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            GUIDELINES FOR CERTIFICATION OF TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION
                         NUMBER ON SUBSTITUTE FORM W-9

GUIDELINES FOR DETERMINING THE PROPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER FOR THE PAYEE (YOU)
TO GIVE THE PAYER. -- Social Security numbers have nine digits separated by two
hyphens: i.e., 000-00-0000. Employer identification numbers have nine digits
separated by only one hyphen: i.e., 00-0000000. The table below will help
determine the number to give the payer. All "Section" references are to the
Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. "IRS" is the Internal Revenue
Service.



- ---------------------------------------------------------
FOR THIS TYPE OF ACCOUNT:          GIVE THE
                                   SOCIAL SECURITY
                                   NUMBER OF --
- ---------------------------------------------------------
                             
 1.  Individual                    The individual
 2.  Two or more individuals       The actual owner of
     (joint account)               the account or, if
                                   combined funds, the
                                   first individual on
                                   the account(1)
 3.  Custodian account of a minor  The minor(2)
     (Uniform Gift to Minors Act)
 4.  a. The usual revocable        The grantor-
        savings trust account      trustee(1)
        (grantor is also trustee)
     b. So-called trust account    The actual owner(1)
        that is not a legal or
        valid trust under state
        law
 5.  Sole proprietorship           The owner(3)
 6.  Sole proprietorship           The owner(3)
 7.  A valid trust, estate, or     The legal entity(4)
     pension trust
- ---------------------------------------------------------

- ---------------------------------------------------------
FOR THIS TYPE OF ACCOUNT:          GIVE THE
                                   EMPLOYER
                                   IDENTIFICATION
                                   NUMBER OF --
- ---------------------------------------------------------
                             
 8.  Corporate                     The corporation
 9.  Association, club,            The organization
     religious, charitable,
     educational, or other
     tax-exempt organization
10.  Partnership                   The partnership
11.  A broker or registered        The broker or nominee
     nominee
12.  Account with the Department   The public entity
     of Agriculture in the name
     of a public entity (such as
     a State or local government,
     school district, or prison)
     that receives agricultural
     program payments.(1)
- ---------------------------------------------------------


(1) List first and circle the name of the person whose number you furnish. If
    only one person on a joint account has a social security number, that
    person's number must be furnished.
(2) Circle the minor's name and furnish the minor's social security number.
(3) You must show your individual name, but you may also enter your business or
    "doing business as" name. You may use either your social security number or
    your employer identification number (if you have one).
(4) List first and circle the name of the legal trust, estate, or pension trust.
    (Do not furnish the taxpayer identification number of the personal
    representative or trustee unless the legal entity itself is not designated
    in the account title.)

NOTE:If no name is circled when there is more than one name listed, the number
     will be considered to be that of the first name listed.
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            GUIDELINES FOR CERTIFICATION OF TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION
                         NUMBER ON SUBSTITUTE FORM W-9

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OBTAINING A NUMBER

If you don't have a taxpayer identification number, obtain Form SS-5,
Application for a Social Security Card, at the local Social Security
Administration office, or Form SS-4, Application for Employer Identification
Number, by calling 1 (800) TAX-FORM, and apply for a number.

PAYEES EXEMPT FROM BACKUP WITHHOLDING

Payees specifically exempted from withholding include:

 - An organization exempt from tax under Section 501(a), an individual
   retirement account (IRA), or a custodial account under Section 403(b)(7), if
   the account satisfies the requirements of Section 401(f)(2).

 - The United States or a state thereof, the District of Columbia, a possession
   of the United States, or a political subdivision or wholly-owned agency or
   instrumentality of any one or more of the foregoing.

 - An international organization or any agency or instrumentality thereof.

 - A foreign government and any political subdivision, agency or instrumentality
   thereof.

PAYEES THAT MAY BE EXEMPT FROM BACKUP WITHHOLDING INCLUDE:

 - A corporation.

 - A financial institution.

 - A dealer in securities or commodities required to register in the United
   States, the District of Columbia, or a possession of the United States.

 - A real estate investment trust.

 - A common trust fund operated by a bank under Section 584(a).

 - An entity registered at all times during the tax year under the Investment
   Company act of 1940.

 - A middleman known in the investment community as a nominee or who is listed
   in the most recent publication of the American Society of Corporate
   Secretaries, Inc., Nominee List.

 - A futures commission merchant registered with the Commodity Futures Trading
   Commission.

 - A foreign central bank of issue.

Payments of dividends and patronage dividends generally exempt from backup
withholding include:

 - Payments to nonresident aliens subject to withholding under Section 1441.

 - Payments to partnerships not engaged in a trade or business in the United
   States and that have at least one nonresident alien partner.

 - Payments of patronage dividends not paid in money.

 - Payments made by certain foreign organizations.

 - Section 404(k) payments made by an ESOP.

Payments of interest generally exempt from backup withholding include:

 - Payments of tax-exempt interest (including exempt/interest dividends under
   Section 852).

 - Payments described in Section 6049(b)(5) to nonresident aliens.

 - Payments on tax-free covenant bonds under Section 1451.

 - Payments made by certain foreign organizations.

Certain payments other than payments of interest, dividends, and patronage
dividends, that are exempt from information reporting are also exempt from
backup withholding. For details, see Sections 6041, 6041A, 6042, 6044, 6045,
6049, 6050A and 6050N and the regulations thereunder.

Exempt payees should complete a substitute Form W-9 to avoid possible erroneous
backup withholding. Furnish your taxpayer identification number, write "EXEMPT"
in Part II of the form, sign and date the form and return it to the payer.

PRIVACY ACT NOTICE. -- Section 6109 requires you to provide your correct
taxpayer identification number to payers who must report the payments to the
IRS. The IRS uses the numbers for identification purposes and to help verify the
accuracy of your return and may also provide this information to various
government agencies for tax enforcement or litigation purposes. Payers must be
given the numbers whether or not recipients are required to file tax returns.
Payers must generally withhold 31% of taxable interest, dividend, and certain
other payments to a payee who does not furnish a taxpayer identification number
to a payer. Certain penalties may also apply.

PENALTIES

(1) FAILURE TO FURNISH TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER. -- If you fail to furnish
your taxpayer identification number to a payer, you are subject to a penalty of
$50 for each such failure unless your failure is due to reasonable cause and not
to willful neglect.

(2) CIVIL PENALTY FOR FALSE INFORMATION WITH RESPECT TO WITHHOLDING. -- If you
make a false statement with no reasonable basis that results in no backup
withholding, you are subject to a $500 penalty.

(3) CRIMINAL PENALTY FOR FALSIFYING INFORMATION. -- Willfully falsifying
certifications or affirmations may subject you to criminal penalties including
fines and/or imprisonment.

 FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CONTACT YOUR TAX CONSULTANT OR THE INTERNAL REVENUE
                                    SERVICE.