BY-LAWS

                                    ARTICLE I

                                     OFFICES

                  Section 1. The registered office shall be in the City of
Wilmington, County of New Castle, State of Delaware.
                  
                  Section 2. The corporation may also have offices at such other
places both within and without the State of Delaware as the board of directors
may from time to time determine or the business of the corporation may require.


                                   ARTICLE II

                            MEETINGS OF STOCKHOLDERS

                  Section 1. All meetings of the stockholders for the election
of directors shall be held in the City of Philadelphia, State of Pennsylvania,
at such place as may be fixed from time to time by the board of directors, or at
such other place either within or without the State of Delaware as shall be
designated from time to time by the board of directors and stated in the notice
of the meeting. Meetings of stockholders for any other purpose may be held at
such time and place, within or without the State of Delaware, as shall be stated
in the notice of the meeting or in a duly executed waiver of notice thereof.

                  Section 2. Annual meetings of stockholders, commencing with
the year 1975, shall be held on the first Monday of April if not a legal
holiday, and if a legal holiday, then on the next secular day following, or at
such other date and time as shall be designated from time to time by the board
of directors and stated in the notice of the meeting, at which






they shall elect by a plurality vote a board of directors, and transact such
other business as may properly be brought before the meeting.

                  Section 3. Written notice of the annual meeting stating the
place, date and hour of the meeting shall be given to each stockholder entitled
to vote at such meeting not less than ten nor more than sixty days before the
date of the meeting.

                  Section 4. The officer who has charge of the stock ledger of
the corporation shall prepare and make, at least ten days before every meeting
of stockholders, a complete list of the stockholders entitled to vote at the
meeting, arranged in alphabetical order, and showing the address of each
stockholder and the number of shares registered in the name of each stockholder.
Such list shall be open to the examination of any stockholder, for any purpose
germane to the meeting, during ordinary business hours, for a period of at least
ten days prior to the meeting, either at a place within the city where the
meeting is to be held, which place shall be specified in the notice of the
meeting, or, if not so specified, at the place where the meeting is to be held.
The list shall also be produced and kept at the time and place of the meeting
during the whole time thereof, and may be inspected by any stockholder who is
present.

                  Section 5. Special meetings of the stockholders, for any
purpose or purposes, unless otherwise prescribed by statute or by the
certificate of incorporation, may be called by the President/CEO and shall be
called by the President/CEO or secretary at the request in writing of a majority
of the board of directors, or at the request in writing of stockholders owning a
majority in amount of the entire capital stock of the corporation issued

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and outstanding and entitled to vote. Such request shall state the purpose or
purposes of the proposed meeting.

                  Section 6. Written notice of a special meeting stating the
place, date and hour of the meeting and the purpose or purposes for which the
meeting is called, shall be given not less than ten nor more than sixty days
before the date of the meeting, to each stockholder entitled to vote at such
meeting.

                  Section 7. Business transacted at any special meeting of
stockholders shall be limited to the purposes stated in the notice.

                  Section 8. The holders of a majority of the stock issued and
outstanding and entitled to vote thereat, present in person or represented by
proxy, shall constitute a quorum at all meetings of the stockholders for the
transaction of business except as otherwise provided by statute or by the
certificate of incorporation. If, however, such quorum shall not be present or
represented at any meeting of the stockholders, the stockholders entitled to
vote thereat, present in person or represented by proxy, shall have power to
adjourn the meeting from time to time, without notice other than announcement at
the meeting, until a quorum shall be present or represented. At such adjourned
meeting at which a quorum shall be present or represented any business may be
transacted which might have been transacted at the meeting as originally
notified. If the adjournment is for more than thirty days, or if after the
adjournment a new record date is fixed for the adjourned meeting, a notice of
the adjourned meeting shall be given to each stockholder of record entitled to
vote at the meeting.

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                  Section 9. When a quorum is present at any meeting, the vote
of the holders of a majority of the stock having voting power present in person
or represented by proxy shall decide any question brought before such meeting,
unless the question is one upon which by express provision of the statutes or of
the certificate of incorporation, a different vote is required in which case
such express provision shall govern and control the decision of such question.

                  Section 10. Unless otherwise provided in the certificate of
incorporation, each stockholder shall at every meeting of the stockholders be
entitled to one vote in person or by proxy for each share of the capital stock
having voting power held by such stockholder, but no proxy shall be voted on
after three years from its date, unless the proxy provides for a longer period.

                  Section 11. Unless otherwise provided in the certificate of
incorporation, any action required to be taken at any annual or special meeting
of stockholders of the corporation, or any action which may be taken at any
annual or special meeting of such stockholders, may be taken without a meeting,
without prior notice and without a vote, if a consent in writing, setting forth
the action so taken, shall be signed by the holders of outstanding stock having
not less than the minimum number of votes that would be necessary to authorize
or take such action at a meeting at which all shares entitled to vote thereon
were present and voted. Prompt notice of the taking of the corporate action
without a meeting by less than written consent shall be given to those
stockholders who have not consented in writing.

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                                   ARTICLE III

                                    DIRECTORS

                  Section 1. The number of directors which shall constitute the
whole board shall be not less than three nor more than seven. The first board
shall consist of three directors. Thereafter, within the limits above specified,
the number of directors shall be determined by resolution of the board of
directors or by the stockholders at the annual meeting. The directors shall be
elected at the annual meeting of the stockholders, except as provided in Section
2 of this Article, and each director elected shall hold office until his
successor is elected and qualified. Directors need not be stockholders.

                  Section 2. Vacancies and newly created directorships resulting
from any increase in the authorized number of directors may be filled by a
majority of the directors then in office, though less than a quorum, or by a
sole remaining director, and the directors so chosen shall hold office until the
next annual election and until their successors are duly elected and shall
qualify, unless sooner displaced. If there are no directors in office, then an
election of directors may be held in the manner provided by statute. If, at the
time of filling any vacancy or any newly created directorships the directors
then in office shall constitute less than a majority of the whole board (as
constituted immediately prior to any such increase), the Court of Chancery may,
upon application of any stockholder or stockholders holding at least ten percent
of the total number of the shares at the time outstanding having the right to
vote for such directors, summarily order an election to be held to fill any such
vacancies or newly created directorships, or to replace the directors chosen by
the directors then in office.

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                  Section 3. The business of the corporation shall be managed by
its board of directors which may exercise all such powers of the corporation and
do all such lawful acts and things as are not by statute or by the certificate
of incorporation or by these by-laws directed or required to be exercised or
done by the stockholders.

                       MEETINGS OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS

                  Section 4. The board of directors of the corporation may hold
meetings, both regular and special, either within or without the State of
Delaware.

                  Section 5. The first meeting of each newly elected board of
directors shall be held at such time and place as shall be fixed by the vote of
the stockholders at the annual meeting and no notice of such meeting shall be
necessary to the newly elected directors in order legally to constitute the
meeting, provided a quorum shall be present. In the event of the failure of the
stockholders to fix the time or place of such first meeting of the newly elected
board of directors, or in the event such meeting is not held at the time and
place so fixed by the stockholders, the meeting may be held at such time and
place as shall be specified in a notice given as hereafter provided for special
meetings of the board of directors, or as shall be specified in a written waiver
signed by all of the directors.

                  Section 6. The board of directors shall hold at least two, but
no more than four, regular meetings a year.

                  Section 7. Special meetings of the board of directors may be
called by the chairman of the board of directors or any two directors.

                  Section 8. At all meetings of the board a majority of the
directors shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business and the act
of a majority of the directors

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present at any meeting at which there is a quorum shall be the act of the board
of directors, except as may be otherwise specifically provided by statute or by
the certificate of incorporation. If a quorum shall not be present at any
meeting of the board of directors, the directors present thereat may adjourn the
meeting from time to time, without notice other than announcement at the
meeting, until a quorum shall be present.

                  Section 9. Unless otherwise restricted by the certificate of
incorporation or these bylaws, any action required or permitted to be taken at
any meeting of the board of directors or of any committee thereof may be taken
without a meeting, if all members of the board or committee, as the case may be,
consent thereto in writing, and the writing or writings are filed with the
minutes of proceedings of the board or committee.

                  Section 10. Unless otherwise restricted by the certificate of
incorporation or these bylaws, members of the board of directors, or any
committee designated by the board of directors, may participate in a meeting of
the board of directors, or any committee, by means of conference telephone or
similar communications equipment by means of which all persons participating in
the meeting can hear each other, and such participation in a meeting shall
constitute presence in person at the meeting.

                             COMMITTEES OF DIRECTORS

                  Section 11. The board of directors may, by resolution passed
by a majority of the whole board, designate one or more committees, each
committee to consist of one of more of the directors of the corporation. The
board may designate one or more directors as alternate members of any committee,
who may replace any absent or disqualified member at any meeting of the
committee. In the absence or disqualification of a member of a

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committee, the member or members thereof present at any meeting and not
disqualified from voting, whether or not he or they constitute a quorum, may
unanimously appoint another member of the board of directors to act at the
meeting in the place of any such absent or disqualified member. Amy such
committee, to the extent provided in the resolution of the board of directors,
shall have and may exercise all the powers and authority of the board of
directors in the management of the business and affairs of the corporation, and
may authorize the seal of the corporation to be affixed to all papers which may
require it; but no such committee shall have the power or authority in reference
to amending the certificate of incorporation, adopting an agreement of merger or
consolidation, recommending to the stockholders the sale, lease or exchange of
all or substantially all of the corporation's property and assets, recommending
to the stockholders a dissolution of the corporation or a revocation of a
dissolution, or amending the by-laws of the corporation; and, unless the
resolution or the certificate of incorporation expressly so provides, no such
committee shall have the power or authority to declare a dividend or to
authorize the issuance of stock. Such committee or committees shall have such
name or names as may be determined from time to time by resolution adopted by
the board of directors.

                  Section 12. Each committee shall keep regular minutes of its
meetings and report the same to the board of directors when required.

                            COMPENSATION OF DIRECTORS

                  Section 13. Unless otherwise restricted by the certificate of
incorporation or these by-laws, the board of directors shall have the authority
to fix the compensation of directors. The directors may be paid their expenses,
if any, of attendance at each meeting of

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the board of directors and may be paid a fixed sum for attendance at each
meeting of the board of directors or a stated salary as director. No such
payment shall preclude any director from serving the corporation in any other
capacity and receiving compensation therefor. Members of special or standing
committees may be allowed like compensation for attending committee meetings.

              INDEMNIFICATION OF DIRECTORS, OFFICERS AND EMPLOYEES

                  Section 14. (1) Any person who was or is a party or is
threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action,
suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative
(other than an action by or in the right of the corporation) by reason of the
fact that he is or was a director, officer, employee, or agent of the
corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the corporation as a
director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint
venture, trust or other enterprise, shall be indemnified by this corporation
against expenses (including attorneys' fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid
in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by him in connection with such
action, suit or proceeding if he acted in good faith and in a manner he
reasonably believed to be in, or not opposed to, the best interests of the
corporation, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceedings, had no
reasonable cause to believe his conduct was unlawful. The termination of any
action, suit or proceedings by judgment, order, settlement, conviction, or upon
a plea of nolo contendere or its equivalent, shall not, of itself, create a
presumption that the person did not act in good faith and in a manner which he
reasonably believed to be in, or not opposed to, the best interests of the

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corporation, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had
reasonable cause to believe that his conduct was unlawful.

                  (2) Any person who was or is a party, or is threatened to be
made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action or suit by or in the
right of the corporation to procure a judgment in its favor by reason of the
fact that he is or was the director, officer, employee or agent of the
corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the corporation as a
director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint
venture, trust or other enterprise, shall be indemnified by this corporation
against expenses (including attorneys' fees) actually and reasonably incurred by
him in connection with the defense or settlement of such action or suit if he
acted in good faith and in a manner he reasonably believed to be in, or not
opposed to, the best interests of the corporation; except, however, that no
indemnification shall be made in respect of any claim, issue or matter as to
which such person shall have been adjudged to be liable for negligence or
misconduct in the performance of his duty to the corporation unless and only to
the extent that the Court of Chancery of the county in which the registered
office of the corporation is located or the court in which such action or suit
was brought shall determine upon application that, despite the adjudication of
the liability but in view of all the circumstances of the case, such person is
fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnity for such expenses which the Court of
Chancery or such other court shall deem proper.

                  (3) To the extent that a director, officer, employee or agent
as above described has been successful on the merits or otherwise in defense of
any action, suit or proceeding referred to in paragraph 1 or 2 of this Article
or in defense of any claim, issue

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or matter therein, he shall be indemnified against expenses (including
attorneys' fees) actually and reasonably incurred by him in connection
therewith.

                  (4) Any indemnification under paragraphs 1 or 2 of this
Article (unless ordered by a court) shall be made upon a determination that
indemnification of the director, officer, employee or agent is proper in the
circumstances because he has met the applicable standard of conduct set forth in
such subsection. Such determination shall be made:

                      (a)   By the vote of the board of directors consisting of
                            directors who were not parties to such action, suit
                            or proceedings; or

                      (b)   If such action is not obtainable, or even if
                            obtainable the vote of the disinterested directors
                            so directs, by independent legal counsel in a
                            written opinion; or 

                      (c)   By the shareholders.

                  (5) Expenses incurred in defending a civil or criminal action,
suit or proceeding may be paid by the corporation in advance of the final
disposition of such action, suit or proceeding as authorized in the manner
provided in paragraph 4 of this Article upon receipt of an undertaking by or on
behalf of the director, officer, employee or agent to repay such amount if it
shall ultimately be determined that he is not entitled to be indemnified by the
corporation as authorized in this Article.

                  (6) The indemnification provided by this Article shall not be
deemed exclusive of any other rights to which those seeking indemnification may
be entitled under

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any by-law, agreement, vote of shareholders or disinterested directors or
otherwise, both as to action in his official capacity and as to action in
another capacity while holding such office, and shall continue as to a person
who has ceased to be a director, officer, employee or agent and shall inure to
the benefit of the heirs, executors and administrators of such a person.

                  (7) The corporation may, by action of the board of directors,
purchase and maintain insurance on behalf of any person who is or was a
director, officer, employee or agent of the corporation, or is or was serving at
the request of the corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of
another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise
against any liability asserted against him and incurred by him in any such
capacity, or arising out of his status as such, whether or not the corporation
would have the power to indemnify him against such liability under the
provisions of this Article.

                                   ARTICLE IV

                                    NOTICES

                  Section 1. Whenever, under the provisions of the statutes or
of the certificate of incorporation or of these by-laws, notice is required to
be given to any director or stockholder, it shall not be construed to mean
personal notice, but such notice may be given in writing, by mail, addressed to
such director or stockholder, at his address as it appears on the records of the
corporation, with postage thereon prepaid, and such notice shall be deemed to be
given at the time when the same shall be deposited in the United States mail.
Notice to directors may also be given by telegram.

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                  Section 2. Whenever any notice is required to given under the
provisions of the statutes or of the certificate of incorporation or of these
bylaws, a waiver thereof in writing, signed by the person or persons entitled to
said notice, whether before or after the time stated therein, shall be deemed
equivalent thereto.

                                    ARTICLE V

                                    OFFICERS

                  Section 1. The officers of the corporation shall be chosen by
the board of directors and shall be a President/CEO, a vice-president, a
secretary and a treasurer. The board of directors may also choose additional
vice-presidents, and one or more assistant secretaries and assistant treasurers.
Any number of offices may be held by the same person, unless the certificate of
incorporation or these by-laws otherwise provide.

                  Section 2. The board of directors at its first meeting after
each annual meeting of stockholders shall choose a President/CEO, one or more
vice-presidents, a secretary and a treasurer.

                  Section 3. The board of directors may appoint such other
officers and agents as it shall deem necessary who shall hold their officers for
such terms and shall exercise such powers and preform such duties as shall be
determined from time to time by the board.

                  Section 4. The salaries of all officers and agents of the
corporation shall be fixed by the board of directors.

                  Section 5. The President/CEO of the corporation shall be
elected by the unanimous action of all of the directors of the corporation. The
President/CEO may be

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removed at any time, by the unanimous vote of all of the directors of the
corporation. All other officers of the corporation shall hold office until their
successors are chosen and qualify. All other officers elected or appointed by
the board of directors may be removed at any time by the affirmative vote of a
majority of the board of directors. Any vacancy occurring in any office of the
corporation, except President/CEO, shall be filled by the board of directors.

                                THE PRESIDENT/CEO

                  Section 6. The President/CEO shall also be the chief executive
officer of the corporation. The President/CEO shall have the fullest powers
permitted by the Delaware General Corporation Law. In addition, the
President/CEO shall preside at all meetings of the stockholders and the board of
directors, shall have general and active management of the business of the
corporation and shall ensure that all orders and resolutions of the board of
directors are carried into effect. The powers of the President/CEO shall not be
diminished except by the unanimous action of all of the directors. H. F. Lenfest
shall serve as President/CEO until the first to occur of his death, resignation
or December 31, 2001 and until his successor is chosen and shall qualify.

                  Section 7. He shall execute bonds, mortgages and other
contracts requiring a seal, under the seal of the corporation, except where
required or permitted by law to be otherwise signed and executed and except
where the signing and execution thereof shall be expressly delegated by the
board of directors to some other officer or agent of the corporation.

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                               THE VICE-PRESIDENT

                  Section 8. In the absence of the President/CEO or in the event
of his inability or refusal to act, the vice-president (or in the event there be
more than one vice-president, the vice-presidents in the order designated by the
directors, or in the absence of any designation; then in the order of their
election) shall perform the duties of the President/CEO, and when so acting,
shall have all the powers of and be subject to all the restrictions upon the
President/CEO. The vice-presidents shall perform such other duties and have such
other powers as the board of directors may from time to time prescribe.

                      THE SECRETARY AND ASSISTANT SECRETARY

                  Section 9. The secretary shall attend all meetings of the
board of directors and all meetings of the stockholders and record all the
proceedings of the meetings of the corporation and of the board of directors in
a book to be kept for that purpose and shall perform like duties for the
standing committees when required. He shall give, or cause to be given, notice
of all meetings of the stockholders and special meetings of the board of
directors, and shall perform such other duties as may be prescribed by the board
of directors or President/CEO, under whose supervision he shall be. He shall
have custody of the corporate seal of the corporation and he, or an assistant
secretary, shall have authority to affix the same to any instrument requiring it
and when so affixed, it may be attested by his signature or by the signature of
such assistant secretary. The board of directors may give general authority to
any other officer to affix the seal of the corporation and to attest the
affixing by his signature.

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                  Section 10. The assistant secretary, or if there be more than
one, the assistant secretaries in the order determined by the board of directors
(or if there be no such determination, then in use order of their election)
shall, in the absence of the secretary or in the event of his inability or
refusal to act, perform the duties and exercise the powers of the secretary and
shall perform such other duties and have such other powers as the board of
directors way from time to time prescribe.

                     THE TREASURER AND ASSISTANT TREASURERS

                  Section 11. The treasurer shall have the custody of the
corporate funds and shall keep full and accurate accounts of receipts and
disbursements in books belonging to the corporation and shall deposit all moneys
and other valuable effects in the name and to the credit of the corporation in
such depositories as may be designated by the board of directors.

                  Section 12. He shall disburse the funds of the corporation as
may be ordered by the board of directors, taking proper vouchers for such
disbursements, and shall render to the President/CEO and the board of directors,
at its regular meetings, or when the board of directors so requires, an account
of all his transactions as treasurer and of the financial condition of the
corporation.

                  Section 13. If required by the board of directors, he shall
give the corporation a bond (which shall be renewed every six years) in such sum
and with such surety or sureties as shall be satisfactory to the board of
directors for the faithful performance of the duties of his office and for the
restoration to the corporation, in case of his death, resignation, retirement or
removal from office, of all books, papers, vouchers, money and

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other property of whatever kind in his possession or under his control belonging
to the corporation.

                  Section 14. The assistant treasurer, or if there shall be more
than one, the assistant treasurers in the order determined by the board of
directors (or if there be no such determination, then in the order of their
election), shall, in the absence of the treasurer or in the event of his
inability or refusal to act, perform the duties and exercise the powers of the
treasurer and shall perform such other duties and such other powers as the board
of directors may from time to time prescribe.

                                   ARTICLE VI

                              CERTIFICATE OF STOCK

                  Section 1. Every holder of stock in the corporation shall be
entitled to have a certificate, signed by, or in the name of the corporation,
certifying the number of shares owned by him in the corporation.

                  Section 2. Any of or all the signatures on the certificate may
be facsimile. In case any officer, transfer agent or registrar who has signed or
whose facsimile signature has been placed upon a certificate shall have ceased
to be such officer, transfer agent or registrar before such certificate is
issued, it may be issued by the corporation with the same effect as if he were
such officer, transfer agent or registrar at the date of issue.

                                LOST CERTIFICATES

                  Section 3. The board of directors may direct a new certificate
or certificates to be issued in place of any certificate or certificates
theretofore issued by the corporation alleged to have been lost, stolen or
destroyed, upon the making of an affidavit of

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that fact by the person claiming the certificate of stock to be lost, stolen or
destroyed. When authorizing such issue of a new certificate or certificates, the
board of directors may, in its discretion and as a condition precedent to the
issuance thereof, require the owner of such lost, stolen or destroyed
certificate or certificates, or his legal representative, to advertise the same
in such manner as it shall require and/or to give the corporation a bond in such
sum as it may direct as indemnity against any claim that may be made against the
corporation with respect to the certificate alleged to have been lost, stolen or
destroyed.

                               TRANSFERS OF STOCK

                  Section 4. Upon surrender to the corporation or the transfer
agent of the corporation of a certificate for shares duly endorsed or
accompanied by proper evidence of succession, assignation or authority to
transfer, it shall be the duty of the corporation to issue a new certificate to
the person entitled thereto, cancel the old certificate and record the
transaction upon its books.

                               FIXING RECORD DATE

                  Section 5. In order that the corporation may determine the
stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at any meeting of stockholders or
any adjournment thereof, or to express consent to corporate action in writing
without a meeting, or entitled to receive payment of any dividend or other
distribution or allotment of any rights, or entitled to exercise any rights in
respect of any change, conversion or exchange of stock or for the purpose of any
other lawful action, the board of directors may fix, in advance, a record date,
which shall not be more than sixty nor less than ten days before the date of
such meeting, nor more than sixty days prior to any other action. A
determination of stockholders of record

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entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall apply to any
adjournment of the meeting; provided, however, that the board of directors may
fix a new record date for the adjourned meeting.

                             REGISTERED STOCKHOLDERS

                  Section 6. The corporation shall be entitled to recognize the
exclusive right of a person registered on its books as the owner of shares to
receive dividends, and to vote as such owner, and to hold liable for calls and
assessments a person registered on its books as the owner of shares, and shall
not be bound to recognize any equitable or other claim to or interest in such
share or shares on the part of any other person, whether or not it shall have
express or other notice thereof, except as otherwise provided by the laws of
Delaware.

                                   ARTICLE VII

                               GENERAL PROVISIONS

                                    DIVIDENDS

                  Section 1. Dividends upon the capital stock of the
corporation, subject to the provisions of the certificate of incorporation, if
any, may be declared by the board of directors at any regular or special
meeting, pursuant to law. Dividends may be paid in cash, in property, or in
shares of the capital stock, subject to the provisions of the certificate of
incorporation.

                  Section 2. Before payment of any dividend there may be set
aside out of any funds of the corporation available for dividends such sum or
sums as the directors from time to time, in their absolute discretion, think
proper as a reserve or reserves to meet contingencies, or for equalizing
dividends, or for repairing or maintaining any property of the

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corporation, or for such other purpose as the directors shall think conducive to
the interest of the corporation, and the directors may modify or abolish any
such reserve in the manner in which it was created.

                                ANNUAL STATEMENT

                  Section 3. The board of directors shall present at each annual
meeting, and at any special meeting of the stockholders when called for by vote
of the stockholders, a full and clear statement of the business and condition of
the corporation.

                                     CHECKS

                  Section 4. All checks or demands for money and notes of the
corporation shall be signed by such officer or officers or such other person or
persons as the board of directors may from time to time designate.

                                   FISCAL YEAR

                  Section 5. The fiscal year of the corporation shall begin
January 1 of each year.

                                      SEAL

                  Section 6. The corporate seal shall have inscribed thereon the
name of the corporation, the year of its organization and the words "Corporate
Seal, Delaware". The seal may be used by causing it or a facsimile thereof to be
impressed or affixed or reproduced or otherwise.

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                                  ARTICLE VIII

                                   AMENDMENTS

                  Section 1. These by-laws, including this Article VIII, may be
altered, amended, modified, restated or repealed by either the stockholders or
the board of directors, but in either case only in accordance with the
provisions and limitations set forth in the Certificate of Incorporation of the
corporation. Such action to alter, amend, modify, restate or repeal the by-laws
may be considered at any regular or special meeting of the stockholders and/or
the board of directors if notice thereof be contained in the notice of such
regular or special meeting.


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