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            GUIDELINES FOR CERTIFICATION OF TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION
                         NUMBER ON SUBSTITUTE FORM W-9

GUIDELINES FOR DETERMINING THE PROPER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER TO GIVE THE
PAYER.  Social Security numbers have nine digits separated by two hyphens: i.e.,
000-00-0000. Employer identification numbers have nine digits separated by only
one hyphen, i.e., 00-0000000. The table below will help determine the number to
give the payer.


                                   
- ---------------------------------------------------------------
                                         GIVE THE
               FOR THIS TYPE OF ACCOUNT  SOCIAL SECURITY
                                         NUMBER OF --
- ---------------------------------------------------------------

 1.  An individual's account             The individual
 2.  Two or more individuals             The actual owner of
     (joint account)                     the account or, if
                                         combined funds, any
                                         one of the individuals
                                         on the account(1)
 3.  Husband and wife                    The actual owner of
     (joint account)                     the account or, if
                                         joint funds, either
                                         person(1)
 4.  Custodian account of a minor        The minor(2)
     (Uniform Gift to Minors Act)
 5.  Adult and minor (joint account)     The adult or, if the
                                         minor is the only
                                         contributor, the
                                         minor(3)
 6.  Account in the name of guardian or  The ward, minor, or
     committee for a designated ward,    incompetent person(4)
     minor, or incompetent person
 7.  a. The usual revocable savings      The grantor-trustee(3)
     trust account (grantor is also
        trustee)
     b. So-called trust account that is  The actual owner(3)
     not a legal or valid trust under
        State law
 8.  Sole proprietorship account         The owner(5)
- ---------------------------------------------------------------
- ---------------------------------------------------------------
                                         GIVE THE EMPLOYER
               FOR THIS TYPE OF ACCOUNT  IDENTIFICATION
                                         NUMBER OF --
- ---------------------------------------------------------------

 9.  A valid trust, estate, or pension   The legal entity (do
     trust                               not furnish the
                                         identifying number of
                                         the personal
                                         representative or
                                         trustee unless the
                                         legal entity itself is
                                         not designated in the
                                         account title)(3)
10.  Corporate account                   The corporation
11.  Religious, charitable, or           The organization
     educational organization account
12.  Partnership account held in the     The partnership
     name of the business
13.  Association, club, or other         The organization
     tax-exempt organization
14.  A broker or registered nominee      The broker or nominee
15.  Account with the Department of      The public entity
     Agriculture in the name of a
     public entity (such as a State or
     local government, school district,
     or prison) that receives
     agricultural program payments
- ---------------------------------------------------------------


(1) List first and circle the name of the person whose number you furnish.
(2) Circle the minor's name and furnish the minor's social security number.
(3) List first and circle the name of the legal trust, estate, or pension trust.
(4) Circle the ward, minor's or incompetent person's name and furnish such
    person's social security number.
(5) Show the name of the owner.

NOTE: If no name is circled when there is more than one name, the number will be
      considered to be that of the first name listed.
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            GUIDELINES FOR CERTIFICATION OF TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION
                         NUMBER ON SUBSTITUTE FORM W-9

OBTAINING A NUMBER
If you don't have a taxpayer identification number or you don't know your
number, obtain Internal Revenue Service Form SS-5, Application for Social
Security Number Card or Form SS-4, Application for Employer Identification
Number at your local office of the Social Security Administration or the
Internal Revenue Service and apply for a number.

PAYEES EXEMPT FROM BACKUP WITHHOLDING
Payees specifically exempted from backup withholding on ALL payments include the
following:
  - A corporation.
  - A financial institution.
  - An organization exempt from tax under Section 501(A) or an individual
    retirement plan.
  - The United States or any agency or instrumentality thereof.
  - A state, the District of Columbia, a possession of the United States or any
    subdivision or instrumentality thereof.
  - A foreign government, a political subdivision of a foreign government, or
    any agency or instrumentality thereof.
  - An international organization or any agency or instrumentality thereof.
  - A registered dealer in securities or commodities registered in the U.S. or a
    possession of the U.S.
  - A real estate investment trust.
  - A common trust fund operated by a bank under Section 584(a).
  - An exempt charitable remainder trust, or a non-exempt trust described in
    section 4947(a)(1).
  - An entity registered at all times under the Investment Company Act of 1940.
  - A foreign central bank of issue.

Payments of dividends and patronage dividends not generally subject to backup
withholding include the following:
  - Payments to nonresident aliens subject to withholding under Section 1441.
  - Payments to partnerships not engaged in a trade or business in the U.S. and
    which have at least one nonresident partner.
  - Payments of patronage dividends where the amount received is not paid in
    money.
  - Payments made by certain foreign organizations.
  - Payments made to a nominee.

Payments of interest not generally subject to backup withholding include the
following:
  - Payments of interest on obligations issued by individuals. Note: You may be
    subject to backup withholding if this interest is $600 or more and is paid
    in the course of the payer's trade or business and you have not provided
    your correct taxpayer identification number to the payer.
  - Payments of tax-exempt interest (including exempt interest dividends under
    section 852).
  - Payments described in section 6049(b)(5) to nonresident aliens.
  - Payments on tax-free covenant bonds under section 1451.
  - Payments made by certain foreign organizations.
  - Payments made to a nominee.
Exempt payees described above should file Substitute Form W-9 to avoid possible
erroneous backup withholding. FILE THIS FORM WITH THE PAYER. FURNISH YOUR
TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER. WRITE "EXEMPT" ON THE FACE OF THE FORM AND
RETURN IT TO THE PAYER. IF THE PAYMENTS ARE INTEREST, DIVIDENDS, OR PATRONAGE
DIVIDENDS, ALSO SIGN AND DATE THE FORM.

Certain payments other than interest, dividends, and patronage dividends that
are not subject to information reporting are also not subject to backup
withholding. For details, see sections 6041, 6041A(a), 6045, and 6050A.

PRIVACY ACT NOTICE--Section 6109 requires most recipients of dividend, interest
or other payments to give taxpayer identification numbers to payers who must
report the payments to the IRS. The IRS uses the numbers for identification
purposes. Payers must be given the numbers whether or not recipients are
required to file tax returns. Beginning January 1, 1993, payers must generally
withhold 31% of taxable interest, dividend, and certain other payments to a
payee who does not furnish a taxpayer identification number to a payer. Certain
penalties may also apply.

PENALTIES

(1) PENALTY FOR FAILURE TO FURNISH TAXPAYER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER--If you fail
to furnish your taxpayer identification number to a payer, you are subject to a
penalty of $50 for each such failure unless your failure is due to reasonable
cause and not to willful neglect.

(2) FAILURE TO REPORT CERTAIN DIVIDEND AND INTEREST PAYMENTS--If you fail to
properly include any portion of an includible payment for interest, dividends,
or patronage dividends in gross income, such failure will be treated as being
due to negligence and will be subject to a penalty of 5% on any portion of an
underpayment attributable to that failure unless there is clear and convincing
evidence to the contrary.

(3) CIVIL PENALTY FOR FALSE INFORMATION WITH RESPECT TO WITHHOLDING--If you make
a false statement with no reasonable basis which results in no imposition of
backup withholding, you are subject to a penalty of $500.

(4) CRIMINAL PENALTY FOR FALSIFYING INFORMATION--Falsifying certifications or
affirmations may subject you to criminal penalties including fines and/or
imprisonment.

                  FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CONTACT YOUR TAX
                  CONSULTANT OR THE INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE.