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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

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FORM 20-F

ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF
THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2000

Commission file number 000-26495

COMMTOUCH SOFTWARE LTD.
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(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter and translation of
Registrant's name into English)

Israel
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(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

6 Hazoran Street
Poleg Industrial Park, P.O. Box 8511
Netanya 42504, Israel
011-972-9-863-6888
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(Address of principal executive offices)

Sunil Bhardwaj, Chief Financial Officer
2029 Stierlin Court
Mountain View, CA 94043
650-864-2000

(name, address, including zip code, and telephone number,
including area code of agent for service of process)

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Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.

Title of each class Name of each exchange on which registered
---------------------- -------------------------------------------
N/A None

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act.

Ordinary Shares, par value NIS 0.05 per share
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(Title of Class)

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d)
of the Act.

None
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Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer's classes
of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual
report (December 31, 2000).

Ordinary Shares, par value NIS 0.05 16,925,022

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports
required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of
1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the
registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such
filing requirements for the past 90 days.

Yes [X] No [_]

Indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has
elected to follow.

Item 17 [_] Item 18 [X]

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PART I

Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers.

Not applicable.

Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable.

Not Applicable

Item 3. Key Information.

Unless otherwise indicated, all references in this document to "Commtouch," "the
Company," "we," "us" or "our" are to Commtouch Software Ltd. or its wholly-owned
and majority-owned subsidiaries, Commtouch Inc., Commtouch (UK) Ltd, Commtouch
Latin America Inc., Wingra Technologies Inc. and Commtouch K.K. (Japan).

The selected consolidated statements of operations data for the years ended
December 31, 1998, 1999 and 2000 and the selected consolidated balance sheet
data as of December 31, 1999 and 2000 have been derived from the Consolidated
Financial Statements of Commtouch included elsewhere in this report. The
selected consolidated statements of operations data for the years ended December
31, 1996 and 1997 and the selected consolidated balance sheet data as of
December 31, 1996, 1997 and 1998 have been derived from the Consolidated
Financial Statements of Commtouch not included elsewhere in this report. Our
historical results are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for
any future period. The data set forth below should be read in conjunction with
"Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects" and the Consolidated
Financial Statements and the Notes thereto included elsewhere herein:

Year Ended December 31,
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------
(in thousands, except per share data)

Consolidated Statements of Operations Data:
Revenues:
Email services ......................................... $ -- $ -- $ 389 $ 4,251 $ 17,965
Software licenses, maintenance and services ............ 3,134 899 -- -- 1,150
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Total revenues ....................................... 3,134 899 389 4,251 19,115
Cost of revenues:
Email services ......................................... -- -- 569 3,643 11,864
Software licenses, maintenance and services ............ 463 165 -- -- --
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Total cost of revenues ............................... 463 165 569 3,643 11,864
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Gross profit (loss) ..................................... 2,671 734 (180) 608 7,251
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Operating expenses:
Research and development, net .......................... 1,478 1,108 1,149 2,942 10,357
Sales and marketing .................................... 1,965 2,202 2,001 7,722 26,585
General and administrative ............................. 465 829 604 4,328 13,621
In-process research and development..................... -- -- -- -- 1,280
Amortization of prepaid marketing expenses ............. -- -- -- 3,263 4,508
Amortization of stock-based employee
deferred compensation ................................ -- -- 91 3,436 3,050
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Total operating expenses ............................. 3,908 4,139 3,845 21,691 59,401
Operating loss .......................................... (1,237) (3,405) (4,025) (21,083) (52,150)
Interest and other income (expenses), net ............... (45) (68) (326) 1,232 2,870
Write-off impaired investments.......................... -- -- -- -- (5,000)
Minority interest........................................ -- -- -- -- 55
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Net loss ................................................ $ (1,282) $ (3,473) $ (4,351) $(19,851) $(54,225)
======== ======== ======== ======== ========
Basic and diluted net loss per share .................... $ (0.66) $ (2.40) $ (3.00) $ (2.65) $ (3.51)
======== ======== ======== ======== ========
Weighted average number of shares used in
Computing basic and diluted net loss per share ......... 1,934 1,450 1,450 7,487 15,462
======== ======== ======== ======== ========

December 31,
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------
(in thousands)

Consolidated Balance Sheet Data:
Cash and cash equivalents ...................... $ 690 $ 324 $ 834 $ 65,996 $ 20,831
Marketable securities .......................... -- -- -- 18,050 8,607
Working capital (deficit) ...................... 539 (1,264) (1,440) 88,053 23,768
Total assets ................................... 2,180 1,065 2,366 100,336 77,280
Long-term liabilities .......................... 371 366 530 497 1,825
Shareholders' equity (deficit) ................. 777 (1,108) (815) 95,312 61,728

CAPITALIZATION AND INDEBTEDNESS

The following table sets forth the capitalization and indebtedness of Commtouch
as of March 31, 2001:

MARCH 31, 2001
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(UNAUDITED)
(IN THOUSANDS)
----------------

Long-term liabilities ................................... $ 763
--------
Shareholders' equity:
Ordinary shares, NIS 0.05 par value; 40,000,000 shares
Authorized, 16,970,584 actual shares issued and
outstanding.......................................... 236
Additional paid-in capital.............................. 151,021
Deferred compensation................................... (2,247)
Notes receivable from shareholders...................... (891)
Accumulated other comprehensive income.................. 2
Accumulated deficit..................................... (102,884)
--------
Total shareholders' equity...................... 45,237
--------
Total capitalization............................ $ 46,000
========

FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

This report contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and
uncertainties. These statements relate to our future plans, objectives, beliefs,
expectations and intentions. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking
statements by our use of words such as "expects," "anticipates," "believes,"
"intends," "plans," "seeks" and "estimates" and similar expressions. Our actual
results, levels of activity, performance or achievements may differ materially
from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Factors
that could cause or contribute to these differences include those discussed
below and elsewhere in this report.

RISK FACTORS

You should carefully consider the following risk factors before you decide to
buy our ordinary shares. You should also consider the other information in this
report. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial
condition, operating results or cash flows could be materially adversely
affected. This could cause the trading price of our ordinary shares to decline,
and you could lose part or all of your investment. The risks described below are
not the only ones facing us. Additional risks not presently known to us, or that
we currently deem immaterial, may also impair our business operations.

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

On January 2, 2001, we announced that, in the wake of the economic downturn and
changes in market demand, we had initiated several internal changes to better
serve the enterprise messaging market. These internal changes include reducing
our operating expenses associated with supporting the dot-com and destination
site markets, closing our e-commerce division and email services for small
community sites, and promoting greater efficiencies in channel sales and
marketing to the enterprise market. Those changes were designed to reduce our
worldwide headcount by approximately 20% and, combined with other cost savings,
reduce overall operating expenses by $16 million from the operating plan for
2001.

On February 14, 2001, we reported a net loss for the fourth quarter of 2000 of
$24.1 million, or a loss of $1.51 a share, compared with a net loss of $7.4
million, or a loss of $0.51 a share for the fourth quarter of 1999. Total
revenues rose to $5.3 million for the quarter from $2.2 million in the fourth
quarter of 1999. We also said we expected to restate our revenue and net loss
for the first three quarters of 2000. We stated that first-quarter revenue would
be restated downwards to $3.6 million from $4.3 million, second-quarter revenue
would be restated downwards to $5.0 million from $5.9 million and third-quarter
revenue would be restated downwards to $5.2 million from $8.1 million. We said
our net loss for the first quarter would be restated to $9.1 million from a net
loss of $8.5 million, our second-quarter net loss would be restated to $10.8
million from $9.9 million and our third-quarter net loss would be restated to
$10.2 million from $7.6 million. On March 22, 2001, we filed amendments to Forms
6-K which included restated financial statements for the first, second and third
quarters of 2000.

On March 1, 2001, we announced that we are reorganizing our business to enhance
our focus on enterprise messaging solutions. Accordingly, we expect to focus our
operations on three enterprise messaging businesses: Commtouch core email and
messaging service for the enterprise market which include the recently launched
Microsoft Hosted Exchange service offering; the enterprise messaging migration
and integration technologies business through our wholly-owned subsidiary Wingra
Technologies; and our technology development of next-generation messaging
applications for marketing to worldwide telecommunication companies, Internet
Data Centers and service providers. We said that as part of this reorganization,
we would be streamlining our global operations and reducing our workforce by
approximately 50%, to about 210 people. We noted that the current global
economic environment required that we incur a significant reduction in expenses
in order to enhance our financial strength and maintain a sharp focus on the
most promising market opportunities. While this reorganization is expected to
increase service and licensing revenues, we are unable to predict if this
strategy will be successful in enhancing returns to shareholders.

Following our restatement of revenues for the first three quarters of 2000,
several class action lawsuits were filed in the United States District Court for
the Northern District of California, against the Company and certain of our
officers and directors, alleging violations of the antifraud provisions of the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934 arising from the Company's financial statements.
While we are unable to predict the ultimate outcome of these claims, we believe
they are without merit and intend to vigorously defend ourselves.

As of December 31, 2000, we had approximately $29.4 million of cash to fund
operations in 2001. In 2000 we utilized $31.2 million of cash to fund operating
losses, $19.1 million for purchasing property, plant and equipment and $7.0
million in strategic long term investments. To limit our cash expenses in 2001,
we have significantly reduced staff, curtailed discretionary expenses, made
available for sublease excess facilities and limited capital expenditures. These
actions were made due to a decline in our revenue growth resulting from
competitive factors and a slowing economic environment. To enhance our overall
financial position, we have entered into an equity line purchase agreement under
which Torneaux Fund, Ltd., an institutional investor, has agreed to invest in
the Company's ordinary shares provided the share price is above $2 or a lower
amount if mutually agreed. Recently, our ordinary shares have been trading at
below that price. The cash realized for the shares sold will be determined based
on the weighted average price of the shares in the month of placement.

Based on the cash balance at March 31, 2001 of $13.3 million, current
projections of revenues, related expenses, the ability to further curtail
certain discretionary expenses, in accordance with a board approved contingency
plan, and a potential funding capability under the current equity line
arrangement or other equity arrangement, the Company believes it has sufficient
cash to continue operations for at least the next twelve months. However, to
continue funding developments of its software products, the company needs to
raise at least $5 million of additional cash by issuing equity under its
existing equity line arrangement, and/or the Company needs to seek alternative
sources of capital. Accordingly, the Board of Directors has retained William
Blair & Company to render investment banking services in connection with a
possible private placement of the Company's equity securities.

Business Risks

If the market for our outsourced email services does not grow significantly, we
would fail to generate revenues.

Our success will depend on the acceptance and use of email that is outsourced by
enterprises as a means of communication (as opposed to in-house deployment). The
market for outsourced email services is new and rapidly evolving. We cannot
estimate the size or growth rate of the potential market for our service
offerings. If the market for outsourced email fails to grow or grows more slowly
than we currently anticipate, our business will suffer dramatically. Even if
that market grows, our service may not achieve broad market acceptance. Since we
have only recently introduced our services, we do not have sufficient experience
to evaluate whether they will achieve broad market acceptance. Also, because a
preponderance of our revenue is derived directly or indirectly from our
outsourced email solutions, if that market does not grow, our business will
likely fail.

Our future email services revenues are unpredictable and our quarterly operating
results may fluctuate which could adversely affect the value of your investment.

Because we have a limited operating history in the provision of outsourced email
services and because of the emerging nature of the markets in which we compete,
our revenue is unpredictable. Our current and future expense levels are to a
large extent fixed. We may be unable to adjust spending quickly to compensate
for any revenue shortfall, and any significant revenue shortfall would have an
immediate negative effect on our results of operations and share price.

A number of factors, many of which are enumerated in this "Risk Factors"
section, are likely to cause fluctuations in our operating results and/or cause
our share price to decline. Other factors which may cause such fluctuations
include:

o The size, timing and fulfillment of orders for our email services;

o The success of our channel and direct selling efforts to enterprise
customers;

o The rate of adoption of out-sourced e-mail solutions by enterprise
customers in the current economic environment;

o The threat of de-listing by the NASDAQ if our shares fall below $1 for
an extended period of time;

o The receipt or payment of irregular or nonrecurring revenues or
expenses;

o Our mix of service offerings, including our ability to successfully
implement new services;

o Pricing of our services; and

o Effectiveness of our customer support.

Because of differing operating factors, period-to-period comparisons of our
operating results are not a good indication of our future performance. It is
likely that our operating results in some quarters will be below market
expectations. Because we have a limited operating history providing outsourced
email services to the service provider, telecommunications and enterprise
markets, it is difficult to evaluate our business and prospects.

We commenced operations in 1991, but we began commercially selling Web-based
email services only in 1998 after changing our strategic focus from the sale,
maintenance and service of stand-alone email client software products for
mainframe and personal computers. During the third quarter of 2000, we began the
process of repositioning the company to provide outsourced email and messaging
services to the service provider, telecommunications and enterprise markets
primarily through channel partners. This change required us to adjust our
business processes and to restructure Commtouch to become an outsourced email
service provider. Therefore, we have only a limited operating history as a
provider of email services upon which you can evaluate our business and
prospects. It is too early to judge the success of this service offering, the
enterprise focus and distribution through channel partners.

We have many established competitors who are offering the same or similar
services

The market for outsourced email services is intensely competitive and we expect
it to be increasingly competitive. Increased competition could result in pricing
pressures, reduced operating margins and loss of market share, any of which
could cause our business to suffer.

In the market for email and messaging services, we compete directly with
outsourced email service providers, including Critical Path, Easylink
Corporation (formerly Mail.com), USA.NET, United Messaging and USinteractive as
well as with companies that develop and maintain in-house email solutions such
as Microsoft and IBM. In addition, companies such as Openwave, (formerly
Software.com) and iPlanet currently offer email software products to ISPs, web
hosting companies, web portals and corporations. Furthermore, numerous
small-scale email providers offer low-cost basic services, but without scalable
systems or value-added functionality. These and other companies could
potentially leverage their existing capabilities and relationships to enter the
email service industry by redesigning their system architecture, pricing and
marketing strategies to sell through to the entire market. The ability of these
competitors to offer a broader suite of complementary services may give them a
considerable advantage over us. In the future, ISPs, web hosting companies and
outsourced application companies may broaden their service offerings to include
outsourced email.

Our market's level of competition is likely to increase as current competitors
increase the sophistication of their offerings and as new participants enter the
market. In the future, as we expand our service offerings, we may encounter
increased competition in the development and delivery of these services. Many of

our current and potential competitors have longer operating histories, larger
customer bases, greater brand recognition and greater financial, marketing and
other resources than we do and may enter into strategic or commercial
relationships on more favorable terms. Further, certain of our competitors may
offer services at or below cost. In addition, new technologies and the expansion
of existing technologies may increase competitive pressures on us. We may not be
able to compete successfully against current and future competitors and
increased competition may result in reduced operating margins and loss of market
share.

Our ability to increase our revenues will depend on our ability to successfully
execute our sales and marketing plan.

The complexity of our Internet messaging services and the emerging nature of the
outsourced email market require highly trained sales and marketing personnel to
educate prospective customers regarding the use and benefits of our services.
The majority of our sales and marketing personnel have only recently joined
Commtouch and have limited experience working together. In addition we have
limited experience in selling to enterprise customers and in successful channel
selling. It will take time for these employees to learn how to market our
enterprise solutions and to be integrated into our sales and marketing
organization. Some of them may not succeed in making this transition.
Additionally, we are unable to predict the success in selling newly introduced
additional services that we have no experience marketing and are relying on
these services to produce a substantial portion of our revenues in the future.
As a result of these factors, our sales and marketing organization may not be
able to compete successfully against the bigger and more experienced sales and
marketing organizations of our competitors.

We have a history of losses and may never achieve profitability.

We incurred net losses of approximately $4.4 million in 1998, $19.9 million in
1999 and $54.2 million in 2000. As of December 31, 2000, we had an accumulated
deficit of approximately $85.8 million. We have not achieved profitability in
any period, and we expect to continue to incur net losses for the foreseeable
future. If we do achieve profitability, we may not sustain or increase
profitability in the future. This may, in turn, cause our share price to
decline.

Need For Additional Funds

We are dependent upon raising additional funds to finance our business. Our cash
balance at March 31, 2001 was $13.3 million. We will need at least $5 million in
additional funding in the near term in order to continue our business at the
current level of operations for the next twelve months. If we fail to raise
sufficient near term funding, we have developed a contingency plan which will be
put into effect. The plan will require us to effect cost reductions by
curtailing research and development operations, human resources expenses and
other costs so as to allow us to continue a reduced level of operations for the
next twelve months.

Assuming we either raise at least $5 million in additional funding in the near
term or implement the contingency plan, we may nonetheless continue to be thinly
capitalized, which may adversely affect our ability to expand our operations, to
recruit and retain employees, to enter into agreements with vendors and
customers, and to withstand changes in business conditions. We may, therefore,
need to raise additional funds, through additional equity or debt financing,
collaborative relationships, strategic alliances with commercial partners, or
otherwise. There can be no assurance that we will be able to raise the necessary
funds or that we will be able to do so on terms acceptable to us. Our inability
to obtain adequate capital would limit our ability to continue our operations.
Any such additional funding may result in significant dilution to existing
stockholders.

Risk of Recession

Some of our customers continue to operate in the dot-com market based on
internet-centric business models and are experiencing a significant economic
slowdown and an inability to raise additional capital.

Our ability to collect outstanding receivables is significantly impacted by the
liquidity issues of these customers and this may also impact our ability to sell
future services and recognize future revenue despite committed contracts from
them. This has had, and may continue to have, a negative impact on our ability
to recognize future revenues and as a result, we may experience unexpected
shortfalls in our future revenues.

The loss of our key employees would adversely affect our ability to manage our
business, therefore causing our operating results to suffer and the value of
your investment to decline.

Our success depends on the skills, experience and performance of our senior
management and other key personnel, many of whom have worked together for only a
short period of time. The loss of the services of any of our senior management
or other key personnel, including Gideon Mantel, our Chief Executive Officer,
Amir Lev, our President and Chief Technical Officer, and Sunil Bhardwaj, our
Chief Financial Officer who recently joined us, could materially and adversely
affect our business. We do not have employment agreements with any of our

senior management or other key personnel. We cannot prevent them from leaving at
any time. We do not maintain key-person life insurance policies on any of our
employees.

Our recent head-count reduction from 486 employees to approximately 210 is
significantly straining our managerial, operational and financial resources. We
have significantly curtailed sales and marketing resources and this may
compromise our ability to enhance revenues. We also will incur significant
expenditures for wage continuance payments in connection with this personnel
restructuring in order to comply with the WARN ACT 60 day notice requirements.

Our business and operating results could suffer if we do not successfully
address the risks inherent in the expansion of our international operations.

At December 31, 2000 we had sales offices in the Israel, United States, England,
Latin America and Japan. During the first quarter of 2001, we closed sales
offices in New York, Miami and England. We intend to continue to seek ways to
market our services in international markets by utilizing significant financial
and managerial resources. We have limited experience in international operations
and may not be able to compete effectively in international markets. The Company
will face risks inherent in conducting business internationally, such as:

o difficulties and costs of staffing and managing international
operations;

o fluctuations in currency exchange rates;

o imposition of currency exchange controls;

o differing technology standards;

o export restrictions, including export controls relating to encryption
technologies;

o difficulties in collecting accounts receivable and longer collection
periods;

o unexpected changes in regulatory requirements;

o political and economic instability;

o potentially adverse tax consequences; and

o potentially reduced protection for intellectual property rights.

Any of these factors could adversely affect the Company's international
operations and, consequently, business and operating results. Specifically,
failure to successfully manage international growth could result in higher
operating costs than anticipated or could delay or preclude altogether the
Company's ability to generate revenues in key international markets.

Technology Risks

Because our business is based on communications and messaging services, we are
susceptible to system interruptions and capacity constraints, which could harm
our business and reputation.

Our ability to successfully receive and send our end users' email messages and
provide acceptable levels of service largely depends on the efficient and
uninterrupted operation of our computer and communications hardware and network
systems and those of our outsourced hosting service. In addition, the growth in
the use of the Internet has caused frequent interruptions and delays in
accessing the Internet and transmitting data over the Internet. We do not

possess insurance to cover losses caused by unplanned system interruptions and
software defects. In the past, we have experienced some interruptions in our
email service. We believe that these interruptions will continue to occur from
time to time. These interruptions may be due to hardware failures, unsolicited
bulk email (also known as "spam"), operating system failures, inadequate
Internet infrastructure capacity, and other mechanical and human causes. We
expect to experience occasional, temporary capacity constraints due to sharply
increased traffic, which may cause unanticipated system disruptions, slower
response times, impaired quality and degradation in levels of customer service.
If we experience frequent or long system interruptions that reduce our ability
to provide email services, we may have fewer users of our email services. In
addition, we have entered into service agreements with some of our customers
that require minimum performance standards. If we fail to meet these standards,
our customers could terminate their relationships with us.

We must continue to expand and adapt our network infrastructure to changing
requirements and increasing numbers of end users. The expansion and adaptation
of our network infrastructure will require substantial financial, operational
and managerial resources. In addition, we depend on improvements being made to
the entire Internet infrastructure to alleviate overloading and congestion of
the Internet. The ability of our network to continue to connect and manage an
expanding number of customers, end users and messages at high transmission
speeds is unproven and uncertain. We face risks related to our network's and the
Internet's ability to operate with higher use levels while maintaining expected
performance levels. To manage any further growth, we will need to improve or
replace our existing operational, customer service and financial systems as well
as our procedures and controls.

Although we are a leading global provider in our particular field of outsourced,
email, we are a relatively small competitor in the electronic messaging industry
as a whole. As a result, we may not have the resources to adapt to the changing
technological requirements and the shifting consumer preferences of our
industry.

The Internet messaging industry is characterized by rapid technological change,
changes in end user requirements and preferences, and the emergence of new
industry standards and practices that could render our existing services and
proprietary technology obsolete. Our success depends, in part, on our ability to
continually enhance our existing email and messaging services and to develop new
services, functions and technology that address the increasingly sophisticated
and varied needs of our prospective customers. The development of proprietary
technology and necessary service enhancements entails significant technical and
business risks and requires substantial expenditures and lead-time. We may not
be able to keep pace with the latest technological developments. We may not be
able to use new technologies effectively or adapt our services to customer or
end user requirements or emerging industry standards. Also, we must be able to
act more quickly than our competition.

Our services may be adversely affected by software defects, which could cause
our customers or end users to stop using our services.

Our service offerings depend on complex software. Complex software often
contains defects, particularly when first introduced or when new versions are
released. Although we conduct extensive testing, we may not discover software
defects that affect our new or current services or enhancements until after they
are deployed. Although we have not experienced any material software defects to
date, it is possible that, despite testing by us, defects may exist in the
software we use. These defects could cause service interruptions that could
damage our reputation or increase our service costs, cause us to lose revenue,
delay market acceptance or divert our development resources, any of which could
cause our business to suffer. Some of our services are based on software
provided by third parties. We have no control over the quality of such software.

We rely on the integrity of our network security, which may be susceptible to
breaches that could harm our reputation and business.

A fundamental requirement for online communications is the secure transmission
of confidential information over public networks. Third parties may attempt to
breach our security or that of our customers. Despite our implementation of
third party encryption technology and network security measures, our servers are
vulnerable to computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins and similar
disruptions, which could lead to interruptions, delays or loss of data. We may
be liable to our customers and their end users for any breach in our security,
including claims for impersonation or other similar fraud claims, as well as
claims for other misuses of personal information, for example for unauthorized
marketing purposes. Also, such a breach could harm our reputation and
consequently our business. We may also be required to expend significant capital
and other resources to license encryption technology and additional technologies
to protect against security breaches or to alleviate problems caused by any
breach. Our failure to prevent security breaches could have a material adverse
effect on our business and operating results.

In addition, the Federal Trade Commission and several states have been
investigating some Internet companies regarding their use of personal
information. We could incur additional expenses if new regulations regarding the
use of personal information are introduced, if our privacy practices are
investigated or if our privacy policies are viewed unfavorably by users or
potential users.

Investment Risks

We may need additional capital.

We have invested heavily in technology and infrastructure development. We expect
to continue to spend substantial financial and other resources on developing and
introducing new service offerings and maintaining our sales and marketing and
corporate management organizations, strategic relationships and operating
infrastructure. We also expect to invest substantial resources in research and
development projects to develop enhanced service provider messaging solutions.

We are subject to several pending lawsuits the outcome of which may have a
material adverse effect on us.

Following our restatement of revenues for the first three quarters of 2000,
several class action lawsuits were filed in the United States District Court for
the Northern District of California, against the Company and certain of our
officers and directors, alleging violations of the antifraud provisions of the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934 arising from the Company's financial statements.
While we are unable to predict the ultimate outcome of these claims we believe
they are without merit and intend to vigorously defend ourselves.

If we cannot satisfy Nasdaq's maintenance requirements, it may delist our
ordinary shares and we may not have an active public market for our ordinary
shares, which would likely make our shares an illiquid investment.

Our ordinary shares are quoted on the Nasdaq National Market Market. To continue
to be listed, our shares must have a minimum bid price of $1.00 per share, among
other requirements. Recently, from time to time, our shares have had a minimum
bid price of less than $1.00 per share. Consequently, we may not be able to
satisfy the Nasdaq listing requirement in the future. If this occurs, trading

in the shares may be conducted in the over-the-counter market in the so-called
"pink sheets" or, if available, the "OTC Bulletin Board Service." As a result,
an investor would likely find it significantly more difficult to dispose of, or
to obtain accurate quotations as to the value of, our shares.

Nasdaq also may delist our shares if it deems it necessary to protect investors
and the public interest.

If our shares are delisted, they may become subject to the SEC's "penny stock"
rules and more difficult to sell.

SEC rules require brokers to provide information to purchasers of securities
traded at less than $5.00 and not traded on a national securities exchange or
quoted on the Nasdaq Stock Market. If our shares become "penny stock" that is
not exempt from these SEC rules, these disclosure requirements may have the
effect of reducing trading activity in our shares and making it more difficult
for investors to sell. The rules require a broker-dealer to deliver a
standardized risk disclosure document prepared by the SEC that provides
information about penny stocks and the nature and level of risks in the penny
market. The broker must also give bid and offer quotations and broker and
salesperson compensation information to the customer orally or in writing before
or with the confirmation. The SEC rules also require a broker to make a special
written determination that the penny stock is a suitable investment for the
purchaser and receive the purchaser's written agreement to the transaction
before a transaction in a penny stock.

Our directors, executive officers and principal shareholders will be able to
exert significant influence over matters requiring shareholder approval and
could delay or prevent a change of control.

Our directors and affiliates of our directors, our executive officers and our
shareholders who currently individually own over five percent of our ordinary
shares, beneficially own, in the aggregate, approximately 25% of our outstanding
ordinary shares. If they vote together, these shareholders will be able to
exercise significant influence over all matters requiring shareholder approval,
including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate
transactions. This concentration of ownership could also delay or prevent a
change in control of Commtouch.

Jan Eddy, the President and Chief Executive Officer of Wingra Technologies,
beneficially owns approximately 5% of our outstanding ordinary shares issued to
her in connection with our acquisition of Wingra Technologies on November 24,
2000.

InfoSpace beneficially owns approximately 5% of our outstanding ordinary shares.
InfoSpace merged with Go2Net in October 2000. In connection with this merger
InfoSpace assumed Go2Net shares, warrants and rights. In 1999, in connection
with entering into an email services agreement, we issued to InfoSpace a warrant
to purchase 1,136,000 ordinary shares at an exercise price of $12.80 per share.
The warrant is non-forfeitable, fully vested and immediately exercisable, and
will expire in July 2004. Assuming exercise of the InfoSpace warrant on a net
issuance basis, the warrant currently has no impact on beneficial ownership, as
the warrant is currently underwater.

These significant shareholders will be able to significantly influence and
possibly exercise control over most matters requiring approval by our
shareholders, including the election of directors and approval of significant
corporate transactions. This concentration of ownership may also have the effect
of delaying or preventing a change in control. InfoSpace will also have the
right to name one director to our Board as long as it continues to hold at least
620,022 shares, including the shares issuable upon exercise of the InfoSpace
warrant. They have named Thomas Camp to the Board under this provision. In
addition, conflicts of interest may arise as a consequence of these significant
shareholders control relationship with us, including:

o conflicts between significant shareholders, and our other shareholders
whose interests may differ with respect to, among other things our
strategic direction or significant corporate transactions;

o conflicts related to corporate opportunities that could be pursued by
us, on the one hand, or by these shareholders, on the other hand; or

o conflicts related to existing or new contractual relationships between
us, on the one hand, and these shareholders, on the other hand.

Substantial sales of our ordinary shares could adversely affect our share price.

The sale, or availability for sale, of substantial quantities of our ordinary
shares may have the effect of depressing its market price. A large number of our
ordinary shares which were previously subject to resale restrictions, are
currently eligible for resale. In addition a significant number of shares will
be eligible for resale at various dates in the future.

As previously mentioned, we have an agreement to issue equity under an equity
line agreement with Torneaux, an institutional investor. The shares we issue
under this agreement will dilute existing shareholders.

On November 24, 2000 the company announced its acquisition of Wingra
Technologies for a purchase price of 1.29 million Commtouch ordinary shares and
0.3 million fully vested Commtouch options and warrants. The Company is required
to register these shares and intends to file a registration statement shortly.
Upon effectiveness of the registration, the shares can be freely traded which
could adversely impact our share price.

Governmental Risks

If we fail to adequately protect our intellectual property rights or face a
claim of intellectual property infringement by a third party, we could lose our
intellectual property rights or be liable for significant damages.

Despite our precautions, unauthorized third parties may copy certain portions of
our technology or reverse engineer or obtain and use information that we regard
as proprietary. End user license provisions protecting against unauthorized use,
copying, transfer and disclosure of the licensed program may be unenforceable
under the laws of some jurisdictions and foreign countries. In addition, the
laws of some foreign countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same
extent as do the laws of the United States. Our means of protecting our
proprietary rights in the United States or abroad may not be adequate and
competitors may independently develop similar technology.

We may have liability for email content.

As a provider of email services, we face potential liability for defamation,
negligence, copyright, patent or trademark infringement and other claims based
on the nature and content of the materials transmitted via email. We do not and
cannot screen all of the content generated by end users. Some foreign
governments, such as the government of Germany, have enforced laws and
regulations related to content distributed over the Internet that are more

strict than those currently in place in the United States. Any imposition of
liability could damage our reputation and hurt our business and operating
results, or could result in criminal penalties.

Governmental regulation and legal uncertainties could impair the growth of the
Internet and decrease demand for our services or increase our cost of doing
business.

There are currently few laws and regulations directly applicable to the Internet
and commercial email services. However, a number of laws have been proposed
involving the Internet, including laws addressing user privacy, pricing,
content, copyright, antitrust, distribution and characteristics and quality of
products and services. Further, the growth and development of the market for
email may prompt calls for more stringent consumer protection laws that may
impose additional burdens on companies conducting business online. Moreover, the
applicability to the Internet of existing laws in various jurisdictions
governing issues such as property ownership, sales and other taxes, libel and
personal privacy is uncertain and may take years to resolve. The adoption of
additional laws or regulations, or the application of existing laws or
regulations to the Internet, may impair the growth of the Internet or commercial
online services. This could decrease the demand for our services and increase
our cost of doing business, or otherwise harm our business and operating
results.

Due to the global nature of the Web, it is possible that, although our
transmissions currently originate in California, the governments of other states
or foreign countries might attempt to regulate our transmissions or levy sales
or other taxes relating to our activities. The European Union previously adopted
a directive addressing data privacy that may result in limits on the collection
and use of user information.

On October 20, 1999, The Federal Trade Commission issued the final rule to
implement the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998 ("COPPA"). The
main goal of the COPPA and the rule is to protect the privacy of children using
the Internet. As of April 21, 2000, certain commercial websites and online
services directed to, or that knowingly collect information from, children must
obtain parental consent before collecting, using, or disclosing personal
information from children under 13. The COPPA regulations could reduce our
ability to engage in direct marketing. The cost to the Company of complying with
the new requirements is not known and such cost may have a material effect upon
operating results or financial condition.

Risks Relating to Operations in Israel

We have important facilities and resources located in Israel, which has
historically experienced severe economic instability and military and political
unrest.

We are incorporated under the laws of the State of Israel. Our principal
research and development facilities are located in Israel. Although
substantially all of our sales currently are being made to customers outside
Israel, we are nonetheless directly influenced by the political, economic and
military conditions affecting Israel. Any major hostilities involving Israel, or
the interruption or curtailment of trade between Israel and its present trading
partners, could significantly harm our business, operating results and financial
condition.

Israel's economy has been subject to numerous destabilizing factors, including a
period of rampant inflation in the early to mid-1980's, low foreign exchange
reserves, fluctuations in world commodity prices, military conflicts and civil
unrest. In addition, Israel and companies doing business with Israel have been
the subject of an economic boycott by the Arab countries since Israel's
establishment. These restrictive laws and policies may have an adverse impact on
our operating results, financial condition or expansion of our business.

Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, a state of hostility has
existed, varying in degree and intensity, between Israel and the Arab countries.
Although Israel has entered into various agreements with certain Arab countries
and the Palestinian Authority, and various declarations have been signed in
connection with efforts to resolve some of the economic and political problems
in the Middle East, we cannot predict whether or in what manner these problems
will be resolved.

Our results of operations may be negatively affected by the obligation of key
personnel to perform military service.

In addition, certain of our officers and employees are currently obligated to
perform annual reserve duty in the Israel Defense Forces and are subject to
being called for active military duty at any time. Although Commtouch has
operated effectively under these requirements since its inception, we cannot
predict the effect of these obligations on Commtouch in the future. Our
operations could be disrupted by the absence, for a significant period, of one
or more of our officers or key employees due to military service.

Because a substantial portion of our revenues are generated in U.S. dollars,
while a significant portion of our expenses are incurred in New Israeli Shekels,
our results of operations may be adversely affected by inflation and currency
fluctuations.

We generate a substantial portion of our revenues in U.S. dollars but incur a
significant portion of our expenses, principally salaries and related personnel
expenses, in New Israeli Shekels, commonly referred to as NIS. As a result, we
are exposed to the risk that the rate of inflation in Israel will exceed the
rate of devaluation of the NIS in relation to the dollar or that the timing of
any devaluation may lag behind inflation in Israel. While in recent years the
rate of devaluation of the NIS against the dollar has generally exceeded the
rate of inflation, which is a reversal from prior years, we cannot be sure that
this reversal will continue. If the dollar cost of our operations in Israel
increases, our dollar-measured results of operations will be adversely affected.
Our operations also could be adversely affected if we are unable to guard
against currency fluctuations in the future. Accordingly, we may enter into
currency hedging transactions to decrease the risk of financial exposure from
fluctuations in the exchange rate of the dollar against the NIS. These measures,
however, may not adequately protect us from material adverse effects due to the
impact of inflation in Israel.

The government programs and benefits which we currently receive require us to
meet several conditions and may be terminated or reduced in the future.

Prior to 1998, we received grants from the Government of Israel, through the
OCS, for the financing of a significant portion of our research and development
expenditures in Israel. In 2000 we applied for additional grants and we may
apply for additional grants in the future. In 1998, 1999 and 2000 we did not
receive any grants from the OCS and we expect the percentage of our research and
development expenditures financed from OCS grants will continue to remain quite
low. The OCS budget has been subject to reductions which may affect the
availability of funds for these grants in the future. Therefore, we cannot be
certain that we will continue to receive grants at the same rate, or at all. In
addition, the terms of any future OCS grants may be less favorable than our past
grants. In connection with research and development grants received from the
OCS, we must make royalty payments to the OCS on the revenue derived from the
sale of products, technologies and services developed with grants from the OCS
unless such research and development projects are unsuccessful.

The terms of the OCS grants and the law pursuant to which the grants are made
restrict our ability to manufacture products or transfer technologies developed
using OCS grants outside of Israel. This restriction may limit our ability to
enter into agreements or similar arrangements for those products or
technologies, without OCS approval. We cannot be certain that the approvals of

the OCS will be obtained on terms that are acceptable to us. In connection with
our grant applications, we have made representations and covenants with the OCS.
The funding from the OCS is subject to the accuracy of these representations and
covenants and to our compliance with the conditions and restrictions imposed by
the OCS. If we fail to comply with any of these conditions or restrictions, we
could be required to repay any grants previously received, together with
interest and penalties, and would likely be ineligible to receive OCS grants
thereafter.

The tax benefits we are currently entitled to from the Government of Israel may
be reduced or terminated in the future.

Pursuant to the Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, the Government
of Israel through the Investment Center has granted "approved enterprise" status
to a significant portion of our research and development efforts. The portion of
our income derived from our approved enterprise program will be exempt from tax
for a limited period commencing in the first year in which have taxable income,
and will be subject to a reduced tax for an additional period. The benefits
available to an approved enterprise are conditioned upon the fulfillment of
conditions regarding a required amount of investments in fixed assets and a
portion of these investments being made with net proceeds of equity capital
raised by us as stipulated in applicable law and in the specific certificates of
approval. If we fail to comply with these conditions, in whole or in part, we
may be required to pay additional taxes for the period in which we benefited
from the tax exemption or reduced tax rates and would likely be denied these
benefits in the future. From time to time, the Government of Israel has
discussed reducing or eliminating the benefits available under the approved
enterprise program. It is possible that these tax benefits may not be continued
in the future at their current levels or at all.

Israeli courts might not enforce judgments rendered outside of Israel and it
might therefore be difficult for an investor to recover any judgment against any
of our officers or directors resident in Israel.

We are organized under the laws of Israel, and we maintain significant
operations in Israel. Certain of our officers and directors named in this report
reside outside of the United States. Therefore, you might not be able to enforce
any judgment obtained in the U.S. against us or any of such persons. You might
not be able to bring civil actions under U.S. securities laws if you file a
lawsuit in Israel. However, we have been advised by our Israeli counsel that,
subject to certain limitations, Israeli courts may enforce a final judgment of a
U.S. court for liquidated amounts in civil matters after a hearing in Israel. We
have appointed Commtouch Software Inc., our U.S. subsidiary, as our agent to
receive service of process in any action against us arising from this report. We
have not given our consent for our agent to accept service of process in
connection with any other claim and it may therefore be difficult for an
investor to effect service of process against us or any of our non-U.S.
officers, directors and experts relating to any other claims. If a foreign
judgment is enforced by an Israeli court, it may be payable in Israeli currency.

Provisions of Israeli law may delay, prevent or make difficult an acquisition of
Commtouch, which could prevent a change of control and therefore depress the
price of our shares.

Israeli corporate law regulates mergers, votes required to approve mergers and
acquisitions of shares through tender offers, requires special approvals for
transactions involving significant shareholders and regulates other matters that
may be relevant to these types of transactions. Furthermore, Israel tax
considerations may make potential transactions unappealing to us or to some of
our shareholders.

Proposed tax reform in Israel may reduce our tax benefits, which might adversely
affect our profitability.

On May 4, 2000 a committee chaired by the Director General of the Israeli
Ministry of Finance, Avi Ben-Bassat, issued a report recommending a sweeping
reform in the Israeli system of taxation. The proposed reform would
significantly alter the taxation of individuals, and would also affect corporate
taxation. In particular, the proposed reform would reduce, but not eliminate,
the tax benefits available to approved enterprises such as ours. The Israeli
cabinet approved the recommendations in principle, but implementation of the
reform requires legislation by Israel's Knesset. In the interim, a new Israeli
government has been formed, and there are indications that the new government
may eliminate significant aspects of the proposed reform. We cannot be certain
whether the proposed reform will be adopted, when it will be adopted or what
form any reform will ultimately take.

The new Israeli Companies Law, to which we are subject, has not yet been
interpreted by the courts.

The new Israeli Companies Law became effective as of February 1, 2000,
instituting major and comprehensive changes to Israeli corporate law. To date,
Israeli courts have not fully reviewed or interpreted certain important aspects
of the new Israeli Companies Law. Furthermore, to date the Israeli Minister of
Justice has promulgated only a portion of the regulations required to implement
the new Israeli Companies Law. As a result, there remain many questions
concerning the application of the law, and shareholders instituting actions
against Israeli companies, or against their directors, officers or controlling
shareholders, may experience difficulties, as well as uncertainties in
protecting their interests.

Item 4. Information on the Company.

Recent Acquisition

Please refer to Item 18 "Note 4: Wingra Acquisition"

Overview

We are a leading global provider of outsourced email and messaging solutions to
small, medium and large enterprises and their service providers, as well as
internet-centric organizations including web portals and web sites.

Our main target customers include companies that specialize in providing
communications applications to enterprises: ASPs, ISPs, telecoms, CLECs,
wireless carriers, data centers, systems integrators, and IT consultants.

Email and messaging is complex and requires focus to implement, deliver and
maintain. Today's robust solutions include: the ability to address both
front-end and back-end requirements, anytime-anywhere access, and features such
as anti-virus protection, unified messaging, calendaring, group scheduling, file
sharing, and collaboration. Technologies for the future are necessitating that
email and messaging adapt and change with the new innovations. With outsourced
email and messaging being less expensive to construct and maintain than in-house
"build" solutions, and with IT developers and administrators in short supply,
and companies needing to focus resources on their area of core expertise, the
demand for outsourced email and messaging has proliferated in the last several
years. Our flexible technology and economies of scale enable us to provide email
solutions in a cost-effective manner, allowing businesses to achieve significant
economic advantages. As rapid time to market is often critical to our customers,
our reputation for quick deployment is a significant advantage in the outsourced
email and marketing industry. Additionally, we provide comprehensive maintenance
and administration of our email services, which eliminates the need for our
customers to undertake the significant burden of developing and maintaining an
in-house email system.

With 10 years of experience in email and messaging and providing services in 26
languages in 180 countries, we have proven that our solutions, which utilize the
cost-efficient Microsoft NT(R) platform, are quickly deliverable, scalable,
reliable, and integrate well with a variety of communications applications that
enterprises view as critical to providing them with a mission critical service
and competitive advantage in the marketplace.

In addition to providing the infrastructure and software for enterprise-grade
email and messaging solutions, we are also a service-driven company, providing
24/7 management for the customer, either remotely or onsite. We offer a variety
of professional services to enterprises: facilitating the transition from legacy
email and messaging systems to new, advanced systems (via our subsidiary Wingra
Technologies); integrating email and messaging with such applications as
wireless communications, video and audio communications, and customer relations
management; and allowing for unified communications in which email, instant
messaging, voice, and other data communications are accessible anytime,
anywhere.

We are recognized as one of the few companies with the depth and breadth of
expertise in email and messaging. We currently partner with a variety of
organizations. We provide service level agreements (SLAs) for our customers that
use our enterprise-grade email and messaging solutions.

Email & Messaging Industry Background

According to the Computer Industry Almanac, there will be approximately 490
million Internet users by year-end 2002, with more than 765 million by year-end
2005. The Almanac predicts that by 2002, the US will have 1/3 of total Internet
users and the number will decline to 27% at year-end 2005. According to a report
by e-Marketing, Inc., email is by far the most popular Internet application,
used by 96% of all active Internet users. Many industry experts consider email,
the "killer app" of the Internet.

Most industry analysts agree that the market for email and messaging is poised
for growth within the next four years. According to IDC, the number of email
mailboxes worldwide will reach 983 million by 2005 and the number of email
messages sent on an average day will be 34.6 million in 2005.

There are a number of emerging technologies that provide opportunities for
further use of email and messaging: anytime-anywhere communications including
further use of wireless, broadband, DSL, and unified communications.

Ovum says 484 million people will make wireless connections by 2005. As a result
short message service (SMS) has evolved. The GSM Association states that 15
billion SMS messages were sent worldwide via the global system for mobile
communications (GSM).

Forrester says that by 2004, broadband will reach 52% of online households in
North America. Cable modem and DSL penetration will jump from one-tenth of
American households to more than half of online US homes in four years.

While consumers will eventually benefit from the advent of wireless and
broadband technologies, the first to use anytime/anywhere email and messaging
are likely to be small, medium and large enterprises. Radicati has projected
that this segment of the market will attain revenue levels of $4.2 billion in
2004. Email and messaging will be delivered to enterprises directly by
infrastructure providers, and also via channels - the service providers that
enterprises have traditionally turned to for a variety of communications
applications.

The term Application Service Provider (ASP) has steadily emerged over the last
year and a half. IDC has indicated that while the model for the ASP market is
focused on small and mid-sized enterprises (SMEs), larger businesses figured
more prominently than anticipated. Gartner predicts that worldwide ASP service
revenue will grow to $25.3 billion by the end of 2004. ASPs will become
increasingly characterized by focus on industry verticals in the medium-term,
offering services geared primarily towards the Financial Services and Public
sectors. Those organizations that are effective at integrating email and

messaging with applications and services can capitalize on a massive
opportunity. According to a study conducted by Zona Research, email and
messaging are the "killer apps" for ASPs, accounting for 60% of the type of
applications used through an ASP.

Commtouch Offerings

We offer outsourced anytime-anywhere email and messaging solutions to three
segments of the market:

Large enterprises and their service providers

o Hosted Exchange

o Our carrier-grade messaging and collaboration hosting
service enables small and medium enterprises and their
service providers to create, store and share
information, as well as act on that information with
speed and intelligence.

o Our service is built on top-quality-hardware. The
Microsoft(R) Exchange Hosting service includes the
complete management and monitoring of systems, technical
support and comes with a 99.5% availability guarantee.

o Our users benefit from McAfee(TM) virus protection and
spam blocking, full Outlook functionality, and enhanced
Outlook Web Access as well as public folders. Another
feature, xManage(TM), a Commtouch developed, secure
web-based administration tool, is brandable for
resellers.

o xManage is a web-based service management tool that
provides enterprises and resellers the ability to enable
end-customers and users to self-administer their
otherwise complex hosted Exchange environments without
training, support or technical knowledge. xManage is the
industry's leading tool for delivering Total Cost of
Ownership (TCO) savings to corporations, as well as
speed to market and customer value for new Exchange 2000
hosting resellers.

o Our optional services include VPN (virtual private
network) support, a 99.9% high-availability Service
Level Agreement (SLA) and automated mail migration via
Exchange Migrator(TM), built by our subsidiary Wingra.

o Our growing list of advanced features that are scheduled
to be rolled out during 2001 include wireless access,
content filtering and policy management, as well as
unified messaging features.

Service Providers Targeted at Small and Medium Size Enterprises

o Our Service Provider Solution enables service providers to easily
manage the email and messaging features/services that they in turn
provide to their end users, mainly small and medium size
enterprises. Our solution provides:

o Anytime, anywhere access to accounts from standard
desktop email clients (e.g. Microsoft Outlook, Qualcomm
Eudora, or Netscape Messenger), Web browsers and
wireless devices, such as WAP-enabled mobile phones.

o Message notification on an advanced platform, to pagers,
mobile phones, instant messengers and other email
addresses.

o Integrated, Web-based applications, including calendar,
task manager, contact center, notes, short message
service (SMS), and more.

o Customization of the Web email client interface to
extend an organization's brand.

o Multiple language support for a multilingual user base.

o We also offer Service Providers the option to license and install
our software and technology, where circumstances allow. In this
offering, the customer licenses the Service Provider Solution,
installs it in-house, and offers messaging and email from its own
data center facility. Advantages and features include:

o A complete software version of the Service Provider
Solution, including all advanced features mentioned
above.

o Complete design of the required architecture for running
the Software.

o A dedicated installation team to install the system and
software in a timely and cost effective fashion.

o A pricing model based on an upfront license fee, and an
annual 20% support contract.

o An optional 24/7 remote monitoring and system
administration function for customers that require
on-going management.

o Our Service Provider Solution provides comprehensive administrative
capabilities

o Our well-documented XML APIs (application programming
interface) allow a service provider to integrate email
administrative activities and customer data into its
current applications and systems.

o Our domain-level management gives the service provider
the option of delegating administration to its customer
to lower the service provider's support costs.

o Our detailed reports provide essential information for
billing and usage statistics.

o Our ability to fully secure SSL management transactions
ensure that service provider's data is safe.

o Our Online Management Center (OMC) provides the service
provider with a user-friendly administration interface
equipped with a broad-range of account provisioning
functionality, as an alternative to using APIs.

Internet-centric organizations (web portals and web sites that provide free
email and messaging to their customers and site visitors)

o Our solution is easy to use and provides a broad range of
functionality. This includes the ability for end users to collect
email from other email accounts, create folders, attach electronic
documents, store messages, maintain a contact center, maintain an
integrated calendar, create distribution lists and establish user
profiles and signatures. Our service uses IMAP4, an advanced email
protocol, which allows email folders to be accessed from multiple
email environments.

o The value of our solution is increased by our provision of
additional services, such as those which allow end users to send
and receive voicemail and pages from the emailbox; access the
Web-based emailbox from an off-line client (such as Microsoft
Outlook); and have email forwarded to other addresses.

o Our solutions are aimed at increasing the potential for our
customers to generate revenue by increasing the "stickiness" of
their websites. We believe that traffic to our customers' websites
should increase as end users frequently visit the website to check
their email. The benefits of increased website stickiness include
more frequent communication with end users, enhanced customer
loyalty and the potential opportunity to generate revenues from
advertising, direct marketing and e-commerce transactions.

Commtouch Strategy For Delivery of Its Core Services

Our objective is to be a leading global provider of outsourced, email and
messaging services to enterprises and their service providers, while also
continuing to provide email and messaging to internet-centric organizations. We
plan to achieve this goal by pursuing the following key strategies:

o Partner with well-respected providers and resellers of various
communications applications to small, medium and large enterprises

o Leverage our existing partnerships with well-respected providers
and resellers of applications (e.g. Exodus, Intel, Microsoft,
Network Associates) to do business with service providers that
effectively sell to small, medium and large enterprises

o Utilize our subsidiary Wingra Technologies and its migration
expertise to move enterprises from their existing, legacy messaging
systems to new advanced systems, including those offered by
ourselves.

o Maintain our cost-effective technology platform.

o Our proprietary, open and scalable architecture gives us
the flexibility to use servers that provide us with the
best cost-quality combination and to leverage
third-party hosting providers. This enables us to
achieve a low service cost-per-emailbox while
maintaining a high level of service quality. We will
seek to maintain this cost-effective technology platform
as we add additional functionality and features to our
set of solutions.

o Provide outsourced email and messaging solutions and 24/7
management.

o License our solutions.

Competitive Landscape

In the market for email and messaging services, we primarily compete directly
with email and messaging service providers, including Critical Path, Easylink
Corporation (formerly Mail.com), USA.NET, United Messaging and USinteractive as
well as with companies that develop and maintain in-house email solutions.
Openwave, Mirapoint and iPlanet each currently offers email software products to
ISPs, web hosting companies, web portals and corporations.

Numerous small-scale email providers offer low-cost basic services, but without
scalable systems or value-added functionality. In the future, telcos, ISPs, web
hosting companies and outsourced application companies may broaden their service
offerings to include outsourced email.

Our subsidiary Wingra Technologies is an expert at helping enterprises migrate
from legacy systems to new, advanced email and messaging solutions. The Wingra
migration capability may provide us with a channel through which we may supply
our advanced email and messaging solutions. Also, Wingra migration may be
employed by enterprises themselves and/or our competitors.

The level of competition is likely to increase as current competitors increase
the sophistication of their offerings and as new participants enter the market;
conceivably partnerships, alliances and even mergers among once-considered
`competitors' are increasingly plausible.

Many of our current and potential competitors have longer operating histories,
larger customer bases, greater brand recognition and greater financial,
marketing and other resources than we do and may enter into strategic or
commercial relationships on more favorable terms. Further, certain of our
competitors may offer services at or below cost. In addition, new technologies
and the expansion of existing technologies may increase competitive pressures on
us. Increased competition may result in reduced operating margins and loss of
market share.

We believe that our solution has the following competitive advantages:

o Highly customizable and flexible;

o Rapidly deployable;

o Availability in 26 languages;

o Designed to integrate numerous messaging applications; and

o Ability to effectively address multiple market needs.

However, despite our competitive positioning, we may not be able to compete
successfully against current and future competitors.

Intellectual Property

We regard our copyrights, service marks, trademarks, trade secrets and similar
intellectual property as critical to our success, and rely on trademark and
copyright law, trade secret protection and confidentiality and/or license
agreements with our employees, customers, partners and others to protect our
proprietary rights. We have the following registered trademarks: COMMTOUCH
(registered in the U.S. and Australia); PRONTO (U.S. and other countries);
COMMTOUCH SOFTWARE (Australia and New Zealand); PRONTO FAMILY, PRONTO SECURE
(Japan); PRONTO MAIL (Japan and New Zealand); ZAPZONE NETWORK AND ZZN (Israel).
We also have the following pending trademark applications: COMMTOUCH (Israel and
other countries), ZAPZONE NETWORK, ZZN (U.S. and other countries) and PRONTO
(Mexico, European Community and India). Due to a change in our business focus,
we will either abandon or attempt to assign our ZAPZONE, ZZN AND PRONTO related
marks. It may be possible for unauthorized third parties to copy or reverse
engineer certain portions of our products or obtain and use information that we
regard as proprietary. Certain end user license provisions protecting against
unauthorized use, copying, transfer and disclosure of the licensed program may
be unenforceable under the laws of certain jurisdictions and foreign countries.
In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect proprietary
rights to the same extent as do the laws of the United States. There can be no
assurance that our means of protecting our proprietary rights in the United
States or abroad will be adequate or that competing companies will not
independently develop similar technology.

Other parties may assert infringement claims against us. We may also be subject
to legal proceedings and claims from time to time in the ordinary course of our
business, including claims of alleged infringement of the trademarks and other
Intellectual property rights of third parties by ourselves and our licensees.
Such claims, even if not meritorious, could result in the expenditure of
significant financial and managerial resources.

We also intend to continue to strategically license certain technology from
third parties, including our mail server and SSL encryption technology. In the
future, if we add certificate technology to its systems, we may license
additional technology from third-party vendors. We cannot be certain that these
third-party content licenses will be available to us on commercially reasonable
terms or that we will be able to successfully integrate the technology into our
products and services. These third-party in-licenses may expose us to increased
risks, including risks associated with the assimilation of new technology, the
diversion of resources from the development of our own proprietary technology,
and our inability to generate revenues from new technology sufficient to offset
associated acquisition and maintenance costs. The inability to obtain any of
these licenses could result in delays in product and service development until
equivalent technology can be identified, licensed and integrated. Any such
delays in services could cause our business, financial condition and operating
results to suffer.

Government Regulation

There are currently few laws and regulations directly applicable to the Internet
and commercial email services. Examples include the Children's Online Privacy
Protection Act and related regulations in the U.S. and restrictions on the
export of personal data from the European Community. However, it is possible
that a number of laws and regulations may be adopted with respect to the
Internet or commercial email services covering issues such as user privacy,
pricing, content, copyright, distribution, antitrust and characteristics and
quality of products and services. Further, the growth and development of the
market for online email may prompt calls for more stringent consumer protection
laws that may impose additional burdens on companies conducting business online.
The adoption of additional laws or regulations may impair the growth of the
Internet or commercial online services, which could, in turn, decrease the
demand for our products and services and increase our cost of doing business, or
otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and
financial condition. Moreover, the applicability to the Internet of existing
laws in various jurisdictions governing issues such as property ownership, sales
and other taxes, libel and personal privacy is uncertain and may take years to
resolve. Any such new legislation or regulation, the application of laws and
regulations from jurisdictions whose laws do not currently apply to our business
or the application of existing laws and regulations to the Internet could have a
material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial
condition.

Employees

As of December 31, 2000, 1999 and 1998, we had 486, 214 and 47 full-time
employees, respectively. We restructured our business units to further focus
resources, and on March 31, 2001, we had 210 full-time employees. None of our
U.S. employees are covered by a collective bargaining agreement. We believe that
our relations with our employees are good.

Israeli law and certain provisions of the nationwide collective bargaining
agreements between the Histadrut (General Federation of Labor in Israel) and the
Coordinating Bureau of Economic Organizations (the Israeli federation of
employers' organizations) apply to Commtouch's Israeli employees. These
provisions principally concern the maximum length of the workday and workweek,
minimum wages, contributions to a pension fund, insurance for work-related
accidents, procedures for dismissing employees, determination of severance pay
and other conditions of employment. Furthermore, pursuant to such provisions,
the wages of most of Commtouch's Israeli employees are subject to cost of living
adjustments, based on changes in the Israeli Consumer Price Index. The amounts
and frequency of such adjustments are modified from time to time. Israeli law
generally requires the payment of severance pay upon the retirement or death of
an employee or upon termination of employment by the employer or, in certain
circumstances, by the employee. We currently fund our ongoing severance
obligations by making monthly payments for insurance policies and by an accrual.
A general practice in Israel followed by Commtouch, although not legally
required, is the contribution of funds on behalf of certain employees to an
individual insurance policy known as "Managers' Insurance." This policy provides
a combination of savings plan, insurance and severance pay benefits to the
insured employee. It provides for payments to the employee upon retirement or
death and secures a substantial portion of the severance pay, if any, to which
the employee is legally entitled upon termination of employment. Each
participating employee contributes an amount equal to 5% of such employee's base
salary, and the employer contributes between 13.3% and 15.8% of the employee's
base salary. Full-time employees who are not insured in this way are entitled to
a savings account, to which each of the employee and the employer makes a
monthly contribution of 5% of the employee's base salary. We also provide
certain employees with an Education Fund, to which each participating employee
contributes an amount equal to 2.5% of such employee's base salary, and the
employer contributes an amount equal to 7.5% of the employee's base salary.

Description of Property

Our principal executive offices are located at 6 Hazoran Street, Poleg
Industrial Park, Netanya 42504, Israel, where our telephone number is
011-972-9-863-6888, and 2029 Stierlin Court, Mountain View, California 94043,
where our telephone number is (650) 864-2000. During the first quarter of 2001
we closed sales offices in New York, Miami and England. All of our properties
are leased.

Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated
Financial Statements and the Notes thereto included elsewhere in this report.
This discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon current
expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Any statements contained
herein that are not statements of historical fact may be deemed to be
forward-looking statements. For example, the words "expects," "anticipates,"
"believes," "intends," "plans," "seeks" and "estimates" and similar expressions
are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Commtouch's actual results
and the timing of certain events may differ significantly from those projected
in the forward-looking statements. Factors that might cause future results to
differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements
include, but are not limited to, those set forth under "Item 3. Key
Information." and in the Company's other filings with the Securities and
Exchange Commission.

Overview

We are a leading global provider of outsourced integrated Web-based email and
messaging solutions to businesses. Our solutions are flexible, highly
customizable and enable us to satisfy the unique email and messaging needs of
our customers worldwide. Our customers are large and small businesses who offer
our Web-based email through their website to their end users and employees.

Revenue Sources

Service Fees. During 2000, most of our email service revenues resulted from
contracts that required our customers to pay us either a share of advertising
revenues subject to a minimum annual revenue commitment or a monthly per
emailbox price subject to a minimum commitment fee, and fees for direct
marketing and communications services. In addition, the Company recognized
revenue from sales of software licenses to end users.

Prior to 1999, some of our contracts with customers provided for email service
fees based solely on a share of banner advertising revenue, recognized only when
such revenues were earned by the customers, with no minimum annual commitment.

Direct E-marketing. E-commerce vendors seek channels through which they can
market goods and services. Because of our installed user base and our agreements
with our customers, we can assist e-commerce companies in distributing their
services to our customers' end users who have opted to receive offers by email.
We share with our customers the revenues from this direct e-marketing, which are
earned either on a per-message basis, a referral basis, or as a commission on
products sold. In the fourth quarter of 1998, we began to offer direct
e-marketing opportunities to e-commerce vendors on a test basis. In 1999, we
recognized 11% of our total revenues from MyPoints, a permission based email
service company. In 2000, no direct e-marketing customer provided more the 10%
of revenues.

Strategic Transaction with Go2Net (InfoSpace)

InfoSpace merged with Go2Net in October 2000. In connection with this merger
InfoSpace assumed Go2Net shares, warrants and rights.

In 1999, concurrent with the sale of our shares in the initial public offering,
we entered into an agreement with InfoSpace, a network of branded, technology-
and community-driven websites focused on personal finance, commerce, and games.
InfoSpace also develops Web-related software. Pursuant to the agreement we are
offering InfoSpace's end users a private label email service, including our
email, calendaring and other services. The services are customized to the look
and feel of InfoSpace's websites. The terms of this agreement are substantially
the same as our commercial agreements with other customers except that we have
agreed to share a materially greater portion of our advertising revenues with
InfoSpace than we are sharing under other similar agreements. In addition, in
connection with the agreement, we issued to InfoSpace a warrant to purchase
1,136,000 ordinary shares at a per share exercise price of $12.80, subject to

adjustment as set forth in the warrant. The warrant is fully vested and
non-forfeitable. The warrant will expire on July 16, 2004, the fifth anniversary
of the initial public offering. The fair value of the warrant, estimated at $5.8
million, is being amortized to operating expenses ratably over the minimum term
of the agreement, which is one year. Simultaneously with the sale of the shares
in the initial public offering, we sold a total of 1,344,086 ordinary shares to
InfoSpace and Vulcan Ventures Incorporated at $14.88 per share in a private
placement. In the future, we may have to issue in-the-money warrants to acquire
our ordinary shares to customers who provide us with a large base of potential
end users. We may also have to provide these customers with more favorable
commercial terms than we have previously provided to our customers. The issuance
of in-the-money warrants and the grant of more favorable terms to customers may
further dilute our shareholders, increase our operating loss in the future and
cause our stock price to fall.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth financial data for the years ended December 31,
1998, 1999 and 2000 (in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,
--------------------------------------------
1998 1999 2000
-------- -------- --------

Revenues:

Email services ................................................ $ 389 $ 4,251 $ 17,965
Software license revenues...................................... -- -- 1,150
-------- -------- --------
Total revenues .............................................. 389 4,251 19,115
-------- -------- --------
Cost of revenues:
Email services ................................................ 569 3,643 11,864
Software license revenues ..................................... -- -- --
-------- -------- --------
Total cost of revenues ...................................... 569 3,643 11,864
-------- -------- --------
Gross profit (loss) ........................................... (180) 608 7,251
-------- -------- --------
Operating expenses:
Research and development....................................... 1,149 2,942 10,357
Sales and marketing ........................................... 2,001 7,722 26,585
General and administrative .................................... 604 4,328 13,621
In-process research and development............................ -- -- 1,280
Amortization of prepaid marketing expenses .................... -- 3,263 4,508
Amortization of stock-based employee deferred compensation .... 91 3,436 3,050
-------- -------- --------
Total operating expenses .................................... 3,845 21,691 59,401
-------- -------- --------
Operating loss ................................................. (4,025) (21,083) (52,150)
Interest and other income (expenses), net ..................... (326) 1,232 2,870
Write-off impaired investments................................. -- -- (5,000)
Minority interest.............................................. -- -- 55
-------- -------- --------
Net loss ....................................................... $ (4,351) $(19,851) $(54,225)
======== ======== ========

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2000 and 1999

Revenues. Email service revenues increased 323% from $4.3 million in 1999 to
$18.0 million in 2000. We recognized revenue of $1.1 million from the sale of
licenses in 2000. Revenues from MyPoints, a permission based email service
company, represented 11% of total revenues during 1999. In 2000, no customer
accounted for more than 10% of revenues.

Cost of Revenues. Cost of revenues increased 226% from $3.6 million in 1999 to
$11.9 million in 2000, due to the increase in contracts with customers during
2000 and the related service provided. Cost of revenues consisted primarily of
costs related to Internet data center services from third-party providers,
depreciation of equipment, Internet access, personnel and related costs. In 2000
we sized our hosting infrastructure for substantial growth. Recently, in light
of the economic slowdown and a significantly lower estimate of revenue growth,
we have limited the increase in our hosting infrastructure costs. As revenues
increase over current levels we expect cost of revenues to decrease as a
percentage of email service revenues due to economies of scale.

Research and Development. Research and development expenses increased 252% from
$2.9 million in 1999 to $10.4 million in 2000 due to an increase in personnel
and other related costs. In previous years, we received royalty-bearing grants
from the Israeli government, recorded as a reduction of research and development
costs. The Israeli government requires beneficiaries of such grants to pay
royalties to the Israeli government based on the success of the related
projects. We believe that we have no obligation for royalties as the related
projects were unsuccessful. However, the ultimate liability is subject to review
by the Israeli government.

We have recently reduced research and development personnel by eliminating other
than a few core projects aligned with our strategic direction. Based on these
eliminations we expect costs to decline on an absolute basis.

Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses increased 244% from $7.7
million in 1999 to $26.6 million in 2000, due to increased personnel and related
costs, public relations, other marketing expenses and direct sales costs to
support the growth of our email service revenues. Recently we have reduced our
sales and marketing personnel in line with expected revenue levels and to
reflect the Companies new channel selling and marketing focus. Previously
company personnel were focused on direct sales efforts.

General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses increased 215%
from $4.3 million in 1999 to $13.6 million in 2000, due primarily to
substantially higher personnel and related costs, facility costs, higher fees
for outside professional services and other costs to support the growth of our
email service revenues.

Amortization of Prepaid Marketing Expenses. Our amortization of prepaid
marketing expenses related to the InfoSpace and Microsoft warrants increased 38%
from $3.3 million for 1999 to $4.5 million for 2000. The prepaid marketing
expense is being amortized using the straight-line method over the one-year
minimum term of each of the commercial agreements.

Amortization of Stock-Based Employee Deferred Compensation. Our stock-based
employee deferred compensation expenses decreased 11% from $3.4 million for 1999
to $3.1 million for 2000. The deferred compensation is being amortized using the
sum-of-digits method over the vesting schedule, generally four years.

Interest and Other Income (Expense), Net. Our interest and other income
(expense), net, increased from a net income of $1.2 million for 1999 to a net
income of $2.9 million for 2000, due primarily to increased interest income
earned from cash equivalents and marketable securities.

Write-Off Impaired Investments. The Company invested $7 million in the first
nine months of 2000 in certain Internet centric businesses in which the company
believed it had a significant ongoing strategic interest. However, due to the
economic slowdown and the significant decline in capital available to and in
valuations of these privately funded Internet centric businesses, the Company
believes a portion of these investments are impaired. Accordingly, the Company
recorded a charge of $5 million to reflect impairment of this asset below its
recorded cost.

Minority Interest. Minority interest represents a stockholders' proportionate
share of the equity of Commtouch, K.K. (Japan) or 5.83%. At December 31, 2000,
the Company owned 94.17% of the equity and voting rights of Commtouch, K.K.
(Japan).

Income Taxes. As of December 31, 2000, we had approximately $38.0 million of
Israeli net operating loss carry-forwards and $33.6 million of U.S. federal net
operating loss carry-forwards available to offset future taxable income. The
U.S. net operating loss carry-forwards will expire in various amounts in the
years 2008 to 2021. The Israeli net operating loss carry-forwards have no
expiration date.

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 1999 and 1998

Revenues. Email service revenues increased 993% from $0.4 million 1998 to $4.3
million in 1999. One customer, Excite, represented 54% of the revenue in 1998.
Revenues from MyPoints, a permission based email service company, represented
11% of total revenues during 1999.

Cost of Revenues. Cost of revenues increased 540% from $0.6 million in 1998 to
$3.6 million in 1999, due to the increase in contracts with customers during
1999 and the related service provided. Cost of revenues consisted primarily of
costs related to Internet data center services from a third-party provider,
depreciation of equipment, Internet access, personnel and related costs.

Research and Development Costs. Research and development expenses increased 156%
from $1.1 million in 1998 to $2.9 million in 1999 due to an increase in
personnel and other related costs. In previous years, we received
royalty-bearing grants from the Israeli government, recorded as a reduction of
research and development costs. We have an obligation to pay royalties to the
Israeli government with a remaining future liability of $0.3 million. In 1998,
we transferred several key research and development personnel into our
operations group to support and maintain our newly developed Web-based email
services infrastructure. Costs relating to these personnel were included in cost
of revenues in 1998.

Sales and Marketing. Sales and marketing expenses increased 286% from $2.0
million in 1998 to $7.7 million in 1999, due to increased personnel and related
costs, public relations, other marketing expenses and direct sales costs to
support the growth of our email service revenues.

General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses increased 617%
from $0.6 million in 1998 to $4.3 million in 1999, due primarily to
substantially higher personnel and related costs, facility costs, higher fees
for outside professional services and other costs to support the growth of our
email service revenues.

Amortization of Prepaid Marketing Expenses. Amortization of prepaid marketing
expenses related to the InfoSpace and Microsoft warrants and totaled $3.3
million for 1999. The prepaid marketing expense is being amortized using the
straight-line method over the one-year minimum term of each of the commercial
agreements.

Amortization of Stock-based Employee Deferred Compensation. Our stock-based
employee deferred compensation expenses increased from $0.1 million for 1998 to
$3.4 million for 1999. The deferred compensation is being amortized using the
sum-of-digits method over the vesting schedule, generally four years.

Interest and Other Income (Expense), Net. Our interest and other income
(expense), net, increased from a net expense of $0.3 million for 1998 to a net
income of $1.2 million for 1999, due primarily to increased interest income
earned from cash equivalents and marketable securities.

Income Taxes. As of December 31, 1999, we had approximately $22.5 million of
Israeli net operating loss carry-forwards and $14.2 million of U.S. federal net
operating loss carry-forwards available to offset future taxable income. The
U.S. net operating loss carry-forwards will expire in various amounts in the
years 2008 to 2020. The Israeli net operating loss carry-forwards have no
expiration date.

Quarterly Results of Operations (Unaudited)

The following table sets forth certain unaudited quarterly statements of
operations data for the eight quarters ended December 31, 2000. This information
has been derived from the Company's consolidated unaudited financial statements,
which, in management's opinion, have been prepared on the same basis as the
audited consolidated financial statements, and include all adjustments,
consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair
presentation of the information for the quarters presented. This information
should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements
and the notes thereto included elsewhere in this report. The operating results
for any quarter are not necessarily indicative of the operating results for any
future period.

Three Months Ended
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mar. 31, Jun. 30, Sept. 30, Dec. 31, Mar. 31, Jun. 30, Sept. 30, Dec. 31,
1999 1999 1999 1999 2000 2000 2000 2000
------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
(in thousands)
(unaudited)

Email service revenues ..................... $ 346 $ 552 $ 1,117 $ 2,236 $ 3,597 $ 5,009 $ 4,747 $ 4,612
Software license revenues................... -- -- -- -- -- -- 500 650
------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
Total revenues.............................. 346 552 1,117 2,236 3,597 5,009 5,247 5,262
------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
Cost of email service revenues ............. 435 605 1,043 1,560 2,121 2,784 3,025 3,934
Cost of software license revenues........... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
Total cost of revenues...................... 435 605 1,043 1,560 2,121 2,784 3,025 3,934
------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
Gross profit (loss) ........................ (89) (53) 74 676 1,476 2,225 2,222 1,328
------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
Operating expenses:
Research and development................... 340 510 857 1,235 1,993 2,270 2,561 3,533
Sales and marketing ....................... 608 1,363 2,368 3,383 4,746 6,404 6,337 9,098
General and administrative ................ 617 683 1,345 1,683 2,106 2,576 3,184 5,755
In-process research and development........ -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1,280
Amortization of prepaid
marketing expenses ...................... -- -- 1,464 1,799 1,941 1,941 476 150
Amortization of stock-based
employee compensation ................... 386 1,013 1,096 941 763 762 763 762
------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
Total operating expenses ................ 1,951 3,569 7,130 9,041 11,549 13,953 13,321 20,578
------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
Operating loss ............................. (2,040) (3,622) (7,056) (8,365) (10,073) (11,728) (11,099) (19,250)
Interest and other income
(expenses), net ........................... (271) 6 577 920 938 931 883 118
Write-off impaired investments............. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- (5,000)
Minority interest........................... -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 55
------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
Net loss ................................... $(2,311) $(3,616) $(6,479) $(7,445) $(9,135) $(10,797) $(10,216) $(24,077)
======= ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= ======= =======

Fluctuations in Quarterly Results

We have incurred operating losses since inception, and we cannot be certain that
we will achieve profitability on a quarterly or annual basis in the future. Our
results of operations have fluctuated and are likely to continue to fluctuate
significantly from quarter to quarter as a result of a variety of factors, many
of which are outside of our control. A relatively large expense in a quarter
could have a negative effect on our financial performance in that quarter.
Additionally, as a strategic response to a changing competitive environment, we
may elect from time to time to make certain pricing, service, marketing or
acquisition decisions that could have a negative effect on our quarterly
financial performance. Other factors that may cause our future operating results
to fluctuate include, but are not limited to:

o continued growth of the Internet and of email usage;

o demand for Web-based email services;

o our ability to attract and retain customers and maintain customer
satisfaction;

o our ability to upgrade, develop and maintain our systems and
infrastructure;

o the amount and timing of operating costs and capital expenditures
relating to expansion of our business and infrastructure;

o the size, timing and fulfillment of orders for our email services;

o the receipt or payment of irregular or nonrecurring revenues or
expenses;

o technical difficulties or system outages;

o foreign exchange rate fluctuations;

o the announcement or introduction of new or enhanced services by our
competitors;

o our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel with Internet
industry expertise, particularly sales and marketing personnel;

o the pricing policies of our competitors;

o failure to increase our sales; and

o governmental regulation relating to the Internet, and email in
particular.

In addition to the factors set forth above, our operating results will be
impacted by the extent to which we incur non-cash charges associated with
stock-based arrangements with employees and non-employees.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have financed our operations principally from the sale of equity securities
and to a lesser extent from bank loans and research and development grants from
the Israeli government.

As of December 31, 2000, we had approximately $29.4 million of cash to fund
operations in 2001. In 2000 we utilized $31.2 million of cash to fund operating
losses, $19.1 million for purchasing property, plant and equipment and $7.0
million to invest in companies who we had strategic alliances with. Net cash
provided by financing activities was $2.3 million in 2000. To limit our cash
expenses in 2001 we have significantly reduced staff from 486 at December 31,
2000 to approximately 210 at March 31, 2001, curtailed discretionary expenses,
made available for sub-lease excess facilities and limited capital expenditures.
These actions were possible due to a significant decline in our revenue growth
due to competitive factors and a slowing economic environment.

On January 23, 2001 we entered into an ordinary share purchase agreement with
Torneaux Fund Ltd., a Bahamian limited liability company. Beginning on January
23, 2001 and continuing for 24 months thereafter, we may in our sole discretion
sell our ordinary shares, par value NIS .05 per share, to Torneaux. The 24-month
period is divided into 18 pricing periods, each consisting of 20 trading days on
the Nasdaq National Market or any other market which is at the time the
principal trading market for our ordinary shares. In addition, at the time of
each sale, we may issue to Torneaux call options to purchase ordinary shares up
to a maximum of the same number of shares to be purchased by Torneaux in the
share issuance, which expire at the end of the pricing period unless exercised.
We must deliver shares purchased in the draw down or on exercise of the option
in two installments, one at the end of each 10-day period during the 20-day
pricing period, at which time we will receive payment.

Torneaux's purchase price, and consequently the number of shares purchased, will
fluctuate based upon the daily volume weighted average price over a 20-day
trading period. In each draw down we will notify Torneaux of the dollar amount
of shares which we will sell, the commencement date of the pricing period, and
the threshold price which must be at least $2 or a lower amount if mutually
agreed. The threshold price is the lowest price per share (less a stated
discount) at which we will issue shares.

In the first quarter of 1999, we issued Series C Convertible Preferred Shares to
investors resulting in net proceeds of $5.3 million. In the second quarter of
1999, we issued to investors Convertible Promissory Notes which later converted
into 42,081 Series D Convertible Preferred Shares, resulting in net proceeds of
approximately $13.2 million. All of our convertible preferred shares
automatically converted into ordinary shares upon the closing of our initial
public offering on July 16, 1999. On July 16, 1999, we raised $70.8 million, net
of underwriters commissions, from our initial public offering (including the
exercise of the underwriters' overallotment option) and the private placement of
our ordinary shares in connection with the strategic partnership with InfoSpace
and Vulcan Ventures. On December 29, 1999 we raised an additional $20.0 million
from the sale of ordinary shares to Microsoft Corporation upon the exercise of a
warrant issued in connection with an email services agreement with Microsoft.

No additional amounts were raised, received or borrowed during 2000 except
proceeds received from the issuance of shares related to the exercise of stock
options and receipt of funds from an investor in Commtouch Japan. As of December
31, 2000, we had $20.8 million in cash and cash equivalents and $8.6 million in
marketable securities.

As of December 31, 2000, we had net working capital of $23.8 million.

Effective Corporate Tax Rates

Our tax rate will reflect a mix of the U.S. statutory tax rate on our U.S.
income and the Israeli tax rate discussed below. We expect that most of our
taxable income will be generated in Israel. Israeli companies are generally
subject to corporate tax at the rate of 36% of taxable income. The majority of
our income, however, is derived from our company's capital investment program
with Approved Enterprise status under the Law for the Encouragement of Capital
Investments in three separate plans, and is therefore eligible for certain tax
benefits. Pursuant to these benefits, we will enjoy a tax exemption on income
derived during the first two years in which such investment plans produce
taxable income (provided that we do not distribute such income as a dividend)
and a reduced tax rate of 10% to 25% for an additional period of five to eight
years depending on the level of foreign investment in Commtouch. All of these
tax benefits are subject to various conditions and restrictions. There can be no
assurance that we will obtain approval for additional Approved Enterprise
programs, or that the provisions of the law will not change. Moreover,
notwithstanding these tax benefits, to the extent we receive income from
countries other than Israel, such income may be subject to withholding tax.
Since we have incurred tax losses in every year through 2000, we have not yet
used the tax benefits for which we are eligible.

Impact of Inflation and Currency Fluctuations

Mostof our sales are in U.S. dollars. However, a significant portion of our
costs relates to our operations in Israel. A substantial portion of our
operating expenses, primarily our research and development expenses, is
denominated in NIS. Costs not denominated in U.S. dollars are translated to U.S.
dollars, when recorded, at prevailing rates of exchange. This is done for the
purposes of our financial statements and reporting. Costs not denominated in
U.S. dollars will increase if the rate of inflation in Israel exceeds the
devaluation of the Israeli currency as compared to the U.S. dollar or if the
timing of such devaluation lags considerably behind inflation. Consequently, we
are and will be affected by changes in the prevailing NIS/U.S. dollar exchange
rate. We might also be affected by the dollar exchange rate to the major
European and Asian currencies, due to the fact that we derive revenues from
customers in Europe and Asia.

The annual rate of inflation in Israel was 0% in 2000, 1.3% in 1999 and 8.6% in
1998. The NIS was devalued against the U.S. dollar by approximately -2.7% in
2000, 0.17% in 1999 and 17.6% in 1998. The representative dollar exchange rate
for converting the NIS to U.S. dollars, as reported by the Bank of Israel, was
NIS 4.041 for one U.S. dollar on December 31, 2000. Note that the representative
dollar exchange rate was NIS 4.192 at April 1, 2001.

Because exchange rates between the NIS and the dollar fluctuate continuously,
exchange rate fluctuations and especially larger periodic devaluations will have
an impact on our profitability and period-to-period comparisons of our results.
The effects of foreign currency re-measurements are reported in the consolidated
financial statements in current operations.

Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees

The following table sets forth certain information regarding our executive
officers and directors at May 1, 2001:

Beneficial
Ownership
Name Age >1%(3) Position
- ---- --- --------- --------

Allan Barkat(1) ........... 41 4.6% Director
Amir Lev .................. 41 3.3% President, Chief Technology Officer and Director
Carolyn Chin............... 53 -- Chairman of the Board of Directors
Elton King................. 54 -- Director
Gideon Mantel(1) .......... 41 3.0% Chief Executive Officer and Director
Nahum Sharfman(1) ......... 53 2.2% Director
Richard Sorkin ............ 39 -- Director
Sunil Bhardwaj ............ 45 -- Chief Financial Officer
Thomas Calandra(2) ........ 44 -- Director
Thomas Camp(2) ............ 37 5.4% Director
Yair Safrai(2) ............ 42 2.3% Director
<FN>
- ------------
(1) Member of the Compensation Committee
(2) Member of the Audit Committee
(3) For purposes of this table, a person or group of persons is deemed to have
beneficial ownership of shares of the Company's common stock which such
person or group has the right to acquire on or within 60 days after March
31, 2001. Unless otherwise indicated, to the Company's knowledge the person
named has sole voting and investment power, or shares voting and/or
investment power with such person's spouse, with respect to all shares
beneficially owned by that person.
</FN>

Other Management Employees:

The following table sets forth the names and positions of other management
employees:

Name Age Position
- ---- --- --------
Aviel Tenenbaum...... 37 Vice President, Asia Pacific
Avner Amram.......... 38 Senior Vice President, Operations, Commtouch Inc.
Eliezer Parnafes..... 35 Vice President, Finance and IR, Commtouch Ltd.
Griffin Palmer....... 46 Vice President, North American Sales, Commtouch, Inc.
Jan Eddy............. 51 President, Wingra Technologies Inc.
Ronni Zahavi......... 33 Vice President, Human Resources

Allan Barkat has served as a Director of Commtouch since February 1996. In
addition, Mr. Barkat served as Chairman of the Board of Directors from April
1999 to April 2001. From June 1999 to the present, Mr. Barkat has been a
Managing Director of Apax Partner Ventures Israel, Ltd. From March 1997 to the
present, Mr. Barkat has been a Managing Director of Apax-Leumi Partners, Ltd.
the investment advisor to Israel Growth Fund, LP, a technology-focused venture
capital fund. From January 1995 to March 1997, Mr. Barkat served as an Assistant
Director of Apax-Leumi Partners Ltd. From 1992 to 1994, Mr. Barkat served as
Vice President of Marketing & Sales of DSP Communications Group, Inc., a
wireless semiconductor company. Mr. Barkat has also served as a director of
Fundtech Ltd. and Ceragon Networks. Mr. Barkat received a B.Sc. from the
Technion, Haifa and has completed an Executive MBA from the Kellog-Recanati
program.

Amir Lev is a co-founder of Commtouch and has served as its Chief Technology
Officer and as a Director since its inception in 1991. Mr. Lev has also been the
General Manager of Commtouch since January 1997 and in May 2000 became
President. Mr. Lev received a B.A. in Computer Science and Economics from Hebrew
University, Jerusalem.

Carolyn Chin has served as the Chairman of the Board of Directors since May
2001. Ms. Chin has served as a Director of Commtouch since August 2000. Ms. Chin
has 30 years of experience in information technology, marketing, media,
telecommunications, retailing, health care, education and small business market
segments. She has held a number of senior executive positions including at:
Reuters, Market XT, IBM, Citibank, AT&T, Macy's and in the US Government. She
has served on over 30 boards and committees. Ms. Chin has also received numerous
honors including selection as a White House Fellow and the Committee of 100
(prominent Chinese-Americans). She graduated with an MBA from the Harvard
Business School and a BS in Management Engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic
Institute.

Elton King joined the Commtouch Board of Directors in October 2000. Mr. King
brings extensive experience in the telecommunications industry to the Commtouch
Board. At BellSouth, Mr. King served as the Group president of 35,000-person
strong Network and Carrier Services and was responsible for marketing,
provisioning and maintaining network products and services to telecommunications
providers including BellSouth Telecommunications, Inc.'s Customer Operations
Units, long distance carriers and CLECs (competitive local exchange carriers).
Mr. King was a member of the executive committee and board of BellSouth
Telecommunications, Inc., and is currently a member of the boards of directors
for Cleco Corporation, Hibernia Corporation and Hibernia National Bank where he
serves on the executive committee, audit committee, chairman-compensation
committee and governance committee. Mr. King has held numerous community
affiliated positions including chairman of the New Orleans and the River Region
Chamber of Commerce, chairman of the Economic Development Council of New Orleans
and the River region, chairman Unit 1 for United Way, and chairman of the
Greater New Orleans U.S. Savings Bonds Campaign.

Gideon Mantel is a co-founder of Commtouch and served as its Chief Financial
Officer from its inception in February 1991 until October 1995, when he became
Commtouch's Chief Operating Officer. In November 1997, he became Commtouch's
Chief Executive Officer. He has also served as a director of Commtouch since
inception. Mr. Mantel received a B.A. in Political Science and an M.B.A from Tel
Aviv University.

Nahum Sharfman rejoined the Board in March 2000. Mr. Sharfman is a co-founder of
Commtouch and served as its Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board
from its inception in February 1991. In November 1997 Mr. Sharfman stepped down
as Chief Executive Officer to become a founder of Dealtime.com. Mr. Sharfman
remained Chairman of the Board of Commtouch until he resigned in January 1999.
Prior to founding Commtouch, Mr. Sharfman spent eleven years with National
Semiconductor Corporation in various development and management roles. Mr.
Sharfman received a Ph.D. in High Energy Nuclear Physics from Carnegie Mellon
University and M.S. and B.S. degrees in Physics from the Technion, Haifa.

Richard Sorkin has served as a Director of Commtouch since July 1999. Since
June 1998 Mr. Sorkin has served as an advisor to several early-stage Internet
companies and is a director of several private companies. From June 1998 to
April 1999 he was the Chairman of the Board of Directors of ZIP2, an Internet
media company which was sold to Compaq. From May 1996 to June 1998, he was
Chief Executive Officer of ZIP2 and from May 1993 to March 1996 he held various
executive positions with Creative Technology, Ltd., a leading provider of
multi-media hardware. Mr. Sorkin received a B.A. with honors in Economics from
Yale University and an M.B.A. from Stanford University.

Sunil Bhardwaj joined Commtouch as Chief Financial Officer in December 2000. Mr.
Bhardwaj has over 25 years of senior financial experience, most recently as
Chief Financial Officer of Consolidated Freightways Corporation where he advised
the company on acquisitions, negotiated deals and worked on refinancing lines of
credit. He previously held positions as assistant controller, Vice President,
Internal Control and Treasurer. Mr. Bhardwaj's prior experience also includes 14
years in public accounting, most recently at Arthur Andersen & Company. Mr.
Bhardwaj holds a Bachelor degree in accounting and finance from the University
of Delhi.

Thomas Calandra has served as a Director of Commtouch since April 2000. Mr.
Calandra has served as Editor-in-Chief and Executive Vice President of News, CBS
MarketWatch.com (MKTW), since October 1997. He is also editor-in-chief of
Financial Times MarketWatch in London. From March 1996 to October 1997, Mr.
Calandra was Editor-in-Chief and Vice President of News at Data Broadcasting
(DBCC), the predecessor to CBS MarketWatch. From December 1993 to February 1996,
Mr. Calandra was editor of USA Today's Online Money Section and editor and
financial reporter at Bloomberg London. Mr. Calandra received a B.A. from the
City University of New York at Brooklyn College and a M.A. in English from the
University of Arizona.

Thomas Camp has served as a Director of Commtouch since July 1999. Since October
2000, Mr. Camp has served as Senior Vice President, Business Development, at
InfoSpace, a global provider of private label hosted software and infrastructure
services on wireless, broadband and narrowband platforms. From April 1999 to
October 2000, Mr. Camp served as Vice President, Business Development, at
Go2Net, a network of branded, technology and community driven websites, which
merged with InfoSpace in October 2000. From September 1990 to April 1999, he was
an attorney with the law firm of Hutchins, Wheeler & Dittmar, most recently as a
stockholder. Mr. Camp received a B.A. from Tufts University, an M.B.A. from
Boston College Graduate School of Management and a J.D. from Boston College Law
School. Go2Net and Vulcan Ventures Incorporated entered into an agreement with
us in which they purchased shares and received a warrant to purchase additional
shares. Under that agreement, they have the right to name one director to our
board, as long as they continue to hold at least 25% of their combined number of
shares and the shares available to Go2Net upon exercise of the warrant. Mr. Camp
was appointed to the board pursuant to that agreement. In connection with the
merger of Go2Net and InfoSpace, Go2Net's shares, warrants and rights under that
agreement were assumed by InfoSpace.

Yair Safrai has served as a Director of Commtouch since January 1999. From
September 1996 to the present, Mr. Safrai has served as a General Partner of
Concord Ventures, a technology-focused venture capital fund. From July 1994 to
September 1996, Mr. Safrai served as Vice President of Nitzanim, a venture
capital fund. Mr. Safrai received a B.A. in Management and Economics from Tel
Aviv University, an M.A. from the University of Pennsylvania, and an M.B.A. from
the Wharton Business School, University of Pennsylvania.

Aviel Tenenbaum has served as Vice President of Asia Pacific Sales for Commtouch
Software Ltd. since July 2000. Mr. Tenenbaum has 10 years of experience in the
IT industry in management, international business development and sales. His
background includes: CEO of the largest portal in Israel; founder and CEO of two
start-up technology companies, in the fields of messaging, ecommerce and
electronic content. Mr. Tenenbaum served as a captain in the Israeli army, where
he gained extensive experience in macro economic analysis and long-term
assessments on global subjects. Mr. Tenenbaum holds an MBA in Marketing
Management and Global Business Studies from Tel Aviv University and a BA in
Economics and East Asian Studies from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem.

Avner Amram has served as Senior Vice President, Operations of Commtouch Inc.
since April 1999. Mr. Amram was Director of Operations of Commtouch Inc. from
March 1998 to April 1999 and a Software Team Leader from March 1996 to March
1998. Mr. Amram received a B.Sc. in Computer Science from the Technion, Haifa.

Eliezer Parnafes has served as Vice President of Finance & Investor Relations of
Commtouch, Ltd. since September 2000. From June 1996 to August 2000, Mr.
Parnafes was Chief Financial Officer and Vice President of Finance for The
Payton Group, a public Israeli High-Tech concern with operations in Israel, USA,
Taiwan and India. From June 1994 to May 1996, Mr. Parnafes was controller for
The Payton Group. Prior to June 1994, Mr. Parnafes obtained experience with
various public accounting firms. Mr. Parnafes holds an MBA from the Hebrew
University in Jerusalem in addition to a Bachelor of Academics in Accounting and
Economy. Mr. Parnafes is a Certified Public Accountant.

Griffin Palmer has served as Vice President of Sales & Business Development of
Commtouch, Inc. since September 2000. Before joining Commtouch, Mr. Palmer was
Vice President of Sales at High End Systems in Austin, Texas. His experience in
the automated electronics and imbedded software business helped High End acquire
other industry leaders in the control software platform space and successfully
develop distributor and dealer channels through which he more than tripled
annual revenues. Mr. Palmer opened sales offices for High End Systems in six
locations including Los Angeles, Miami, Orlando, Toronto, New York and London.
Prior to his role at High End Systems, Mr. Palmer was the Chief Executive
Officer and owner of Core Systems, a technical integration firm.

Jan Eddy has served as President of Wingra Technologies Inc. since 1991. Ms.
Eddy has over 25 years of experience in the computer software industry in both
public and private sectors. Prior to acquiring Wingra in 1991, she was president
of Office Solutions, Inc., a PC software development company listed in the INC
500, which she sold to a public corporation. Her software engineering, IT
management, and entrepreneurial skills provide a unique blend of perspectives as
she manages Wingra's strategic business operations. Ms. Eddy is involved with
economic development, entrepreneurial, and technology related activities, and
holds various directorships.

Ronni Zahavi has served as a Vice President Human Resources for Commtouch
Software Ltd. since July 1999. From June 1997 to July 1999, Mr. Zehavi was
Human Resources and Training Manager at Mondex -- Electronic Cash, a subsidiary
of Mastercard International. From January 1994 to June 1997, he was an
organizational consultant. Mr. Zehavi received his BA in Educational Psychology
and History from Tel Aviv University, and received his M.A. in Organizational
Sociology from Bar-Ilan University.

Election of Directors

Directors (other than outside directors, as explained below) are elected by
shareholders at the annual general meeting of the shareholders and hold office
until the next annual general meeting following the annual general meeting or
general meeting at which such Director is elected and until his successor is
elected or until he is removed. An annual general meeting shall be held at least
once in every calendar year, but not more than fifteen months after the last
preceding annual general meeting. Directors may be removed and other directors
may be elected in their place or to fill vacancies in the Board of Directors at
any time by the holders of a majority of the voting power at a general meeting
of the shareholders. Until a vacancy is filled by the shareholders as aforesaid,
the Board of Directors may appoint new directors temporarily to fill vacancies
on the Board of Directors. The Articles of Association of Commtouch authorize
ten directors or such greater number as may be determined from time to time by
an ordinary resolution of the shareholders. There are no family relationships
among any of the directors, officers or key employees of Commtouch.

Alternate Directors

The Articles of Association of Commtouch provide that any director may appoint
another person to serve as an alternate director and may remove such alternate.
Any alternate director possesses all the rights and obligations of the director
who appointed him, except that the alternate has no standing at any meeting
while the appointing director is present, the alternate may not in turn appoint
an alternate for himself (unless the instrument appointing him otherwise
expressly provides) and the alternate is not entitled to remuneration. A person
who is not qualified to be appointed as a director, or a person who already
serves as a director or an alternate director, may not be appointed as an
alternate director. Unless the appointing director limits the time or scope of
the appointment, the appointment is effective for all purposes until the
appointing director ceases to be a director or terminates the appointment. The
appointment of an alternate director does not in itself diminish the
responsibility of the appointing director as a director.

Independent and Outside Directors

The new Israeli Companies Law, which took effect on February 1, 2000, requires
Israeli companies with shares that have been offered to the public in or outside
of Israel to appoint at least two outside directors. No person may be appointed
as an outside director if the person or the person's relative, partner, employer
or any entity under the person's control has or had, on or within the two years
preceding the date of the person's appointment to serve as outside director, any
affiliation with the company or any entity controlling, controlled by or under
common control with the company. The term affiliation includes:

o an employment relationship;

o a business or professional relationship maintained on a regular basis;

o control; and

o service as an office holder.

No person may serve as an outside director if the person's position or other
business activities create, or may create, a conflict of interest with the
person's responsibilities as an outside director or may otherwise interfere with
the person's ability to serve as an outside director. If, at the time outside
directors are to be appointed, all current members of the Board of Directors are
of the same gender, then at least one outside director must be of the other
gender.

Outside directors are to be elected by a majority vote at a shareholders'
meeting, provided that either:

o such majority includes at least one-third of the shares held by
non-controlling shareholders, as that term is defined in the Companies
Law, who are present and voting at the meeting; or

o the total number of shares held by non-controlling shareholders voting
against the election of the director at the meeting does not exceed one
percent of the aggregate voting rights in the company.

However, regulations under the new Companies Law relating to foreign private
issuers include provisions allowing for directors appointed prior to the
effective date of such Law to act as outside directors without the need for
shareholder approval, provided they meet certain criteria.

The initial term of an outside director is three years and may be extended for
an additional three years. Outside directors may be removed only by the same
percentage of shareholders as is required for their election, or by a court, and
then only if the outside director ceases to meet the statutory qualifications
for their appointment or if they violate their fiduciary duty to the company.
Each committee of a company's Board of Directors must include at least one
outside director. An outside director is entitled to compensation as provided in
the regulations adopted under the Companies Law and is otherwise prohibited from
receiving any other compensation, directly or indirectly, in connection with
service provided as an outside director.

In addition, the Nasdaq National Market requires Commtouch to have at least two
independent directors on our Board of Directors and to establish an audit
committee, at least a majority of whose members are independent of management.
We have appointed directors who qualify both as independent directors under the
Nasdaq National Market requirements and as outside directors under the Companies
Law.

Audit Committee

The Companies Law requires public companies to appoint an audit committee. The
responsibilities of the audit committee include identifying irregularities in
the management of the company's business and approving related party
transactions as required by law. An audit committee must consist of at least
three directors, including all of the outside directors. The chairman of the
Board of Directors, any director employed by or otherwise providing services to
the company, and a controlling shareholder or any relative of a controlling
shareholder, may not be a member of the audit committee. An audit committee may
not approve an action or a transaction with a controlling shareholder, or with
an office holder, unless at the time of approval two outside directors are
serving as members of the audit committee and at least one of the outside
directors was present at the meeting in which an approval was granted.

Internal Auditor

Under the Companies Law, the Board of Directors must appoint an internal
auditor, nominated by the audit committee. The role of the internal auditor is
to examine, among other matters, whether the company's actions comply with the
law and orderly business procedure. Under the Companies Law, the internal
auditor may be an employee of the company but not an interested party or office
holder, or a relative of an interested party or office holder, and he or she may
not be the company's independent accountant or its representative. During 2000,
the Company appointed a qualified internal auditor.

Approval of Certain Transactions; Obligations of Directors, Officers and
Shareholders

The Israeli Companies Law codifies the fiduciary duties that office holders,
including directors and executive officers, owe to a company. An office holder's
fiduciary duties consist of a duty of care and a duty of loyalty. The duty of
loyalty includes avoiding any conflict of interest between the office holder's
position in the company and such person's personal affairs, avoiding any
competition with the company, avoiding exploiting any corporate opportunity of
the company in order to receive personal advantage for such person or others,
and revealing to the company any information or documents relating to the
company's affairs which the office holder has received due to his or her
position as an office holder. Each person listed in the first table that appears
above at the beginning of this Item 6 is an office holder.

Under the Israeli Companies Law, all arrangements as to compensation of office
holders who are not directors require approval of the Board of Directors unless
the Articles of Association provide otherwise. Arrangements regarding the
compensation of directors also require audit committee and shareholder approval.
The Israeli Companies Law requires that an office holder promptly disclose any
personal interest that he or she may have and all related material information
known to him or her, in connection with any existing or proposed transaction by
the company. In addition, if the transaction is an extraordinary transaction,
the office holder must also disclose any personal interest held by the office
holder's spouse, siblings, parents, grandparents, descendants, spouse's
descendants and the spouses of any of the foregoing, or by any corporation in
which the office holder is a five percent or greater shareholder, director or
general manager or in which he or she has the right to appoint at least one
director or the general manager. An extraordinary transaction is defined as a
transaction not in the ordinary course of business, a transaction that is not on
market terms, or a transaction that is likely to have a material impact on the
company's profitability, assets or liabilities.

In the case of a transaction that is not an extraordinary transaction, after the
office holder complies with the above disclosure requirement, only Board
approval is required unless the Articles of Association of the company provide
otherwise. Such approval must determine that the transaction is not adverse to
the company's interest. If the transaction is an extraordinary transaction, then
in addition to any approval required by the Articles of Association, it also
must be approved by the audit committee and by the Board and, under specified
circumstances, by a meeting of the shareholders. An Israeli company whose shares
are publicly traded shall not be entitled to approve such a transaction unless,
at the time the approval was granted, two members of the audit committee were
outside directors and at least one of them was present at the meeting at which
the audit committee decided to grant the approval. An office holder who has a
personal interest in a matter that is considered at a meeting of the Board of
Directors or the audit committee generally may not be present at this meeting or
vote on this matter.

The Israeli Companies Law applies the same disclosure requirements to a
controlling shareholder of a public company, which includes a shareholder that
holds 25% or more of the voting rights if no other shareholder owns more than
50% of the voting rights in the company. Extraordinary transactions with a
controlling shareholder or in which a controlling shareholder has a personal
interest, and the terms of compensation of a controlling shareholder who is an
office holder, require the approval of the audit committee, the Board of
Directors and the shareholders of the company. The shareholder approval must
either include at least one-third of the disinterested shareholders who are
present, in person or by proxy, at the meeting or, alternatively, the total
shareholdings of the disinterested shareholders who vote against the transaction
must not represent more than one percent of the voting rights in the company.

Under the Israeli Companies Law, a shareholder has a duty to act in good faith
towards the company and other shareholders and refrain from abusing his or her
power in the company, including, among other things, voting in the general
meeting of shareholders on the following matters:

o any amendment to the Articles of Association;
o an increase of the company's authorized share capital;
o a merger; or
o approval of interested party transactions that require shareholder approval.

In addition, any controlling shareholder, any shareholder who can determine the
outcome of a shareholder vote and any shareholder who, under the company's
Articles of Association, can appoint or prevent the appointment of an office
holder, is under a duty to act with fairness towards the company. The Israeli
Companies Law does not describe the substance of this duty.

Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation

The Compensation Committee, which was established by the Board in January 1996,
is responsible for determining salaries, incentives and other forms of
compensation for Commtouch's directors, officers and other employees and for
administering various incentive compensation and benefit plans. The Compensation
Committee consists of the Chief Executive Officer and two other Directors. Allan
Barkat, as an outside director, and Nahum Sharfman are currently the two other
directors on the Compensation Committee.

Conflicts of interest may arise as a consequence of the relationship of one of
our directors, Thomas Camp, with InfoSpace, including conflicts related to
corporate opportunities that could be pursued by us, on the one hand, or by
InfoSpace or their affiliates, on the other hand, or conflicts related to
existing or new contractual relationships between us, on the one hand, or by
InfoSpace or their affiliates, on the other hand. Transactions between us and
our officers and directors, and extraordinary transactions between us and our
principal shareholders or a third party if a principal shareholder has a
personal interest in such transaction generally require the approval of a
majority of the board of directors, including a majority of the independent and
disinterested outside directors, and in some circumstances, audit committee and
shareholder approvals as well (See "Approval of Certain Transactions").

Indemnification of Directors and Officers; Limitations on Liability

Israeli law permits a company to insure an office holder in respect of
liabilities incurred by him or her as a result of the breach of his or her duty
of care to the company or to another person, or as a result of the breach of his
or her fiduciary duty to the company, to the extent that he or she acted in good
faith and had reasonable cause to believe that the act would not prejudice the
company. A company can also insure an office holder for monetary liabilities as
a result of an act or omission that he or she committed in connection with his
or her serving as an office holder. Moreover, a company can indemnify an office
holder for (a) monetary liability imposed upon him or her in favor of other
persons pursuant to a court judgment, including a compromise judgment or an
arbitrator's decision approved by a court, and (b) reasonable litigation
expenses, including attorneys' fees, actually incurred by him or her or imposed
upon him or her by a court, in an action, suit or proceeding brought against him
or her by or on behalf of the company or other persons, or in connection with a
criminal action which does not require criminal intent in which he or she was
convicted, in each case in connection with his or her activities as an office
holder. Our Articles of Association allow us to insure and indemnify office
holders to the fullest extent permitted by law provided such insurance or
indemnification is approved in accordance with the new Companies Law. The
Company has acquired directors' and officers' liability insurance covering the
officers and directors of the Company and its subsidiaries for certain claims.

Compensation of Directors and Officers.

The directors of Commtouch can be remunerated by Commtouch for their services as
directors to the extent such remuneration is approved by Commtouch's audit
committee, board of directors, and shareholders at a general meeting. Directors
currently do not receive cash compensation for their services as directors but
are reimbursed for their expenses for each Board of Directors meeting attended.
However, see "Nonemployee Directors Stock Option Plan," below.

The aggregate direct remuneration paid by Commtouch to all directors and
executive officers (11 persons) in 2000 was approximately $543,000. During the
same period Commtouch accrued or set aside approximately $28,000 for the same
group to provide pension, retirement or similar benefits. As of December 31,
2000, directors and executive officers of Commtouch (11 persons) held stock
options to purchase an aggregate of 825,080 ordinary shares.

Options to Purchase Securities from Registrant or Subsidiaries.

As of March 31, 2001, stock options to purchase 3,621,933 ordinary shares had
been granted to employees, consultants, executive officers and non-employee
directors under the Company's stock option plans, net of cancelled options. Of
that number 2,476,919 had not been exercised and had exercise prices ranging
from $0.01 to $66.50 per share and a weighted average per share exercise price
of $19.51, and were held by 332 persons; these options have termination dates
ranging from April 2005 to May 2011. At March 31, 2001, the persons named in
Item 6 as a group (11 persons) held options to acquire 795,080 Ordinary Shares.
Reference is also made to the information contained in Item 7 below.

Employees

See Item 4: Employees

Item 7. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions.

The following table presents information with respect to beneficial ownership of
our ordinary shares as of March 31, 2001:

o each person or entity known to Commtouch to own beneficially more than
five percent of Commtouch's ordinary shares, and

o all executive officers and directors as a group.

Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the
Securities and Exchange Commission and includes voting and investment power with
respect to shares. To our knowledge, except under applicable community property
laws or as otherwise indicated, the persons named in the table have sole voting
and sole investment control with respect to all shares beneficially owned. The
applicable percentage of ownership for each shareholder is based on 16,970,584
ordinary shares outstanding as of March 31, 2001 (Note that the InfoSpace
warrant of 1,136,000 shares is underwater based the market price on March 31,
2001 and an exercise price of $12.80 per share, as such the warrants have no
impact on the percentage of ownership computation). Ordinary shares issuable
upon exercise of options and other rights beneficially owned are deemed
outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of the person
holding those options and other rights, but are not deemed outstanding for
computing the percentage ownership of any other person.

Amount Percent of
Owned Class
--------- ----------

Thomas Camp (InfoSpace)(1) 911,682 5.37%
Jan Eddy (President: Wingra Technologies Inc.) 881,947 5.20%
All directors and officers as a group (11 persons) 3,590,208 20.85%

(1) Mr. Camp, who is a director of the Company, is the Senior Vice President,
Business Development at InfoSpace, and as such, may be deemed to beneficially
own such shares. Mr. Camp disclaims beneficial ownership of all such ordinary
shares.

Interest of Management in Certain Transactions.

Relationship with InfoSpace

Concurrent with the closing of the initial public offering, our U.S. subsidiary,
Commtouch Inc., entered into a Customized Web-based Email Service Agreement with
InfoSpace. Under that agreement, we provide customer email services, including
calendaring and other products and services, to end users of InfoSpace's various
properties, which may include cable subscribers of Charter Communications and
its affiliates, users of services offered by High Speed Access Corp. and any
browser, website, ISP or similar service that InfoSpace sponsors or provides
content to. Under the agreement, Commtouch hosts, serves and maintains the
email, calendaring and other services and InfoSpace sells advertising to be
displayed in the products and services. InfoSpace will pay Commtouch a share of
revenues from advertising generated from email, calendaring or other services
and related upgrades provided by Commtouch for InfoSpace's users. The agreement
between Commtouch and InfoSpace has a three year duration, but InfoSpace has the
right on each anniversary to terminate the agreement. InfoSpace also has the
right to terminate the agreement if there are technical problems with the
products or services provided by Commtouch. The performance specifications set
forth in the agreement include requiring us to maintain certain levels of email
system availability and response time, as well as technical support to
InfoSpace's email end users and to InfoSpace, among other things.

In connection with entering into the email services agreement, we issued to
InfoSpace a warrant to purchase 1,136,000 ordinary shares at an exercise price
of $12.80 per share. The warrant is non-forfeitable, fully vested and
immediately exercisable, and will expire five years from the date of the email
service agreement.

Concurrent with our entering into the email services agreement, we issued $13.3
million in ordinary shares to InfoSpace and $6.7 million in ordinary shares to
Vulcan Ventures in a private placement at $14.88 per share. Pursuant to the
share purchase agreement, InfoSpace and Vulcan Ventures have the right to name
one director to our board as long as they continue to hold at least 25% of the
combined number of shares purchased by them in the private placement and the
shares issuable to InfoSpace upon exercise of the warrant. Mr. Camp was
appointed to the board pursuant to that agreement. In connection with this
transaction, we agreed to pay U.S. Bancorp Piper Jaffray an advisory fee of
$550,000 under the terms of an engagement letter agreement dated as of July 5,
1999.

We agreed to register the shares and warrant described above promptly after the
closing of the initial public offering. The registration statement became
effective on January 7, 2000.

Preferred Share Financings

Mr. Yair Safrai, a director of Commtouch, is a Managing Partner of Concord
Ventures, which manages the Concord Funds (as defined below). Pursuant to
Preferred Share Letter Agreements entered into in December 1998 and February
1999, we issued and sold (i) 41,570 Series C Convertible Preferred Shares to
k.t. Concord Venture Fund (Cayman) L.P., k.t. Concord Venture Fund (Israel)
L.P., k.t. Concord Venture Advisors (Cayman) L.P. and k.t. Concord Venture
Advisors (Israel) L.P. (the "Concord Funds"), for a total investment of
approximately $3.0 million; (ii) 16,249 Series C Convertible Preferred Shares to
IGF for a total investment of approximately $1.2 million; and (iii) 12,779
Series C Convertible Preferred Shares to GIF for approximately $922,000.

Option Exercises and Purchases of Shares Subject to Repurchase By Certain
Officers

From February 1, 2000 through August 10, 2000 the Company granted certain loans
to certain officers and directors to enable them to finance an early exercise of
their options into restricted shares. In December 2000, the Company was notified
by its legal counsel, that under the new Israeli Companies Law, effective
February 1, 2000, the Company was currently prohibited from financing a third
party purchase of its shares. Accordingly, the loans to officers were null and
void and a violation of Israeli Corporate Law. Upon notification, the Company
decided to void the loans and the underlying exercise of options.

Gideon Mantel is the Chief Executive Officer and a Director of Commtouch. On
March 17, 1999, Mr. Mantel exercised certain options granted to him by
Commtouch. In consideration for the ordinary shares purchased pursuant to the
exercise of the options, he provided Commtouch with a full-recourse promissory
note dated March 17, 1999 in the original principal amount of $341,272. The
promissory note bears interest at 4.83% annually, with payments of interest only
due on March 17 of each year and with the balance due and payable on the fourth
anniversary of the date of the promissory note. This loan was used by Mr. Mantel
to purchase 286,120 ordinary shares of Commtouch at a weighted average purchase
price of $1.19 per share. The promissory note is collateralized by a pledge of
the stock purchased. The outstanding principal amount of the note as of March
31, 2001 is $341,272.

Loan to Dr. Nahum Sharfman and Relationship among Commtouch and DealTime.com
Ltd.

Dr. Nahum Sharfman was a co-founder of Commtouch and served as a director and
Chairman of the Board of Directors of Commtouch from inception until January
1999. Dr. Sharfman also served as the Chief Executive Officer of Commtouch until
March 31, 1998. Dr. Sharfman rejoined the Board as a director in March 2000. On
December 31, 1995, Commtouch made a loan of approximately $58,000 to Dr.
Sharfman. The loan plus linkage to the Israeli Consumer Price Index was to have
been repaid within three years, or within 30 days of the termination of Dr.
Sharfman's employment, if earlier. At December 31, 1998 the outstanding balance
of this loan was approximately $55,000, payable in NIS. Dr. Sharfman repaid the
loan in the third quarter of 1999.

In 1997 Dr. Sharfman established DealTime.com Ltd. (formerly known as
Papricom), together with Mr. Amir Ashkenazi, a former employee of Commtouch.

During an interim period in which Commtouch and DealTime.com Ltd. were
negotiating a technology exchange agreement, which ultimately was not signed,
Commtouch provided DealTime.com Ltd. with certain services (office and
secretarial services, computers and other facilities including, without
limitation, all payments made for or on behalf of DealTime.com Ltd.) and access
to certain of Commtouch's technology. At the request of DealTime.com Ltd.,
Commtouch also entered into a Product Distribution Agreement (the "Stock Alert
Agreement") with News Alert Inc. DealTime.com has provided technical support
and services to News Alert Inc. in connection with the Stock Alert Agreement.
Commtouch has entered into three agreements to clarify the rights and
obligations of Commtouch, DealTime.com, Dr. Sharfman and Mr. Amir Ashkenazi.

Under the first agreement, Dr. Sharfman and Mr. Ashkenazi acknowledge that
Commtouch is the sole owner of all of their inventions invented during their
employment with Commtouch and for two years following the termination of their
employment, which inventions relate to Commtouch's business and research
activities as of April 1, 1998 (except in the field of e-commerce). They also
acknowledge Commtouch's rights to inventions that result from work that they
performed for Commtouch at any time, or which are the subject matter of a
specified patent application. Dr. Sharfman and Mr. Ashkenazi also agreed not to
compete with Commtouch's actual business and research activities as they were on
April 1, 1998 (except in the field of e-commerce) through March 31, 2000.

The second agreement, which is between Commtouch and DealTime.com Ltd.,
confirms that DealTime.com Ltd. shall be solely responsible for all obligations
of Commtouch under the Stock Alert Agreement. DealTime.com Ltd. also
acknowledges that Commtouch is the sole owner of the Multimedia Desktop
Software Technology that Commtouch developed and that was licensed to News
Alert Inc., and Commtouch grants DealTime.com Ltd. a royalty-free,
non-exclusive, limited license to use that technology to provide support
services under the Stock Alert Agreement. DealTime.com Ltd. also agreed to pay

$50,000 to Commtouch for all of the services rendered by Commtouch and for the
license fees that DealTime.com Ltd. received under the Stock Alert Agreement,
and to divide any future revenues and license fees received under the Stock
Alert Agreement equally with Commtouch. Commtouch, for its part, waived any
claim to an equity interest in DealTime.com Ltd., and agreed that it does not
own intellectual property developed by DealTime.com Ltd. other than in breach
of the agreements with DealTime.com Ltd. and Messrs. Sharfman and Ashkenazi.

Finally, Commtouch and Dr. Sharfman entered into a Termination of Employment
Agreement requiring the repayment by Dr. Sharfman of Commtouch's loan to him by
December 31, 1999 and the release to Dr. Sharfman of funded and unfunded
severance pay within 20 days of the date of approval of the Termination of
Employment Agreement by our shareholders and containing a waiver by Dr. Sharfman
of any rights under stock options that were granted to him. Dr. Sharfman repaid
the loan and Commtouch released the severance payments in the third quarter of
1999.

Loan to Amir Lev

Amir Lev has been a director and executive officer of Commtouch since its
inception in 1991. In 1999, Mr. Lev exercised options for Commtouch ordinary
shares. We loaned him $364,000 so that he could make an estimated tax payment in
connection with this option. This full recourse loan was linked to the Israeli
Consumer Price Index and interest accrued at a rate of 2% per annum. The loan
was repaid in full on February 10, 2000.

Item 8. Financial Information.

See Item 18: Financial Statements

Item 9. The Offer and Listing.

The Company's Ordinary Shares have traded publicly on The Nasdaq Stock Market
under the symbol "CTCH" since July 13, 1999. The Company's initial public
offering price was $16.00 per share.

The following table lists the high and low closing sales prices for the
Company's Ordinary Shares, for the periods indicated, as reported by The Nasdaq
Stock Market:

High Low
------- ---------
1999:
Third Quarter (beginning July 13, 1999) $ 22.625 $ 11.0625
Fourth Quarter 49.125 14.3125

2000:
First Quarter $ 66.50 $ 35.5625
Second Quarter 38.5625 14.625
Third Quarter 33.9375 16.50
October 18.9375 11.9375
November 13.8125 7.5625
December 7.25 3.8125

2001:
January $ 4.6875 $ 2.00
February 3.625 1.25
March 1.0625 0.75

If the Company decides to distribute a cash dividend out of income that has been
exempted from tax, the income out of which the dividend is distributed will be
subject to the 25% Israeli corporate tax rate. The Company has never declared or
paid cash dividends on its Ordinary Shares and does not anticipate paying any
cash dividends in the foreseeable future. The Company intends to retain future
earnings to finance the development of its business.

Item 10. Additional Information.

Under current Israeli regulations, any dividends or other distributions paid in
respect of Ordinary Shares purchased by non-residents of Israel with certain
non-Israeli currencies (including dollars) will be freely repatriable in such
non-Israeli currencies at the rate of exchange prevailing at the time of
conversion, provided that Israeli income tax has been paid on, or withheld from,
such payments.

Neither the Articles of Association of the Company nor the laws of the State of
Israel restrict in any way the ownership or voting of ordinary shares by
non-residents of Israel, except with respect to subjects of countries which are
at a state of war with Israel.

ISRAELI TAXATION AND INVESTMENT PROGRAMS

The following discussion summarizes the material Israeli tax consequences
relating to Commtouch, its shareholders and ownership and disposition of its
ordinary shares. This summary does not discuss all aspects of Israeli tax law
that may be relevant to a particular investor in light of his personal
investment circumstances or to certain types of investors subject to special
treatment under Israeli law (for example, traders in securities or persons that
own, directly or indirectly, 10% or more of Commtouch's outstanding voting
shares). The following also includes a discussion of certain Israeli government
programs benefiting various Israeli businesses such as Commtouch. To the extent
that the discussion is based on new legislation yet to be subject to judicial or
administrative interpretation, there can be no assurance that the views
expressed herein will accord with any such interpretation in the future. This
discussion does not cover all possible tax consequences or situations, and
investors should consult their tax advisors regarding the tax consequences
unique to their situation.

Proposed Tax Reform

On May 4, 2000, a committee chaired by the Director General of the Israeli
Ministry of Finance, Avi Ben-Bassat, issued a report recommending a sweeping
reform in the Israeli system of taxation. The proposed reform would
significantly alter the taxation of individuals, and would also affect corporate
taxation. In particular, the proposed reform would reduce, but not eliminate,
the tax benefits available to approved enterprises such as ours. The Israeli
cabinet approved the recommendations in principle, but implementation of the
reform requires legislation by Israel's Knesset. In the interim, a new Israeli
government has been formed, and there are indications that the new government
may eliminate significant aspects of the proposed reform. The Company cannot be
certain whether the proposed reform will be adopted, when it will be adopted or
what form any reform will ultimately take.

General Corporate Tax Structure

The regular general corporate tax rate in Israel is 36%. However, the effective
rate payable by a company which derives income from an Approved Enterprise (as
further discussed below) may be considerably less. See "Law for the
Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959."

Taxation Under Inflationary Conditions

The Income Tax Law (Adjustment for Inflation), 1985 (the "Adjustment for
Inflation Law") attempts to overcome some of the problems experienced in a
traditional tax system by an economy experiencing rapid inflation, which was the
case in Israel at the time the Adjustment for Inflation Law was enacted.
Generally, the Adjustment for Inflation Law was designed to neutralize for
Israeli tax purposes the erosion of capital investments in businesses and to
prevent unintended tax benefits resulting from the deduction of inflationary
financing expenses. The Adjustment for Inflation Law applies a supplementary set
of inflationary adjustments to a normal taxable profit computed according to
regular historical cost principles.

The Adjustment for Inflation Law introduced a special adjustment for the
preservation of equity for the tax purpose based on changes in the Israeli CPI,
whereby corporate assets are classified broadly into fixed (inflation resistant)
assets and non-fixed assets. Where shareholders' equity, as defined in the
Adjustment for Inflation Law, exceeds the depreciated cost of fixed assets, a
corporate tax deduction which takes into account the effect of inflationary
change on such excess is allowed (up to a ceiling of 70% of taxable income in
any single tax year, with the unused portion permitted to be carried forward on
an inflation-linked basis with no ceiling). If the depreciated cost of fixed
assets exceeds shareholders' equity, then such excess multiplied by the annual
rate of inflation is added to taxable income.

In addition, subject to certain limitations, depreciation on fixed assets and
loss carry forwards are adjusted for inflation based on changes in the Israeli
CPI. The net effect of the Adjustment for Inflation Law on Commtouch might be
that Commtouch's taxable income, as determined for Israeli corporate tax
purposes, will be different from Commtouch's U.S. dollar income, as reflected in
its financial statements, due to the difference between the annual changes in
the CPI and in the NIS exchange rate with respect to the U.S. Dollar, causing
changes in the actual tax rate.

Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 1969

Commtouch is currently considered to qualify as an "Industrial Company" within
the meaning of the Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 1969 (the
"Industry Encouragement Law"). According to the Industry Encouragement Law, an
"Industrial Company" is a company resident in Israel, at least 90% of the income
of which in any tax year, determined in Israeli currency (exclusive of income
from defense loans, capital gains, interest and dividends) is derived from an
"Industrial Enterprise" that it owns. An "Industrial Enterprise" is defined by
that law as an enterprise whose major activity in a given tax year is industrial
production activity.

Included among the tax benefits for an Industrial Company are:

o deductions of 12.5% per annum of the purchase price of a patent or of
know-how that is utilized in the development or advancement of its
enterprise;

o an election under certain conditions to file a consolidated return with
additional related industrial companies;

o accelerated depreciation rates on equipment and buildings; and

o deduction of expenses incurred in connection with a public issuance of
shares listed for trading over a three year period. The tax authorities
may construe this benefit to be relevant only upon a public issuance of
shares in Israel.

Eligibility for the benefits under the Industry Encouragement Law is not subject
to receipt of prior approval from any governmental authority. No assurance can
be given that Commtouch is and will continue to be considered as an "Industrial
Company" or that the benefits described above will be available in the future.

Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959

The Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959, as amended (the
"Investment Law"), provides that a capital investment in production facilities
(or other eligible facilities) may, upon application to the Israel Investment
Center, be designated as an Approved Enterprise. Each certificate of approval
for an Approved Enterprise relates to a specific capital investment program
delineated both by its financial scope, including its capital sources, and its
physical characteristics, i.e. the equipment to be purchased and utilized
pursuant to the program. The tax benefits derived from any such certificate of
approval relate only to taxable profits attributable to the specific Approved
Enterprise.

Commtouch's investment plans have been granted the status of an Approved
Enterprise under the Investment Law, in two separate investment programs. These
programs provide Commtouch with certain tax benefits as described below; with
regard to the first program, Commtouch also received long-term loans guaranteed
by the State of Israel. Under the terms of Commtouch's Approved Enterprise
programs, income earned by Commtouch from its Approved Enterprises will be tax
exempt for a period of two years, commencing with the year in which it first
earns taxable income, and subject to a reduced corporate tax rate of 10% to 25%
for an additional period of five to eight years (provided that the total period
of tax benefits will not extend past (i) 12 years from the year of commencement
of production or (ii) 14 years from the year of approval of approved enterprise
status). The reduced corporate tax rate, to which Commtouch's Approved
Enterprise program will be subject is dependent on the level of foreign
investment in Commtouch. In the event a company operates under more than one
approval or only part of its capital investments are approved (a "Mixed
Enterprise"), its effective corporate tax rate is the result of a weighted
combination of the various applicable rates. Notwithstanding these tax benefits,
to the extent Commtouch receives income from countries other than Israel, such
income may be subject to withholding tax.

Dividends paid by companies owning approved enterprises, the source of which is
income derived from an approved enterprise during the applicable benefits
period, are generally taxed at a reduced rate of 15.0% if the dividends are paid
during the benefits period or at any time up to 12 years after the benefits
period. This tax must be withheld at source by the company paying the dividend.
In the case of a "foreign investor's company," the 12 year limitation on reduced
withholding tax on dividends does not apply. Subject to various conditions, a
foreign investor's company is a company more than 25.0% of whose share capital,
in terms of shares, rights to profits, voting and appointment of directors, and
of whose combined share and loan capital is owned by non-Israeli residents. A
dividend paid from income derived from an enterprise owned by a company which
has elected the alternative benefits program during the period in which it is
exempt from tax would also generally be subject to the 15.0% tax rate but would
render the company liable for corporate tax on the amount distributed, which is
defined for this purpose as including the amount of the corporate tax that
applies as a result of the distribution, at the rate that would have been
applicable had the company not elected the alternative benefits program,
generally 25.0%. Generally, any dividends distributed are considered to be
attributable to the entire enterprise, and the effective tax rate is the result
of a weighted combination of the various applicable tax rates, However, a
company may elect to attribute any dividend distributed by it only to income not
subject to the alternative benefits program.

The Investment Law also provides that a company with an Approved Enterprise is
entitled to accelerated depreciation on its property and equipment included in
an approved investment program.

Future applications to the Investment Center will be reviewed separately, and
decisions as to whether or not to approve such applications will be based, among
other things, on the then prevailing criteria set forth in the Investment Law,
on the specific objectives of the applicant company set forth in such
applications and on certain financial criteria of the applicant company.
Accordingly, there can be no assurance that any such applications will be
approved. In addition, the benefits available to an Approved Enterprise are
conditional upon the fulfillment of certain conditions stipulated in the
Investment Law and its regulations and the criteria set forth in the specific
certificate of approval, as described above. In the event that these conditions
are violated, in whole or in part, the Company would be required to refund the
amount of tax benefits, with the addition of the CPI linkage adjustment and
interest.

Capital Gains and Income Taxes Applicable to Non-Israeli Resident Shareholders

Under existing regulations any capital gain realized by an individual
shareholder with respect to the Ordinary Shares acquired on or after the listing
of such shares for trading will be exempt from Israeli capital gains tax if the
Ordinary Shares are listed on an approved foreign securities market (which

includes Nasdaq in the United States), provided that the company continues to
qualify as an Industrial Company under Israeli law and provided the individual
does not hold such shares for business purposes.

If we do not maintain our status as an Industrial Company, then subject to any
applicable tax treaty the Israeli capital gains tax rates would be up to 50% for
non-Israeli resident individuals and 36% for companies. Upon a distribution of
dividends other than bonus shares (stock dividends), income tax is generally
withheld at source at the rate of 25% (or the lower rate of 15% payable with
respect to Approved Enterprises), unless double taxation treaty is in effect
between Israel and the shareholder's country of residence that provides for a
lower tax rate in Israel on dividends.

A tax treaty between the United States and Israel (the "Treaty"), provides for a
maximum tax of 25% on dividends paid to a resident of the United States (as
defined in the Treaty). Dividends distributed by an Israeli company and derived
from the income of an approved enterprise are subject to a 15% dividend
withholding tax. The Treaty further provides that a 12.5% Israeli dividend
withholding tax applies to dividends paid to a United States corporation owning
10% or more of an Israeli company's voting shares throughout the current year to
the date the dividend is paid and the preceding taxable year (as applicable).
The 12.5% rate applies only on dividends from a company that does not have an
Approved Enterprise in the applicable period.

If for any reason shareholders do not receive the above exemption for a sale of
shares in an Industrial Company, the Treaty provides U.S. resident investors
with an exemption from Israeli capital gains tax in certain circumstances (there
may still be U.S. taxes) upon a disposition of shares in Commtouch if they held
under 10% of the Company's voting stock throughout the 12 months before the
share disposition. If Israeli capital gains tax is payable, it can be credited
against U.S. federal tax under the circumstances specified in the Treaty.

A non-resident of Israel who has had dividend income derived or accrued in
Israel from which the applicable tax was withheld at source is currently exempt
from the duty to file an annual Israeli tax return with respect to such income,
provided such income was not derived from a business carried on in Israel by
such non-resident and that such non-resident does not derive other non-passive
income from sources in Israel.

Tax Benefits for Research and Development

Israeli tax law allows under certain conditions a tax deduction in the year
incurred for expenditures in scientific research and development projects, if
the expenditures are approved by the relevant Israeli Government Ministry
(determined by the field of research) and the research and development is for
the promotion of the enterprise. Expenditures not so approved are deductible
over a three-year period. However, expenditures made out of the proceeds of
government grants are not deductible, i.e. Commtouch will be able to deduct the
unfunded portion of the research and development expenditures and not the gross
amount.

Law for the Encouragement of Industrial Research and Development, 1984

Under the Law for the Encouragement of Industrial Research and Development, 1984
(the "Research Law") and the Instructions of the Director General of the
Ministry of Industry and Trade, research and development programs and the plans
for the intermediate stage between research and development, and manufacturing
and sales approved by a governmental committee of the Office of Chief Scientist
(OCS) (the "Research Committee") are eligible for grants of up to 50% of the
project's expenditure if they meet certain criteria. These grants are issued in
return for the payment of royalties from the sale of the product developed in
accordance with the program, if successful, as follows: 3% of revenues during
the first three years, 4% of revenues during the following three years, and 5%
of revenues in the seventh year and thereafter, with the total royalties not to
exceed 100% of the dollar value of the OCS grant (or in some cases up to 300%).
Following the full payment of such royalties, there is no further liability for
payment.

The Israeli government further requires that products developed with government
grants be manufactured in Israel. However, in the event that any portion of the
manufacturing is not conducted in Israel, if approval is received from the OCS,
the Company would be required to pay royalties that are adjusted in proportion
to manufacturing outside of Israel as follows: when the manufacturing is
performed outside of Israel by the Company or an affiliate company, the
royalties are to be paid as described above with the addition of 1%, and when
the manufacturing outside of Israel is not performed by the Company or an
affiliate the royalties paid shall be equal to the ratio of the amount of grant
received from the OCS divided by the amount of grant received from the OCS and
the investment(s) made by the Company in the project. The payback will also be
adjusted to 120%, 150% or 300% of the grant if the portion of manufacturing that
is performed outside of Israel is up to 50%, between 50% and 90%, or more than
90%, respectively. The technology developed pursuant to the terms of these
grants may not be transferred to third parties without the prior approval of the
Research Committee. Such approval is not required for the export of any products
resulting from such research or development. Approval of the transfer of
technology may be granted only if the recipient abides by all the provisions of
the Research Law and regulations promulgated thereunder, including the
restrictions on the transfer of know-how and the obligation to pay royalties in
an amount that may be increased. The Company is subject to various provisions of
the Research Law and regulations and derivatives thereunder.

In order to meet certain conditions in connection with the grants and programs
of the OCS, the Company has made certain representations to the Israel
government about the Company's future plans for its Israeli operations. From
time to time the extent of the Company's Israeli operations has differed and may
in the future differ, from the Company's representations. If, after receiving
grants under certain of such programs, the Company fails to meet certain
conditions to those benefits, including, with respect to grants received from
the OCS, the maintenance of a material preserve in Israel, or if there is any
material deviation from the representations made by the Company to the Israeli
government, the Company could be required to refund to the State of Israel tax
or other benefits previously received (including interest and CPI linkage
difference) and would likely be denied receipt of such grants or benefits, and
participation of such programs, thereafter.

The Company participated in programs sponsored by the OCS for the support of
research and development activities. Through December 31, 2000, the Company had
recorded grants from OCS aggregating $653,000 for certain of the Company's
research and development projects. These grants were recorded as a reduction of
research and development costs. As noted, the Israeli government requires
beneficiaries of such grants to pay royalties to the Israeli government based on
the success of the related projects. As of December 31, 2000, there is no
contingent liabilities for royalties to the OCS.

Each application to the OCS is reviewed separately, and grants are based on the
program approved by the Research Committee. Expenditures supported under other
incentive programs of the State of Israel are not eligible for OCS grants. As a
result, there can be no assurance that applications to the OCS will be approved
or, if approved, what the amounts of the grants will be. On January 31, 2001,
the Company submitted an application to the OCS. In the application, the Company
described relevant R&D expenses for the year 2001 amounting to approximately
$3.2 million, which would entitle it to funding up to 50% of those expenses upon
approval of the application. The application was approved on May 8, 2001.

Fund for the Encouragement of Marketing Activities

The Company has received grants relating to its overseas marketing expenses from
the Marketing Fund. These grants are awarded for specific expenses incurred by
the Company for overseas marketing and are based upon the expenses reported by
the Company to the Marketing Fund. All marketing grants recorded from the
Marketing Fund until 1997 are linked to the dollar and are repayable as
royalties at the rate of 3% of the amount of increases in export sales realized
by the Company from the Marketing Fund. Grants recorded beginning January 1,

1998 bear royalties of 4% plus interest at LIBOR rates. The Company will face
royalty obligations on grants from the Marketing Fund only to the extent it
actually achieves increases in export sales. The proceeds of these grants are
presented in the Company's consolidated Financial Statements as offsets to
marketing expenses. Through December 31, 2000, the Company had received grants
from the Marketing Fund in the amount of approximately $279,000.

U.S. TAX CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING ORDINARY SHARES ACQUIRED BY U.S. TAXPAYERS

The following discussion summarizes the material U.S. federal income tax
consequences arising from the purchase, ownership and sale of the ordinary
shares. This summary is based on the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of
1986, as amended (the "Code"), final, temporary and proposed U.S. Treasury
Regulations promulgated thereunder, and administrative and judicial
interpretations thereof, in effect as of the date of this report, all of which
are subject to change, possibly with retroactive effect. Commtouch will not seek
a ruling from the Internal Revenue Service with regard to the United States
federal income tax treatment relating to investment in the ordinary shares and,
therefore, no assurance exists that the Internal Revenue Service will agree with
the conclusions set forth below. The summary below does not purport to address
all federal income tax consequences that may be relevant to particular
investors. This summary does not address the consequences that may be applicable
to particular classes of taxpayers, including investors that hold ordinary
shares as part of a hedge, straddle or conversion transaction, insurance
companies, banks or other financial institutions, broker-dealers, tax-exempt
organizations and investors who own (directly, indirectly or through
attribution) 10% or more of Commtouch's outstanding voting stock. Further, it
does not address the alternative minimum tax consequences of an investment in
ordinary shares or the indirect consequences to U.S. Holders, as defined below,
of equity interests in investors in ordinary shares. This summary is addressed
only to holders that hold ordinary shares as a capital asset within the meaning
of Section 1221 of the Code, are U.S. citizens, individuals resident in the
United States for purposes of U.S. federal income tax, domestic corporations or
partnerships and estates or trusts treated as "United States persons" under
Section 7701 of the Code ("U.S. Holders").

EACH INVESTOR SHOULD CONSULT WITH HIS OR HER OWN TAX ADVISOR AS TO THE
PARTICULAR U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSEQUENCES OF THE PURCHASE, OWNERSHIP AND
SALE OF ORDINARY SHARES, INCLUDING THE EFFECTS OF APPLICABLE STATE, LOCAL,
FOREIGN OR OTHER TAX LAWS AND POSSIBLE CHANGES IN THE TAX LAWS.

Tax Basis of Ordinary Shares

A U.S. Holder's tax basis in his or her ordinary shares will be the purchase
price paid therefore by such U.S. Holder. The holding period of each ordinary
share owned by a U.S. Holder will commence on the day following the date of the
U.S. Holder's purchase of such ordinary share and will include the day on which
the ordinary share is sold by such U.S. Holder.

Sale or Exchange of Ordinary Shares

A U.S. Holder's sale or exchange of ordinary shares will result in the
recognition of gain or loss by such U.S. Holder in an amount equal to the
difference between the amount realized and the U.S. Holder's basis in the
ordinary shares sold. Subject to the following discussion of the consequences of
Commtouch being treated as a Passive Foreign Investment Company or a Foreign
Investment Company, such gain or loss will be capital gain or loss if such
ordinary shares are a capital asset in the hands of the U.S. Holder. Gain or
loss realized on the sale of ordinary shares will be long-term capital gain or
loss if the ordinary shares sold had been held for more than one year at the
time of their sale. Long-term capital gains recognized by certain taxpayers
generally are subject to a reduced rate of federal tax (currently a maximum of
20%). If the U.S. Holder's holding period on the date of the sale or exchange
was one year or less, such gain or loss will be short-term capital gain or loss.
Short-term capital gains generally are subject to tax at the same rates as
ordinary income. In general, any capital gain recognized by a U.S. Holder upon
the sale or exchange of ordinary shares will be treated as U.S.-source income
for U.S. foreign tax credit purposes.

See discussion under "Israeli Taxation and Investment Programs--Capital Gains
and Income Taxes Applicable to Non-Israeli Shareholders" for a discussion of
taxation by Israel of capital gains realized on sales of capital assets.

Treatment of Dividend Distributions

For U.S. federal income tax purposes, gross dividends (including the amount of
any Israeli taxes withheld there from) paid to a U.S. Holder with respect to his
or her ordinary shares will be included in his or her ordinary income to the
extent made out of current or accumulated earnings and profits of Commtouch, as
determined based on U.S. tax principles, at the time the dividends are received
and will be treated as foreign source dividend income for purposes of the
foreign tax credit limitation described below. Such dividends will not be
eligible for the dividends received deduction allowed to U.S. corporations under
Section 243 of the Code. Dividend distributions in excess of Commtouch's current
and accumulated earnings and profits will be treated first as a non-taxable
return of the U.S. Holder's tax basis in his or her ordinary shares to the
extent thereof and then as a gain from the sale of ordinary shares. Dividends
paid in NIS will be includible in income in a U.S. dollar amount based on the
exchange rate at the time of their receipt, and any gain or loss resulting from
currency fluctuations during the period from the date a dividend is paid to the
date such payment is converted into U.S. dollars generally will be treated as
ordinary income or loss.

Any Israeli withholding tax imposed on dividends paid to a U.S. Holder will be a
foreign income tax eligible for credit against such U.S. Holder's U.S. federal
income tax liability subject to certain limitations. Alternatively, a U.S.
Holder may claim a deduction for such amount, but only for a year in which a
U.S. Holder elects to do so with respect to all foreign income taxes. The
overall limitation on foreign taxes eligible for credit is calculated separately
with respect to specific classes of income. Dividends distributed by Commtouch
with respect to ordinary shares will generally constitute "passive income".
Foreign income taxes exceeding the credit limitation for the year of payment or
accrual may be carried back for two taxable years and forward for five taxable
years in order to reduce U.S. federal income taxes, subject to the credit
limitation applicable in each of such years. Other restrictions on the foreign
tax credit include a general prohibition on the use of the credit to reduce
liability for the U.S. individual and corporation alternative minimum taxes by
more than 90% and an allowance of foreign tax credits for alternative minimum
tax purposes only to the extent of foreign-source alternative minimum taxable
income. See "Israeli Taxation and Investment Programs -- Capital Gains and
Income Taxes Applicable to Non-Israeli Shareholders."

Information Reporting and Backup Withholding

Any dividends paid on, or proceeds derived from a sale of, the ordinary shares
to, or by, U.S. Holders may be subject to U.S. information reporting
requirements and the 31% U.S. backup withholding tax unless the holder (i) is a
corporation or other exempt recipient or (ii) provides a United States taxpayer
identification number, certifies as to no loss of exemption from backup
withholding and otherwise complies with any applicable withholding requirements.
Any amounts withheld under the U.S. backup withholding tax rules will be allowed
as a refund or a credit against the U.S. Holder's U.S. federal income tax,
provided the required information is furnished to the U.S. Internal Revenue
Service.

Tax Status of Commtouch for U.S. Federal Income Tax Purposes

Passive Foreign Investment Company. If Commtouch were deemed to be a passive
foreign investment company (a "PFIC") for U.S. federal income tax purposes, any
gain recognized by a U.S. Holder upon the sale of ordinary shares (or the
receipt of certain distributions) generally would be treated as ordinary income,
such income would be allocated over such U.S. Holder's holding period for such
ordinary shares and an interest charge would be imposed on the amount of

deferred tax on such income which is allocated to prior taxable years.
Generally, Commtouch will be treated as a PFIC for any tax year if, in such tax
year or any prior tax year, either (i) 75% or more of its gross income is
passive in nature, or (ii) on average, 50% or more of its assets by value
produce or are held for the production of passive income. Commtouch does not
believe it satisfies either of the tests for PFIC status for any of its pre-2000
tax years. Commtouch expects that the majority of its assets will continue to
generate sufficient levels of active income, and the percentage (by value) of
its assets not producing or held for the production of passive income will
continue to be sufficient, for it to avoid PFIC treatment for U.S. federal
income tax purposes in post-2000 tax years. However, since the determination
whether Commtouch is a PFIC will be made annually based on facts and
circumstances that, to some extent, may be beyond Commtouch's control, there can
be no assurance that Commtouch will not become a PFIC at some time in the
future. If Commtouch were determined to be a PFIC, however, a U.S. Holder could
elect to treat his or her ordinary shares as an interest in a qualified electing
fund (a "QEF Election"), in which case, the U.S. Holder would be required to
include in income currently his or her proportionate share of Commtouch's
earnings and profits in years in which Commtouch is a PFIC whether or not
distributions of such earnings and profits are actually made to such U.S.
Holder, but any gain subsequently recognized upon the sale by such U.S. Holder
of his or her ordinary shares generally would be taxed as a capital gain.
Alternatively, a U.S. Holder may elect to mark the ordinary shares to market
annually, recognizing ordinary income or loss (subject to certain limitations)
equal to the difference between the fair market value of its ordinary shares and
the adjusted basis of such stock. See "U.S. Tax Considerations Regarding
Ordinary Shares Acquired by U.S. Taxpayers--Sale or Exchange of Ordinary Shares"
above. U.S. Holders should consult with their own tax advisers regarding the
eligibility, manner and advisability of making a QEF Election if Commtouch is
treated as a PFIC.

Controlled Foreign Corporations. Sections 951 through 964 and Section 1248 of
the Code relate to controlled foreign corporations ("CFC"). The CFC provisions
may impute some portion of such a corporation's undistributed income to certain
U.S. shareholders on a current basis and convert into dividend income some
portion of gains on dispositions of stock which would otherwise qualify for
capital gains treatment. In general, the CFC provisions will apply to Commtouch
only if U.S. shareholders, who are U.S. Holders and who own, directly or
indirectly or by attribution, 10% or more of the total combined voting power of
all classes of voting stock own in the aggregate (or are deemed to own after
application of complex attribution rules) more than 50% (measured by voting
power or value) of the outstanding stock of Commtouch. It is possible that
Commtouch could become a CFC in the future. Even if Commtouch were classified as
a CFC in a future year, however, the CFC rules referred to above would apply
only with respect to U.S. shareholders, who are U.S. Holders and who own,
directly or indirectly or by attribution, 10% or more of the total combined
voting power of all classes of voting stock of Commtouch.

Personal Holding Company/Foreign Personal Holding Company/Foreign Investment
Company. A corporation will be classified as a personal holding company, or a
PHC, if (i) five or fewer individuals at any time during the last half of a tax
year (without regard to their citizenship or residence) directly or indirectly
or by attribution own more than 50% in value of the corporation's stock and (ii)
at least 60% of its ordinary gross income for the taxable year, as specially
adjusted, consists of personal holding company income (defined generally to
include dividends, interest, royalties, rents and certain other types of passive
income). A PHC is subject to a United States federal income tax of 39.6% on its
undistributed personal holding company income (generally limited, in the case of
a foreign corporation, to United States source income).

A corporation will be classified as a foreign personal holding company, or an
FPHC, and not a PHC if at any time during a tax year (i) five or fewer
individual United States citizens or residents directly or indirectly or by
attribution own more than 50% of the total combined voting power or value of the
corporation's stock and (ii) at least 60% of its gross income consists of (50%
for years following the first year it becomes a FPHC) FPHC income (defined
generally to include dividends, interest, royalties, rents and certain other
types of passive income). Each United States shareholder in an FPHC is required

to include in gross income, as a dividend, an allocable share of the FPHC's
undistributed foreign personal holding company income (generally the taxable
income of the FPHC, as specially adjusted).

A corporation will be classified as a foreign investment company, or an FIC, if
for any taxable year it (i) is registered under the Investment Company Act of
1940, as amended, as a management company or unit investment trust or is engaged
primarily in the business of investing or trading in securities or commodities
(or any interest therein) and (ii) 50% or more of the total value or the total
combined voting power of all classes of the corporation's stock is owned
directly or indirectly (including stock owned through the application of
attribution rules) by United States persons. In general, unless an FIC elects to
distribute 90% or more of its taxable income (determined under United States tax
principles as specially adjusted) to its shareholders, any gain on the sale or
exchange of stock in a foreign corporation which was a FIC at any time during
the period during which a taxpayer held such stock is treated as ordinary income
(rather than capital gain) to the extent of such shareholder's ratable share of
the corporation's accumulated earnings and profits.

CONDITIONS IN ISRAEL

Commtouch is incorporated under the laws of the State of Israel, and
substantially all of our research and development and significant executive
facilities are located in Israel. Accordingly, Commtouch is directly affected by
political, economic and military conditions in Israel. Our operations would be
materially adversely affected if major hostilities involving Israel should occur
or if trade between Israel and its present trading partners should be curtailed.

Political Conditions

Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, a number of armed
conflicts have taken place between Israel and its Arab neighbors. A state of
hostility, varying from time to time in intensity and degree, has led to
security and economic problems for Israel. However, a peace agreement between
Israel and Egypt was signed in 1979, a peace agreement between Israel and Jordan
was signed in 1994 and, since 1993, several agreements between Israel and
Palestinian representatives have been signed. In addition, Israel and several
Arab States have announced their intention to establish trade and other
relations and are discussing certain projects. Israel has not entered into any
peace agreement with Syria or Lebanon, and there have been difficulties
accompanied by violence in the negotiations with the Palestinians. We cannot be
certain as to how the peace process will develop or what effect it may have upon
Commtouch.

Despite the progress towards peace between Israel and its Arab neighbors and the
Palestinians, certain countries, companies and organizations continue to
participate in a boycott of Israeli firms. Commtouch does not believe that the
boycott has had a material adverse effect on Commtouch, but restrictive laws,
policies or practices directed towards Israel or Israeli businesses may have an
adverse impact on the expansion of Commtouch's business.

Generally, all male adult citizens and permanent residents of Israel under the
age of 51 are obligated to perform up to 39 days, or longer under certain
circumstances, of military reserve duty annually. Additionally, all such
residents are subject to being called to active duty at any time under emergency
circumstances. Currently, a majority of our officers and employees are obligated
to perform annual reserve duty. While we have operated effectively under these
requirements since we began operations, no assessment can be made as to the full
impact of such requirements on our workforce or business if conditions should
change, and no prediction can be made as to the effect on us of any expansion or
reduction of such obligations.

Economic Conditions

Israel's economy has been subject to numerous destabilizing factors, including a
period of rampant inflation in the early to mid-1980s, low foreign exchange
reserves, fluctuations in world commodity prices, military conflicts and civil

unrest. The Israeli government has, for these and other reasons, intervened in
various sectors of the economy, employing, among other means, fiscal and
monetary policies, import duties, foreign currency restrictions and controls of
wages, prices and foreign currency exchange rates. The Israeli government has
periodically changed its policies in all these areas.

Until May 1998, Israel imposed restrictions on transactions in foreign currency.
These restrictions affected our operations in various ways, and also affected
the right of non-residents of Israel to convert into foreign currency amounts
they received in Israeli currency, such as the proceeds of a judgment enforced
in Israel. Despite these restrictions, foreign investors who purchased shares
with foreign currency were able to repatriate in foreign currency both dividends
(after deduction of withholding tax) and the proceeds from the sale of the
shares. There are currently no Israeli currency control restrictions on
remittances of dividends on the ordinary shares or the proceeds from the sale of
the shares; however, legislation remains in effect pursuant to which currency
controls can be imposed by administrative action at any time.

Trade Agreements

Israel is a member of the United Nations, the International Monetary Fund, the
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International
Finance Corporation. Israel is also a signatory to the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade, which provides for reciprocal lowering of trade barriers
among its members. In addition, Israel has been granted preferences under the
Generalized System of Preferences from Australia, Canada and Japan. These
preferences allow Israel to export the products covered by such programs either
duty-free or at reduced tariffs.

Israel has entered into preferential trade agreements with the European Union,
the United States and the European Free Trade Association. In recent years,
Israel has established commercial and trade relations with a number of the other
nations, including Russia, China and India, with which Israel had not previously
had such relations.

Assistance from the United States

Israel receives significant amounts of economic and military assistance from the
United States, averaging approximately $3 billion annually over the last several
years. In addition, in 1992, the United States approved the issuance of up to
$10 billion of loan guarantees during U.S. fiscal years 1993 to 1998 to help
Israel absorb a large influx of new immigrants, primarily from the republics of
the former Soviet Union. Under the loan guarantee program, Israel may issue up
to $2 billion in principal amount of guaranteed loans each year, subject to
reduction in certain circumstances. There is no assurance that foreign aid from
the United States will continue at or near amounts received in the past. If the
grants for economic and military assistance or the United States loan guarantees
are eliminated or reduced significantly, the Israeli economy could suffer
material adverse consequences.

Item 11. Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosure about Market Risk.

We develop our technology in Israel and provide our services worldwide. As a
result, our financial results could be affected by factors such as changes in
foreign currency exchange rates or weak economic conditions in foreign markets.
As most of our sales are currently made in U.S. dollars, a strengthening of the
dollar could make our services less competitive in foreign markets. Due to the
nature and level of our debts, we have concluded that there is currently no
material market risk exposure. Therefore, no quantitative tabular disclosures
are required.

Item 12. Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities.

See Note 10 section b.

PART II

Item 13. Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies.

Not applicable.

Item 14. Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of
Proceeds.

Not applicable.

Item 15. Reserved

Item 16. Reserved

PART III

Item 17. Financial Statements.

The Company has responded to Item 18.

Item 18. Financial Statements

(a) (1) Financial Statements
Page
------
Report of Independent Auditors ................................ F-1
Consolidated Balance Sheets ................................... F-2
Consolidated Statements of Operations ........................ F-3
Statement of Changes in Shareholders' Equity ................. F-4
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows ......................... F-5
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements .................... F-6

(a) (2) Financial Statement Schedule:

The following financial statement schedule of Commtouch Software Ltd. for each
of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2000 is filed as part of the
Annual Report and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial
statements of Commtouch Software, Ltd.

Schedule II --Valuation and Qualifying Accounts

Schedules not listed above have been omitted because the information required
to be set forth therein is not applicable or is shown in the consolidated
financial statements or notes thereto.

(b) Exhibits

Exhibit 4.1--Consent of Independent Auditors

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT AUDITORS

To the Shareholders of COMMTOUCH SOFTWARE LTD.

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Commtouch
Software Ltd. ("the Company") and its subsidiaries as of December 31, 1999 and
2000, and the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in
shareholders' equity (deficiency), and cash flows for each of the three years in
the period ended December 31, 2000. These financial statements are the
responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an
opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with generally accepted auditing
standards, in the United States. Those standards require that we plan and
perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial
statements are free of material misstatements. An audit includes examining, on a
test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial
statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and
significant estimates made by the Company's management, as well as evaluating
the overall financial statements presentation. We believe that our audits
provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above, present
fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of
Commtouch Software Ltd. and its subsidiaries as of December 31, 1999 and 2000,
and the consolidated results of their operations and cash flows for each of the
three years in the period ended December 31, 2000, in conformity with generally
accepted accounting principles in the United States.

Tel-Aviv, Israel
February 14, 2001

KOST, FORER & GABBAY
A Member of Ernst & Young International

F-1

OMMTOUCH SOFTWARE LTD.

COMMTOUCH SOFTWARE LTD.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except share and per share data)

December 31,
-------------------------------
1999 2000
--------- ---------

Assets
Current Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents ........................................................... $ 65,996 $ 20,831
Marketable securities ............................................................... 18,050 8,607
Trade receivables, net .............................................................. 2,378 4,355
Prepaid marketing expenses .......................................................... 4,508 --
Prepaid expenses and other accounts receivable ...................................... 1,648 3,626
--------- ---------
Total current assets ............................................................. 92,580 37,419
--------- ---------
Long-term lease deposits ............................................................... 1,254 1,440
Severance pay fund ..................................................................... 354 949
Property and equipment, net ............................................................ 6,148 19,417
Long-term investment.................................................................... -- 2,000
Goodwill and other purchased intangibles, net........................................... -- 16,055
--------- ---------
$ 100,336 $ 77,280
========= =========

Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity
Current Liabilities:
Bank credit line and current maturities of bank loans and capital leases ............ $ 120 $ 1,115
Accounts payable .................................................................... 1,510 4,205
Employees and payroll accruals ...................................................... 1,032 3,279
Deferred revenues ................................................................... 561 1,523
Accrued expenses and other liabilities .............................................. 1,304 3,529
--------- ---------
Total current liabilities ........................................................ 4,527 13,651
--------- ---------
Long-term maturities of bank loans and capital leases................................ 44 841
Accrued severance pay ............................................................... 453 984
--------- ---------
497 1,825
--------- ---------

Minority interest.................................................................... -- 76
--------- ---------
Commitments and Contingencies

Shareholders' Equity
Ordinary Shares, nominal value NIS 0.05 par value-
Authorized: 40,000,000 shares as of
December 31, 1999 and 2000; Issued and
outstanding: 15,199,344 and 16,925,022 shares
as of December 31, 1999 and 2000, respectively ..................................... 213 236
Additional paid-in capital .......................................................... 133,403 150,994
Deferred stock compensation ......................................................... (5,779) (2,729)
Notes receivable from shareholders .................................................. (1,060) (1,041)
Accumulated other comprehensive income .............................................. 63 21
Accumulated deficit ................................................................. (31,528) (85,753)
--------- ---------
Total shareholders' equity........................................................ 95,312 61,728
--------- ---------
$ 100,336 $ 77,280
========= =========
<FN>
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
</FN>

F-2

COMMTOUCH SOFTWARE LTD.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(In thousands, except per share data)

Year ended
December 31,
------------------------------------------------
1998 1999 2000
-------- -------- --------

Revenues:
Email services ...................................................... $ 389 $ 4,251 $ 17,965
Software licenses ................................................... -- -- 1,150
-------- -------- --------
Total revenues ................................................... 389 4,251 19,115
-------- -------- --------
Cost of revenues:
Email services ...................................................... 569 3,643 11,864
Software licenses ................................................... -- -- --
-------- -------- --------
Total cost of revenues ........................................... 569 3,643 11,864
-------- -------- --------
Gross profit (loss) .................................................... (180) 608 7,251
-------- -------- --------
Operating expenses:
Research and development............................................. 1,149 2,942 10,357
Sales and marketing ................................................. 2,001 7,722 26,585
General and administrative .......................................... 604 4,328 13,621
In-process research and development ................................. -- -- 1,280
Amortization of the prepaid marketing expenses....................... -- 3,263 4,508
Amortization of stock-based employee compensation(1)................. 91 3,436 3,050
-------- -------- --------
Total operating expenses ......................................... 3,845 21,691 59,401
-------- -------- --------
Operating loss ......................................................... (4,025) (21,083) (52,150)
Interest and other income (expenses), net ........................... (326) 1,232 2,870
Write-off impaired investments....................................... -- -- (5,000)
Minority interest.................................................... -- -- 55
-------- -------- --------
Net loss ............................................................... $ (4,351) $(19,851) $(54,225)
======== ======== ========
Basic and diluted net loss per share ................................... $ (3.00) $ (2.65) $ (3.51)
======== ======== ========
Weighted average number of shares used in computing
basic and diluted net loss per share .................................. 1,450 7,487 15,462
======== ======== ========

Year ended
December 31,
------------------------------------------------
1998 1999 2000
-------- -------- --------

(1) Stock-based Employee Compensation Relates to the following:

Cost of revenues $ -- $ 113 $ 102
Research and development 60 320 284
Sales and marketing 25 897 795
General and administrative 6 2,106 1,869
-------- -------- --------
Total $ 91 $ 3,436 $ 3,050
======== ======== ========
<FN>
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
</FN>

F-3

COMMTOUCH SOFTWARE LTD.

STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY (DEFICIENCY)
(In thousands, except share data)

Convertible
Preferred shares Ordinary shares Additional
-------------------------- ------------------------- paid-in
Shares Amount Shares Amount capital
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------

Balance as of December 31, 1997 ....................... 183,637 $ 63 1,450,040 $ 27 $ 6,295
Issuance of shares, net .............................. 37,628 11 -- -- 4,061
Warrants issued for services received and
bank line of credit ................................. -- -- -- -- 391
Deferred stock compensation .......................... -- -- -- -- 509
Amortization of deferred stock compensation .......... -- -- -- -- --
Net loss ............................................. -- -- -- -- --
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
Balance as of December 31, 1998 ....................... 221,265 74 1,450,040 27 11,256
Issuance of shares, net .............................. 134,225 33 -- -- 18,417
Issuance of shares at initial public offering,
net ................................................. -- -- 4,794,086 58 65,948
Conversion of preferred shares to ordinary
shares .............................................. (355,490) (107) 7,109,800 107 --
Fair value of warrants issued for services
and bank line of credit ............................. -- -- -- -- 8,131
Deferred stock compensation .......................... -- -- -- -- 8,797
Ordinary shares issued for notes ..................... -- -- 670,180 8 1,029
Issuance of shares upon exercise of warrants,
net ................................................. -- -- 1,105,378 12 19,808
Issuance of shares upon exercise of options .......... -- -- 69,860 1 17
Amortization of deferred stock compensation .......... -- -- -- -- --
Repayment of notes receivable ........................ -- -- -- -- --
Other comprehensive income-unrealized
holding gains on marketable securities .............. -- -- -- -- --
Net loss ............................................. -- -- -- -- --
Total comprehensive loss ............................. -- -- -- -- --
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
Balance as of December 31, 1999 ....................... -- -- 15,199,344 213 133,403
Issuance of shares upon exercise of options .......... -- -- 440,384 6 1,701
Amortization of deferred stock compensation .......... -- -- -- -- --
Repayment of notes receivable ........................ -- -- -- -- --
Other comprehensive income-unrealized
holding losses on marketable securities.............. -- -- -- -- --
Issuance of shares to minority interest in
Japan-Note 2i........................................ -- -- -- -- 1,090
Issuance of shares and vested options and warrants
in consideration of the acquisition of Wingra........ -- -- 1,285,294 17 14,800
Net loss ............................................. -- -- -- -- --
Total comprehensive loss ............................. -- -- -- -- --
---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------
Balance as of December 31, 2000 ....................... -- $ -- 16,925,022 $ 236 $ 150,994
========== ========== ========== ========== ==========

Stock-based Notes Accumulated
employee receivable other
deferred from comprehensive Accumulated
compensation shareholders income deficit Total
------------ ------------ ------ ------- -----

Balance as of December 31, 1997 .......................... $ -- $ (77) $ -- $ (7,326) $(1,018)
Issuance of shares, net ................................. -- -- -- -- 4,072
Warrants issued for services received and
bank line of credit .................................... -- -- -- -- 391
Deferred stock compensation ............................. (509) -- -- -- --
Amortization of deferred stock compensation ............. 91 -- -- -- 91
Net loss ................................................ -- -- -- (4,351) (4,351)
-------- -------- -------- -------- -------
Balance as of December 31, 1998 .......................... (418) (77) -- (11,677) (815)
Issuance of shares, net ................................. -- -- -- -- 18,450
Issuance of shares at initial public offering,
net .................................................... -- -- -- -- 66,006
Conversion of preferred shares to ordinary
shares ................................................. -- -- -- -- --
Fair value of warrants issued for services
and bank line of credit ................................ -- -- -- -- 8,131
Deferred stock compensation ............................. (8,797) -- -- -- --
Ordinary shares issued for notes ........................ -- (1,037) -- -- --
Issuance of shares upon exercise of warrants,
net .................................................... -- -- -- -- 19,820
Issuance of shares upon exercise of options ............. -- -- -- -- 18
Amortization of deferred stock compensation ............. 3,436 -- -- -- 3,436
Repayment of notes receivable ........................... -- 54 -- -- 54
Other comprehensive income--unrealized
holding gains on marketable securities ................. -- -- 63 -- 63
Net loss ................................................ -- -- -- (19,851) (19,851)
-------
Total comprehensive loss ................................ -- -- -- -- (19,788)
-------- -------- -------- -------- -------
Balance as of December 31, 1999 .......................... (5,779) (1,060) 63 (31,528) 95,312
Issuance of shares upon exercise of options ............. -- -- -- -- 1,707
Amortization of deferred stock compensation ............. 3,050 -- -- -- 3,050
Repayment of notes receivable ........................... -- 19 -- -- 19
Other comprehensive income--unrealized
holding losses on marketable securities ................ -- -- (42) -- (42)
Issuance of shares to minority interest in
Japan-Note 2i........................................... -- -- -- -- 1,090
Issuance of shares and vested options and warrants
in consideration of the acquisition of Wingra........... -- -- -- -- 14,817
Net loss ................................................ -- -- -- (54,225) (54,225)
--------
Total comprehensive loss ................................ -- -- -- -- (54,267)
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Balance as of December 31, 2000 .......................... $ (2,729) $ (1,041) $ 21 $(85,753) $61,728
======== ======== ======== ======== ========
<FN>
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
</FN>

F-4

COMMTOUCH SOFTWARE LTD.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)

Year Ended
December 31,
----------------------------------------------
1998 1999 2000
--------- --------- ---------

Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss ............................................................... $ (4,351) $ (19,851) $ (54,225)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in
operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization ....................................... 236 1,706 6,009
Amortization of stock-based employee deferred
compensation and warrants issued for services
received and bank line of credit .................................... 482 3,796 3,050
Increase in trade receivables, net .................................. (84) (2,245) (1,719)
Amortization of prepaid marketing expenses .......................... -- 3,263 4,508
Amortization of in-process research and development.................. -- -- 1,280
Write-off of impaired investments.................................... -- -- 5,000
Increase in prepaid expenses and other
accounts receivable ................................................ (164) (1,028) (1,933)
Increase in accounts payable ........................................ 91 1,064 2,142
Increase in employee and payroll accruals
and other liabilities .............................................. 128 1,645 4,076
Increase in deferred revenues ....................................... 74 487 656
Increase (decrease) in accrued severance pay, net ................... 19 (44) (64)
Other ............................................................... -- (9) (5)
--------- --------- ---------
Net cash used in operating activities ..................................... (3,569) (11,216) (31,225)
--------- --------- ---------
Cash flows from investing activities:
Proceeds from sales of marketable securities ........................... -- -- 18,969
Purchases of marketable securities ..................................... -- (17,987) (9,568)
Purchase of long-term investments....................................... -- -- (7,000)
Long-term lease deposits ............................................... -- (1,254) (163)
Advance to related party ............................................... -- (364) --
Proceeds from acquisition of Wingra..................................... -- -- 305
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment ........................... -- 13 337
Purchase of property and equipment ..................................... (442) (6,938) (19,102)
--------- --------- ---------
Net cash used in investing activities ..................................... (442) (26,530) (16,222)
--------- --------- ---------
Cash flows from financing activities:
Short-term bank credit, net ............................................ 595 (1,328) --
Repayment of note receivable by shareholder ............................ -- 54 19
Principal payment of capital lease ..................................... (146) (112) (610)
Proceeds from issuance of shares, net .................................. 4,072 104,294 1,707
Proceeds from minority interest in subsidiary .......................... -- -- 1,090
Contribution from minority interest of consolidated subsidiary ......... -- -- 76
--------- --------- ---------
Net cash provided by financing activities ................................. 4,521 102,908 2,282
--------- --------- ---------
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents .......................... 510 65,162 (45,165)
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year .................... 324 834 65,996
--------- --------- ---------
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year .......................... $ 834 $ 65,996 $ 20,831
========= ========= =========
Supplemental disclosure of cash flows activity:
Cash paid during the year:
Interest ............................................................... $ 97 $ 117 $ 31
========= ========= =========
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash activity:
Capital lease obligations .............................................. $ 328 $ -- $ --
========= ========= =========
Ordinary shares issued for notes receivable from
shareholders .......................................................... $ -- $ 1,037 $ --
========= ========= =========
Issuance of Warrants for Prepaid Marketing Expenses .................... $ -- $ 7,771 $ --
========= ========= =========
The proceeds from the acquisition of Wingra are as follows (in thousands):

Net Tangible liabilities assumed
Tangible assets: $ 475
Tangible liabilities (3,054)
---------
Net tangible liabilities assumed: (2,579)

Intangibles assumed:
Customer base 1,340
Workforce-in-place 550
Intellectual Property 1,660
In-process research & development expenses 1,280
Goodwill 12,590
---------
Intangibles assumed: 17,420

Cash acquired: 305
---------
Purchase price $ 15,146
=========
<FN>
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
</FN>

F-5

COMMTOUCH SOFTWARE LTD.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 1: GENERAL

Commtouch Software Ltd. was incorporated under the laws of Israel in 1991.
Unless otherwise indicated, all references in these notes to "Commtouch," "the
Company," "we," "us" or "our" are to Commtouch Software Ltd. or/and its
wholly-owned and majority-owned subsidiaries, Commtouch Inc., Commtouch (UK)
Ltd, Commtouch Latin America Inc., Wingra Technologies Inc. and Commtouch K.K.
(Japan). We are a leading global provider of outsourced integrated Web-based
email and messaging solutions to businesses. Our solutions are flexible, highly
customizable and enable us to satisfy the unique email and messaging needs of
our customers worldwide. Our customers are large and small businesses who offer
our Web-based email through their website to their end users. The Company
generates revenues by providing email services to its customers. Email service
revenues are derived from contracts that provide for either a monthly per-email
box fee and fees for direct marketing and communications services or a share of
advertising revenues subject to a minimum annual revenue commitment. In
September 2000, the Company began to derive revenue from the sale of software
licenses to enterprises.

During 2000, no single customer accounted for more than 10% of the revenues.
During 1999, approximately 11% of the revenues were derived from a single
customer. During 1998, approximately 54% of the revenues were derived from a
single customer.

NOTE 2: SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with
generally accepted accounting principles in the United States.

a. Use of Estimates:

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with
generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates
and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial
statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those
estimates.

b. Financial Statements Denominated in United States Dollars:

Most of the Company's revenues are denominated in United States dollars. In
addition, a substantial portion of the Company's costs are incurred in dollars.
Since the dollar is the primary currency in the economic environment in which
the Company and its subsidiaries operate, the dollar is their functional
currency, and, accordingly, monetary accounts maintained in currencies other
than the dollar are re-measured using the foreign exchange rate at the balance
sheet date in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards
("SFAS") No. 52 "Foreign Currency Transactions." Operational accounts and
non-monetary balance sheet accounts are measured and recorded at the rate in
effect at the date of the transaction. The effects of foreign currency
re-measurement are reported in current operations.

F-6

c. Principles of Consolidation:

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and
its wholly-owned and majority-owned subsidiaries. All significant inter-company
balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

d. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities:

The Company considers all highly liquid investments originally purchased with
maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents.

The Company accounts for its marketable securities in accordance with SFAS No.
115, "Accounting for Certain Investments in Debt and Equity Securities". All
debt securities are designated as available-for-sale. Available-for-sale
securities are carried at fair value, which is determined based upon the quoted
market prices of the securities, with unrealized gains and losses reported in
shareholders' equity, as items of other comprehensive income.

e. Prepaid Marketing Expenses:

The Company recorded prepaid marketing expenses, representing the fair value of
warrants which have been issued to InfoSpace Inc. and Microsoft Corporation in
connection with commercial agreements into which the Company entered during
1999.

The prepaid marketing expenses are amortized using the straight-line method over
the minimum term of the agreements (twelve months). These amounts were fully
amortized as of December 31, 2000.

f. Property and Equipment:

Property and equipment are stated at cost and depreciated using the straight
line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets ranging from two to
seven years. Leasehold improvements are amortized by the straight-line method
over the lease term.

The Company periodically assesses the recoverability of the carrying amount of
property and equipment and provides for any possible impairment loss based upon
the difference between the carrying amount and fair value of such assets. As of
December 31, 2000, no impairment losses have been identified.

g. Long-Term Investments:

Long-term investments are recorded at lower of cost or estimated fair value,
since the Company does not have the ability to exercise significant influence
over operating and financial policies of the investee. Long-term investments are
reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate
that the carrying amount of such investments may not be recoverable.
Determination of recoverability is based on an estimate of undiscounted future
cash flows resulting from the use of the investment. Measurement of an
impairment loss for long-term investments that management expects to hold are
based on the fair value of the investment. Impaired long-term investments are
reported at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. At
December 31, 2000, based on a comprehensive review of the Company's three
strategic investments, the Company recorded a non-cash charge of $5 million to
write-down a portion of the recorded investment values of two of these
investments, in accordance with SFAS 121 "Accounting for the Impairment of
Long-Lived Assets and for Long-Lived Assets to Be Disposed Of."

h. Goodwill and Other Purchased Intangible Assets:

Goodwill and other intangibles assets are amortized over their estimated useful
lives ranging from three to five years.

i. Minority Interest:

Minority interest represents the common stockholders' proportionate share of the
equity of Commtouch, K.K. (Japan). At December 31, 2000, the Company owned
94.17% issued and outstanding common stock and voting rights.

F-7

j. Research and Development Costs:

Research and development costs are charged to the statement of operations as
incurred. Statement of Financial Accounting Standards Board No. 86 "Accounting
for the Costs of Computer Software to be Sold, Leased or Otherwise Marketed,"
requires capitalization of certain software development costs subsequent to the
establishment of technological feasibility.

Based on the Company's product development process, technological feasibility is
established upon completion of a working model. The Company did not incur any
material costs between the completion of the working model and the point at
which the product is ready for general release. Therefore, through December 31,
2000, the Company has charged all software development costs to research and
development expense in the period incurred.

k. Advertising Costs:

The Company accounts for advertising costs as expense in the period in which the
costs are incurred. Advertising expense for the years ended December 31, 1998,
1999 and 2000 were none, $0.6 million and $3.1 million, respectively.

l. Revenue Recognition:

In December 1999, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) issued Staff
Accounting Bulletin (SAB) 101, Revenue Recognition in Financial Statements.
During the year the Company implemented SAB 101 which became effective in 2000.

Since 1998, the Company has derived its revenues from providing Web-based email
services. Revenues from contracts that are not dependent upon the number of
mailboxes and provide non-refundable fixed payments are recognized ratably over
the contract term. Revenues from contracts specifying a contractual rate per
mailbox per month are recognized monthly for mailboxes covered by the respective
contracts and collectibility of a fixed and determinable amount is deemed
probable. Revenues from contracts based on a share of advertising revenues
earned by business partners are recognized when such revenues are earned and
collectibilty of a fixed and determinable amount is deemed probable. Amounts
billed or received in advance of service delivery are recorded as deferred
revenues.

Revenues from non-recurring engineering services are recognized upon meeting
specified milestones as deemed earned by the agreement.

The Company recognizes revenue from sales of software licenses to end users upon
persuasive evidence of an arrangement, delivery of the software to a customer,
determination that there are no significant post-delivery obligations and
collection of a fixed and determinable license fee is considered probable.

The Company recognizes software license revenue in accordance with Statement of
Position 97-2, "Software Revenue Recognition" ("SOP 97-2"), as amended. SOP 97-2
generally requires revenue earned on software arrangements involving multiple
elements to be allocated to each element based on the relative fair value of the
elements. The Company has also adopted SOP 98-9, "Modification of SOP 97-2,
Software Revenue Recognition with Respect to Certain Transactions" ("SOP 98-9"),
for all transactions entered into after January 1, 2000. SOP 98-9 requires that
revenue be recognized under the "Residual Method" when "Vendor Specific
Objective Evidence" ("VSOE") of fair value exists for all undelivered elements
and no VSOE exists for the delivered elements.

m. Concentrations of Credit Risk:

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of
credit risk consist principally of trade receivables, cash equivalents and
marketable securities. The majority of the Company's cash, cash equivalents and
marketable securities are invested in dollar and dollar linked investments and
are deposited in major banks in United States, Israel and Ireland. Management
believes that the financial institutions that hold the Company's investments are
financially sound and, accordingly, minimal credit risk exists with respect to
these investments.

F-8

The Company's trade receivables are derived from transactions with companies
located primarily in North America, Europe, Israel and the Far East. The Company
maintains an allowance for doubtful trade receivables based upon the expected
collectibility of trade receivables. The allowance for doubtful accounts was
$0.4 million and $0.9 million at December 31, 1999 and 2000, respectively. Bad
debt expense for the years-ended December 31, 1998, 1999 and 2000 were none,
$0.4 million and $2.0 million, respectively.

n. Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation:

The Company has elected to follow Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 25
("APB 25") "Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees" and Interpretation No. 44
"Accounting for Certain Transactions Involving Stock Compensation," in
accounting for its employee stock option plans. Under APB 25, when the exercise
price of the Company's stock options equals or is above the market value of the
underlying stock on the date of grant, no compensation expense is recognized.
The pro-forma information with respect to the fair value of the options is
provided in accordance with the provisions of SFAS No. 123 "Accounting for
Stock-Based Compensation".

In accounting for warrants granted to those other than employees, the Company
applied the provisions of SFAS No. 123, and Emerging Issues Task Force ("EITF")
96-18 "Accounting for Equity Instruments That Are Issued to Other than Employees
Acquiring or in Conjunction with Selling, Goods or Services." The fair value of
these warrants was estimated at the grant date, using the Black-Scholes
option-pricing model.

o. Basic and Diluted Net Loss Per Share:

Basic and diluted net loss per share are presented in accordance with SFAS No.
128, "Earnings per Share" ("SFAS 128"), for all periods presented.

Basic net loss per share has been computed using the weighted-average number of
ordinary shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share is
computed based on the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding
during each year, plus the weighted average number of dilutive potential
ordinary shares considered outstanding during the year.

All convertible preferred shares, outstanding stock options, and warrants have
been excluded from the calculation of the diluted loss per share because all
such securities are anti-dilutive for all periods presented. The total number of
shares related to the convertible preferred shares, outstanding options and
warrants excluded from the calculations of diluted net loss per share were
1,236,100, 2,497,470 and 4,096,455 for 1998, 1999 and 2000, respectively.

p. Severance Pay:

The Company's liability for severance pay is calculated pursuant to Israeli
severance pay law based on the most recent salary of the employees multiplied by
the number of years of employment as of the balance sheet date. Employees are
entitled to one month's salary for each year of employment or a portion thereof.
The Company's liability for all of its employees is fully provided by monthly
deposits with severance pay funds insurance policies and by an accrual.

The deposited funds include profits accumulated up to the balance sheet date.
The deposited funds may be withdrawn only upon the fulfillment of the obligation
pursuant to Israeli severance pay law or labor agreements. The value of the
deposited funds is based on the cash surrender value of these policies, and
includes immaterial profits.

Severance expenses for 1998, 1999 and 2000 were approximately $0.1 million, $0.1
million and $0.5 million, respectively.

F-9

q. Fair Value of Financial Instruments:

The following methods and assumptions were used by the Company in estimating its
fair value disclosures for financial instruments. The carrying amounts of cash
and cash equivalents, marketable securities, trade receivables, other accounts
receivable and accounts payable, approximate their fair values due to the
short-term maturities of these instruments.

The fair value of long-term deposits is estimated based on current interest
rates available to the Company for debt instruments with similar terms, degrees
of risk and remaining maturities. The carrying value of these obligations
approximates their respective fair values as of December 31, 2000.

r. Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements:

As of July 1, 2000 the Company adopted SFAS 133, "Accounting for Derivative
Instruments and Hedging Activities," as amended by SFAS 137 and SFAS 138, which
requires companies to recognize all derivatives as either assets or liabilities
in the balance sheet and measure such instruments at fair value. Because the
Company currently holds no derivative financial instruments as defined by SFAS
133 and does not currently engage in hedging activities, adoption of SFAS 133 is
not expected to have a material effect on the Company's financial position and
results of operations.

In September 2000 the SFAS issued SFAS 140, "Accounting for Transfers and
Servicing of Financial Assets and Extinguishments of Liabilities, a Replacement
of FASB Statement No. 125." FAS 140 revises the standards for accounting for
securitizations and other transfers of financial assets and collateral and
requires certain additional disclosures, although it continues most of the
provisions of FAS 125 without consideration. The provisions of SFAS 140 are
effective for periods beginning after December 15, 2000. The Company does not
expect the adoption of the provisions of SFAS 140 to have a material impact on
the Companies financial position or results of operations.

NOTE 3: MARKETABLE SECURITIES

December 31,
---------------------
1999 2000
------- -------

Marketable securities are comprised of the following (in thousands):

Commercial papers ......................................... $ 2,230 $ --
Government securities ..................................... 9,918 2,003
Corporate debt securities ................................. 5,902 6,604
------- -------

$18,050 $ 8,607
======= =======

During 2000, the unrealized net holding losses on marketable securities were
$42,000.

Note 4: Wingra Acquisition

On November 24, 2000, the Company entered into a definitive acquisition
agreement to acquire Wingra Technologies Inc. ("Wingra"). Wingra is an industry
leader in providing messaging integration and migration solutions for large
enterprises. Wingra offers a wide range of products and services; each designed
with the mission of making it easier and more cost-effective for people to take
advantage of the full power of electronic messaging.

F-10

Pursuant to the Wingra Agreement, the shareholders of Wingra received an
aggregate of 1,285,294 of Commtouch Ordinary Shares. In addition, all
outstanding Wingra options and warrants converted into fully-vested options and
warrants to purchase 305,615 of Commtouch Ordinary Shares. The Company also
assumed certain operating assets and liabilities of Wingra. The 137,500 assumed
warrants were granted by Wingra in connection with loans granted to Wingra by
banks and shareholders. The exercise price of those warrants range from $6.25 to
$9.39 and the expiration dates range from March 2001 through August 2002. The
acquisition was accounted for under the purchase method, for accounting
purposes, in accordance with APB 16 "Business Combinations" ("APB 16"). The
purchase price was allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed
based on their respective fair values. The purchase price was determined to be
$15.1 million (based on the closing price of Commtouch ordinary shares on the
date of the final agreement). The consolidation of the assets and liabilities
affected the Company's balance sheet at December 31, 2000, as described in the
following tables:

Total purchase price (in thousands):
Ordinary shares $ 11,970
Options and warrants 2,846
Acquisition expenses 330
---------
$ 15,146
---------

The purchase price was allocated to the acquired assets and assumed liabilities
in the accompanying consolidated financial statements as follows (in thousands):

Estimated
Useful
Life
(In Years)

Customer base 3 $ 1,340
Workforce-in-place 3 550
Intellectual Property 4 1,660
In-process research & development expensed 1,280
Goodwill 5 12,590
Less assumed net tangible liabilities n/a (2,274)
---------
$ 15,146
---------

The Company recorded a one-time charge of $1.3 million in the fourth quarter of
2000 for purchased in-process technology related to a development project that
had not reached technological feasibility, had no alternative future use, and
for which successful development was uncertain.

The fair value of the in-process technology was determined using the income
approach. Under the income approach, the expected future cash flows from each
project under development are estimated and discounted to their net present
value at an appropriate risk-adjusted rate of return. Significant factors
considered in the calculation of the rate of return are the weighted-average
cost of capital and return on assets, as well as the risks inherent in the
development process, including the likelihood of achieving technological success
and market acceptance. Each project was analyzed to determine the unique
technological innovations, the existence and reliance upon core technology, the
existence of any alternative future use or current technological feasibility,
and the complexity, cost and time to complete the remaining development. Future
cash flows for each project were estimated based upon forecasted revenues and
costs, taking into account product life cycles, and market penetration and
growth rates.

F-11

Pro forma Information:

The following unaudited pro forma data summarizes the results of operations for
the periods indicated as if the Wingra acquisition had been completed as of the
beginning of the periods presented.

December 31,
---------------------
1999 2000
------- -------

Revenues............................................. $ 6,892 $ 20,871
Net Loss ............................................ $ (24,814) $ (57,255)
Net Loss per share:
Basic and diluted ................................... $ (2.73) $ (3.38)

NOTE 5: PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, NET

December 31,
---------------------
1999 2000
------ ------
Property and equipment are comprised of the following (in thousands):

Computers and peripheral equipment ............... $7,704 $20,687
Office furniture and equipment ................... 232 977
Motor vehicles ................................... 135 143
Leasehold improvements ........................... 454 5,908
------ ------
8,525 27,715
Less accumulated depreciation .................... (2,377) (8,298)
------ ------
Property and equipment, net ...................... $6,148 $19,417
====== ======

Computers and peripheral equipment under various capital lease agreements
amounted to approximately $0.3 million as of December 31, 1999 and none as of
December 31, 2000, and their accumulated depreciation amounted to approximately
$0.2 million as of December 31, 1999 and none as of December 31, 2000.

Depreciation expenses amounted to approximately $0.2 million, $1.7 million and
$5.9 million for 1998, 1999 and 2000, respectively.

NOTE 6: BANK LOANS AND CAPITAL LEASES

As of December 31, 2000, except for the majority of the capital lease
obligations, the following debt was assumed in connection with the acquisition
of Wingra:

Weighted
Average December 31,
Interest ------------
Rate 2000
------ ------
Composed as follows (in thousands):

Promissory notes with shareholders ................. 9.28 $886
Promissory notes with financial institutions........ 10.78 692
Capital lease obligations........................... 69
Royalties in connection with Wingra's product....... 218
------
1,865
Less - current maturities .......................... (1,024)
------
Total Long-term debt.. $ 841
======

F-12

Future maturities of long-term debt at December 31, 2000 are as
follows(in thousands):

2001 $ 1,024
2002 841
----------
$ 1,865
==========

NOTE 7: COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES

Operating Leases:

The Company leases certain facilities and equipment under operating lease
agreements expiring through 2007. Future minimum lease payments under these
non-cancelable leases are as follows (in thousands):

2001 ............................. $ 4,140
2002 ............................. 3,623
2003 ............................. 3,207
2004 ............................. 2,985
2005 ............................. 2,959
Thereafter ....................... 3,519
--------

$ 20,433
========

Rent expenses for 1998, 1999 and 2000 were approximately $0.1 million, $0.6
million and $2.3 million, respectively. In connection with the lease agreement
on an office building, Commtouch, Inc. deposited $1.4 million in long term lease
deposits of which $1.1 million was held as collateral for a letter of credit.

Royalties:

The Company may be required to pay royalties on grants received from the
Government of Israel for research and development projects at the rate of 3%-5%
of total revenues, up to an amount equal to 100% to 150% of the original amount
received linked to the dollar. As of December 31, 2000 there is no contingent
liabilities for royalties.

Bank Line of Credit:

Due to the acquisition of Wingra Technologies Inc., the Company assumed a
revolving credit arrangement with a financial institution. The credit agreement
is collateralized by certain assets of the Company. The provisions of the credit
agreement enable the Company to borrow up to $100,000 on a revolving line of
credit at annual interest rate of 14.25%. The amount outstanding at December 31,
2000 is $91,000.

Collateral and Guarantees:

Due to the Acquisition of Wingra Technologies Inc., the Company assumed the
following:

o Revolving line of credit in the amount of $0.1 million, collateralized
by a chattel security agreement and the personal guarantee of a
shareholder

o Term loan with Anchor Bank in the amount of $0.4 million,
collateralized by a general business security agreement and the
personal guarantee of a shareholder. This amount was paid off in
January 2001.

NOTE 8: LONG-TERM INVESTMENTS

The Company invested $7.0 million in the first nine months of 2000 in three
Internet centric businesses in which the Company believed it had a significant
ongoing strategic interest. However, due to the economic slowdown and the
significant decline in capital available to and in valuations of these privately
funded Internet centric businesses, the Company believes two of these
investments are impaired. At December 31, 2000, based on a comprehensive review

F-13

of several of the Company's strategic investments, the Company recorded a
non-cash charge of $5 million to write-down a portion of the recorded investment
values, in accordance with SFAS 121 "Accounting for the Impairment of Long-Lived
Assets and for Long-Lived Assets to Be Disposed Of."

NOTE 9: INCOME TAXES

Israeli Income Tax:

The Company's production facilities in Israel have been granted "Approved
Enterprise" status for three separate investment programs approved in 1992,
1996 and 2000 by the Israeli Investment Center under the Law for Encouragement
of Capital Investments, 1959 ("the Law").

The Company's first program was approved in 1995. The Company's second program
received a letter of approval in April 1996 and the Company's third program
received a letter of approval in December 2000. An application enlargement was
approved for the third program in December 2000.

Undistributed Israeli income derived from each of its "Approved Enterprise"
programs entitle the Company to a tax-exemption for a period of two years
commencing with the first year it will earn taxable income (not commenced yet)
and to a reduced tax rate of 10%-25% for an additional period of five to eight
years (depending on the level of foreign investment in the Company). These tax
benefits cannot continue beyond the earlier of twelve years from commencement of
operations, or fourteen years from receipt of approval. Thereafter, the
Company's income will be subject to the regular income tax rate of 36%. Income
that was not derived from "Approved Enterprise" in the period of benefit
mentioned above is taxed at the regular rate of 36%.

Distribution of cash dividends from income that was tax exempt due to the
"approved enterprise" status are subject to a tax of 10%-25%. In addition, these
dividends will be subject to a 15% withholding tax.

The tax exempt income attributable to the "Approved Enterprise" can be
distributed to shareholders without subjecting the Company to taxes only upon
the complete liquidation of the Company.

The Company's Board of Directors has determined that such tax exempt income will
not be distributed as dividends. The Company is an "industrial company" under
the Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxation), 1969 and as such is
entitled to certain tax benefits, mainly accelerated rates of depreciation and
the right to claim public issuance expenses.

As of December 31, 2000, Israeli net operating loss carry-forwards amounted to
$38.0 million. Such net operating loss may be carried forward indefinitely and
offset against future taxable income.

U.S. Income Tax:

Commtouch, Inc. is taxed based upon tax laws in the U.S.

As of December 31, 2000, Commtouch, Inc. had a U.S. federal net operating loss
carry-forward of approximately $33.6 million. The net operating loss expires in
various amounts between the years 2008 and 2021. Utilization of U.S. net
operating losses may be subject to the substantial annual limitation due to the
"change in ownership" provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 and
similar state provisions. The annual limitation may result in the expiration of
net operating losses before utilization.

Deferred Income Taxes:

The Company expects that during the period in which its Israeli tax losses are
utilized its Israeli income would be substantially tax exempt. Accordingly there
will be no tax benefit available from such losses and no Israeli deferred income
taxes have been included in these financial statements.

F-14

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences
between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting
purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of
the Company's deferred tax liabilities and assets are as follows:

December 31,
-------------------
1999 2000
------- -------
Deferred tax assets are as follows (in thousands):
U.S. operating loss carry-forwards ...................... $ 4,970 $12,594
Reserves and allowances not currently deductible ....... 57 4,144
------- -------
Net deferred tax asset before valuation allowance ...... 5,027 16,738
Valuation allowance .................................... (5,027) (16,738)
------- -------
Net deferred tax asset ................................. $ -- $ --
======= =======

For the year ended December 31, 2000 the valuation allowance increased by
approximately $11.7 million. No utilization of Commtouch, Inc. tax loss
carry-forwards is expected in the foreseeable future, because of its history of
operating losses. In 1999 and 2000, the Company provided a 100% valuation
allowance against the deferred tax assets in respect of these tax loss carry
forwards and other temporary differences because of the uncertainty of realizing
these deferred tax assets.

Pretax loss:

Pretax losses are as follows (in thousands):

1998 1999 2000
------- ------- --------
Israel ................................. $ 2,497 $11,259 $23,209
U.S. ................................... 1,854 8,592 27,821
Other................................... -- -- 3,195
------- ------- --------
$ 4,351 $19,851 $54,225
======= ======= ========

NOTE 10: SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

The ordinary shares of the Company are traded on the NASDAQ National Market.

a. Capital Shares:

In April 1999, the Company's Board of Directors approved: a 20 for 1 split of
ordinary shares, a change in the conversion ratio of preferred shares to
ordinary shares to 1 to 20 and an increase to the authorized ordinary shares to
40,000,000 shares of NIS 0.05 par value. The consolidated financial statements
have been retroactively adjusted to reflect such changes for all periods
presented.

In July 1999, the Company completed an Initial Public Offering ("IPO") of its
ordinary shares. The Company sold 3,450,000 shares to the public at $16 per
share. Concurrent with the closing of the IPO, the Company sold 1,344,086 shares
at $14.88 per share to InfoSpace, Inc. In addition, the holders of Series A,
Series B, Series C and Series D convertible preferred shares received ordinary
shares pursuant to an automatic conversion, resulting in the issuance of
7,109,800 ordinary shares in exchange for all outstanding convertible preferred
shares.

F-15

b. Warrants Issued:

Warrants to Investors. In 1996, the Company issued to certain Series B investors
warrants to purchase 13,873 Series B Convertible Preferred shares at an exercise
price of $44.04. These warrants were exercised concurrently with the closing of
the IPO.

Warrants Issued for Services Received and Financing Transactions. Through 1999,
the Company granted warrants in connection with a bank line of credit, loans and
consulting services received. At December 31, 1999, one warrant for 4,860
ordinary shares with an exercise price of $3.61 per share remained outstanding.
This warrant was net exercised into 4,461 shares in January 2000.

In connection with the amounts of the warrants, the Company recorded $0.3
million, $0.4 million, and none as compensation expenses that were included in
interest expenses in 1998, 1999 and 2000, respectively. The Company recorded
$0.1 million in 1998 and none in 1999 and 2000 as compensation expense and
included these amounts in operating expenses.

Warrants Issued to Strategic Partners and Customers. Concurrent with the closing
of the IPO, the Company entered into a customary commercial email service
agreement with InfoSpace, a related party. Under this agreement, the Company
provides email services to the end users of InfoSpace's various email
properties. In connection with this agreement, the Company issued a warrant
expiring in July 2004 to purchase 1,136,000 Ordinary Shares at an exercise price
of $12.80 per share. As of December 31, 2000, this warrant had not been
exercised. At the grant date, the fair value of this warrant was estimated as
$5.9 million and is being amortized to operating expenses over the minimum term
of the contract (twelve months).

c. Issuance of Ordinary Shares Against Promissory Notes:

During 1999, several employees and officers early exercised 670,180 options
granted to them by Commtouch. In consideration for the ordinary shares purchased
pursuant to the early exercise of the options, they provided Commtouch with full
recourse promissory notes in the original principal amount of approximately $1.0
million. The promissory notes bear interest at 4.83%, with interest payment due
at the end of each calendar year, with the principal due on the fourth
anniversary of the date of the promissory notes. The shares purchased are
subject to a right of repurchase in favor of Commtouch according to the original
vesting schedule of the options exercised, generally four years. As of December
31, 2000, approximately 131,634 shares are subject to this right of repurchase.

d. Employee Stock Purchase Plan:

Commtouch reserved a total of 150,000 shares for issuance under the plan.
Eligible employees may purchase ordinary shares at 85% of the lower of the
market value of the Company's Ordinary shares on the first day of the applicable
offering period or the last day of the applicable purchase period.

e. Stock Options:

The Company has reserved 5,000,000 ordinary shares for issuance under employee
stock option plans and agreements. Options granted under such plans and
agreements expire generally after 10 years from the date of grant and terminate
upon termination of the optionee's employment or other relationship with the
Company. The options generally vest ratably over a 4-year period. The exercise
price of the options granted under the individual agreements may not be less
than the nominal value of the shares into which such options are exercisable or
in the case of the subsidiary's plan it may not be less than fair market value.
Any options that are canceled or not exercised within the options period become
available for future grant.

F-16

In 1996, the Company adopted the 1996 CI Stock Option Plan for granting options
to its U.S. employees to purchase ordinary shares of the Company. The Company
issued options to purchase ordinary shares to its Israeli employees pursuant to
individual agreements. In 1999 the Company approved the 1999 Section 3(i) Share
Option Plan for its Israeli employees.

As a result of the Wingra acquisition, the Company assumed stock options granted
to employees under Wingra's stock option plan. At the date of acquisition these
stock options were immediately converted into approximately 168,000 fully vested
stock options convertible into Commtouch Ordinary Shares.

A summary of the Company's share option activity under the plans is as follows:

Weighted Average
Number of Shares Exercise Price
---------------------------------------- -------------------------------
1998 1999 2000 1998 1999 2000
--------- -------- ---------- -------- ------- --------

Outstanding at beginning of period ...... 607,040 849,520 1,383,110 $ 1.10 $ 1.20 $ 9.62
Granted ................................. 251,900 1,342,670 2,046,520 1.45 10.13 24.10
Exercised .............................. -- (740,040) (359,839) -- 1.42 2.66
Canceled .............................. (9,420) (69,040) (419,336) 1.45 4.49 21.77
--------- -------- ---------- -------- ------- --------
Outstanding at end of period ............ 849,520 1,383,110 2,650,455 $ 1.20 $ 9.62 $ 19.91
========= ======== ========== ======== ======= ========
Exercisable at end of period ............ 375,580 381,315 526,986 $ 1.45 $ 3.50 $ 8.61
========= ======== ========== ======== ======= ========
Deemed fair value of options granted
at an exercise price of:
-- Less than fair market value at
date of grant ........................ $ 2.46 $ 3.65 $ --
========= ======== ==========
-- Equals to fair market value at
date of grant ........................ $ -- $ 15.75 $ 24.10
========= ======== ==========
-- Exceeds fair market value at
date of grant ........................ $ -- $ -- $ --
========= ======== ==========

The options outstanding as of December 31, 2000, have been separated into ranges
of exercise price, as follows:

Options Weighted Options Weighted Average
Outstanding as of Average Weighted Exercisable as of Price of
December 31, Remaining Average Exercise December 31, Exercisable
Exercise Price 2000 Contractual Life Price 2000 Options
- ---------------- ------------------- ------------------ ------------------ ------------------- ------------------

$ 0.20-$12.75 749,700 8.89 $ 6.01 343,423 $ 3.03
$12.81-$17.75 773,270 8.87 $16.27 128,261 $15.15
$17.81-$35.56 987,285 9.20 $29.60 52,952 $27.49
$37.25-$66.50 140,200 9.13 $46.12 2,350 $42.14
------------------- ------------------ ------------------ ------------------- ------------------
$ 0.20-$66.50 2,650,455 9.04 $19.91 526,986 $ 8.61
=================== ================== ================== =================== ==================

Under SFAS 123, pro forma information regarding net income (loss) and earnings
(loss) per share is required and has been determined as if the Company had
accounted for its employee stock options under the fair value method of that
Statement. The fair value for these options was estimated at the date of grant
using a Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model with the following weighted-average
assumptions for 1998, 1999 and 2000: risk-free interest rates of 6% for 1998,
5.5% for 1999 and 2000, dividend yields of 0%, volatility factors of the
expected market price of the Company's ordinary shares of 0.5 for 1998, 0.5 -
0.56 for 1999 and 1.348 for 2000 and an expected life of the option of 6 months
after the option is vested for 1998, 1999 and 2000.

The Black-Scholes option valuation model was developed for use in estimating the
fair value of traded options that have no vesting restrictions and are fully
transferable. In addition, option valuation models require the input of highly
subjective assumptions, including the expected stock price volatility. Because
the Company's employee stock options have characteristics significantly
different from those of traded options, and because changes in the subjective

F-17

input assumptions can materially affect the fair value estimate, in management's
opinion, the existing models do not necessarily provide a reliable single
measure of the fair value of its employee stock options.

Pro forma information under SFAS 123 are as follows (in thousands except per
share amounts):

1998 1999 2000
--------- --------- --------

Net loss as reported ......................... $ (4,351) $ (19,851) $(54,225)
========= ========= ========
Pro forma net loss ........................... $ (4,402) $ (20,224) $(68,309)
========= ========= ========
Pro forma basic and diluted net loss per share $ (3.04) $ (2.70) $ (4.42)
========= ========= ========

Weighted average number of shares
used in computing basic and
diluted net loss per share ................... 1,450 7,487 15,440
========= ========= ========

The Company recorded deferred compensation representing the difference between
the exercise price and the deemed fair value of the Company's ordinary shares at
the date of grant. Such amount is being amortized using the sum-of-digits method
over the vesting period of the options, generally four years.

Deferred compensation is as follows (in thousands):
Balance as of January 1, 2000 ..................................... $ 5,779
Deferred compensation related to options issued to employees ...... --
Less amortization of deferred compensation ........................ (3,050)
-------
Balance as of December 31, 2000 ................................... $ 2,729
=======

f. Non-Employee Directors Stock Option Plan:

The Company adopted the 1999 Non-Employee Directors Stock Option Plan. Commtouch
Reserved 250,000 shares in 1999 and 250,000 shares in 2000 for issuance under
this plan. During 1999, each individual who first joined the Board of Directors
as a nonemployee director on or after the effective date of the initial public
offering received an option grant for 10,000 shares. Subsequent to July 2000,
individuals who joined the board received an initial grant of 30,000 options.
Each option granted under the Non-Employee Directors Plan would become
exercisable with respect to one-fourth of the number of shares covered by such
option three months after the date of grant and with respect to one-third of the
remaining shares subject to the option every three months thereafter. Each
option has an exercise price equal to the fair market value of the ordinary
shares on the grant date of such option. Each option has a maximum term of ten
years, but will terminate earlier if the optionee ceases to be a member of the
Board of Directors.

During 2000, the Company granted 260,000 options to directors at a weighted
average exercise price of $17.43 per share. As of December 31, 2000, 73,125
options were exercisable and 310,000 were outstanding.

F-18

NOTE 11: SELECTED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS DATA

Geographic information:

The Company conducts its business on the basis of one reportable segment.
Revenues from external customers (in thousands):

Revenues
----------------------------------------
1998 1999 2000
------ ------ ------
Israel ...................... $ -- $ 369 $ 196
U.S.A ....................... 109 3,056 11,047
Europe ...................... 130 344 1,927
Japan ....................... 103 250 1,295
Latin America ............... -- 38 4,085
Other ....................... 47 194 565
------ ------ ------
$ 389 $4,251 $19,115

====== ====== ======

The Company's long-lived assets as of December 31, 2000 are as follows (in
thousands):

1999 2000
------ ------
Israel ............................... $ 789 $18,911
U.S.A ................................ 5,359 18,016
Rest of World......................... -- 545
------ ------
$6,148 $37,472
====== ======

NOTE 12: SUBSEQUENT EVENTS (Unaudited)

a. Equity Line

On January 23, 2001 the Company entered into an ordinary share purchase
agreement with Torneaux Fund Ltd. ("Torneaux"), a Bahamian limited liability
company. Beginning on January 23, 2001 and continuing for 24 months thereafter,
the Company may in its sole discretion issue its ordinary shares, NIS 0.05 par
value per share, to Torneaux. The 24-month period is divided into 18 pricing
periods, each consisting of 20 trading days on the Nasdaq National Market or any
other market which is at the time the principal trading market for our ordinary
shares. In addition, at the time of each issuance, the Company may issue to
Torneaux call options to purchase ordinary shares up to a maximum of the same
number of shares to be purchased by Torneaux in the share issuance, which expire
at the end of the pricing period unless exercised. The Company must deliver
shares purchased in the draw down or on exercise of the option in two
installments, one at the end of each 10-day period during the 20-day pricing
period, at which time it will receive payment.

Torneaux's purchase price, and consequently the number of shares purchased, will
fluctuate based upon the daily volume weighted average price over a 20-day
trading period. In each draw down the Company will notify Torneaux of the dollar
amount of shares which it will issue, the commencement date of the pricing
period, and the threshold price which must be at least $2 or a lower amount if
mutually agreed. The threshold price is the lowest price per share (less a
stated discount) at which the Company will issue shares.

b. Litigation

Following our restatement of revenues for the first three quarters of 2000,
several class action lawsuits were filed in the United States District Court for
the Northern District of California, against the Company and certain of our
officers and directors, alleging violations of the antifraud provisions of the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934 arising from the Company's consolidated
financial statements. While we are unable to predict the ultimate outcome of
these claims we believe they are without merit and intend to vigorously defend
ourselves.

F-18

c. Restructuring

On December 27, 2000 the Company's Board of Directors approved a restructuring
plan which was implemented in 2001. The restructuring was approved in light of
the economic downturn. The Company initiated these changes to better serve the
enterprise messaging market. These internal changes reduced operating expenses
supporting the dot-com and destination site markets, closed the e-commerce
division and email services for small community sites, and increased
efficiencies in channel sales and marketing to the enterprise market. These
changes reduced the worldwide headcount by approximately 20% and, combined with
other cost savings, reduced overall operating expenses. The Company expensed
$0.6 million allocated to the relevant departments, for severance related to
this reorganization.

On February 28, 2001, the Company's Board of Directors approved a reorganization
to enhance the Company's focus on enterprise messaging solutions. The Company is
focusing its operations on three enterprise messaging businesses: the Commtouch
core email and messaging service organization for the enterprise market which
includes the recently launched Microsoft Hosted Exchange service offering; the
enterprise messaging migration and integration technologies business through our
wholly-owned subsidiary Wingra Technologies Inc.; and its technology development
of next-generation messaging applications marketed to worldwide
telecommunication companies, Internet Data Centers and service providers. As
part of this reorganization the Company streamlined its global operations and
reduced its workforce by approximately 50%, to about 210 people.

d. Repricing

On April 30, 2001 the Company's Board of Directors approved an optional
"repricing" of options previously granted to employees, contingent upon the
completion of certain regulatory filings. Previously granted options will be
cancelled and new options will be issued with an exercise price equal to the par
value of the shares. In order to enjoy the repricing mechanism, previously
granted stock options must meet the following conditions:

o The exercise price of the original options exceeds $10
o The option is issued but not exercised

The options vest over three years with 1/3 vesting on February 15, 2002 and the
remaining 2/3 vesting every six months for the next two years. The Company will
begin expensing this effective re-pricing as a fixed plan over the vesting
period as employees finalize their participation in this optional plan.

e. Bank Guarantee

In April 2001, the Israeli Tax Authority received a bank guarantee from the
Company totaling approximately $0.6 million. This guarantee relates to potential
payroll withholding tax liabilities.

F-19

Item 19. Exhibits

Exhibit
Number Description of Document
- ------- -----------------------------------------------------------------

3.1 Memorandum of Association of the Registrant.(1)

3.2 Articles of Association of the Registrant.(6)

4.1 Specimen Certificate of Ordinary Shares.(1)

4.2 Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement dated as of
April 19, 1999.(1)

4.2.1 Amendment No. 1 to Amended and Restated Registration Rights
Agreement dated as of December 29, 1999.(4)

4.2.2 Amendment No. 2 to Amended and Restated Registration Rights
Agreement dated as of March 10, 2000.(5)

4.3 Form of Tag-Along Rights (Right of First Refusal and Co-Sale)
Agreement dated as of December 23, 1998.(1)

4.4 Form of Drag-Along Letter dated as of April 15, 1999.(1)

4.5 Ordinary Shares Purchase Agreement between Commtouch Software
Ltd. and Torneaux Fund Ltd., dated January 23, 2001.(9)

4.6 Amended and Restated Merger and Exchange Agreement dated November
24, 2000 among Commtouch Software Ltd., Commtouch Inc., CW
Acquisition Corporation, Wingra, Incorporated, the holder of
certain of the outstanding capital stock of Wingra, Incorporated,
and the holders of all the outstanding membership interests in
Wingra Technologies, LLC other than that owned by Wingra,
Incorporated.(10)

4.7 Registrant hereby agrees to furnish the Securities and Exchange
Commission, upon request, with the instruments defining the
rights of holders of long-term debt of the registrant with
respect to which the total amount of securities authorized does
not exceed 10% of the total assets of the Registrant.

5.1 Opinion of Naschitz, Brandes & Co., Israeli counsel to the
Registrant, as to certain legal matters with respect to the
legality of the shares.

10.1 Registrant's 1996 CSI Stock Option Plan and forms of agreements
thereunder.(1)

10.2 Registrant's form of Stock Option Agreement for Israeli
Employees.(1)

10.3 Registrant's 1999 Stock Option Plan and form of agreement
thereunder.(1)

10.4 Commtouch Software Ltd. 1999 Nonemployee Directors Stock Option
Plan.(1)

10.4.1 Amendment to Commtouch Software Ltd. 1999 Nonemployee Directors
Stock Option Plan.(7)

10.5 Commtouch Software Ltd. 1999 Employee Stock Purchase Plan and
forms thereunder.(1)

10.6 Sublease between ASCII of America, Inc. and Commtouch for
Commtouch's offices in Santa Clara, California, dated December
16, 1998.(1)

F-20

10.7 Lease between DeAnza Building and Commtouch for Commtouch's
offices in Sunnyvale, California, dated February 5, 1996, as
amended.(1)

10.8 Form of Letter Agreement between the Registrant and U.S. Bancorp
Piper Jaffray.(2)

10.9 Form of Customized Web-based Email Service Agreement by and
between Go2Net, Inc. and the Registrant.(3)

10.9.1 Form of Share Warrant for Go2Net, Inc. to purchase ordinary
shares of the Registrant.(3)

10.9.2 Form of Share Warrant for Microsoft Corporation to purchase
ordinary shares of the Registrant dated October 26, 1999.(4)

10.9.3 Amendment dated December 29, 1999 to Form of Share Warrant for
Microsoft Corporation to purchase ordinary shares of the
Registrant.(4)

10.9.4 Lockup Agreement between the Registrant and Microsoft Corporation
dated December 29, 1999.(4)

10.10 Form of Share Purchase Agreement by and among the Registrant,
Go2Net, Inc. and Vulcan Ventures Incorporated.(3)

10.10.1 Form of Registration Rights Agreement by and among the
Registrant, Go2Net, Inc. and Vulcan Ventures Incorporated.(3)

10.10.2 Form of Letter Agreement between the Registrant and Selling
Securityholders extending deadline for SEC registration.(4)

10.11 Commtouch Software Ltd. 1999 Section 3(I) Share Option Plan.(8)

10.12 Office Lease between EOP-Shoreline Technology Park, L.L.C. and
Commtouch Software, Inc. dated October 28, 1999.(11)

21 Subsidiaries of the Company.

23 Consent of Kost, Forer & Gabbay, independent auditors.

99.1 Press Release of the Registrant, dated July 7, 1999.(2)

99.2 Memorandum of Understanding between the Registrant, Go2Net, Inc.
and Vulcan Ventures Incorporated, dated July 7, 1999.(2)

- ------------

(1) Incorporated by reference to similarly numbered exhibit in Amendment
No. 1 to Registration Statement on Form F-1 of Commtouch Software
Ltd., File No. 333-78531.

(2) Incorporated by reference to similarly numbered exhibit in Amendment
No. 4 to Registration Statement on Form F-1 of Commtouch Software
Ltd., File No. 333-78531.

(3) Incorporated by reference to similarly numbered exhibit in Amendment
No. 5 to Registration Statement on Form F-1 of Commtouch Software
Ltd., File No. 333-78531.

(4) Incorporated by reference to similarly numbered exhibit in Amendment
No. 1 to Registration Statement on Form F-1 of Commtouch Software
Ltd., File No. 333-89773.

(5) Incorporated by reference to similarly numbered exhibit in Amendment
No. 2 to Registration Statement on Form F-1 of Commtouch Software
Ltd., File No. 333-89773, filed March 28, 2000.

(6) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2 to Report on Form 6-K for the
month of August 2000.

(7) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3 to Report on Form 6-K for the
month of August 2000.

(8) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Registration Statement on
Form S-8 No. 333-94995.

(9) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2 to Report on Form 6-K for the
month of January 2001.

(10) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3 to Report on Form 6-K for the
month of January 2001.

(11) Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1 to Report on Form 6-K for the
month of January 2001.

F-21
SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 12 of the Securities and Exchange Act of
1934, the registrant certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing
on Form 20-F and has duly caused this annual report to be signed on its behalf
by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

COMMTOUCH SOFTWARE LTD.

By: /s/ Sunil Bhardwaj
-----------------------------------
Sunil Bhardwaj
Chief Financial Officer
May 16, 2001

COMMTOUCH SOFTWARE LTD.

SCHEDULE II -- VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
U.S. Dollars in thousands

Balance at
the Charged to Balance at
beginning of cost and end of the
the period expenses Deductions period
------------ ----------- ---------- ----------

Year ended December 31, 1998:
Bad debt....................... $ -- $ -- $ -- $ --
====== ====== ======= ======
Year ended December 31, 1999:
Bad debt....................... $ -- $ 405 $ -- $ 405
====== ====== ======= ======
Year ended December 31, 2000:
Bad debt...................... $405 $1,990 $(1,533) $ 862
====== ====== ======= ======