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EXHIBIT 3.2
BY-LAWS
OF
EMERGENT GROUP INC.
(A NEVADA CORPORATION)
ARTICLE I - OFFICES
The office of the Corporation shall be located in the City, and State
designated in the Articles of Incorporation. The Corporation may also maintain
offices at such other places within or without the United States as the Board of
Directors may, from time to time, determine.
ARTICLE II - MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS
Section 1 - Annual Meetings:
The annual meeting of the stockholders of the Corporation shall be held
within five months after the close of the fiscal year of the Corporation, for
the purpose of electing directors, and transacting such other business as may
properly come before the meeting.
Section 2- Special Meetings:
Special meetings of the stockholders may be called at any time by the
Board of Directors or by the President, and shall be called by the President or
the Secretary at the written request of the holders of a majority of the shares
then outstanding, and entitled to vote thereat, or as otherwise required under
the provisions of the Nevada Corporations, Partnership and Associations Law.
Section 3 - Place of Meetings:
All meetings of stockholders shall be held at the principal office of
the Corporation, or at such other places as shall be designated in the notices
or waivers of notice of such meetings.
Section 4 - Notice of Meetings:
(a) Except as otherwise provided by Statute, written notice of each
meeting of stockholders, whether annual or special, stating the time when and
place where it is to be held, shall be served either personally or by mail, not
less than ten or more than sixty days before the meeting, upon each shareholder
of record entitled to vote at such meeting, and to any other shareholder to whom
the giving of notice may be required by law. Notice of a special meeting shall
also state the purpose or purposes or purposes for which
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the meeting is called, and shall indicate that it is being issued by, or at the
direction of, the person or persons calling the meeting. If at any meeting,
action is proposed to be taken that would, if taken, entitle stockholders to
receive payment for their shares pursuant to Statute, the notice of such meeting
shall include a statement of that purpose and to that effect. If mailed, such
notice shall be directed to each such shareholder at his address, as it appears
on the records of the stockholders of the Corporation, unless he shall have
previously filed with the Secretary of the Corporation a written request that
notices intended for him be mailed to the address designated in such request.
(b) Notice of any meeting need not be given to any person who may
become a shareholder of record after the mailing of such notice and prior to the
meeting, or to any shareholder who attends such meeting, in person or by proxy,
submits a signed waiver of notice either before or after such meeting. Notice of
any adjourned meeting of stockholders need not be given, unless otherwise
required by statute.
Section 5 - Quorum:
(a) Except as otherwise provided herein, or by statute, or in the
Certificate of Incorporation (such Certificate including any amendments thereto,
being hereinafter collectively referred to as the "Certificate of
Incorporation"), at all meetings of stockholders of the Corporation, the
presence at the commencement of such meetings in person or by proxy of
stockholders holding of record a majority of the total number of shares of the
Corporation then issued and outstanding and entitled to vote, shall be necessary
and sufficient to constitute a quorum for the transaction of any business. The
withdrawal of any shareholder after the commencement of a meeting shall have no
effect on the existence of a quorum, after a quorum has been established at such
meeting.
(b) Despite the absence of a quorum at any annual or special meeting
of stockholders, the stockholders, by a majority of the votes cast by the
holders of shares entitled to vote thereon, may adjourn the meeting. At any such
adjourned meeting at which a quorum is present, any business may be transacted
at the meeting as originally called if a quorum had been present.
Section 6 - Voting
(a) Except as otherwise provided by statute or by the Certificate of
Incorporation, any corporate action, other than the election of directors to be
taken by vote of the stockholders, shall be authorized by a majority of votes
cast at a meeting of stockholders by the holders of shares entitled to vote
thereon.
(b) Except as otherwise provided by statute or by the Certificate of
Incorporation, at each meeting of stockholders, each holder of record of stock
of the Corporation entitled to vote thereat, shall be entitled to one vote for
each share of stock registered in his name on the books of the Corporation.
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(c) Each shareholder entitled to vote or to express consent or
dissent without a meeting, may do so by proxy; provided, however, that the
instrument authorizing such proxy to act shall have been executed in writing by
the shareholder himself, or by his attorney-in-fact thereunto duly authorized in
writing. No proxy shall be valid after the expiration of eleven months from the
date of its execution, unless the persons executing it shall have specified
therein the length of time it is to continue in force. Such instrument shall be
exhibited to the Secretary at the meeting and shall be filed with the records of
the Corporation.
(d) Any resolution in writing, signed by a majority of the
stockholders entitled to vote thereon, shall be and constitute action by such
stockholders to the effect therein expressed, with the same force and effect as
if the same had been duly passed at a duly called meeting of stockholders and
such resolution so signed shall be inserted in the Minute Book of the
Corporation under its proper ate.
ARTICLE III - BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Section 1 - Number, Election and Term of Office:
(a) The number of the directors of the Corporation shall be three
unless and until otherwise determined by vote of a majority of the entire Board
of Directors. The number of Directors shall not be less than one.
(b) Except as may otherwise be provided herein or in the Certificate
of Incorporation, the members of the Board of Directors of the Corporation, who
need not be stockholders, shall be elected by a majority of the votes cast at a
meeting of stockholders, by the holders of shares, present in person or by
proxy, entitled to vote in the election.
(c) Each director shall hold office until the annual meeting of the
stockholders next succeeding his election, and until his successor is elected
and qualified, or until his prior death, resignation or removal.
Section 2 - Duties and Powers:
The Board of Directors shall be responsible for the control and
management of the affairs, property and interests of the Corporation, and may
exercise all powers of the Corporation, except as are in the Certificate of
Incorporation or by statute expressly conferred upon or reserved to the
stockholders.
Section 3 - Annual and Regular Meetings; Notice:
(a) A regular annual meeting of the Board of Directors shall be held
immediately following the annual meeting of the stockholders, at the place of
such annual meeting of stockholders.
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(b) The Board of Directors, from time to time, may provide by
resolution for the holding of other regular meetings of the Board of Directors,
and may fix the time and place thereof.
(c) Notice of any regular meeting of the Board of Directors shall
not be required to he given and, giving, need not specify the purpose of the
meeting provided, however, that in case the Board of Directors shall fix or
chance the time or place of any regular meeting, notice of such action shall be
given to each director who shall not have been present at the meeting, at which
such action was taken within the time limited, and in the manner set forth in
paragraph (b) of Section 4 of this Article 111, with respect to special
meetings, unless such notice shall be waived in the manner set forth in
paragraph (c) of such Section 4.
Section 4 - Special Meetings; Notice:
(a) Special meetings of the Board of Directors shall be held
whenever called by the President or by one of the directors, at such time and
place as may be specified in the respective notices or waivers of notice
thereof.
(b) Except as otherwise required by statute.. notice of special
meeting shall be mailed directly to each director, addressed to him at his
residence or usual place of business, at least two (2) days before the day on
which the meeting is to be held, or shall be sent to him at such place by
telegram, fax, radio or cable, or shall be delivered to him personally or given
to him orally, not later than the day before the day on which the meeting is to
be held. A notice, or waiver of notice, except as required by Section 8 of this
Article 111, need notspecify the purpose of the meeting.
(c) Notice of any special meeting shall not be required to be given
to any director who shall attend such meeting, without protesting prior thereto
or at its commencement, the lack of notice to him, or who submits a signed
waiver of notice, whether before or after the meeting. Notice of any adjourned
meeting shall not be required to be given.
Section 5 - Chairman:
At all meetings of the Board of Directors the Chairman of the Board, if any and
if present, shall preside. If there shall be no Chairman, or he shall be absent,
then the President shall preside, and in his absence, a Chairman chosen by the
directors shall preside.
Section 6 - Quorum and Adjournments:
(a) At all meetings of the Board of Directors, the presence of a
majority of the entire Board shall be necessary and sufficient to constitute a
quorum for the transaction of business, except as otherwise provided by law, by
the Certificate of Incorporation, or by these By-Laws.
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(b) A majority of the directors present at the time and place of any
regular or special meeting, although less than a quorum, may adjourn the same
from time to time without notice, until a quorum shall be present.
Section 7 - Manner of Acting:
(a) At all meetings of the Board of Directors, each director present
shall have one vote, irrespective of the number of shares of stock, if any,
which he may hold.
(b) Except as otherwise provided by statute, by the Certificate of
Incorporation, or these By-Laws. the action of a majority of the directors
present at any meeting, at which a quorum is present shall be the act of the
Board of Directors. Any action authorized in writing by all of the directors
entitled to vote thereon and filed with the minutes of the corporation shall be
the act of the Board of Directors with the same force and effect as if the same
had been passed by unanimous vote at a duly called meeting of the Board.
Section 8 - Vacancies:
Any vacancy in the Board of Directors occurring by reason of an increase
in the number of directors, or by reason of the death, resignation,
disqualification, removal (unless a vacancy created by the removal of a director
by the stockholders shall be filled by the stockholders at the meeting at which
the removal was effected) or inability to act of any director, or otherwise,
shall be filled for the unexpired portion of the term by a majority vote of the
remaining directors, though less than a quorum, at any regular meeting or
special meeting of the Board of Directors called for that purpose.
Section 9 - Resignation:
Any director may resign at any time by giving written notice to the
Board of Directors, the President or the Secretary of the Corporation. Unless
otherwise specified in such written notice, such resignation shall take effect
upon receipt thereof by the Board of Directors or such officer, and the
acceptance of such resignation shall not be necessary to make it effective.
Section 10 - Removal:
Any director may be removed with or without cause at any time by the
affirmative vote of stockholders hold of record in the aggregate at least a
majority of the outstanding shares of the Corporation at a special meeting of
the stockholders called for that purpose, and may be removed for caused by
action of the Board.
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Section 11 - Salary:
No stated salary shall be paid to directors, as such, for their
services, but by resolution of the Board of Directors a fixed sum and expenses
of attendance, if any, may be allowed for attendance at each regular or special
meeting, of the Board; provided, however, that nothing herein contained shall be
construed to preclude any director from serving the Corporation in any other
capacity and receiving, compensation therefor.
Section 12 - Contracts:
(a) No contract or other transaction between this Corporation and
any other Corporation shall be impaired. affected or invalidated, nor shall any
director be liable in any way by reason of the fact that any one or more of the
directors of this Corporation is or are interested in. or is a director or
officer, or are directors or officers of such other Corporation, provided that
such facts are disclosed or made known to the Board of Directors.
(b) Any director, personally and individually, may be a party to or
may be interested in any contract or transaction of this Corporation, and no
director shall be liable in any way by reason of such interest, provided that
the fact of such interest be disclosed or made known to the Board of Directors,
and provided that the Board of Directors shall authorize, approve or ratify such
contract or transaction by the vote (not counting the vote of any such director)
of a majority of a quorum, notwithstanding the presence of any such director at
the meeting at which such action is taken. Such director or directors may be
counted in determining the presence of a quorum at such meeting. This Section
shall not be construed to impair or invalidate or in any way affect any contract
or other transaction which would otherwise be valid under the law (common,
statutory or otherwise) applicable thereto.
Section 13 - Committees:
The Board of Directors, by resolution adopted by a majority of the
entire Board, may from time to time designate from among its members an
executive committee and such other committees, and alternate members thereof, as
they deem desirable, each consisting, of three or more members, with such powers
and authority (to the extent permitted by law) as may be provided in such
resolution. Each such committee shall serve at the pleasure of the Board.
ARTICLE IV - OFFICERS
Section 1 - Number, Qualifications, Election and Term of Office:
(a) The officers of the Corporation shall consist of a President, a
Secretary, a Treasurer, and such other officers, including a Chairman of the
Board of Directors, and one or more Vice Presidents, as the Board of Directors
may from time to time deem advisable. Any officer other than the Chairman of the
Board of Directors may be, but is
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not required to be, a director of the Corporation. Any two or more offices may
be held by the same person.
(b) The officers of the Corporation shall be elected by the Board of
Directors at the regular annual meeting of the Board following the annual
meeting of stockholders.
(c) Each officer shall hold office until the annual meeting of the
Board of Directors next succeeding, his election, and until his successor shall
have been elected and qualified, or until his death, resignation or removal.
Section 2 - Resignation:
Any officer may resign at any time by giving written notice of such
resignation to the Board of Directors, or to the President or the Secretary of
the Corporation. Unless otherwise specified in such written notice, such
resignation shall take effect upon receipt thereof by the Board of Directors or
by such officer, and the acceptance of such resignation shall not be necessary
to make it effective.
Section 3 - Removal:
Any officer may be removed, either with or without cause, and a
successor elected by a majority of the Board of Directors at any time.
Section 4 - Vacancies:
A vacancy in any office by reason of death, resignation, inability to
act, disqualification, or any other cause, may at any time be filled for the
unexpired portion of the term by the Board of Directors.
Section 5 - Duties of Officers:
Officers of the Corporation shall, unless otherwise provided by the
Board of Directors, each have such powers and duties as generally pertain to
their respective offices as well as such powers and duties as may be set forth
in these By-laws, or may from time to time be specifically, conferred or imposed
by the Board of Directors.
Section 6 - Sureties and Bonds:
In case the Board of Directors shall so require, any officer, employee
or agent of the Corporation shall execute to the Corporation a bond in such sum,
and with such surety or sureties as the Board of Directors may direct,
conditioned upon the faithful performance of his duties to the Corporation,
including responsibility for negligence and for the accounting for all property,
funds or securities of the Corporation which may come into his hands.
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Section 7 - Shares of Other Corporations:
Whenever the Corporation is the holder of shares of any other
Corporation, any right or power of the Corporation as such shareholder
(including the attendance, acting and voting at stockholders' meetings and
execution of waivers, consents, proxies or other instruments) may be exercised
on behalf of the Corporation by the President, any Vice President, or such other
person as the Board of Directors may authorize.
ARTICLE V - SHARES OF STOCK
Section 1 - Certificate of Stock:
(a) The certificates representing shares of the Corporation shall be
in such form as shall be adopted by the Board of Directors, and shall be
numbered and registered in the order issued. They shall bear the holder's name
and the number of shares, and shall be signed by (i) the Chairman of the Board
or the President or a Vice President, and (ii) the Secretary or Treasurer, or
any Assistant Secretary or Assistant Treasurer, and shall bear the corporate
seal.
(b) No certificate representing shares shall be issued until the
full amount of consideration therefore has been paid, except as otherwise
permitted by law.
(c) To the extent permitted by law. the Board of Directors may
authorize the issuance of certificates for fractions of a share which shall
entitle the holder to exercise voting rights, receive dividends and participate
in liquidating, distributions, in proportion to the fractional holdings; or it
may authorize the payment in cash of the fair value of fractions of a share as
of the time when those entitled to receive such fractions are determined; or it
may authorize the issuance, subject to such conditions as may be permitted by
law, of scrip in registered or bearer form over the signature of an officer or
agent of the Corporation, exchangeable as therein provided for full shares, but
such scrip shall not entitle the holder to any, rights of a shareholder. except
as therein provided.
Section 2 - Lost or Destroyed Certificates:
The holder of any certificate representing shares of the Corporation
shall immediately notify the Corporation of any loss or destruction of the
certificate representing the same. The Corporation may issue a new certificate
in the place of any certificate theretofore issued by it, alleged to have been
lost or destroyed. On production of such evidence of loss or destruction as the
Board of Directors in its discretion may require, the Board of Directors may, in
its discretion, require the owner of the lost or destroyed certificate, or his
legal representatives, to give the Corporation a bond in such sum as the Board
may direct, and with such surety or sureties as may be satisfactory to the
Board, to indemnify the Corporation against any claims, loss, liability or
damage it may suffer on account of the issuance of the new certificate. A new
certificate may be issued without requiring any such evidence or bond when, in
the judgment of the Board of Directors, it is proper so to do.
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Section 3 - Transfer of Shares:
(a) Transfers of shares of the Corporation shall be made on the
share records of the Corporation only by the holder of record thereof, in person
or by his duly authorized attorney, upon surrender for cancellation of the
certificate or certificates representing such shares, with an assignment or
power of transfer endorsed thereon or delivered therewith, duly executed, with
such proof of the authenticity of the signature and of authority to transfer and
of payment of transfer taxes as the Corporation or its agents may require.
(b) The Corporation shall be entitled to treat the holder of record
of any share or shares as the absolute owner thereof for all purposes and,
accordingly, shall not be bound to recognize any legal, equitable or other claim
to, or interest in, such share or shares on the part of any other person,
whether or not it shall have express or other notice thereof, except as
otherwise expressly provided by law.
Section 4 - Record Date:
In lieu of closing the share records of the Corporation, the Board of
Directors may fix, in advance, a date not exceeding sixty days, nor less than
ten days, as the record date for the determination of stockholders entitled to
receive notice of, or to vote at, any meeting of stockholders, or to consent to
any proposal without a meeting, or for the purpose of determining, stockholders
entitled to receive payment of any dividends, or allotment of any rights, or for
the purpose of any other action. If no record date is fixed, the record date for
the determination of stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting
of stockholders shall be at the close of business on the day next preceding the
day on which notice is given, the day on which the meeting is held; the record
notice is given, or, if no notice is given, the day on which the meeting is
held; the record date for determining stockholders for any other purpose shall
be at the close of business on the day on which the resolution of the directors
relating thereto is adopted. When a determination of stockholders of record
entitled to notice of or to vote at any meeting of stockholders has been made as
provided for herein, such determination shall apply to any adjournment thereof,
unless the directors fix a new record date for the adjourned meeting.
ARTICLE VI - DIVIDENDS
Subject to applicable law, dividends may be declared and paid out of any
funds available therefor, as often, in such amounts, and at such times as the
Board of Directors may determine.
ARTICLE VII - FISCAL YEAR
The fiscal year of the Corporation shall be fixed by the Board of
Directors from time to time, subject to applicable law.
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ARTICLE VIII - CORPORATE SEAL
The corporate seal, if any, shall be in such form as shall be approved
from time to time by the Board of Directors.
ARTICLE IX - AMENDMENTS
All by-laws of the Corporation shall be subject to amendment, alteration
or repeal, and new by-laws may be made, by (i) the affirmative vote of
stockholders holding of record in the aggregate at least a majority of the
outstanding shares entitled to vote in the election of directors at any annual
or special meeting of stockholders, or (ii) the Board of Directors.
ARTICLE X - INDEMNITY
(a) Any person made a party to any action, suit or proceeding, by
reason of the fact that he, his testator or intestate representative is or was a
director, officer or employee of the Corporation, or of any Corporation in which
he served as such at the request of the Corporation, shall be indemnified by the
Corporation against the reasonable expenses, including attorney's fees, actually
and necessarily incurred by him in connection with the defense of such action,
suit or proceedings, or in connection with any appeal therein that such officer,
director or employee is liable for negligence or misconduct in the performance
of his duties.
(b) The foregoing right of indemnification shall not be deemed
exclusive of any other rights to which any officer or director or employee may
be entitled apart from the provisions of this section.
(c) The amount of indemnity to which any officer or any director may
be entitled shall be fixed by the Board of Directors, except that in any case
where there is no disinterested majority of the Board available, the amount
shall be fixed by arbitration pursuant to then existing rules of the American
Arbitration Association.