EXHIBIT 10.2



                          EMPLOYEE STOCK PURCHASE PLAN
                           FOR RAVENSWOOD WINERY, INC.







                             RAVENSWOOD WINERY, INC.
                          EMPLOYEE STOCK PURCHASE PLAN


1.       PURPOSE OF THE PLAN

         This Employee  Stock Purchase Plan is intended to promote the interests
of Ravenswood Winery,  Inc. by providing eligible employees with the opportunity
to acquire a proprietary interest in the Corporation through  participation in a
payroll deduction-based employee stock purchase plan.

         Capitalized terms herein shall have the meanings assigned to such terms
in the attached Appendix.

2.       ADMINISTRATION OF THE PLAN

         The Plan  Administrator  shall have full  authority  to  interpret  and
construe any provision of the Plan and to adopt such rules and  regulations  for
administering  the Plan as it may deem  necessary  in order to  comply  with the
requirements of Code Section 423. Decisions of the Plan  Administrator  shall be
final and binding on all parties having an interest in the Plan.

3.       STOCK SUBJECT TO PLAN

         A. The stock  purchasable  under the Plan shall be shares of authorized
but  unissued or  reacquired  Common  Stock,  including  shares of Common  Stock
purchased on the open market. The maximum number of shares of Common Stock which
may be issued over the term of the Plan shall not exceed 50,000 shares.

         B. Should any change be made to the Common Stock by reason of any stock
split,  stock  dividend,  recapitalization,  combination of shares,  exchange of
shares or other change affecting the outstanding Common Stock as a class without
the  Corporation's  receipt of consideration,  appropriate  adjustments shall be
made to (i) the maximum number and class of securities  issuable under the Plan,
(ii) the maximum number and class of securities  purchasable  per Participant on
any one Purchase Date and (iii) the number and class of securities and the price
per share in effect under each  outstanding  purchase  right in order to prevent
the dilution or enlargement of benefits thereunder.

4.       PURCHASE PERIODS

         A. Shares of Common Stock shall be offered for purchase  under the Plan
through a series  of  successive  Purchase  Periods  until  such time as (i) the
maximum  number of shares of Common Stock  available for issuance under the Plan
shall have been purchased or (ii) the Plan shall have been sooner terminated.

         B. Each  Purchase  Period shall be six (6) months in  duration,  unless
otherwise  determined by the Plan  Administrator  prior to the start date of the
Purchase Period, and provided


                                       1



that the initial  Purchase Period shall commence at the Effective Time and shall
terminate on the last business day of that calendar  year.  Subsequent  Purchase
Periods,  each of six (6) months duration,  shall commence on the first business
day of each January and July thereafter, unless otherwise designated by the Plan
Administrator.  The Plan Administrator  shall have complete discretion to change
the  start  date  and the  duration  of a  Purchase  Period,  provided  Eligible
Employees are notified prior to the start date of any Purchase  Period for which
such change is to be effective,  and provided,  further, that no Purchase Period
shall have a duration exceeding twenty-seven (27) months.

5.       ELIGIBILITY

         A. Each  Eligible  Employee  of a  Participating  Corporation  shall be
eligible to participate in the Plan in accordance with the following provisions:

                  (i) An  individual  who is an  Eligible  Employee on the start
date of any  Purchase  Period  under  the Plan  shall be  eligible  to  commence
participation in that Purchase Period on such start date.

                  (ii) An  individual  who first  becomes an  Eligible  Employee
after the start date of any  Purchase  Period  will not be  eligible to commence
participation under the Plan until the start date of the next Purchase Period on
which he/she remains an Eligible Employee.

         B. To participate  in the Plan for a particular  Purchase  Period,  the
Eligible  Employee must  complete the  enrollment  forms  prescribed by the Plan
Administrator  (which  may  include  a stock  purchase  agreement  and a payroll
deduction  authorization  form) and file such forms with the Plan  Administrator
(or its designate) on or before the start date for the Purchase Period.

6.       PAYROLL DEDUCTIONS

         A. The payroll deduction  authorized by the Participant for purposes of
acquiring  shares of Common  Stock  under  the Plan may be any  multiple  of one
percent  (1%) of the  Cash  Compensation  paid to the  Participant  during  that
Purchase  Period,  up to a maximum of ten percent  (10%).  The deduction rate so
authorized  shall  continue in effect for the remainder of the Purchase  Period,
except to the  extent  such rate is  changed in  accordance  with the  following
guidelines:

                  (i) The  Participant  may,  at any time  during  the  Purchase
Period,  reduce his or her rate of payroll deduction to become effective as soon
as possible after filing the appropriate form with the Plan  Administrator.  The
Participant  may not,  however,  effect  more  than one (1) such  reduction  per
Purchase Period.

                  (ii) The Participant may, prior to the commencement of any new
Purchase Period, increase the rate of his or her payroll deduction by filing the
appropriate form with the Plan Administrator. The new rate (which may not exceed
the ten percent (10%)  maximum)  shall become  effective as of the start date of
the Purchase Period following the filing of such form.

                                       2




         B. Payroll  deductions  shall begin on the first pay day  following the
start date for the Purchase  Period and shall (unless  sooner  terminated by the
Participant)  continue  through the pay day ending with or immediately  prior to
the last day of that Purchase Period. The amounts so collected shall be credited
to the Participant's  book account under the Plan, but no interest shall be paid
on the  balance  from time to time  outstanding  in such  account.  The  amounts
collected from the  Participant  shall not be held in any segregated  account or
trust fund and may be commingled  with the general assets of the Corporation and
used for general corporate purposes.

         C. Payroll deductions shall automatically cease upon the termination of
the Participant's purchase right in accordance with the provisions of the Plan.

         D. The Participant's  acquisition of Common Stock under the Plan on any
Purchase Date shall neither limit nor require the  Participant's  acquisition of
Common Stock on any subsequent Purchase Date.

7.       PURCHASE RIGHTS

         A. GRANT OF PURCHASE  RIGHT. A Participant  shall be granted a separate
purchase  right for each Purchase  Period in which he or she  participates.  The
purchase  right  shall be granted on the start date of the  Purchase  Period and
shall provide the Participant  with the right to purchase shares of Common Stock
upon the terms set forth below.  The purchase right shall continue until the end
of the  Purchase  Period,  and  shall  be  automatically  exercised  on the last
business day of the respective  Purchase Period each year (the last business day
of June and the last  business  day of  December)  or such  other date as may be
selected by the Plan  Administrator as the ending date for the Purchase Period).
The Participant  shall execute a stock purchase  agreement  embodying such terms
and  such  other  provisions  (not  inconsistent  with  the  Plan)  as the  Plan
Administrator may deem advisable.

         Under no circumstances  shall purchase rights be granted under the Plan
to any Eligible Employee if such individual would,  immediately after the grant,
own (within the meaning of Code Section 424(d)),  or hold outstanding options or
other  rights to  purchase,  stock  possessing  five percent (5%) or more of the
total combined  voting power or value of all classes of stock of the Corporation
or any Corporate Affiliate.

         B.  EXERCISE  OF THE  PURCHASE  RIGHT.  Each  purchase  right  shall be
automatically  exercised on the  respective  Purchase Date, and shares of Common
Stock shall  accordingly be purchased on behalf of each Participant  (other than
any  Participant  whose  payroll  deductions  have  previously  been refunded in
accordance with the Termination of Purchase Right provisions below) on each such
Purchase  Date.  The purchase  shall be effected by applying  the  Participant's
payroll  deductions  for  the  Purchase  Period  ending  on such  Purchase  Date
(together with any carryover  deductions from the preceding  Purchase Period) to
the purchase of whole shares of Common Stock  (subject to the  limitation on the
maximum number of shares  purchasable  per Participant on any one Purchase Date)
at the purchase price in effect for the Participant for that Purchase Date.

                                       3




         C. PURCHASE  PRICE.  The purchase price per share at which Common Stock
will be purchased on the  Participant's  behalf on each  Purchase  Date shall be
equal to eighty-five percent (85%) of the lower of (i) the Fair Market Value per
share of Common  Stock on the start  date for that  Purchase  Period or (ii) the
Fair  Market   Value  per  share  of  Common  Stock  on  that   Purchase   Date.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Administrator may establish,  with respect to
any Purchase  Period, a different  purchase price,  which shall be no lower than
the  purchase  price  set  forth  in the  preceding  sentence,  so  long  as the
Administrator  gives all Eligible Employees  reasonable notice of such different
purchase  price at least  sixty  (60)  days  prior to the  commencement  of such
Purchase  Period,  in which event the different  purchase  price so  established
shall  remain in effect for all  subsequent  Purchase  Periods  unless and until
changed again by the Administrator.

         D. NUMBER OF PURCHASABLE  SHARES.  The number of shares of Common Stock
purchasable  by a Participant on each Purchase Date shall be the number of whole
shares obtained by dividing the amount  collected from the  Participant  through
payroll  deductions  during the Purchase  Period  ending with that Purchase Date
(together with any carryover  deductions from the preceding  Purchase Period) by
the  purchase  price in  effect  for the  Participant  for that  Purchase  Date.
However,   the  maximum  number  of  shares  of  Common  Stock  purchasable  per
Participant  on any Purchase  Date shall not exceed five hundred  (500)  shares,
subject  to  periodic  adjustments  in  the  event  of  certain  changes  in the
Corporation's capitalization.

         E. EXCESS PAYROLL DEDUCTIONS. Any payroll deductions not applied to the
purchase of shares of Common  Stock on any  Purchase  Date  because they are not
sufficient  to  purchase  a whole  share of Common  Stock  shall be held for the
purchase of Common Stock on the next Purchase Date, or at the option of the Plan
Administrator,  may be used  to buy  fractional  shares.  However,  any  payroll
deductions  not  applied  to the  purchase  of  Common  Stock by  reason  of the
limitation on the maximum number of shares purchasable by the Participant on the
Purchase Date shall be promptly refunded, without interest.

         F. TERMINATION OF PURCHASE RIGHT. The following provisions shall govern
the termination of outstanding purchase rights:

                  (i) A Participant  may, at any time prior to the next Purchase
Date , terminate his or her outstanding purchase right by filing the appropriate
form with the Plan  Administrator  (or its  designate),  and no further  payroll
deductions  shall  be  collected  from  the  Participant  with  respect  to  the
terminated purchase right. Any payroll deductions  collected during the Purchase
Period in which such termination occurs shall, at the Participant's election, be
immediately  refunded,  without interest,  or held for the purchase of shares on
the next  Purchase  Date.  If no such election is made at the time such purchase
right is terminated,  then the payroll deductions  collected with respect to the
terminated right shall be refunded as soon as possible, without interest.

                  (ii)  The   termination   of  such  purchase  right  shall  be
irrevocable, and the Participant may not subsequently rejoin the Purchase Period
for  which  the  terminated  purchase  right  was  granted.  In order to  resume
participation in any subsequent Purchase Period, such

                                       4



individual  must  re-enroll  in the Plan  (by  making  a  timely  filing  of the
prescribed  enrollment  forms) on or before  the  start  date for that  Purchase
Period.

                  (iii)  Should  the  Participant  cease to remain  an  Eligible
Employee for any reason (including death,  disability or change in status) while
his or her purchase  right remains  outstanding,  then that purchase right shall
immediately  terminate,  and all of the Participant's payroll deductions for the
Purchase  Period in which the purchase right so terminates  shall be immediately
refunded;  provided  that,  to the extent  permitted by Code Section 423 and the
applicable  regulations,  upon  termination  of  employment  due to  death,  the
Participant's   beneficiaries   may  elect  to  purchase  the  shares  that  the
accumulated  payroll  deductions in the Participant's  account would purchase at
the date of death.  Notwithstanding the foregoing,  should the Participant cease
to remain in active  service by reason of an approved  unpaid  leave of absence,
then the  Participant  shall have the  election,  exercisable  up until the last
business  day of the  Purchase  Period in which  such  leave  commences,  to (a)
withdraw all the funds in the  Participant's  payroll account at the time of the
commencement  of such  leave or (b) have such  funds  held for the  purchase  of
shares  at the end of such  Purchase  Period.  In no event,  however,  shall any
further  payroll  deductions be added to the  Participant's  account during such
leave.  Upon the  Participant's  return to active  service,  his or her  payroll
deductions  under the Plan shall  automatically  resume at the rate in effect at
the time the leave began,  provided the Participant  returns to service prior to
the expiration date of the Purchase Period in which such leave began.

         G.  CORPORATE  TRANSACTION.   Each  outstanding  purchase  right  shall
automatically  be  exercised,  immediately  prior to the  effective  date of any
Corporate  Transaction,  by applying the payroll  deductions of each Participant
for the  Purchase  Period  in which  such  Corporate  Transaction  occurs to the
purchase of whole shares of Common Stock at a purchase  price per share equal to
eighty-five percent (85%) of the lower of (i) the Fair Market Value per share of
Common Stock on the start date for the Purchase  Period in which such  Corporate
Transaction  occurs or (ii) the Fair  Market  Value  per  share of Common  Stock
immediately prior to the effective date of such Corporate Transaction.  However,
the  applicable  limitation on the number of shares of Common Stock  purchasable
per Participant shall continue to apply to any such purchase.

         The Corporation shall use its best efforts to provide at least ten (10)
days prior written  notice of the occurrence of any Corporate  Transaction,  and
Participants  shall,  following  the receipt of such  notice,  have the right to
terminate their  outstanding  purchase rights prior to the effective date of the
Corporate Transaction.

         H. PRORATION OF PURCHASE  RIGHTS.  Should the total number of shares of
Common Stock which are to be purchased  pursuant to outstanding  purchase rights
on any  particular  date exceed the number of shares then available for issuance
under  the  Plan,  the Plan  Administrator  shall  either  (i)  make a  pro-rata
allocation of the available shares on a uniform and nondiscriminatory  basis, in
which case the payroll  deductions of each Participant,  to the extent in excess
of the aggregate  purchase price payable for the Common Stock  pro-rated to such
individual,  shall be refunded, without interest, or (ii) increase the number of
shares  then  available  for  issuance  under the Plan,  subject to  shareholder
approval, by an amount at least sufficient to

                                       5



permit  the  purchase  of all  shares  which  are to be  purchased  pursuant  to
outstanding purchase rights on such date.

         I. ASSIGNABILITY. During the Participant's lifetime, the purchase right
shall be  exercisable  only by the  Participant  and shall not be  assignable or
transferable by the Participant.

         J. SHAREHOLDER  RIGHTS. A Participant shall have no shareholder  rights
with  respect to the shares  subject to his or her  outstanding  purchase  right
until the shares are purchased on the  Participant's  behalf in accordance  with
the provisions of the Plan and the  Participant has become a holder of record of
the purchased shares.

8.       ACCRUAL LIMITATIONS

         A. No Participant  shall be entitled to accrue rights to acquire Common
Stock pursuant to any purchase right  outstanding  under this Plan if and to the
extent such accrual,  when  aggregated  with (i) rights to purchase Common Stock
accrued under any other  purchase right granted under this Plan and (ii) similar
rights  accrued under other employee stock purchase plans (within the meaning of
Code Section 423) of the Corporation or any Corporate Affiliate, would otherwise
permit such  Participant  to purchase  more than  twenty-five  thousand  dollars
($25,000)  worth  of  stock  of  the  Corporation  or  any  Corporate  Affiliate
(determined  on the basis of the Fair Market  Value of such stock on the date or
dates such rights are  granted)  for each  calendar  year such rights are at any
time outstanding.

         B. For purposes of applying  such accrual  limitations,  the  following
provisions shall be in effect:

                  (i) The right to acquire  Common Stock under each  outstanding
purchase right shall accrue on each successive Purchase Date.

                  (ii) No right to acquire  Common  Stock under any  outstanding
purchase right shall accrue to the extent the Participant has already accrued in
the same calendar year the right to acquire Common Stock under one or more other
purchase  rights in an amount equal to twenty-five  thousand  dollars  ($25,000)
worth of Common Stock  (determined on the basis of the Fair Market Value of such
stock on the date or dates of grant) for each  calendar year such rights were at
any time outstanding.

         C. If by reason of such accrual  limitations,  any purchase  right of a
Participant does not accrue for a particular  Purchase Period,  then the payroll
deductions  which the Participant  made during that Purchase Period with respect
to such purchase right shall be promptly refunded, without interest.

         D. In the event there is any conflict  between the  provisions  of this
Article  and  one or  more  provisions  of the  Plan  or any  instrument  issued
thereunder, the provisions of this Article shall be controlling.

                                       6




9.       EFFECTIVE DATE AND TERM OF THE PLAN

         A. The Plan was  adopted  by the  Board as of  February  1,  1999,  and
approved by the  shareholders as of February 1, 1999. It shall become  effective
at the Effective  Time,  provided that no purchase rights granted under the Plan
shall be  exercised,  and no shares of Common  Stock shall be issued  hereunder,
until the  Corporation  shall have complied with all applicable  requirements of
the 1933 Act (including the  registration of the shares of Common Stock issuable
under the Plan on a Form S-8  registration  statement  filed with the Securities
and Exchange  Commission),  all  applicable  listing  requirements  of any stock
exchange (or the Nasdaq  National  Market,  if  applicable)  on which the Common
Stock is listed for trading and all other applicable requirements established by
law or regulation.  In the event such shareholder  approval is not obtained,  or
such  compliance  is not  effected,  within twelve (12) months after the date on
which the Plan is  adopted by the Board,  the Plan shall  terminate  and have no
further  force or effect and all sums  collected  from  Participants  during the
initial Purchase Period shall be refunded.

         B. Unless sooner terminated by the Board, the Plan shall terminate upon
the  earliest  of (i)  February  1,  2009,  (ii) the date on  which  all  shares
available for issuance  under the Plan shall have been sold pursuant to purchase
rights  exercised  under the Plan or (iii) the date on which all purchase rights
are exercised in connection with a Corporate  Transaction.  No further  purchase
rights shall be granted or exercised, and no further payroll deductions shall be
collected, under the Plan following its termination.

10.      AMENDMENT OF THE PLAN

         The Board may  alter,  amend,  suspend or  discontinue  the Plan at any
time,  to become  effective  immediately  following  the  close of any  Purchase
Period.  However,  the Board may not, without the approval of the  Corporation's
shareholders,  (i)  materially  increase  the  number of shares of Common  Stock
issuable  under  the  Plan or the  maximum  number  of  shares  purchasable  per
Participant on any one Purchase Date, except for permissible  adjustments in the
event of certain  changes in the  Corporation's  capitalization  as  provided in
Section 3.B hereof,  (ii) alter the purchase  price  formula so as to reduce the
purchase  price  payable for the shares of Common  Stock  purchasable  under the
Plan, or (iii) materially modify the requirements for eligibility to participate
in the Plan.

11.      GENERAL PROVISIONS

         A. All costs and expenses  incurred in the  administration  of the Plan
shall be paid by the Corporation.

         B. Nothing in the Plan shall confer upon the  Participant  any right to
continue in the employ of the  Corporation  or any  Corporate  Affiliate for any
period of specific  duration or interfere with or otherwise  restrict in any way
the rights of the Corporation (or any Corporate Affiliate employing such person)
or of the Participant,  which rights are hereby  expressly  reserved by each, to
terminate such person's  employment at any time for any reason,  with or without
cause.



                                       7



         C. The  provisions  of the Plan  shall be  governed  by the laws of the
State of California without resort to that State's conflict-of-laws rules.

         D. The Plan is  designed  to  qualify  under  Section  423 of the Code.
Payroll deductions will be made on an after-tax basis.



                                       8



                                                                        APPENDIX


         The following definitions shall be in effect under the Plan:

         A. Board shall mean the Corporation's Board of Directors.

         B. Cash  Compensation  shall mean the (i) regular base salary paid to a
Participant  by one or more  Participating  Companies  during such  individual's
period of participation  in the Plan, plus (ii) all of the following  amounts to
the extent paid in cash: overtime payments, bonuses, commissions, profit-sharing
distributions and other incentive-type  payments (including,  in the case of any
amounts referred to in clause (i) or (ii), any pre-tax contributions made by the
Participant to any Code Section 401(k) salary  deferral plan or any Code Section
125 cafeteria benefit program now or hereafter established by the Corporation or
any  Corporate  Affiliate).  However,  Cash  Compensation  shall not include any
contributions (other than Code Section 401(k) or Code Section 125 contributions)
made on the Participant's  behalf by the Corporation or any Corporate  Affiliate
to any deferred  compensation  plan or welfare  benefit program now or hereafter
established.

         C. Common Stock shall mean the Corporation's Common Stock.

         D. Code shall mean the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.

         E. Corporate Affiliate shall mean any parent or subsidiary  corporation
of the Corporation (as determined in accordance with Code Section 424),  whether
now existing or subsequently established.

         F.   Corporate   Transaction   shall  mean  either  of  the   following
shareholder-approved transactions to which the Corporation is a party:

                  (i) a merger or consolidation  in which securities  possessing
more  than  fifty  percent  (50%)  of the  total  combined  voting  power of the
Corporation's  outstanding  securities  are  transferred  to a person or persons
different from the persons holding those  securities  immediately  prior to such
transaction, or

                  (ii)  the  sale,  transfer  or  other  disposition  of  all or
substantially  all of the assets of the  Corporation in complete  liquidation or
dissolution of the Corporation.

         G.  Corporation  shall  mean  Ravenswood  Winery,  Inc.,  a  California
corporation,  and any  corporate  successor to all or  substantially  all of the
assets or voting stock of Ravenswood  Winery,  Inc.,  which shall by appropriate
action adopt the Plan.

         H.  Effective  Time  shall  mean  the time at  which  the  Underwriting
Agreement is executed and finally priced. Any Corporate  Affiliate which becomes
a  Participating  Corporation  after  such  Effective  Time  shall  designate  a
subsequent Effective Time with respect to its employee-Participants.

                                      A-1


         I. Eligible Employee shall mean any employee,  except any person who is
engaged,  on a  regularly  scheduled  basis for fewer than twenty (20) hours per
week or for fewer than five (5) months per calendar  year,  in the  rendition of
personal services to any  Participating  Corporation as an employee for earnings
considered wages under Code Section 3401(a).

         J. Fair Market  Value per share of Common  Stock on any  relevant  date
shall be determined in accordance with the following provisions:

                  (i) If the  Common  Stock is at the time  traded on the Nasdaq
National  Market,  then the Fair Market Value shall be the closing selling price
per share of Common Stock on the date in question,  as such price is reported by
the National  Association of Securities Dealers on the Nasdaq National Market or
any successor  system. If there is no closing selling price for the Common Stock
on the date in question, then the Fair Market Value shall be the closing selling
price on the last preceding date for which such quotation exists.

                  (ii) If the  Common  Stock is at the time  listed on any Stock
Exchange,  then the Fair Market  Value shall be the  closing  selling  price per
share of Common Stock on the date in question on the Stock  Exchange  determined
by the Plan Administrator to be the primary market for the Common Stock, as such
price  is  officially  quoted  in the  composite  tape of  transactions  on such
exchange.  If there is no closing selling price for the Common Stock on the date
in question,  then the Fair Market Value shall be the closing  selling  price on
the last preceding date for which such quotation exists.

                  (iii) For purposes of the initial offering period which begins
at the Effective  Time, the Fair Market Value shall be deemed to be equal to the
price per share at which the Common Stock is sold in the initial public offering
pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement.

         K. 1933 Act shall mean the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

         L.  Participant  shall mean any  Eligible  Employee of a  Participating
Corporation who is actively participating in the Plan.

         M.  Participating  Corporation  shall  mean  the  Corporation  and such
Corporate  Affiliate or Affiliates as may be authorized from time to time by the
Board to  extend  the  benefits  of the Plan to their  Eligible  Employees.  The
Participating  Corporations  in the Plan as of the Effective  Time are listed in
attached Schedule A.

         N. Plan shall mean the  Corporation's  Employee Stock Purchase Plan, as
set forth in this document.

         O. Plan  Administrator  shall  mean the Board or, if  established,  the
committee of two (2) or more Board members  appointed by the Board to administer
the Plan.

         P.  Purchase  Date shall mean the last  business  day of each  Purchase
Period.

                                      A-2


         Q.  Purchase  Period  shall mean each  successive  period at the end of
which  there  shall be  purchased  shares  of  Common  Stock on  behalf  of each
Participant.

         R. Stock  Exchange shall mean either the American Stock Exchange or the
New York Stock Exchange.

         S.  Underwriting   Agreement  shall  mean  the  agreement  between  the
Corporation  and the  underwriter  managing the initial  public  offering of the
Common Stock.



                                      A-3






                                                                      SCHEDULE A

                          CORPORATIONS PARTICIPATING IN
                          EMPLOYEE STOCK PURCHASE PLAN
                            AS OF THE EFFECTIVE TIME



Ravenswood Winery, Inc.




                                      A-1