
committee by means of a telephone conference or similar method of communication
by which all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other.
Participation in a meeting pursuant to this Section constitutes presence in
person at the meeting.
ARTICLE IV
OFFICERS AND AGENTS
4.1 OFFICERS OF THE CORPORATION. The Corporation shall have a
president, a secretary, and a treasurer, each of whom shall be elected by the
Board of Directors. The Board of Directors may appoint one or more vice
presidents and such other officers, assistant officers, committees, and agents,
including a chairman of the board, assistant secretaries, and assistant
treasurers, as they may consider necessary, who shall be chosen in such manner
and hold their offices for such terms and have such authority and duties as from
time to time may be determined by the Board of Directors. One person may hold
any two or more offices. The officers of the Corporation shall be natural
persons 18 years of age or older. In all cases where the duties of any officer,
agent, or employee are not prescribed by the Bylaws or by the Board of
Directors, such officer, agent, or employee shall follow the orders and
instructions of (a) the president, and if a chairman of the board has been
elected, then (b) the chairman of the board.
4.2 ELECTION AND TERM OF OFFICE. The officers of the Corporation shall
be elected by the Board of Directors annually at the first meeting of the Board
held after each annual meeting of the stockholders. If the election of officers
shall not be held at such meeting, such election shall be held as soon
thereafter as may be convenient. Each officer shall hold office until the first
of the following occurs: until his successor shall have been duly elected and
shall have qualified; or until his death; or until he shall resign; or until he
shall have been removed in the manner hereinafter provided.
4.3 REMOVAL. Any officer or agent may be removed by the Board of
Directors or by the executive committee, if any, whenever in its judgment the
best interests of the Corporation will be served thereby, but such removal shall
be without prejudice to the contract rights, if any, of the person so removed.
Election or appointment of an officer or agent shall not of itself create
contract rights.
4.4 VACANCIES. A vacancy in any office, however occurring, may be
filled by the Board of Directors for the unexpired portion of the term.
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4.5 PRESIDENT. The president shall, subject to the direction and
supervision of the Board of Directors, be the chief executive officer of the
Corporation and shall have general and active control of its affairs and
business and general supervision of its officers, agents, and employees. He
shall, unless otherwise directed by the Board of Directors, attend in person or
by substitute appointed by him, or shall execute, on behalf of the Corporation,
written instruments appointing a proxy or proxies to represent the Corporation,
at all meetings of the stockholders of any other corporation in which the
Corporation shall hold any stock. He may, on behalf of the Corporation, in
person or by substitute or by proxy, execute written waivers of notice and
consents with respect to any such meetings. At all such meetings and otherwise,
the president, in person or by substitute or proxy as aforesaid, may vote the
stock so held by the Corporation and may execute written consents and other
instruments with respect to such stock and may exercise any and all rights and
powers incident to the ownership of said stock, subject however to the instruc
tions, if any, of the Board of Directors. The president shall have custody of
the treasurer's bond, if any. If a chairman of the board has been elected, the
chairman of the board shall have, subject to the direction and modification of
the Board of Directors, all the same responsibilities, rights, and obligations
as described in these Bylaws for the president.
4.6 VICE PRESIDENTS. The vice presidents, if any, shall assist the
president and shall perform such duties as may be assigned to them by the
president or by the Board of Directors. In the absence of the president, the
vice president designated by the Board of Directors or (if there be no such
designation) the vice president designated in writing by the president shall
have the powers and perform the duties of the president. If no such designation
shall be made, all vice presidents may exercise such powers and perform such
duties.
4.7 SECRETARY. The secretary shall perform the following: (a) keep the
minutes of the proceedings of the stockholders, executive committee, and the
Board of Directors; (b) see that all notices are duly given in accordance with
the provisions of these Bylaws or as required by law; (c) be custodian of the
corporate records and of the seal of the Corporation and affix the seal to all
documents when authorized by the Board of Directors; (d) keep, at the
Corporation's registered office or principal place of business within or outside
Nevada, a record containing the names and addresses of all stockholders and the
number and class of shares held by each, unless such a record shall be kept at
the office of the Corporation's transfer agent or registrar; (e) sign with the
president or a vice president, certificates for shares of the Corporation, the
issuance of which shall have been authorized by resolution of the Board of
Directors; (f) have general charge of the stock transfer books of the
Corporation, unless the Corporation has a transfer agent; and (g) in general,
perform all duties incident to the office of secretary and such other duties as
from time to time may be assigned to him by the president or by the Board of
Directors. Assistant secretaries, if any, shall have the same duties and powers,
subject to supervision by the secretary.
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4.8 TREASURER. The treasurer shall be the principal financial officer
of the Corporation and shall have the care and custody of all funds, securities,
evidences of indebtedness, and other personal property of the Corporation, and
shall deposit the same in accordance with the instructions of the Board of
Directors. He shall receive and give receipts and acquittances for monies paid
in or on account of the Corporation, and shall pay out of the funds on hand all
bills, payrolls, and other just debts of the Corporation of whatever nature upon
maturity. He shall perform all other duties incident to the office of the
treasurer and, upon request of the Board, shall make such reports to it as may
be required at any time. He shall, if required by the Board, give the
Corporation a bond in such sums and with such sureties as shall be satisfactory
to the Board, conditioned upon the faithful performance of his duties and for
the restoration to the Corporation of all books, papers, vouchers, money, and
other property of whatever kind in his possession or under his control belonging
to the Corporation. He shall have such other powers and perform such other
duties as may be from time to time prescribed by the Board of Directors or the
president. The assistant treasurers, if any, shall have the same powers and
duties, subject to the supervision of the treasurer.
The treasurer shall also be the principal accounting officer of the
Corporation. He shall prescribe and maintain the methods and systems of
accounting to be followed, keep complete books and records of account, prepare
and file all local, state, and federal tax returns, prescribe and maintain an
adequate system of internal audit, and prepare and furnish to the president and
the Board of Directors statements of account showing the financial position of
the Corporation and the results of its operations.
4.9 SALARIES. Officers of the Corporation shall be entitled to such
salaries, emoluments, compensation, or reimbursement as shall be fixed or
allowed from time to time by the Board of Directors.
4.10 BONDS. If the Board of Directors by resolution shall so require,
any officer or agent of the Corporation shall give bond to the Corporation in
such amount and with such surety as the Board of Directors may deem sufficient,
conditioned upon the faithful performance of that officer's or agent's duties
and offices.
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ARTICLE V
STOCK
5.1 CERTIFICATES. The shares of stock shall be represented by
consecutively numbered certificates signed in the name of the Corporation by its
president or a vice president and by the treasurer or an assistant treasurer or
by the secretary or an assistant secretary, and shall be sealed with the seal of
the Corporation, or with a facsimile thereof. Whenever any certificate is
countersigned or otherwise authenticated by a transfer agent or transfer clerk,
and by a registrar, then a facsimile of the signatures of the officers or
agents, the transfer agent or transfer clerk or the registrar of the Corporation
may be printed or lithographed upon the certificate in lieu of the actual
signatures. If the Corporation uses facsimile signatures of its officers and
agents on its stock certificates, it cannot act as the registrar of its own
stock, but its transfer agent and registrar may be identical if the institution
acting in those dual capacities countersigns or otherwise authenticates any
stock certificates in both capacities. In case any officer who has signed or
whose facsimile signature has been placed upon such certificate shall have
ceased to be such officer before such certificate is delivered by the
Corporation, the certificate or certificates may nevertheless be adopted by the
Corporation and be issued and delivered as though the person or persons who
signed the certificates, or whose facsimile signature has been used thereon, had
not ceased to be an officer of the Corporation. If the Corporation is authorized
to issue shares of more than one class or more than one series of any class,
each certificate shall set forth upon the face or back of the certificate or
shall state that the Corporation will furnish to any stockholder upon request
and without charge a full statement of the designations, preferences,
limitations, and relative rights of the shares of each class authorized to be
issued and, if the Corporation is authorized to issue any preferred or special
class in series, the variations in the relative rights and preferences between
the shares of each such series, so far as the same have been fixed and
determined, and the authority of the Board of Directors to fix and determine the
relative rights and preferences of subsequent series.
Each certificate representing shares shall state the following upon the
face thereof: the name of the state of the Corporation's organization; the name
of the person to whom issued; the number and class of shares and the designation
of the series, if any, which such certificate represents; the par value of each
share represented by such certificate or a statement that the shares are without
par value. Certificates of stock shall be in such form consistent with law as
shall be prescribed by the Board of Directors. No certificate shall be issued
until the shares represented thereby are fully paid.
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5.2 RECORD. A record shall be kept of the name of each person or other
entity holding the stock represented by each certificate for shares of the
Corporation issued, the number of shares represented by each such certificate,
the date thereof and, in the case of cancellation, the date of cancellation. The
person or other entity in whose name shares of stock stand on the books of the
Corporation shall be deemed the owner thereof, and thus a holder of record of
such shares of stock, for all purposes as regards the Corpora tion.
5.3 CONSIDERATION FOR SHARES. Shares shall be issued for such
consideration, expressed in dollars (but not less than the par value thereof) as
shall be fixed from time to time by the Board of Directors. That part of the
surplus of a corporation which is transferred to stated capital upon the
issuance of shares as a share dividend shall be deemed the consideration for the
issuance of such dividend shares. Such consideration may consist, in whole or in
part, of money, promissory notes, other property, tangible or intangible, or in
labor or services actually performed for the Corporation, contracts for services
to be performed or other securities of the Corporation.
5.4 CANCELLATION OF CERTIFICATES. All certificates surrendered to the
Corporation for transfer shall be canceled and no new certificates shall be
issued in lieu thereof until the former certificate for a like number of shares
shall have been surrendered and canceled, except as herein provided with respect
to lost, stolen, or destroyed certificates.
5.5 LOST CERTIFICATES. In case of the alleged loss, destruction, or
mutilation of a certificate of stock, the Board of Directors may direct the
issuance of a new certificate in lieu thereof upon such terms and conditions in
conformity with law as it may prescribe. The Board of Directors may in its
discretion require a bond, in such form and amount and with such surety as it
may determine, before issuing a new certificate.
5.6 TRANSFER OF SHARES. Upon surrender to the Corporation or to a
transfer agent of the Corporation of a certificate of stock duly endorsed or
accompanied by proper evidence of succession, assignment, or authority to
transfer, and such documentary stamps as may be required by law, it shall be the
duty of the Corporation to issue a new certificate to the person entitled
thereto, and cancel the old certificate. Every such transfer of stock shall be
entered on the stock book of the Corporation which shall be kept at its
principal office or by its registrar duly appointed.
The Corporation shall be entitled to treat the holder of record of any
share of stock as the holder in fact thereof, and accordingly shall not be bound
to recognize any equitable or other claim to or interest in such share on the
part of any other person whether or not it shall have express or other notice
thereof, except as may be required by the laws of Nevada.
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5.7 TRANSFER AGENTS, REGISTRARS, AND PAYING AGENTS. The Board may at
its discretion appoint one or more transfer agents, registrars, and agents for
making payment upon any class of stock, bond, debenture, or other security of
the Corporation. Such agents and registrars may be located either within or
outside Nevada. They shall have such rights and duties and shall be entitled to
such compensation as may be agreed.
ARTICLE VI
INDEMNIFICATION OF OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS
6.1 INDEMNIFICATION; ADVANCEMENT OF EXPENSES. To the fullest extent
permitted by the laws of the State of Nevada (currently set forth in NRS
78.751), as the same now exists or may hereafter be amended or supplemented, the
Corporation shall indemnify its directors and officers, including payment of
expenses as they are incurred and in advance of the final disposition of any
action, suit, or proceeding. Employees, agents, and other persons may be
similarly indemnified by the Corporation, including advancement of expenses, in
such case or cases and to the extent set forth in a resolution or resolutions
adopted by the Board of Directors. No amendment of this Section shall have any
effect on indemnification or advancement of expenses relating to any event
arising prior to the date of such amendment.
6.2 INSURANCE AND OTHER FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENTS AGAINST LIABILITY OF
DIRECTORS, OFFICERS, EMPLOYEES, AND AGENTS. To the fullest extent permitted by
the laws of the State of Nevada (currently set forth in NRS 78.752), as the same
now exists or may hereafter be amended or supplemented, the Corporation may
purchase and maintain insurance and make other financial arrangements on behalf
of any person who is or was a director, officer, employee, or agent of the
Corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the Corporation as a
director, officer, employee, or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint
venture, trust, or other enterprise, for any liability asserted against such
person and liability and expense incurred by such person in its capacity as a
director, officer, employee, or agent, or arising out of such person's status as
such, whether or not the Corporation has the authority to indemnify such person
against such liability and expenses.
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ARTICLE VII
ACQUISITION OF CONTROLLING INTEREST
7.1 ACQUISITION OF CONTROLLING INTEREST. The provisions of the General
Corporation Law of Nevada pertaining to the acquisition of a controlling
interest (currently set forth NRS 78.378 to 78.3793, inclusive), as the same now
exists or may hereafter be amended or supplemented, shall not apply to the
Corporation.
ARTICLE VIII
EXECUTION OF INSTRUMENTS; LOANS, CHECKS AND ENDORSEMENTS;
DEPOSITS; PROXIES
8.1 EXECUTION OF INSTRUMENTS. The president or any vice president shall
have the power to execute and deliver on behalf of and in the name of the
Corporation any instrument requiring the signature of an officer of the
Corporation, except as otherwise provided in these Bylaws or where the execution
and delivery thereof shall be expressly delegated by the Board of Directors to
some other officer or agent of the Corporation. Unless authorized to do so by
these Bylaws or by the Board of Directors, no officer, agent, or employee shall
have any power or authority to bind the Corporation in any way, to pledge its
credit, or to render it liable pecuniarily for any purpose or in any amount.
8.2 LOANS. The Corporation may lend money to, guarantee the obligations
of, and otherwise assist directors, officers, and employees of the Corporation,
or directors of another corporation of which the Corporation owns a majority of
the voting stock, only upon compliance with the requirements of the General
Corporation Law of Nevada.
No loans shall be contracted on behalf of the Corporation and no
evidence of indebtedness shall be issued in its name unless authorized by a
resolution of the Board of Directors. Such authority may be general or confined
to specific instances.
8.3 CHECKS AND ENDORSEMENTS. All checks, drafts, or other orders for
the payment of money, obligations, notes, or other evidences of indebtedness,
bills of lading, warehouse receipts, trade acceptances, and other such
instruments shall be signed or endorsed by such officers or agents of the
Corporation as shall from time to time be determined by resolution of the Board
of Directors, which resolution may provide for the use of facsimile signatures.
8.4 DEPOSITS. All funds of the Corporation not otherwise employed shall
be deposited from time to time to the Corporation's credit in such banks or
other depositories as shall from time to time be determined by resolution of the
Board of Directors, which
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resolution may specify the officers or agents of the Corporation who shall have
the power, and the manner in which such power shall be exercised, to make such
deposits and to endorse, assign, and deliver for collection and deposit checks,
drafts, and other orders for the payment of money payable to the Corporation or
its order.
8.5 PROXIES. Unless otherwise provided by resolution adopted by the
Board of Directors, the president or any vice president may from time to time
appoint one or more agents or attorneys-in-fact of the Corporation, in the name
and on behalf of the Corpora tion, to cast the votes which the Corporation may
be entitled to cast as the holder of stock or other securities in any other
corporation, association, or other entity any of whose stock or other securities
may be held by the Corporation, at meetings of the holders of the stock or other
securities of such other corporation, association, or other entity or to consent
in writing, in the name of the Corporation as such holder, to any action by such
other corpora tion, association, or other entity, and may instruct the person or
persons so appointed as to the manner of casting such votes or giving such
consent, and may execute or cause to be executed in the name and on behalf of
the Corporation and under its corporate seal, or otherwise, all such written
proxies or other instruments as he may deem necessary or proper in the premises.
8.6 CONTRACTS. The Board of Directors may authorize any officer or
officers, agent or agents, to enter into any contract or execute and deliver any
instrument in the name of and on behalf of the Corporation, and such authority
may be general or confined to specific instances.
ARTICLE IX
MISCELLANEOUS
9.1 WAIVERS OF NOTICE. Whenever notice is required by the General
Corporation Law of Nevada, by the Articles of Incorporation, or by these Bylaws,
a waiver thereof in writing signed by the director, stockholder, or other person
entitled to said notice, whether before, at, or after the time stated therein,
or his appearance at such meeting in person or (in the case of a stockholders'
meeting) by proxy, shall be equivalent to such notice.
9.2 CORPORATE SEAL. The Board of Directors may adopt a seal circular in
form and bearing the name of the Corporation, the state of its incorporation,
and the word "Seal" which, when adopted, shall constitute the seal of the
Corporation. The seal may be used by causing it or a facsimile of it to be
impressed, affixed, manually reproduced, or rubber stamped with indelible ink.
9.3 FISCAL YEAR. The Board of Directors may, by resolution, adopt a
fiscal year for the Corporation.
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9.4 AMENDMENT OF BYLAWS. The provisions of these Bylaws may at any
time, and from time to time, be amended, supplemented or repealed by the Board
of Directors.
9.5 UNIFORMITY OF INTERPRETATION AND SEVERABILITY. These Bylaws shall
be so interpreted and construed as to conform to the Articles of Incorporation
and the laws of the State of Nevada or of any other state in which conformity
may become necessary by reason of the qualification of the Corporation to do
business in such state, and where conflict between these Bylaws, the Articles of
Incorporation or the laws of such a state has arisen or shall arise, these
Bylaws shall be considered to be modified to the extent, but only to the extent,
conformity shall require. If any provision hereof or the application thereof
shall be deemed to be invalid by reason of the foregoing sentence, such
invalidity shall not affect the validity of the remainder of these Bylaws
without the invalid provision or the application thereof, and the provisions of
these Bylaws are declared to be severable.
9.6 EMERGENCY BYLAWS. Subject to repeal or change by action of the
stockholders, the Board of Directors may adopt emergency bylaws in accordance
with and pursuant to the provisions of the laws of the State of Nevada.
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SECRETARY'S CERTIFICATION
The undersigned Secretary of Columbia River Resources Inc. (the
"Corporation") hereby certifies that the foregoing Bylaws are the Bylaws of the
Corporation adopted by the Board of Directors as of the 13 day of June, 1997.
By /S/ ROBERT FERGUSON
-----------------------------------
Robert Ferguson
Secretary
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