1
                                                                  EXHIBIT 25.1


                       SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
                             Washington, D.C. 20549
                                   _________

                                    FORM T-1
                                   _________

                   STATEMENT OF ELIGIBILITY AND QUALIFICATION
            UNDER THE TRUST INDENTURE ACT OF 1939, AS AMENDED, OF A
                    CORPORATION DESIGNATED TO ACT AS TRUSTEE

                           FIRST UNION NATIONAL BANK
              (Exact name of trustee as specified in its charter)


                                                
United States National Bank                        22-1147033
(State of incorporation if                         (I.R.S. employer
not a national bank)                                identification no.)

First Union National Bank
230 South Tryon Street, 9th Floor
Charlotte, North Carolina                          28288-1179
(Address of principal                              (Zip Code)
executive offices)


                                 Same as above

                 (Name, address and telephone number, including
                   area code, of trustee's agent for service)

                          GENERAL BINDING CORPORATION

              (Exact name of obliger as specified in its charter)

                                    Delaware

         (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

                                   36-0887470
                      (I.R.S. employer identification no.)

             See List of Subsidiary Guarantors on Schedule I hereto
                             (Names of Guarantors)


                                 One GBC Plaza
                              Northbrook, IL 60062

         (Address, including zip code, of principal executive offices)

                                   _________

                           Senior Subordinated Notes

                      (Title of the indenture securities)       

                 __________________________________________
   2
1.       General information.  Furnish the following information as to
         the trustee:

         (a)     Name and address of each examining or supervising authority to
                 which it is subject



- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
         Name                                      Address
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                
Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, VA               Richmond, VA

Comptroller of the Currency                        Washington, D.C.

Securities and Exchange Commission
Division of Market Regulation                      Washington, D.C.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation              Washington, D.C.


         (b)     Whether it is authorized to exercise corporate trust powers.

                 The trustee is authorized to exercise corporate trust powers.

2.       Affiliations with obligor and underwriters.  If the obligor or
         any underwriter for the obligor is an affiliate of the trustee,
         describe each such affiliation.

         None.

         (See Note 1 on Page 4.)

Because the obligor is not in default on any securities issued under indentures
under which the applicant is trustee, Items 3 through 15 are not required
herein.

16.      List of Exhibits.

         All exhibits identified below are filed as a part of this statement of
         eligibility.

         1.      A copy of the Articles of Association of First Union National
                 Bank as now in effect, which contain the authority to commence
                 business and a grant of powers to exercise corporate trust
                 powers.





                                       2
   3
         2.      A copy of the certificate of authority of the trustee to
                 commence business, if not contained in the Articles of
                 Association.

         3.      A copy of the authorization of the trustee to exercise
                 corporate trust powers, if such authorization is not contained
                 in the documents specified in exhibits (1) or (2) above.

         4.      A copy of the existing By-laws of First Union National Bank,
                 or instruments corresponding thereto.

         5.      Inapplicable.

         6.      The consent of the trustee required by Section 321(b) of the
                 Trust Indenture Act of 1939 is included at Page 4 of this Form
                 T-1 Statement.

         7.      A copy of the latest report of condition of the trustee
                 published pursuant to law or to the requirements of its
                 supervising or examining authority is attached hereto.

         8.      Inapplicable.

         9.      Inapplicable.





                                       3
   4
                                      NOTE

Note 1:  Inasmuch as this Form T-1 is filed prior to the ascertainment by the
Trustee of all facts on which to base a responsive answer to Item 2, the answer
to said Item is based on incomplete information.  Item 2 may, however, be
considered correct unless amended by an amendment to this Form T-1.


                                   SIGNATURE

         Pursuant to the requirements of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as
amended, the trustee, First Union National Bank, a national association
organized and existing under the laws of the United States of America, has duly
caused this statement of eligibility and qualification to be signed on its
behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, all in the City of
Charlotte, and State of North Carolina, on the 24th day of July, 1998.

                                        FIRST UNION NATIONAL BANK
                                        (trustee)


                                        By:  /s/ SHANNON SCHWARTZ         
                                           -------------------------------
                                           Its: Assistant Vice President  
                                               ---------------------------



                               CONSENT OF TRUSTEE

         Under section 321(b) of the Trust Indenture Act of 1939, as amended,
and in connection with the proposed issuance by General Binding Corporation of
its Senior Subordinated Notes, First Union National Bank as the trustee herein
named, hereby consents that reports of examinations of said Trustee by Federal,
State, Territorial or District authorities may be furnished by such authorities
to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon requests therefor.


                                        FIRST UNION NATIONAL BANK
                                        
                                        
                                        By:  /s/ SHANNON SCHWARTZ          
                                            -------------------------------
                                           Name:  SHANNON SCHWARTZ          
                                                 --------------------------
                                           Title: Assistant Vice President 
                                                 --------------------------


Dated: July 24, 1998





                                       4
   5
                                                                      Schedule I


                         List of Subsidiary Guarantors


                 The address and telephone number of the executive offices of
each of the Subsidiary Guarantors listed below are the same as set forth for
General Binding Corporation.  All of the Subsidiary Guarantors are direct or
indirect wholly owned subsidiaries of General Binding Corporation.



Exact Name of Subsidiary Guarantor                 State of                  I.R.S. Employer
as Specified in its Charter                        Incorporation             Identification No.
- ---------------------------                        -------------             ----------------- 
                                                                       
Baker School Specialty Co., Inc.                   Massachusetts             04-2431217
GBC Business Equipment, Inc.                       Florida                   36-3047585
GBC India Holdings Inc.                            Nevada                    36-3064670
GBC International, Inc.                            Nevada                    36-3061171
GBC Metals Corp.                                   Nevada                    36-3838831
Ibico Inc.                                         Illinois                  36-2833397
Pro-Tech Engineering Co., Inc.                     Wisconsin                 39-1565642
Sickinger Company                                  Michigan                  38-1714934
U.S. Ring Binder Corp.                             Massachusetts             36-2922009
VeloBind, Incorporated                             Delaware                  94-1671377

   6
                                                                       Exhibit 1

                               Charter No. 22693


                           FIRST UNION NATIONAL BANK

                            ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION
                   (as restated effective February 26, 1998)


For the purpose of organizing an Association to carry on the business of
banking under the laws of the United States, the undersigned do enter into the
following Articles of Association:

   FIRST.  The title of this Association shall be FIRST UNION NATIONAL BANK.

   SECOND.  The main office of the Association shall be in Charlotte, County of
Mecklenburg, State of North Carolina.  The general business of the Association
shall be conducted at its main office and its branches.

   THIRD.  The Board of Directors of this Association shall consist of not less
than five nor more than twenty-five directors, the exact number of directors
within such minimum and maximum limits to be fixed and determined from time to
time by resolution of a majority of the full Board of Directors or by
resolution of the shareholders at any annual or special meeting thereof.
Unless otherwise provided by the laws of the United States, any vacancy in the
Board of Directors for any reason, including an increase in the number thereof,
may be filled by action of the Board of Directors.

   FOURTH.  The annual meeting of the shareholders for the election of
directors and the transaction of whatever other business may be brought before
said meeting shall be held at the main office or such other place as the Board
of Directors may designate, on the day of each year specified therefor in the
By-Laws, but if no election is held on that day, it may be held on any
subsequent day according to the provisions of law; and all elections shall be
held according to such lawful regulations as may be prescribed by the Board of
Directors.

   Nominations for election to the Board of Directors may be made by the Board
of Directors or by any stockholder of any outstanding class of capital stock of
the bank entitled to vote for election of directors.  Nominations, other than
those made by or on behalf of the existing management of the bank, shall be
made in writing and shall be delivered or mailed to the President of the bank
and to the Comptroller of the Currency, Washington, D.C., not less than 14 days
nor more than 50 days prior to any meeting of stockholders called for the
election of directors,
   7
provided, however, that if less than 21 days' notice of the meeting is given to
shareholders, such nomination shall be mailed or delivered to the President of
the Bank and to the Comptroller of the Currency not later than the close of
business on the seventh day following the day on which the notice of meeting
was mailed.  Such notification shall contain the following information to the
extent known to the notifying shareholder: (a) the name and address of each
proposed nominee; (b) the principal occupation of each proposed nominee; (c)
the total number of shares of capital stock of the bank that will be voted for
each proposed nominee; (d) the name and residence address of the notifying
shareholder; and (e) the number of shares of capital stock of the bank owned by
the notifying shareholder.  Nominations not made in accordance herewith may, in
his discretion, be disregarded by the Chairman of the meeting, and upon his
instructions, the vote tellers may disregard all votes cast for each such
nominee.


   FIFTH.

   (a)   General.  The amount of capital stock of this Association shall be (I)
25,000,000 shares of common stock of the par value of twenty dollars ($20.00)
each (the "Common Stock") and (ii) 160,540 shares of preferred stock of the par
value of one dollar ($ 1. 00) each (the "Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock"),
having the rights, privileges and preferences set forth below, but said capital
stock may be increased or decreased from time to time in accordance with the
provisions of the laws of the United States.

   (b)   Terms of the Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock.

   1.    General.   Each share of Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock shall be
   identical in all respects with the other shares of Non-Cumulative Preferred
   Stock.  The authorized number of shares of Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock
   may from time to time be increased or decreased (but not below the number
   then outstanding) by the Board of Directors.  Shares of Non-Cumulative
   Preferred Stock redeemed by the Association shall be canceled and shall
   revert to authorized but unissued shares of Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock.

   2.    Dividends.

         (a)  General.  The holders of Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock shall be
         entitled to receive, when, as and if declared by the Board of
         Directors, but only out of funds legally available therefor,
         non-cumulative cash dividends at the annual rate of $83.75 per share,
         and no more, payable quarterly on the first days of December, March,
         June and September,





                                       2
   8
         respectively, in each year with respect to the quarterly dividend
         period (or portion thereof) ending on the day preceding such
         respective dividend payment date, to shareholders of record on the
         respective date, not exceeding fifty days preceding such dividend
         payment date, fixed for that purpose by the Board of Directors in
         advance of payment of each particular dividend.  Notwithstanding the
         foregoing, the cash dividend to be paid on the first dividend payment
         date after the initial issuance of Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock and
         on any dividend payment date with respect to a partial dividend period
         shall be $83.75 per share multiplied by the fraction produced by
         dividing the number of days since such initial issuance or in such
         partial dividend period, as the case may be, by 360.

         (b)  Non-cumulative Dividends.  Dividends on the shares of
         Non-cumulative Stock shall not be cumulative and no rights shall
         accrue to the holders of shares of Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock by
         reason of the fact that the Association may fail to declare or pay
         dividends on the shares of Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock in any
         amount in any quarterly dividend period, whether or not the earnings
         of the Association in any quarterly dividend period were sufficient to
         pay such dividends in whole or in part, and the Association shall have
         no obligation at any time to pay any such dividend.

         (c)  Payment of Dividends.  So long as any share of Non-Cumulative
         Preferred Stock remains outstanding, no dividend whatsoever shall be
         paid or declared and no distribution made on any junior stock other
         than a dividend payable in junior stock, and no shares of junior stock
         shall be purchased, redeemed or otherwise acquired for consideration
         by the Association, directly or indirectly (other than as a result of
         a reclassification of junior stock, or the exchange or conversion of
         one junior stock for or into another junior stock, or other than
         through the use of the proceeds of a substantially contemporaneous
         sale of other junior stock), unless all dividends on all shares of
         non-cumulative Preferred Stock and non-cumulative Preferred Stock
         ranking on a parity as to dividends with the shares of Non-Cumulative
         Preferred Stock for the most recent dividend period ended prior to the
         date of such payment or declaration shall have been paid in full and
         all dividends on all shares of cumulative Preferred Stock ranking on a
         parity as to dividends with the shares of Non-Cumulative Stock
         (notwithstanding that dividends on such stock are cumulative) for all
         past dividend periods shall have been paid in full.  Subject to the
         foregoing, and not otherwise, such dividends (payable in cash, stock
         or otherwise) as may be determined by the Board of Directors may be
         declared and paid on any junior stock from time to time out of any
         funds legally available therefor, and the Non-Cumulative Preferred





                                       3
   9
         Stock shall not be entitled to participate in any such dividends,
         whether payable in cash, stock or otherwise.  No dividends shall be
         paid or declared upon any shares of any class or series of stock of
         the Association ranking on a parity (whether dividends on such stock
         are cumulative or non-cumulative) with the Non-Cumulative Preferred
         Stock in the payment of dividends for any period unless at or prior to
         the time of such payment or declaration all dividends payable on the
         Non-cumulative Preferred Stock for the most recent dividend period
         ended prior to the date of such payment or declaration shall have been
         paid in full.  When dividends are not paid in full, as aforesaid, upon
         the Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock and any other series of Preferred
         Stock ranking on a parity as to dividends (whether dividends on such
         stock are cumulative or non-cumulative) with the Non-Cumulative
         Preferred Stock, all dividends declared upon the Non-Cumulative
         Preferred Stock and any other series of Preferred Stock ranking on a
         parity as to dividends with the Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock shall
         be declared pro rata so that the amount of dividends declared per
         share on the Non-cumulative Preferred Stock and such other Preferred
         Stock shall in all cases bear to each other the same ratio that
         accrued dividends per share on the Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock (but
         without any accumulation in respect of any unpaid dividends for prior
         dividend periods on the shares of Non-Cumulative Stock) and such other
         Preferred Stock bear to each other.  No interest, or sum of money in
         lieu of interest, shall be payable in respect of any dividend payment
         or payments on the Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock which may be in
         arrears.

   3.    Voting.  The holders of Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock shall not have
         any right to vote for the election of directors or for any other
         purpose.

   4.    Redemption.

         (a)  Optional Redemption.  The Association, at the option of the Board
         of Directors, may redeem the whole or any part of the shares of
         Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock at the time outstanding, at any time or
         from time to time after the fifth anniversary of the date of original
         issuance of the Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, upon notice given as
         hereinafter specified, at the redemption price per share equal to
         $1,000 plus an amount equal to the amount of accrued and unpaid
         dividends from the immediately preceding dividend payment date (but
         without any accumulation for unpaid dividends for prior dividend
         periods on the shares of Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock) to the
         redemption date.





                                       4
   10
         (b)  Procedures. Notice of every redemption of shares of
         Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock shall be mailed by first class mail,
         postage prepaid, addressed to the holders of record of the shares to
         be redeemed at their respective last addresses as they shall appear on
         the books of the Association.  Such mailing shall be at least 10 days
         and not more than  60 days prior to the date fixed for redemption.
         Any notice which is mailed in the manner herein provided shall be
         conclusively presumed to have been duly given, whether or not the
         shareholder receives such notice, and failure duly to give such notice
         by mail, or any defect in such notice, to any holder of shares of
         Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock designated for redemption shall not
         affect the validity of the proceedings for the redemption of any other
         shares of Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock.

         In case of redemption of a part only of the shares of Non-Cumulative
         Preferred Stock at the time outstanding the redemption may be either
         pro rata or by lot or by such other means as the Board of Directors of
         the Association in its discretion shall determine.  The Board of
         Directors shall have full power and authority, subject to the
         provisions herein contained, to prescribe the terms and conditions
         upon which shares of the Non- Cumulative Preferred Stock shall be
         redeemed from time to time.

         If notice of redemption shall have been duly given, and, if on or
         before the redemption date specified therein, all funds necessary for
         such redemption shall have been set aside by the Association, separate
         and apart from its other funds, in trust for the pro rata benefit of
         the holders of the shares called for redemption, so as to be and
         continue to be available therefor, then, notwithstanding that any
         certificate for shares so called for redemption shall not have been
         surrendered for cancellation, all shares so called for redemption
         shall no longer be deemed outstanding on and after such redemption
         date, and all rights with respect to such shares shall forthwith on
         such redemption date cease and terminate, except only the right of the
         holders thereof to, receive the amount payable on redemption thereof,
         without interest.

         If such notice of redemption shall have been duly given or if the
         Association shall have given to the bank or trust company hereinafter
         referred to irrevocable authorization promptly to give such notice,
         and, if on or before the redemption date specified therein, the funds
         necessary for such redemption shall have been deposited by the
         Association with such bank or trust company in trust for the pro rata
         benefit of the holders of the shares called for redemption, then,
         notwithstanding that any certificate for shares so called for
         redemption shall not have been surrendered for





                                       5
   11
         cancellation, from and after the time of such deposit, all shares so
         called for redemption shall no longer be deemed to be outstanding and
         all rights with respect to such shares shall forthwith cease and
         terminate, except only the right of the holders thereof to receive
         from such bank or trust company at any time after the time of such
         deposit the funds so deposited, without interest.  The aforesaid bank
         or trust company shall be organized and in good standing under the
         laws of the United States of America or any state thereof, shall have
         capital, surplus and undivided profits aggregating at least
         $50,000,000 according to its last published statement of condition,
         and shall be identified in the notice of redemption.  Any interest
         accrued on such funds shall be paid to the Association from time to
         time.  In case fewer than all the shares of Non-Cumulative Preferred
         Stock represented by a stock certificate are redeemed, a new
         certificate shall be issued representing the unredeemed shares without
         cost to the holder thereof.

         Any funds so set aside or deposited, as the case may be, and unclaimed
         at the end of the relevant escheat period under applicable state law
         from such redemption date shall, to the extent permitted by law, be
         released or repaid to the Association, after which repayment the
         holders of the shares so called for redemption shall look only to the
         Association for payment thereof.

   5.    Liquidation.

         (a)  Liquidation Preference.  In the event of any voluntary
         liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the affairs of the
         Association, the holders of Non-cumulative Preferred Stock shall be
         entitled, before any distribution or payment is made to the holders of
         any junior stock, to be paid in full an amount per share equal to an
         amount equal to $1,000 plus an amount equal to the amount of accrued
         and unpaid dividends per share from the immediately preceding dividend
         payment date (but without any accumulation for unpaid dividends for
         prior dividend periods on the shares of Non-cumulative Preferred
         Stock) per share to such distribution or payment date (the
         "liquidation amount").

         In the event of any involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up
         of the affairs of the Association, then, before any distribution or
         payment shall be made to the holders of any junior stock, the holders
         of Non- Cumulative Preferred Stock shall be entitled to be paid in
         full an amount per share equal to the liquidation amount.

         If such payment shall have been made in full to all holders of shares
         of Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, the remaining assets of the
         Association shall be distributed among the





                                       6
   12
         holders of junior stock, according to their respective rights and
         preferences and in each case according to their respective numbers of
         shares.

         (b)  Insufficient Assets.  In the event that, upon any such voluntary
         or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up, the available
         assets of the Association are insufficient to pay such liquidation
         amount on all outstanding shares of Non-cumulative Preferred Stock,
         then the holders of Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock  shall share
         ratably in any distribution of assets in proportion to the full
         amounts to which they would otherwise be respectively entitled.

         (c)  Interpretation.  For the purposes of this paragraph 5, the
         consolidation or merger of the Association with any other corporation
         or association shall not be deemed to constitute a liquidation,
         dissolution or winding up of the Association.

   6.    Preemptive Rights.  The Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock is not entitled
         to any preemptive, subscription, conversion or exchange rights in
         respect of any securities of the Association.

   7.    Definitions. As used herein with respect to the Non-Cumulative
         Preferred Stock, the following terms shall have the following
         meanings:

         (a)  The term "junior stock" shall mean the Common Stock and any other
         class or series of shares of the Association hereafter authorized over
         which the Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock has preference or priority in
         the payment of dividends or in the distribution of assets on any
         liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Association.

         (b) The term "accrued dividends", with respect to any share of any
         class or series, shall mean an amount computed at the annual dividend
         rate for the class or series of which the particular share is a part,
         from, if such share is cumulative, the date on which dividends on such
         share became cumulative to and including the date to which such
         dividends are to be accrued, less the aggregate amount of all
         dividends theretofore paid thereon and, if such share is
         noncumulative, the relevant date designated to and including the date
         to which such dividends are accrued, less the aggregate amount of all
         dividends theretofore paid with respect to such period.

         (c) The term "Preferred Stock" shall mean all outstanding shares of
         all series of preferred stock of the Association as defined in this
         Article Fifth of the Articles of Association, as amended, of the
         Association.





                                       7
   13
   8.    Restriction on Transfer.  No shares of Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock,
         or any interest therein, may be sold, pledged, transferred or
         otherwise disposed of without the prior written consent of the
         Association.  The foregoing restriction shall be stated on any
         certificate for any shares of Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock.

   9.    Additional Rights.  The shares of Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock shall
         not have any relative, participating, optional or other special rights
         and powers other than as set forth herein.

   SIXTH.  The Board of Directors shall appoint one of its members President of
this Association, who shall be Chairman of the Board, unless the Board appoints
another director to be the Chairman.  The Board of Directors shall have the
power to appoint one or more Vice Presidents; and to appoint a cashier or such
other officers and employees as may be required to transact the business of
this Association.

   The Board of Directors shall have the power to define the duties of the
officers and employees of the Association, to fix the salaries to be paid to
them; to dismiss them, to require bonds from them and to fix the penalty
thereof; to regulate the manner in which any increase of the capital of the
Association shall be made; to manage and administer the business and affairs of
the Association; to make all By-Laws that it may be lawful for them to make;
and generally to do and perform all acts that it may be legal for a Board of
Directors to do and perform.

   SEVENTH.  The Board of Directors shall have the power to change the location
of the main office to any other place within the limits of Charlotte, North
Carolina, without the approval of the shareholders but subject to the approval
of the Comptroller of the Currency; and shall have the power to establish or
change the location of any branch or branches of the Association to any other
location, without the approval of the shareholders but subject to the approval
of the Comptroller of the Currency.

   EIGHTH.  The corporate existence of this Association shall continue until
terminated in accordance with the laws of the United States.

   NINTH.  The Board of Directors of this Association, or any three or more
shareholders owning, in the aggregate, not less than 10 percent of the stock of
this Association, may call a special meeting of shareholders at any time.
Unless otherwise provided by the laws of the United States, a notice of the
time, place, and purpose of every annual and special meeting of the
shareholders shall be given by first-class mail, postage prepaid, mailed at
least ten days prior to the date of such meeting to





                                       8
   14
each shareholder of record at his address as shown upon the books of this
Association.

   TENTH.  Each director and executive officer of this Association shall be
indemnified by the association against liability in any proceeding (including
without limitation a proceeding brought by or on behalf of the Association
itself) arising out of his status as such or his activities in either of the
foregoing capacities, except for any liability incurred on account of
activities which were at the time taken known or believed by such person to be
clearly in conflict with the best interests of the Association.  Liabilities
incurred by a director or executive officer of the Association in defending a
proceeding shall be paid by the Association in advance of the final disposition
of such proceeding upon receipt of an undertaking by the director or executive
officer to repay such amount if it shall be determined, as provided in the last
paragraph of this Article Tenth, that he is not entitled to be indemnified by
the Association against such liabilities.

   The indemnity against liability in the preceding paragraph of this Article
Tenth, including liabilities incurred in defending a proceeding, shall be
automatic and self-operative.

   Any director, officer or employee of this Association who serves at the
request of the Association as a director, officer, employee or agent of a
charitable, not-for-profit, religious, educational or hospital corporation,
partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, or a trade association,
or as a trustee or administrator under an employee benefit plan, or who serves
at the request of the Association as a director, officer or employee of a
business corporation in connection with the administration of an estate or
trust by the Association, shall have the right to be indemnified by the
Association, subject to the provisions set forth in the following paragraph of
this Article Tenth, against liabilities in any manner arising out of or
attributable to such status or activities in any such capacity, except for any
liability incurred on account of activities which were at the time taken known
or believed by such person to be clearly in conflict with the best interests of
the Association, or of the corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust,
enterprise, Association or plan being served by such person.

   In the case of all persons except the directors and executive officers of
the Association, the determination of whether a person is entitled to
indemnification under the preceding paragraph of this Article Tenth shall be
made by and in the sole discretion of the Chief Executive Officer of the
Association.  In the case of the directors and executive officers of the
Association, the indemnity against liability in the preceding





                                       9
   15
paragraph of this Article Tenth shall be automatic and self-operative.

   For purposes of this Article Tenth of these Articles of Association only,
the following terms shall have the meanings indicated:

   (a)  "Association" means First Union National Bank and its direct and
indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries.

   (b)  "Director" means an individual who is or was a director of the
Association.

   (c)  "Executive officer" means an officer of the Association who by
resolution of the Board of Directors of the Association has been determined to
be an executive officer of the Association for purposes of Regulation O of the
Federal Reserve Board.

   (d)  "Liability" means the obligation to pay a judgment, settlement,
penalty, fine (including an excise tax assessed with respect to an employee
benefit plan), or reasonable expenses, including counsel fees and expenses,
incurred with respect to a proceeding.

   (e)  "Party" includes an individual who was, is, or is threatened to be
made a named defendant or respondent in a proceeding.

   (f)  "Proceeding" means any threatened, pending, or completed claim,
action, suit, or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative, or
investigative and whether formal or informal.

   The Association shall have no obligation to indemnify any person for an
amount paid in settlement of a proceeding unless the Association consents in
writing to such settlement.

   The right to indemnification herein provided for shall apply to persons who
are directors, officers, or employees of banks or other entities that are
hereafter merged or otherwise combined with the Association only after the
effective date of such merger or other combination and only as to their status
and activities after such date.

   The right to indemnification herein provided for shall inure to the benefit
of the heirs and legal representatives of any person entitled to such right.

   No revocation of, change in, or adoption of any resolution or provision in
the Articles of Association or By-laws of the Association inconsistent with,
this Article Tenth shall adversely affect the rights of any director, officer,
or employee of the





                                       10
   16
Association with respect to (i) any proceeding commenced or threatened prior to
such revocation, change, or adoption, or (ii) any proceeding arising out of any
act or omission occurring prior to such revocation, change, or adoption, in
either case, without the written consent of such director, officer, or
employee.

   The rights hereunder shall be in addition to and not exclusive of any other
rights to which a director, officer, or employee of the Association may be
entitled under any statute, agreement, insurance policy, or otherwise.

   The Association shall have the power to purchase and maintain insurance on
behalf of any person who is or was a director, officer, or employee of the
Association, or is or was serving at the request of the Association as a
director, officer, employee, or agent of another corporation, partnership,
joint venture, trust, trade association, employee benefit plan, or other
enterprise, against any liability asserted against such director, officer, or
employee in any such capacity, or arising out of their status as such, whether
or not the Association would have the power to indemnify such director,
officer, or employee against such liability, excluding insurance coverage for a
formal order assessing civil money penalties against an Association director or
employee.

   Notwithstanding anything to the contrary provided herein, no person shall
have a right to indemnification with respect to any liability (i) incurred in
an administrative proceeding or action instituted by an appropriate bank
regulatory agency which proceeding or action results in a final order assessing
civil money penalties or requiring affirmative action by an individual or
individuals in the form of payments to the Association, (ii) to the extent such
person is entitled to receive payment therefor under any insurance policy or
from any corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, trade association,
employee benefit plan, or other enterprise other than the Association, or (iii)
to the extent that a court of competent jurisdiction determines that such
indemnification is void or prohibited under state or federal law.

   ELEVENTH.  These Articles of Association may be amended at any regular or
special meeting of the shareholders by the affirmative vote of the holders of a
majority of the stock of this Association, unless the vote of holders of a
greater amount of stock is required by law, and in that case, by the vote of
the holders of such greater amount.





                                       11
   17
                                                                       Exhibit 4


                                   BY-LAWS OF

                           FIRST UNION NATIONAL BANK

                               Charter No. 22693


                    As Restated Effective February 26, 1998
   18
                                   BY-LAWS OF

                           FIRST UNION NATIONAL BANK


                                   ARTICLE I

                            Meetings of Shareholders

   Section 1.1 Annual Meeting.  The annual meeting of the shareholders for the
election of directors and for the transaction of such other business as may
properly come before the meeting shall be held on the third Tuesday of April in
each year, commencing with the year 1998, except that the Board of Directors
may, from time to time and upon passage of a resolution specifically setting
forth its reasons, set such other date for such meeting during the month of
April as the Board of Directors may deem necessary or appropriate; provided,
however, that if an annual meeting would otherwise fall on a legal holiday,
then such annual meeting shall be held on the second business day following
such legal holiday.  The holders of a majority of the outstanding shares
entitled to vote which are represented at any meeting of the shareholders may
choose persons to act as Chairman and as Secretary of the meeting.

   Section 1.2 Special Meetings.  Except as otherwise specifically provided by
statute, special meetings of the shareholders may be called for any purpose at
any time by the Board of Directors or by any three or more shareholders owning,
in the aggregate, not less than ten percent of the stock of the Association.
Every such special meeting, unless otherwise provided by law, shall be called
by mailing, postage prepaid, not less than ten days prior to the date fixed for
such meeting, to each shareholder at his address appearing on the books of the
Association, a notice stating the purpose of the meeting.

   Section 1.3 Nominations for Directors.  Nominations for election to the
Board of Directors may be made by the Board of Directors or by any stockholder
of any outstanding class of capital stock of the bank entitled to vote for the
election of directors.  Nominations, other than those made by or on behalf of
the existing management of the bank, shall be made in writing and shall be
delivered or mailed to the President of the Bank and to the Comptroller of the
Currency, Washington, D. C., not less than 14 days nor more than 50 days prior
to any meeting of stockholders called for the election of directors, provided
however, that if less than 21 days' notice of such meeting is given to
shareholders, such nomination shall be mailed or delivered to the President of
the Bank and to the Comptroller of the Currency not later than the close of
business on the seventh day following the day on which the notice of meeting
was mailed.  Such notification shall contain the following information to the
extent known to the notifying shareholder: (a) the name and address of each
proposed nominee; (b) the principal occupation of
   19
each proposed nominee; (c) the total number of shares of capital stock of the
bank that will be voted for each proposed nominee; (d) the name and residence
address of the notifying shareholder; and (e) the number of shares of capital
stock of the bank owned by the notifying shareholder.  Nominations not made in
accordance herewith may, in his discretion, be disregarded by the chairman of
the meeting, and upon his instructions, the vote tellers may disregard all
votes cast for each such nominee.

   Section 1.4 Judges of Election.  The Board may at any time appoint from
among the shareholders three or more persons to serve as Judges of Election at
any meeting of shareholders; to act as judges and tellers with respect to all
votes by ballot at such meeting and to file with the Secretary of the meeting a
Certificate under their hands, certifying the result thereof.

   Section 1.5 Proxies.  Shareholders may vote at any meeting of the
shareholders by proxies duly authorized in writing, but no officer or employee
of this Association shall act as proxy.  Proxies shall be valid only for one
meeting, to be specified therein, and any adjournments of such meeting.
Proxies shall be dated and shall be filed with the records of the meeting.

   Section 1.6 Quorum.  A majority of the outstanding capital stock,
represented in person or by proxy, shall constitute a quorum at any meeting of
shareholders, unless otherwise provided by law; but less than a quorum may
adjourn any meeting, from time to time, and the meeting may be held, as
adjourned, without further notice.  A majority of the votes cast shall decide
every question or matter submitted to the shareholders at any meeting, unless
otherwise provided by law or by the Articles of Association.

                                   ARTICLE II

                                   Directors

   Section 2.1 Board of Directors.  The Board of Directors (hereinafter
referred to as the "Board"), shall have power to manage and administer the
business and affairs of the Association.  Except as expressly limited by law,
all corporate powers of the Association shall be vested in and may be exercised
by said Board.

   Section 2.2 Number.  The Board shall consist of not less than five nor more
than twenty-five directors, the exact number  within such minimum and maximum
limits to be fixed and determined from time to time by resolution of a majority
of the full Board or by resolution of the shareholders at any meeting thereof;
provided, however, that a majority of the full Board of Directors may not
increase the number of directors to a number which, (1) exceeds by more than
two the number of directors last elected by





                                       2
   20
shareholders where such number was fifteen or less, and (2) to a number which
exceeds by more than four the number of directors last elected by shareholders
where such number was sixteen or more, but in no event shall the number of
directors exceed twenty-five.

   Section 2.3 Organization Meeting.  The Secretary of the meeting upon
receiving the certificate of the judges, of the result of any election, shall
notify the directors-elect of their election and of the time at which they are
required to meet at the Main Office of the Association for the purpose of
organizing the new Board and electing and appointing officers of the
Association for the succeeding year.  Such meeting shall be held as soon
thereafter as practicable.  If, at the time fixed for such meeting, there shall
not be a quorum present, the directors present may adjourn the meeting from
time to time, until a quorum is obtained.

   Section 2.4 Regular Meetings.  Regular meetings of the Board of Directors
shall be held at such place and time as may be designated by resolution of the
Board of Directors.  Upon adoption of such resolution, no further notice of
such meeting dates or the places or  times thereof shall be required.  Upon the
failure of the Board of Directors to adopt such a resolution, regular meetings
of the Board of Directors shall be held, without notice, on the third Tuesday
in February, April, June, August, October and December, commencing with the
year 1997, at the main office or at such other place and time as may be
designated by the Board of Directors.  When any regular meeting of the Board
would otherwise fall on a holiday, the meeting shall be held on the next
business day unless the Board shall designate some other day.

   Section 2.5 Special Meetings.  Special meetings of the Board of Directors
may be called by the President of the Association, or at the request of three
(3) or more directors.  Each member of the Board of Directors shall be given
notice stating the time and place, by telegram, letter, or in person, of each
such special meeting.

   Section 2.6 Quorum.  A majority of the directors shall constitute a quorum
at any meeting, except when otherwise provided  by law; but a less number may
adjourn any meeting, from time to time, and the meeting may be held, as
adjourned, without further notice.

   Section 2.7 Vacancies.  When any vacancy occurs among the directors, the
remaining members of the Board, in accordance with the laws of the United
States, may appoint a director to fill such vacancy at any regular meeting of
the Board, or at a special meeting called for that purpose.





                                       3
   21
   Section 2.8 Advisory Boards.  The Board of Directors may appoint  Advisory
Boards for each of the states in which the Association conducts operations.
Each such Advisory Board shall consist of as many persons as the Board of
Directors may determine.  The duties of each Advisory Board shall be to consult
and advise with the Board of Directors and senior officers of the Association
in such state with regard to the best interests of the Association and to
perform such other duties as the Board of Directors may lawfully delegate.  The
senior officer in such state, or such officers as directed by such senior
officer, may appoint advisory boards for geographic regions within such state
and may consult with the State Advisory Boards prior to such appointments.

                                  ARTICLE III

                            Committees of the Board

   Section 3.1  The Board of Directors, by resolution adopted by a majority of
the number of directors fixed by these By-Laws, may designate two or more
directors to constitute an Executive Committee and other committees, each of
which, to the extent authorized by law and provided in such resolution, shall
have and may exercise all of the authority of the Board of Directors and the
management of the Association.  The designation of any committee and the
delegation thereto of authority shall not operate to relieve the Board of
Directors, or any member thereof, of any responsibility or liability imposed
upon it or any member of the Board of Directors by law.  The Board of Directors
reserves to itself alone the power to act on (1) dissolution, merger or
consolidation, or disposition of substantially all corporate property, (2)
designation of committees or filling vacancies on the Board of Directors or on
a committee of the Board (except as hereinafter provided), (3) adoption,
amendment or repeal of By-laws, (4) amendment or repeal of any resolution of
the Board which by its terms is not so amendable or repealable, and (5)
declaration of dividends, issuance of stock, or recommendations to stockholders
of any action requiring stockholder approval.

   The Board of Directors or the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the
Association may change the membership of any committee at any time, fill
vacancies therein, discharge any committee or member thereof either with or
without cause at any time, and change at any time the authority and
responsibility of any such committee.

   A majority of the members of any committee of the Board of Directors may fix
such committee's rules of procedure.  All action by any committee shall be
reported to the Board of Directors at a meeting succeeding such action, except
such actions as the Board may not require to be reported to it in the





                                       4
   22
resolution creating any such committee.  Any action by any committee shall be
subject to revision, alteration, and approval by the Board of Directors, except
to the extent otherwise provided in the resolution creating such committee;
provided, however, that no rights or acts of third parties shall be affected by
any such revision or alteration.


                                   ARTICLE IV

                             Officers and Employees

   Section 4.1 Officers.  The officers of the Association may be a Chairman of
the Board, a Vice Chairman of the Board, one or more Chairmen or Vice Chairmen
(who shall not be required to be directors of the Association), a President,
one or more Vice Presidents, a Secretary, a Cashier or Treasurer, and such
other officers, including officers holding similar or equivalent titles to the
above in regions, divisions or functional units of the Association, as may be
appointed by the Board of Directors.  The Chairman of the Board and the
President shall be members of the Board of Directors.  Any two or more offices
may be held by one person, but no officer shall sign or execute any document in
more than one capacity.

   Section 4.2 Election, Term of Office, and Qualification.  Each officer shall
be chosen by the Board of Directors and shall hold office until the annual
meeting of the Board of Directors held next after his election or until his
successor shall have been duly chosen and qualified, or until his death, or
until he shall resign, or shall have been disqualified, or shall have been
removed from office.

   Section 4.2(a) Officers Acting as Assistant Secretary.  Notwithstanding
Section 1 of these By-laws, any Senior Vice President, Vice President, or
Assistant Vice President shall have, by virtue of his office, and by authority
of the By-laws, the authority from time to time to act as an Assistant
Secretary of the Bank, and to such extent, said officers are appointed to the
office of Assistant Secretary.

   Section 4.3 Chief Executive Officer.  The Board of Directors shall designate
one of its members to be the President of this Association, and the officer so
designated shall be an ex officio member of all committees of the Association
except the Examining Committee, and its Chief Executive Officer unless some
other officer is so designated by the Board of Directors.

   Section 4.4 Duties of Officers.  The duties of all officers shall be
prescribed by the Board of Directors.  Nevertheless,  the Board of Directors
may delegate to the Chief Executive Officer the authority to prescribe the
duties of other officers





                                       5
   23
of the corporation not inconsistent with law, the charter, and these By-laws,
and to appoint other employees, prescribe their duties, and to dismiss them.
Notwithstanding such delegation of authority, any officer or employee also may
be dismissed at any time by the Board of Directors.

   Section 4.5 Other Employees.  The Board of Directors may appoint from time
to time such tellers, vault custodians, bookkeepers, and other clerks, agents,
and employees as it may deem advisable for the prompt and orderly transaction
of the business of the Association, define their duties, fix the salary to be
paid them, and dismiss them.  Subject to the authority of the Board of
Directors, the Chief Executive Officer or any other officer of the Association
authorized by him, may appoint and dismiss all such tellers, vault custodians,
bookkeepers and other clerks, agents, and employees, prescribe their duties and
the conditions of their employment, and from time to time fix their
compensation.

   Section 4.6 Removal and Resignation.  Any officer or employee of the
Association may be removed either with or without cause by the Board of
Directors.  Any employee other than an officer elected by the Board of
Directors may be dismissed in accordance with the provisions of the preceding
Section 4.5.  Any officer may resign at any time by giving written notice to
the Board of Directors or to the Chief Executive Officer of the Association.
Any such resignation shall become effective upon its being accepted by the
Board of Directors, or the Chief Executive Officer.

                                   ARTICLE V

                                Fiduciary Powers

   Section 5.1 Capital Management Group.  There shall be an area of this
Association known as the Capital Management Group which shall be responsible
for the exercise of the fiduciary powers of this Association.  The Capital
Management Group shall consist of four service areas: Fiduciary Services,
Retail Services, Investments and Marketing.  The Fiduciary Services unit shall
consist of personal trust, employee benefits, corporate trust and operations.
The General Office for the Fiduciary Services unit shall be located in
Charlotte, N.C., with City Trust Offices located in such cities within the
State of North Carolina as designated by the Board of Directors.

   Section 5.2 Trust Officers.  There shall be a General Trust Officer of this
Association whose duties shall be to manage, supervise and direct all the
activities of the Capital Management Group.  Further, there shall be one or
more Senior Trust Officers designated to assist the General Trust Officer in
the performance of his duties.  They shall do or cause to be done all things





                                       6
   24
necessary or proper in carrying out the business of the Capital Management
Group in accordance with provisions of applicable law and regulation.

   Section 5.3 Capital Management/General Trust Committee. There shall be a
Capital Management/General Trust Committee composed of not less than four (4)
members of the Board of Directors or officers of this Association who shall be
appointed annually or from time to time by the Board of Directors of the
Association. The General Trust Officer shall serve as an ex-officio member of
the Committee.  Each member shall serve until his successor is appointed. The
Board of Directors or the Chairman of the Board may change the membership of
the Capital Management/General Trust Committee at any time, fill vacancies
therein, or discharge any member thereof with or without cause at any time.
The Committee shall counsel and advise on all matters relating to the business
or affairs of the Capital Management Group and shall adopt overall policies for
the conduct of the business of the Capital Management Group including but not
limited to: general administration, investment policies, new business
development, and review for approval of major assignments of functional
responsibilities.  The Committee shall meet at least quarterly or as called for
by its Chairman or any three (3) members of the Committee.  A quorum shall
consist of three (3) members.  In carrying out its responsibilities, the
Capital Management/General Trust Committee shall review the actions of all
officers, employees and committees utilized by this Association in connection
with the activities of the Capital Management Group and may assign the
administration and performance of any fiduciary powers or duties to any of such
officers or employees or to the Investment Policy Committee, Personal Trust
Administration Committee, Account Review Committee, Corporate and Institutional
Accounts Committee, or any other committees it shall designate.  One of the
methods to be used in the review process will be the thorough scrutiny of the
Report of Examination by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and the
reports of the Audit Division of First Union Corporation, as they relate to the
activities of the Capital Management Group.  These reviews shall be in addition
to reviews of such reports by the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors.
The Chairman of the Capital Management/ General Trust Committee shall be
appointed by the Chairman of the Board of Directors.  He shall cause to be
recorded in appropriate minutes all actions taken by the Committee.  The
minutes shall be signed by its Secretary and approved by its Chairman.
Further, the Committee shall summarize all actions taken by it and shall submit
a report of its proceedings to the Board of Directors at its next regularly
scheduled meeting following a meeting of the Capital Management/General Trust
Committee.  As  required by Section 9.7 of Regulation 9 of the Comptroller of
the Currency, the Board of Directors retains responsibility for the proper
exercise of the fiduciary powers of this Association.





                                       7
   25
   The Fiduciary Services unit of the Capital Management Group will maintain a
list of securities approved for investment in fiduciary accounts and will from
time to time provide the Capital Management/General Trust Committee with
current information relative to such list and also with respect to transactions
in other securities not on such list.  It is the policy of this Association
that members of the Capital Management/General Trust Committee should not buy,
sell or trade in securities which are on such approved list or in any other
securities in which the Fiduciary Services unit has taken, or intends to take,
a position in fiduciary accounts in any circumstances in which any such
transaction could be viewed as a possible conflict of interest or could
constitute a violation of applicable law or regulation.  Accordingly, if any
such securities are owned by any member of the Capital Management/General Trust
Committee at the time of appointment to such Committee, the Capital Management
Group shall be promptly so informed in writing.  If any member of the Capital
Management/General Trust Committee intends to buy, sell, or trade in any such
securities while serving as a member of the Committee, he should first notify
the Capital Management Group in order to make certain that any proposed
transaction will not constitute a violation of this policy or of applicable law
or regulation.

   Section 5.4 Investment Policy Committee.  There shall be an Investment
Policy Committee composed of not less than seven (7) officers and/or employees
of this Association who shall be appointed annually or from time to time by the
Board of Directors.  Each member shall serve until his successor is appointed.
Meetings shall be called by the Chairman or any two (2) members of the
Committee.  A quorum shall consist of five (5) members.  The Investment Policy
Committee shall exercise such fiduciary powers and perform such duties as may
be assigned to it by the Capital Management/General Trust Committee.  All
actions taken by the Investment Policy Committee shall be recorded in
appropriate minutes, signed by the Secretary thereof, approved by its Chairman
and submitted to the Capital Management/General Trust Committee at its next
ensuing regular meeting for its review and approval.

   Section 5.5 Personal Trust Administration Committee.  There shall be a
Personal Trust Administration Committee composed of not less than five (5)
officers, who shall be appointed annually or from time to time by the Board of
Directors.  Each member shall serve until his successor is appointed.  Meetings
shall be called by the Chairman or any three (3) members of the Committee.  A
quorum shall consist of three (3) members.  The Personal  Trust Administration
Committee shall exercise such fiduciary powers and perform such duties as may
be assigned to it by the Capital Management/General Trust Committee.  All
action taken by the Personal Trust Administration Committee shall be recorded
in appropriate minutes signed by the Secretary thereof, approved by





                                       8
   26
its Chairman, and submitted to the Capital Management/General Trust Committee
at its next ensuing regular meeting for its review and approval.

   Section 5.6 Account Review Committee.  There shall be an Account Review
Committee composed of not less than four (4) officers and/or employees of this
Association, who shall be appointed annually or from time to time by the Board
of Directors.  Each member shall serve until his successor is appointed.
Meetings shall be called by the Chairman or any two (2) members of the
Committee.  A quorum shall consist of three (3) members.  The Account Review
Committee shall exercise such fiduciary powers and perform such duties as may
be assigned to it by the Capital Management/General Trust Committee.  All
actions taken by the Account Review Committee shall be recorded in appropriate
minutes, signed by the Secretary thereof, approved by its Chairman and
submitted to the Capital Management/ General Trust Committee at its next
ensuing regular meeting for its review and approval.

   Section 5.7 Corporate and Institutional Accounts Committee.  There shall be
a Corporate and Institutional Accounts Committee composed of not less than five
(5) officers and/or employees of this Association, who shall be appointed
annually, or from time to time, by the Capital Management/General Trust
Committee and approved by the Board of Directors.  Meetings may be called by
the Chairman or any two (2) members of the Committee.  A quorum shall consist
of three (3) members.  The Corporate and Institutional Accounts Committee shall
exercise such fiduciary powers and duties as may be assigned to it by the
General Trust Committee.  All actions taken by the Corporate and Institutional
Accounts Committee shall be recorded in appropriate minutes, signed by the
Secretary thereof, approved by its Chairman and made available to the General
Trust Committee at its next ensuing regular meeting for its review and
approval.


                                   ARTICLE VI

                          Stock and Stock Certificates

   Section 6.1 Transfers.  Shares of stock shall be transferable on the books
of the Association, and a transfer book shall be kept in which all transfers of
stock shall be recorded.  Every person becoming a shareholder by such transfer
shall, in proportion to his shares, succeed to all rights and liabilities of
the prior holder of such shares.

   Section 6.2 Stock Certificates.  Certificates of stock shall bear the
signature of the Chairman, the Vice Chairman, the President, or a Vice
President (which may be engraved, printed, or impressed), and shall be signed
manually or by facsimile





                                       9
   27
process by the Secretary, Assistant Secretary, Cashier, Assistant Cashier, or
any other officer appointed by the Board of Directors for that purpose, to be
known as an Authorized Officer, and the seal of the Association shall be
engraved thereon.  Each certificate shall recite on its face that the stock
represented thereby is transferable only upon the books of the Association
properly endorsed.


                                  ARTICLE VII

                                 Corporate Seal

   Section 7.1  The President, the Cashier, the Secretary, or any Assistant
Cashier, or Assistant Secretary, or other officer thereunto designated by the
Board of Directors shall have authority to affix the corporate seal to any
document requiring such seal, and to attest the same.  Such seal shall be
substantially in the following form.


                                  ARTICLE VIII

                            Miscellaneous Provisions

   Section 8.1 Fiscal Year.  The fiscal year of the Association shall be the
calendar year.

   Section 8.2 Execution of Instruments.  All agreements, indentures,
mortgages, deeds, conveyances, transfers, certificates, declarations, receipts,
discharges, releases, satisfactions, settlements, petitions, notices,
applications, schedules, accounts, affidavits, bonds, undertakings, proxies,
and other instruments or documents may be signed, executed, acknowledged,
verified, delivered or accepted in behalf of the Association by the Chairman of
the Board,  the Vice Chairman of the Board, any Chairman or Vice Chairman, the
President, any Vice President or Assistant Vice President, the Secretary or any
Assistant Secretary, the Cashier or Treasurer or any Assistant Cashier or
Assistant Treasurer, or any officer holding similar or equivalent titles to the
above in any regions, divisions or functional units of the Association, or, if
in connection with the exercise of fiduciary powers of the Association, by any
of said officers or by any Trust Officer or Assistant Trust Officer (or
equivalent titles); provided, however, that where required, any such instrument
shall be attested by one of said officers other than the officer executing such
instrument.  Any such instruments may also be executed, acknowledged, verified,
delivered or accepted in behalf of the Association in such other manner and by
such other officers as the Board of Directors may from time to time direct.
The provisions of this Section 8.2 are supplementary to any other provision of
these By-laws.





                                       10
   28
   Section 8.3 Records.  The Articles of Association, the By-laws, and the
proceedings of all meetings of the shareholders, the Board of Directors,
standing committees of the Board, shall be recorded in appropriate minute books
provided for the purpose.  The minutes of each meeting shall be signed by the
Secretary, Cashier, or other officer appointed to act as Secretary of the
meeting.

                                   ARTICLE IX

                                    By-laws

   Section 9.1 Inspection.  A copy of the By-laws, with all amendments thereto,
shall at all times be kept in a convenient place at the Head Office of the
Association, and shall be open for inspection to all shareholders, during
banking hours.

   Section 9.2 Amendments.  The By-laws may be amended, altered or repealed, at
any regular or special meeting of the Board of Directors, by a vote of a
majority of the whole number of Directors.





                                       11
   29
                                   Exhibit A


                           First Union National Bank
                                   Article X
                               Emergency By-laws



   In the event of an emergency declared by the President of the United States
or the person performing his functions, the officers and employees of this
Association will continue to conduct the affairs of the Association under such
guidance from the directors or the Executive Committee as may be available
except as to matters which by statute require specific approval of the Board of
Directors and subject to conformance with any applicable governmental
directives during the emergency.

                       OFFICERS PRO TEMPORE AND DISASTER

   Section 1.  The surviving members of the Board of Directors or the Executive
Committee shall have the power, in the absence or disability of any officer, or
upon the refusal of any officer to act, to delegate and prescribe such
officer's powers and duties to any other officer, or to any director, for the
time being.

   Section 2.  In the event of a state of disaster of sufficient severity to
prevent the conduct and management of the affairs and business of this
Association by its directors and officers as contemplated by these By-laws, any
two or more available members of the then incumbent Executive Committee shall
constitute a quorum of that Committee for the full conduct and management of
the affairs and business of the Association in accordance with the provisions
of Article II of these By-laws; and in addition, such Committee shall be
empowered to exercise all of the powers reserved to the General Trust Committee
under Section 5.3 of Article V hereof.  In the event of the unavail- ability,
at such time, of a minimum of two members of the then incumbent Executive
Committee, any three available directors shall constitute the Executive
Committee for the full conduct and management of the affairs and business of
the Association in accordance with the foregoing provisions of this section.
This By-law shall be subject to implementation by resolutions of the Board of
Directors passed from time to time for that purpose, and any provisions of
these By-laws (other than this section) and any resolutions which are contrary
to the provisions of this section or to the provisions of any such implementary
resolutions shall be suspended until it shall be determined by an interim
Executive Committee acting under this section that it shall be to the advantage
of this Association to resume the  conduct and management of its affairs and
business under all of the other provisions of these By-laws.

   30
                               Officer Succession


   BE IT RESOLVED, that if consequent upon war or warlike damage or disaster,
the Chief Executive Officer of this Association cannot be located by the then
acting Head Officer or is unable to assume or to continue normal executive
duties, then the authority and duties of the Chief Executive Officer shall,
without further action of the Board of Directors, be automatically assumed by
one of the following persons in the order designated:

   Chairman
   President
   Division Head/Area Administrator - Within this officer class, officers shall
   take seniority on the basis of length of service in such office or, in the
   event of equality, length of service as an officer of the Association.

   Any one of the above persons who in accordance with this resolution assumes
the authority and duties of the Chief Executive Officer shall continue to serve
until he resigns or until five-sixths of the other officers who are attached to
the then acting Head Office decide in writing he is unable to perform said
duties or until the elected Chief Executive Officer of this Association, or a
person higher on the above list, shall become available to perform the duties
of Chief Executive Officer of the Association.

   BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, that anyone dealing with this Association may accept
a certification by any three officers that a specified individual is acting as
Chief Executive Officer in accordance with this resolution; and that anyone
accepting such certification may continue to consider it in force until
notified in writing of a change, said notice of change to carry the signatures
of three officers of the Association.

                              Alternate Locations

   The offices of the Association at which its business shall be conducted
shall be the main office thereof in each city which is designated as a City
Office (and branches, if any), and any other legally authorized location which
may be leased or acquired by this Association to carry on its business.  During
an emergency resulting in any authorized place of business of this Association
being unable to function, the business ordinarily conducted at such location
shall be relocated elsewhere in suitable quarters, in addition to or in lieu of
the locations heretofore mentioned, as may be designated by the Board of
Directors or by the Executive Committee or by such persons as are then, in
accordance with resolutions adopted from time to time by the Board of Directors
dealing with the exercise of authority in the time of such emergency,
conducting the affairs of this Association.  Any temporarily relocated place of
business of this Association shall be returned to its legally authorized
location





                                       2
   31
as soon as practicable and such temporary place of business shall then be       
discontinued.

                              Acting Head Offices

   BE IT RESOLVED, that in case of and provided because of war or warlike
damage or disaster, the General Office of this Association, located in
Charlotte, North Carolina, is unable temporarily to continue its functions, the
Raleigh office, located in Raleigh, North Carolina, shall automatically and
without further action of this Board of Directors, become the "Acting Head
Office of this Association";

   BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, that if by reason of said war or warlike damage or
disaster, both the General Office of this Association and the said Raleigh
Office of this Association are unable to carry on their functions, then and in
such case, the Asheville Office of this Association, located in Asheville,
North Carolina, shall, without further action of this Board of Directors,
become the "Acting Head Office of this Association"; and if neither the Raleigh
Office nor the Asheville Office can carry on their functions, then the
Greensboro Office of this Association, located in Greensboro, North Carolina,
shall, without further action of this Board of Directors, become the "Acting
Head Office of this Association"; and if neither the Raleigh Office, the
Asheville Office, nor the Greensboro Office can carry on their functions, then
the Lumberton Office of this Association, located in Lumberton, North Carolina,
shall, without further action of this Board of Directors, become the "Acting
Head Office of this Association".  The Head Office shall resume its functions
at its legally authorized location as soon as practicable.





                                       3
   32

                                                                            
                                                                                                                           Exhibit 7
                                                                                                                           ---------
Legal Title of Bank:      First Union National Bank                               Call Date: 3/31/98  ST-BK:  37-0351      FFIEC 031
Address:                  Two First Union Center                                                                           Page RC-1
City, State, Zip:         Charlotte, NC  28288-0201
FDIC Certificate #:       04885
                          -----


CONSOLIDATED REPORT OF CONDITION FOR INSURED COMMERCIAL
AND STATE-CHARTERED SAVINGS BANKS FOR MARCH 31, 1998

All schedules are to be reported in thousands of dollars.  Unless otherwise
indicated,
report the amount outstanding as of the last business day of the quarter.

SCHEDULE RC--BALANCE SHEET



                                                                                           C400
                                                       Dollar Amount in Thousands    RCFD Bil Mil Thou
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                    
ASSETS                                                                               ////////////////
 1.  Cash and balances due from depository institutions (from Schedule RC-A):        ////////////////
      a. Noninterest-bearing balances and currency and coin (1) . . . . . . . . .    0081   7,346,667     1.a.
      b. Interest-bearing balances (2)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    0071      12,481     1.b.
 2.  Securities:                                                                     ////////////////
      a. Held-to-maturity securities (from Schedule RC-B, column A) . . . . . . .    1754   1,937,159     2.a.
      b. Available-for-sale securities (from Schedule RC-B, column D) . . . . . .    1773  31,508,601     2.b.
 3.  Federal funds sold and securities purchased under agreements to resell . . .    1350   4,501,133     3.
 4.  Loans and lease financing receivables                                           ////////////////
      a. Loans and leases, net of unearned income 
         (from Schedule RC-C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . RCFD 2122 83,315,758 ////////////////     4.a.
      b. LESS: Allowance for loan and lease losses  . . . . . . RCFD 3123  1,005,217 ////////////////     4.b.
      c. LESS: Allocated transfer risk reserve  . . . . . . . . RCFD 3128          0 ////////////////     4.c.
      d. Loans and leases, net of unearned income,                                   ////////////////
          allowance, and reserve (item 4.a minus 4.b and 4.c) . . . . . . . . . .    2126  96,830,110     4.d.
 5.  Trading assets (from Schedule RC-D)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    3545   3,818,431     5.
 6.  Premises and fixed assets (including capitalized leases) . . . . . . . . . .    2145   2,660,908     6.
 7.  Other real estate owned (from Schedule RC-M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    2150     112,869     7.
 8.  Investments in unconsolidated subsidiaries and associated companies
     (from Schedule RC-M)   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    2180     269,234     8.
 9.  Customers' liability to this bank on acceptances outstanding . . . . . . . .    2155     575,447     9.
10.  Intangible assets (from Schedule RC-M) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    2143   2,896,263    10.
11.  Other assets (from Schedule RC-F)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    2160   7,274,331    11.
12.  Total assets (sum of items 1 through 11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .    2170 159,743,634    12.


- ---------------
(1) Includes cash items in process of collection and unposted debits.
(2) Includes time certificates of deposit not held for trading.





   33


                                                                            
                                                                                                                           Exhibit 7
                                                                                                                           ---------
Legal Title of Bank:      First Union National Bank                               Call Date: 3/31/98  ST-BK:  37-0351      FFIEC 031
Address:                  Two First Union Center                                                                           Page RC-1
City, State, Zip:         Charlotte, NC  28288-0201
FDIC Certificate #:       04885
                          -----




Schedule RC--Continued



                                                            Dollar Amount in Thousands                  Bil Mil Thou
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                                                     
LIABILITIES                                                                                 ////////////////////////
13.  Deposits:                                                                              ////////////////////////
      a. In domestic offices (sum of totals of columns A and C from Schedule RC-E,  . . .   ////////////////////////
         part I)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   RCON 2200    101,438,219       13.a.
        (1)  Noninterest-bearing (1)  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  RCON 6631     19,061,893   ////////////////////////       13.a.(1)
        (2)  Interest-bearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  RCON 6636     82,376,326   ////////////////////////       13.a.(2)
      b. In foreign offices, Edge and Agreement subsidiaries, and IBFs                   
        (from Schedule RC-E, part II) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   RCFN 2200      5,487,257       13.b.
        (1)  Noninterest-bearing  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  RCFN 6631         29,619   ////////////////////////       13.b.(1)
        (2)  Interest-bearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  RCFN 6636      5,457,638   ////////////////////////       13.b.(2)
14.  Federal funds purchased and securities sold under agreements to repurchase . . . . .   RCFD 2800     24,525,123       14.
15.   a. Demand notes issued to the U.S. Treasury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   RCON 2840        426,758       15.a.
      b. Trading liabilities (from Schedule RC-D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   RCFD 3548      4,547,787       15.b.
16.  Other borrowed money (includes mortgage indebtedness and obligations under . . . . .   ////////////////////////
     capitalized leases): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   ////////////////////////
      a. With a remaining maturity of one year or less  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   RCFD 2332      3,391,194       16.a.
      b. With a remaining maturity of more than one year through three years  . . . . . .   RCFD A547        635,109       16.b.
      c. With a remaining maturity of more than three years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   RCFD A548        416,618       16.c.
17.  Not applicable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   ////////////////////////
18.  Bank's liability on acceptances executed and outstanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   RCFD 2920        575,222       18.
19.  Subordinated notes and debentures (2)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   RCFD 3200      2,797,773       19.
20.  Other liabilities (from Schedule RC-G) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   RCFD 2930      3,662,892       20.
21.  Total liabilities (sum of items 13 through 20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   RCFD 2948    147,903,952       21.
22.  Not applicable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   ////////////////////////
EQUITY CAPITAL  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   ////////////////////////
23.  Perpetual preferred stock and related surplus  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   RCFD 3838        160,540       23.
24.  Common stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   RCFD 3230         82,795       24.
25.  Surplus (exclude all surplus related to preferred stock) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   RCFD 3839      8,532,323       25.
26.  a. Undivided profits and capital reserves  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   RCFD 3632      2,823,904       26.a.
     b. Net unrealized holding gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities  . . . . .   RCFD 8434        204,120       26.b.
27.  Cumulative foreign currency translation adjustments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   RCFD 3284              0       27.
28.  Total equity capital (sum of items 23 through 27)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   RCFD 3210     11,839,682       28.
29.  Total liabilities and equity capital (sum of items 21 and 28)  . . . . . . . . . . .   RCFD 3300    159,743,634       29.

Memorandum
To be reported only with the March Report of Condition.
 1.  Indicate in the box at the right the number of the statement below that
      best describes the most comprehensive level of auditing work performed
      for the bank by independent external                                                                       Number
      auditors as of any date during 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   RCFD 6724  N/A         M.1.




1 =     Independent audit of the bank conducted in accordance with generally
        accepted auditing standards by a certified public accounting firm 
        which submits a report on the bank

2 =     Independent audit of the bank's parent holding company conducted in
        accordance with generally accepted auditing standards by a certified 
        public accounting firm which submits a report on the consolidated 
        holding company (but not on the bank separately)

3 =     Directors' examination of the bank conducted in accordance with
        generally accepted auditing standards by a certified public accounting
        firm (may be required by state chartering authority)

4 =     Directors' examination of the bank performed by other external auditors
        (may be required by state chartering authority)

5 =     Review of the bank's financial statements by external auditors

6 =     Compilation of the bank's financial statements by external auditors

7 =     Other audit procedures (excluding tax preparation work)

8 =     No external audit work


- ---------------
(1)  Includes total demand deposits and noninterest-bearing time and savings
     deposit.
(2)  Includes limited-life preferred stock and related surplus.




                                      2